text:
Foreign Affairs Committee on June 13th, 2012
Evidence of meeting #42 for Foreign Affairs and International Development in the 41st Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The winning word was poor.
A recording is available from Parliament.
On the agenda
MPs speaking
Also speaking
- Gavin McGillivray Head of Department, Private Sector Department, Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the United Kingdom
3:30 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
Pursuant to Standing Order 108(2), today we are studying the role of the private sector in achieving Canada's international development interests.
I want to welcome Gavin McGillivray, head of the private sector department at the Department for International Development, or DFID.
Sir, welcome. It's a pleasure that you could take time to meet with us today.
It must be close to eight or nine o'clock over there.
3:30 p.m.
Gavin McGillivray Head of Department, Private Sector Department, Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the United Kingdom
It's half past eight.
It's a pleasure to be with you. Thank you for inviting me.
3:30 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
Thank you very much.
We'll get started and get your testimony on the record. We may have some bells for votes, but we're anticipating that we can at least hear what you have to say and probably get at least one round of questioning in.
I'll turn it over to you. Welcome. Thank you for taking the time to be with us today. We look forward to your testimony.
3:30 p.m.
Head of Department, Private Sector Department, Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the United Kingdom
Thank you very much.
I was uncertain of what testimony you were looking for, so what I'm going to talk about for a few minutes is how the U.K. Department for International Development has got to where it is in terms of working on private sector development and what our current approach is.
In terms of background, it's important to emphasize that DFID is governed by the International Development Act of 2002, which broadly means that the only thing we can use our time and our money for is to reduce poverty. It's the most wonderful enabling act of Parliament that we work under. Everything we do, including our entire engagement on private sector development, is a means to an end, and that end is to reduce poverty in the poorer countries of the world.
Against that background, DFID for some years has engaged the enabling environment for private investment, private sector development, and directly with private enterprises. But I would say—I've been with DFID 12 years now—that it was somewhat of a marginal activity in terms of resources and time of personnel.
With the arrival of a new government in early 2010 there was a decision to focus more attention on the potential of the private sector to deliver development results. Our new government has put a lot more emphasis on this, I think with three or four main aims.
The first aim is absolutely straightforward. We know, and the evidence is strong, that poverty reduction is driven principally by economic growth. We know that economic growth is driven principally by successful private investment and private enterprise. So it's an absolutely legitimate means for those seeking to achieve poverty reduction to try to achieve more successful private investment and private enterprise in the poorer countries of the world. So that's one area.
The second area is about service delivery. The evidence shows that in the poorer countries of the world, many people, and many poor people, receive their services primarily from non-state actors. Poor people buy their medicines from the village shop. They go to traditional healers. They go to the informal sector. Many poor people in slum areas of the big cities send their children to low-cost private schools. In the slum areas, it's common to buy water. So basic services are often significantly a non-state activity, and we are looking to see if there are ways of engaging in private delivery of services so as to increase access, increase quality, and increase affordability for poor people.
The third reason is that we believe we can get greater leverage, or greater bang for our pounds, by engaging with the private sector. If we can spend a pound or a dollar and that causes the private sector to spend several dollars in places that it wouldn't otherwise have done, or in ways that it wouldn't otherwise have done, to benefit poor people, then that multiplies the effect of our spend.
Fourth, I'm pretty sure our ministers are hopeful that if we interact more with private enterprise, then some of the efficiency gold dust will rub off on us, that we will become more effective as civil servants if we adopt more private sector modes of work.
We set out this new approach to working with the private sector in a paper we published in May 2011, which is available on our website. It's called "The engine of development: The private sector and prosperity for poor people". This isn't a strategy document; it's an approach paper.
Our ministers very much want us, at the moment, to be entrepreneurial and opportunistic in the way we engage on private sector development.
Broadly, we have two overarching strategic objectives in our engagement on private sector development. The two objectives are to increase successful private investment and to have more and better basic services. There are two ways we go about achieving those two objectives: first, by improving the investment climate, and second, by directly engaging with private firms. I'll run through those two objectives quickly.
We want to increase private investment in low-income countries, in countries that contain lots of poor people, and in sectors or in areas that have large potential impacts for poor people. Agriculture, infrastructure, financial services, extractives, health care, schooling, vocational training, and climate are all areas in which we want to catalyze more private investment.
When we talk about private investment and private enterprise, we're talking about private enterprises of all types. So we're talking about the informal sector: smallholder farmers, street traders, and artisans. We're talking about small and medium-sized enterprises, both informal and formal. We're talking about national firms, multinational corporations, and financial institutions. So we are open to working with the very biggest firms to increase and improve what they do in the poorer countries, and we're interested in helping create the circumstances whereby, for example, smallholder farmers can invest in their crops and do so confidently and successfully.
I'll move on to basic services.
We're looking to engage with private—both commercial and non-commercial—non-state actors to achieve more accessible, more appropriate, or higher-quality and more affordable basic services in, for example, health care, medicines, schooling, vocational training, water, sanitation, power, communications, and transport.
Going back to how we work, I talked about two main elements: the enabling environment, or the investment climate in direct engagement. Under the enabling environment for private investment, we work to strengthen public bodies; we cooperate with developing country governments to put in place better laws, standards, regulations, and regulatory institutions. We spend quite a bit and put quite a bit of effort into trying to strengthen developing country governments' capacity to plan in relation to private sector development, to contract, to manage, and to supervise private providers. We also invest quite a lot in information as part of the enabling environment. We put quite a lot of effort into research and development of evidence on what works and what doesn't, and we spend a fair bit on trying to make available information on best practices for engaging with the private sector.
We have several instruments for engaging with the private sector. I'll run through just a few. I can try to come back in greater detail on any of these points, if that would be of interest to you.
In terms of instruments, we provide specialist technical assistance, and we fund our partners to buy technical assistance. We put a lot of funding into public organizations, institutional reform, and capacity building in relation to the private sector. As I've said, we invest a lot in research, building the evidence, and disseminating best practices, and we fund quite a lot of public-private partnerships in research and development, especially in health and a bit in agriculture.
One big thing we did a few years ago, together with you, was the advance market commitment for pneumococcal vaccines, which you'll be familiar with.
We run several competitive funds—we call them challenge funds—whereby we share the costs and risks with private enterprise. Another way we share the costs and risks with private enterprise in doing business in more difficult markets is through funding of equity and guarantees. Also, we do a fair bit on funding project preparation, on helping create investable propositions in the poorer countries.
We do all of the above through grants, so DFID.... Although under the act we can use our money in any way—we can invest, we can lend, we can guarantee, and we can give grants—our activities at the moment are grant-based. If we want to do something more sophisticated, like give guarantees, then we do that through an intermediary body. We fund an intermediary body through grants, and that intermediary body provides the more sophisticated instrument.
We do own an investment house ourselves. It's called CDC Group plc. It used to be called the Commonwealth Development Corporation. It has a balance sheet of $4.2 billion U.S. That, as many of you will know, has been for several years now a private equity fund, a fund of funds for private equity. It has backed funds that invest in companies in the poorer countries of the world.
That has been very substantially reformed over the last 12 months. It published its new strategy on its website just at the end of May. Under the reform of CDC, it will focus its business more closely on sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. It will be able to deploy more flexible funding instruments—not just private equity but also debt guarantees and direct investment. It will be able to take more risk and it will be driven by development impact.
I suppose the third important instrument we have for engaging with the private sector is multinationals. A very substantial proportion of DFID's budget goes to the multinational organizations. Some of these are specialist players with the private sector, such as the IFC and MIGA, but the World Bank and the other regional development banks—the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank—have important areas of activity related to private sector development, as do the newer bodies like the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization.
At that, I would like to close what I've had to say, but I'm very happy to try to elaborate on any area of that or to answer questions.
Thank you.
3:40 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
I want to thank you very much.
I warned previously that we may have some votes. While you were finishing up your testimony the bells started ringing, which means, as you're probably well aware, that we have to go for votes. I apologize, but we are grateful that we got your testimony on the record.
I am not sure if we're going to be able to reschedule. Our votes are going to be held half an hour from now, and it's going to be at least an hour before we get back. I want to say thank you. I apologize that we're not able to follow up with questions today.
To the committee, are we going to try to come back to work on other things? What's...?
3:40 p.m.
A voice
3:40 p.m.
3:40 p.m.
3:40 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
We would like to try to reschedule to follow up with questions at another point in time. Would that be a possibility?
3:40 p.m.
Head of Department, Private Sector Department, Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the United Kingdom
That would be fine. In the meantime, if it would be of interest to you, I'll forward the document to you, or the link to the document that I indicated. That might give you some basis for further questions.
Thank you very much indeed.
3:45 p.m.
3:45 p.m.
3:45 p.m.
Head of Department, Private Sector Department, Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the United Kingdom
Yes. It's the DFID website: www.dfid.gov.uk.
3:45 p.m.
3:45 p.m.
The Chair Dean Allison
Thank you very much.
Committee, we will just see how things are going. We're going to plan on coming back for the second hour, but we're going to have to wait to see what goes on. Right now, we'll plan on coming back.
Thank you very much.
[Proceedings continue in camera]


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Restaurants in New York
New York City may be known as the city that never sleeps, but its people surely know how to eat. Some of the best food in the world is on offer here, giving visitors and residents alike the opportunity to enjoy enticing aromas and flavors from cultures across the globe.New York City restaurants reflect the diverse flavor, style and excitement of the Big Apple. From raw vegan cuisine to the city's beloved pizza pies, New York is home to an amazing variety of delicious and authentic foods. Iconic New York pizza reigns supreme at Lombardi's in Little Italy, while Big Nick's Burger and Pizzaon the Upper West Side draws crowds till the wee hours with inexpensive meaty and vegetarian versions of American favorites. Many locals choose Club A Steakhouse for top-notch steaks and classic steakhouse ambiance, while vegan raw food enthusiasts opt for the Brazil nut croquette and pumpkin cheesecake at Pure Food . For Thai food fans, the red duck curry at Wondee Siam in Hell's Kitchen in not to be missed. From Italy to Thailand, the distinct flavors of immigrants' homelands are alive and well at restaurants in NYC. These delicious cuisines confirm the Big Apple's status as the nation's Melting Pot.New York, New York Restaurants

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Car and bike questions? We have the answers
I plan to buy a new car and my budget is Rs. 5 lakh. This is my first car and my priorities are front seat comfort (I am 175cm tall), reliability, fuel economy and low maintenance costs. My usage is approximately 700k m per month, with equal time spent in the city and highway. Please suggest a suitable car.Kamalakannan ShanmugamYour budget permits you to get a premium hatchback. The Swift VXi (petrol) meets your requirements the best.
There are diesel options for the same price but given the fact that you are doing only 700km a month, it will take years before you recover the higher premium you would pay for a diesel by way of lower running costs.
The Swift's front seats are extremely comfortable (but the back seat is quite cramped) and it is a proven vehicle with good reliability and decent fuel consumption.
For highway use, the Swift has good overtaking and cruising ability and the ride is comfortable over long distances. Also, remember that Maruti good after-sales service.
I am planning to buy my first car. I have short-listed the Maruti Alto LX but may stretch my budget for the Wagon R LX DUO. I will cover 800km per month. Which one is better in terms of mileage and maintenance? Should I consider any other model such as the Zen Estilo LX?Amitava RoyThe Wagon R is a better car than the Alto. So if you can, go ahead and get it. However for your usage, the benefit of LPG will not be that significant.
We would advise you to stick to a regular petrol hatchback and there are lots of models to choose from.
If you have your heart set on the Wagon R then go for the LXi which has power steering and the same price as the Duo LX (no power steering). The power steering option will make driving less of an effort.


text:
PlantFiles: Chestnut Oak
Quercus prinus
Family: Fagaceae (fag-AY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Quercus (KWER-kus) (Info) Species: prinus Synonym:Quercus montana 2 vendors have this plant for sale. 2 members have or want this plant for trade. Category: Height: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: | Click thumbnail to view: By Floridian By riversandbar By riversandbar By riversandbar By claypa There are a total of 14 photos. |
2 positives
2 neutrals
No negatives
Gardeners' Notes:
This plant has been said to grow in the following regions:
Clermont, Kentucky
Georgetown, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Valley Lee, Maryland
Chaska, Minnesota
Reno, Nevada
Frenchtown, New Jersey
West Chester, Pennsylvania
Cambridge, Wisconsin
Elmwood, Wisconsin


text:
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- 4728 Ipswich Street
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Great location! Walk to Pearl Street, Hospital, Ideal Shopping Plaza, and the Skip. On 206 bus route. Beautifully maintained oversized non-sloping corner lot with expansive deck, separate fenced areas, raised flower beds and views! Brand new washer/dryer. Gleaming hardwood floors throughout. Fantastic remodeled granite kitchen counters with stainless. Mainfloor master. Oversized carport with extra storage. Shows like a champ! Your buyers won't be disappointed. Call to see it!
Eat-in Kitchen, Open Floor Plan, Washer/Dryer Hookups
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Lawn Sprinkler System, Storage Buildings, Deck, Oversized Garage
Wooded Lot, Level Lot, House/Lot Faces NW, Within City Limits
Information source: Information and Real Estate Services, LLC. Provided for limited non-commercial use only under IRES Rules. © Copyright IRES.
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Listing information last updated on March 3rd, 2015 at 9:20am MST.


text:
- Not to be confused with the Quadwrangler, a cosmetic item for the Medic.
" | Everyone loves remote control toys. But the problem with most of them is, unless you manage to remote control one directly down someone's throat, they're pretty useless as weapons. But what if we were to tell you that we fixed that obvious design flaw?
— Blog post highlighting the Wrangler
" |
The Wrangler is an unlockable secondary weapon for the Engineer. It appears to be the remains of a wooden pistol grip implemented under an early-80's single-button style team-colored joystick, with a small, rectangular radar dish protruding from the front.
When in use, the Wrangler allows the Engineer to manually take control of his Sentry Gun. Upon doing so, the Sentry Gun loses its default autoaim and automatic firing abilities. Instead, the Engineer can direct the building to fire in any direction with the primary fire button being used to fire the turrets. If the player utilizes manual control over a level 3 Sentry Gun, the alternate fire button is used to fire rockets.
When firing either the turrets or rockets, the Sentry Gun has no maximum range; however, the rockets suffer from damage falloff based on the Engineer's distance to the target. Bullets will also be affected by falloff damage when targeting beyond normal range, based instead on the distance from the position of the Sentry Gun.
The Wrangler produces a semi-transparent shield around the Sentry Gun that absorbs 66% of all incoming damage. This shield will last as long as the player keeps the Wrangler as their active weapon. In addition, the firing rate of a manually-controlled Sentry Gun is doubled, and its missile launch rate is increased. A laser sight is emitted from the Sentry Gun, which follows the Engineer's crosshair. The laser sight has a minor auto-aim ability; upon aiming at an uncloaked and undisguised enemy, it will focus towards their center, provided the Engineer keeps his crosshair on them. Other players can see this laser, and use it to quickly ascertain the location of the Sentry Gun.
Upon switching to another weapon, the Sentry Gun is rendered inoperative for three seconds within its shield. Should an Engineer with his Sentry Gun under manual control die, the Sentry becomes inoperative for only one second. Once the inoperative duration has passed, the Sentry Gun will resume normal operation, and the shield will disappear. If the Sentry Gun is sapped while it is in operation, all cooldown effects caused by the Wrangler will be removed.
Being stunned by the Sandman leaves the Engineer unable to fire, but keeps the Sentry Gun in the Wrangled state, effectively disabling it.
The Wrangler allows an Engineer to get to high places through the use of a Sentry Gun jump.
The Wrangler is automatically given to any player who obtains 17 Engineer achievements.
Class Token - Engineer | Slot Token - Secondary | Scrap Metal | Possible Results | |||||||||||||||||||
+ | + | = |
Strange variant
Related achievements
Update history
- The Wrangler was added to the game.
- The Wrangler no longer shows the Shotgun's ammo count.
- Fixed a bug where Wrangled level 3 Sentry Guns would still fire rockets when they were out of ammo.
- Fixed an exploit that allowed team kills with wrangled Sentry Guns.
- Fixed Engineers being able to build level 3 mini-sentries using The Wrangler.
- Fixed Engineers being able to build level 3 mini-sentries for real this time.
March 10, 2011 Patch (Shogun Pack)
- Fixed the "Best Little Slaughterhouse in Texas" Engineer achievement not counting Wrangler and Mini-Sentry kills.
October 13, 2011 Patch (Manniversary Update & Sale)
- Wrangler taunt now performs the Pistol taunt animation.
June 27, 2012 Patch (Pyromania Update)
- Fixed sentry sometimes spawning in shielded mode while the Wrangler was equipped, but not deployed.
- Changed attributes:
- Slightly reduced accuracy of manually-controlled sentry at long range.
- Protective shield now fades 1 second after the owning Engineer dies.
- Added Collector's quality.
December 20, 2013 Patch (Smissmas 2013)
- [Undocumented] Added Festive variant.
- Updated Strange Wranglers to track wrangled sentry kills.
- [Undocumented] Strange Wranglers now count wrangled kills properly.
- Updated the Wrangler so Strange parts can be applied to it.
- Strange parts only increment if a Wrangler-controlled Sentry does the scoring
June 18, 2014 Patch (Love & War Update)
- Sentry bullets are now affected by damage falloff outside of sentry scan range
- Sentry bullet damage has been changed so it calculates damage based on the Sentry Gun's position, not the Engineer's
- Shield and laser effect issues:
- The laser emitted from the Sentry Gun while using the Wrangler may travel through some walls and occasionally move back and forth very quickly.
- Picking up a Wrangled Sentry will leave the Wrangler shield visual effect in place for a short time. Also, upon deploying the sentry and Wrangling it, the laser will emit from strange points, such as enemy Sentry Guns. This can be fixed by switching to another weapon then back to the Wrangler.
- Using a Wrangled Sentry while the Sentry is built on a moving platform will result in the shield being left behind when the platform and the Sentry move.
- There is currently a glitch which causes the targeting laser of the Sentry to be emitted from the eyes of allies when the player aims at them. This can make it somewhat harder to aim at enemies. The glitch is only present on the user's screen; no other players will see the effect.
- The Sentry Gun can retain the shield and laser effects even when the Wrangler is not the currently held weapon. It may still operate normally, without taking reduced damage, but may also retain the Wrangled behavior, including a functional shield, if the player builds the Sentry Gun and then changes his loadout to equip the Wrangler.
- The glitch persists upon the death of the Sentry Gun's owner, and can be fixed by switching to the Wrangler then switching away to another weapon.
- Using the Wrangler to kill enemies with Sentry Gun rockets will produce the level 3 Sentry Gun kill icon instead of that of the Wrangler.
- Once a Level 3 Sentry Gun is directed to fire rockets, it will not play the normal rocket reloading animation.
- If pointing the Sentry Gun at a far distance, the laser will appear to move rapidly away from the player's crosshair, but the Sentry Gun will still fire at the player's crosshair.
- If the Engineer builds a Sentry Gun, hit it once or twice, build a level 1 Dispenser, fire wrangled sentry for a moment, select your Shotgun, wait for sentry to return to normal, demolish it, pick up Dispenser and place it in water, Dispenser will act as a wrangled Sentry Gun. It will not heal or give metal.
- The Engineer Achievement Pownd on the Range can be earned if the Engineer kills himself with his wrangled Sentry Gun outside of the normal range.
- The Wrangler appears to have been designed by the Engineer's grandfather, Radigan Conagher. The Wrangler shares this origin with the Frontier Justice, the Gunslinger and the Southern Hospitality, This is shown by a hidden link on the Engineer Update page.
- To wrangle is to professionally handle animals, often directing them to perform certain actions.
- When firing the Sentry Gun for a long time, an animation will play: the Engineer will twitch his hand and a quiet sigh can be heard, as if removing a cramp.
RED first-person view.
BLU first-person view.
RED Festive variant.
See also
Weapons | ||||||||||
Slot 1 | stock | Scattergun | Rocket Launcher | Flame Thrower | Grenade Launcher | Minigun | Shotgun | Syringe Gun | Sniper Rifle | Revolver |
unlock | Force-A-Nature | Direct Hit | Backburner | — | Natascha | Frontier Justice | Blutsauger | Huntsman | Ambassador | |
craft | Shortstop Soda Popper Baby Face's Blaster Back Scatter |
Black Box Rocket Jumper Liberty Launcher Cow Mangler 5000 Original Beggar's Bazooka Air Strike |
Degreaser Phlogistinator Rainblower |
Loch-n-Load Ali Baba's Wee Booties Bootlegger Loose Cannon B.A.S.E. Jumper Iron Bomber |
Brass Beast Tomislav Huo-Long Heater |
Widowmaker Pomson 6000 Rescue Ranger Panic Attack |
Crusader's Crossbow Overdose |
Sydney Sleeper Bazaar Bargain Machina Hitman's Heatmaker Classic |
L'Etranger Enforcer Diamondback | |
promotion | — | — | Nostromo Napalmer | — | Iron Curtain | — | — | AWPer Hand Fortified Compound |
Big Kill | |
Slot 2 | stock | Pistol | Shotgun | Shotgun | Stickybomb Launcher | Shotgun | Pistol | Medi Gun | Submachine Gun | Sapper |
unlock | Bonk! Atomic Punch | Buff Banner | Flare Gun | Chargin' Targe Scottish Resistance |
Sandvich | Wrangler | Kritzkrieg | Jarate Razorback |
— | |
craft | Crit-a-Cola Mad Milk Winger Pretty Boy's Pocket Pistol Flying Guillotine |
Gunboats Battalion's Backup Concheror Mantreads Reserve Shooter Righteous Bison B.A.S.E. Jumper Panic Attack |
Detonator Reserve Shooter Manmelter Scorch Shot Panic Attack |
Sticky Jumper Splendid Screen Tide Turner Quickiebomb Launcher |
Dalokohs Bar Buffalo Steak Sandvich Family Business Panic Attack |
Short Circuit | Quick-Fix Vaccinator |
Darwin's Danger Shield Cozy Camper Cleaner's Carbine |
Red-Tape Recorder | |
promotion | Lugermorph | — | — | — | Fishcake Robo-Sandvich |
Lugermorph | — | — | Ap-Sap | |
Melee | stock | Bat | Shovel | Fire Axe | Bottle | Fists | Wrench | Bonesaw | Kukri | Knife |
unlock | Sandman Necro Smasher |
Equalizer Necro Smasher |
Axtinguisher Necro Smasher |
Eyelander Necro Smasher |
Killing Gloves of Boxing Necro Smasher |
Gunslinger Necro Smasher |
Übersaw Necro Smasher |
Necro Smasher | — | |
craft | Holy Mackerel Candy Cane Boston Basher Sun-on-a-Stick Fan O'War Three-Rune Blade Atomizer Conscientious Objector Unarmed Combat Wrap Assassin Bat Outta Hell |
Pain Train Half-Zatoichi Disciplinary Action Market Gardener Conscientious Objector Escape Plan Bat Outta Hell |
Homewrecker Powerjack Back Scratcher Sharpened Volcano Fragment Maul Postal Pummeler Conscientious Objector Third Degree Lollichop Neon Annihilator Bat Outta Hell |
Pain Train Scotsman's Skullcutter Horseless Headless Horsemann's Headtaker Ullapool Caber Claidheamh Mòr Half-Zatoichi Persian Persuader Nessie's Nine Iron Scottish Handshake Conscientious Objector Bat Outta Hell |
Gloves of Running Urgently Warrior's Spirit Fists of Steel Eviction Notice Conscientious Objector Apoco-Fists Holiday Punch Bat Outta Hell |
Southern Hospitality Jag Eureka Effect |
Vita-Saw Amputator Solemn Vow Conscientious Objector Bat Outta Hell |
Tribalman's Shiv Bushwacka Shahanshah Conscientious Objector Bat Outta Hell |
Your Eternal Reward Conniver's Kunai Big Earner Wanga Prick Sharp Dresser Spy-cicle | |
promotion | Frying Pan Saxxy Freedom Staff Memory Maker Ham Shank Golden Frying Pan Crossing Guard |
Frying Pan Saxxy Freedom Staff Memory Maker Ham Shank Golden Frying Pan Crossing Guard |
Frying Pan Saxxy Freedom Staff Memory Maker Ham Shank Golden Frying Pan Crossing Guard |
Frying Pan Saxxy Freedom Staff Memory Maker Ham Shank Golden Frying Pan Crossing Guard |
Frying Pan Saxxy Freedom Staff Memory Maker Ham Shank Golden Frying Pan Crossing Guard |
Golden Wrench Saxxy Golden Frying Pan |
Frying Pan Saxxy Freedom Staff Memory Maker Ham Shank Golden Frying Pan Crossing Guard |
Frying Pan Saxxy Freedom Staff Memory Maker Ham Shank Golden Frying Pan Crossing Guard |
Saxxy Black Rose Golden Frying Pan | |
PDA | stock | — | — | — | — | — | Construction PDA | — | — | Disguise Kit |
PDA 2 | stock | — | — | — | — | — | Destruction PDA | — | — | Invis Watch |
unlock | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Cloak and Dagger Dead Ringer | |
promotion | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Enthusiast's Timepiece Quäckenbirdt | |
Taunt | various | Home Run (Sandman/Atomizer) |
Kamikaze (Equalizer/Escape Plan) |
Hadouken (Shotgun/Flare Gun/Detonator/Reserve Shooter) Armageddon (Rainblower) Execution (Scorch Shot) |
Decapitation (Eyelander/HHHH/Claidheamh Mòr/Half-Zatoichi/Persian Persuader/Nessie's Nine Iron) |
Showdown (Fists/Saxxy/Apoco-Fists/Holiday Punch) |
Dischord (Frontier Justice) Organ Grinder (Gunslinger) |
Oktoberfest (Kritzkrieg) Medicating Melody (Amputator) Spinal Tap (Übersaw) |
Skewer (Huntsman/Fortified Compound) |
Fencing (Knife/Your Eternal Reward/Conniver's Kunai/Saxxy/Big Earner/Wanga Prick/Black Rose) |


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage | |
Type | Subsidiary of Google |
Founded | February 14, 2005 |
Headquarters | 901 Cherry Ave, San Bruno, California, United States |
Area served | Worldwide (except blocked countries) |
Founder(s) | |
Key people | Susan Wojcicki (CEO) Chad Hurley (Advisor) |
Industry | Internet |
Parent | Independent (2005–2006) Google (2006–present) |
Slogan(s) | Broadcast Yourself (2005–2012) |
Website | YouTube (see list of localized domain names) |
Written in | Python[1] and proprietary JavaScript |
Alexa rank | 3 (January 2015[update])[2] |
Advertising | Google AdSense |
Registration | Optional (Only required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged videos, viewing flagged comments, liking videos, adding videos to playlists and commenting on videos) |
Available in | 61 language versions available through user interface[3] |
Launched | February 14, 2005 |
Current status | Active |
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage | |
Type | Subsidiary of Google |
Founded | February 14, 2005 |
Headquarters | 901 Cherry Ave, San Bruno, California, United States |
Area served | Worldwide (except blocked countries) |
Founder(s) | |
Key people | Susan Wojcicki (CEO) Chad Hurley (Advisor) |
Industry | Internet |
Parent | Independent (2005–2006) Google (2006–present) |
Slogan(s) | Broadcast Yourself (2005–2012) |
Website | YouTube (see list of localized domain names) |
Written in | Python[1] and proprietary JavaScript |
Alexa rank | 3 (January 2015[update])[2] |
Advertising | Google AdSense |
Registration | Optional (Only required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged videos, viewing flagged comments, liking videos, adding videos to playlists and commenting on videos) |
Available in | 61 language versions available through user interface[3] |
Launched | February 14, 2005 |
Current status | Active |
YouTube is a video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion.[4] YouTube now operates as a Google subsidiary.[5] The site allows users to upload, view, and share videos, and it makes use of Adobe Flash Video and HTML5 technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.
Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, but media corporations including CBS, the BBC, Vevo, Hulu, and other organizations offer some of their material via YouTube, as part of the YouTube partnership program.[6] Unregistered users can watch videos, and registered users can upload videos to their channels. Videos considered to contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old.
YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal.[7] Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[8]
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".[9]
Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from Janet Jackson's role in the 2004 Super Bowl incident, when her breast was exposed during her performance, and later from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site.[10] Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not.[11][12]
YouTube began as a venture-funded technology startup, primarily from a $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006.[13] YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[14] The domain name www.youtube.com
was activated on February 14, 2005, and the website was developed over the subsequent months.[15]
The first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo.[16] The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site.[17]
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005, six months before the official launch in November 2005. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.[18] According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.[19]
YouTube says that 300 hours of new videos are uploaded to the site every minute,[20] three times more than one year earlier[21] and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S.[22][23][24] The site has 800 million unique users a month.[25] It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000.[26] Alexa ranks YouTube as the third most visited website on the Internet, behind Google and Facebook.[27]
The choice of the name www.youtube.com
led to problems for a similarly named website, www.utube.com
. The site's owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www.utubeonline.com
In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[30]
Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[31] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[32] In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television.[25]
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006.[33] In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney.[34][35] In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.[36] In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service,[37] which is available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK as of 2010.[38][39] The service offers over 6,000 films.[40]
In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event.[41]
On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter."[42] In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined".[43] In May 2011, YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day.[23] In January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.[22]
In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, and that Salar Kamangar would take over as head of the company.[44]
In April 2011, James Zern, a YouTube software engineer, revealed that 30% of videos accounted for 99% of views on the site.[45]
In November 2011, the Google+ social networking site was integrated directly with YouTube and the Chrome web browser, allowing YouTube videos to be viewed from within the Google+ interface.[46] In December 2011, YouTube launched a new version of the site interface, with the video channels displayed in a central column on the home page, similar to the news feeds of social networking sites.[47] At the same time, a new version of the YouTube logo was introduced with a darker shade of red, the first change in design since October 2006.[48]
In May 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program to begin offering some content providers the ability to charge $0.99 per month or more for certain channels, but the vast majority of its videos would remain free to view.[49][50]
Viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer needs the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to be installed on the browser.[51]
In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that uses the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard.[52] This allows videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed.[53][54] The YouTube site has a page that allows supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that support HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats can play the videos, and not all videos on the site are available.[55][56]
As of January 27, 2015, YouTube playback has defaulted to HTML5 on supported browsers. Supported browsers include Google Chrome, Safari 8, and Internet Explorer 11. This change will allow for better cross-platform compatibility.[57]
YouTube experimented with Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH), which is an adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution optimizing the bitrate and quality for the available network.[58] Currently they are using Adobe Dynamic Streaming for Flash.[59]
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone.[60] When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films.[61][62] The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010.[63] If an up-to-date browser version is used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.[64]
YouTube accepts videos uploaded in most container formats, including .AVI, .MKV, .MOV, .MP4, DivX, .FLV, and .ogg and .ogv. These include video formats such as MPEG-4, MPEG, VOB, and .WMV. It also supports 3GP, allowing videos to be uploaded from mobile phones.[65] Videos with progressive scanning or interlaced scanning can be uploaded, but for the best video quality, YouTube suggests interlaced videos be deinterlaced before uploading. All the video formats on YouTube use progressive scanning.[66]
YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320x240 pixels using the Sorenson Spark codec (a variant of H.263),[67][68] with mono MP3 audio.[69] In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile phones.[70] In March 2008, a high quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480x360 pixels.[71]
In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9.[72] With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096x3072 pixels.[73][74] YouTube has since lowered the maximum resolution to 3840x2160 pixels, which is twice as many pixels in both directions as 1080p.[75]
In June 2014, YouTube introduced videos playing at 60 frames per second, in order to reproduce video games with a frame rate comparable to high-end graphics cards.[76][77] The videos play back at a resolution of 720p or higher.[78]
YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ) and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in the VP9 format with stereo Opus audio; if VP9/WebM is not supported in the browser/device or the browser's user agent reports Windows XP, then H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video with stereo AAC audio is used instead.[79]
Discontinued | Current |
itag value[1] | Default container | Video resolution | Video encoding | Video profile | Video bitrate (Mbit/s) [2] | Audio encoding | Audio bitrate (kbit/s) [2] |
5 | FLV | 240p | Sorenson H.263 | N/A | 0.25 | MP3 | 64 |
6 | FLV | 270p | Sorenson H.263 | N/A | 0.8 | MP3 | 64 |
13 | 3GP | N/A | MPEG-4 Visual | N/A | 0.5 | AAC | N/A |
17 | 3GP | 144p | MPEG-4 Visual | Simple | 0.05 | AAC | 24 |
18 | MP4 | 360p | H.264 | Baseline | 0.5 | AAC | 96 |
22 | MP4 | 720p | H.264 | High | 2-3 | AAC | 192 |
34 | FLV | 360p | H.264 | Main | 0.5 | AAC | 128 |
35 | FLV | 480p | H.264 | Main | 0.8-1 | AAC | 128 |
36 | 3GP | 240p | MPEG-4 Visual | Simple | 0.175 | AAC | 32 |
37 | MP4 | 1080p | H.264 | High | 3–5.9 | AAC | 192 |
38 | MP4 | 3072p | H.264 | High | 3.5-5 | AAC | 192 |
43 | WebM | 360p | VP8 | N/A | 0.5 | Vorbis | 128 |
44 | WebM | 480p | VP8 | N/A | 1 | Vorbis | 128 |
45 | WebM | 720p | VP8 | N/A | 2 | Vorbis | 192 |
46 | WebM | 1080p | VP8 | N/A | N/A | Vorbis | 192 |
82 | MP4 | 360p | H.264 | 3D | 0.5 | AAC | 96 |
83 | MP4 | 240p | H.264 | 3D | 0.5 | AAC | 96 |
84 | MP4 | 720p | H.264 | 3D | 2-3 | AAC | 192 |
85 | MP4 | 1080p | H.264 | 3D | 3-4 | AAC | 192 |
100 | WebM | 360p | VP8 | 3D | N/A | Vorbis | 128 |
101 | WebM | 360p | VP8 | 3D | N/A | Vorbis | 192 |
102 | WebM | 720p | VP8 | 3D | N/A | Vorbis | 192 |
DASH (video only)
itag value[1] | Default container | Video resolution | Video encoding | Video profile | Video bitrate (Mbit/s) [2] |
133 | MP4 | 240p | H.264 | Main | 0.2-0.3 |
134 | MP4 | 360p | H.264 | Main | 0.3-0.4 |
135 | MP4 | 480p | H.264 | Main | 0.5-1 |
136 | MP4 | 720p | H.264 | Main | 1-1.5 |
137 | MP4 | 1080p | H.264 | High | 2.5-3 |
138 | MP4 | 2160p | H.264 | High | 13.5 |
160[3] | MP4 | 144p | H.264 | Main | 0.1 |
242 | WebM | 240p | VP9 | N/A | 0.1-0.2 |
243 | WebM | 360p | VP9 | N/A | 0.25 |
244 | WebM | 480p | VP9 | N/A | 0.5 |
247 | WebM | 720p | VP9 | N/A | 0.7-0.8 |
248 | WebM | 1080p | VP9 | N/A | 1.5 |
264 | MP4 | 1440p | H.264 | High | 4-4.5 |
266 | MP4 | 2160p | H.264 | High | 12.5-13.5 |
271 | WebM | 1440p | VP9 | N/A | 9 |
272 | WebM | 2160p | VP9 | N/A | 15-17.5 |
278 | WebM | 144p | VP9 | N/A | 0.08 |
298[4] | MP4 | 720p HFR | H.264 | Main | 3-3.5 |
299[4] | MP4 | 1080p HFR | H.264 | High | 5.5 |
302[4] | WebM | 720p HFR | VP9 | N/A | 2.5 |
303[4] | WebM | 1080p HFR | VP9 | N/A | 5 |
313 | WebM | 2160p | VP9 | N/A | 13-15 |
DASH (audio only)
itag value[1] | Default container | Audio encoding | Audio bitrate (kbit/s) [2] |
171 | WebM | Vorbis | 128 |
172[5] | WebM | Vorbis | 192 |
Live streaming
itag value[1] | Default container | Video resolution | Video encoding | Video profile | Video bitrate (Mbit/s) [2] | Audio encoding | Audio bitrate (kbit/s) [2] |
92 | TS | 240p | H.264 | Main | 0.15-0.3 | AAC | 48 |
93 | TS | 360p | H.264 | Main | 0.5-1 | AAC | 128 |
94 | TS | 480p | H.264 | Main | 0.8-1.25 | AAC | 128 |
95 | TS | 720p | H.264 | Main | 1.5-3 | AAC | 256 |
96 | TS | 1080p | H.264 | High | 2.5-6 | AAC | 256 |
120[6] | FLV | 720p | H.264 | email@example.com | 2 | AAC | 128 |
132 | TS | 240p | H.264 | Baseline | 0.15-0.2 | AAC | 48 |
151 | TS | 72p | H.264 | Baseline | 0.05 | AAC | 24 |
^ [1] itag is an undocumented parameter used internally by YouTube to differentiate between quality profiles. Until December 2010, there was also a URL parameter known as fmt that allowed a user to force a profile using itag codes.
^ [2] Approximate values based on statistical data; actual bitrate can be higher or lower due to variable encoding rate.
^ [3] Encoded in 15 FPS.
^ [4] Encoded in 60 FPS.
^ [5] Available in the DASH manifest and on YouTube's content distribution servers, but not used in playback.
^ [6] Has metadata referring to "Elemental Technologies Live".
^ [7] Used as alternate audio tracks.
In a video posted on July 21, 2009,[85] YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect.[86][87][88] The YouTube Flash player can display stereoscopic content interleaved in rows, columns or a checkerboard pattern, side-by-side or anaglyph using a red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow combination. In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.[89]
YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web.[90] This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a "video response". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature.[91] Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner.[92]
YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface.[93] A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files.[94] Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos.[95] In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout.[96] In June 2012, Google sent cease and desist letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos.[97] In response, Zamzar removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site.[98] The default settings when uploading a video to YouTube will retain a copyright on the video for the uploader, but since July 2012 it has been possible to select a Creative Commons license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material if it is free of copyright.[99]
Most modern smartphones are capable of accessing YouTube videos, either within an application or through an optimized website. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, using RTSP streaming for the video.[100] Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site.[101]
Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone.[102] In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls.[103] The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform.[104][105] In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system.[106] According to GlobalWebIndex, YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third most used app.[107]
A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos.[108] In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles.[109][110] In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen.[111] YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live.[112] On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel.[113] An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5.[114] Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013[115] and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.[116]
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system.[117] The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 74 countries, one territory (Hong Kong) and a worldwide version.[118]
The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen on the basis of the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content.[163]
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 61 language versions, including Amharic, Bengali, Persian and Urdu, which do not have local channel versions.[3]
Access to YouTube was blocked in Turkey between 2008 and 2010, following controversy over the posting of videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and some material offensive to Muslims.[164][165] In October 2012, a local version of YouTube was launched in Turkey, with the domain youtube.com.tr
. The local version is subject to the content regulations found in Turkish law.[166]
In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency PRS for Music led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009.[167] In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.[168]
On November 12, 2014, YouTube announced the launch of Music Key, a subscription music streaming service, providing advertising-free playback of official music videos hosted by YouTube, along with background and offline playback on mobile platforms. Music Key is intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music "All Access" service.[169][170][171]
YouTube has featured an April Fools prank on the site on April 1 of every year since 2008:
Both private individuals[180] and large production companies[181] have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic.[180] Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television.[181] While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually[182]—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels".[183] In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media.[184] In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo.[185] By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.[186]
Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution", TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication".[187] Anderson asserted that it's not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch "the biggest learning cycle in human history."[187] In education, for example, the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what Forbes' Michael Noer called "the largest school in the world", with technology poised to disrupt how people learn.[188]
YouTube was awarded a 2008 George Foster Peabody Award, the website being described as a Speakers' Corner that "both embodies and promotes democracy."[189] The Washington Post reported that a disproportionate share of YouTube's most subscribed channels feature minorities, contrasting with mainstream television in which the stars are largely white.[190]
A Pew Research Center study reported the development of "visual journalism", in which citizen eyewitnesses and established news organizations share in content creation.[191] The study also concluded that YouTube was becoming an important platform by which people acquire news.[192]
YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape.[193] Describing the Arab Spring (2010- ), sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world."[194] In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the "Kony 2012" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined."[195]
Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012[198] and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance.[199] In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare[200] but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation".[196] Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.[196]
Some YouTube videos have themselves had a direct effect on world events, such as Innocence of Muslims (2012) which spurred protests and related anti-American violence internationally.[201]
TED curator Chris Anderson described a phenomenon by which geographically distributed individuals in a certain field share their independently developed skills in YouTube videos, thus challenging others to improve their own skills, and spurring invention and evolution in that field.[187] Journalist Virginia Heffernan asserted in The New York Times that such videos have "surprising implications" for the dissemination of culture and even the future of classical music.[202]
The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers[203] and the YouTube Symphony Orchestra[204] selected their membership based on individual video performances.[187][204] Further, the cybercollaboration charity video "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)" was formed by mixing performances of 57 globally distributed singers into a single musical work,[205] with The Tokyo Times noting the "We Pray for You" YouTube cyber-collaboration video as an example of a trend to use crowdsourcing for charitable purposes.[206]
The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens,[207] that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries.[208] Similarly, in response to fifteen year old Amanda Todd's video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self harm", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.[209]
The vast majority of videos on YouTube are free to view and supported by advertising.[49] In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program, a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site.[210] YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader.[211] There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program.[212] According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers.[213] Assuming pre-roll advertisements on half of videos, a YouTube partner would earn 0.5 X $7.60 X 55% = $2.09 per 1000 views in 2013.[213]
In May 2013, YouTube introduced a trial scheme of 53 subscription channels with prices ranging from $0.99 to $6.99 a month.[214] The move was seen as an attempt to compete with other providers of online subscription services such as Netflix and Hulu.[49]
YouTube has a set of community guidelines aimed to reduce abuse of the site's features. Generally prohibited material includes sexually explicit content, videos of animal abuse, shock videos, content uploaded without the copyright holder's consent, hate speech, spam, and predatory behaviour.[215] Despite the guidelines, YouTube has faced criticism from news sources for content in violation of these guidelines.
At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws.[216] Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.[217][218]
Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.[219][220][221] Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works".[222]
During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a setback to privacy rights".[223][224] In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.[225]
On April 5, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reinstated the case, allowing Viacom's lawsuit against Google to be heard in court again.[226] On March 18, 2014, the lawsuit was settled after seven years with an undisclosed agreement.[227]
In August 2008, a US court ruled in Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected fair use of the material. The case involved Stephanie Lenz from Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, who had made a home video of her 13-month-old son dancing to Prince's song "Let's Go Crazy", and posted the 29-second video on YouTube.[228]
In the case of Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC, professional singer Matt Smith sued Summit Entertainment for the wrongful use of copyright takedown notices on YouTube.[229] He asserted seven causes of action, and four were ruled in Smith's favor.[230]
In April 2012, a court in Hamburg ruled that YouTube could be held responsible for copyrighted material posted by its users. The performance rights organization GEMA argued that YouTube had not done enough to prevent the uploading of German copyrighted music. YouTube responded by stating:
" | We remain committed to finding a solution to the music licensing issue in Germany that will benefit artists, composers, authors, publishers and record labels, as well as the wider YouTube community.[231] | " |
As of 2013, YouTube and GEMA have still not reached a licensing agreement. As a result, most videos containing copyrighted music have been blocked in Germany since 2009.
In April 2013, it was reported that Universal Music Group and YouTube have a contractual agreement that prevents content blocked on YouTube by a request from UMG from being restored, even if the uploader of the video files a DMCA counter-notice. When a dispute occurs, the uploader of the video has to contact UMG.[232][233]
In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. The system was regarded by Google CEO Eric Schmidt as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from pirated content.[234] The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.[235]
When this occurs, the content owner has the choice of blocking the video to make it unviewable, tracking the viewing statistics of the video, or adding advertisements to the video. YouTube describes Content ID as "very accurate in finding uploads that look similar to reference files that are of sufficient length and quality to generate an effective ID File".[235] Content ID accounts for over a third of the monetized views on YouTube.[236]
An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible.[237] The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use.[238] If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision.[239] YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.[240]
YouTube has also faced criticism over the offensive content in some of its videos. The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography, and material encouraging criminal conduct is prohibited by YouTube's terms of service.[215] Controversial content has included that pertaining to Holocaust denial and the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989.[241][242]
YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service.[215] In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content". YouTube responded by stating:
" | We have strict rules on what's allowed, and a system that enables anyone who sees inappropriate content to report it to our 24/7 review team and have it dealt with promptly. We educate our community on the rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly.[243] (July 2008) | " |
In October 2010, U.S. Congressman Anthony Weiner urged YouTube to remove from its website videos of imam Anwar al-Awlaki, saying that by hosting al-Awlaki's messages, "We are facilitating the recruitment of homegrown terror".[244] British security minister Pauline Neville-Jones commented: "These Web sites would categorically not be allowed in the U.K. They incite cold-blooded murder, and as such are surely contrary to the public good." YouTube pulled some of the videos in November 2010, stating they violated the site's guidelines prohibiting "dangerous or illegal activities such as bomb-making, hate speech and incitement to commit violent acts", or came from accounts "registered by a member of a designated foreign terrorist organization".[245] In December 2010, YouTube added "promotes terrorism" to the list of reasons that users can give when flagging a video as inappropriate.[246]
Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred".[247] The Guardian in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as:
" | Juvenile, aggressive, misspelled, sexist, homophobic, swinging from raging at the contents of a video to providing a pointlessly detailed description followed by a LOL, YouTube comments are a hotbed of infantile debate and unashamed ignorance – with the occasional burst of wit shining through.[248] | " |
In September 2008, The Daily Telegraph commented that YouTube was "notorious" for "some of the most confrontational and ill-formed comment exchanges on the internet", and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, "a new piece of software that blocks rude and illiterate posts".[249] The Huffington Post noted in April 2012 that finding comments on YouTube that appear "offensive, stupid and crass" to the "vast majority" of the people is hardly difficult.[250]
On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google+ oriented. The changes are in large part an attempt to address the frequent criticisms of the quality and tone of YouTube comments. They give creators more power to moderate and block comments, and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure better, more relevant discussions appear at the top.[251] The new system restored the ability to include URLs in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse.[252][253]
YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question, "why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change.[254] The official YouTube announcement[255] received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days.[256] Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:[257]
" | Perhaps user complaints are justified, but the idea of revamping the old system isn't so bad. Think of the crude, misogynistic and racially-charged mudslinging that has transpired over the last eight years on YouTube without any discernible moderation. Isn't any attempt to curb unidentified libelers worth a shot? The system is far from perfect, but Google should be lauded for trying to alleviate some of the damage caused by irate YouTubers hiding behind animosity and anonymity. | " |
In December 2012, two billion views were removed from the view counts of Universal and Sony music videos on YouTube, prompting a claim by The Daily Dot that the views had been deleted due to a violation of the site's terms of service, which ban the use of automated processes to inflate view counts. This was disputed by Billboard, which said that the two billion views had been moved to Vevo, since the videos were no longer active on YouTube.[258][259]
As of September 2012, countries with standing national bans on YouTube include China, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkmenistan.
YouTube is blocked for a variety of reasons, including:[260]
In some countries, YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.[260]
Businesses, schools, government agencies, and other private institutions often block social media sites, including YouTube, due to bandwidth limitations and the site's inevitable potential for distraction.[260]
Several countries have blocked access to YouTube:
In May 2014, prior to the launch of YouTube's subscription-based Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience."[301][302][303][304] The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.[171]
". DomainTools. Retrieved April 1, 2009.We went this route before with Sorenson Spark which is an incomplete implementation of H.263 and it bit us badly when trying to implement certain solutions.
Sorenson H.263
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National Football League | ||||||||||||||||
Scoreboard | | | Stats | | | Standings | | | Teams | | | Players | | | Player News | | | Injuries | | | Transactions | | | Home |
Latest News | |
Nov. 27 5:13 PM PT6:13 PM MT7:13 PM CT8:13 PM ET1:13 GMT9:13 AM 北京时间6:13 PM MST8:13 PM EST7:13 PM CT5:13 UAE - Galloway was waived by the Washington Redskins on Saturday. Analysis: Galloway was a starter when the season began, slid to the No. 3 wideout after a few games, then was benched recently after a poorly run route led to an interception. He had 12 catches for 173 yards in his first season with the Redskins, his fifth NFL team since entering the league as a first-round draft choice in 1995. |
Apr. 29 7:07 AM PT8:07 AM MT9:07 AM CT10:07 AM ET14:07 GMT10:07 PM 北京时间7:07 AM MST9:07 AM EST8:07 AM CT18:07 UAE - Galloway has signed a free-agent contract with the Washington Redskins. Analysis: The 38-year-old Galloway has 689 catches for 10,777 yards and 77 touchdowns in 15 NFL seasons with Seattle, Dallas, Tampa Bay and New England. But he has only 20 catches over the last two seasons combined, including seven in three games with the Patriots last year. |
Price calls Butch to discuss the March 2nd deadline for franchise tags, free agency and the Pats' plans going forward.
Shortly after the NFLRA released its statement demanding an apology from ESPN, Jim Quirk, the NFLRA's Executive Director, joined Mut to talk about the statement
WEEI's Chris Price joins Mut to talk about his experience of being in yesterday's Patriots championship parade, and which New England free agents could return to play for the Pats next season.
Flannery joins Mut to break down the Isaiah Thomas trade to Boston and what it means for the Celtics this season and in the future. Paul also chats with Mut about the other deals that happened at the NBA's trading deadline
We talk to Chris Mannix from SI to break down the C's acquisition of Isaiah Thomas and the crazy trade deadline in the rest of the NBA.
Jessica Camerato of basketballinsiders.com joins the show to talk about Marcus Smart, the starting lineup, and trade deadline.
The one and only Rob Bradford calls Butch to discuss his early thoughts on this Red Sox team, the potential in the rotation, how the outfield will shake out and more.
David Ortiz takes a few minutes to talk with Mut, Bradford, and Tomase about some of his new teammates, who Pablo Sandoval reminds him of, and the rules aimed at speeding up the game of baseball.
Mut, Bradford, and Tomase are talking Red Sox spring training. and talk with Red Sox DH David Ortiz about the rules aimed at speeding up the pace of the game
In the second of Sunday Skate, DJ and Joe discuss the approaching NHL trade deadline and what the B's will do. They get into the Boychuk move at the beginning of the season and Boychuk's brother venting on Twitter this morning about complaining B's fans. There is more discussion on the 3rd and 4th lines, their playoff chances and then they are joined by ESPN's Scott Burnside.
Another edition of Sunday Skate is upon us and DJ and Joe get into the B's big win over Arizona last night and the improvement of Ryan Spooner. They get into the Blackhawks giving up a 1st round pick for C Antoine Vermette - someone the B's could certainly use but weren't willing to give up the steep price of a 1st rounder. DJ and Joe also get into Claude's willingness to switch up lines as well as the performance of the 3rd and 4th lines. Finally, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman sits down with the boys.
Scott Burnside joins the boys to discuss the Bruins and the NHL trade deadline.
All the latest stories brought to you by Kirk Minihane.
Curt Schilling didn't back down when twitter trolls took shots at his daughter. Dino, Gerry and Kirk applaud Schill's stand.
Dino, Gerry and Kirk look back at their weekend in Fort Myers. Who visited Mommy and Daddy over the weekend?
Dunkin Donuts liked Christian's "bacon covered doughnut" idea. SNL does an ISIS skit. The Pittsburg Pirates issued a statement condemning "Jihadi John's" Pirates hat.
With free agency looming, Adam Schefter, on Sportscenter, said that he thinks Darrelle Revis will NOT be re-signed by the Patriots and that they will cut him instead, making him the most coveted free agent on the market.
Barry Melrose joined the show to talk about the NHL trade deadline. Although Melrose likes the trade of Brett Connolly from Tampa to Boston, he thinks the team needs to make more moves to keep ahead of Florida, who just traded for Jaromir Jagr. He also weighs in on the job security of Claude Julien and Peter Chiarelli.
Michael, Mike Mutnansky and Jerry Thornton talk Bruins AFTER the trade-deadline and check in with the fans.
We examine four trade deadline day deals that helped or affected Boston teams in recent history.
Michael, Mike Mutnansky and Jerry Thornton talk Bruins before the trade-deadline and check in with the fans.
Mikey, Mut, and Lenny are joined by the Rev girls, who are revealing the New Revolution uniform Tuesday at the House of Blues in Boston and talking about the Revs.
Mikey, Lenny, and Maggie talk Red Sox baseball with Red Sox Hall of Famer Bill Lee, who is in Florida and out of the snow that's perpetually burying the area.
Mikey gets a call from Kirk Minihane, who wants to clear the air with Mikey and get everything settled. It goes better than you think.
Dino, Gerry and Kirk talk about their time in Fort Myers and are joined by a special guest, Doug Lane.
Boston University coach David Quinn joins WEEI's Scott McLaughlin to discuss the Terriers' Beanpot title and how he feels about his team as the postseason approaches. Quinn also discusses reports about NHL interest in goalie Matt O'Connor and briefly touches on a recent misstep by Jack Eichel.
After a wild trade deadline, Ben Kichen and Sam Packard breakdown the Celtics and the rest of the NBA. Then Sam yells at Ben about the use of analytics in basketball. Ben yells back.
Curt Schilling didn't back down when twitter trolls took shots at his daughter. Dino, Gerry and Kirk applaud Schill's stand.
More from this showAll the latest stories brought to you by Kirk Minihane.
More from this showWe discuss the good week that was for the prosecution in the Aaron Hernancez murder trial with attorney and professor of law Michael McCann.
More from this showDino, Gerry and Kirk look back at their weekend in Fort Myers. Who visited Mommy and Daddy over the weekend?
More from this showWith free agency looming, Adam Schefter, on Sportscenter, said that he thinks Darrelle Revis will NOT be re-signed by the Patriots and that they will cut him instead, making him the most coveted free agent on the market.
More from this show


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Wireless internet access, a playroom and a beamer are available to guests. In addition, guests can also enjoy a balcony. The grounds of the complex feature a playground and an attractive garden. Guests arriving in their own vehicles can park in the car park. A balcony or terrace is also included as standard. Each accommodation unit features separate bedrooms or a double bed. Cots are available for children. A safe is also available. A kitchenette equipped with a microwave and tea and coffee making equipment can be found in each accommodation unit. A cooker is included as standard. In addition, there are a washing machine and an ironing set. Guests can enjoy a comfortable holiday with convenient amenities, including a telephone, a TV and a radio. In the bathrooms, guests will find a shower and a hairdryer. Sun loungers provide a great place to sunbathe. Variety is offered by the range of sports and leisure options available at the holiday complex, including Nordic Walking, fishing, water skiing, a gym, table tennis, a spa and a sauna. A wellness area with a solarium is available.
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PowercellmediaUK Registered: 22 June 2012 Feedback: 78% positive feedback over the last 12 months Location: UK Visit Store Contact Merchant
78% Positive Feedback *Based on last 12 months ratings Feedback Summary 1 month 6 month 12 month Lifetime Positive % 100% 89% 78% 94% Positive 3 8 25 174 Neutral 0 0 0 2 Negative 0 1 7 12 Total 3 9 32 188
Merchant Feedback History Results 1 – 50 (of 188) Feedback Comment Buyer Date Positive good service manxblue 17 February 2015 Positive good service manxblue 12 February 2015 Positive * * * * * k8therine 01 February 2015 Positive Good value & prompt delivery. run65ner 23 January 2015 Positive Very pleased with my order. I would definitly use powercellmediaUK again. zombie1972 25 December 2014 Positive VG foodpro 24 December 2014 Positive great service, really fast delivery, would buy from again. artemis69 10 December 2014 Negative I recieved an empty parcel with just an invoice, no batteries, very poor! Pete00000001 02 December 2014 Positive many thanks, received day early, very good service crimper 08 September 2014 Positive All good ! Many thanks. NeilLancaster 12 July 2014 Positive Not tried product yet, but as TDK expect quality to be fine. Item received speedily Grendel14 05 July 2014 Positive Excellent service. Would recommend and use again. Singersinging 29 June 2014 Negative these JVC I received are much different than a pair that I've previously bought in argos. The wire is half the size and it doesn't come with a box. I have my doubts that this is an original product fabnet74 20 June 2014 Positive thanks youngk 16 June 2014 Positive Item as described, very fast delivery, very pleased. Many thanks. frentzen 13 June 2014 Positive Good price.Ten year's left on expiry date as promised.Arrived in two days using standard delivery. Would definitely use this seller again. gpp2911 12 June 2014 Negative Purchased JVC HA-FX1X but seller sent an alternative JVC earphone with a different spec and not as described. I contacted the seller as soon as the item arrived but they did not respond to my e-mail. Would not use again and would not recommend. fraz2203 10 June 2014 Negative They sent me the wrong product CTGerrard 05 June 2014 Positive Love them. wickson 22 May 2014 Positive quick delivery thank you debgryan 14 May 2014 Negative ordered on the 28th April and its now 13th may and still not received my order, Ive emailed twice in the last 4 days and still heard nothing from them, very poor communication and very poor service, not happy at all Dal1690 13 May 2014 Positive Fantastic product, fast and secure delivery, a+++ shishman1987 09 May 2014 Positive fast delivery, great product Natsuke93 07 May 2014 Positive Good transaction. onetwo3 30 April 2014 Positive Goods arrived promptly and wll packed AshleyWoodford 28 March 2014 Positive All good ! Many thanks. NeilLancaster 24 March 2014 Positive Fast free delivery (2 days from order) at an excellent price. PhilMid 19 March 2014 Positive good carltonsays 18 March 2014 Positive Fast and efficient, many thanks+++ dannyboy 12 March 2014 Negative NEARLY A MONTH AFTER SO CALLED DISPATCHED DATE . GUESS WHAT ! NO ITEM AND NO REPLY TO EMAILS . KPRICEY1 06 March 2014 Positive fast delivery and securely packaged thank you. alteredstate 04 March 2014 Negative Sent me a 2 pack instead of a 4 pack of batteries. Tried to return it and heard nothing from them or Play.com. This website has gone downhill very fast! I won't be using this website again! DO NOT BUY FROM THIS SELLER! Gregglorious 04 March 2014 Positive Fast service & best price for quality product. Recommended. groundhog 26 February 2014 Positive Fast service & best price for quality product. Recommended. groundhog 26 February 2014 Positive Fast service & best price for quality product. Recommended. groundhog 26 February 2014 Positive Arrived early - great service! IsabelEve 26 February 2014 Positive Excellent service, thank you. terry01 25 February 2014 Positive 100 blank dvds for £20 is good value.Efficient delivery service and reliable. kes1966 24 February 2014 Positive quick despatch iamhicks 18 February 2014 Positive brilliant service tootmanchew 12 February 2014 Positive Not used any of them yet but I'm hoping they will be ok, the price certainly was. Buchanloon 03 February 2014 Positive good cd's and fast delivery stucca 31 January 2014 Positive Very speedy delivery and a real bargain. I've only used 1 DVD so far to burn a Project Guttenberg ISO, but encountered no problems whatsoever with the process!!! Wolfy1964 28 January 2014 Positive This customer indicated that they had a positive experience with this merchant Tomwaller 22 January 2014 Positive This customer indicated that they had a positive experience with this merchant Tomwaller 22 January 2014 Positive Arrived quickly. Tomwaller 22 January 2014 Positive Super fast delivery and great price. Thank you! Sistermoon63 21 January 2014 Positive Item as described and prompt delivery. ChasBournemouth 20 January 2014 Positive excellent + fast dispatch many thanks blackbandit 17 January 2014 Positive delivered fast and in time thank you KarlLawrence 15 January 2014


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