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Tuesday, July 22, 2014
Within-guideline sentences remain below 50% according to latest quarterly USSC data
As reported in this post a few months ago, US Sentencing Commission First Quarter FY14 Quarterly Sentencing data included some big news: for the first time, less than half of all federal sentences imposed were technically "within-guideline" sentences. To be exact, in that quarter, only around 49% of the 18,169 sentences imposed were within-guideline sentences.
Today, the USSC released, via this document, its Second Quarter FY14 Quarterly Sentencing data, and it remains the case that a slight majority of federal sentences are being imposed outside the guidelines. But, as Table 4 on this latest data run reveals, this reality is partially a product of the fact that in the second quarter of FY14 there was a record-high percentage of above-guideline sentences (2.5%) and a record-high percentage of government-sponsored below-guideline sentences (28.6%). In this last quarter, notably, there was actually a small downtick in the number of below guideline sentences imposed by federal district judges (from 20.7% of all federal cases down to 20.1%).
As I have said before, I believe all the recent talk about the need for federal sentencing reform is likely finding expression in the way both federal prosecutors and federal judges are now using their sentencing discretion. The data from the last few quarters suggest that, as we hear ever more public policy groups and politicians on both the right and the left echoing AG Eric Holder's call for less reliance on long terms of incarceration, more federal prosecutors and federal judges feel ever more justified in seeking/imposing more sentences below the guidelines.
July 22, 2014 in Booker in district courts, Detailed sentencing data, Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Wednesday, June 04, 2014
"Max Out: The Rise in Prison Inmates Released Without Supervision"
The title of this post is the title of a notable new report Public Safety Performance Project of The Pew Charitable Trusts. This press release about the report provides a helpful summary of its main findings, and here are excerpts from the release:
More than 1 in 5 state inmates maxed out their prison terms and were released to their communities without any supervision in 2012, undermining efforts to reduce reoffending rates and improve public safety, according to a report released today by The Pew Charitable Trusts.
A wide range of laws and policies adopted in the 1980s and '90s has resulted in a sharp increase in the rate at which inmates serve their full sentences behind bars, leaving no time at the end for parole or probation agencies to monitor their whereabouts and activities or help them transition back into society by providing substance abuse, mental health, or other intervention programs....
Key findings of the report, Max Out: The Rise in Prison Inmates Released Without Supervision, include:
Between 1990 and 2012, the number of inmates who maxed out their sentences in prison grew 119 percent, from fewer than 50,000 to more than 100,000.
The max-out rate, the proportion of prisoners released without receiving supervision, was more than 1 in 5, or 22 percent of all releases, in 2012.
Max-out rates vary widely by state: In Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin, fewer than 10 percent of inmates were released without supervision in 2012. More than 40 percent of inmates maxed out their prison terms and left without supervision in Florida, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Utah.
Nonviolent offenders are driving the increase. In a subset of states with data available by offense type, 20 and 25 percent of drug and property offenders, respectively, were released without supervision in 2000, but those figures grew to 31 and 32 percent, or nearly 1 in 3, in 2011.
In the past few years, at least eight states—Kansas, Kentucky, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and West Virginia—adopted reforms to ensure that authorities can supervise all or most offenders after release from prison. These policies, most of which are too new to evaluate, typically carve out the supervision period from the prison sentence rather than add time for it after release. This allows states to reduce prison spending and reinvest some of the savings in stronger recidivism-reduction programs....
These new policies are backed by data that indicate inmates released to supervision are less likely to commit new crimes than those who max out and return home without oversight....
The report outlines a policy framework to guide state leaders in reducing max-outs and recidivism. It recommends that policies require post-prison supervision, carve out the community supervision period from prison terms, strengthen parole decision-making, tailor conditions to offenders' risks and needs, adopt evidence-based practices, and reinvest savings in community corrections.
June 4, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Prisons and prisoners, Reentry and community supervision | Permalink | Comments (3) | TrackBack
Tuesday, June 03, 2014
Empirical explorations of modern capital clemency
Michael Heise has recently posted on SSRN two intriguing pieces concerning the modern patterns of capital clemency. Here are links and abstracts:
The Death of Death Row Clemency and the Evolving Politics of Unequal Grace
While America's appetite for capital punishment continues to wane over time, clemency for death row inmates is all but extinct. Moreover, what little clemency activity that persists continues to distribute unevenly across gender, racial and ethnic groups, geography, governors' political affiliation, and over time. Insofar as courts appear extremely reluctant to review — let alone interfere with — clemency activity, little, if any, formal legal recourse exists. Results from this study of clemency activity on state death rows (1973-2010) suggest that potential problems arise, however, to the extent that our criminal justice system relies on clemency to function as coherent extrajudicial check.
The Geography of Mercy: An Empirical Analysis of Clemency for Death Row Inmates
Conventional wisdom notes persistent regional differences in the application of the death penalty, with southern states' appetite for capital punishment exceeding that of non-southern states. Scholars analyzing the distributions of death sentences and state executions find a geographic influence. Less explored, however, is a possible regional difference in the distribution of executive clemency even though clemency is an integral component of a criminal justice system that includes capital punishment. If geography influences the distribution of the death penalty, geography should also influence the distribution of clemency. Data, however, reveal some surprises. Using a recently-released data set of all state death row inmates from 1973 to 2010, this paper considers whether clemency is exercised in southern and non-southern states in systematically different ways. No statistically significant differences exist between southern and non-southern states when it came to clemency, even though southern states were more prone to execute and less prone to disturb death sentences through reversal on appeal than northern states. When it comes to the influence of geography in the death penalty context, the findings provide mixed support and convey a complicated picture.
June 3, 2014 in Clemency and Pardons, Data on sentencing, Death Penalty Reforms, Detailed sentencing data, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Friday, May 30, 2014
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of mass incarceration analysis: John Pfaff tears apart NRC report
Astute readers who also follow closely a lot of broader media and political discussions of mass incarceration might have noticed that I have given relatively little attention on this blog to the massive report released late last month by the National Research Council (NRC) titled "The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences." To date, I only noted the report and some early reactions to it in this post.
One reason for my limited blog coverage is a result of the NRC report running more than 450 pages (accessible at this link); I am always disinclined to do in-depth analysis or commentary on a significant report unless and until I have had adequate time to read most of it. But the primary reasons I have not blogged much about the NRC report is because, as I found time to start reading key parts of the NRC effort, I found myself underwhelmed by the originality and sophistication of the report. I had hoped, for example, that the NRC report would take a close look at the relationship between lead exposure and crime rates and/or would systematically look at critical state and regional differences in US crime and imprisonment rates. Instead, rather than break any new ground, much of the NRC report reads like an effective and lengthy summary of a lot of conventional wisdom.
Fortunately, a leading legal academic and empiricist with a critical eye has started to bring a (very) critical perspective to the NRC report. Through a series of astute posts at PrawfBlawg (all so far linked below), Professor John Pfaff has started to pick apart a number of notable flaws and omissions in the NRC analysis. John's first post, titled "The Problematic National Research Council's Report on Incarceration: Some Initial Thoughts," previews his series this way:
The National Research Council, the well-respected research arm of the National Academy of Sciences, recently released a putatively authoritative report on the causes and implications of US incarceration growth. Sadly, it appears to be a deeply, profoundly flawed report. It is, in short, a rehashing of the Standard Story that I have argued time and again lacks real empirical support.
Dangerously, this report gives the Standard Story the NRC's seal of approval, which will only increase its hold on policy-makers' perceptions. The New York Times has already written an editorial pushing the NRC's Standard-Story arguments, and no doubt it will be cited widely in the months to come.
So in the posts ahead, I want to dig into the report more deeply. I will certainly acknowledge what it gets right, but my sense so far is that it is one rife with errors.
From the start, here are John's posts to date highlighting some of the NRC errors he sees:
The Problematic National Research Council's Report on Incarceration: Some Initial Thoughts
A Flawed NRC Report: Prison Populations and Sentence Length, Part 1
A Flawed NRC Report: Prison Populations and Sentence Length, Part 2
The Flawed NRC Report: The Mysterious Case of the Missing Prosecutor, Part 1
- The Flawed NRC Report: No Mention of Realignment!
May 30, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Prisons and prisoners, Scope of Imprisonment | Permalink | Comments (3) | TrackBack
Tuesday, May 27, 2014
Fascinating research on federal mortgage fraud prosecutions and sentencing in Western PA
I am pleased and excited to have learned over the long weekend that the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and the Duquesne University School of Law collaborated on an innovative Fact Investigations class, led by associate professor and Criminal Justice Program director Wesley Oliver, to study the modern work of Western Pennsylvania's federal prosecutors in response to modern mortage fraus. As explained in this first article of a series about this work, this group "identified 144 prosecutions alleging mortgage-related crimes in the Pittsburgh area ... [and then] analyzed 100 prosecutions in which sentence had been pronounced and for which the federal sentencing guidelines could be discerned." Before getting into the findings, I want to heap praise on everyone involved in this project because it shows what valuable work can be done when law schools and traditional media team up to examine intricate and dynamic issues concerning the federal criminal justice system.
Here, from the start of the first article in the series, are the basic findings of this terrific project:
In 2008, as the housing market dragged the world economy down, orders came from Washington, D.C., to federal prosecutors nationwide: Bust the people whose lies contributed to the mess.
Six years later, the effort by Pittsburgh's federal prosecutors to punish fraudulent mortgage brokers, appraisers, closing agents, property flippers and bank employees can claim 144 people charged, more than 100 sentenced and no acquittals.
That undefeated record, though, came at a price: Some of the worst offenders got extraordinary deals in return for their testimony against others.
A review by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and Duquesne University School of Law students of 100 completed cases showed that the sentences of mortgage-related criminals in the Pittsburgh area were driven more by their degree of cooperation with prosecutors than by the number of people they scammed, the dollars they reaped or the damage they did to the financial system. Some of the most prolific offenders used their central places in the fraud conspiracy to secure light sentences.
• Leniency for cooperation was doled out liberally. At least 30 of the 100 defendants were the beneficiaries of prosecutorial motions to reward "substantial assistance" to the investigation. That cooperation rate is nearly double that seen in fraud cases nationwide, suggesting that prosecutors here rewarded more defendants than normal.
• Most of the mortgage criminals who assisted prosecutors got no prison time, and the average amount of incarceration for those 30 defendants was a little more than three months. By contrast, defendants who pleaded guilty but didn't provide substantial assistance to prosecutors, got average sentences of three years in prison. Those few who went to trial faced an average of 6½ years behind bars.
• Several of the figures most central to the region's mortgage fraud problem cooperated with prosecutors, and got non-prison sentences. For instance, Kenneth C. Cowden, formerly of McKees Rocks and now of Florida, performed unlicensed appraisals that exaggerated real estate values in the region to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars. He cooperated and got nine months in a halfway house. Jay Berger of Fox Chapel, who recruited Cowden and lived lavishly from fraudulent mortgages, was sentenced in 2012 to 15 months in prison, but died this month at age 49 without serving time.
Here are links to all the article in the series:
- Mortgage fraud assault a Pyrrhic victory
- Rewards uneven in mortgage fraud cases
- She fought charges, got 10-year term
- Pleading guilty could cut defendant's sentence
Regular readers will not be at all surprised to hear me say that I view this terrific bit of investigative journalism as further proof that those who are really concerned about suspect disparities in federal sentencing ought to be much more focused on the application of (hidden and unreviewable) prosecutorial sentencing discretion than about the exercise of (open and reviewable) judicial sentencing discretion.
May 27, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Offender Characteristics, Offense Characteristics, Procedure and Proof at Sentencing, White-collar sentencing, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (4) | TrackBack
Wednesday, May 21, 2014
Fascinating exploration of modern data on modern mass incarceration
If you like data and like thinking hard about what to think about data about modern mass incarceration (and who doesn't), then you will be sure to like this interesting new posting authored by Andrew Cohen and Oliver Roeder at the Brennan Center for Justice headlined "Way Too Early to Declare Victory in War against Mass Incarceration." Here are excerpts (with some links retained) from an interesting and important bit of number crunching:
At The Week Monday, Ryan Cooper summarized some dramatic statistical work about mass incarceration undertaken by Keith Humphreys, the Stanford University professor and former Obama administration senior advisor for drug policy. The headline of the piece, "The plummeting U.S. prison admission rate, in one stunning chart," was accompanied by Cooper's pronouncement that "whatever the reason" for the drop it "is certainly great news." Some of the same optimism was expressed over the weekend, in The New York Times Book Review section, by David Cole, the esteemed Georgetown law professor who has written so eloquently recently about many of the greatest injustices in American law. Reviewing Columbia University professor Robert Ferguson's excellent book, "Inferno," Cole proclaimed that "we may be on our way out of the inferno" and that "it is just possible that we have reached a tipping point" in the fight against mass incarceration.
Would that it were so. It is far too early, as a matter of law, of policy, and of fact, to be talking about a "plummeting" prison rate in the United States or to be declaring that the end is in sight in the war to change the nation's disastrous incarceration policies. There is still far too much to do, far too many onerous laws and policies to change, too many hearts and minds to reform, too many families that would have to be reunited, before anyone could say that any sort of "tipping point" has been spotted, let alone reached. So, to respond to Humphreys' work, we asked Oliver Roeder, a resident economist at the Brennan Center for Justice, to crunch the numbers with a little bit more context and perspective. What follows below ought to shatter the myth that America has turned a corner on mass incarceration. The truth is that many states continue to experience more incarceration than before, the drop in national incarceration rates is far more modest than Humphreys suggests, and the trend toward reform could easily stop or turn back around on itself....
[T]he incarceration rate is decreasing, but no, not by much. It's down 5.5 percent since its 2007 peak. Since 2001, it's up 1.6 percent. An unscientific word for this trend would be "flat."
As for individual states' incarceration rates, experiences over the past decade have varied greatly.... California, New Jersey, and New York have dipped over 20 percent from their 2001 levels, while West Virginia, Minnesota, and Kentucky have seen over 30 percent increases.
Incarceration is a state-specific issue in other senses as well. Clearly the trends can vary dramatically, but so can the rates themselves. In 2012, Louisiana's incarceration rate was 873, while Maine's was 159....
So what's the story? Well one thing it isn't is crime. There is a body of evidence that indicates that crime doesn't really affect incarceration. Incarceration, rather, is a policy choice, largely independent of the actual level of crime in the world. (The incarceration rate is not a result of one single policy choice, of course, but rather is a function of many policy choices which compose essentially our willingness or propensity to incarcerate.) Admissions and thus incarceration were increasing because of increased willingness to incarcerate, or reliance on incarceration. I don't have a good sense as to why admissions and incarceration have been dipping lately, but it does seem to be driven by a minority of (typically large) states.
May 21, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Prisons and prisoners, Scope of Imprisonment, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Thursday, May 08, 2014
Intriguing new BJS data about national jail populations
I just received notice of a new Bureau of Justice Statistics publication, excitingly titled "Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 -- Statistical Tables" and available at this link. Though lacking a thrilling title, the data discussed in this publication are actually pretty interesting This official BJS press release, excerpted below, provides some highlights:
After a peak in the number of inmates confined in county and city jails at midyear 2008 (785,533), the jail population was significantly lower by midyear 2013 (731,208). However, the estimated decline between midyear 2012 and 2013 was not statistically significant. California's jails experienced an increase of about 12,000 inmates since midyear 2011....
Local jails admitted an estimated 11.7 million persons during the 12-month period ending June 30, 2013, remaining stable since 2011 (11.8 million) and down from a peak of 13.6 million admissions in 2008. The number of persons admitted to local jails in 2013 was 16 times the estimated 731,352 average daily number of jail inmates or average daily population during the 12-month period ending June 30, 2013....
Males represented at least 86 percent of the jail population since 2000. The female inmate population increased 10.9 percent (up 10,000 inmates) between midyear 2010 and 2013, while the male population declined 4.2 percent (down 27,500 inmates). The female jail population grew by an average of about 1 percent each year between 2005 and 2013. In comparison, the male jail population declined an annual average of less than 1 percent every year since 2005.
White inmates accounted for 47 percent of the total jail population, blacks represented 36 percent and Hispanics represented 15 percent at midyear 2013. An estimated 4,600 juveniles were held in local jails (less than 1 percent of the confined population), down from 5,400 during the same period in 2012.
At midyear 2013, about 6 in 10 inmates were not convicted, but were in jail awaiting court action on a current charge—a rate unchanged since 2005. About 4 in 10 inmates were sentenced offenders or convicted offenders awaiting sentencing. From the first significant decline in the overall jail population since midyear 2009, the unconvicted population (down 24,000 inmates) outpaced the decline in the convicted inmate population (down 12,000 inmates).
May 8, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Prisons and prisoners, Scope of Imprisonment | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Wednesday, May 07, 2014
Within-guideline sentences dip below 50% according to latest USSC data
Due to a busy end-of-the-semester schedule, I only just this week got a chance to look at US Sentencing Commission's posting here of its First Quarter FY14 Quarterly Sentencing data. And, as the title of this post highlights, there is big news in these USSC data: for the first time, less than half of all federal sentences imposed were technically "within-guideline" sentences. To be exact, only 48.8% of the 18,169 sentences imposed during the last three months of 2013 were within-guideline sentences.
In this post following the previous quarterly USSC data release, I noted a small uptick in the number of below guideline sentences imposed by federal district judges (from around 18.5% of all federal cases to 19.3% in the last quarter of FY13). At that time, I hypothesized that perhaps a few more judges were willing to impose below-guideline sentences in a few more federal cases after Attorney General Eric Holder's big August 2013 speech to the ABA lamenting excessive use of incarceration in the United States. Now, in this latest quarterly data run, the number of judge-initiated, below-guideline sentences has ticked up again, this time to 20.4% of all sentenced federal cases. I now this this data blip is evidence of a real "Holder effect."
Though still more time and data are needed before firm causal conclusions should be reached here, I do believe all the recent talk about the need for federal sentencing reform is likely finding expression in the way federal judges are now using their post-Booker discretion. The data from the last six month suggest that, as we hear ever more public policy groups and politicians on both the right and the left echoing AG Holder's call for less reliance on long terms of incarceration, more federal judges feel ever more justified in imposing more sentences below the guidelines.
May 7, 2014 in Booker in district courts, Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (3) | TrackBack
Sunday, March 23, 2014
Noting disparities resulting from reservation sentencing being federal sentencing
This local article from North Dakota, which is headlined "Article scrutinizes disparities in sentencing on reservations: American Indians face harsher penalties when tried in fed court vs state courts, advocates say," highlights an often-overlooked pocket of the federal sentencing system. Here are excerpts from the lengthy piece:
Dana Deegan is serving a 10-year sentence for placing her newborn son in a basket and abandoning him for two weeks, allowing him to die. Deegan, who was 25 years old when her son died in 1998 on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, had three older children and suffered from depression and abuse. She pleaded guilty in 2007 to second-degree murder to avoid a possibly harsher sentence.
Advocates have said her sentence was much harsher than those given for similar cases prosecuted in state courts in North Dakota – a disparity that critics say applies generally because American Indians accused of major crimes on reservations are prosecuted in federal courts, which generally have stiffer penalties. The issue, which lawyers, judges and legal scholars have long discussed, will soon be the subject of a national study by the U.S. Sentencing Commission.
Senior Judge Myron Bright of the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, who is based in Fargo, has for years been an outspoken critic of sentencing disparities involving prosecution of American Indians on reservations. The issue is also the focus of an article calling for changes to address the sentencing gaps in the current issue of the North Dakota Law Review [available at this link], and the study is backed by Tim Purdon, U.S. attorney for North Dakota. The law review authors, one of them a tribal judge in North Dakota, noted the Deegan case as a glaring example of the gap in sentences between the federal courts — whose defendants are overwhelmingly American Indians prosecuted on reservations — and comparable crimes tried in state courts.
Non-Indian women in two similar cases prosecuted in North Dakota state courts received much lighter sentences, authors BJ Jones and Christopher Ironroad noted [in this article, titled "Addressing Sentencing Disparities for Tribal Citizens in the Dakotas: A Tribal Sovereignty Approach"]. In 2000, a 22-year-old woman was sentenced in Cass County for negligent homicide to three years, with imposition suspended for three years of supervised probation, which was terminated less than two years later, according to court records.... In 2007, a 28-year-old woman was sentenced in Burleigh County to 10 years in prison, with eight years suspended, for causing the death of her newborn, which died after being left in a toilet....
Federal courts have jurisdiction on Indian reservations under the Major Crimes Act passed in 1885. Ordinarily, states prosecute "street crimes," including assault, burglary, sexual assault, murder and vehicular manslaughter. Because of strict sentencing guidelines, with mandatory minimums and no probation or time off for good behavior, sentences in federal court generally are higher than those in state courts, at least in states including North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana, lawyers and federal judges agree. "The law needs to be changed and Indians need to be treated on an equal basis, the same as their white neighbors," Bright said.
But many agree that state penalties for certain crimes, such as vehicular manslaughter, are higher. That, in fact, was a finding the last time the issue of sentencing disparities was studied in 2003 by an advisory group for the Sentencing Commission. But the group found the perception of an unfair disparity in sentences received by American Indians in federal court compared to state court was "well founded," Purdon wrote the chairman of the Sentencing Commission earlier this month.
Purdon, who serves as chairman of the Attorney General's Native American Issues Subcommittee, said more study is needed into the widespread perception of unfair sentences. "If the court system is perceived as unfair it undermines my ability to make the reservations safer," he said, adding that the U.S. Department of Justice supports further study of the issue.
Two federal trial judges in North Dakota agreed that, because of federal sentencing guidelines, criminal sentences sometimes are higher than state court sentences, but cautioned that the reverse also is true for certain crimes. "I believe it works both ways," said Chief Judge Ralph Erickson of U.S. District Court in Fargo. "Some crimes are less than customarily handed down in state courts," such as vehicular homicide.
Much of the disparity comes from the lack of parole in the federal court system, meaning a defendant serves the entire sentence, Erickson said. "That's where the rub comes in," he said. "We're aware of that and it's frustrating."... A comprehensive study is needed to determine if there are, in fact, sentencing disparities, Erickson said. If so, then solutions can be identified.
"There's an overall disparity in sentencing," said Judge Daniel Hovland of U.S. District Court in Bismarck. "Generally, federal sentences tend to be more severe," but he agreed with Erickson that there are exceptions, including manslaughter. "I think the sentencing commission is going to take a much closer look at that issue and it will certainly bode well for everyone in the judicial system," Hovland said. "I'm confident they'll reach a fair assessment."
March 23, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Offender Characteristics, Race, Class, and Gender, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (7) | TrackBack
Sunday, March 09, 2014
LDF releases latest, greatest accounting of death row populations
As reported here by the Death Penalty Information Center, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund has just released its latest version of its periodic accounting of capital punishment developments in the United States. This document, available here, is titled simply "Death Row, USA," and reports on data though July 1, 2013. Here is how DPIC summarizes some of its key findings:
The latest edition of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund's Death Row, USA shows the total death row population continuing to decline in size. The U.S. death-row population decreased from 3,108 on April 1, 2013, to 3,095 on July 1, 2013. The new total represented a 12% decrease from 10 years earlier, when the death row population was 3,517. The states with the largest death rows were California (733), Florida (412), Texas (292), Pennsylvania (197), and Alabama (197). In the past 10 years, the size of Texas's death row has shrunk 36%; Pennsylvania's death row has declined 18%; on the other hand, California's death row has increased 17% in that time.
The report also contains racial breakdowns on death row. The states with the highest percentage of minorities on death row were Delaware (78%) and Texas (71%), among those states with at least 10 inmates. The total death row population was 43% white, 42% black, 13% Latino, and 2% other races.
March 9, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Death Penalty Reforms, Detailed sentencing data, Race, Class, and Gender | Permalink | Comments (6) | TrackBack
Friday, February 28, 2014
More fascinating "Quick Facts" from the US Sentencing Commission
I am so pleased to see and to be able to report that the US Sentencing Commission is continuing to produce insightful little documents as part of its terrific new series of reader-friendly "Quick Facts" publications. (Regular readers may recall from this prior post that the USSC describes these publications as a way to "give readers basic facts about a single area of federal crime in an easy-to-read, two-page format.")
As I have said repeatedly before, I think this is a very valuable innovation coming from the USSC, and I have already learned a lot and benefited greatly from all the publications in the series. This latest one on certain firearm offenses, Section 924(c) Offenders , includes these notable data:
From among 84,173 cases reported to the USSC in FY2012, "2,189 involved convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)" which criminalized possession/use of a firearm in furtherance of another offense and:
The average length of sentence for offenders convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) was 165 months.
- The average length of sentence for offenders convicted of one count under section 924(c) was 84 months.
- The average length of sentence for offenders convicted of one count under section 924(c) and another offense not carrying a mandatory minimum penalty was 132 months. When the other offense carried a mandatory minimum penalty the average sentence was 181 months.
- The average length of sentence for section 924(c) offenders who were determined to be career offenders was 252 months.
- The average length of sentence for offenders convicted of multiple counts of section 924(c) was 358 months.
February 28, 2014 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Mandatory minimum sentencing statutes, Offense Characteristics | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Friday, February 21, 2014
Notable New Yorker piece reporting on forthcoming federal judicial sentencing patterns
A helpful reader altered me to this notable new piece about sentencing policies and practices from The New Yorker authored by Columbia Law Prof Tim Wu. The full piece ends by stressing one concern I often express about the challenge of using mandatory sentencing laws to try to deal with concerns about judicial sentencing disparity — namely "that they tend to increase the power that prosecutors have over sentencing, and prosecutors, if anything, vary even more than judges." But the piece caught my attention late on a Friday afternoon mostly because of this discussion of some notable forthcoming research on modern federal sentencing patterns:
Sentencing decisions change lives forever, and, for that reason and others, they're hard to make. It is often suspected that different judges sentence differently, and we now have a better idea of this. A giant, forthcoming study of the federal judiciary reveals clear patterns: Democrats and women are slightly more lenient. Where you're sentenced matters even more. Judges in the South are harsher; in the Northeast and on the West Coast, they are more easygoing.
The study's author is Crystal Yang, a fellow at the University of Chicago Law School, who based it on data from more than six hundred thousand convicted defendants between 2000 and 2009. (Impressively, in certain ways her study exceeds the work of the United States Sentencing Commission.) She writes, "Female judges sentenced observably similar defendants to approximately 1.7 months less than their male colleagues." In addition, judges appointed by a Democratic President were 2.2 per cent more likely to exercise leniency. Regional effects are more challenging to measure, because, for example, the kinds of crime that happen in New York might differ from those in Texas. But recent data suggest that, controlling for cases and defendant types, "there is substantial variation in the sentence that a defendant would receive depending on the district court in which he is sentenced" — as much as eleven months, on average. The results are all statistically significant, according to Yang — and, if the differences sound relatively small, it is also important to remember that what she is measuring are average differences. In straightforward cases, judges may be more likely to issue similar rulings. It's the hard cases where judges vary. In a case on the edge, the identity of your judge might make an important difference.
Of course, all sophisticated federal sentencing practitioners know that in all cases, not just those "on the edge," the "identity of your judge might make an important difference." And I regularly tell law students that every federal defendant ought to realize from the moment he or she is subject to a federal investigation, in all cases, not just those "on the edge," the identity of the prosecutor and probation officer and defense attorney also "might make an important difference." Consequently, I am not sure Crystal Yang's "giant, forthcoming study of the federal judiciary" is likely to tell us a lot that we do not already suspect or know.
That all said, I am already jazzed to hear a lot more about what Crystal Yang has collected and analyzed concerning the federal sentencing of "more than six hundred thousand convicted defendants between 2000 and 2009"! That is a whole lot of data, and it spans a remarkable decade in federal sentencing developments which included the passage of the PROTECT Act and the transformation of federal sentencing law and practices wrought by Blakely and Booker and its progeny.
UPDATE: After doing a little research, I think I discovered that an updated version of Crystal Yang's research discussed above is now available here at SSRN, and is soon to be published in the New York University Law Review.
February 21, 2014 in Booker in district courts, Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack
Sunday, December 29, 2013
Latest USSC quarterly data show (thanks to AG Holder?) record number of judge-initiated below-range sentences
I am intrigued to see that, as reported in Table 4 with the Fourth Quarter FY13 Quarterly Sentencing data report posted here at the US Sentencing Commission's website, there was a notable (though still small) uptick in the number of below guideline sentences imposed by federal district judges during the most recent quarter (from July 2013 to September 2013). Specifically, after a full year in which below-guideline sentence were imposed each quarter in just around 18.5% of all federal cases, in the most recent quarter the rate of judge-initiated below-range sentences jumped to 19.1%. This marks, I believe, the highest percentage of judge-initiated below-range sentences in any quarter on record.
As the title of this post hints, I am inclined to hypothesize that a few more judges were willing to impose below-guideline sentences in a few more federal cases in the wake of Attorney General Eric Holder's big early August speech to the ABA lamenting excessive use of incarceration in the United States. When the US Attorney General says "too many Americans go to too many prisons for far too long, and for no truly good law enforcement reason," I surely hope federal judges are listening and thinking even harder about whether to follow harsh guidelines that tend to recommend pretty long prison sentences in most cases.
That all said, the latest new data continue to show the same basic story lines and relatively stability in the operation and application of the advisory federal guideline sentencing system: these data show, yet again, that somewhat more than 50% of all federal sentences are within the calculated guidelines range, and that below-guideline sentences are a result of a prosecutor's request (which occurs in well over 25% of all cases).
December 29, 2013 in Booker in district courts, Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Who Sentences? | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack
Friday, December 27, 2013
Fascinating lead-crime-rate forecast that incarceration levels will decline significantly in coming years
Regular readers know I am very intrigued by (but still at least a bit skeptical concerning) the social science research that suggest that lead exposure level better account for variations in violent crime rates than any other single variable. Consequently, I have to link to this new item sent my way by researcher Rick Nevin, titled "It Will Not Take 88 Years to End Mass Incarceration," which responds to a recent commentary by sentencing reform advocates (noted in this post) lamenting how little incarceration rates have declined even as crime has continued its historic decline over the last decade. Without vouching for the data, I am eager to highlight Nevin's concluding sentiments in this interesting little data discussion:
Nevin (2000) showed that per capita use of lead in gasoline from 1941-1975 explained 90% of the variation in the USA violent crime rate from 1964 to 1998. Nevin (2007) showed the same relationship between preschool lead exposure trends and violent and property crime trends in the USA, Britain, Canada, West Germany, Finland, France, Italy, New Zealand, and Australia. The time lag in every nation reflected lead-induced neurodevelopmental damage in the first years of life affecting behavior in the late-teens and 20s when offending peaks. The best-fit lag for burglary was 18 years, reflecting property crime arrests that have historically peaked at ages 15-20. The best-fit for violent crime was 23 years, consistent with violent crime arrest rates that have peaked in the early-20s.
The ongoing violent crime rate decline (down 32% from 1998-2012) has been slowed by an increase in older offenders born across years of pandemic lead poisoning. This has been slowed by an increase in older offenders born across years of pandemic lead poisoning. This rise in arrest rates for older adults has occurred even as juvenile arrest rates have fallen to record lows, due to ongoing declines in lead paint exposure over the 1990s.
The Sentencing Project and other advocates for sentencing reform need to acknowledge the extreme divergence in arrest and incarceration trends by age. Opponents of sentencing reform often assume that "mass incarceration" is a key factor behind the USA crime decline over the past two decades, but arrest and incarceration trends by age discredit that theory: The largest arrest rate declines have been recorded by younger age groups that have also recorded large incarceration rate declines, while arrest rates have increased for older age groups despite rising incarceration rates for older adults.
Arrest and incarceration trends by age also cast doubt on the theory that budget constraints and public policy reforms have been a large factor in the overall prison population decline over recent years. The declining prison population is clearly not explained by shorter prison terms or early releases for older prisoners, but by steep arrest rate declines for younger Americans. It isn't the public policies that have changed: It's the people, and specifically the percent of people poisoned by lead exposure in early childhood.
Some recent related posts:
- Should we thank unleaded gas and the EPA for the great modern crime decline?
- Effective Washington Post commentary talks up great (and still puzzling) crime decline
- Do lead exposure realities continue to best explain modern crime-rate realities?:
- Uh-oh: BJS reporting significant spike up in violent and property crime for 2012
- FBI releases 2012 crime statistics showing stability in relatively low crime rates
- New National Academy of Sciences effort seeking to unpack the crime decline
December 27, 2013 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Offender Characteristics, Scope of Imprisonment | Permalink | Comments (9) | TrackBack
Thursday, December 19, 2013
Bureau of Justice Statistics releases a whole slew of notable new corrections data
I just received an e-mail reporting on these new data publications released today by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Here are the bare basics (with analysis perhaps to follow if anything special jumps out from these materials):
Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012 is available at this link: Summarizes data from various correctional collections to provide statistics on the number of offenders supervised by the adult correctional systems in the United States.
Prisoners in 2012: Trends in Admissions and Releases, 1991-2012 is available at this link: Presents final counts on prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities on December 31, 2012, collected in the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) program.
Probation and Parole in the United States, 2012 is available available at this link: Presents data on adult offenders under community supervision while on probation or parole during 2012.
Data Analysis Tool Corrections Statistical Analysis Tool (CSAT) - Prisoners (Updated) is available at this link: This dynamic analysis tool allows you to examine National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) on inmates under the jurisdiction of both federal and state correctional authorities.
UPDATE: For focus especially interested in incarceration data, this lengthy Trends in Admissions and Releases document looks like the most notable and interesting of these reports. Helpfully, this BJS press release provides a lot of the highlights from all these reports, and I found this accounting from the press release of prison developments especially interesting:
- The federal prison system had the largest sentenced prison population (196,600 inmates) in 2012, followed by Texas (157,900), California (134,200), Florida (101,900) and New York (54,100).
- California (down 10 percent) had the largest prison population decrease in 2012, followed by Arkansas (down 9 percent), Wisconsin and Colorado (down 7 percent each).
- Overall, black males were 6 times and Hispanic males 2.5 times more likely to be imprisoned than white males in 2012.
- Black males ages 18 to 19 were almost 9.5 times more likely than white males of the same age group to be in prison. Among new court commitments to state prison, more than a third each of black and Hispanic offenders, and a quarter of white offenders were convicted of a violent offense.
- Between 1991 and 2011, the number of females admitted to state prison for newly committed violent offenses increased 83 percent.
December 19, 2013 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Prisons and prisoners, Scope of Imprisonment | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Tuesday, November 19, 2013
Latest USSC publication highlights remarkable "disparities"(?) in federal FIP sentences
I am pleased to see that the US Sentencing Commission now has up on its website another terrific new data document in its series of reader-friendly "Quick Facts" publications. (Regular readers may recall from this prior post that the USSC describes these publications as a way to "give readers basic facts about a single area of federal crime in an easy-to-read, two-page format.")
As I have said before, I think this series is a very valuable new innovation coming from the USSC, and I have already learned a lot and benefited greatly from these publications. This latest document, which "presents data on offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), commonly called 'felon in possession' cases," includes these notable data details:
In fiscal year 2012, 5,768 offenders were convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)....
One-quarter (25.2%) of offenders convicted under section 922(g) were assigned to the highest criminal history category (Category VI). The proportion of these offenders in other Criminal History Categories was as follows: 11.7% of these offenders were in Category I; 9.3% were in Category II; 21.1% were in Category III; 18.9% were in Category IV; and 13.8% were in Category V.
10.3% were sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) (18 U.S.C.§ 924(e))...
The average sentence length for all section 922(g) offenders was 75 months; however, one-quarter of these offenders had an average sentence of 24 months or less while one-quarter had an average sentence of 96 months or more.
The average sentence length for offenders convicted of violating only section 922(g) and who were sentenced under ACCA was 180 months.
The average sentence length for offenders convicted of violating only section 922(g) but who were not sentenced under ACCA was 46 months.
The title of this post has the term "disparities" in quotes followed by a question mark because these basic sentencing data about a pretty basic federal crime could be interpreted in many disparate ways. Given that all the offenders sentenced for FIP likely were engaged in pretty similar conduct (simple possession of a firearm) and all of them, by definition, had to have a serious criminal record in order to be subject to federal prosecution, one might see lots of unwarranted disparity among this offender group given the extraordinary outcome variations documented here -- in FY2012, over 10% of FIP offenders are getting sent away for an average of 15 years, but another 25% are going away for only 8 years, while another 25% are going away for only 2 years.
Then again, given the apparently varied criminal histories of the FIP offenders, the sentencing variation here surely reflects various (reasoned and reasonable?) judicial assessments of different levels of recidivism risk for different FIP offenders. I certainly hope that the those being sentenced to decades behind bars for gun possession are generally those with very long rap sheets, and that those getting sent away only for a couple years are those with much more limited criminal histories.
Finally, in addition to noting the profound significance that past crimes clearly have on current sentencing in FIP cases, I must note that it is these past crimes that itself serves to convert the behavior here in to a federal crime. Indeed, if one takes the Second Amendment very seriously (as I do), the actual "offense behavior" in these cases might often be subject to significant protection as the exercise of a fundamental constitutional right unless and until the person has a disqualifying criminal past. Proof yet again that the past, at least when it comes to criminal sentencing and constitutional rights, is often ever-present.
November 19, 2013 in Booker in district courts, Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Gun policy and sentencing, Offender Characteristics, Offense Characteristics, Second Amendment issues | Permalink | Comments (3) | TrackBack
Thursday, November 07, 2013
"Free at Last? Judicial Discretion and Racial Disparities in Federal Sentencing"
The title of this post is the title of this notable new paper by Crystal Yang now available via SSRN. Here is the abstract:The Federal Sentencing Guidelines were created to reduce unwarranted sentencing disparities among similar defendants. This paper explores the impact of increased judicial discretion on racial disparities in sentencing after the Guidelines were struck down in United States v. Booker (2005). Using data on the universe of federal defendants, I find that black defendants are sentenced to almost two months more in prison compared to their white counterparts after Booker, a 4% increase in average sentence length. To identify the sources of racial disparities, I construct a dataset linking judges to over 400,000 defendants. Exploiting the random assignment of cases to judges, I find that racial disparities are greater among judges appointed after Booker, suggesting acculturation to the Guidelines by judges with experience sentencing under mandatory regime. Prosecutors also respond to increased judicial discretion by charging black defendants with longer mandatory minimums.
I am always interested in sophisticated analyses of the post-Booker sentencing system, so I am looking forward to finding time to review this article closely. But, as with lots of "disparity" sentencing scholarship, I worry that this article is among those spending lots of time worrying about and trying to figure out whose sentences may be longer after Booker rather than worrying about and trying to figure out if all sentence remain way too long in the federal sentencing system.
November 7, 2013 in Booker in district courts, Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Mandatory minimum sentencing statutes, Offender Characteristics, Offense Characteristics, Procedure and Proof at Sentencing, Race, Class, and Gender, Scope of Imprisonment | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack
Wednesday, September 18, 2013
The Sentencing Project releases "Life Goes On: The Historic Rise in Life Sentences in America"
I received an email alerting me to an important new publication about life and LWOP sentence just released by The Sentencing Project. Here is the text of the email, which includes links to the publication as well as a summry of its key findings:
While serious crime rates in the U.S. have been declining for the last 20 years, the number of prisoners serving life sentences has more than quadrupled since 1984. As documented in our new report, Life Goes On: The Historic Rise in Life Sentences in America, by senior research analyst Ashley Nellis, over 159,000 people were serving life sentences in 2012, with nearly 50,000 serving life without parole.
Key findings from the report include:In order to reshape our crime policies to facilitaterehabilation, promote public safety, and reduce the high cost of massincarceration, the report recommends eliminating life without parole,increasing the use of executive clemency, preparing persons sentenced to lifefor release from prison, and restoring the role of parole in prisoner release.
- One of every nine individuals in prison is serving a life sentence.
- The population of prisoners serving life without parole (LWOP) has risen more sharply than those with the possibility of parole: there has been a 22.2% increase in LWOP since just 2008.
- Approximately 10,000 lifers have been convicted of nonviolent offenses.
- Nearly half of lifers are African American and 1 in 6 are Latino.
- More than 10,000 life-sentenced inmates have been convicted of crimes that occurred before they turned 18 and nearly 1 in 4 of them were sentenced to LWOP.
- More than 5,300 (3.4%) of the life-sentenced inmates are female.
September 18, 2013 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Offender Characteristics, Offense Characteristics, Prisons and prisoners, Scope of Imprisonment | Permalink | Comments (4) | TrackBack
Thursday, September 12, 2013
US Sentencing Commission releases more documents in its great new "Quick Facts" series
I am so very pleased to see and to be able to report that the US Sentencing Commission is continuing to produce a steady stream of documents as part of its terrific new series of reader-friendly "Quick Facts" publications. (Regular readers may recall from this prior post that the USSC describes these publications as a way to "give readers basic facts about a single area of federal crime in an easy-to-read, two-page format.)As I have said before, I think this is a very valuable new innovation coming from the USSC, and I have already learned a lot and benefited greatly from these latest two publications in the series:
- Marijuana Trafficking Offenses (September 2013)
- Methamphetamine Trafficking Offenses (September 2013)
September 12, 2013 in Data on sentencing, Detailed sentencing data, Drug Offense Sentencing, Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Mandatory minimum sentencing statutes, Pot Prohibition Issues | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Thursday, September 05, 2013
ABA Death Penalty Review Project releases its assessment for VIrginia
As reported in this Richmond Times-Dispatch article, headlined "Study urges fairness reforms in death penalty cases," a big new report on the operation of the death penalty in the Old Dominion has just been released. Here are the basics:A two-year study of Virginia's death penalty to improve fairness and accuracy calls for safeguards in the use of suspect lineups and more access by defense lawyers to information to help them prepare cases. The recommendations are among more than a dozen in the study sponsored by the American Bar Association and released this morning.
A top change urged by the Virginia Death Penalty Assessment Team is to require law enforcement agencies to adopt the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services' model eyewitness identification policy for suspect photo and live lineups. Misidentification played a role in the wrongful convictions of 18 Virginians later proven innocent in non-death penalty cases. Although the model policy was released in 2011, a recent survey by the University of Virginia Law School found few police departments had adopted it.
According to the Virginia department of Corrections, Virginia has executed 110 killers – 31 by electrocution and 79 by lethal injection since the U.S. Supreme Court allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976. The toll is second nationally only to Texas, which has executed 503. But in Virginia three out of four persons sentenced to death since 1976 have been executed -- a higher rate than even in Texas, which has carried out roughly half its death sentences.
The ABA study complimented Virginia on improvements including the accreditation of the Virginia Department of forensic Science's four laboratories and the state medical examiner's office as well as the certification of their employees. Among the recommendations for improvement, however, was requiring law enforcement agencies to electronically record suspect interrogations and confessions. A recent survey found only nine Virginia police agencies record a majority of their interrogations.
The team also recommends that in capital murder cases the Virginia Supreme Court require prosecutors to disclose the identity and any prior statements of testifying witnesses to allow the defense adequate preparation time. Virginia's pre-trial discovery rules providing the defense with information to prepare its case are more restrictive than in other states, the team concluded. A defendant in a death case could go to trial without knowing who will testify against them....
The assessment team was chaired by John Douglass, a former federal prosecutor and dean of the University of Richmond Law School where he still teaches. The panel also included Richmond Commonwealth's Attorney Michael Herring, who won a death sentence against Ricky Gray; Mark L. Earley, a former Virginia attorney general whose office defended many death sentences on appeal; and Craig Cooley, a Richmond lawyer who has represented clients in 70 capital murder trials including Lee Boyd Malvo, one of the two Maryland to Virginia snipers.
The report is the result of the ABA's Death penalty Assessment project which since 2003 has studied and reported on the death penalty in 10 other states.
A copy of the full report is available via the ABA's website at this link. And the other prior ABA state-specific assessment are available via this page. Without reading this latest Virginia report in some detail, I cannot readily conclude whether this report's conclusions strike me as sound. But I can already note that this new ABA state death penalty review report seems, in both tone and content, to be much more complementary about Virginia's administration of capital punishment than most if not all other ABA state death penalty review reports.
September 5, 2013 in Death Penalty Reforms, Detailed sentencing data, Procedure and Proof at Sentencing, Sentences Reconsidered | Permalink | Comments (22) | TrackBack


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Book online or call +44 (0)1775 843417 at standard rates.
Located in the heart of Canberra, the Crowne Plaza offers contemporary rooms and a choice of 4 in-house dining options. Guests have free access to a fitness centre with a sauna and outdoor pool. Each room features a 32-inch flat-screen TV with movies-on-demand, in-room high-speed broadband internet, an ergonomic work desk and chair, comfortable lounge chair and private en suite bathroom facilities. The in-house fitness centre, sauna and outdoor pool are all available to guests during their stay, as is the 24-hour business centre for those seeking to remain connected and productive while they travel. Enjoy modern Australian cuisine and delicious grilled dishes in Redsalt Restaurant; light snacks and coffee at the Atrium Lounge; wines, beers and cocktails in Redsalt Bar; and nutritious options from the in-room dining menu. Crowne Plaza Hotel Canberra is within easy walking distance of the city's main shopping and entertainment areas. Parliament House and the Australian War Memorial are within 3 km of the hotel.
These are general hotel policies for Crowne Plaza Canberra. As they may vary per room type; please also check the room description.

subset: commoncrawl


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Fit to Post is migrating to improve your experience on Yahoo! News. (AP file photo) You may be wondering why you haven't been able to dig up some of the older posts on Fit To Post. We're in the process of migrating our articles off the old Fit To Post server to our new News platform. This may take a while longer, but we want to make sure we were doing it right. In the meantime, please continue to explore our new home. As always, we want to hear from you. Let me know what we can do to improve your experience on Yahoo! News. Regards, Jeffrey Oon, Country Editor
Fit to Post finds a new home
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Posted on January 3rd, 2014 Egypt UpdateElhamy ElZayat, chairman of the Egyptian Tourism Federation and one of the architects of the newly created Egyptian constitution, is feeling hopeful. |
Posted on December 9th, 2013 Africa + The Middle East Continue to Make StridesBetween 10 to 40 degrees longitude there are a plethora of new routes, hotels, flights and adventures your clients can experience. |
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Posted on October 29th, 2013 Zicasso's Luxury Safari ExperienceZicasso is taking travelers on a luxury land and water safari through South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. |
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Posted on August 2nd, 2013 South Africa-Bicycles, Horses & Wonderful experiencesSouth Africa offers a veritable cornucopia of experiences—a vacationer's delight that challenges travelers to venture that extra mile beyond roads less traveled and to places where visitors are few. |


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Crypt-EG Crypt-EG is an easy visual cryptosystem program that implements ElGamal method using elliptic curves.
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Pictures of the Week: November 2 – November 9
From President Obama's reelection and Superstorm Sandy's aftermath to a deadly earthquake in Guatemala and a train cemetery in Bolivia, TIME presents the best photographs of the week.
In the wake of Sandy's destruction, TIME asked Eugene Richards to document the widespread devastation on Staten Island.
In the early '80s Staten Island seemed like a world away from Manhattan. In Chrisitine Osinki's newly rediscoved photographs, she reveals a time capsule of the growing borough, caught in a state of limbo between New York City and the rest of America. She recently launched a Kickstarter campaign in hopes of turning the archive into a new book.
Yesterday was the first day same sex couples were allowed to legally marry in the state of New York. TIME sent photographers to each of New York City's five boroughs to document the harmonious unions taking place throughout the city.


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- Slow Motion
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"A criminal is a person with predatory instincts who has not sufficient capital to form a corporation."
The Evolution of the Tannehill Booster
First Stage: Tannehill is going to be a star in this league.
Second Stage: Tannehill is better than RGIII, Wilson, etc.
Third Stage: Tannehill is better than some other AFC East quarterback except Tom Brady.
Fourth Stage: Tannehill isn't the only problem on the team.
Not even their mothers can tell them apart.
Lol I love this argument. He's richer than me therefore he MUST be smarter than me. Particularly when it comes to evaluating football people because that has a TON to do with real estate development....
The guy is a blowjob. Ireland shouldve been gone years ago and the team quit on Philbin. Anyone who can't see that has no business being in football in any capacity.
"I don't have pet peeves, I have psychotic ****ing hatred"
To elaborate on my point, Ross isn't exactly a rags to riches business genius story. His uncle, Max Fisher was huge money in Detroit back in the 40s and 50s. He owned one of the largest chains of gas stations in the Midwest. He died with a net worth of 775 million.
Ross came from money, lots of it. There is such a thing as DUMB LUCK in life. And Ross appears to put the DUMB in dumb ****ing luck


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Diease Hiv
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Celiac diease and HIVMy partner has recently been diagnosed HIV+.He is also Celiac but he manages his gluten diet very well.Can Celiac disease have a huge impact on HIV progression?Response from Nelson Vergel, B.S.Ch.E., M.B.A.
Program for Wellness Restoration
...We have no data on trying to answer your question. However, I would ensure that he discusses HIV medication choice with his doctor (and GI doctor if he has one) to chose HIV meds that are not known to cause more GI problems
Read more »
Can you give yourself HIV/AIDS? - by semen contact with a cut or wound of yourself? (CAN YOU GIVE YOURSELF HIV/AIDS)hiya docI was wondering about this cause a couple days ago I was masturbating myself after... Read more »""squirty Seaman"" please help (CAN YOU GIVE YOURSELF HIV/AIDS?)alright dr bob i had masturbated once in my bed and i tried to hold in my seaman but i couldn't... Read more »
U.N. Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS Lewis, WHO AIDS Director Kim Visit Lesotho to Evaluate HIV/AIDS Programs... U.N. Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa Stephen Lewis on Wednesday began a three-day visit to Lesotho to evaluate the Southern African country's developments Read more »Reports Released on HIV/AIDS Programs in Resource-Limited Settings and HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics; Special JAMA Issue Includes HIV/AIDS-Related Articles, Commentaries and Editorials... " From the Ground Up: Building Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Care Programs in Resource-Limited Settings ," Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation : The three-volume publication provides Read more »How to Spot HIV/AIDS Fraud... What Is HIV/AIDS Fraud? Warning Signs of an HIV Fraud Common Sense About Unproven Treatments Questions You Should Ask Take Your Time; Read more »Women and HIV/AIDS...than womenstill have HIV in the US, women are catching up. In some countries, HIV+ womenoutnumber HIV+ men. The proportion of HIV/AIDS cases among women has more than tripled from 8percent in 1985 to an alarming 27 percent in 2008. That means... Read more »
Connect With Others
Workplace issues and HIV/AIDS
Posted by ScotCharles
...http://www.thebody.com/workplace.html Check out this link for workplace issues with HIV/AIDS. It is very thorough.
Read more »
Documentary Project on Living with HIV/AIDS today
Posted by pbrown, 2 Replies
...filmmaker working on a Community Based Media Project intended to be about, by and for people affected by and/or infected with HIV/AIDS. In looking to include the community in the process I would like to ask (with gratitude) for any input on what...
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HIV/AIDS Blogging/Blogs
Posted by DaveyBoy, 2 Replies
...Blog is online (web based) journal or small blurbs people can read or comment. My HIV/AIDS blog is on http://hiv-aids.blog-city.com Other POZ blogz on http://www.HIVforum.com/blogs/
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HIV/AIDS jobs in S.CALIFORNIA
Posted by tre, 1 Reply
...I have a science background and years of experience in HIV/AIDS education, outreach and research and would like a F/T or P/T job in the southern california area. Any suggestions?
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Lets seeSubmitted by Vog46 on Wed, 03/27/2013 - 8:03am.
A special district created so that all hotels pay their ROT to support the convention center. A proposal to have a special district to pay for increased police presence as bars close. Now a special district to pay for down town events (and the support). Does anyone else wonder if down town is dying because of these so called special districts? Are you wondering why businesses don't go down town? Mayfaire is not a special district is it? Vog »
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Downloadable Games: The EPs of the Video Game Industry
1328d ago -
EPs, or extended play records, are collections of music that are longer than singles but shorter... | Wii
Trenched trademark man vows to fight on
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Eurogamer: The designer preventing Double Fine's Trenched from releasing in Europe has vowed to c... | Xbox 360
RipTen Review: Trenched - A Tower Defense Game with a Gargantuan Mech
1332d ago -
RipTen: Tower Defense is often a very passive genre of video-games, you'll lay a few towers here... | Xbox 360
Trenched Review (vividgamer.com)
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James of VividGamer.com writes:
"Tim Schafer has helped to create some very memorable games i... | Xbox 360
Valve Partners With HTC To Create The Vive Virtual Reality Headset
Now - Valve has formed a relationship with Taiwanese smartphone and tablet maker HTC to help create a virtual reality headset called The Vive, which is p... | Promoted post
GMRFM podcast 208 - Alice.
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The GMRFM guys are joined by two lads from boob.ie for a spirited discussion on the week in games... | PC
Trenched Unlock and Level Guide
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Denkiphile: Trenched Review
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Trenched Review - WGTC
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The folks at Double Fine Productions sure love to tinker with tried and true genre staples, addin... | Xbox 360
Britxbox: Podcast Expansion Pack 71
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Xbox World Australia: Trenched Review
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Press Pause: Trenched, Hunted: The Demon's Forge, D&D: Daggerdale (Bitmob)
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This week on Press Pause, Bitmob Executive Video Producer Sebastian Haley and Dan "Shoe" Hsu join... | PC
Trenched Review : Simple hacks
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Double Fine's Great Downloadable Experiment
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Double Fine took this model from Valve, right down to a reliance on digital distribution, with th... | Xbox 360
Trenched Review - Extreme Gamer
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Extreme Gamer: 'Trenched' from Microsoft game Studios and Double Fine is a fun and surprisingly s... | Xbox 360
Trenched Review : psychobuttons.com
1336d ago -
psychobuttons.com: Between Double Fine's two previous downloadable endeavors of Costume Quest and... | Xbox 360
Trenched Review | PTFGN
1336d ago -
PTFGN: Double Fine, a company known for critical darlings like Psychonauts and Brutal Legend, hav... | Xbox 360
Buttonmasher | Trenched Review
1336d ago -
Buttonmasher: Trenched is the latest offering from Tim Schafer's Double Fine Productions and as e... | Xbox 360
Review: Trenched | It's The Lingo
1336d ago -
It's The Lingo: Customizable mechs and tower defense. If these terms speak to you in a positive m... | Xbox 360
Trenched Review | The A.V. Club
1336d ago -
The A.V. Club: For all its undeniable creativity, designer Double Fine has a formula: Twist a fam... | Xbox 360
Looking for a great Pokemon Community?
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Pixelated Radio 10: Uncharted 3, FEAR 3, Shadows of the Damned, and more
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Worth Playing: Trenched Review
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Nico Rosberg failed to make the best of Saturdays changeable conditions at Sepang, leaving the Mercedes driver in philosophical mood about his sixth-place grid slot. Had it stayed dry in qualifying, Rosberg believes pole may have been possible. Nonetheless, with an excellent car beneath him, the German is optimistic for Sundays race...
Q: Nico, it all looked a bit like a lottery this afternoon. How did you see it?
Nico Rosberg: It worked all so well until the rain set in. Some corners were dry, some quite wet, and our strategy didnt work out so well. Some pitted, as in dry conditions the tyres are immediately gone, but as there was a big question mark as to whether it would rain again we decided to stay out - and this decision was not good. The right thing to do would have been to pit and get a new set of intermediates. But that is history now.
Q: Last time in Melbourne the strategy worked well, so why not here?
NR: Ah, the strategy at the start of the qualifying was very good, but then the tyres were losing and we didnt take the decision to pit.
Q: Starting from P6 isnt all that bad. Did you hope for something better?
NR: Before qualifying I wasnt thinking about grid positions. During Q1 and Q2 I thought that I could make it to pole position as everything went super in the dry, but then it started to rain and unfortunately we didnt make the best out of the situation.
Q: So what are you hoping for tomorrow?
NR: First and foremost I know that I have an excellent car and as we have learned from Melbourne that qualifying is not so significant - P7 won the race there - I would say that everything is possible tomorrow.
Q: You look all wet - is that from the rain or simply sweating? Can you describe how it feels to be in the cockpit under such conditions?
NR: It is sweat. How is it in such conditions? Put on your skiing outfit and go to the sauna. Is that enough of a picture? (laughs)
For tickets and travel to 2013 FORMULA 1 races, click here.
For FORMULA 1 and F1 team merchandise, click here.


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Windows Phone apps look undeniably beautiful, but they don't always have as much functionality as iPhone apps.
Sometimes text runs off of your screen, and often there's just too much empty space on screen.
Windows Phone utilizes swiping to navigate the app instead of a simple navigation bar, which is an elegant but perhaps inefficient solution.
iOS apps look like they've been built by a utilitarian mathematician who dabbles in the art, while Windows Phone apps look like they've been built by a brilliant artist who just can't make up his mind about how to structure things.
Which apps look better to you?
Here are some side by side comparisons to convince you.
MasterCard CEO says this global initiative is our generation's big responsibility
More "Mobile World Congress" »
HTC says it has a plan to make you choose its new phone over the iPhone
The 27 coolest new businesses in New Orleans
More "Coolest Small Businesses" »
I just had the most mind-blowing virtual reality experience ever
FREE AppDownload


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Fallen deputy Christopher Dewey to be honored at memorial, family seeks help to attend event
FARGO - The name of a sheriff's deputy who died from injuries suffered while on duty in Mahnomen, Minn., will be added to the Law Enforcement Memorial honoring fallen officers Washington, D.C, next month.
Christopher Dewey died in August 2010, nearly 18 months after being shot while responding to a report of a drunken driver.
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Wanda Group Eyes Stake In AC Milan Hangin' With ... Magnus Danielsson Bitburger Unhappy With FIFA Decision Bundesliga Increases Betting Income Etihad Stadium Ready For A-League Cycling Race Forced To Withdraw Poster Basketball ACT Puts Upgrade On Hold Ladbrokes Fans Take On Digital Role Executive Transactions FIVB Partners With Red Bull Joint Venture
SBD Global/January 18, 2013/Marketing and Sponsorship
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Trail Blazer: Cristiano Ronaldo Wreaks Havoc In New Nike Ad Promoting New Boot
Flamengo Agrees To Title Sponsorship With French Auto Maker Peugeot
Brasileiro club Flamengo has agreed to a R$10M ($4.9M) title sponsorship deal with French auto manufacturer Peugeot, according to Júnior and Souza of GLOBO ESPORTE. The deal is for the next three years and "could be worth as much as" R$15M ($7.4M) annually with incentives (GLOBO ESPORTE, 1/17). UOL's Pedro Ivo Almeida reported Flamengo's new leadership plans to "innovate and have three brands on the main space of the jersey," rotating them every four months in an effort to raise R$45M ($22.1M) in sponsorships a year. Now that the club has agreed to the deal with Peugeot, it is negotiating with fuel company Ale, "which is interested in exposing its brand on Flamengo's jersey" (UOL, 1/17). LANCENET wrote Flamengo's new leadership was able to accomplish in 15 days what previous management "was not able to accomplish in both '11 and '12: announcing a season long sponsorship deal" (LANCENET, 1/17).
Mats Hummels Stars In New Head & Shoulders TV Commercial
Marketplace Roundup: Scottish Rugby Secures Partnership With Whisky Brand
Scottish Rugby has secured a new three year sponsorship package with whisky brand The Famous Grouse. The six-figure deal marks 23 years of the brand's support for rugby in Scotland, and will see the whisky's latest product, the Ginger Grouse, become the official spirit of Scottish Rugby (Scottish Rugby). ... League Championship club Blackburn Rovers has announced PROBIZ Excellence Ltd. has extended its shirt sponsorship of the club. The company had already committed to stay as main shirt sponsor until the end of this month, but have now agreed to continue on the front of the jersey until the end of the season (Blackburn). ... World No. 2 squash player Nick Matthew has re-signed with sports brand Dunlop. Matthew will continue to use Dunlop equipment. He will also endorse Dunlop's range of squash luggage, accessories and clothing (ISPORTSCONNECT, 1/17).


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Staff Reporter
Short-listed from over 5,000 contestants, 100 students participate
HYDERABAD: It was cricket match that lasted for just 15-minutes. However, was good enough to test the video gaming abilities of students from various city schools. All of them tried to outwit and outdo the other, while scoring maximum runs in just five-overs at the Paddle Pop Gaming League held at Hari Hara Kala Bhavan on Saturday.
Short-listed from over 5,000 contestants, 100 students in the age group of 7 to 13 years played several such 15-minute matches in the Kwality Wall's Paddle Pop Gaming League champion prize.
Every time the contestants hit a six or a boundary, the auditorium pulsated with electrifying music and the cheers from the supporters. The event, which was organised in collaboration with Zapak.com website, also had two giant screens, which added to the overall excitement among the audience.
"This is fantastic. Earlier there was not much of recognition to gaming competitions but this league will definitely change the online gaming culture. We just love it," said Nikitha Jennifer, a student of St. Joseph's School.
Apart from cheering for the contestants, lots of fun games were lined-up for the audience and parents. Events like online car racing games, ice-cream eating competitions and drawing contests were conducted for them. "Events like this provide a prefect weekend outing for students and their parents. It helps in relieving stress," said Anupama, a teacher.
While, M. Manish who scored with 141 runs losing three wickets in five overs was adjudged the Hyderabad Paddle Pop Champion, Krishna Rohit (105 / 5) and Bhargava Aditya (82 /7) bagged the second and third prizes respectively. The winners were presented with EA Sports Gaming Console, gift vouchers from Reebok and Gini and Jony merchandise. The Hindu Young World is the print partner of the event.


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dangroves's Uploads
Back to dangroves's channel.- Sokeing's TestimonySokeing shares her story. She is the first person in her family to finish high school. Her older brother and sister never made it past sixth grade.
www.impartingsmiles.comdangroves2012-05-06T02:14:041,131 views00:03:13 - Jesus Is The WayJasjane Embaan has been teaching the kids in Poipet some songs. dangroves2011-02-20T06:15:44345 views00:01:28
- Jesus Loves MeSome of the kids at the Poipet Children's Center sing a song that Sovana's sponsor taught them over email.dangroves2011-02-19T08:50:30394 views00:00:57
- Finding the T'moanA story about four men and their work to share the gospel with an unknown tribe in Cambodia.
firstname.lastname@example.com:30:04269 views00:04:39 - Antioch Institute PhilippinesPastor's Training in the Philippines.
firstname.lastname@example.com:54:36835 views00:15:47 - Cambodian Orphanswww.asiaforjesus.com
www.impartingsmiles.comdangroves2010-10-02T00:45:501,755 views00:06:00 - Cambodian Children's HomeKracheh Children's Center
www.impartingsmiles.comdangroves2008-03-17T00:00:003,015 views00:08:15
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