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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Carbon Monoxide Safety Tips
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Protect yourself and your family from the deadly effects of carbon monoxide--a colorless, odorless poisonous gas. This publication describes the warning signs of carbon monoxide exposure and includes a home safety checklist.
Shaw, Bryan W.; Garcia, Monica L.
Carbon Monoxide Tolerant Electrocatalyst with Low Platinum ...
Carbon Monoxide Tolerant Electrocatalyst with Low Platinum Loading and a Process for its Preparation Brookhaven National Laboratory. Contact BNL About ...
Method of removing carbon monoxide from gases
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A process and catalyst are disclosed for purifying an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide by passing the atmosphere through a bed of a catalyst of TbO.sub.x, where x = 1.8 to 1.5, which oxidizes the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
Gerstein, Bernard C. (Ames, IA); Macaulay, David B. (Arlington Heights, IL)
Why sequence carbon monoxide oxidizing thermophiles?
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
carbon monoxide oxidizing thermophiles? carbon monoxide oxidizing thermophiles? Many microbes that use carbon monoxide as an energy source are found in high temperature environments such as geothermal areas. Researchers think that these carboxydotrophs may be involved in reducing potentially toxic carbon monoxide hotspots by combine with water to form hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate, which are in turn used for thermophilic energy conservation and carbon sequestration mechanisms. The project focuses on sequencing two closely related microbes, one of which is Carboxydothermus hydrogenformans. A strain of C. hydrogenformans has been grown in hydrogen-enriched synthesis gas (syngas), which contains a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Researchers are interested in sequencing both microbial strains to track the genome's evolution and
Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission...
Device for staged carbon monoxide oxidation
A method and apparatus for selectively oxidizing carbon monoxide in a hydrogen rich feed stream. The method comprises mixing a feed stream consisting essentially of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water and carbon monoxide with a first predetermined quantity of oxygen (air). The temperature of the mixed feed/oxygen stream is adjusted in a first the heat exchanger assembly (20) to a first temperature. The mixed feed/oxygen stream is sent to reaction chambers (30,32) having an oxidation catalyst contained therein. The carbon monoxide of the feed stream preferentially absorbs on the catalyst at the first temperature to react with the oxygen in the chambers (30,32) with minimal simultaneous reaction of the hydrogen to form an intermediate hydrogen rich process stream having a lower carbon monoxide content than the feed stream. The elevated outlet temperature of the process stream is carefully controlled in a second heat exchanger assembly (42) to a second temperature above the first temperature. The process stream is then mixed with a second predetermined quantity of oxygen (air). The carbon monoxide of the process stream preferentially reacts with the second quantity of oxygen in a second stage reaction chamber (56) with minimal simultaneous reaction of the hydrogen in the process stream. The reaction produces a hydrogen rich product stream having a lower carbon monoxide content than the process stream. The product stream is then cooled in a third heat exchanger assembly (72) to a third predetermined temperature. Three or more stages may be desirable, each with metered oxygen injection.
Vanderborgh, Nicholas E. (Los Alamos, NM); Nguyen, Trung V. (College Station, TX); Guante, Jr., Joseph (Denver, CO)
Enhanced carbon monoxide utilization in methanation process
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Carbon monoxide - containing gas streams are passed over a catalyst to deposit a surface layer of active surface carbon thereon essentially without the formation of inactive coke. The active carbon is subsequently reacted with steam or hydrogen to form methane. Surprisingly, hydrogen and water vapor present in the feed gas do not adversely affect CO utilization significantly, and such hydrogen actually results in a significant increase in CO utilization.
Elek, Louis F. (Peekskill, NY); Frost, Albert C. (Congers, NY)
Method and apparatus for selective removal of carbon monoxide
There is provided a method and apparatus for treatment of a hydrogen-rich gas to reduce the carbon monoxide content thereof by reacting the carbon monoxide in the gas with an amount of oxygen sufficient to oxidize at least a portion of the carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst in a desired temperature range without substantial reaction of hydrogen. The catalyst is an iridium-based catalyst dispersed on, and supported on, a carrier. In the presence of the catalyst, carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich feed gas is selectively oxidized such that a product stream is produced with a very low carbon monoxide content.
Borup, Rodney L. (East Rochester, NY); Skala, Glenn W. (Churchville, NY); Brundage, Mark A. (Pittsford, NY); LaBarge, William J. (Bay City, MI)
Carbon Monoxide in type II supernovae
Infrared spectra of two type II supernovae 6 months after explosion are presented. The spectra exhibit a strong similarity to the observations of SN 1987A and other type II SNe at comparable epochs. The continuum can be fitted with a cool black body and the hydrogen lines have emissivities that are approximately those of a Case B recombination spectrum. The data extend far enough into the thermal region to detect emission by the first overtone of carbon monoxide. The molecular emission is modeled and compared with that in the spectra of SN 1987A. It is found that the flux in the CO first overtone is comparable to that found in SN 1987A. We argue that Carbon Monoxide forms in the ejecta of all type II SNe during the first year after explosion.
J. Spyromilio; B. Leibundgut; R. Gilmozzi
Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by rhenium and manganese polypyridyl catalysts
for reduction of carbon dioxide. IR-SpectroelectrochemicalElectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide mediated by Re(Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide Mediated by (
Smieja, Jonathan Mark
CO (Carbon Monoxide Mixing Ratio System) Handbook
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The main function of the CO instrument is to provide continuous accurate measurements of carbon monoxide mixing ratio at the ARM SGP Central Facility (CF) 60-meter tower (36.607 �N, 97.489 �W, 314 meters above sea level). The essential feature of the control and data acquisition system is to record signals from a Thermo Electron 48C and periodically calibrate out zero and span drifts in the instrument using the combination of a CO scrubber and two concentrations of span gas (100 and 300 ppb CO in air). The system was deployed on May 25, 2005.
Biraud, S
Search of medical literature for indoor carbon monoxide exposure
SciTech Connect
This report documents a literature search on carbon monoxide. The search was limited to the medical and toxicological databases at the National Library of Medicine (MEDLARS). The databases searched were Medline, Toxline and TOXNET. Searches were performed using a variety of strategies. Combinations of the following keywords were used: carbon, monoxide, accidental, residential, occult, diagnosis, misdiagnosis, heating, furnace, and indoor. The literature was searched from 1966 to the present. Over 1000 references were identified and summarized using the following abbreviations: The major findings of the search are: (1) Acute and subacute carbon monoxide exposures result in a large number of symptoms affecting the brain, kidneys, respiratory system, retina, and motor functions. (2) Acute and subacute carbon monoxide (CO) poisonings have been misdiagnosed on many occasions. (3) Very few systematic investigations have been made into the frequency and consequences of carbon monoxide poisonings.
Brennan, T.; Ivanovich, M.
Reduction of Carbon Monoxide. Past Research Summary
DOE R&D Accomplishments (OSTI)
Research programs for the year on the preparation, characterization, and reactions of binuclear tantalum complexes are described. All evidence to date suggest the following of these dimeric molecules: (1) the dimer does not break into monomers under mild conditions; (2) intermolecular hydride exchange is not negligible, but it is slow; (3) intermolecular non-ionic halide exchange is fast; (4) the ends of the dimers can rotate partially with respect to one another. The binuclear tantalum hydride complexes were found to react with carbon monoxide to give a molecule which is the only example of reduction of CO by a transition metal hydride to give a complex containing a CHO ligand. Isonitrides also reacted in a similar manner with dimeric tantalum hydride. (ATT)
Schrock, R. R.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Avoided Through Weatherization | Department of
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Avoided Through Weatherization Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Avoided Through Weatherization Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Avoided Through Weatherization October 5, 2010 - 10:56am Addthis Joshua DeLung What does this mean for me? Getting your heating pipes fixed can not only save you money, but also improve your health. "If we'd had a couple cold nights where I would've had to use my heat more than usual, it probably would've put me to sleep and left me there -- it was just too much carbon monoxide coming out in the house," says Mark Pickartz, of Van Buren, Ark. Pickartz's home was weatherized in February by his local community action agency, Crawford-Sebastian Community Development Council (C-SCDC). When energy auditors arrived to his house, they found that his home's heater was severely leaking the poisonous gas. C-SCDC, based in Fort Smith, Ark.,
Photochemistry and Transport of Carbon Monoxide in the Middle Atmosphere
Two-dimensional model calculations of the photochemistry and transport of carbon monoxide in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere are presented. Results are compared to available observations at midlatitudes, where both ...
S. Solomon; R. R. Garcia; J. J. Olivero; R. M. Bevilacqua; P. R. Schwartz; R. T. Clancy; D. O. Muhleman
Inhibition of Premixed Carbon Monoxide-Hydrogen-Oxygen ...
... The fuel gas is carbon monoxide (Mathe- son UHP, 99.9% CO, with the sum of ... filters) gener- ates the schlieren image of the flame for capture by a ...
Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related
Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Hydrocarbon Air Quality Standards, and Related Emission Requirements (Ohio) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Construction Fuel Distributor Industrial Institutional Investor-Owned Utility Local Government Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative State/Provincial Govt Transportation Tribal Government Utility Savings Category Buying & Making Electricity Program Info State Ohio Program Type Environmental Regulations Provider Ohio Environmental Protection Agency This chapter defining the roles of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency gives specific detail on the regulation point-source air pollution for a variety of industries and pollutants.
Terpolymerization of ethylene, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide
This invention relates to a high molecular weight terpolymer of ethylene, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide stable to 280.degree. C. and containing as little as 36 mol % ethylene and about 41-51 mol % sulfur dioxide; and to the method of producing said terpolymer by irradiation of a liquid and gaseous mixture of ethylene, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide by means of Co-60 gamma rays or an electron beam, at a temperature of about 10.degree.-50.degree. C., and at a pressure of about 140 to 680 atmospheres, to initiate polymerization.
Johnson, Richard (Shirley, NY); Steinberg, Meyer (Huntington Station, NY)
A Smart Sensor System for Carbon Monoxide Detection
This paper illustrates a smart sensor system for carbon monoxide detection. An innovative technological approach has been pursued to fabricate gas sensors on silicon substrate, compatible with IC fabrication. A mixed analog-digital electronic interface processes ... Keywords: sensor interfaces, sensors, sigma-delta converters
G. C. Cardinali; L. Dori; M. Fiorini; I. Sayago; G. Faglia; C. Perego; G. Sberveglieri; V. Liberali; F. Maloberti; D. Tonietto
Carbon monoxide study - Seattle, Washington, October 6-November 2, 1977. Part 1. Executive summary report
This report is a summary of EPA 910/9-78-054b, a study of the carbon monoxide problem in downtown Seattle.
Wilson, C.B.; Schweiss, J.W.
An experimental investigation of the ignition properties of hydrogen and carbon monoxide
for syngas turbine applications S.M. Walton *, X. He, B.T. Zigler, M.S. Wooldridge Department of Mechanical of simulated syngas mixtures of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and carbon. Keywords: Carbon monoxide; Hydrogen; Syngas; Ignition; Rapid compression facility 1. Introduction Syngas
Wooldridge, Margaret S.
Transient PrOx carbon monoxide measurement, control, and optimization
Fuel processing systems for low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems require control of the carbon monoxide concentration to less than 100 ppm to 10 ppm in the anode feed. Conventional hydrocarbon fuel processors use a water-gas shift (WGS) reactor to react CO with water to form H2 and reduce the CO concentration. The CO conversion is limited by equilibrium at the outlet temperature of the WGS reactor. The WGS outlet CO concentration can range from over 1% to 2000 ppm depending on the system and its operating parameters. At these concentrations, CO poisons low temperature PEM fuel cells and the concentrations needs to be reduced further.
Inbody, M. A. (Michael A.); Borup, R. L. (Rodney L.); Tafoya, J. (Jose I.)
Methanation of gas streams containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen
Carbon monoxide-containing gas streams having a relatively high concentration of hydrogen are pretreated so as to remove the hydrogen in a recoverable form for use in the second step of a cyclic, essentially two-step process for the production of methane. The thus-treated streams are then passed over a catalyst to deposit a surface layer of active surface carbon thereon essentially without the formation of inactive coke. This active carbon is reacted with said hydrogen removed from the feed gas stream to form methane. The utilization of the CO in the feed gas stream is appreciably increased, enhancing the overall process for the production of relatively pure, low-cost methane from CO-containing waste gas streams.
Frost, Albert C. (Congers, NY)
Interaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the (1010) face of ruthenium
The interaction was studied at 23.5, 200, and -135/sup 0/C with low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy. (AES). Carbon monoxide adsorbs associatively at 23.5/sup 0/C, but is apparently dissociated by the LEED beam and hydrogen adsorbed from the ambient after a few minutes for less than 10 Langmuirs of carbon monoxide. For large doses of carbon monoxide at 23.5/sup 0/C, 10 Langmuirs or more, the LEED beam does not disociate carbon monoxide, but carbon monoxide and hydrogen adsorbed from the ambient do appear to be removed from the surface by the LEED beam. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen on the surface together will react and form surface complexes with distinctive LEED patterns at 23.5/sup 0/C though some of the interactions appear to be LEED beam induced. If sufficient hydrogen is present, some of these complexes are lost from the surface probably as methane and water. Carbon monoxide will react with itself and hydrogen at 23.5/sup 0/C with carbon being lost from the surface probably as carbon dioxide. At 200/sup 0/C, neither carbon monoxide nor hydrogen will absorb on Ru (1010) in significant amounts at the low dose pressures used. However, if the Ru(1010) crystal is allowed to cool below 70/sup 0/C, ambient carbon monoxide and hydrogen will adsorb on Ru (1010) and form LEED patterns like those formed at 23.5/sup 0/C. At -135/sup 0/C, carbon monoxide will react with itself and hydrogen readily most of the time producing surface complexes with distinctive LEED paterns. If a moderate amount of hydrogen is present, some of these complexes are lost from the surface, probably as methane. If a large amount of hydrogen is present, some of these complexes are lost from the surface probably as carbon dioxdie. 17 figures, 8 tables.
Tomcsik, T.L.
717 Notices to Readers Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Deaths
Carbon Monoxide monoxide Poisoning (CO) is an odorless, � Continued colorless, nonirritating gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. CO exposure is responsible for more fatal unintentional poisonings in the United States than any other agent, with the highest incidence occurring during the cold-weather months (1). Although most of these deaths occur in residences or motor vehicles (2), two incidents among campers in Georgia illustrate the danger of CO in outdoor settings. This report describes the two incidents, which resulted in six deaths, and provides recommendations for avoiding CO poisoning in outdoor settings. Cases 1�4. On the afternoon of March 14, 1999, a 51-year-old man, his 10-year-old son, a 9-year-old boy, and a 7-year-old girl were found dead inside a zipped-up, 10-foot by 14-foot, two-room tent at their campsite in southeast Georgia (a pet dog also died). A propane gas stove, still burning, was found inside the tent; the stove apparently had been brought inside to provide warmth. The occupants had died during the night. Postmortem carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels measured 50%, 63%, 69%, and 63%, respectively, in the four decedents (in the general U.S. population, COHb concentrations
Basidiobolomycosis Arizona; North Carolinia
Size Effect of Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Catalytic Carbon Monoxide Oxidation
Carbon monoxide oxidation over ruthenium catalysts has shown an unusual catalytic behavior. Here we report a particle size effect on CO oxidation over Ru nanoparticle (NP) catalysts. Uniform Ru NPs with a tunable particle size from 2 to 6 nm were synthesized by a polyol reduction of Ru(acac){sub 3} precursor in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) stabilizer. The measurement of catalytic activity of CO oxidation over two-dimensional Ru NPs arrays under oxidizing reaction conditions (40 Torr CO and 100 Torr O{sub 2}) showed an activity dependence on the Ru NP size. The CO oxidation activity increases with NP size, and the 6 nm Ru NP catalyst shows 8-fold higher activity than the 2 nm catalysts. The results gained from this study will provide the scientific basis for future design of Ru-based oxidation catalysts.
Joo, Sang Hoon; Park, Jeong Y.; Renzas, J. Russell; Butcher, Derek R.; Huang, Wenyu; Somorjai, Gabor A.
Cyclic process for producing methane from carbon monoxide with heat removal
Carbon monoxide-containing gas streams are converted to methane by a cyclic, essentially two-step process in which said carbon monoxide is disproportionated to form carbon dioxide and active surface carbon deposited on the surface of a catalyst, and said carbon is reacted with steam to form product methane and by-product carbon dioxide. The exothermic heat of reaction generated in each step is effectively removed during each complete cycle so as to avoid a build up of heat from cycle-to-cycle, with particularly advantageous techniques being employed for fixed bed, tubular and fluidized bed reactor operations.
Frost, Albert C. (Congers, NY); Yang, Chang-lee (Spring Valley, NY)
Basin-Scale Carbon Monoxide Distributions in the Parallel Ocean Program
As a primary photochemical constituent in upper-ocean and tropospheric geocycling, carbon monoxide is of interest to a variety of global change research communities. Dynamic three-dimensional simulations of its marine concentration patterns, ...
Shaoping Chu; Scott Elliott; David Erickson
Modeling Ambient Carbon Monoxide Trends to Evaluate Mobile Source Emissions Reductions
Regression models have been used with poor success to detect the effect of emission control programs in ambient concentration measurements of carbon monoxide. An advanced CO regression model is developed whose form is based on an understanding of ...
Robin L. Dennis; Mary W. Downton
Production of carbon monoxide-free hydrogen and helium from a high-purity source
The invention provides vacuum swing adsorption processes that produce an essentially carbon monoxide-free hydrogen or helium gas stream from, respectively, a high-purity (e.g., pipeline grade) hydrogen or helium gas stream using one or two adsorber beds. By using physical adsorbents with high heats of nitrogen adsorption, intermediate heats of carbon monoxide adsorption, and low heats of hydrogen and helium adsorption, and by using vacuum purging and high feed stream pressures (e.g., pressures of as high as around 1,000 bar), pipeline grade hydrogen or helium can purified to produce essentially carbon monoxide -free hydrogen and helium, or carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and methane-free hydrogen and helium.
Golden, Timothy Christopher (Allentown, PA); Farris, Thomas Stephen (Bethlehem, PA)
Discovery of carbon monoxide in the upper atmosphere of Pluto
Pluto's icy surface has changed colour and its atmosphere has swelled since its last closest approach to the Sun in 1989. The thin atmosphere is produced by evaporating ices, and so can also change rapidly, and in particular carbon monoxide should be present as an active thermostat. Here we report the discovery of gaseous CO via the 1.3mm wavelength J=2-1 rotational transition, and find that the line-centre signal is more than twice as bright as a tentative result obtained by Bockelee-Morvan et al. in 2000. Greater surface-ice evaporation over the last decade could explain this, or increased pressure could have caused the atmosphere to expand. The gas must be cold, with a narrow line-width consistent with temperatures around 50 K, as predicted for the very high atmosphere, and the line brightness implies that CO molecules extend up to approximately 3 Pluto radii above the surface. The upper atmosphere must have changed markedly over only a decade since the prior search, and more alterations could occur by the...
Greaves, J S; Friberg, P
Substantially isotactic, linear, alternating copolymers of carbon monoxide and an olefin
The compound, [Pd(Me-DUPHOS)(MeCN){sub 2}](BF{sub 4}){sub 2}, [Me-DUPHOS: 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzene] is an effective catalyst for the highly enantioselective, alternating copolymerization of olefins, such as aliphatic {alpha}-olefins, with carbon monoxide to form optically active, isotactic polymers which can serve as excellent starting materials for the synthesis of other classes of chiral polymers. For example, the complete reduction of a propylene-carbon monoxide copolymer resulted in the formation of a novel, optically active poly(1,4-alcohol). Also, the previously described catalyst is a catalyst for the novel alternating isomerization cooligomerization of 2-butene with carbon monoxide to form optically active, isotactic poly(1,5-ketone).
Sen, A.; Jiang, Z.
The compound, [Pd(Me-DUPHOS)(MeCN).sub.2 ](BF.sub.4).sub.2, [Me-DUPHOS: 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzene] is an effective catalyst for the highly enantioselective, alternating copolymerization of olefins, such as aliphatic .alpha.-olefins, with carbon monoxide to form optically active, isotactic polymers which can serve as excellent starting materials for the synthesis of other classes of chiral polymers. For example, the complete reduction of a propylene-carbon monoxide copolymer resulted in the formation of a novel, optically active poly(1,4-alcohol). Also, the previously described catalyst is a catalyst for the novel alternating isomerization cooligomerization of 2-butene with carbon monoxide to form optically active, isotactic poly(1,5-ketone)
Sen, Ayusman (State College, PA); Jiang, Zhaozhong (State College, PA)
A Micro-Computer-Based Fuel Optimization System Utilizing In-Situ Measurement of Carbon Monoxide
A microcomputer-based control system utilizing a distributed intelligence architecture has been developed to control combustion in hydrocarbon fuel-fired boilers and heaters to significantly reduce fuel usage. The system incorporates a unique flue gas analyzer that mounts directly in the flue or stack to continuously measure carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, opacity and temperature. The control console interfaces directly with the boiler's existing analog control system to provide precise air fuel ratio control based on carbon monoxide measurements. Significant decreases in excess air result in reduced fuel usage while meeting steam demand. Actual performance on industrial boilers shows increases in efficiency of from 1% to 3% with substantial fuel savings.
DeVivo, D. G.
Process for producing methane from gas streams containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen
Carbon monoxide-containing gas streams are passed over a catalyst capable of catalyzing the disproportionation of carbon monoxide so as to deposit a surface layer of active surface carbon on the catalyst essentially without formation of inactive coke thereon. The surface layer is contacted with steam and is thus converted to methane and CO.sub.2, from which a relatively pure methane product may be obtained. While carbon monoxide-containing gas streams having hydrogen or water present therein can be used only the carbon monoxide available after reaction with said hydrogen or water is decomposed to form said active surface carbon. Although hydrogen or water will be converted, partially or completely, to methane that can be utilized in a combustion zone to generate heat for steam production or other energy recovery purposes, said hydrogen is selectively removed from a CO--H.sub.2 -containing feed stream by partial oxidation thereof prior to disproportionation of the CO content of said stream.
Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nitride: Influence of Surface Hydroxyls on Low Temperature Carbon Monoxide Oxidation
This paper reports the synthesis of 2.5 nm gold clusters on the oxygen free and chemically labile support carbon nitride (C3N4). Despite having small particle sizes and high enough water partial pressure these Au/C3N4 catalysts are inactive for the gas phase and liquid phase oxidation of carbon monoxide. The reason for the lack of activity is attributed to the lack of surface OH groups on the C3N4. These OH groups are argued to be responsible for the activation of CO in the oxidation of CO. The importance of basic OH groups explains the well document dependence of support isoelectric point versus catalytic activity.
Singh, Joseph A [ORNL; Dudney, Nancy J [ORNL; Li, Meijun [ORNL; Overbury, Steven {Steve} H [ORNL; Veith, Gabriel M [ORNL
Compressed Air Sample Technology for Isotopic Analysis of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide
A methodology for the collection of large (1000 L) air samples for isotopic analysis of atmospheric carbon monoxide is presented. A low-background, high-pressure, high-flow sampling system with a residual background of less than 2 ppbv CO has ...
John E. Mak; Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer
Indonesia Forest Fires Exacerbate Carbon Monoxide Pollution over Peninsular Malaysia during July to September 2005
Wind carried the smoke further afield from forest fires in Sumatra caused worse air pollution in Malaysia reached extremely hazardous levels and forced schools and an airport to close. There were 3,258 'hot spots' recorded by NOAA satellites in the province ... Keywords: AIRS, Carbon monoxide, Peninsular
Jasim M. Rajab; M. Z. MatJafri; H. S. Lim; K. Abdullah
Molten metal reactor and method of forming hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide using the molten alkaline metal reactor
A molten metal reactor for converting a carbon material and steam into a gas comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide is disclosed. The reactor includes an interior crucible having a portion contained within an exterior crucible. The interior crucible includes an inlet and an outlet; the outlet leads to the exterior crucible and may comprise a diffuser. The exterior crucible may contain a molten alkaline metal compound. Contained between the exterior crucible and the interior crucible is at least one baffle.
Bingham, Dennis N.; Klingler, Kerry M.; Turner, Terry D.; Wilding, Bruce M.
In situ gasification process for producing product gas enriched in carbon monoxide and hydrogen
The present invention is directed to an in situ coal gasification process wherein the combustion zone within the underground coal bed is fed with air at increasing pressure to increase pressure and temperature in the combustion zone for forcing product gases and water naturally present in the coal bed into the coal bed surrounding the combustion zone. No outflow of combustion products occurs during the build-up of pressure and temperature in the combustion zone. After the coal bed reaches a temperature of about 2000.degree. F and a pressure in the range of about 100-200 psi above pore pressure the airflow is terminated and the outflow of the combustion products from the combustion zone is initiated. The CO.sub.2 containing gaseous products and the water bleed back into the combustion zone to react endothermically with the hot carbon of the combustion zone to produce a burnable gas with a relatively high hydrogen and carbon monoxide content. About 11 to 29 percent of the gas recovered from the combustion zone is carbon monoxide which is considerably better than the 4 to 10 percent carbon monoxide obtained by employing previously known coal gasification techniques.
Capp, John P. (Morgantown, WV); Bissett, Larry A. (Morgantown, WV)
Impact of emissions, chemistry, and climate on atmospheric carbon monoxide : 100-year predictions from a global chemistry-climate model
The possible trends for atmospheric carbon monoxide in the next 100 yr have been illustrated using a coupled atmospheric chemistry and climate model driven by emissions predicted by a global economic development model. ...
Wang, Chien.; Prinn, Ronald G.
A survey of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in indoor ice arenas in Vermont
Because of the history of health problems traceable to the exhaust of ice resurfacing machines, state sanitarians used detector tubes to measure carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO[sub 2]) levels in enclosed ice arenas in Vermont during high school hockey games. Five of eight arenas had average game CO measurements of 30 ppm carbon monoxide or more. Two of the three periods of play had average CO readings in excess of 100 ppm in one arena. Only six arenas had the complete series of nitrogen dioxide measurements. One had an average game NO[sub 2] level of 1.2 ppm. Two had one or more periods of play that averaged in excess of 0.5 ppm. Despite the ample documentation of the hazards of operating combustion-powered resurfacing machines inside enclosed ice arenas, a significant portion of the arenas had undesirable levels of carbon monoxide or nitrogen dioxide. Ice arenas should be routinely monitored for air contaminants. Considerations should be given to the purchase of electric ice resurfacing machines for new arenas and arenas that have air contamination that cannot be resolved with ventilation.
Paulozzi, L.J. (Vermont Health Dept., Burlington, VT (United States)); Spengler, R.F.; Vogt, R.L.; Carney, J.K.
Reaction of uranium oxides with chlorine and carbon or carbon monoxide to prepare uranium chlorides
The preferred preparation concept of uranium metal for feed to an AVLIS uranium enrichment process requires preparation of uranium tetrachloride (UCI{sub 4}) by reacting uranium oxides (UO{sub 2}/UO{sub 3}) and chlorine (Cl{sub 2}) in a molten chloride salt medium. UO{sub 2} is a very stable metal oxide; thus, the chemical conversion requires both a chlorinating agent and a reducing agent that gives an oxide product which is much more stable than the corresponding chloride. Experimental studies in a quartz reactor of 4-cm ID have demonstrated the practically of some chemical flow sheets. Experimentation has illustrated a sequence of results concerning the chemical flow sheets. Tests with a graphite block at 850{degrees}C demonstrated rapid reactions of Cl{sub 2} and evolution of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) as a product. Use of carbon monoxide (CO) as the reducing agent also gave rapid reactions of Cl{sub 2} and formation of CO{sub 2} at lower temperatures, but the reduction reactions were slower than the chlorinations. Carbon powder in the molten salt melt gave higher rates of reduction and better steady state utilization of Cl{sub 2}. Addition of UO{sub 2} feed while chlorination was in progress greatly improved the operation by avoiding the plugging effects from high UO{sub 2} concentrations and the poor Cl{sub 2} utilizations from low UO{sub 2} concentrations. An UO{sub 3} feed gave undesirable effects while a feed of UO{sub 2}-C spheres was excellent. The UO{sub 2}-C spheres also gave good rates of reaction as a fixed bed without any molten chloride salt. Results with a larger reactor and a bottom condenser for volatilized uranium show collection of condensed uranium chlorides as a loose powder and chlorine utilizations of 95--98% at high feed rates. 14 refs., 7 figs., 14 tabs.
Haas, P.A.; Lee, D.D.; Mailen, J.C.
Thermal device and method for production of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by thermal dissociation of hydrocarbon gases
Carbon monoxide is produced in a fast quench reactor. The production of carbon monoxide includes injecting carbon dioxide and some air into a reactor chamber having a high temperature at its inlet and a rapidly expanding a reactant stream, such as a restrictive convergent-divergent nozzle at its outlet end. Carbon dioxide and other reactants such as methane and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons are injected into the reactor chamber. Other gas may be added at different stages in the process to form a desired end product and prevent back reactions. The resulting heated gaseous stream is then rapidly cooled by expansion of the gaseous stream.
Detering, Brent A. (Idaho Falls, ID); Kong, Peter C. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Interaction and reactivity of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on ruthenium surfaces
A multifaceted investigation of the reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide using a ruthenium (102) single crystal catalyst in the pressure range 10/sup -3/ to 10 Torr and temperature range of 300 to 475/sup 0/C has been undertaken. Kinetic and isotopic results indicate that the reaction products CO/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/ were produced via two reaction mechanisms. Using a reducing gas mixture (low P/sub NO//P/sub CO/ ratio) a two site mechanism was operative involving NO dissociation. The carbon monoxide kinetic order varied from +1 to -3 and the nitric oxide order varied from +1 to 0. The catalyst under these conditions was determined to be metallic ruthenium with oxygen bonded within the first surface layer. The oxygen was unreactive and formed a (1 x 3)-0 LEED pattern. Under oxidizing conditions (high P/sub NO//P/sub CO/ ratio) the catalyst was ruthenium dioxide and the functional mechanism under these reaction conditions yielded a nitric oxide order of +2 to -4. Inclusion of a site poisoning mechanism under reducing conditions and an RuO/sub 2/ growth mechanism involving ruthenium cation transfer under oxidizing conditions into the kinetic rate laws led to an overall rate law which could be fit to the carbon monoxide and nitric oxide order plots. Using isotopically oxygen labelled reactants, it was observed that the three possible isotopes of carbon dioxide were produced. A ..gamma..-CO surface species is postulated as an intermediate in the exchange process. The reaction was observed to be initially surface structure insensitive and the reaction kinetics were derived using a Langmuir-Hinshelwood formalism.
Quick, E.E.
EXAFS of carbon monoxide oxidation on supported Pt fuel cell electrocatalysts
The potential dependence of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) obtained at the Pt L{sub III} absorption edge for a carbon supported Pt electrocatalyst exposed to carbon monoxide is presented. The data have been analyzed using the difference file method to separate the dominant contributions of the Pt neighbors from contributions to the EXAFS from the adsorbed species. The presence of adsorbed CO is clearly observed with a Pt-C distance of 1.85 {angstrom} at potentials less than 0.5 V vs. RHE. Increasing the potential above 0.5 V resulted first in the removal of the adsorbed CO and at more positive potentials, e.g., 1.05 V, in the formation of an oxide layer, as evidenced by the presence of a Pt-O coordination shell at 2.00 {angstrom}. These results demonstrate that in situ EXAFS of supported Pt electrocatalysts may be used to probe adsorbate structures.
Maniguet, S.; Mathew, R.J.; Russell, A.E.
Biomass burning sources of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and non-methane hydrocarbons
Biomass burning is an important source of many key tropospheric species, including aerosols, carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), nitrogen oxides (NO{sub {times}}=NO+NO{sub 2}), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH{sub 4}), nitrous oxide (N{sub 2}O), methyl bromide (CH{sub 3}Br), ammonia (NH{sub 3}), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and other species. These emissions and their subsequent products act as pollutants and affect greenhouse warming of the atmosphere. One important by-product of biomass burning is tropospheric ozone, which is a pollutant that also absorbs infrared radiation. Ozone is formed when CO, CH{sub 4}, and NMHCs react in the presence of NO{sub {times}} and sunlight. Ozone concentrations in tropical regions (where the bulk of biomass burning occurs) may increase due to biomass burning. Additionally, biomass burning can increase the concentration of nitric acid (HNO{sub 3}), a key component of acid rain.
Atherton, C.S.
Role of carboxydobacteria in consumption of atmospheric carbon monoxide by soil
The carbon monoxide consumption rates of the carboxydobacteria Pseudomonas (Seliberia) carboxydohydrogena, P. carboxydovorans, and P. carboxydoflava were measured at high (50%) and low (0.5 ..mu..l liter/sup -1/) mixing ratios of CO in air. CO was only consumed when the bacteria had been grown under CO-autotrophic conditions. At low cell densities the CO comsumption rates measured at low CO mixing ratios were similar in cell suspensions and in mixtures of bacteria in soil. CO consumption observed in natural soil (loess, eolian sand, chernozem) as well as in suspensions or soil mixtures of carboxydobacteria showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Considering the difference of the K/sub m/, values and the observed V/sub max/ values, carboxydobacteria cannot contribute significantly to the consumption of atmospheric CO.
Conrad, R. (Max-Planck-Institut fuer Chemie, Mainz, Germany); Meyer, O.; Seiler, W.
Effectiveness of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst in Reducing HC and CO Emissions from Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) has been shown to allow for diesel-like or better brake thermal efficiency with significant reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOX) particulate matter (PM) emissions. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission levels, on the other hand, are similar to those of port fuel injected gasoline engines. The higher HC and CO emissions combined with the lower exhaust temperatures with RCCI operation present a challenge for current exhaust aftertreatments. The reduction of HC and CO emissions in a lean environment is typically achieved with an oxidation catalyst. In this work, several diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) with different precious metal loadings were evaluated for effectiveness to control HC and CO emissions from RCCI combustion in a light-duty multi-cylinder engine operating on gasoline and diesel fuels. Each catalyst was evaluated in a steady-state engine operation with temperatures ranging from 160 to 260 C. A shift to a higher light-off temperature was observed during the RCCI operation. In addition to the steady-state experiments, the performances of the DOCs were evaluated during multi-mode engine operation by switching from diesel-like combustion at higher exhaust temperature and low HC/CO emissions to RCCI combustion at lower temperature and higher HC/CO emissions. High CO and HC emissions from RCCI generated an exotherm keeping the catalyst above the light-off temperature.
Prikhodko, Vitaly Y [ORNL; Curran, Scott [ORNL; Parks, II, James E [ORNL; Wagner, Robert M [ORNL
Retrieval of Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Profiles from High-Resolution Interferometer Observations: A New Digital Gas Correlation (DGC)Method and Applications
Global tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) distributions can be retrieved from observations by spaceborne gas correlation radiometers and high-resolution interferometers. The Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) is a gas correlation ...
Jinxue Wang; John C. Gille; Paul L. Bailey; Liwen Pan; David Edwards; James R. Drummond
Highly ordered magnetic mesoporous silicas for effective elimination of carbon monoxide
Catalysts based on crystalline nanoparticles of Fe metal supported on mesoporous silica have been developed. The synthetic process involves hydrogen reduction processing for high abundant Fe metal nanoparticles within the mesopores, in which impregnated Fe salt in the inner nanopores of mesoporous silica is thermally treated under hydrogen at 500 Degree-Sign C. Detailed characterization was achieved by XRD, XPS, BET, and HR-TEM techniques. The catalytic efficiency was demonstrated as a function of the used amounts and reaction time. The results show that more than 90% of the carbon monoxide was eliminated at room temperature during a period 80 min with 0.5 g of catalyst. - Graphical abstract: Strategy for the preparation of highly abundant Fe nanoparticle embedded MS catalyst by hydrogen reduction process and HR-TEM images of cross-sectional and top view. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer MS based heterogeneous catalyst with Fe nanoparticles were demonstrated for CO elimination. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Highly Fe nanoparticle embedded MS catalyst prepared by hydrogen reduction process. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Systematic characterization was achieved by XRD, XPS, BET, and HR-TEM analyses. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer More than 90% of the CO was eliminated at RT during 80 min with 0.5 g of catalyst.
Lee, Jiho [Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Seoul 153-801 (Korea, Republic of); Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 402-751 (Korea, Republic of); Ho Chang, Jeong, E-mail: email@example.com [Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Seoul 153-801 (Korea, Republic of)
Review Article A Review on Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide in Hydrogen Rich Gases
In this review, recent works on the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in hydrogen rich gases for fuel cell applications are summarized. H2 is used as a fuel for polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). It is produced by reforming of natural gas or liquid fuels followed by water gas shift reaction. The produced gas consists of H2, CO, and CO2. In which CO content is around 1%, which is highly poisonous for the Pt anode of the PEMFC so that further removal of CO is needed. Catalytic preferential oxidation of CO (CO-PROX) is one of the most suitable methods of purification of H2 because of high CO conversion rate at low temperature range, which is preferable for PEMFC operating conditions. Catalysts used for CO-PROX are mainly noble metal based; gold based and base metal oxide catalysts among them Copper-Ceria based catalysts are the most appropriate due to its low cost, easy availability and result obtained by these catalysts are comparable with the conventional noble metal catalysts. Copyright � 2011 by BCREC UN-
A. Mishra; R. Prasad
Carbon monoxide in indoor ice skating rinks: Evaluation of absorption by adult hockey players
We evaluated alveolar carbon monoxide (CO) levels of 122 male, adult hockey players active in recreational leagues of the Quebec City region (Canada), before and after 10 weekly 90-minute games in 10 different rinks. We also determined exposure by quantifying the average CO level in the rink during the games. Other variables documented included age, pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, and smoking status. Environmental concentrations varied from 1.6 to 131.5 parts per million (ppm). We examined the absorption/exposure relationship using a simple linear regression model. In low CO exposure levels, physical exercise lowered the alveolar CO concentration. However, we noted that for each 10 ppm of CO in the ambient air, the players had adsorbed enough CO to raise their carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels by 1 percent. This relationship was true both for smokers and non-smokers. We suggest that an average environmental concentration of 20 ppm of CO for the duration of a hockey game (90 minutes) should be reference limit not to be exceeded in indoor skating rinks.
Levesque, B.; Dewailly, E.; Lavoie, R.; Prud'Homme, D.; Allaire, S. (Centre hospitalier de l'Universite Laval, Quebec City (Canada))
Carbon monoxide oxidation over three different states of copper: Development of a model metal oxide catalyst
Carbon monoxide oxidation was performed over the three different oxidation states of copper -- metallic (Cu), copper (I) oxide (Cu{sub 2}O), and copper (II) oxide (CuO) as a test case for developing a model metal oxide catalyst amenable to study by the methods of modern surface science and catalysis. Copper was deposited and oxidized on oxidized supports of aluminum, silicon, molybdenum, tantalum, stainless steel, and iron as well as on graphite. The catalytic activity was found to decrease with increasing oxidation state (Cu > Cu{sub 2}O > CuO) and the activation energy increased with increasing oxidation state (Cu, 9 kcal/mol < Cu{sub 2}O, 14 kcal/mol < CuO, 17 kcal/mol). Reaction mechanisms were determined for the different oxidation states. Lastly, NO reduction by CO was studied. A Cu and CuO catalyst were exposed to an equal mixture of CO and NO at 300--350 C to observe the production of N{sub 2} and CO{sub 2}. At the end of each reaction, the catalyst was found to be Cu{sub 2}O. There is a need to study the kinetics of this reaction over the different oxidation states of copper.
Jernigan, G.G. [California Univ., Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemistry]|[Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States). Materials and Chemical Sciences Div.
Thermodynamic investigation into steam-methane reforming and the synthesis of methane from carbon monoxide and hydrogen
In this study the stream-methane equilibrium reaction was investigated by considering both methane synthesis from hydrogen and carbon monoxide and by considering steam-methane reforming from methane and steam. A FORTRAN computer program was written to carry out all the calculations over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and initial compositions. The products of each process as a function of pressure, temperature, and starting ratio of reactant gases were calculated, as well as the heats involved. In both processes the minimum ratios above which no carbon precipitates were determined as a function of temperature and pressure were given.
Wu, L.H.; Lietzke, M.H.
Several different catalytic reactions must be carried out in order to convert hydrocarbons (or alcohols) into hydrogen for use as a fuel for polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Each reaction in the fuel-processing sequence has a different set of characteristics, which influences the type of catalyst support that should be used for that particular reaction. A wide range of supports are being evaluated for the various reactions in the fuel-processing scheme, including porous and non-porous particles, ceramic and metal straight-channel monoliths, and ceramic and metal monolithic foams. These different types of support have distinctly different transport characteristics. The best choice of support for a given reaction will depend on the design constraints for the system, e.g., allowable pressure drop, and on the characteristics of the reaction for which the catalyst is being designed. Three of the most important reaction characteristics are the intrinsic reaction rate, the exothermicity/endothermicity of the reaction, and the nature of the reaction network, e.g., whether more than one reaction takes place and, in the case of multiple reactions, the configuration of the network. Isotopic transient kinetic analysis was used to study the surface intermediates. The preferential oxidation of low concentrations of carbon monoxide in the presence of high concentrations of hydrogen (PROX) is an important final step in most fuel processor designs. Data on the behavior of straight-channel monoliths and foam monolith supports will be presented to illustrate some of the factors involved in choosing a support for this reaction.
Mr. Paul Chin; Dr. Xiaolei Sun; Professor George W. Roberts; Professor James J. Spivey; Mr. Amornmart Sirijarhuphan; Dr. James G. Goodwin, Jr.; Dr. Richard W. Rice
There is an increasing evidence for the existence of large organic molecules in the interstellar and circumstellar medium. Very few among such species are readily formed in conventional gas-phase chemistry under typical conditions of interstellar clouds. Attention has therefore focused on interstellar ices as a potential source of these relatively complex species. Laboratory experiments show that irradiation of interstellar ice analogues by fast particles or ultraviolet radiation can induce significant chemical complexity. However, stars are sources of intense X-rays at almost every stage of their formation and evolution. Such radiation may thus provide chemical changes in regions where ultraviolet radiation is severely inhibited. After H{sub 2}O, CO is often the most abundant component of icy grain mantles in dense interstellar clouds and circumstellar disks. In this work we present irradiation of a pure carbon monoxide ice using a soft X-ray spectrum peaked at 0.3 keV. Analysis of irradiated samples shows formation of CO{sub 2}, C{sub 2}O, C{sub 3}O{sub 2}, C{sub 3}, C{sub 4}O, and CO{sub 3}/C{sub 5}. Comparison of X-rays and ultraviolet irradiation experiments, of the same energy dose, shows that X-rays are more efficient than ultraviolet radiation in producing new species. With the exception of CO{sub 2}, X-ray photolysis induces formation of a larger number of products with higher abundances, e.g., C{sub 3}O{sub 2} column density is about one order of magnitude higher in the X-ray experiment. To our knowledge this is the first report on X-ray photolysis of CO ices. The present results show that X-ray irradiation represents an efficient photo-chemical way to convert simple ices to more complex species.
Ciaravella, A.; Candia, R.; Collura, A. [INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, P.za Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo (Italy); Jimenez-Escobar, A.; Munoz Caro, G. M. [Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir, km 4, Torrejon de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid (Spain); Cecchi-Pestellini, C. [INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Strada n.54, Loc. Poggio dei Pini, I-09012 Capoterra (Italy); Giarrusso, S. [INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo (Italy); Barbera, M., E-mail: email@example.com [Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche and Astronomiche, Universita di Palermo, Sezione di Astronomia, Piazza del Parlamento 1, I-90134 Palermo (Italy)
One-dimensional turbulence model simulations of autoignition of hydrogen/carbon monoxide fuel mixtures in a turbulent jet
The autoignition of hydrogen/carbon monoxide in a turbulent jet with preheated co-flow air is studied using the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model. The simulations are performed at atmospheric pressure based on varying the jet Reynolds number and the oxidizer preheat temperature for two compositions corresponding to varying the ratios of H{sub 2} and CO in the fuel stream. Moreover, simulations for homogeneous autoignition are implemented for similar mixture conditions for comparison with the turbulent jet results. The results identify the key effects of differential diffusion and turbulence on the onset and eventual progress of autoignition in the turbulent jets. The differential diffusion of hydrogen fuels results in a reduction of the ignition delay relative to similar conditions of homogeneous autoignition. Turbulence may play an important role in delaying ignition at high-turbulence conditions, a process countered by the differential diffusion of hydrogen relative to carbon monoxide; however, when ignition is established, turbulence enhances the overall rates of combustion of the non-premixed flame downstream of the ignition point. (author)
Gupta, Kamlesh G.; Echekki, Tarek [Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC (United States)
Carbon monoxide sensor for PEM fuel cell systems Christopher T. Holta,*
environment; Copper-halide 1. Introduction The use of hydrocarbon fuels for generating power for cars for both transportation and residential power systems. PEM fuel cells operate on hydro- gen. However, the infrastructure for hydrogen that will support large markets is decades away. The use of hydro- carbon fuels (e
Dutta, Prabir K.
Catalysts for the production of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and water
A method of converting low H/sub 2//CO ratio syngas to carbonaceous products comprising reacting the syngas with water or steam at 200 to 350/sup 0/C in the presence of a metal catalyst supported on zinc oxide. Hydrocarbons are produced with a catalyst selected from cobalt, nickel or ruthenium and alcohols are produced with a catalyst selected from palladium, platinum, ruthenium or copper on the zinc oxide support. The ratio of the reactants are such that for alcohols and saturated hydrocarbons: (2n + 1) greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to O and for olefinic hydrocarbons: 2n greater than or equal to x greater than or equal to O where n is the number of carbon atoms in the product and x is the molar amount of water in the reaction mixture.
Sapienza, R.S.; Slegeir, W.A.; Goldberg, R.I.
A method of converting low H.sub.2 /CO ratio syngas to carbonaceous products comprising reacting the syngas with water or steam at 200.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the presence of a metal catalyst supported on zinc oxide. Hydrocarbons are produced with a catalyst selected from cobalt, nickel or ruthenium and alcohols are produced with a catalyst selected from palladium, platinium, ruthenium or copper on the zinc oxide support. The ratio of the reactants are such that for alcohols and saturated hydrocarbons: (2n+1).gtoreq.x.gtoreq.O and for olefinic hydrocarbons: 2n.gtoreq.x.gtoreq.O where n is the number of carbon atoms in the product and x is the molar amount of water in the reaction mixture.
Sapienza, Richard S. (Shoreham, NY); Slegeir, William A. (Hampton Bays, NY); Goldberg, Robert I. (Selden, NY)
Roles of Surface Step on Pt Nanoparticles in Electro-oxidation of Carbon Monoxide and Methanol
Design of highly active nanoscale catalysts for electro-oxidation of small organic molecules is of great importance to the development of efficient fuel cells. Increasing steps on single-crystal Pt surfaces is shown to enhance the activity of CO and methanol electro-oxidation up to several orders of magnitude. However, little is known about the surface atomic structure of nanoparticles with sizes of practical relevance, which limits the application of fundamental understanding in the reaction mechanisms established on single-crystal surfaces to the development of active, nanoscale catalysts. In this study, we reveal the surface atomic structure of Pt nanoparticles supported on multiwall carbon nanotubes, from which the amount of high-index surface facets on Pt nanoparticles is quantified. Correlating the surface steps on Pt nanoparticles with the electrochemical activity and stability clearly shows the significant role of surface steps in enhancing intrinsic activity for CO and methanol electro-oxidation. Here, we show that increasing surface steps on Pt nanoparticles of {approx}2 nm can lead to enhanced intrinsic activity up to {approx}200% (current normalized to Pt surface area) for electro-oxidation of methanol.
Lee, S.W.; Vescovo, E.; Chen, S.; Sheng, W.; Yabuuchi, N.; Kim, Y.T.; Mitani, T.; Shao-Horn, Y.
Compatibility studies of type 304 stainless steel in helium containing low concentrations of CO and CO/sub 2/ were conducted. The oxidation rates were insensitive to impurity concentrations between 0.0006--0.3 vol% in the temperature range 400--1000 deg C when P/sub co2/P/sub co/ was less than 0.66. Ratios above this value resulted initially in a slow oxidation rate, but was followed by an accelerated attack. The incubation period for the break-away varied with the P/sub co2//P/sub co/ ratio and the pressure of the two gases. The oxidation reactions proceeded through a selective depletion of chromium from the alloy which increased the carbon solubility and depletion of nickel which led to the transformation of austenite to ferrite. Parabolic reaction rates were observed for the formation of the protective oxides. Arrhenius plots of rate constants versus 1/T indicated the presence of several oxides which was confirmed by other methods. Carburization or decarburization reactions occurred coincidentally with oxidation and depended upon temperature and (P/sub CO/)/sup 2/ /P/sub CO2/ and the P/sub co2//P /sub CO/. Neither was detected below 600 deg C. Between 600--900 deg C, only carburization occurred and appeared to be mainly dependent on the temperature. Above 900 deg C, both carburization and decarburization occurred depending upon the (P/sub co/)/sup 2//P/sub co2/ and the P/sub co2//P/sub co/. The interactions of the oxidizing and carburization reactions resulted in carbon maxima at a (P/sub co/)/sup 2//P/sub co2/ ratio of 0.227. The results indicate that it may be impractical or unnecessary to reduce impurity gases to levels which do not cause surface reactions. It is concluded that undesirable oxidation and carburization reactions can be eliminated by controlling the ratios of the impurity gases. (auth)
Inouye, H.
Final Technical Report "Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide and Olefin Oxidation" Grant number : DE-FG02-86ER13615
Title: Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide and Olefin Oxidation Grant No. DE-FG02-86ER13615 PI: Wayland, B. B. (firstname.lastname@example.com) Abstract Development of new mechanistic strategies and catalyst materials for activation of CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, O2, and related substrates relevant to the conversion of carbon monoxide, alkanes, and alkenes to organic oxygenates are central objectives encompassed by this program. Design and synthesis of metal complexes that manifest reactivity patterns associated with potential pathways for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide through metallo-formyl (M-CHO), dimetal ketone (M-C(O)-M), and dimetal dionyl (M-C(O)-C(O)-M) species is one major focus. Hydrocarbon oxidation using molecular oxygen is a central goal for methane activation and functionalization as well as regioselective oxidation of olefins. Discovery of new reactivity patterns and control of selectivity are pursued through designing new metal complexes and adjusting reaction conditions. Variation of reaction media promotes distinct reaction pathways that control both reaction rates and selectivities. Dimetalloradical diporphyrin complexes preorganize transition states for substrate reactions that involve two metal centers and manifest large rate increases over mono-metalloradical reactions of hydrogen, methane, and other small molecule substrates. Another broad goal and recurring theme of this program is to contribute to the thermodynamic database for a wide scope of organo-metal transformations in a range of reaction media. One of the most complete descriptions of equilibrium thermodynamics for organometallic reactions in water and methanol is emerging from the study of rhodium porphyrin substrate reactions in aqueous and alcoholic media. Water soluble group nine metalloporphyrins manifest remarkably versatile substrate reactivity in aqueous and alcoholic media which includes producing rhodium formyl (Rh-CHO) and hydroxy methyl (Rh-CH2OH) species. Exploratory directions for this program include expending new strategies for anti-Markovnikov addition of water, alcohols, and amines with olefins, developing catalytic reactions of CO to give formamides and formic esters, and evaluating the potential for coupling reactions of CO to produce organic building blocks.
Wayland, B.B.
Integrated Removal of NOx with Carbon Monoxide as Reductant, and Capture of Mercury in a Low Temperature Selective Catalytic and Adsorptive Reactor
Coal will likely continue to be a dominant component of power generation in the foreseeable future. This project addresses the issue of environmental compliance for two important pollutants: NO{sub x} and mercury. Integration of emission control units is in principle possible through a Low Temperature Selective Catalytic and Adsorptive Reactor (LTSCAR) in which NO{sub x} removal is achieved in a traditional SCR mode but at low temperature, and, uniquely, using carbon monoxide as a reductant. The capture of mercury is integrated into the same process unit. Such an arrangement would reduce mercury removal costs significantly, and provide improved control for the ultimate disposal of mercury. The work completed in this project demonstrates that the use of CO as a reductant in LTSCR is technically feasible using supported manganese oxide catalysts, that the simultaneous warm-gas capture of elemental and oxidized mercury is technically feasible using both nanostructured chelating adsorbents and ceria-titania-based materials, and that integrated removal of mercury and NO{sub x} is technically feasible using ceria-titania-based materials.
Neville Pinto; Panagiotis Smirniotis; Stephen Thiel
Information Management Division (HC-14) | Department of Energy
Information Management Division (HC-14) Information Management Division (HC-14) Mission Statement This division provides operational support and consultative advice to the Chief...
Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (EIA)
Q N Q 5 or More... 0.3 N Q Q Q Q Q Q Table HC7.13 Lighting Usage Indicators by Household Income, 2005 Below Poverty Line Eligible for...
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
N Q Q Q 5 or More... 0.3 Q Q Q Q Lighting Usage Indicators U.S. Census Region Northeast Midwest Table HC10.13 Lighting...
Q Q Q N Q 5 or More... 0.3 N Q Q Q Q Lighting Usage Indicators 4 Members 5 or More Members Table HC6.13 Lighting Usage...
Application of an all-solid-state diode-laser-based sensor for carbon monoxide detection by optical absorption in the 4.4 ? 4.8 �m spectral region
An all-solid-state continuous-wave (cw) laser system for mid-infrared absorption measurements of the carbon monoxide (CO) molecule has been developed and demonstrated. The single-mode, tunable output of an external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) is difference-frequency mixed (DFM) with the output of a 550-mW diode-pumped cw Nd:YAG laser in a periodically-poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal to produce tunable cw radiation in the mid-infrared. The wavelength of the 860-nm ECDL can be coarse tuned between 860.78 to 872.82 nm allowing the sensor to be operated in the 4.4 ? 4.8 �m region. Results from single-pass mid-IR direct absorption experiments for CO concentration measurements are discussed. CO measurements were performed in CO/CO2/N2 mixtures in a room temperature gas cell that allowed the evaluation of the sensor operation and data reduction procedures. Field testing was performed at two locations: in the exhaust of a well-stirred reactor (WSR) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and the exhaust of a gas turbine at Honeywell Engines and Systems. Field tests demonstrated the feasibility of the sensor for operation in harsh combustion environments but much improvement in the sensor design and operation was required. Experiments in near-adiabatic hydrogen/air CO2-doped flames were performed featuring two-line thermometry in the 4.8 �m spectral region. The sensor concentration measurement uncertainty was estimated at 2% for gas cell testing. CO concentration measurements agreed within 15% of conventional extractive sampling at WSR, and for the flame experiments the repeatability of the peak absorption gives a system uncertainty of 10%. The noise equivalent CO detection limit for these experiments was estimated at 2 ppm per meter, for combustion gas at 1000 K assuming a SNR ratio of 1.
Rodolfo, Barron Jimenez
Office of HC Policy, Accountability, and Technology (HC-10) | Department of
Policy, Accountability, Policy, Accountability, and Technology (HC-10) Office of HC Policy, Accountability, and Technology (HC-10) Mission and Function Statement This organization supports the program objectives and missions of all Departmental components by (1) developing Department-level human capital management (HCM) and training/development policies, (2) developing human capital management strategies that provide the direction and structure for Departmental HCM programs, (3) developing HCM legislative proposals; (4) supplying HCM policy advice and guidance within the Department; and (5) developing and implementing innovative HCM business solutions relating to corporate recruiting, talent capacity, diversity outreach, and technology innovations. Strategic directions are influenced by an analysis of budget and workforce
Office of HC Strategy Budget and Performance Metrics (HC-50) | Department
Strategy Budget and Strategy Budget and Performance Metrics (HC-50) Office of HC Strategy Budget and Performance Metrics (HC-50) Mission Statement and Function Statement The Office of Human Capital Strategy, Budget, and Performance Metrics provides strategic direction and advice to its stakeholders through the integration of budget analysis, workforce projections, and performance metrics in support of the goals and missions of the Department of Energy. Functions: Promotes business partnerships with Departmental elements to define and design HCM implementation strategies in alignment with Departmental mission, goals, and objectives. Provides strategic direction and advice through analysis of budget, workforce projections, and performance to respond to congressional mandates, administration goals, Departmental priorities and mission needs.
Standard Reference Materials Carbon Monoxide Absorption ...
... Use With a Broadband Source: A broadband source in the 1560 nm to 1595 nm region such as a light emitting diode, white light, or amplified ...
Prototype Generators Emit Much Less Carbon Monoxide ...
... Portable electric generators retrofitted with off-the-shelf hardware by ... Technology (NIST) for the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). ...
Carbon Monoxide Sensor - Energy Innovation Portal
Electricity Transmission; Energy Analysis; ... the sensor ensures reproducibility and reduces the need for calibration of every sensor coming off the ...
Predicting Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Detector Response ...
... room with floor dimensions of 3.15 m by 3.02 m. A sand burner was ... The detector was isolated from the CO environment by placing a tight fitting can ...
Performance Metrics and Budget Division (HC-51) | Department of Energy
Performance Metrics and Budget Division (HC-51) Performance Metrics and Budget Division (HC-51) Performance Metrics and Budget Division (HC-51) MISSION: The mission of the Performance Metrics and Budget Division (HC-51) is to support the effective and efficient implementation of the Department of Energy's human capital initiatives and functions through the strategic integration of corporate human capital performance metrics and the budget of the Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer (HC). FUNCTIONS: Human capital performance measurement and strategic functions at the DOE and interagency levels include: Provides analytical support and strategic advice to internal and external HC stakeholders on the appropriate and effective use of performance metrics as a key to effective strategic human capital management.
DOE Learning & Development Competency Governance Structure Senior HC Leadership
Learning & Development Learning & Development Competency Governance Structure Senior HC Leadership HC DOE L&D BOD HC-20 Other HR Functions (e.g. Staffing) (Competency Steward) Competency Management HC-23 Other DOE Working and Users Groups Lead Competency Stakeholders (CMWG and CMUG) Management Program (e.g. Union Reps, (CMP) to ensure validity and career & professional consistency of competencies development programs Lead Implementation and Operation of automated Competency Management System (CMS) Competency Steward -Supplies HR/Competency Development subject matter expertise -Maintains DOE Competency Framework and Competency Dictionary to ensure common, valid approaches are used to develop and
Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Emission Factors Applicable to Wastewater Wet Wells.
??Transport of wastewater in sewer networks causes potential problems associated with gases which include ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and methane, in regard� (more)
Mudragaddam, Madhuri
Information Management Division (HC-14) Information Management Division (HC-14) Information Management Division (HC-14) Mission Statement This division provides operational support and consultative advice to the Chief Human Capital Officer and Departmental Senior Management on matters pertaining to the acquisition, deployment and maintenance of enabling technology to support the tactical and strategic management of human capital related to accomplishing Department goals and program objectives. The mission also entails establishing and providing assistance and guidance on the use of technology-supported business process reengineering; investment analysis; performance measurement; strategic development and application of information systems and infrastructure; policies to provide improved management of information resources and technology; and better,
Employment Solutions Division (HC-13) | Department of Energy
Employment Solutions Division (HC-13) Employment Solutions Division (HC-13) Employment Solutions Division (HC-13) Mission Statement This division develops and implements innovative HCM business solutions relating to corporate recruiting, organizational and workforce development, workforce and succession planning, talent capacity, and diversity outreach. Functions Directing the activities of the Corporate Outreach and Recruitment Council (with representatives from across the Department including NNSA, the Power Marketing Administrations, and the National Labs); including enhancing entry-level and mid to senior level hiring across DOE, furthering the use of automated technology in outreach and recruitment efforts, designing effective marketing and branding efforts to attract the right candidate for the right job, incorporating diversity strategies, and
HQ Operations Division (HC-32) | Department of Energy
Operations Division (HC-32) Operations Division (HC-32) HQ Operations Division (HC-32) Functions Deliver employment operational and advisory services, including position management, recruitment, staffing and classification, reduction in force in Headquarters; Provide operational and advisory support for competitive sourcing initiatives and impacted serviced population; Provide information to HQ employee population on employee benefit programs (retirement; health, dental, vision, long-term care, and life insurance; thrift savings plan; flexible spending accounts; the transit subsidy program; and annual and sick leave, and long-term care through individual consultation, new employee orientation and exit interviews; Deliver a range of human resources personnel processing functions to employees in HQ organizations, including processing actions, OPF
Workforce Analysis and Planning Division (HC-52) | Department of Energy
Workforce Analysis and Planning Division (HC-52) Workforce Analysis and Planning Division (HC-52) Workforce Analysis and Planning Division (HC-52) Mission Statement: This division provides strategic direction guidance and advice through analysis of budget and workforce projections and plans, congressional mandates, administration goals, Departmental priorities and mission needs. FUNCTIONS: Develops business intelligence, demographic and trend analyses in support of corporate workforce planning and in response to requests from within the Department and from external oversight agencies. Analyzes and evaluates workforce plans, employment trends, budget development and implementation, Departmental studies and human capital assessment systems. Develops staffing targets and tracks staffing management throughout the Department to identify needs for new or changing
Performance and Budget Staff (HC-1.2) | Department of Energy
with the Administrative Management Staff (HC-1.5) to ensure integration of financial and staff resources with administrative and support systems for HC. Leadership N. Tony Nguyen...
Performance and Budget Staff (HC-1.2)
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
The mission of the Performance and Budget Staff (HC-1.2) is to support the effective and efficient implementation of human capital initiatives and functions, in line with the missions and goals of...
Tracing Fuel Component Carbon in the Emissions from Diesel Engines
The addition of oxygenates to diesel fuel can reduce particulate emissions, but the underlying chemical pathways for the reductions are not well understood. While measurements of particulate matter (PM), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) are routine, determining the contribution of carbon atoms in the original fuel molecules to the formation of these undesired exhaust emissions has proven difficult. Renewable bio-derived fuels (ethanol or bio-diesel) containing a universal distribution of contemporary carbon are easily traced by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). These measurements provide general information about the emissions of bio-derived fuels. Another approach exploits synthetic organic chemistry to place {sup 14}C atoms in a specific bond position in a specific fuel molecule. The highly labeled fuel molecule is then diluted in {sup 14}C-free petroleum-derived stock to make a contemporary petroleum fuel suitable for tracing. The specific {sup 14}C atoms are then traced through the combustion event to determine whether they reside in PM, HC, CO, CO{sub 2}, or other emission products. This knowledge of how specific molecular structures produce certain emissions can be used to refine chemical-kinetic combustion models and to optimize fuel composition to reduce undesired emissions. Due to the high sensitivity of the technique and the lack of appreciable {sup 14}C in fossil fuels, fuels for AMS experiments can be labeled with modern levels of {sup 14}C and still produce a strong signal. Since the fuel is not radioactive, emission tests can be conducted in any conventional engine lab, dynamometer facility, or on the open road.
Buchholz, B A; Mueller, C J; Martin, G C; Cheng, A S E; Dibble, R W; Frantz, B R
Influence of fuel sulfur content on emissions from diesel engines equipped with oxidation catalysts.
??Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) are a viable exhaust aftertreatment alternative for alleviating regulated exhaust emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM)� (more)
Evans, Jason Carter.
HC Policy and Services - Points of Contact | Department of Energy
HC Policy and Services - Points of Contact HC Policy and Services - Points of Contact HC Policy and Services - Points of Contact Learning and Development Contact Email Phone Executive Learning Rosenmarkle, David P firstname.lastname@example.com 202-586-7978 Technical and Professional Skills Dent, Cheri D email@example.com 202-586-9556 Supervisory Training Robinson, June V email@example.com 202-586-9557 Competency Development Coleman, Eric email@example.com 202-586-8466 Organizational Development Coleman, Eric firstname.lastname@example.com 202-586-8466 Skills Assessment Coleman, Eric firstname.lastname@example.com 202-586-8466 Mission Critical Occupations Coleman, Eric firstname.lastname@example.com 202-586-8466 Training and Program Evaluation Welcome, Deadra email@example.com 202-586-9533
Office of Executive Resources (HC-40) | Department of Energy
Executive Resources (HC-40) Executive Resources (HC-40) Office of Executive Resources (HC-40) Mission and Function Statement This organization provides a full range of human capital management workforce services and support as well as policy guidance functions to senior level positions (SES, SL, and ST), excepted service positions (EJ, EK, and ARPA-E ET/ER) and political appointments for the Department. This includes: Providing operational and advisory executive services to Headquarters and field components, including political appointees and the immediate Office of the Secretary. Providing operational support to the Department's Executive Resources and Performance Review Boards. Administering the SES and SL/ST performance management systems and recognition and awards programs. Managing the SES Candidate Development Program.
Human Capital Policy Division (HC-11) | Department of Energy
About Us » Organization » Policy, Accountability, and Technology About Us » Organization » Policy, Accountability, and Technology (HC-10) » Human Capital Policy Division (HC-11) Human Capital Policy Division (HC-11) Mission Statement This division serves as the HCM policy arm for the Department. It supports program objectives and missions of all DOE components by developing HCM-related policies and strategies and supplies advice and guidance across the Department. Functions Provide a full range of staff support to the Chief Human Capital Officer including support required for internal and external responsibilities. Develop and revise the agency human capital management strategy in support of the overall departmental strategic plan. Seek out, influence and translate legislative and regulatory direction into Departmental strategies, policies and programs to address
Project and Survey Staff (HC-50.1) | Department of Energy
Project and Survey Staff (HC-50.1) Project and Survey Staff (HC-50.1) Project and Survey Staff (HC-50.1) Functional Statement The Project and Survey Staff (HC-50.1) report to the Office of Human Capital Strategy, Budget, and Performance Metrics (HC-50). The Project and Survey Staff work with other HC-50 divisions to provide strategic direction and advice to stakeholders through budget analysis, workforce projections, and performance metrics. HC-50.1 facilitates the integration of HR program functions and cultivates business partnerships with Program and Staff Offices (PSO) within the Department to define and design Human Capital Management (HCM) implementation strategies for establishing and sustaining consistent quality management functions throughout Human Capital (HC). These partnerships serve to ensure that human capital management
Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer (HC-1) | Department of Energy
the Chief Human Capital the Chief Human Capital Officer (HC-1) Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer (HC-1) HC-1 Mission and Function Statement The Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer (HC) provides leadership to the Department of Energy (DOE) on the impact and use of policies, proposals, programs, and partnership agreements/relationships related to all aspects of Human Capital Management (HCM). Within the framework of the organization, HCM is an integrated approach that links human resources, training/development and diversity. HC develops, deploys and assesses a full range of short and long term human capital management solutions, policies and programs and proactively seeks additional solutions and approaches to serve the needs of the Department. HC advances and supports
Premixed Carbon Monoxide�Nitrous Oxide�Hydrogen Flames ...
... the combustion emission charac- teristics of stationary and mobile power plants. ... present data are in good agreement with the low-hydro- gen data ...
Stimulation of aortic and carotid chemoreceptors during carbon monoxide inhalation
The decrease in local tissue PO/sub 2/ that occurs with carboxyhemoglobinemia was thought to be responsible for the 2 to 5 times greater chemoreceptor impulse frequency in cats with 18 to 40% COHb.
Mills, E.; Edwards, M.W. Jr.
Carbon Monoxide Formation in Fires by High-Temperature ...
... experiments. Page 7. FORMATION BY ANAEROBIC WOOD PYROLYSIS 1461 . ... 1990. Milne, T,, in Biomass Gasification. ...
BSA 01-07: Carbon Monoxide Tolerant Fuel Cell Electrocatalyst
This fuel cell anode includes an electrocatalyst that has a conductive support material, ... Brookhaven National Laboratory conducts research in the ...
Table HC14.8 Water Heating Characteristics by West Census Region ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Table HC14.8 Water Heating Characteristics by West Census Region, 2005 Million U.S. Housing Units Water Heating Characteristics Mountain Pacific West Census Region
Table HC1-8a. Housing Unit Characteristics by Urban/Rural Location ...
Table HC1-8a. Housing Unit Characteristics by Urban/Rural Location, Million U.S. Households, 2001 Housing Unit Characteristics RSE Column Factor:
Table HC8.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Urban/Rural ...
Table HC8.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Urban/Rural Location, 2005 Home Appliances Characteristics Million U.S. Housing Units Housing Units (millions)
Table HC2.10 Home Appliances Usage Indicators by Type of Housing ...
Million U.S. Housing Units Table HC2.10 Home Appliances Usage Indicators by Type of Housing Unit, 2005 Housing Units (millions) Single-Family Units
Table HC5-7a. Appliances by Four Most Populated States, Million U ...
Table HC5-7a. Appliances by Four Most Populated States, Million U.S. Households, 2001 Appliance Types and Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total
RELAXATION AND ENERGY TRANSFER OF MATRIX ISOLATED HC1 ANDtemperatures in matrices, the higher energy phonon modes areGUEST The energy initially put into a matrix isolated
Wiesenfeld, J.M.
"Table HC4.4 Space Heating Characteristics by Renter-Occupied...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Consumption Survey. " " Energy Information Administration 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Preliminary Housing Characteristics Tables" "Table HC4.4 Space Heating...
"Table HC11.4 Space Heating Characteristics by Northeast Census...
Consumption Survey. " " Energy Information Administration 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Preliminary Housing Characteristics Tables" "Table HC11.4 Space Heating...
Table HC15.7 Air-Conditioning Usage Indicators by Four Most...
New York Florida Texas California Energy Information Administration 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Preliminary Housing Characteristics Tables Table HC15.7...
Table HC4-12a. Air Conditioning by West Census Region, Million U.S ...
Table HC4-12a. Air Conditioning by West Census Region, Million U.S. Households, 2001 Air Conditioning Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total U.S.
Table HC4-9a. Air Conditioning by Northeast Census Region, Million ...
Table HC4-9a. Air Conditioning by Northeast Census Region, Million U.S. Households, 2001 Air Conditioning Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total
Table HC3-1a. Space Heating by Climate Zone, Million U.S ...
Table HC3-1a. Space Heating by Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 2001 Space Heating Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total Climate Zone1 RSE
Table HC1-1a. Housing Unit Characteristics by Climate Zone ...
Table HC1-1a. Housing Unit Characteristics by Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 2001 Housing Unit Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total Climate Zone1
Population based exposure assessment methodology for carbon monoxide: Development of a Carbon Monoxide Passive Sampler and Occupational Dosimeter
hydrocarbons (toluene), alkanes (butane, methane, heptane),tube/GC (NIOSH 1 5 0 0 ) a Butane 300ppm Charcoal tube/GC (O toluene toluene + C O butane butane + C O methane methane
Apte, Michael G.
Control of carbon balance in a silicon smelting furnace
The present invention is a process for the carbothermic reduction of silicon dioxide to form elemental silicon. Carbon balance of the process is assessed by measuring the amount of carbon monoxide evolved in offgas exiting the furnace. A ratio of the amount of carbon monoxide evolved and the amount of silicon dioxide added to the furnace is determined. Based on this ratio, the carbon balance of the furnace can be determined and carbon feed can be adjusted to maintain the furnace in carbon balance.
Dosaj, V.D.; Haines, C.M.; May, J.B.; Oleson, J.D.
#12;ON-ROAD REMOTE SENSING OF CO AND HC EMISSIONS IN CALIFORNIA Final Report Contract No. A032 in fulfillment of A032-093, On-Road Remote Sensing of CO and HC Emissions in California by the University to accelerations and cruises entering a freeway ramp at highway speeds. The remote sensing device measures the CO
Denver, University of
H.C. PAUL Lee Department of Physics and Institute for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics
. H.C. Lee "Neutral current and the nuclear scattering of reactor antineutrinos" Nucl. Phys. A294 to Kaluza-Klein Theories" (Book) (World Scientific, 1984), 320pp. H.C. Lee "Nuclear charge, convection, "Quantum holonomy in three-dimensional general covariant field theory and link invariant" Phys. Rev. D56
Lee, H.C. Paul
Method for producing carbon nanotubes
Method for producing carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes were prepared using a low power, atmospheric pressure, microwave-generated plasma torch system. After generating carbon monoxide microwave plasma, a flow of carbon monoxide was directed first through a bed of metal particles/glass beads and then along the outer surface of a ceramic tube located in the plasma. As a flow of argon was introduced into the plasma through the ceramic tube, ropes of entangled carbon nanotubes, attached to the surface of the tube, were produced. Of these, longer ropes formed on the surface portion of the tube located in the center of the plasma. Transmission electron micrographs of individual nanotubes revealed that many were single-walled.
Phillips, Jonathan (Santa Fe, NM); Perry, William L. (Jemez Springs, NM); Chen, Chun-Ku (Albuquerque, NM)
Table HC6-1a. Usage Indicators by Climate Zone, Table HC6-1a. Usage Indicators by Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 2001 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Climate Zone 1 | | |_________________________________________________| | | | | | | Fewer than 2,000 CDD and -- | |
Table HC10.8 Water Heating Characteristics by U.S. Census Region ...
No Separate Water Heater..... 3.4 1.1 0.5 0.9 1.0 Housing Units (millions) Table HC10.8 Water Heating ...
Table HC13.8 Water Heating Characteristics by South Census Region ...
No Separate Water Heater..... 3.4 0.9 0.6 Q Q Total South Table HC13.8 Water Heating Characteristics by South Census Region, 2005 Million U.S. Housing Units ...
Table HC5.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Year of ...
Million U.S. Housing Units 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 Table HC5.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Year of Construction, 2005 2000 to
Table HC5.10 Home Appliances Usage Indicators by Year of ...
Million U.S. Housing Units 1950 to 1959 1960 to 1969 1970 to 1979 Table HC5.10 Home Appliances Usage Indicators by Year of Construction, 2005 Year of Construction
Table HC2.6 Air Conditioning Characteristics by Type of Housing ...
Table HC2.6 Air Conditioning Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005 Million U.S. Housing Units Air Conditioning Characteristics Attached 2 to 4 Units 5 or More
inorganic pollutants: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,odor perception, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfurkeywords; pollution, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, energy
Young, Rodger A.
Plasmachemical Synthesis of Carbon Suboxide
A nonthermal carbon monoxide plasma is known to produce a solid deposition which is thought to be a polymer of carbon suboxide (C3O2); however there are very few investigations of this deposition in the literature. This thesis contains an analysis of the theoretical thermodynamics and kinetics of carbon suboxide formation as well as experimental results. The theoretical analysis suggests that carbon suboxide may be an equilibrium product even at ambient conditions but favors lower temperatures; furthermore if solid carbon is considered to be kinetically limited, and therefore not a product, then carbon suboxide is more likely to be a product under these pseudo-equilibrium conditions. Experimentally, solid films were produced in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) containing pure carbon monoxide. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to analyze the plasma and models of the emission spectra were created to determine the plasma temperatures. Deposition rates were determined to be on the order of 0.2 mg/min at a power of about 10W; it is expected however that these conditions are not optimized. The overall kinetics of carbon suboxide was analyzed and optimal conditions for operation can be estimated. Characterization of the solid depositions were carried out using Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (ESI-MS), and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI-MS). The characteristics of the film are very comparable to hydrolyzed carbon suboxide polymer suggesting that carbon suboxide polymer were in fact created in the carbon monoxide plasma at atmospheric conditions.
Geiger, Robert
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of molybdenum and molybdenum monoxide anions
of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 Received 30 May 1995; accepted 23 October 1995 The 351 nm photoelectron spectra of Mo and MoO have been measured. The electron affinity of atomic molybdenum is 0.748 2 e- denum monoxide illustrates these difficulties especially well, since the molybdenum atomic ground state
Lineberger, W. Carl
Thermochemical cyclic system for splitting water and/or carbon dioxide by means of cerium compounds and reactions useful therein
A thermochemical cyclic process for producing hydrogen from water comprises reacting ceric oxide with monobasic or dibasic alkali metal phosphate to yield a solid reaction product, oxygen and water. The solid reaction product, alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate, and water, are reacted to yield hydrogen, ceric oxide, carbon dioxide and trialkali metal phosphate. Ceric oxide is recycled. Trialkali metal phosphate, carbon dioxide and water are reacted to yield monobasic or dibasic alkali metal phosphate and alkali metal bicarbonate, which are recycled. The cylic process can be modified for producing carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide by reacting the alkali metal cerous phosphate and alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate in the absence of water to produce carbon monoxide, ceric oxide, carbon dioxide and trialkali metal phosphate. Carbon monoxide can be converted to hydrogen by the water gas shift reaction.
Bamberger, Carlos E. (Oak Ridge, TN); Robinson, Paul R. (Knoxville, TN)
Generation and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Carbon Sequestration in Northwest Indiana
The objective of the project is to develop the technology capable of capturing all carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from natural gas fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system. In addition, the technology to electrochemically oxidize any remaining carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide will be developed. Success of this R&D program would allow for the generation of electrical power and thermal power from a fossil fuel driven SOFC system without the carbon emissions resulting from any other fossil fueled power generationg system.
Kevin Peavey; Norm Bessette
System Performance Comparison of Stencil Operations with the Convey HC-1Revised version 2011/02/17, fixed peak performance of the HC-1
/02/17, fixed peak performance of the HC-1 Julian M. Kunkel, Petra Nerge Research Group: Scientifc Computing: // for all rows for j: // for all columns m[i][j] = a * o[i][j+1] + b * o[i][j-1] + c * o[i-1][j] + d * o[i+1++) / over a l l columns / { star = Matrix [m2 ] [ i -1][ j ] + Matrix [m2 ] [ i ] [ j -1] + Matrix [m2 ] [ i
Cobalt carbonyl catalyzed olefin hydroformylation in supercritical carbon dioxide
A method of olefin hydroformylation is provided wherein an olefin reacts with a carbonyl catalyst and with reaction gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a supercritical reaction solvent, such as carbon dioxide. The invention provides higher yields of n-isomer product without the gas-liquid mixing rate limitation seen in conventional Oxo processes using liquid media.
Rathke, J.W.; Klingler, R.J.
Rathke, Jerome W. (Lockport, IL); Klingler, Robert J. (Westmount, IL)
fuels but also shows that total energy usage has increasedfuels, but also shows that total energy usage has increased
Hydroxyl, water, ammonia, carbon monoxide and neutral carbon towards the Sgr A complex
We observed OH, H$_2$O, HN$_3$, C$^{18}$O, and C$_I$ towards the +50 km/s cloud (M-0.02-0.07), the CND and the +20 km/s (M-0.13-0.08) cloud in the Sgr A complex with the VLA, Odin and SEST. Strong OH absorption, H$_2$O emission and absorption lines were seen at all three positions. Strong C$^{18}$O emissions were seen towards the +50 and +20 km/s clouds. The CND is rich in H$_2$O and OH, and these abundances are considerably higher than in the surrounding clouds, indicating that shocks, star formation and clump collisions prevail in those objects. A comparison with the literature reveals that it is likely that PDR chemistry including grain surface reactions, and perhaps also the influences of shocks has led to the observed abundances of the observed molecular species studied here. In the redward high-velocity line wings of both the +50 and +20 km/s clouds and the CND, the very high H$_2$O abundances are suggested to be caused by the combined action of shock desorption from icy grain mantles and high-temperatu...
Karlsson, Roland; Hjalmarson, �ke; Winnberg, Anders; Fathi, Kambiz; Frisk, Urban; Olberg, Michael
are on the decline of the peak oil production curve, and thedue to the impending peak in oil production and the threatoil production curves for those countries that have passed peak
Carbon dioxide capture process with regenerable sorbents
A process to remove carbon dioxide from a gas stream using a cross-flow, or a moving-bed reactor. In the reactor the gas contacts an active material that is an alkali-metal compound, such as an alkali-metal carbonate, alkali-metal oxide, or alkali-metal hydroxide; or in the alternative, an alkaline-earth metal compound, such as an alkaline-earth metal carbonate, alkaline-earth metal oxide, or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide. The active material can be used by itself or supported on a substrate of carbon, alumina, silica, titania or aluminosilicate. When the active material is an alkali-metal compound, the carbon-dioxide reacts with the metal compound to generate bicarbonate. When the active material is an alkaline-earth metal, the carbon dioxide reacts with the metal compound to generate carbonate. Spent sorbent containing the bicarbonate or carbonate is moved to a second reactor where it is heated or treated with a reducing agent such as, natural gas, methane, carbon monoxide hydrogen, or a synthesis gas comprising of a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The heat or reducing agent releases carbon dioxide gas and regenerates the active material for use as the sorbent material in the first reactor. New sorbent may be added to the regenerated sorbent prior to subsequent passes in the carbon dioxide removal reactor.
Pennline, Henry W. (Bethel Park, PA); Hoffman, James S. (Library, PA)
Office of Learning and Workforce Development (HC-20) | Department of Energy
Learning and Workforce Learning and Workforce Development (HC-20) Office of Learning and Workforce Development (HC-20) Mission Statement and Fuction Statement The mission of the Office of Learning and Workforce Development is to ensure that the Department of Energy workforce possesses the breath of skills and competencies needed in order to successfully accomplish the mission of the agency. The Office of Learning and Workforce Development establishes the vision, strategy and corporate policy to support the Department's talent development requirements. To accomplish its mission, the Office of Learning and Development provides guidance and resources to define and assess critical workforce competencies. The Office also provides strategies to address identified skills gaps. The Department designs, develops, delivers and manages
A tight-binding potential for atomistic simulations of carbon interacting with transition metals: Application to the Ni-C system
, such as steam reforming of methane and methanation of carbon monoxide.2 Another more recent example catalytic reactions in relation with the air pollution problem. Sur- face reactions of methane on nickel
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Method of removing nitrogen monoxide from a nitrogen monoxide-containing gas using a water-soluble iron ion-dithiocarbamate, xanthate or thioxanthate
The present invention relates to a method of removing of nitrogen monoxide from a nitrogen monoxide-containing gas which method comprises contacting a nitrogen oxide-containing gas with an aqueous solution of water soluble organic compound-iron ion chelate complex. The NO absorption efficiency of ferrous urea-dithiocarbamate and ferrous diethanolamine-xanthate as a function of time, oxygen content and solution ph is presented. 3 figs., 1 tab.
Liu, D. Kwok-Keung; Chang, Shih-Ger
Assembly of large metagenome data sets using a Convey HC-1 hybrid core computer ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)
Alex Copeland on "Assembly of large metagenome data sets using a Convey HC-1 hybrid core computer" at the 2012 Sequencing, Finishing, Analysis in the Future Meeting held June 5-7, 2012 in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Copeland, Alex [DOE JGI
Table HC6.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Number of Household Members, 2005
HC6.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Number of Household Members, 2005 HC6.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Number of Household Members, 2005 Total U.S.............................................................. 111.1 30.0 34.8 18.4 15.9 12.0 Cooking Appliances Conventional Ovens Use an Oven.................................................. 109.6 29.5 34.4 18.2 15.7 11.8 1................................................................. 103.3 28.4 32.0 17.3 14.7 11.0 2 or More.................................................... 6.2 1.1 2.5 1.0 0.9 0.8 Do Not Use an Oven...................................... 1.5 0.6 0.4 Q Q Q Most-Used Oven Fuel Electric....................................................... 67.9 18.2 22.5 11.2 9.5 6.5 Natural Gas................................................ 36.4 9.9 10.0 6.1 5.6 4.7 Propane/LPG.............................................
University of California, Santa Cruz Student Health Service HC: 889 (12/1/10) Lab Req & STI Info for Self Directed STI Screening
the tests you want on the Student Health Services Laboratory Requisition Sheet. BRING FORM WITH YOU 3rd GoUniversity of California, Santa Cruz Student Health Service HC: 889 (12/1/10) Lab Req & STI Info;University of California, Santa Cruz Student Health Service HC: 889 (12/1/10) Lab Req & STI Info for Self
Belanger, David P.
Uses for structured catalytic supports, such as ceramic straight-channel monoliths and ceramic foams, have been established for a long time. One of the most prominent examples is the washcoated ceramic monolith as a three-way catalytic converter for gasoline-powered automobiles. A distinct alternative to the ceramic monolith is the metal foam, with potential use in fuel cell-powered automobiles. The metal foams are characterized by their pores per inch (ppi) and density ({rho}). In previous research, using 5 wt% platinum (Pt) and 0.5 wt% iron (Fe) catalysts, washcoated metal foams, 5.08 cm in length and 2.54 cm in diameter, of both varying and similar ppi and {rho} were tested for their activity (X{sub CO}) and selectivity (S{sub CO}) on a CO preferential oxidation (PROX) reaction in the presence of a H{sub 2}-rich gas stream. The variances in these metal foams' activity and selectivity were much larger than expected. Other structured supports with 5 wt% Pt, 0-1 wt% Fe weight loading were also examined. A theory for this phenomenon states that even though these structured supports have a similar nominal catalyst weight loading, only a certain percentage of the Pt/Fe catalyst is exposed on the surface as an active site for CO adsorption. We will use two techniques, pulse chemisorption and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), to characterize our structured supports. Active metal count, metal dispersion, and other calculations will help clarify the causes for the activity and selectivity variations between the supports. Results on ceramic monoliths show that a higher Fe loading yields a lower dispersion, potentially because of Fe inhibition of the Pt surface for CO adsorption. This theory is used to explain the reason for activity and selectivity differences for varying ppi and {rho} metal foams; less active and selective metal foams have a lower Fe loading, which justifies their higher metal dispersion. Data on the CO desorption temperature and average metal crystallite size for TPD are also collected.
Paul Chin; George W. Roberts; James J. Spivey
Validation Study of the MOPITT Retrieval Algorithm: Carbon Monoxide Retrieval from IMG Observations during WINCE
The Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument is an eight-channel gas correlation radiometer selected for the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft launched in December 1999. Algorithms for the retrieval of ...
Jinxue Wang; John C. Gille; Henry E. Revercomb; Von P. Walden
Hazardous Off-Gassing of Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Depletion during Ocean Transportation of
which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1093/annhyg/men013
Wood Pellets; Urban Svedberg; Jerker Samuelsson; Staffan Melin
Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke in the development of cardiorespiratory disease in smokers
in General and Geriatric Medicine, West Suffolk Hospital . 1985 - 1986 . 3) Consultant Physician in General and Geriatric Medicine, Huntingdon District Health Au~hority. 1986. Acknowledgements I am most grateful to the East Anglian Regional Health... was starting in Virginia. Growing was also started at that time in other parts of the world where the climate was suitable e.g. Turkey (Akehurst 1981). During the 18th century snuff became the most popular way of taking tobacco but the habit rapidly...
Borland, Colin David Ross
requirements are a low heat capacity sample and a smallwith hundreds of times the heat capacity of the nickel filmsOnly very thin,low heat capacity samples can be used. A tiny
Bailey, Robert Brian
Continuous Measurement of Carbon Monoxide Improves Combustion Efficiency of CO Boilers
The paper describes the application of in-situ flue gas CO measurement in the operation of CO Boilers and details the steps needed to optimize combustion efficiency.
Gilmour, W. A.; Pregler, D. N.; Branham, R. L.; Prichard, J. J.
Technology development for iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysis. [Pretreatment of catalyst in carbon monoxide
The present study shows that activation of a high surface area Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst in CO in a (CSTR), continuously stirred tank reactor using tetralin as solvent results in an activated that is three times of material that is activated in H{sub 2} or directly in the syngas.
Not Available
Hydrocarbon fuels must be reformed in a series of steps to provide hydrogen for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Preferential oxidation (PROX) is one method to reduce the CO concentration to less than 10 ppm in the presence of {approx}40% H{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}, and steam. This will prevent CO poisoning of the PEMFC anode. Structured supports, such as ceramic monoliths, can be used for the PROX reaction. Alternatively, metal foams offer a number of advantages over the traditional ceramic monolith.
Paul Chin; Xiaolei Sun; George W. Roberts; Amornmart Sirijarhuphan; Sourabh Pansare; James G. Goodwin Jr; Richard W. Rice; James J. Spivey
Synthesis of higher alcohols from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a slurry reactor
Higher, i.e. C{sub 2{sup +}}, alcohols are desired as gasoline additives, feedstocks for producing ethers and as alternative fuels for automobiles. In all cases, the backbone branching of an alcohol improves octane rating, which is essential for good engine performance. These types of branched, higher alcohols are the desired products for a process converting synthesis gas, a CO and H{sub 2} mixture, often generated from coal gasification. Based on this premise, promoted ZnCr oxide catalysts appear to be as one of the best avenues for further investigation. Once this investigation is complete, a natural extension is to replace the Cr in the ZnCr oxide catalyst with Mo and W, both in the same elemental triad with Cr. Mo has already been shown as an active HAS catalyst, both on a SiO{sub 2} support and in the MoS{sub 2} form. The three catalyst combinations, ZnMo, ZnW, and MnCr oxides will be tested in the stirred autoclave system. However, if none of the three indicate any comparable activity and/or selectivity toward higher alcohols as compared with other HAS catalysts, then an investigation of the effects of Cs promotion on the ZnCr oxide methanol catalysts will be executed.
McCutchen, M.S.
Influence of solid fuel on the carbon-monoxide and nitrogen-oxide emissions on sintering
Laboratory and industrial research now underway at the sintering plant of AO Mittal Steel Temirtau is focusing on the preparation of fuel of optimal granulometric composition, the replacement of coke fines, and the adaptation of fuel-input technology so as to reduce fuel consumption and toxic emissions without loss of sinter quality.
M.F. Vitushchenko; N.L. Tatarkin; A.I. Kuznetsov; A.E. Vilkov [AO Mittal Steel Temirtau, Temirtau (Kazakhstan)
Syngas formation in methane flames and carbon monoxide release during quenching
Following a recent investigation into chemi-ionization and chemiluminescence during gradual aeration of small, laminar methane flames, we proposed that partial oxidation products, or syngas constituents, formed in the pre-flame zone well below the luminous region, were responsible for the observed effects. We therefore map temperature, CO, and H{sub 2} for geometries and conditions relevant to burners in domestic boiler systems, to assess the potential hazard of CO release into the ambient atmosphere, should any partial quenching occur. CO concentrations peaks of 5.5 volume % are recorded in the core surrounding the axis. Appreciable CO concentrations are also found in the absence of added air. Experiments on various burner port geometries and temperatures suggest that this is not due to air entrainment at the flame base but to diffusion from zones closer to the flame. Next, quenching surfaces such as grids, perforated plates and flame trap matrices of different metals are progressively lowered into the flame. To avoid flow line distortion, suction aspirates the quenched products. The highest emission rate occurs with the quenching plane some 4 mm above the burner; further lowering of the quenching surface causes flame extinction. The maximum CO release is close to converting 10% of the CH{sub 4} feed, with some variation with quenching material. Expressing this potential release in terms of, e.g. boiler power, predicts a potentially serious hazard. Results of numerical simulations adequately parallel the experimental sampling profiles and provide insights into local concentrations, as well as the spatially resolved CO flux, which is calculated for a parabolic inlet flow profile. Integration across the stream implies, on the basis of the simulation, a possible tripling of the experimental CO release, were quenching simply to release the local gas composition into the atmosphere. Comparison with experiment suggests some chemical interaction with the quenching surface. (author)
Weinberg, Felix; Carleton, Fred; Houdmont, Raphael [Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London (United Kingdom); Dunn-Rankin, Derek; Karnani, Sunny [Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine (United States)
Detection of carbon monoxide (CO) as a furnace byproduct using a rotating mask spectrometer.
Sandia National Laboratories, in partnership with the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), has developed an optical-based sensor for the detection of CO in appliances such as residential furnaces. The device is correlation radiometer based on detection of the difference signal between the transmission spectrum of the sample multiplied by two alternating synthetic spectra (called Eigen spectra). These Eigen spectra are derived from a priori knowledge of the interferents present in the exhaust stream. They may be determined empirically for simple spectra, or using a singular value decomposition algorithm for more complex spectra. Data is presented on the details of the design of the instrument and Eigen spectra along with results from detection of CO in background N{sub 2}, and CO in N{sub 2} with large quantities of interferent CO{sub 2}. Results indicate that using the Eigen spectra technique, CO can be measured at levels well below acceptable limits in the presence of strongly interfering species. In addition, a conceptual design is presented for reducing the complexity and cost of the instrument to a level compatible with consumer products.
Sinclair, Michael B.; Flemming, Jeb Hunter; Blair, Raymond (Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Albuqueruque, NM); Pfeifer, Kent Bryant
Carbon Monoxide Urban Emission Monitoring: A Ground-Based FTIR Case Study
The characterization and the precise measurements of atmospheric pollutant�s concentration are essential to improve the understanding and modeling of urban air pollution processes. The QualAir platform at the Universit� Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)...
Y. T�; E. Dieudonn�; P. Jeseck; F. Hase; J. Hadji-Lazaro; C. Clerbaux; F. Ravetta; S. Payan; I. P�pin; D. Hurtmans; J. Pelon; C. Camy-Peyret
inorganic pollutants: carbon dioxides carbon monoxides ozonetotal aldehydes, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfurquality standards. Carbon dioxide concentrations increased
Berk, J.V.
Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Process for Gas Separation from a Shifted Synthesis Gas Stream
Sequestration and Sequestration and Gasification Technologies Carbon DioxiDe HyDrate ProCess for Gas seParation from a sHifteD syntHesis Gas stream Background One approach to de-carbonizing coal is to gasify it to form fuel gas consisting predominately of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This fuel gas is sent to a shift conversion reactor where carbon monoxide reacts with steam to produce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and hydrogen. After scrubbing the CO 2 from the fuel, a stream of almost pure hydrogen stream remains, which can be burned in a gas turbine or used to power a fuel cell with essentially zero emissions. However, for this approach to be practical, it will require an economical means of separating CO 2 from mixed gas streams. Since viable options for sequestration or reuse of CO
Analysis of black carbon and carbon monoxide observed over the Indian Ocean: Implications for emissions and photochemistry
, the inventories use year-2000 energy forecasts (off a 1995 base) from the RAINS-Asia (regional air pollution running under optimal conditions; in- use engines operating in developing countries may eject more OC; published 4 September 2002. [1] Air from South Asia carries heavy loadings of organic and light
Dickerson, Russell R.
"Table HC3.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Owner-Occupied Housing Unit, 2005"
HC3.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Owner-Occupied Housing Unit, 2005" HC3.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Owner-Occupied Housing Unit, 2005" " Million U.S. Housing Units" ,," Owner-Occupied Housing Units (millions)","Type of Owner-Occupied Housing Unit" ,"U.S. Housing Units (millions" ,,,"Single-Family Units",,"Apartments in Buildings With--" "Home Appliances Characteristics",,,"Detached","Attached","2 to 4 Units","5 or More Units","Mobile Homes" "Total U.S.",111.1,78.1,64.1,4.2,1.8,2.3,5.7 "Cooking Appliances" "Conventional Ovens" "Use an Oven",109.6,77.3,63.4,4.1,1.8,2.3,5.6 "1.",103.3,71.9,58.6,3.9,1.6,2.2,5.5 "2 or More",6.2,5.4,4.8,"Q","Q","Q","Q"
"Table HC4.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Renter-Occupied Housing Unit, 2005"
HC4.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Renter-Occupied Housing Unit, 2005" HC4.9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Renter-Occupied Housing Unit, 2005" " Million U.S. Housing Units" ,," Renter-Occupied Housing Units (millions)","Type of Renter-Occupied Housing Unit" ,"U.S. Housing Units (millions" ,,,"Single-Family Units",,"Apartments in Buildings With--" "Home Appliances Characteristics",,,"Detached","Attached","2 to 4 Units","5 or More Units","Mobile Homes" "Total U.S.",111.1,33,8,3.4,5.9,14.4,1.2 "Cooking Appliances" "Conventional Ovens" "Use an Oven",109.6,32.3,7.9,3.3,5.9,14.1,1.1 "1.",103.3,31.4,7.6,3.3,5.7,13.7,1.1 "2 or More",6.2,0.9,0.3,"Q","Q",0.4,"Q"
CSER 98-003: criticality safety evaluation report for PFP glovebox HC-21A with button can opening
Glovebox HC-21A is an enclosure where cans containing plutonium metal buttons or other plutonium bearing materials are prepared for thermal stabilization in the muffle furnaces. The Inert Atmosphere Confinement (IAC), a new feature added to Glovebox HC-21 A, allows the opening of containers suspected of containing hydrided plutonium metal. The argon atmosphere in the IAC prevents an adverse reaction between oxygen and the hydride. The hydride is then stabilized in a controlled manner to prevent glovebox over pressurization. After removal from the containers, the plutonium metal buttons or plutonium bearing materials will be placed into muffle furnace boats and then be sent to one of the muffle furnace gloveboxes for stabilization. The materials allowed to be brought into Glovebox HC-21A are limited to those with a hydrogen to fissile atom ratio (H/X) {le} 20. Glovebox HC-21A is classified as a DRY glovebox, meaning it has no internal liquid lines, and no free liquids or solutions are allowed to be introduced. The double contingency principle states that designs shall incorporate sufficient factors of safety to require at least two unlikely, independent, and concurrent changes in process conditions before a criticality accident is possible. This criticality safety evaluation report (CSER) shows that the operations to be performed in this glovebox are safe from a criticality standpoint. No single identified event that causes criticality controls to be lost exceeded the criticality safety limit of k{sub eff} = 0.95 (including uncertainties). Therefore, this CSER meets the requirements for a criticality analysis contained in the Hanford Site Nuclear Criticality Safety Manual, HNF-PRO-334, and meets the double contingency principle.
CSER 98-003: Criticality safety evaluation report for PFP glovebox HC-21A with button can opening
Glovebox HC-21A is an enclosure where cans containing plutonium metal buttons or other plutonium bearing materials are prepared for thermal stabilization in the muffle furnaces. The Inert Atmosphere Confinement (IAC), a new feature added to Glovebox HC-21A, allows the opening of containers suspected of containing hydrided plutonium metal. The argon atmosphere in the IAC prevents an adverse reaction between oxygen and the hydride. The hydride is then stabilized in a controlled manner to prevent glovebox over pressurization. After removal from the containers, the plutonium metal buttons or plutonium bearing materials will be placed into muffle furnace boats and then be sent to one of the muffle furnace gloveboxes for stabilization. The materials allowed to be brought into GloveboxHC-21 A are limited to those with a hydrogen to fissile atom ratio (H/X) {le} 20. Glovebox HC-21A is classified as a DRY glovebox, meaning it has no internal liquid lines, and no free liquids or solutions are allowed to be introduced. The double contingency principle states that designs shall incorporate sufficient factors of safety to require at least two unlikely, independent, and concurrent changes in process conditions before a criticality accident is possible. This criticality safety evaluation report (CSER) shows that the operations to be performed in this glovebox are safe from a criticality standpoint. No single identified event that causes criticality controls to be lost exceeded the criticality safety limit of k{sub eff} = 0.95. Therefore, this CSER meets the requirements for a criticality analysis contained in the Hanford Site Nuclear Criticality Safety Manual, HNF-PRO-334, and meets the double contingency principle.
ASSIGNMENT OF 5069 A DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BAND TO HC{sub 4}H{sup +}: DISAGREEMENT WITH LABORATORY ABSORPTION BAND
Krelowski et al. have reported a weak, diffuse interstellar band (DIB) at 5069 A which appears to match in both mid-wavelength and width the A {sup 2}{Pi}{sub u}-X {sup 2}{Pi}{sub g} gas-phase origin absorption band of HC{sub 4}H{sup +}. Here, we present laboratory rotational profiles at low temperatures which are then compared with the 5069 A DIB using {approx}0.1 and 0.3 A line widths based on a realistic line-of-sight interstellar velocity dispersion. Neither the band shape nor the wavelength of the maximum absorption match, which makes the association of the 5069 A DIB with HC{sub 4}H{sup +} unlikely. The magnetic dipole transition X {sup 2}{Pi}{sub g} {Omega} = 1/2{yields}X {sup 2}{Pi}{sub g} {Omega} = 3/2 within the ground electronic state which competes with collisional excitation is also considered. In addition, we present the laboratory gas-phase spectrum of the A {sup 2}{Pi}{sub u}-X {sup 2}{Pi}{sub g} transition of HC{sub 4}H{sup +} measured at 25 K in an ion trap and identify further absorption bands at shorter wavelengths for comparison with future DIB data.
Maier, J. P.; Chakrabarty, S.; Mazzotti, F. J.; Rice, C. A.; Dietsche, R. [Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 80, CH-4056 Basel (Switzerland); Walker, G. A. H. [1234 Hewlett Place, Victoria, BC V8S 4P7 (Canada); Bohlender, D. A., E-mail: email@example.com [National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7 (Canada)
Quantification of Black Carbon and Other Pollutant Emissions from a
Quantification of Black Carbon and Other Pollutant Emissions from a Quantification of Black Carbon and Other Pollutant Emissions from a Traditional and an Improved Cookstove Title Quantification of Black Carbon and Other Pollutant Emissions from a Traditional and an Improved Cookstove Publication Type Report LBNL Report Number LBNL-6062E Year of Publication 2010 Authors Kirchstetter, Thomas W., Chelsea Preble, Odelle L. Hadley, and Ashok J. Gadgil Keywords aethalometer, Berkeley Darfur Stove, black carbon, carbon monoxide, climate change, DustTrak, global warming, improved cookstoves, indoor air quality, LBNL Stove Testing Facility, particulate matter, photoacoustic absorption spectrometer, pollutant emission factor, three-stone fire Abstract Traditional methods of cooking in developing regions of the world emit pollutants that
High conversion of coal to transportation fuels for the future with low HC gas production. Progress report, October 1, 1995--December 31, 1995
Experimental coal liquefaction studies conducted in a batch microreactor in our laboratory have demonstrated potential for high conversions of coal to liquids with low yields of hydrocarbon (HC) gases, hence a small consumption of hydrogen in the primary liquefaction step. Ratios of liquids/HC gases as high as 30/1, at liquid yields as high as 82% of the coal by weight, have been achieved. The principal objective of this work is to examine how nearly we may approach these results in a continuous-flow system, at a size sufficient to evaluate the process concept for production of transportation fuels from coal.
Wiser, W.H.; Oblad, A.G.
I'hc I>ci~~t'tiiicnt-wIclc A-70 Infomiation Technology (IT) Competitive Sourcirig
5 5 , 3004 SIJI3JII( ' ' 1 ~ : 1'1' A-76 'I'ransition f'lanning and Iniplcnientation I'hc I>ci~~t'tiiicnt-wIclc A-70 Infomiation Technology (IT) Competitive Sourcirig Study i s iiioving into the final phascs. AS you know, the request lor propos;il ( i < l ~ ' l ~ ) W;IS rclcasccl in mid-Aiigiist. I would lIke lo taltc this oppor-turiity lo itifbr-ni yo11 ol- liitur-c ;ictivitics rclatcti to the remaining aspects of the proccss. 'l'lic cvnipetitivc sourcing study has provided the entire Department with ;I ~iriiqtic opportunity to reaffirm it's cnininitniciit to strengthened 1'1' policics and practices. As w c move hrward, it is imperative to ilriplcmcnt various policies, plans, a i ~ l ;iclivities t-clatcd t o IT organizational realignment and thc acquisition of 1'1'
CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE ALLCOMP Carbon-Carbon Composite
strength 4340 steel, carbon-carbon composite, and Carbon-Silicon Carbide composite were tested to examine-C composite containing continuous PAN T300 fibers · SWB: Chopped Fiber Composite containing SWB fibers Crush
Rollins, Andrew M.
Published: April 28, 2011 r 2011 American Chemical Society 629 dx.doi.org/10.1021/cs200092c |ACS Catal. 2011, 1, 629635
and diesel generate harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), particulates, and sulfur oxides (SOx). Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), an alternative cleaner burning fuel, is gaining ground for use in internal combustion engines.1 Liquefied petroleum gas has
Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R.
Numerical Simulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in n-Heptane HCCI Combustion
By modifying the SENKIN code of CHEMKIN chemical kinetics package, the combustion processes and the characteristics of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide(CO) emissions of a HCCI engine were simulated. Furthermore, the formation of benzene (A1) and ... Keywords: n-neptane, HCCI, multi-zone model, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Zeng Wen; Ma Hong-an
Harmful Exhaust Emissions Monitoring of Road Vehicle Engine
Road vehicle improve the quality of people's life, however harmful vehicle exhaust emissions, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and sulphur dioxide (SO2), have become more and more unacceptable ... Keywords: optic absorption spectroscopy based gas sensor, harmful exhaust emission monitoring, engine vibration
Chuliang Wei; Zhemin Zhuang; H. Ewald; A. I. Al-Shamma'a
Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture Research | Department of Energy
Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture Research Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture Research Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture Research Pre-combustion capture refers to removing CO2 from fossil fuels before combustion is completed. For example, in gasification processes a feedstock (such as coal) is partially oxidized in steam and oxygen/air under high temperature and pressure to form synthesis gas. This synthesis gas, or syngas, is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, CO2, and smaller amounts of other gaseous components, such as methane. The syngas can then undergo the water-gas shift reaction to convert CO and water (H2O) to H2 and CO2, producing a H2 and CO2-rich gas mixture. The concentration of CO2 in this mixture can range from 15-50%. The CO2 can then be captured and separated, transported, and ultimately sequestered, and the H2-rich fuel combusted.
HC: 749 (7/13) CruzCare Enroll/Cancel Form UCSC Student Health Services Phone: (831) 459-2389 Fax: (831) 459-4050
HC: 749 (7/13) CruzCare Enroll/Cancel Form UCSC Student Health Services Phone: (831) 459-2389 Fax center laboratory tests for illness or injury Unlimited in-house health center X-ray exams for illness: (831) 459-4050 Student Health Insurance Office E-mail: email@example.com 1156 High Street,Santa Cruz, CA
HC: 749 (7/12) CruzCare Enroll/Cancel Form UCSC Student Health Services Phone: (831) 459-2389 Fax: (831) 459-4050
HC: 749 (7/12) CruzCare Enroll/Cancel Form UCSC Student Health Services Phone: (831) 459-2389 Fax laboratory tests for illness or injury Unlimited in-house health center X-ray exams for illness or injury: (831) 459-4050 Student Health Insurance Office E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 1156 High Street,Santa Cruz, CA
California at Santa Cruz, University of
This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about carbon tetrachloride.
unknown authors
NETL: Carbon Storage
Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (RCSP) Programmatic Points of Contact Carbon Storage Program Infrastructure Coordinator Carbon Storage...
Process for the conversion of carbonaceous feedstocks to particulate carbon and methanol
A process is described for the production of a pollutant-free particulate carbon (i.e., a substantially ash-, sulfur- and nitrogen-free carbon) from carbonaceous feedstocks. The basic process involves de-oxygenating one of the gas streams formed in a cyclic hydropyrolysis-methane pyrolysis process in order to improve conversion of the initial carbonaceous feedstock. De-oxygenation is effected by catalytically converting carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen contained in one of the pyrolysis gas streams, preferably the latter, to a methanol co-product. There are thus produced two products whose use is known per se, viz., a substantially pollutant-free particulate carbon black and methanol. These products may be admixed in the form of a liquid slurry of carbon black in methanol. 3 figs.
Steinberg, M.; Grohse, E.W.
A process for the production of a pollutant-free particulate carbon (i.e., a substantially ash-, sulfur- and nitrogen-free carbon) from carbonaceous feedstocks. The basic process involves de-oxygenating one of the gas streams formed in a cyclic hydropyrolysis-methane pyrolysis process in order to improve conversion of the initial carbonaceous feedstock. De-oxygenation is effected by catalytically converting carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen contained in one of the pyrolysis gas streams, preferably the latter, to a methanol co-product. There are thus produced two products whose use is known per se, viz., a substantially pollutant-free particulate carbon black and methanol. These products may be admixed in the form of a liquid slurry of carbon black in methanol.
Steinberg, Meyer (Melville, NY); Grohse, Edward W. (Port Jefferson, NY)
The effect of carbon monoxide on the colour stability and quality of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus Albacares) muscle.
??ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Processors face the problem of extending the shelf-life of yellowfin tuna, while still maintaining the desirable bright red colour. Methods which have commonly� (more)
Neethling, Nikki E.
Program on Technology Innovation: Monitoring Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide in Combustion Gases with Laser Absorption Sensors
Two important considerations for monitoring CO/O2 and NO/NH3 in the flue gas of coal-fired boilers include (1) optimization of the air/fuel distribution to individual burners, thereby enabling lower excess oxygen operation, reduced NOx emissions, and improved unit heat rate, and (2) optimization of NH3/NOx distribution at the inlet of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactor, thereby enabling increased NOx reduction performance while maintaining ammonia slip targets. Lower NOx emissions can be achie...
System. � B. Procedures. Catalyst Preparation Infrared DiskPreparation. Catalyst Characterization. PreliminaryReduction by CO Over a Pt Catalyst," M.S. thesis, Department
Lorimer, D.H.
Formation Over a 1.01; Ru/A1 o Catalyst at 498K H/CO P (atm)a silica-supported Ru catalyst Fig. 2 Effect of feed flowan alumina-supported Ru catalyst Fig. 3 Effect of reaction
Kellner, C.Stephen
Seasonal variation of carbon monoxide in northern Japan: Fourier transform IR measurements and source-labeled model calculations
the Siberian high and Aleutian low dominated over northernthe Siberian high and Aleutian low resulted in higher
emissions in this study. Fossil fuel and biofuel emissionsdirect emissions by 20% (fossil fuel) and 10% (biofuel andNMVOC) emissions from fossil fuels [Piccot et al. , 1992
is consistent with the projection discussed above. Theis consistent with the projection given recently by Wilson (
R. B. , "The Fischer-Tropsch and Related Syntheses", Wiley,with hydrocarbons during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over iron
A Semi-Empirical Two Step Carbon Corrosion Reaction Model in PEM Fuel Cells
The cathode CL of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was exposed to high potentials, 1.0 to 1.4 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), that are typically encountered during start up/shut down operation. While both platinum dissolution and carbon corrosion occurred, the carbon corrosion effects were isolated and modeled. The presented model separates the carbon corrosion process into two reaction steps; (1) oxidation of the carbon surface to carbon-oxygen groups, and (2) further corrosion of the oxidized surface to carbon dioxide/monoxide. To oxidize and corrode the cathode catalyst carbon support, the CL was subjected to an accelerated stress test cycled the potential from 0.6 VRHE to an upper potential limit (UPL) ranging from 0.9 to 1.4 VRHE at varying dwell times. The reaction rate constants and specific capacitances of carbon and platinum were fitted by evaluating the double layer capacitance (Cdl) trends. Carbon surface oxidation increased the Cdl due to increased specific capacitance for carbon surfaces with carbon-oxygen groups, while the second corrosion reaction decreased the Cdl due to loss of the overall carbon surface area. The first oxidation step differed between carbon types, while both reaction rate constants were found to have a dependency on UPL, temperature, and gas relative humidity.
Young, Alan; Colbow, Vesna; Harvey, David; Rogers, Erin; Wessel, Silvia
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle Latest Global Carbon Budget Estimates Including CDIAC Estimates Terrestrial Carbon Management Data Sets and Analyses Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Consumption and Cement Manufacture, (2011) Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (2012) Monthly Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (2012) Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Global Stable Carbon Isotopic Signature (2012) Monthly Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Isomass (δ 13C) of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (2012) AmeriFlux - Terrestrial Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Balance Measurements Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and Associated 13C/12C Values
Carbon Isotopes
Atmospheric Trace Gases » Carbon Isotopes Atmospheric Trace Gases » Carbon Isotopes Carbon Isotopes Gateway Pages to Isotopes Data Modern Records of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Carbon-13 in Methane 800,000 Deuterium Record and Shorter Records of Various Isotopic Species from Ice Cores Carbon-13 13C in CO Measurements from Niwot Ridge, Colorado and Montana de Oro, California (Tyler) 13C in CO2 NOAA/CMDL Flask Network (White and Vaughn) CSIRO GASLAB Flask Network (Allison, Francey, and Krummel) CSIRO in situ measurements at Cape Grim, Tasmania (Francey and Allison) Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Keeling et al.) 13C in CH4 NOAA/CMDL Flask Network (Miller and White) Northern & Southern Hemisphere Sites (Quay and Stutsman) Northern & Southern Hemisphere Sites (Stevens)
factors�for�carbon�monoxide,�nitrogen�oxides,� nitrogen�dioxide,�factors�were�determined�for�carbon�monoxide,�nitrogen�oxides,�nitrogen�dioxide,�
Singer, Brett C.
Integration of carbonate fuel cells with advanced coal gasification systems
Carbonate fuel cells have attributes which make them ideally suited to operate on coal-derived fuel gas; they can convert the methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide present in coal derived fuel gas directly to electricity, are not subject to thermodynamic cycle limits as are heat engines, and operate at temperatures compatible with coal gasifiers. Some new opportunities for improved efficiency have been identified in integrated coal gasification/carbonate fuel cells which take advantage of low temperature catalytic coal gasification producing a methane-rich fuel gas, and the internal methane reforming capabilities of Energy Research Corporation's carbonate fuel cells. By selecting the appropriate operating conditions and catalyst in the gasifier, methane formation is maximized to improve gasification efficiency and to take advantage of the heat management aspects of the internal reforming carbonate fuel cell. These advanced integrated gasification/carbonate fuel cell systems are projected to have better efficiencies than gasification/carbonate fuel cell systems employing conventional gasification, and also competing non-fuel cell systems. These improved efficiencies would be accompanied by a corresponding reduction in impact on the environment as well.
Steinfeld, G. (Energy Research Corp., Danbury, CT (United States)); Meyers, S.J. (Fluor Daniel, Inc., Irvine, CA (United States)); Hauserman, W.B. (North Dakota Univ., Grand Forks, ND (United States). Energy and Environmental Research Center)
Carbonate fuel cells have attributes which make them ideally suited to operate on coal-derived fuel gas; they can convert the methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide present in coal derived fuel gas directly to electricity, are not subject to thermodynamic cycle limits as are heat engines, and operate at temperatures compatible with coal gasifiers. Some new opportunities for improved efficiency have been identified in integrated coal gasification/carbonate fuel cells which take advantage of low temperature catalytic coal gasification producing a methane-rich fuel gas, and the internal methane reforming capabilities of Energy Research Corporation`s carbonate fuel cells. By selecting the appropriate operating conditions and catalyst in the gasifier, methane formation is maximized to improve gasification efficiency and to take advantage of the heat management aspects of the internal reforming carbonate fuel cell. These advanced integrated gasification/carbonate fuel cell systems are projected to have better efficiencies than gasification/carbonate fuel cell systems employing conventional gasification, and also competing non-fuel cell systems. These improved efficiencies would be accompanied by a corresponding reduction in impact on the environment as well.
Steinfeld, G. [Energy Research Corp., Danbury, CT (United States); Meyers, S.J. [Fluor Daniel, Inc., Irvine, CA (United States); Hauserman, W.B. [North Dakota Univ., Grand Forks, ND (United States). Energy and Environmental Research Center
MOBILE6 Vehicle Emission Modeling Software | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
MOBILE6 Vehicle Emission Modeling Software MOBILE6 Vehicle Emission Modeling Software Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary Name: MOBILE6 Agency/Company /Organization: United States Environmental Protection Agency Sector: Energy Focus Area: Transportation Topics: GHG inventory Resource Type: Software/modeling tools User Interface: Desktop Application Website: www.epa.gov/oms/m6.htm Cost: Free References: http://www.epa.gov/oms/m6.htm MOBILE6 is an emission factor model for predicting gram per mile emissions of Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Particulate Matter (PM), and toxics from cars, trucks, and motorcycles under various conditions. MOBILE6 is an emission factor model for predicting gram per mile emissions of Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotubes. Sponsored by: TMS Electronic, Magnetic and Photonic Materials Division Date and Time: Sunday, February 13, 2005 ~ 8:30 am-5:00 pm
Carbon Nanomaterials
Mar 12, 2012 ... The graphene film was spin-coated using carbon nanotubes to form the cathode of the field emission device. A phosphor coated graphene-PET�...
NETL: Carbon Storage - Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
CSLF Carbon Storage Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum CSLF Logo The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) is a voluntary climate initiative of industrially developed and...
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle Print E-mail U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program The U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program, in consultation with the Carbon Cycle...
Carbon Sequestration
David a. Lang David a. Lang Project Manager National Energy Technology Laboratory 626 Cochrans Mill Road P.O. Box 10940 Pittsburgh, PA 15236 412-386-4881 email@example.com andrew chizmeshya Arizona State University Center for Solid State Science Tempe, AZ 85287-1704 480-965-6072 email@example.com A Novel ApproAch to MiNerAl cArboNAtioN: eNhANciNg cArboNAtioN While AvoidiNg MiNerAl pretreAtMeNt process cost Background Carbonation of the widely occurring minerals of the olivine group, such as forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ), is a potential large-scale sequestration process that converts CO 2 into the environmentally benign mineral magnesite (MgCO 3 ). Because the process is exothermic, it inherently offers low-cost potential. Enhancing carbonation reactivity is the key to economic viability. Previous
Traffic-related air pollution exposures and changes in heart rate variability in Mexico City: A panel study
related pollutants including PM 2.5 , carbon dioxide (COparticles; CO 2 : Carbon dioxide; CO: Carbon monoxide; HF:2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ),
Modern Records of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Atmospheric Carbon...
Modern Records of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Carbon-13 in Methane Modern Records of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and...
Carbon supercapacitors
Carbon supercapacitors are represented as distributed RC networks with transmission line equivalent circuits. At low charge/discharge rates and low frequencies these networks approximate a simple series R{sub ESR}C circuit. The energy efficiency of the supercapacitor is limited by the voltage drop across the ESR. The pore structure of the carbon electrode defines the electrochemically active surface area which in turn establishes the volume specific capacitance of the carbon material. To date, the highest volume specific capacitance reported for a supercapacitor electrode is 220F/cm{sup 3} in aqueous H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} (10) and {approximately}60 F/cm{sup 3} in nonaqueous electrolyte (8).
Delnick, F.M.
Carbon particles
A method and apparatus whereby small carbon particles are made by pyrolysis of a mixture of acetylene carried in argon. The mixture is injected through a nozzle into a heated tube. A small amount of air is added to the mixture. In order to prevent carbon build-up at the nozzle, the nozzle tip is externally cooled. The tube is also elongated sufficiently to assure efficient pyrolysis at the desired flow rates. A key feature of the method is that the acetylene and argon, for example, are premixed in a dilute ratio, and such mixture is injected while cool to minimize the agglomeration of the particles, which produces carbon particles with desired optical properties for use as a solar radiant heat absorber.
Hunt, Arlon J. (Oakland, CA)
Internal energy and parameters of the order-disorder phase transition in titanium monoxide TiO{sub y}
Quantum-mechanical ab initio calculations are used to simulate the free energy functions for titanium monoxide TiO{sub y}. The effect of the long-range order of the Ti{sub 5}O{sub 5} type superstructure on the internal energy of the compound is studied by the supercell method. The dependences of the configuration entropy and free energy on the long-range order parameter are determined. It is found that the order-disorder phase transition in titanium monoxide must occur in accordance with the mechanism of the first-order phase transition with a critical value of the long-range order parameter of 0.971. The calculated parameters of the phase transition are compared with the experimental data and the results obtained using the model of point charges and by calculating the Madelung energy. It is concluded that the short-range order and the phonon entropy must be taken into account in calculating the equilibrium phase diagrams for strongly nonstoichiometric compounds.
Kostenko, M. G.; Rempel, A. A., E-mail: email@example.com [Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solid-State Chemistry, Ural Branch (Russian Federation); Lukoyanov, A. V. [Ural Federal University (Russian Federation)
Carbon microtubes
A carbon microtube comprising a hollow, substantially tubular structure having a porous wall, wherein the microtube has a diameter of from about 10 .mu.m to about 150 .mu.m, and a density of less than 20 mg/cm.sup.3. Also described is a carbon microtube, having a diameter of at least 10 .mu.m and comprising a hollow, substantially tubular structure having a porous wall, wherein the porous wall comprises a plurality of voids, said voids substantially parallel to the length of the microtube, and defined by an inner surface, an outer surface, and a shared surface separating two adjacent voids.
Peng, Huisheng (Shanghai, CN); Zhu, Yuntian Theodore (Cary, NC); Peterson, Dean E. (Los Alamos, NM); Jia, Quanxi (Los Alamos, NM)
Carbon | Open Energy Information
Carbon Sector Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titleCarbon&oldid271960" Categories: Articles with outstanding TODO tasks...
Carbon Additionality: Discussion Paper
Carbon Additionality: A review Discussion Paper Gregory Valatin November 2009 Forest Research. Voluntary Carbon Standards American Carbon Registry Forest Carbon Project Standard (ACRFCPS) 27 CarbonFix Standard (CFS) 28 Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard (CCBS) 28 Forest Carbon Standard (FCS) 28
Frey, H.C., and P.Y. Kuo, "Potential Best Practices for Reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Freight Transportation," Paper No. 2007-AWMA-443, Proceedings, 100th
Frey, H.C., and P.Y. Kuo, "Potential Best Practices for Reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions for approximately 9% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States.1-2 The individual contributions or developing potential best practices and their effectiveness at reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Frey, H. Christopher
Technology Technology Laboratory 626 Cochrans Mill Road P.O. Box 10940 Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940 412-386-4966 email@example.com Kevin o'Brien Principal Investigator SRI International Materials Research Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, AK 94025 650-859-3528 email@example.com Fabrication and Scale-Up oF polybenzimidazole - baSed membrane SyStem For pre - combUStion captUre oF carbon dioxide Background In order to effectively sequester carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from a gasification plant, there must be an economically viable method for removing the CO 2 from other gases. While CO 2 separation technologies currently exist, their effectiveness is limited. Amine-based separation technologies work only at low temperatures, while pressure-swing absorption and cryogenic distillation consume significantly
andrea Mcnemar andrea Mcnemar National Energy Technology Laboratory 3610 Collins Ferry Road P.O. Box 880 Morgantown, WV 26507-0880 304-285-2024 firstname.lastname@example.com Gregory J. Elbring Principal Investigator Sandia National Laboratory P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185 505-844-4904 email@example.com GeoloGic SequeStration of carbon DioxiDe in a DepleteD oil reServoir: a comprehenSive moDelinG anD Site monitorinG project Background The use of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to enhance oil recovery (EOR) is a familiar and frequently used technique in the United States. The oil and gas industry has significant experience with well drilling and injecting CO 2 into oil-bearing formations to enhance production. While using similar techniques as in oil production, this sequestration field
Characteristics of carbonized sludge for co-combustion in pulverized coal power plants
Co-combustion of sewage sludge can destabilize its combustion profile due to high volatility, which results in unstable flame. We carried out fuel reforming for sewage sludge by way of carbonization at pyrolysis temperature of 300-500 deg. C. Fuel characteristics of carbonized sludge at each temperature were analyzed. As carbonization temperature increased, fuel ratio increased, volatile content reduced, and atomic ratio relation of H/C and O/C was similar to that of lignite. The analysis result of FT-IR showed the decrease of aliphatic C-H bond and O-C bond in carbonization. In the analysis result of TG-DTG, the thermogravimetry reduction temperature of carbonized sludge (CS400) was proven to be higher than that of dried sludge, but lower than that of sub-bituminous coal. Hardgrove grindability index increased in proportion to fuel ratio increase, where the carbonized sludge value of 43-110 was similar or higher than the coal value of 49-63. As for ash deposits, slagging and fouling index were higher than that of coal. When carbonized sludge (CS400) and coal were co-combusted in 1-10% according to calorific value, slagging tendency was low in all conditions, and fouling tendency was medium or high according to the compositions of coal.
Park, Sang-Woo [Department of Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 305-719 (Korea, Republic of); Jang, Cheol-Hyeon, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 305-719 (Korea, Republic of)
Incorporation of catalytic dehydrogenation into Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to lower carbon dioxide emissions
A method for producing liquid fuels includes the steps of gasifying a starting material selected from a group consisting of coal, biomass, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof to produce a syngas, subjecting that syngas to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce a hyrdrocarbon product stream, separating that hydrocarbon product stream into C1-C4 hydrocarbons and C5+ hydrocarbons to be used as liquid fuels and subjecting the C1-C4 hydrocarbons to catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) to produce hydrogen and carbon nanotubes. The hydrogen produced by CDH is recycled to be mixed with the syngas incident to the FTS reactor in order to raise the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of the syngas to values of 2 or higher, which is required to produce liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This is accomplished with little or no production of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The carbon is captured in the form of a potentially valuable by-product, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), while huge emissions of carbon dioxide are avoided and very large quantities of water employed for the water-gas shift in traditional FTS systems are saved.
Huffman, Gerald P
Gasification behavior of carbon residue in bed solids of black liquor gasifier
Steam gasification of carbon residue in bed solids of a low-temperature black liquor gasifier was studied using a thermogravimetric system at 3 bar. Complete gasification of the carbon residue, which remained unreactive at 600 C, was achieved in about 10 min as the temperature increased to 800 C. The rate of gasification and its temperature dependence were evaluated from the non-isothermal experiment results. Effects of particle size and adding H{sub 2} and CO to the gasification agent were also studied. The rate of steam gasification could be taken as zero order in carbon until 80% of carbon was gasified, and for the rest of the gasification process the rate appeared to be first order in carbon. The maximum rate of carbon conversion was around 0.003/s and the activation energy was estimated to be in the range of 230-300 kJ/mol. The particle size did not show significant effect on the rate of gasification. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide appeared to retard the onset of the gasification process. (author)
Preto, Fernando; Zhang, Xiaojie (Frank); Wang, Jinsheng [CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Natural Resources (Canada)
Nanostructuring of Microporous Carbons with Carbon Nanotubes for ...
Presentation Title, Nanostructuring of Microporous Carbons with Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Capture. Author(s), Stephen C. Hawkins, �...
Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of published...
Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of published data and implications for climate forcing Title Aerosol organic carbon to black carbon ratios: Analysis of...
Carbon Steels
Table 1 Corrosion rates of carbon steel at various locations...Vancouver Island, BC, Canada Rural marine 13 0.5 Detroit, MI Industrial 14.5 0.57 Fort Amidor Pier, CZ Marine 14.5 0.57 Morenci, MI Urban 19.5 0.77 Potter County, PA Rural 20 0.8 Waterbury, CT Industrial 22.8 0.89 State College, PA Rural 23 0.9 Montreal, QC, Canada Urban 23 0.9 Durham, NH Rural 28 1.1...
Photosynthesis and coccolith formation: Inorganic carbon sources and net inorganic reaction of deposition, Limnol
The concept that the formation ofCnC0, coccoliths functions as a photosynthetic adaptation for the use of bicarbonate is evaluated in the coccolithophorids Coccoliths hudeyi and Cricosphneru carterae by two new methods. In the first, carbon fixation is measured at 10-s intervals in the first 2 min after addition of �CO, and II��CO,- to buffered cultures; this method exploits the relatively long half-time for the hydration or dehydration of dissolved COP. In the second, shifts in pH and alkalinity resulting from carbon fixation by cells growing in liqllid culture are assessed to indicate fluxes of COz and HC03- into cells and these values compared to measurements of l�C incorporation in photosynthesis and carbonate deposition. The data are interpreted in terms of one of several net inorganic reactions of deposition considered. In this reaction, CO, is the substrate of photosynthesis and HCO,- is the form of carbon supplied to the calcification site. CO, resulting from carbonate deposition supplements the COz from the medium that diffuses into cells as a source of carbon for photosynthesis. The relationship between photosynthesis and calcification has received considerable attention (see Darlcy 1974; Borowitzka and Larkum 1976; Pentecost 1978). Although calcification is clearly stimulated by light, a direct link to photosynthesis has been difficult to establish. An early hypothesis held that both processes depended on a common supply of IICO13- from the medium (Lewin 1962):
C. Stewn Sikes; Robert D. Row; Karl M. Wilbur
Carbon Ionic Conductors for use in Novel Carbon-Ion Fuel Cells
Carbon-consuming fuel cells have many potential advantages, including increased efficiency and reduced pollution in power generation from coal. A large amount of work has already been done on coal fuel cells that utilize yttria-stabilized zirconium carbide as an oxygen-ion superionic membrane material. But high-temperature fuel cells utilizing yttria-stabilized zirconium require partial combustion of coal to carbon monoxide before final oxidation to carbon dioxide occurs via utilization of the oxygen- ion zirconia membrane. A carbon-ion superionic membrane material would enable an entirely new class of carbon fuel cell to be developed, one that would use coal directly as the fuel source, without any intervening combustion process. However, a superionic membrane material for carbon ions has not yet been found. Because no partial combustion of coal would be required, a carbon-ion superionic conductor would allow the direct conversion of coal to electricity and pure CO{sub 2} without the formation of gaseous pollutants. The objective of this research was to investigate ionic lanthanide carbides, which have an unusually high carbon-bond ionicity as potential superionic carbide-ion conductors. A first step in this process is the stabilization of these carbides in the cubic structure, and this stabilization has been achieved via the preparation of pseudobinary lanthanide carbides. The diffusion rates of carbon have been measured in these carbides as stabilized to preserve the high temperature cubic structure down to room temperature. To prepare these new compounds and measure these diffusion rates, a novel, oxide-based preparation method and a new C{sup 13}/C{sup 12} diffusion technique have been developed. The carbon diffusion rates in La{sup 0.5}Er{sup 0.5}C{sub 2}, Ce{sup 0.5}Er{sup 0.5}C{sub 2}, and La{sup 0.5}Y{sup 0.5}C{sub 2}, and Ce{sup 0.5}Tm0.5C{sub 2} modified by the addition of 5 wt %Be{sub 2}C, have been determined at temperatures from 850 C to 1150 C. The resulting diffusion constants as measured were all less than 10{sup -11} cm{sup 2}/sec, and therefore these compounds are not superionic. However, there remain a large number of potentially superionic pseudobinary lanthanide compounds and a number of alternate ionic carbides which might act as dopants to produce vacancies on the carbon-ion sublattice and thereby increase carbon-ion diffusion rates. The discovery of a superionic carbon conductor would usher in a truly revolutionary new coal technology, and could dramatically improve the way in which we generate electricity from coal. The work completed to date is a promising first step towards this end.
Franklin H. Cocks; W. Neal Simmons; Paul A. Klenk
Carbon Sequestration Project Portfolio
Home > Technologies > Carbon Storage > Reference Shelf > Project Portfolio Home > Technologies > Carbon Storage > Reference Shelf > Project Portfolio Carbon Storage 2011 Carbon Storage Project Portfolio Table of Contents CARBON STORAGE OVERVIEW Carbon Storage Program Contacts [PDF-26KB] Carbon Storage Projects National Map [PDF-169KB] State Projects Summary Table [PDF-39KB] Carbon Storage Program Structure [PDF-181KB] Selected Carbon Sequestration Program Papers and Publications The U.S. Department of Energy's R&D Program to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Beneficial Uses of Carbon Dioxide (2011) [PDF-3.3MB] Greenhouse Gas Science and Technology Carbon Capture and Sequestration: The U.S. Department of Energy's R&D Efforts to Characterize Opportunities for Deep Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Offshore Resources (2011) [PDF-445KB]
Photophysics of carbon nanotubes
This thesis reviews the recent advances made in optical studies of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Studying the electronic and vibrational properties of carbon nanotubes, we find that carbon nanotubes less than 1 nm in ...
Samsonidze, Georgii G
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gateway Pages to Carbon Dioxide Data Modern records and ice core records back 2000 years 800,000 year records from ice cores Other...
Method of making carbon-carbon composites
A process for making 2D and 3D carbon-carbon composites having a combined high crystallinity, high strength, high modulus and high thermal and electrical conductivity. High-modulus/high-strength mesophase derived carbon fibers are woven into a suitable cloth. Layers of this easily graphitizible woven cloth are infiltrated with carbon material to form green composites. The carbonized composite is then impregnated several times with pitch by covering the composite with hot pitch under pressure. The composites are given a heat treatment between each impregnant step to crack up the infiltrated carbon and allow additional pitch to enter the microstructure during the next impregnation cycle. The impregnated composites are then given a final heat treatment in the range 2500.degree. to 3100.degree. C. to fully graphitize the fibers and the matrix carbon. The composites are then infiltrated with pyrolytic carbon by chemical vapor deposition in the range 1000.degree. C. to 1300.degree. C. at a reduced. pressure.
Engle, Glen B. (16716 Martincoit Rd., Poway, CA 92064)
Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production
#12;Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward Zero Carbon Energy Production Toward
Narasayya, Vivek
Carbon Code Requirements for voluntary carbon sequestration projects
Woodland Carbon Code Requirements for voluntary carbon sequestration projects ® Version 1.2 July of group schemes 8 2.6 Monitoring 9 2.7 Carbon statements and reporting 9 2.8 Woodland Carbon Code trademark 10 3. Carbon sequestration 11 3.1 Units of carbon calculation 11 3.2 Carbon baseline 11 3.3 Carbon
Woodland Carbon Code Requirements for voluntary carbon sequestration projects ® Version 1.1 July.6 Monitoring 8 2.7 Carbon statements and reporting 8 2.8 Woodland Carbon Code trademark 9 3. Carbon sequestration 10 3.1 Units of carbon calculation 10 3.2 Carbon baseline 10 3.3 Carbon leakage 11 3.4 Project
DOE Carbon Sequestration Program
Carbon Sequestration Program Charles E. Schmidt Carbon Sequestration Product Manager National Energy Technology Laboratory David J. Beecy Director, Office of Environmental Systems...
Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites, Methods of Making Carbon ...
This technology describes methods to fabricate supercapacitors using aligned carbon nanotubes that are decorated with metal oxide or nitride ...
Composite carbon foam electrode
Carbon aerogels used as a binder for granulated materials, including other forms of carbon and metal additives, are cast onto carbon or metal fiber substrates to form composite carbon thin film sheets. The thin film sheets are utilized in electrochemical energy storage applications, such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (aerocapacitors), lithium based battery insertion electrodes, fuel cell electrodes, and electrocapacitive deionization electrodes. The composite carbon foam may be formed by prior known processes, but with the solid particles being added during the liquid phase of the process, i.e. prior to gelation. The other forms of carbon may include carbon microspheres, carbon powder, carbon aerogel powder or particles, graphite carbons. Metal and/or carbon fibers may be added for increased conductivity. The choice of materials and fibers will depend on the electrolyte used and the relative trade off of system resistivity and power to system energy. 1 fig.
Mayer, S.T.; Pekala, R.W.; Kaschmitter, J.L.
Carbon aerogels used as a binder for granularized materials, including other forms of carbon and metal additives, are cast onto carbon or metal fiber substrates to form composite carbon thin film sheets. The thin film sheets are utilized in electrochemical energy storage applications, such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (aerocapacitors), lithium based battery insertion electrodes, fuel cell electrodes, and electrocapacitive deionization electrodes. The composite carbon foam may be formed by prior known processes, but with the solid particles being added during the liquid phase of the process, i.e. prior to gelation. The other forms of carbon may include carbon microspheres, carbon powder, carbon aerogel powder or particles, graphite carbons. Metal and/or carbon fibers may be added for increased conductivity. The choice of materials and fibers will depend on the electrolyte used and the relative trade off of system resistivty and power to system energy.
Mayer, Steven T. (San Leandro, CA); Pekala, Richard W. (Pleasant Hill, CA); Kaschmitter, James L. (Pleasanton, CA)
Methanol Decomposition over Palladium Particles Supported on Silica: Role of Particle Size and Co-Feeding Carbon Dioxide on the Catalytic Properties
Monodisperse palladium particles of six distinct and controlled sizes between 4-16 nm were synthesized in a one-pot polyol process by varying the molar ratios of the two palladium precursors used, which contained palladium in different oxidation states. This difference permitted size control by regulation of the nucleation rate because low oxidation state metals ions nucleate quickly relative to high oxidation state ions. After immobilization of the Pd particles on silica by mild sonication, the catalysts were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and applied toward catalytic methanol decomposition. This reaction was determined as structure sensitive with the intrinsic activity (turnover frequency) increasing with increasing particle size. Moreover, observed catalytic deactivation was linked to product (carbon monoxide) poisoning. Co-feeding carbon dioxide caused the activity and the amount of deactivation to decrease substantially. A reaction mechanism based on the formation of the {pi}-bond between carbon and oxygen as the rate-limiting step is in agreement with antipathetic structure sensitivity and product poisoning by carbon monoxide.
Hokenek, Selma; Kuhn, John N. (USF)
Mechanomutable Carbon Nanotube Arrays
About this Abstract. Meeting, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition. Symposium , Polymer Nanocomposites. Presentation Title, Mechanomutable Carbon�...
The Woodland Carbon Code
The Woodland Carbon Code While society must continue to make every effort to reduce greenhouse gas a role by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The potential of woodlands to soak up carbon to help compensate for their carbon emissions. But before investing in such projects, people want to know
Acetylenic carbon allotrope
A fourth allotrope of carbon, an acetylenic carbon allotrope, is described. The acetylenic carbon allotropes of the present invention are more soluble than the other known carbon allotropes in many common organic solvents and possesses other desirable characteristics, e.g. high electron density, ability to burn cleanly, and electrical conductive properties. Many uses for this fourth allotrope are described herein.
Lagow, Richard J. (6204 Shadow Mountain Dr., Austin, TX 78731)
A fourth allotrope of carbon, an acetylenic carbon allotrope, is described. The acetylenic carbon allotropes of the present invention are more soluble than the other known carbon allotropes in many common organic solvents and possesses other desirable characteristics, e.g. high electron density, ability to burn cleanly, and electrical conductive properties. Many uses for this fourth allotrope are described herein. 17 figs.
Lagow, R.J.
Glossary: Energy-Related Carbon Emissions
Carbon Sequestration: The fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide in a carbon sink through biological or physical processes. Carbon Sink: ...
Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships | Department of Energy
Science & Innovation Carbon Capture and Storage Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships DOE's Regional Carbon Sequestration...
Membrane technologies for hydrogen and carbon monoxide recovery from residual gas streams. Tecnolog�as de membranas para la recuperaci�n de hidr�geno y mon�xido de carbono de gases residuales.
??This PhD thesis work is aimed to the separation and recovery of valuable gases from industrial residual gas streams by means of membrane technology. In� (more)
David, Oana Cristina
??Esta tesis doctoral est� enfocada hacia la separaci�n y recuperaci�n de hidrogeno y mon�xido de carbono de efluentes gaseosos residuales procedentes de procesos industriales de� (more)
Investigation of dispersed iron alloy catalysts in the carbon monoxide-hydrogen synthesis reaction. Progress report, August 1, 1980-July 31, 1981
The past year has seen completion of two major tasks in the research program: (1) a detailed study of the characterization of particle size in supported ..cap alpha..-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and related characterizations of the reduced metal with silica gel support; (2) a reaction study of a series of silica supported Fe-Ni, Fe-Co, Fe-Cu, Fe-K and the corresponding pure metals. Synthesis activity and selectivity were particular objectives of this work, and a particular correlation of the conversion dependence of selectivity and water-gas shift activity was observed. We feel this to be an important finding: the catalysts which are good water-gas shift catalysts are the ones which are inhibited during the synthesis. A mechanism of product inhibition by water formation has been proposed to explain the conversion dependence of selectivity.
Butt, J.B.; Schwartz, L.H.
Table 3.7a. Space Heating by Census Region and Climate Zone, Table 3.7a. Space Heating by Census Region and Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 1993 Space Heating Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total Census Region Climate Zone RSE Row Factors Northeast Midwest South West Fewer than 2,000 CDD and -- More than 2,000 CDD and Few- er than 4,000 HDD More than 7,000 HDD 5,500 to 7,000 HDD 4,000 to 5,499 HDD Few- er than 4,000 HDD 0.5 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 Total ................................................. 96.6 19.5 23.3 33.5 20.4 8.7 26.5 22.5 17.8 21.2 7.7 Main Heating Fuel and Equipment Natural Gas .................................... 50.8 9.4 16.8 12.7 11.9 4.3 17.5 10.1 10.2 8.7 7.5 Central Warm-Air Furnace ........... 34.9 4.7 13.4 8.7 8.2 3.2 12.7 6.5 6.3 6.3 9.1 For One Housing Unit ................ 34.1 4.4 13.1 8.6 8.0 3.1 12.4 6.2 6.3 6.2
3. Total Air-Conditioning in U.S. Households, 1993 Housing Unit and Household Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total Households (millions) Cooled Floorspace (square feet per...
... 18.8 20.3 19.8 19.3 15.5 29.4 19.2 17.4 14.9 18.9 8.8 Hot Tub or Spa ... 2.9 1.3 1.9 3.0 5.6 2.7 2.1 2.5 3.3 4.3...
7a. Space Heating by Census Region and Climate Zone, 7a. Space Heating by Census Region and Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 1993 Space Heating Characteristics RSE Column Factor: Total Census Region Climate Zone RSE Row Factors Northeast Midwest South West Fewer than 2,000 CDD and -- More than 2,000 CDD and Few- er than 4,000 HDD More than 7,000 HDD 5,500 to 7,000 HDD 4,000 to 5,499 HDD Few- er than 4,000 HDD 0.5 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 Total ................................................. 96.6 19.5 23.3 33.5 20.4 8.7 26.5 22.5 17.8 21.2 7.7 Main Heating Fuel and Equipment Natural Gas .................................... 50.8 9.4 16.8 12.7 11.9 4.3 17.5 10.1 10.2 8.7 7.5 Central Warm-Air Furnace ........... 34.9 4.7 13.4 8.7 8.2 3.2 12.7 6.5 6.3 6.3 9.1 For One Housing Unit ................ 34.1 4.4 13.1 8.6 8.0 3.1 12.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 9.4
0a. Light Usage by Census Region and Climate Zone, 0a. Light Usage by Census Region and Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 1993 Light Usage RSE Column Factor: Total Census Region Climate Zone RSE Row Factors Northeast Midwest South West Fewer than 2,000 CDD and -- More than 2,000 CDD and Few- er than 4,000 HDD More than 7,000 HDD 5,500 to 7,000 HDD 4,000 to 5,499 HDD Few- er than 4,000 HDD 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 2.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.1 Total ..................................................... 96.6 19.5 23.3 33.5 20.4 8.7 26.5 22.5 17.8 21.2 6.6 Indoor Electric Lights Total Number Lights 1 to 4 Hours None ............................................... 9.6 2.1 1.5 3.6 2.4 0.7 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.5 10.9 1 ...................................................... 22.1 4.2 5.5 8.0 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.7 4.2 4.9 7.8 2 ......................................................
7a. Conservation by Census Region and Climate Zone, 7a. Conservation by Census Region and Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 1993 Conservation-Related Items RSE Column Factor: Total Census Region Climate Zone RSE Row Factors Northeast Midwest South West Fewer than 2,000 CDD and -- More than 2,000 CDD and Few- er than 4,000 HDD More than 7,000 HDD 5,500 to 7,000 HDD 4,000 to 5,499 HDD Few- er than 4,000 HDD 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 2.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2 Total ..................................................... 96.6 19.5 23.3 33.5 20.4 8.7 26.5 22.5 17.8 21.2 6.5 Adequacy of Insulation (all households) Well Insulated ..................................... 36.0 7.2 8.8 13.1 6.9 3.5 10.3 8.1 5.9 8.2 6.2 Adequately Insulated .......................... 38.4 8.1 9.5 12.7 8.1 3.5 10.3 9.4 6.8 8.5 5.2 Poorly Insulated .................................. 22.2 4.2 5.0 7.7
3a. Usage Indicators by Census Region and Climate Zone, 3a. Usage Indicators by Census Region and Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 1993 Usage Indicators RSE Column Factor: Total Census Region Climate Zone RSE Row Factors Northeast Midwest South West Fewer than 2,000 CDD and -- More than 2,000 CDD and Few- er than 4,000 HDD More than 7,000 HDD 5,500 to 7,000 HDD 4,000 to 5,499 HDD Few- er than 4,000 HDD 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 2.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2 Total ..................................................... 96.6 19.5 23.3 33.5 20.4 8.7 26.5 22.5 17.8 21.2 6.4 Weekday Home Activities Home Used for Business Yes ................................................... 6.1 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.6 0.7 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.3 11.4 No ..................................................... 90.5 18.5 21.8 31.5 18.7 8.0 24.7 21.4 16.5 19.9 6.5 Energy-Intensive Activity Yes ...................................................
1a. Equipment Purchase by Census Region and Climate Zone, 1a. Equipment Purchase by Census Region and Climate Zone, Million U.S. Households, 1993 Equipment Purchase and Purchase Considerations RSE Column Factor: Total Census Region Climate Zone RSE Row Factors Northeast Midwest South West Fewer than 2,000 CDD and -- More than 2,000 CDD and Few- er than 4,000 HDD More than 7,000 HDD 5,500 to 7,000 HDD 4,000 to 5,499 HDD Few- er than 4,000 HDD 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.1 Total ..................................................... 96.6 19.5 23.3 33.5 20.4 8.7 26.5 22.5 17.8 21.2 7.4 Main Heating System Purchased After January 1, 1990 No ....................................................... 83.6 17.0 20.2 27.9 18.5 7.2 23.3 19.7 15.5 18.0 4.2 Yes ..................................................... 13.0 2.4 3.1 5.6 1.8 1.5 3.2 2.7 2.3 3.2 10.3 Came with Home Purchase
Electron Microscopy of Carbon Nanotube Composites
Electron Microscopy of Carbon Nanotube Composites. Summary: Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs ...
Michael Heine, SGL Group - The Carbon Company, Carbon Fibers...
Carbon Fibers in Lightweight Systems for Wind Energy and Automotive Applications: Availability and Challenges for the Future Michael Heine, SGL Group - The Carbon Company, Carbon...
Carbon Efficiency, Carbon Reduction Potential, and Economic Developmen...
Carbon Reduction Potential, and Economic Development in the People's Republic of China Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary Name: Carbon Efficiency, Carbon Reduction...
Carbon Management and Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Cost-Effective Gas Stream Component Analysis Techniques and Strategies for Carbon Capture Systems from Oxy-Fuel Combustion (An Overview).
Carbon Ion Pump for Carbon Dioxide Removal
coal fired power plants; oil or gas fired power plants; cement production; bio-fuel combustion; Separation of carbon dioxide from other combustion ...
Carbon fuel cells with carbon corrosion suppression
An electrochemical cell apparatus that can operate as either a fuel cell or a battery includes a cathode compartment, an anode compartment operatively connected to the cathode compartment, and a carbon fuel cell section connected to the anode compartment and the cathode compartment. An effusion plate is operatively positioned adjacent the anode compartment or the cathode compartment. The effusion plate allows passage of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide exhaust channels are operatively positioned in the electrochemical cell to direct the carbon dioxide from the electrochemical cell.
Cooper, John F. (Oakland, CA)
NETL: Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
RCSP Carbon Storage Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships In 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) awarded cooperative agreements to seven Regional Carbon Sequestration...
Carbon Nanostructure-Based Sensors
Control of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Functionalization.M. S. Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonancewith a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Capacitor. Science
Sarkar, Tapan
Metallic carbon materials
Novel metallic forms of planar carbon are described, as well as methods of designing and making them. Nonhexagonal arrangements of carbon are introduced into a graphite carbon network essentially without destroying the planar structure. Specifically a form of carbon comprising primarily pentagons and heptagons, and having a large density of states at the Fermi level is described. Other arrangements of pentagons and heptagons that include some hexagons, and structures incorporating squares and octagons are additionally disclosed. Reducing the bond angle symmetry associated with a hexagonal arrangement of carbons increases the likelihood that the carbon material will have a metallic electron structure.
Cohen, Marvin Lou (Berkeley, CA); Crespi, Vincent Henry (Darien, IL); Louie, Steven Gwon Sheng (Berkeley, CA); Zettl, Alexander Karlwalter (Kensington, CA)
Towards large eddy simulations of flame extinction and ...
... products of incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide, unburnt hydro- carbons, hydrogen ... to play a role in the net emission of car- bon monoxide ...
emission�factors�for�carbon�monoxide,�nitrogen�oxides,� nitrogen�dioxide,�emission�factors�were�determined�for�carbon�monoxide,�nitrogen�oxides,�nitrogen�dioxide,�
Carbon emissions and sequestration in forests: Case studies from seven developing countries
Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia in 1990 was releasing approximately 281--282 X 10{sup 6} metric tons (MT) of carbon on conversion to a landscape of agriculture, productive pasture, degraded pasture, secondary forest and regenerated forest in the proportions corresponding to the equilibrium condition implied by current land-use patterns. Emissions are expressed as committed carbon,'' or the carbon released over a period of years as the carbon stock in each hectare deforested approaches a new equilibrium in the landscape that replaces the original forest. To the extent that deforestation rates have remained constant, current releases from the areas deforested in previous years will be equal to the future releases from the areas being cleared now. Considering the quantities of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, NO{sub x} and non-methane hydrocarbons released raises the impact by 22--37%. The relative impact on the greenhouse effect of each gas is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculations over a 20-year time period (including indirect effects). The six gases considered have a combined global warming impact equivalent to 343 to 386 million MT of C0{sub 2}-equivalent carbon, depending on assumptions regarding the release of methane and other gases from the various sources such as burning and termites. These emissions represent 7--8 times the 50 million MT annual carbon release from Brazil's use of fossil fuels, but bring little benefit to the country. Stopping deforestation in Brazil would prevent as much greenhouse emission as tripling the fuel efficiency of all the automobiles in the world. The relatively cheap measures needed to contain deforestation, together with the many complementary benefits of doing so, make this the first priority for funds intended to slow global warming.
Makundi, W.; Sathaye, J. (eds.) (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)); Fearnside, P.M. (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, AM (Brazil). Departmento de Ecologia)
A process for making a carbon-carbon composite having a combination of high crystallinity, high strength, high modulus and high thermal and electrical conductivity. High-modulus/high-strength mesophase derived carbon fibers are woven into a suitable cloth. Layers of this easily graphitizable woven cloth are covered with petroleum or coal tar pitch and pressed at a temperature a few degrees above the softening point of the pitch to form a green laminated composite. The green composite is restrained in a suitable fixture and heated slowly to carbonize the pitch binder. The carbonized composite is then impregnated several times with pitch by covering the composite with hot pitch under pressure. The composites are given a heat treatment between each impregnation step to crack up the infiltrated carbon and allow additional pitch to enter the microstructure during the next impregnation cycle. The impregnated composites are then given a final heat treatment in the range 2500.degree. to 3000.degree. C. to fully graphitize the fibers and the matrix carbon. The composites are then infiltrated with pyrolytic carbon by chemical vapor deposition in the range 1000.degree. to 1300.degree. C. at a reduced pressure for approximately one hundred and fifty (150) hours.
Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanotubes - Programmaster.org
Feb 17, 2010 ... Polymer Nanocomposites: Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanotubes Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Program�...
Carbon Footprint and Carbon Deficit Analysis of Iron and Steel ...
Symposium, Energy Technologies and Carbon Dioxide Management. Presentation Title ... Study on Capture, Recovery and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide.
Carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays
The present invention relates to microelectode arrays (MEAs), and more particularly to carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays (CNT-NEAs) for chemical and biological sensing, and methods of use. A nanoelectrode array includes a carbon nanotube material comprising an array of substantially linear carbon nanotubes each having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the carbon nanotubes are attached to a catalyst substrate material so as to form the array with a pre-determined site density, wherein the carbon nanotubes are aligned with respect to one another within the array; an electrically insulating layer on the surface of the carbon nanotube material, whereby the distal end of the carbon nanotubes extend beyond the electrically insulating layer; a second adhesive electrically insulating layer on the surface of the electrically insulating layer, whereby the distal end of the carbon nanotubes extend beyond the second adhesive electrically insulating layer; and a metal wire attached to the catalyst substrate material.
Ren, Zhifeng (Newton, MA); Lin, Yuehe (Richland, WA); Yantasee, Wassana (Richland, WA); Liu, Guodong (Fargo, ND); Lu, Fang (Burlingame, CA); Tu, Yi (Camarillo, CA)
NETL: Carbon Storage Archive
2013 Carbon Storage Newsletter PDF-571KB has been posted. 08.27.2013 Publications August 2013 Carbon Storage Newsletter PDF-1.1MB has been posted. 08.15.2013 News Ancient...
Quantifying Carbon Cycle Feedbacks
Perturbations to the carbon cycle could constitute large feedbacks on future changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate. This paper demonstrates how carbon cycle feedback can be expressed in formally similar ways to climate feedback, ...
J. M. Gregory; C. D. Jones; P. Cadule; P. Friedlingstein
Terrestrial Carbon Management
Terrestrial Carbon Management Data Sets and Analyses Terrestrial Carbon Management Data Sets and Analyses Carbon Accumulation with Cropland Management Influence of Agricultural Management on Soil Organic Carbon: A Compendium and Assessment of Canadian Studies (VandenBygaart et al., Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Soil Carbon Sequestration by Tillage and Crop Rotation: A Global Data Analysis (West and Post, Oak Ridge National Laboratory) Preliminary Estimates of the Potential for Carbon Mitigation in European Soils Through No-Till Farming (Smith et al., University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom) Potential for Carbon Sequestration in European Soils: Preliminary Estimates for Five Scenarios Using Results from Long-Term Experiments (Smith et al., University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom) Carbon Accumulation with Grassland Management
Carbon Dioxide Compression
Page 1. � C opyright 2009 Carbon Dioxide Compression DOE � EPRI � NIST ... Greenhouse gas sequestration Page 5. 5 � C opyright 2009 ...
Carbon Mitigation Measurements
... sustainable technologies such as CO 2 capture and sequestration (CCS ... property diagnostic tools (under realistic conditions for carbon capture from ...
Big Sky Carbon Atlas
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
(Acknowledgment to the Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership (BSCSP); see home page at http://www.bigskyco2.org/)
Carbon Sequestration Partnership, Big Sky [BSCSP; ,
Electrocatalysts on Carbon Nanoparticles
Carbon nanostructures offer extremely high surface areas and so are attractive candidates to support dispersed catalysts. These nanostructures, ...
Low Carbon Fuel Standards
land-use changes. When biofuel production increases, land ison carbon releases. If biofuel production does not result in
Sperling, Dan; Yeh, Sonia
Optical constants of evaporation-deposited silicon monoxide films in the 7.1�800 eV photon energy range
The transmittance of silicon monoxide films prepared by thermal evaporation was measured from 7.1 to 800 eV and used to determine the optical constants of the material. SiO filmsdeposited onto C-coated microgrids in ultrahigh vacuum conditions were measured in situ from 7.1 to 23.1 eV. Grid-supported SiO filmsdeposited in high vacuum conditions were characterized ex situ from 28.5 to 800 eV. At each photon energy
M�nica Fern�ndez-Perea; Manuela Vidal-Dasilva; Juan I. Larruquert; Jos� A. Azn�rez; Jos� A. M�ndez; Eric Gullikson; Andy Aquila; Regina Soufli
Formation of Carbon Dwarfs
We consider the formation of dwarf carbon stars via accretion from a carbon AGB companion in light of the new 107 object sample of Downes et al. (2004). This sample is now large enough to allow good mass determination via comparison of a composite spectrum to theoretical atmospheric models. Carbon dwarfs of spectral type M are indeed main sequence M dwarfs with enhanced metallicity and carbon abundance. We also calculate the predicted abundance of both M and of F/G carbon dwarfs, and show that the latter should be falsifiable in the near future.
Charles L. Steinhardt; Dimitar D. Sasselov
Study of fire retardant behavior of carbon nanotube membranes and carbon nanofiber paper in carbon fiber
Study of fire retardant behavior of carbon nanotube membranes and carbon nanofiber paper in carbon Accepted 14 January 2010 Available online 20 January 2010 A B S T R A C T Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) membranes (buckypaper) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) paper
Das, Suman
Molecular Basis of Microbial One-Carbon Metabolism 2008 Gordon Research Conference (July 20-25, 2008)
One-carbon (C-1) compounds play a central role in microbial metabolism. C-1 compounds include methane, carbon monoxide, CO2, and methanol as well as coenzyme-bound one-carbon compounds (methyl-B12, CH3-H4folate, etc). Such compounds are of broad global importance because several C-1 compounds (e.g., CH4) are important energy sources, some (e.g., CO2 and CH4) are potent greenhouse gases, and others (e.g., CH2Cl2) are xenobiotics. They are central in pathways of energy metabolism and carbon fixation by microbes and many are of industrial interest. Research on the pathways of one-carbon metabolism has added greatly to our understanding of evolution, structural biology, enzyme mechanisms, gene regulation, ecology, and applied biology. The 2008 meeting will include recent important findings in the following areas: (a) genomics, metagenomics, and proteomic studies that have expanded our understanding of autotrophy and C-1 metabolism and the evolution of these pathways; (b) redox regulation of carbon cycles and the interrelationship between the carbon cycle and other biogeochemical cycles (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen); (c) novel pathways for carbon assimilation; (d) biotechnology related to C-1 metabolism; (e) novel enzyme mechanisms including channeling of C-1 intermediates during metabolism; and (f) the relationship between metal homeostasis and the global carbon cycle. The conference has a diverse and gender-balanced slate of speakers and session leaders. The wide variety of disciplines brought to the study of C-1 metabolism make the field an excellent one in which to train young researchers.
Stephen W. Ragsdale
Torrefaction tests were carried out on miscanthus samples in order to understand the changes in chemical composition at temperatures of 250�350�C and residence times of 30�120 minutes. The raw material chemical composition was moisture content 7.97%, moisture-free carbon (C) 47.73%, hydrogen (H) 5.85%, nitrogen (N) 0.28%, sulphur (S) 0.02%, volatiles (V) 83.29% for volatiles, and moisture and ash-free (MAF) calorific value (CV) 8423 BTU/lb (19.59 MJ/kg). Torrefaction at temperatures of 250�C and residence time of 30 minutes resulted in a significant decrease in moisture by about 82.68%, but the other components, C, H, N, S, and V changed only marginally. Increasing the torrefaction temperature to 350�C and residence time to 120 minutes further reduced the moisture to a final value of 0.54% (a 93.2% reduction compared to original) and also resulted in a significant decrease in the other components, H, N, and V by 58.29%, 14.28%, and 70.45%, respectively. The carbon content at 350�C and 120 minutes increased by about 4% and sulfur values were below detection limits. The calorific values increased by about 5.59% at 250�C and 30 minutes, whereas at 350�C and 120 minutes, the increase was much greater (about 75.61%) and resulted in a maximum degree of carbonization of 1.60. The H/C ratio decreased with an increase in torrefaction temperature, where a minimum value of 0.6 was observed at 350�C and 120 minutes. The regression equations developed with respect to torrefaction temperature and times have adequately described the changes in chemical composition. The surface plots developed based on the regression equations indicate that torrefaction temperatures of 300�350�C and residence times of 30�120 minutes residence time can help to increase carbon content, calorific value, and degree of carbonization to > 49.4%, >11,990 BTU/lb (27 MJ/kg), and 1.4, and reduce moisture, nitrogen, volatile, and the H/C ratio to 0.525�0.725, 2.9�3.9, 0.225�0.235, and <1.4.
Jaya Shankar Tumuluru; Richard Boardman; Christopher Wright; John Heintzelman
Carbon dioxide sensor
The present invention generally relates to carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensors. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensor that incorporates lithium phosphate (Li.sub.3PO.sub.4) as an electrolyte and sensing electrode comprising a combination of lithium carbonate (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3) and barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3). In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensor has a reduced sensitivity to humidity due to a sensing electrode with a layered structure of lithium carbonate and barium carbonate. In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of producing carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) sensors having lithium phosphate (Li.sub.3PO.sub.4) as an electrolyte and sensing electrode comprising a combination of lithium carbonate (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3) and barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3).
Dutta, Prabir K. (Worthington, OH); Lee, Inhee (Columbus, OH); Akbar, Sheikh A. (Hilliard, OH)
The formation of sulfur-bearing molecules in interstellar ices was investigated during the irradiation of carbon disulfide (CS{sub 2})-oxygen (O{sub 2}) ices with energetic electrons at 12 K. The irradiation-induced chemical processing of these ices was monitored online and in situ via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to probe the newly formed products quantitatively. The sulfur-bearing molecules produced during the irradiation were sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}), sulfur trioxide (SO{sub 3}), and carbonyl sulfide (OCS). Formations of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O{sub 3}) were observed as well. To fit the temporal evolution of the newly formed products and to elucidate the underlying reaction pathways, kinetic reaction schemes were developed and numerical sets of rate constants were derived. Our studies suggest that carbon disulfide (CS{sub 2}) can be easily transformed to carbonyl sulfide (OCS) via reactions with suprathermal atomic oxygen (O), which can be released from oxygen-containing precursors such as water (H{sub 2}O), carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), and/or methanol (CH{sub 3}OH) upon interaction with ionizing radiation. This investigation corroborates that carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) are the dominant sulfur-bearing molecules in interstellar ices.
Maity, Surajit; Kaiser, Ralf I. [Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 (United States)
Would Border Carbon Adjustments prevent carbon leakage and heavy industry
No 52-2013 Would Border Carbon Adjustments prevent carbon leakage and heavy industry halshs-00870689,version1-7Oct2013 #12;Would Border Carbon Adjustments prevent carbon leakage and heavy The efficiency of unilateral climate policies may be hampered by carbon leakage and competitiveness losses
Recanati, Catherine
The Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle The global carbon cycle involves the carbon in and exchanging between the earth's atmosphere, fossil fuels, the oceans, and the vegetation and soils of the earth's terrestrial ecosystems. image Each year, the world's terrestrial ecosystems withdraw carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and add it again through respiration and decay. A more detailed look at the global carbon cycle for the 1990s is shown below. The main annual fluxes in GtC yr-1 are: pre-industrial "natural" fluxes in black and "anthropogenic" fluxes in red (modified from Sarmiento and Gruber, 2006, with changes in pool sizes from Sabine et al., 2004a). The net terrestrial loss of -39 GtC is inferred from cumulative fossil fuel emissions minus atmospheric increase minus ocean storage. The loss of
Mesoporous carbon materials
The invention is directed to a method for fabricating a mesoporous carbon material, the method comprising subjecting a precursor composition to a curing step followed by a carbonization step, the precursor composition comprising: (i) a templating component comprised of a block copolymer, (ii) a phenolic compound or material, (iii) a crosslinkable aldehyde component, and (iv) at least 0.5 M concentration of a strong acid having a pKa of or less than -2, wherein said carbonization step comprises heating the precursor composition at a carbonizing temperature for sufficient time to convert the precursor composition to a mesoporous carbon material. The invention is also directed to a mesoporous carbon material having an improved thermal stability, preferably produced according to the above method.
Dai, Sheng; Wang, Xiqing
Storage Storage Technologies Carbon Storage (formerly referred to as the "Carbon Sequestration Program") Program Overview For quick navigation of NETL's Carbon Storage Program website, please click on the image. NETL's Carbon Storage Program Fossil fuels are considered the most dependable, cost-effective energy source in the world. The availability of these fuels to provide clean, affordable energy is essential for domestic and global prosperity and security well into the 21st century. However, a balance is needed between energy security and concerns over the impacts of concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere - particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). NETL's Carbon Storage Program is developing a technology portfolio of safe, cost-effective, commercial-scale CO2 capture, storage, and mitigation
Carbon Emissions: Food Industry
Food Industry Food Industry Carbon Emissions in the Food Industry The Industry at a Glance, 1994 (SIC Code: 20) Total Energy-Related Emissions: 24.4 million metric tons of carbon (MMTC) -- Pct. of All Manufacturers: 6.6% Total First Use of Energy: 1,193 trillion Btu -- Pct. of All Manufacturers: 5.5% Carbon Intensity: 20.44 MMTC per quadrillion Btu Energy Information Administration, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey" and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 Energy-Related Carbon Emissions, 1994 Source of Carbon Carbon Emissions (million metric tons) All Energy Sources 24.4 Net Electricity 9.8 Natural Gas 9.1 Coal 4.2 All Other Sources 1.3 Energy Information Administration, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey" and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998
Carbon Emissions: Chemicals Industry
Chemicals Industry Chemicals Industry Carbon Emissions in the Chemicals Industry The Industry at a Glance, 1994 (SIC Code: 28) Total Energy-Related Emissions: 78.3 million metric tons of carbon (MMTC) -- Pct. of All Manufacturers: 21.1% -- Nonfuel Emissions: 12.0 MMTC Total First Use of Energy: 5,328 trillion Btu -- Pct. of All Manufacturers: 24.6% Energy Sources Used As Feedstocks: 2,297 trillion Btu -- LPG: 1,365 trillion Btu -- Natural Gas: 674 trillion Btu Carbon Intensity: 14.70 MMTC per quadrillion Btu Energy Information Administration, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey" and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 Energy-Related Carbon Emissions, 1994 Source of Carbon Carbon Emissions (million metric tons) All Energy Sources 78.3 Natural Gas 32.1
Carbon Emissions: Paper Industry
Paper Industry Paper Industry Carbon Emissions in the Paper Industry The Industry at a Glance, 1994 (SIC Code: 26) Total Energy-Related Emissions: 31.6 million metric tons of carbon (MMTC) -- Pct. of All Manufacturers: 8.5% Total First Use of Energy: 2,665 trillion Btu -- Pct. of All Manufacturers: 12.3% -- Pct. Renewable Energy: 47.7% Carbon Intensity: 11.88 MMTC per quadrillion Btu Renewable Energy Sources (no net emissions): -- Pulping liquor: 882 trillion Btu -- Wood chips and bark: 389 trillion Btu Energy Information Administration, "1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey" and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 Energy-Related Carbon Emissions, 1994 Source of Carbon Carbon Emissions (million metric tons) All Energy Sources 31.6 Net Electricity 11.0
NETL: Carbon Storage - Infrastructure
Infrastructure Infrastructure Carbon Storage Infrastructure The Infrastructure Element of DOE's Carbon Storage Program is focused on research and development (R&D) initiatives to advance geologic CO2 storage toward commercialization. DOE determined early in the program's development that addressing CO2 mitigation on a regional level is the most effective way to address differences in geology, climate, population density, infrastructure, and socioeconomic development. This element includes the following efforts designed to support the development of regional infrastructure for carbon capture and storage (CCS). Click on Image to Navigate Infrastructure Content on this page requires a newer version of Adobe Flash Player. Get Adobe Flash player Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSP) - This
Carbon Fiber Electronic Interconnects.
??Carbon fiber is an emerging material in electrical and electronics industry. It has been used as contact in many applications, such as switch, potentiometer, and� (more)
Deng, Yuliang
Activated carbon material
Activated carbon particles for use as iodine trapping material are impregnated with a mixture of selected iodine and potassium compounds to improve the iodine retention properties of the carbon. The I/K ratio is maintained at less than about 1 and the pH is maintained at above about 8.0. The iodine retention of activated carbon previously treated with or coimpregnated with triethylenediamine can also be improved by this technique. Suitable flame retardants can be added to raise the ignition temperature of the carbon to acceptable standards.
Evans, A. Gary (North Augusta, SC)
Carbon Sequestration 101
Cement Production Refineries Etc.... C Capture & Storage, Austin, TX Nov. 13-15, 2007 Carbon Sequestration Program Goals * Deliver technologies & best practices that validate:...
Carbon Nanomaterials and Heterostructures
Mar 12, 2012 ... This presentation aims to capture those recent research efforts in synthesis and applications of carbon nanotubes in Li-ion battery, bioelectronic�...
NETL: Carbon Storage FAQs
Does CCS really make a difference for the environment? Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of several options, including the use of renewables, nuclear energy, alternative...
Reinforced Carbon Nanotubes.
The present invention relates generally to reinforced carbon nanotubes, and more particularly to reinforced carbon nanotubes having a plurality of microparticulate carbide or oxide materials formed substantially on the surface of such reinforced carbon nanotubes composite materials. In particular, the present invention provides reinforced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) having a plurality of boron carbide nanolumps formed substantially on a surface of the reinforced CNTs that provide a reinforcing effect on CNTs, enabling their use as effective reinforcing fillers for matrix materials to give high-strength composites. The present invention also provides methods for producing such carbide reinforced CNTs.
Ren, Zhifen (Newton, MA); Wen, Jian Guo (Newton, MA); Lao, Jing Y. (Chestnut Hill, MA); Li, Wenzhi (Brookline, MA)
Carbon Storage Program
fuel power plants as viable, clean sources of electric power. The program is focused on developing technologies that can achieve 99 percent of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage...
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
Learn about the Energy Department's work to capture and transport CO2 into underground geologic formations, also known as carbon capture and sequestration.
Carbon Sequestration - Public Meeting
Public Meeting Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Public Meeting May 18, 2004 National Energy Technology Laboratory Office of Fossil Energy Scott Klara Carbon Sequestration Technology Manager Carbon Sequestration Program Overview * What is Carbon Sequestration * The Fossil Energy Situation * Greenhouse Gas Implications * Pathways to Greenhouse Gas Stabilization * Sequestration Program Overview * Program Requirements & Structure * Regional Partnerships * FutureGen * Sources of Information What is Carbon Sequestration? Capture can occur: * at the point of emission * when absorbed from air Storage locations include: * underground reservoirs * dissolved in deep oceans * converted to solid materials * trees, grasses, soils, or algae Capture and storage of CO 2 and other Greenhouse Gases that
R&D Overview R&D Overview Office of Fossil Energy Justin "Judd" R. Swift Asst. Secretary for International Affairs Office of Fossil Energy U.S. Department of Energy 2 nd U.S/China CO 2 Emission Control Science & Technology Symposium May 28-29, 2008 Hangzhou, China Office of Fossil Energy Technological Carbon Management Options Improve Efficiency Sequester Carbon Renewables Nuclear Fuel Switching Demand Side Supply Side Capture & Store Enhance Natural Sinks Reduce Carbon Intensity All options needed to: Affordably meet energy demand Address environmental objectives Office of Fossil Energy DOE's Sequestration Program Structure Infrastructure Regional Carbon Sequestration
NETL: Carbon Storage - Reference Shelf
Carbon Storage > Reference Shelf Carbon Storage > Reference Shelf Carbon Storage Reference Shelf Below are links to Carbon Storage Program documents and reference materials. Each of the 10 categories has a variety of documents posted for easy access to current information - just click on the category link to view all related materials. RSS Icon Subscribe to the Carbon Storage RSS Feed. Carbon Storage Collage 2012 Carbon Utilization and Storage Atlas IV Carbon Sequestration Project Portfolio DOE/NETL Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage RD&D Roadmap Public Outreach and Education for Carbon Storage Projects Carbon Storage Technology Program Plan Carbon Storage Newsletter Archive Impact of the Marcellus Shale Gas Play on Current and Future CCS Activities Site Screening, Selection, and Initial Characterization for Storage of CO2 in Deep Geologic Formations Carbon Storage Systems and Well Management Activities Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting of CO2 Stored in Deep Geologic Formations
Carbon-Optimal and Carbon-Neutral Supply Chains
Y. Li, M. Daskin. 2009. Carbon Footprint and the ManagementJ. van Houtum. 2011. E?ect of carbon emission regulations onStreamlined Enterprise Carbon Footprinting. Environmental
Caro, F.; Corbett, C. J.; Tan, T.; Zuidwijk, R.
Frey, H.C., H.W. Choi, E. Pritchard, and J. Lawrence, "In-Use Measurement of the Activity, Energy Use, and Emissions of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle," Paper 2009-A-242-AWMA, Proceedings, 102nd Annual Conference and Exhibition, Air &
and 40 mpg. The indirect electricity emission factors were estimated based on EPA eGRID and National/kWh) are calculated based on EPA eGRID for CO2 and NOx and NEI data for CO, HC, and PM for 2005 data (EPA, 2007b and EPA, 2007c). eGRID: CO2 = 553 g/kWh and NOx = 0.809 g/kWh. NEI: CO = 0.13 g/kWh, HC = 0.0095 g
Carbon-13 kinetic isotope effects in CO oxidation by Ag
In the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over silver wool the {sup 13}C kinetic isotope effects in the 343--453 K temperature range were experimentally determined and the following temperature dependence was found: 100 ln(k{sub 12}/k{sub 13}) = (3.398--630/T) {+-} 0.083. A reaction CO/O{sub 2}gas mixture of 1:2 ratio was used in a static system with initial pressures ranging from 20 to 40 kPa. Under these conditions the reaction is of order 1 with respect to CO and order 0 with respect to O{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} pressure. The apparent activation energy is 59.3 {+-} 1.7 kJ/mol. In the authors theoretical interpretation of the experimental data various geometries of (CO{sub 2})* and (CO{sub 3})* transition states were applied, and only a (CO{sub 2})* with an interbond angle of 110{degree} and CO stretching force constants of 1,700 and 1,000--1,400 N/m, respectively, with an asymmetric reaction coordinate was found to be acceptable.
Kobal, I.; Burghaus, U.; Senegacnik, M.; Ogrinc, N.
Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, With Application to HD 209458b
Chemical equilibrium considerations suggest that, assuming solar elemental abundances, carbon on HD 209458b is sequestered primarily as carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4). The relative mole fractions of CO(g) and CH4(g) in chemical equilibrium are expected to vary greatly according to variations in local temperature and pressure. We show, however, that in the p = 1--1000 mbar range, chemical equilibrium does not hold. To explore disequilibrium effects, we couple the chemical kinetics of CO and CH4 to a three-dimensional numerical model of HD 209458b's atmospheric circulation. These simulations show that vigorous dynamics caused by uneven heating of this tidally locked planet homogenize the CO and CH4 concentrations at p < 1 bar, even in the presence of lateral temperature variations of ~500--1000 K. In the 1--1000 mbar pressure range, we find that over 98% of the carbon is in CO. This is true even in cool regions where CH4 is much more stable thermodynamically. Our work shows furthermore that planets 300--500 K cooler than HD 209458b can also have abundant CO in their upper layers due to disequilibrium effects. We demonstrate several interesting observational consequences of these results.
Curtis S. Cooper; Adam P. Showman
Fiber Bridging Model for Reinforced-Carbon-Carbon
Symposium, Professor K. K. Chawla Honorary Symposium on Fibers, Foams and ... fiber bridging and resistance-curve behavior in reinforced-carbon-carbon (
Stabilization and carbonization studies of polyacrylonitrile /carbon nanotube composite fibers .
??Carbon fibers contain more than 90 wt. % carbon. They have low density, high specific strength and modulus, and good temperature and chemical resistance. Therefore,� (more)
Liu, Yaodong
Novel method for carbon nanofilament growth on carbon fibers.
??Carbon nanofilaments were grown on the surface of microscale carbon-fibers at relatively low temperature using palladium as a catalyst to create multiscale fiber reinforcing structures� (more)
Garcia, Daniel
Synthesis of Carbon-Carbon Composite via Infiltration Process of ...
The carbon frame was first pyrolyzed from the wood template. The final composites were then obtained by infiltrating molten coal tar pitch into the carbon frame�...
Carbon ion pump for removal of carbon dioxide from combustion ...
Biomass and Biofuels; Building Energy Efficiency; ... Carbon ion pump for removal of carbon dioxide from combustion gas and other gas mixtures United States Patent ...
Carbon Films Produced from Ionic Liquid Carbon Precursors ...
The invention is directed to a method for producing a film of porous carbon, the method comprising carbonizing a film of an ionic liquid, wherein the ...
Lead carbonate scintillator materials
Improved radiation detectors containing lead carbonate or basic lead carbonate as the scintillator element are disclosed. Both of these scintillators have been found to provide a balance of good stopping power, high light yield and short decay constant that is superior to other known scintillator materials. The radiation detectors disclosed are favorably suited for use in general purpose detection and in medical uses.
Derenzo, Stephen E. (Pinole, CA); Moses, William W. (Berkeley, CA)
carbon | OpenEI Community
carbon Home Graham7781's picture Submitted by Graham7781(2002) Super contributor 9 January, 2014 - 13:12 Suburbs offset Low Carbon Footprint of major U.S. Cities carbon cities CO2...
Nonlinearity of Carbon Cycle Feedbacks
Coupled climate�carbon models have shown the potential for large feedbacks between climate change, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and global carbon sinks. Standard metrics of this feedback assume that the response of land and ocean carbon uptake ...
Kirsten Zickfeld; Michael Eby; H. Damon Matthews; Andreas Schmittner; Andrew J. Weaver
Carbon-free generation
Carbon-free generation Carbon-free generation Carbon-free central generation of electricity, either through fossil fuel combustion with carbon dioxide capture and storage or development of renewable sources such as solar, wind, and/or nuclear power, is key to our future energy portfolio. Brookhaven also provides tools and techniques for studying geological carbon dioxide sequestration and analyzing safety issues for nuclear systems. Our nation faces grand challenges: finding alternative and cleaner energy sources and improving efficiency to meet our exponentially growing energy needs. Researchers at Brookhaven National Laboratory are poised to meet these challenges with basic and applied research programs aimed at advancing the effective use of renewable energy through improved conversion,
2013 Global Carbon Project
2013 Global Carbon Project 2013 Global Carbon Project DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2013_V1.1 image 2013 Budget v1.1 (November 2013) image 2013 Budget v1.3 (December 2013, contains typographical corrections to 2011 Australia emissions from v1.1 and corrections to the 2011 Australia transfer and consumption emissions from v1.2) image image image image Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Reach 36 Billion Tonnes in 2013 Global emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels will reach 36 billion tonnes for the year 2013. "This is a level unprecedented in human history," says CSIRO's Dr Pep Canadell, Executive-Director of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) and co-author of a new report. Global emissions due to fossil fuel alone are set to grow this year at a slightly lower pace of 2.1% than the average 3.1% since 2000, reaching 36
Extrasolar Carbon Planets
We suggest that some extrasolar planets carbon compounds. Pulsar planets and low-mass white dwarf planets are especially good candidate members of this new class of planets, but these objects could also conceivably form around stars like the Sun. This planet-formation pathway requires only a factor of two local enhancement of the protoplanetary disk's C/O ratio above solar, a condition that pileups of carbonaceous grains may create in ordinary protoplanetary disks. Hot, Neptune-mass carbon planets should show a significant paucity of water vapor in their spectra compared to hot planets with solar abundances. Cooler, less massive carbon planets may show hydrocarbon-rich spectra and tar-covered surfaces. The high sublimation temperatures of diamond, SiC, and other carbon compounds could protect these planets from carbon depletion at high temperatures.
Marc J. Kuchner; S. Seager
Carbon International | Open Energy Information
International Place London, United Kingdom Zip NW1 8LH Sector Carbon Product London-based energy and communications agency specialising in low carbon energy and climate change....
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Carbon Sequestration Partnership Presented to: Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Annual Review Meeting Development Phase Field Tests Pittsburgh, PA October 5, 2010...
Carbon Trust | Open Energy Information
company funded by the UK government to help business and the public sector cut carbon emissions and capture the commercial potential of low carbon technologies....
Carbon Capture Research and Development
Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Research Institute of Innovative Energy Carbon Capture Research and Development Carbon capture and storage from fossil-based power...
NETL: Carbon Dioxide 101 FAQs
the process through which carbon is cycled through the air, ground, plants, animals, and fossil fuels. People and animals inhale oxygen from the air and exhale carbon dioxide...
Nanostructured Carbide Derived Carbon (CDC)
... can be grown at rates up to 100 micrometers per hour and is composed of graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon and carbon "nano-onions" ...
Microfluidic Analysis for Carbon Management.
??This thesis focuses on applying microfluidic techniques to analyze two carbon management methods; underground carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery. The small scale nature of� (more)
Sell, Andrew
Recovery of iron, carbon and zinc from steel plant waste oxides using the AISI-DOE postcombustion smelting technology
This report describes a process to recover steel plant waste oxides to be used in the production of hot metal. The process flowsheet used at the pilot plant. Coal/coke breeze and iron ore pellets/waste oxides are charged into the smelting reactor. The waste oxides are either agglomerated into briquettes (1 inch) using a binder or micro-agglomerated into pellets (1/4 inch) without the use of a binder. The iron oxides dissolve in the slag and are reduced by carbon to produce molten iron. The gangue oxides present in the raw materials report to the slag. Coal charged to the smelter is both the fuel as well as the reductant. Carbon present in the waste oxides is also used as the fuel/reductant resulting in a decrease in the coal requirement. Oxygen is top blown through a central, water-cooled, dual circuit lance. Nitrogen is injected through tuyeres at the bottom of the reactor for stirring purposes. The hot metal and slag produced in the smelting reactor are tapped at regular intervals through a single taphole using a mudgun and drill system. The energy requirements of the process are provided by (i) the combustion of carbon to carbon monoxide, referred to as primary combustion and (ii) the combustion of CO and H{sub 2} to CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O, known as postcombustion.
Sarma, B. [Praxair, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (United States); Downing, K.B. [Fluor Daniel, Greenville, SC (United States); Aukrust, E.
IMPACCT: Carbon Capture Technology
IMPACCT Project: IMPACCT�s 15 projects seek to develop technologies for existing coal-fired power plants that will lower the cost of carbon capture. Short for �Innovative Materials and Processes for Advanced Carbon Capture Technologies,� the IMPACCT Project is geared toward minimizing the cost of removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from coal-fired power plant exhaust by developing materials and processes that have never before been considered for this application. Retrofitting coal-fired power plants to capture the CO2 they produce would enable greenhouse gas reductions without forcing these plants to close, shifting away from the inexpensive and abundant U.S. coal supply.
Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by mineral carbonation
The study investigates the technologies that have the potential to provide feasible reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) from a reference power plant. Particular focus has been given to mineral carbonation (at 1 bar) in which magnesium (Mg) and/or ... Keywords: carbon dioxide, emissions, mineral carbonation
C. J. Sturgeon; M. G. Rasul; Ashfaque Ahmed Chowdhury
Baseline Carbon Storage, Carbon Sequestration, and Greenhouse-Gas
Baseline Carbon Storage, Carbon Sequestration, and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, and Benjamin M. Sleeter Chapter 5 of Baseline and Projected Future Carbon Storage and Greenhouse-Gas Fluxes, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse-gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of the Western United States
Fleskes, Joe
Low Cost Carbon Fiber Production Carbon Fiber Manufacturing Cost Modeling
Low Cost Carbon Fiber Production Carbon Fiber Manufacturing Cost Modeling Oak Ridge National been identified by carbon fiber manufacturers as a market with substantial growth potential. When manufactured with carbon fiber as opposed to traditional materials such as steel, automotive parts are able
International Conference on Carbon Nanotechnology: Potential and Challenges (Carbon 10)
International Conference on Carbon Nanotechnology: Potential and Challenges (Carbon 10) 15 - 17th Since the discovery of the carbon nanotube (CNT) about two decades ago, research related to its of Materials and Process Engineering Kanpur Chapter hosted the `International Conference on Carbon
Srivastava, Kumar Vaibhav
Carbon nanotubes : synthesis, characterization, and applications
of graphitized carbon fibers. Carbon, 1976. 14 (2): p. 133-chemical vapor deposited carbon fiber. Carbon, 2001. 39 : p.G.G. , Lengths of Carbon Fibers Grown from Iron Catalyst
Deck, Christian Peter
Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate
Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption with Potassium Carbonate Background Although alkanolamine solvents, such as monoethanolamine (MEA), and solvent blends have been developed as commercially-viable options for the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from waste gases, natural gas, and hydrogen streams, further process improvements are required to cost-effectively capture CO 2 from power plant flue gas. The promotion of potassium carbonate (K
Performance of Charcoal Cookstoves for Haiti, Part 2: Results from the Controlled Cooking Test
of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and thecarbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (CO/CO 2 ). These results14 3.2.2 Total Carbon Dioxide (CO
Lask, Kathleen
Carbon Capture Pilots (Kentucky)
Support for the Carbon Management Research Group (CMRG), a public/private partnership consisting of most of the Commonwealth�s utilities, the Electric Power Research Institute, the Center for...
CARBON DIOXIDE STIMULATION ("Huff-and-Puff') (A well-stimulation method) Cyclic CO 2 stimulation is a single-well operation that is developing as a method of rapidly producing oil....
Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Review Meeting October 12-14, 2005 Table of Contents Agenda PDF-1438KB Phase I Program Review Meeting Phase II Kick-Off Meeting Phase...
Carbon nanotube zoom lenses
We show that convergent or divergent zoom lenses with focal length variations up to approximately 100% can be implemented by growing arrays of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on curved templates. Unique lenses, which can change their character from divergent ...
D. Dragoman; M. Dragoman
Carbon Storage Review 2012
of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Carbon Storage R&D Project Review Meeting Developing the Technologies and Building the Infrastructure for CO 2 Storage August 21-23,...
SRD 134 Carbon Dioxide
> Return to SRD 134, Index of Semiconductor Process Gases. CARBON DIOXIDE. MW [1]. 44.010. NBP [1]. 194.75 K. TP [1]. 216.59 K. CO 2. Pc [1]. ...
Method for synthesizing carbon nanotubes
A method for preparing a precursor solution for synthesis of carbon nanomaterials, where a polar solvent is added to at least one block copolymer and at least one carbohydrate compound, and the precursor solution is processed using a self-assembly process and subsequent heating to form nanoporous carbon films, porous carbon nanotubes, and porous carbon nanoparticles.
Fan, Hongyou
Carbon Nanofibers for Intracellular Manipulation
Carbon Nanofibers for Intracellular Manipulation Tim McKnight CM: Greg Flickinger. Presenter: John Morris
Research Report Forests and carbon
Research Report Forests and carbon: a review of additionality #12;#12;Forests and carbon: a review. ISBN 978-0-85538-816-4 Valatin, G. (2011). Forests and carbon: a review of additionality. Forestry, baseline, carbon, climate change mitigation, forestry, quality assurance, sequestration. FCRP013/FC
Black Carbon�s Properties and Role in the Environment: A Comprehensive Review
Keywords: soil carbon sequestration; carbon budget;of an energy efficient carbon sequestration mechanism, asin the later section on carbon sequestration. In atmospheric
Shrestha, Gyami
CCQM Activities in the Gas Analysis Working Group
... past two years included measurement of ammonia, hexane, propane, mercaptans, ozone, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide ...
News Briefs
... regional carbon in atmospheric methane, carbon monoxide ... An SFG spectrum thus provides information ... improve immunity to vibration, and create ...
Measurement of carbon capture efficiency and stored carbon leakage
Data representative of a measured carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) concentration and of a measured oxygen (O.sub.2) concentration at a measurement location can be used to determine whether the measured carbon dioxide concentration at the measurement location is elevated relative to a baseline carbon dioxide concentration due to escape of carbon dioxide from a source associated with a carbon capture and storage process. Optionally, the data can be used to quantify a carbon dioxide concentration increase at the first location that is attributable to escape of carbon dioxide from the source and to calculate a rate of escape of carbon dioxide from the source by executing a model of gas-phase transport using at least the first carbon dioxide concentration increase. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also described.
Keeling, Ralph F.; Dubey, Manvendra K.
Effects of coal-derived trace species on performance of molten carbonate fuel cells. Final report
The Carbonate Fuel Cell is a very promising option for highly efficient generation of electricity from many fuels. If coal-gas is to be used, the interactions of coal-derived impurities on various fuel cell components need to be understood. Thus the effects on Carbonate Fuel Cell performance due to ten different coal-derived contaminants viz., NH{sub 3}, H{sub 2}S, HC{ell}, H{sub 2}Se, AsH{sub 3}, Zn, Pb, Cd, Sn, and Hg, have been studied at Energy Research Corporation. Both experimental and theoretical evaluations were performed, which have led to mechanistic insights and initial estimation of qualitative tolerance levels for each species individually and in combination with other species. The focus of this study was to investigate possible coal-gas contaminant effects on the anode side of the Carbonate Fuel Cell, using both out-of-cell thermogravimetric analysis by isothermal TGA, and fuel cell testing in bench-scale cells. Separate experiments detailing performance decay in these cells with high levels of ammonia contamination (1 vol %) and with trace levels of Cd, Hg, and Sn, have indicated that, on the whole, these elements do not affect carbonate fuel cell performance. However, some performance decay may result when a number of the other six species are present, singly or simultaneously, as contaminants in fuel gas. In all cases, tolerance levels have been estimated for each of the 10 species and preliminary models have been developed for six of them. At this stage the models are limited to isothermal, benchscale (300 cm{sup 2} size) single cells. The information obtained is expected to assist in the development of coal-gas cleanup systems, while the contaminant performance effects data will provide useful basic information for modeling fuel cell endurance in conjunction with integrated gasifier/fuel-cell systems (IGFC).
Effects of coal-derived trace species on performance of molten carbonate fuel cells
NETL: Carbon Storage - Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership
BSCSP BSCSP Carbon Storage Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership MORE INFO Additional information related to ongoing BSCSP efforts can be found on their website. The Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership (BSCSP) is led by Montana State University-Bozeman and represents a coalition of more than 60 organizations including universities, national laboratories, private companies, state agencies, Native American tribes, and international collaborators. The partners are engaged in several aspects of BSCSP projects and contribute to the efforts to deploy carbon storage projects in the BSCSP region. The BSCSP region encompasses Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, South Dakota, and eastern Washington and Oregon. BSCSP Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership Region Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership Region
Chemically modified carbonic anhydrases useful in carbon capture systems
The present disclosure relates to chemically modified carbonic anhydrase polypeptides and soluble compositions, homogenous liquid formulations comprising them. The chemically modified carbonic anhydrase polypeptides have improved properties relative to the same carbonic anhydrase polypeptide that is not chemically modified including the improved properties of increased activity and/or stability in the presence of amine compounds, ammonia, or carbonate ion. The present disclosure also provides methods of preparing the chemically modified polypeptides and methods of using the chemically modified polypeptides for accelerating the absorption of carbon dioxide from a gas stream into a solution as well as for the release of the absorbed carbon dioxide for further treatment and/or sequestering.
Novick, Scott; Alvizo, Oscar
Carbon fuel particles used in direct carbon conversion fuel cells
A system for preparing particulate carbon fuel and using the particulate carbon fuel in a fuel cell. Carbon particles are finely divided. The finely dividing carbon particles are introduced into the fuel cell. A gas containing oxygen is introduced into the fuel cell. The finely divided carbon particles are exposed to carbonate salts, or to molten NaOH or KOH or LiOH or mixtures of NaOH or KOH or LiOH, or to mixed hydroxides, or to alkali and alkaline earth nitrates.
Cooper, John F.; Cherepy, Nerine
Cooper, John F. (Oakland, CA); Cherepy, Nerine (Oakland, CA)
Novick, Scott J; Alvizo, Oscar
WESTCARB Carbon Atlas
WESTCARB is characterizing the extent and capacity of geologic formations capable of storing CO2, known as sinks. Results are entered into a geographic information system (GIS) database, along with the location of major CO2-emitting point sources in each of the six WESTCARB states, enabling researchers and the public to gauge the proximity of candidate CO2 storage sites to emission sources and the feasibility of linking them via pipelines. Specifically, the WESTCARB GIS database (also known as the carbon atlas) stores layers of geologic information about potential underground storage sites, such as porosity and nearby fault-lines and aquifers. Researchers use these data, along with interpreted geophysical data and available oil and gas well logs to estimate the region's potential geologic storage capacity. The database also depicts existing pipeline routes and rights-of-way and lands that could be off-limits, which can aid the development of a regional carbon management strategy. The WESTCARB Carbon Atlas, which is accessible to the public, provides a resource for public discourse on practical solutions for regional CO2 management. A key WESTCARB partner, the Utah Automated Geographic Reference Center, has developed data serving procedures to enable the WESTCARB Carbon Atlas to be integrated with those from other regional partnerships, thereby supporting the U.S. Department of Energy's national carbon atlas (NATCARB). (Acknowledgement to the WESTCARB web site at http://www.westcarb.org/index.htm)
We suggest that some extrasolar planets ? 60 M ? will form substantially from silicon carbide and other carbon compounds. Pulsar planets and low-mass white dwarf planets are especially good candidate members of this new class of planets, but these objects could also conceivably form around stars like the Sun. This planet-formation pathway requires only a factor of two local enhancement of the protoplanetary disk�s C/O ratio above solar, a condition that pileups of carbonaceous grains may create in ordinary protoplanetary disks. Hot, Neptunemass carbon planets should show a significant paucity of water vapor in their spectra compared to hot planets with solar abundances. Cooler, less massive carbon planets may show hydrocarbon-rich spectra and tar-covered surfaces. The high sublimation temperatures of diamond, SiC, and other carbon compounds could protect these planets from carbon depletion at high temperatures. Subject headings: astrobiology � planets and satellites, individual (Mercury, Jupiter) � planetary systems: formation � pulsars, individual (PSR 1257+12)
is carbon dioxide? is carbon dioxide? CO2 Dipole Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide (chemical name CO2) is a clear gas composed of one atom of carbon (C) and two atoms of oxygen (O). Carbon dioxide is one of many chemical forms of carbon on the Earth. It does not burn, and in standard temperature and pressure conditions it is stable, inert, and non-toxic. Carbon dioxide occurs naturally in small amounts (about 0.04%) in the Earth's atmosphere. The volume of CO2 in the atmosphere is equivalent to one individual in a crowd of 2,500. Carbon dioxide is produced naturally by processes deep within the Earth. This CO2 can be released at the surface by volcanoes or might be trapped in natural underground geologic CO2 deposits, similar to underground deposits of oil and natural gas. As a major greenhouse gas, CO2 helps create and
Global Fossil Fuel Carbon Emissions - Graphics
Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Global Graphics Global Fossil-Fuel Carbon Emissions - Graphics Carbon Emission Estimates image image Global Per Capita Carbon Emission Estimates...
Electron transport through single carbon nanotubes
of CNTs in a protective carbon fiber coating enables theencapsulation in a carbon fiber coating [9]. This coatingembedded in an amorphous carbon fiber coating that is not
Chai, G
NETL: 2010 - Carbon Sequestration Peer Review
Carbon Sequestration Peer Review Carbon Sequestration Peer Review During March 15 - 19, 2010, a total of 16 projects from NETL's Carbon Sequestration Program were peer reviewed....
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
Key resources related to carbon cycle and climate change research Recent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Latest Global Carbon Budget Estimates Illustration of the Global Carbon...
around Surface-Attached Carbon Nanotubes. Ind. Eng. Chem.the flexural rigidity of carbon nanotube ensembles. AppliedNanotechnology in Carbon Materials. Acta Metallurgica, 1997.
Equinox Carbon Equities LLC | Open Energy Information
Equinox Carbon Equities LLC Jump to: navigation, search Name Equinox Carbon Equities, LLC Place Newport Beach, California Zip 92660 Sector Carbon Product Investment firm focused on...
GS Carbon Corporation | Open Energy Information
GS Carbon Corporation Jump to: navigation, search Name GS Carbon Corporation Place New York, New York Zip 10119 Sector Carbon Product The company offsets emissions output with...
Perspectives on Carbon Capture and Storage Perspectives on Carbon Capture and Storage - Directions, Challenges, and Opportunities Thomas J. Feeley, III National Energy Technology Laboratory Carbon Capture and Storage November 13-15, 2007 Austin, Texas C Capture & Storage, Austin, TX Nov. 13-15, 2007 U.S. Fossil Fuel Reserves / Production Ratio 250+ Year Supply at Current Demand Levels ! 258 11.7 9.7 0 100 200 300 Coal Oil Natural Gas Anthracite & Bituminous Sub- Bituminous & Lignite Sources: BP Statistical Review, June 2004, - for coal reserves data - World Energy Council; EIA, Advance Summary U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 2003 Annual Report, September 22, 2004 - for oil and gas reserves data. C Capture & Storage, Austin, TX Nov. 13-15, 2007 80 120 160 200 240 1970 1975 1980
Sequestration Options in the Illinois Basin - Phase III DE-FC26-05NT42588 Robert J. Finley and the MGSC Project Team Illinois State Geological Survey (University of Illinois) and Schlumberger Carbon Services U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Carbon Storage R&D Project Review Meeting Developing the Technologies and Building the Infrastructure for CO 2 Storage August 21-23, 2012 * The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) via the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program (contract number DE-FC26-05NT42588) and by a cost share agreement with the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, Office of Coal Development through the Illinois Clean Coal
RMOTC - Testing - Carbon Management
Carbon Management Carbon Management Ten Sleep Time Structure, 2nd Wall Creek Formation at RMOTC Notice: As of July 15th 2013, the Department of Energy announced the intent to sell Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 3 (NPR3). The sale of NPR-3 will also include the sale of all equipment and materials onsite. A decision has been made by the Department of Energy to complete testing at RMOTC by July 1st, 2014. RMOTC will complete testing in the coming year with the currently scheduled testing partners. For more information on the sale of NPR-3 and sale of RMOTC equipment and materials please join our mailing list here. RMOTC has the field setting, infrastructure, and expertise to play an important role in carbon management testing, demonstration, and research. The unique combination of a publicly-owned and DOE-operated oil field,
Carbon-particle generator
Hunt, A.J.
Carbon Materials Breakout Group
Materials Breakout Group Process Materials Breakout Group Process * Day 2, Thursday - Review results of Day 1 and modify if needed - Identify critical R&D needs - Outline R&D plan with key milestones - Report results to plenary Carbon Materials Breakout Group * Key Results - Target: get the science right to engineer carbon materials for hydrogen storage * Integrate theory, experiment, engineering * Understand mechanisms, effects, and interactions ranging from physisorption to chemisorption - Theory * Provide "directional" guidance for experiments (and vice- versa) * Provide baseline theory to elucidate parameters affecting the number and type of binding sites and the heat of their interaction with H2 (∆H ) for a broad range of (highly) modified carbon materials
BNL | Carbon Cycle Science
The Carbon Cycle Science & Technology Group aims to increase understanding The Carbon Cycle Science & Technology Group aims to increase understanding of the impacts of global change on managed and unmanaged ecosystems and improve knowledge of possible global change mitigation approaches. The group has three main focus areas. FACE Climate Change Experimental Facility Design and Management The CCS&T group is an internationally recognized leader in the development of Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) research facilities. We are interested in the design and management of manipulative experiments that examine the effects of carbon dioxide, ozone, other atmospheric pollutants, temperature and precipitation on natural and managed ecosystems. FACE Plant Physiology and High Throughput Biochemical Phenotyping At FACE facilities we have studied the mechanisms that underlie the
Success Stories: Carbon Explorer
LBNL Device Monitors Ocean Carbon LBNL Device Monitors Ocean Carbon Imagine waking up each morning and discovering that twenty percent of all plants in your garden had disappeared over night. They had been eaten. Equally astonishing would be the discovery in the afternoon that new plants had taken their place. This is the norm of life in the ocean. Without the ability to accurately observe these daily changes in ocean life cycles, over vast spatial scales, we lack the ability to predict how the ocean will respond to rising CO2 levels, crippling our ability to develop accurate models of global warming or devise strategies to prevent it. The Carbon Explorer, conceived by Berkeley Lab's James K. Bishop in collaboration with Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla, California) and WET labs, Inc. (Philomath, Oregon), bridges this
Carbon microstructures for electrochemical studies
Thin layers of photoresist were spin coated onto silicon wafers, and then carbonized to form smooth carbon films by heating in nitrogen for 1 hour at temperatures between 600 to 1100 C. Well-defined carbon microstructures on Si wafers that are being considered for electrodes in a microbattery concept were obtained by additional processing steps involving patterning and lithography of the photoresist prior to carbonization. The status of the fabrication of carbon microelectrodes obtained by pyrolysis of photoresist, characterization of the carbons by surface-sensitive techniques and electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry of the I{sup -}/I{sub 3}{sup -} redox reaction is described.
Kostecki, Robert; Song, Xiang Yun; Kinoshita, Kim
The carbonate fuel cell promises highly efficient, cost-effective and environmentally superior power generation from pipeline natural gas, coal gas, biogas, and other gaseous and liquid fuels. FuelCell Energy, Inc. has been engaged in the development of this unique technology, focusing on the development of the Direct Fuel Cell (DFC{reg_sign}). The DFC{reg_sign} design incorporates the unique internal reforming feature which allows utilization of a hydrocarbon fuel directly in the fuel cell without requiring any external reforming reactor and associated heat exchange equipment. This approach upgrades waste heat to chemical energy and thereby contributes to a higher overall conversion efficiency of fuel energy to electricity with low levels of environmental emissions. Among the internal reforming options, FuelCell Energy has selected the Indirect Internal Reforming (IIR)--Direct Internal Reforming (DIR) combination as its baseline design. The IIR-DIR combination allows reforming control (and thus cooling) over the entire cell area. This results in uniform cell temperature. In the IIR-DIR stack, a reforming unit (RU) is placed in between a group of fuel cells. The hydrocarbon fuel is first fed into the RU where it is reformed partially to hydrogen and carbon monoxide fuel using heat produced by the fuel cell electrochemical reactions. The reformed gases are then fed to the DIR chamber, where the residual fuel is reformed simultaneously with the electrochemical fuel cell reactions. FuelCell Energy plans to offer commercial DFC power plants in various sizes, focusing on the subMW as well as the MW-scale units. The plan is to offer standardized, packaged DFC power plants operating on natural gas or other hydrocarbon-containing fuels for commercial sale. The power plant design will include a diesel fuel processing option to allow dual fuel applications. These power plants, which can be shop-fabricated and sited near the user, are ideally suited for distributed power generation, industrial cogeneration, marine applications and uninterrupted power for military bases. FuelCell Energy operated a 1.8 MW plant at a utility site in 1996-97, the largest fuel cell power plant ever operated in North America. This proof-of-concept power plant demonstrated high efficiency, low emissions, reactive power control, and unattended operation capabilities. Drawing on the manufacture, field test, and post-test experience of the full-size power plant; FuelCell Energy launched the Product Design Improvement (PDI) program sponsored by government and the private-sector cost-share. The PDI efforts are focused on technology and system optimization for cost reduction, commercial design development, and prototype system field trials. The program was initiated in December 1994. Year 2000 program accomplishments are discussed in this report.
H.C. Maru; M. Farooque
Carbon emissions and sequestration in forests: Case studies from seven developing countries. Volume 2, Greenhouse gas emissions from deforestration in the Brazilian Amazon
Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia in 1990 was releasing approximately 281--282 X 10{sup 6} metric tons (MT) of carbon on conversion to a landscape of agriculture, productive pasture, degraded pasture, secondary forest and regenerated forest in the proportions corresponding to the equilibrium condition implied by current land-use patterns. Emissions are expressed as ``committed carbon,`` or the carbon released over a period of years as the carbon stock in each hectare deforested approaches a new equilibrium in the landscape that replaces the original forest. To the extent that deforestation rates have remained constant, current releases from the areas deforested in previous years will be equal to the future releases from the areas being cleared now. Considering the quantities of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, NO{sub x} and non-methane hydrocarbons released raises the impact by 22--37%. The relative impact on the greenhouse effect of each gas is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculations over a 20-year time period (including indirect effects). The six gases considered have a combined global warming impact equivalent to 343 to 386 million MT of C0{sub 2}-equivalent carbon, depending on assumptions regarding the release of methane and other gases from the various sources such as burning and termites. These emissions represent 7--8 times the 50 million MT annual carbon release from Brazil`s use of fossil fuels, but bring little benefit to the country. Stopping deforestation in Brazil would prevent as much greenhouse emission as tripling the fuel efficiency of all the automobiles in the world. The relatively cheap measures needed to contain deforestation, together with the many complementary benefits of doing so, make this the first priority for funds intended to slow global warming.
Makundi, W.; Sathaye, J. [eds.] [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States); Fearnside, P.M. [Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, AM (Brazil). Departmento de Ecologia
Preparation and Microstructure of Carbon/Carbon Composites ...
Symposium, C. Advanced High-Temperature Structural Materials ... Carbon fiber felts were firstly densified by carbon using chemical vapor infiltration to ... Character Distribution on Oxidation Resistance of ZG30Cr20Ni10 Heat Resistant Steel.
Formation of rare earth carbonates using supercritical carbon dioxide
The invention relates to a process for the rapid, high yield conversion of select rare earth oxides or hydroxides, to their corresponding carbonates by contact with supercritical carbon dioxide.
Fernando, Quintus (Tucson, AZ); Yanagihara, Naohisa (Zacopan, MX); Dyke, James T. (Santa Fe, NM); Vemulapalli, Krishna (Tuscon, AZ)
Carbon Capture and Storage
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is the long-term isolation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through physical, chemical, biological, or engineered processes. This includes a range of approaches including soil carbon sequestration (e.g., through no-till farming), terrestrial biomass sequestration (e.g., through planting forests), direct ocean injection of CO{sub 2} either onto the deep seafloor or into the intermediate depths, injection into deep geological formations, or even direct conversion of CO{sub 2} to carbonate minerals. Some of these approaches are considered geoengineering (see the appropriate chapter herein). All are considered in the 2005 special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2005). Of the range of options available, geological carbon sequestration (GCS) appears to be the most actionable and economic option for major greenhouse gas reduction in the next 10-30 years. The basis for this interest includes several factors: (1) The potential capacities are large based on initial estimates. Formal estimates for global storage potential vary substantially, but are likely to be between 800 and 3300 Gt of C (3000 and 10,000 Gt of CO{sub 2}), with significant capacity located reasonably near large point sources of the CO{sub 2}. (2) GCS can begin operations with demonstrated technology. Carbon dioxide has been separated from large point sources for nearly 100 years, and has been injected underground for over 30 years (below). (3) Testing of GCS at intermediate scale is feasible. In the US, Canada, and many industrial countries, large CO{sub 2} sources like power plants and refineries lie near prospective storage sites. These plants could be retrofit today and injection begun (while bearing in mind scientific uncertainties and unknowns). Indeed, some have, and three projects described here provide a great deal of information on the operational needs and field implementation of CCS. Part of this interest comes from several key documents written in the last three years that provide information on the status, economics, technology, and impact of CCS. These are cited throughout this text and identified as key references at the end of this manuscript. When coupled with improvements in energy efficiency, renewable energy supplies, and nuclear power, CCS help dramatically reduce current and future emissions (US CCTP 2005, MIT 2007). If CCS is not available as a carbon management option, it will be much more difficult and much more expensive to stabilize atmospheric CO{sub 2} emissions. Recent estimates put the cost of carbon abatement without CCS to be 30-80% higher that if CCS were to be available (Edmonds et al. 2004).
Friedmann, S
SECARB's SECARB's Mississippi SalineTest Site: A Field Project Update Robert C. Trautz (firstname.lastname@example.com) Electric Power Research Institute Senior Project Manager DOE Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Annual Review Meeting October 6-8, 2008 Pittsburgh, PA 2 1. Introduction 2. Well Drilling & Completion 3. Reservoir Characterization 4. CO 2 Injection Operations 5. Monitoring and Verification Outline 3 Key Organizations and Acknowledgments SOUTHERN STATES ENERGY BOARD Dr. Gerald (Jerry) R. Hill OTHER FIELD PROJECTS AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES * Advanced Resources * Alabama Geological Survey/ SCS * Gulf Coast Carbon Center (TXBEG) * EPRI * Virginia Tech University * Mississippi State University * Others Richard Esposito MISSISSIPPI POWER CO. Rick Berry Richard (Dick) Rhudy Robert (Rob) Trautz
Energy and Air Emission Implications of a Decentralized Wastewater System
Carbon monoxide; CO 2 (e): Carbon dioxide equivalent; NO x :Darby J L, 2011. Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxidemethane biogas to carbon dioxide, a conversion efficiency of
Shehabi, Arman
Carbon Jungle | Open Energy Information
Jungle Jungle Jump to: navigation, search Name Carbon Jungle Place El Segundo, California Zip 90246 Sector Carbon Product Carbon Jungle's mission is to decrease CO2 in the atmosphere by planting and managing tree plantations, increasing awareness of the facts behind increased CO2 in the atmosphere, and giving companies a means to participate in carbon credit trading. References Carbon Jungle[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Carbon Jungle is a company located in El Segundo, California . References ↑ "Carbon Jungle" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_Jungle&oldid=343237" Categories: Clean Energy Organizations
Sensor applications of carbon nanotubes
A search of published research on sensing mechanisms of carbon nanotubes was performed to identify applications in which carbon nanotubes might improve on current sensor technologies, in either offering improved performance, ...
Rushfeldt, Scott I
Asset Carbon | Open Energy Information
Asset Carbon Place United Kingdom Product UK-based startup looking to invest in CDMJI projects. References Asset Carbon1 LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase...
The carbon dioxide dilemma
The effect of burning fossil fuels on the global climate is discussed. It may be that as we produce carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels, we create a greenhouse effect which causes temperatures on earth to rise. Implications of changes in global temperatures are discussed.
Edelson, E.
CARBON TECHNOLOGY: I: Petroleum Coke
CARBON TECHNOLOGY: Session I: Petroleum Coke. Sponsored by: LMD Aluminum Committee Program Organizer: Jean-Claude Thomas , Aluminium�...
Carbon Fiber Consortium | Partnerships | ORNL
Industrial Partnerships Carbon Fiber Consortium Manufacturing Industrial Partnerships Staff Partnerships Home | Connect with ORNL | For Industry | Partnerships | Industrial...
Carbon Dioxide Utilization Archived Projects
Utility Mercury Sorbent Field Testing Program Sorbent Technologies Corporation Western Kentucky University 9292003 Enhanced Practical Photosynthesis Carbon Sequestration ORNL...
Carbon Nanotubes Information at NIST
... John Bonevich. Laser Applications Heat Up for Carbon Nanotubes. Longer is Better for Nanotube Optical Properties. Modeling ...
4th Carbon Nanotube Workshop
... measurments, and disseinate this summary to the nanotube community. ... RM) for length separated single-wall carbon nanotubes in aqueous ...
decommissioning of carbon dioxide (CO
decommissioning of carbon dioxide (CO decommissioning of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage wells. The manual builds on lessons learned through NETL research; the experiences of the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships' (RCSPs) carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) field tests; and the acquired knowledge of industries that have been actively drilling wells for more than 100 years. In addition, the BPM provides an overview of the well-
Carbon Sequestration Monitoring Activities
In its 'Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan 2007' the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Office of Fossil Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) identified as a major objective extended field tests to fully characterize potential carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) storage sites and to demonstrate the long-term storage of sequestered carbon (p. 5). Among the challenges in this area are 'improved understanding of CO{sub 2} flow and trapping within the reservoir and the development and deployment of technologies such as simulation models and monitoring systems' (p. 20). The University of Wyoming (UW), following consultations with the NETL, the Wyoming State Geological Survey, and the Governor's office, identified potential for geologic sequestration of impure carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) in deep reservoirs of the Moxa Arch. The Moxa Arch is a 120-mile long north-south trending anticline plunging beneath the Wyoming Thrust Belt on the north and bounded on the south by the Uinta Mountains. Several oil and gas fields along the Moxa Arch contain accumulations of natural CO{sub 2}. The largest of these is the La Barge Platform, which encompasses approximately 800 square miles. Several formations may be suitable for storage of impure CO{sub 2} gas, foremost among them the Madison Limestone, Bighorn Dolomite, and Nugget Sandstone. This project responded to the challenges described above by preparing a geological site characterization study on the Moxa Arch. The project included four priority research areas: (A) geological characterization of geologic structure of the Arch, the fault, and fracture patterns of the target formations and caprocks, (B) experimental characterization of carbon dioxide-brine-rock reactions that may occur, (C) optimization of geophysical and numerical models necessary for measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV), and (D) a preliminary performance assessment. Research work to accomplish these goals was coordinated by one administrative task under the direction of Dr. Carol Frost, Professor of Geology and Geophysics (Task 1.0), and one task devoted to designing and creating an interdisciplinary, project-specific carbon cyberinfrastructure to support collaborative carbon dioxide sequestration research among University of Wyoming scientists and their collaborators, performed by Jeff Hammerlinck, Director of the Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center at the University of Wyoming (Task 1.5). The results of these tasks are presented in the Introduction and in Chapter 1, respectively.
Carol Frost
NETL: Gasifipedia - Carbon Sequestration
Coal: SNG from Coal: Process & Commercialization: Carbon Sequestration Coal: SNG from Coal: Process & Commercialization: Carbon Sequestration Carbon sequestration, also termed carbon storage, is the permanent storage of CO2, usually in deep geologic formations. Industrially-generated CO2 -- resulting from fossil fuel combustion, gasification, and other industrial processes -- is injected as a supercritical fluid into geologic reservoirs, where it is held in place by natural traps and seals. Carbon storage is one approach to minimizing atmospheric emissions of man-made CO2. As discussed above, the main purpose of CO2 EOR such as the Weyburn Project is tertiary recovery of crude oil, but in effect substantial CO2 remains sequestered/stored as a result. Current Status of CO2 Storage CO2 storage is currently underway in the United States and around the world. Large, commercial-scale projects, like the Sleipner CO2 Storage Site in Norway and the Weyburn-Midale CO2 Project in Canada, have been injecting CO2 into geologic storage formations more than a decade. Each of these projects stores more than 1 million tons of CO2 per year. Large-scale efforts are currently underway in Africa, China, Australia, and Europe, as well. These commercial-scale projects are demonstrating that large volumes of CO2 can be safely and permanently stored. In addition, a number of smaller pilot projects are underway in different parts of the world to determine suitable locations and technologies for future long-term CO2 storage. To date, more than 200 small-scale CO2 storage projects have been carried out worldwide. A demonstration project that captures CO2 from a pulverized coal power plant and pipes it to a geologic formation for storage recently came online in Alabama.
5, 40834113, 2005 Black Carbon
ACPD 5, 40834113, 2005 Black Carbon Specific Absorption in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area J. C and Physics Discussions Measurements of Black Carbon Specific Absorption in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area License. 4083 #12;ACPD 5, 40834113, 2005 Black Carbon Specific Absorption in the Mexico City Metropolitan
Carbon Accounting in Forest Ecosystems
. Carbon Pools: Above ground biomass Belowground BiomassBelowground Biomass Soil Organic Carbon Dead: · Aboveground biomassAboveground biomass · Belowground biomass · Soil Organic Carbon · Litter · Dead Wood· Dead Wood · (Wood Products) T�?V S�?D Industrie Service GmbH #12;Principles · Biomass is usually measured
Pettenella, Davide
Research Report Forests and carbon: valuation, discounting and risk management #12;#12;Forests and carbon: valuation, discounting and risk management Gregory Valatin Forestry Commission: Edinburgh-0-85538-815-7 Valatin, G. (2010). Forests and carbon: valuation, discounting and risk management. Forestry Commission
NETL: Carbon Storage - Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership MORE INFO Additional information related to ongoing SECARB efforts can be found on their website. The Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB), managed by the Southern States Energy Board (SSEB), represents a 13-State region, including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, and portions of Kentucky and West Virginia. SECARB is comprised of over 100 participants representing Federal and State governments, industry, academia, and non-profit organizations. Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Region Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Region The primary goal of SECARB is to develop the necessary framework and
Available Technologies: Acceleration of Carbon Dioxide ...
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration; ADVANTAGES: Accelerated capture of carbon dioxide; Effective at extremely dilute (nanomolar ...
MESOPOROUS CARBON MATERIALS - Energy Innovation Portal
Building Energy Efficiency ... Solar Thermal; ... wherein said carbonization step comprises heating the precursor composition at a carbonizing temperature for ...
Vertically Aligned and Periodically Distributed Carbon Nanotube
Presentation Title, Vertically Aligned and Periodically Distributed Carbon Nanotube (CNT) ... Application of Carbon Nanotubes � Energy to Bioelectronic Sensor.
6, 34193463, 2006 Black carbon or
ACPD 6, 34193463, 2006 Black carbon or brown carbon M. O. Andreae and A. Gelencs´er Title Page Chemistry and Physics Discussions Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous;ACPD 6, 34193463, 2006 Black carbon or brown carbon M. O. Andreae and A. Gelencs´er Title Page
The Evolution of Multicomponent Systems at High Pressures: VI. The Thermodynamic Stability of the Hydrogen-Carbon System: The Genesis of Hydrocarbons and the Origin of Petroleum
The spontaneous genesis of hydrocarbons which comprise natural petroleum have been analyzed by chemical thermodynamic stability theory. The constraints imposed upon chemical evolution by the second law of thermodynamics are briefly reviewed; and the effective prohibition of transformation, in the regime of temperatures and pressures characteristic of the near-surface crust of the Earth, of biological molecules into hydrocarbon molecules heavier than methane is recognized. A general, first-principles equation of state has been developed by extending scaled particle theory (SPT) and by using the technique of the factored partition function of the Simplified Perturbed Hard Chain Theory (SPHCT). The chemical potentials, and the respective thermodynamic Affinity, have been calculated for typical components of the hydrogen-carbon (H-C) system over a range pressures between 1-100 kbar, and at temperatures consistent with those of the depths of the Earth at such pressures. The theoretical analyses establish that the ...
Kenney, J F; Bendeliani, N A; Alekseev, V A; Kutcherov, Vladimir G.; Bendeliani, Nikolai A.; Alekseev, Vladimir A.
Carbon Cycle 2.0
Carbon Cycle 2.0 Carbon Cycle 2.0 Pioneering science for sustainable energy solutions Artificial Photosynthesis Energy Storage Combustion Carbon Capture & Storage Developing World Efficiency Photovoltaics Biofuels Energy Analysis Climate Modeling Carbon Cycle 2.0 is... 1. A vision for * a global energy system integrated with the Earth's natural carbon cycles * an interactive Berkeley Lab environment with a shared sense of purpose 2. A program development plan that will allow us to deepen our capabilities and provide more opportunities to have impact 3. An attempt to integrate our basic research with applications using models of technology deployment constraints 4. Set of internal activities aimed at priming the effort
CHARTER FOR THE CARBON SEQUESTRATION CHARTER FOR THE CARBON SEQUESTRATION LEADERSHIP FORUM (CSLF): A CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE The undersigned national governmental entities (collectively the "Members") set forth the following Terms of Reference for the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), a framework for international cooperation in research and development for the separation, capture, transportation and storage of carbon dioxide. The CSLF will seek to realize the promise of carbon capture and storage over the coming decades, making it commercially competitive and environmentally safe. 1. Purpose of the CSLF To facilitate the development of improved cost-effective technologies for the separation and capture of carbon dioxide for its transport and long-term safe storage; to make these
Author's personal copy Author's personal copy NMR a critical tool to study the production of carbon fiber from lignin Marcus Foston a , Grady A. Nunnery b , Xianzhi Meng a , Qining Sun a , Frederick S. Baker b , Arthur Ragauskas a, * a BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St., Atlanta, GA 30332, United States b Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6087, United States A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 7 April 2012 Accepted 6 September 2012 Available online 14 September 2012 A B S T R A C T The structural changes occurring to hardwood Alcell TM lignin as a result of fiber devolatiliza- tion/extrusion, oxidative thermo-stabilization and carbonization are investigated in this study by solid-state and solution nuclear magnetic resonance
Solar carbon dioxide fixation offers the possibility of a renewable source of chemicals and fuels in the future. Its realization rests on future advances in the efficiency of solar energy collection and development of suitable catalysts for CO{sub 2} conversion. Recent achievements in the efficiency of solar energy conversion and in catalysis suggest that this approach holds a great deal of promise for contributing to future needs for fuels and chemicals.
Carbonate fuel cell matrix
A carbonate fuel cell matrix is described comprising support particles and crack attenuator particles which are made platelet in shape to increase the resistance of the matrix to through cracking. Also disclosed is a matrix having porous crack attenuator particles and a matrix whose crack attenuator particles have a thermal coefficient of expansion which is significantly different from that of the support particles, and a method of making platelet-shaped crack attenuator particles. 8 figs.
Farooque, M.; Yuh, C.Y.
A carbonate fuel cell matrix comprising support particles and crack attenuator particles which are made platelet in shape to increase the resistance of the matrix to through cracking. Also disclosed is a matrix having porous crack attenuator particles and a matrix whose crack attenuator particles have a thermal coefficient of expansion which is significantly different from that of the support particles, and a method of making platelet-shaped crack attenuator particles.
Farooque, Mohammad (Huntington, CT); Yuh, Chao-Yi (New Milford, CT)
Carbon taxes and India
Using the Indian module of the Second Generation Model 9SGM, we explore a reference case and three scenarios in which greenhouse gas emissions were controlled. Two alternative policy instruments (carbon taxes and tradable permits) were analyzed to determine comparative costs of stabilizing emissions at (1) 1990 levels (the 1 X case), (2) two times the 1990 levels (the 2X case), and (3) three times the 1990 levels (the 3X case). The analysis takes into account India`s rapidly growing population and the abundance of coal and biomass relative to other fuels. We also explore the impacts of a global tradable permits market to stabilize global carbon emissions on the Indian economy under the following two emissions allowance allocation methods: (1) {open_quotes}Grandfathered emissions{close_quotes}: emissions allowances are allocated based on 1990 emissions. (2) {open_quotes}Equal per capita emissions{close_quotes}: emissions allowances are allocated based on share of global population. Tradable permits represent a lower cost method to stabilize Indian emissions than carbon taxes, i.e., global action would benefit India more than independent actions.
Fisher-Vanden, K.A.; Pitcher, H.M.; Edmonds, J.A.; Kim, S.H. [Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States); Shukla, P.R. [Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (India)
Estimation of Carbon Credits in Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Activities
Carbon Credits in Carbon Credits in Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Activities K. Thomas Klasson and Brian H. Davison Oak Ridge National Laboratory * Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6226 Presentation First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration May 14-17, 2001 Washington, DC "The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes." * Managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 1 Estimation of Carbon Credits in Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Activities
Tensile testing and stabilization/carbonization studies of polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube composite fibers .
??This study focuses on the processing, structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/ carbon nanotube (CNT) composite carbon fibers. Small diameter PAN/CNT based carbon fibers have� (more)
Lyons, Kevin Mark
Monitoring soil carbon will prepare growers for a carbon trading system
they obtain a soil carbon sequestration amount over 10 yearsLal R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climateto estimate soil carbon sequestration based on estimates of
Suddick, Emma C; Ngugi, Moffatt K; Paustian, Keith; Six, Johan
Carbon Capital: The Political Ecology of Carbon Forestry and Development in Chiapas, Mexico
B v + B d ) C T = Total carbon B v = biomass contained indevelopment through carbon sequestration: experiences in2000) Rural livelihoods and carbon management, IIED Natural
Osborne, Tracey Muttoo
NOAA/ESRL. Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Annual Mean Data.H. Can reducing black carbon emissions counteract globalanalysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochem. Cycle.
7. Keeling. C. D. 1973. The carbon dioxide cycle: reservoirexchange of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the oceans andmodel to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature. Tellus
Tans, Pieter P.
7.1 7.1 7.0 8.0 12.1 Household Size 1 Person.......................................................................... 30.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 3.2 2 Persons........................................................................ 34.8 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.2 3 Persons........................................................................ 18.4 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.8 4 Persons........................................................................ 15.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 2.3 5 Persons........................................................................ 7.9 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 6 or More Persons........................................................... 4.1 0.4 Q 0.5 0.7 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999............................................................. 9.9 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 $10,000 to $14,999..........................................................
5.1 Housing Unit Characteristics by Four Most Populated States, 2005 5.1 Housing Unit Characteristics by Four Most Populated States, 2005 Total......................................................................... 111.1 7.1 7.0 8.0 12.1 Census Region and Division Northeast.............................................................. 20.6 7.1 N N N New England..................................................... 5.5 N N N N Middle Atlantic................................................... 15.1 7.1 N N N Midwest................................................................. 25.6 N N N N East North Central............................................. 17.7 N N N N West North Central............................................ 7.9 N N N N South.................................................................... 40.7 N 7.0 8.0 N South Atlantic....................................................
111.1 72.1 7.6 7.8 16.7 6.9 Do Not Have Heating Equpment...................... 1.2 0.4 Q Q 0.4 Q Have Space Heating Equpment....................... 109.8 71.7 7.5 7.6 16.3 6.8 Use Space Heating Equpment........................ 109.1 71.5 7.4 7.4 16.0 6.7 Have But Do Not Use Equipment.................... 0.8 Q Q Q Q Q Space Heating Usage During 2005 Heated Floorspace (Square Feet) None............................................................ 3.6 1.1 Q 0.5 1.3 0.4 1 to 499....................................................... 6.1 2.0 0.4 1.1 2.1 0.6 500 to 999................................................... 27.7 9.8 2.0 3.7 9.0 3.3 1,000 to 1,499............................................. 26.0 16.4 2.1 1.8 3.6 2.1 1,500 to 1,999............................................. 17.6 15.2 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 2,000 to 2,499.............................................
9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005 9 Home Appliances Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005 Million U.S. Housing Units Total U.S............................................................ 111.1 72.1 7.6 7.8 16.7 6.9 Cooking Appliances Conventional Ovens Use an Oven............................................... 109.6 71.3 7.4 7.7 16.4 6.8 1.............................................................. 103.3 66.2 7.2 7.4 15.9 6.7 2 or More................................................. 6.2 5.1 Q 0.3 0.5 Q Do Not Use an Oven................................... 1.5 0.7 Q Q 0.4 Q Most-Used Oven Fuel Electric..................................................... 67.9 45.5 4.4 3.7 10.7 3.7 Natural Gas.............................................. 36.4 22.0 3.0 3.9 5.6 1.8 Propane/LPG...........................................
Number of Water Heaters Number of Water Heaters 1............................................................................... 106.3 23.2 7.1 16.1 2 or More.................................................................. 3.7 1.0 0.4 0.6 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 Q Q N Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit..................................................... 99.7 21.9 7.1 14.8 Two or More Housing Units....................................... 10.3 2.3 0.4 1.9 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 Q Q N Main Water Heating Fuel Electric...................................................................... 43.1 6.1 1.9 4.2 For One Housing Unit............................................ 40.3 5.2 1.8 3.4 For Two or More Housing Units.............................
Number of Water Heaters Number of Water Heaters 1............................................................................... 106.3 45.5 18.2 21.6 21.0 2 or More.................................................................. 3.7 1.0 0.6 0.9 1.1 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 0.6 Q Q Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit..................................................... 99.7 39.4 17.4 21.0 21.8 Two or More Housing Units....................................... 10.3 7.1 1.4 1.5 Q Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 0.6 Q Q Q Main Water Heating Fuel Electric...................................................................... 43.1 16.4 6.6 6.0 14.0 For One Housing Unit............................................
0.7 0.7 21.7 6.9 12.1 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day........................... 91.8 33.8 17.5 6.1 10.3 1.......................................................................... 28.6 11.2 6.5 1.5 3.2 2.......................................................................... 29.5 10.5 5.4 2.0 3.1 3.......................................................................... 14.7 5.0 2.1 1.2 1.7 4.......................................................................... 9.3 3.4 1.5 0.8 1.2 5 or More............................................................. 9.7 3.7 1.9 0.6 1.2 Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used............................. 31.1 10.6 5.5 1.4 3.8 1....................................................................... 14.6
Coolling Equipment................................ Coolling Equipment................................ 93.3 61.2 6.1 6.3 13.9 5.8 Use Cooling Equipment................................... 91.4 60.3 6.0 6.1 13.5 5.5 Have Equipment But Do Not Use it................. 1.9 1.0 Q 0.2 0.4 Q Air-Conditioning Equipment 1, 2 Central System............................................... 65.9 47.5 4.0 2.8 7.9 3.7 Without a Heat Pump.................................. 53.5 37.8 3.4 2.2 7.0 3.1 With a Heat Pump....................................... 12.3 9.7 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.6 Window/Wall Units.......................................... 28.9 14.9 2.3 3.5 6.0 2.1 1 Unit........................................................... 14.5 6.6 1.0 1.6 4.2 1.2 2 Units......................................................... 9.1 4.6 0.9 1.4 1.5 0.6 3 or More Units............................................
33.0 33.0 8.0 3.4 5.9 14.4 1.2 Census Region and Division Northeast.................................................... 20.6 7.2 0.8 0.9 1.6 3.8 Q New England........................................... 5.5 1.7 0.2 Q 0.6 0.9 Q Middle Atlantic........................................ 15.1 5.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 2.9 Q Midwest...................................................... 25.6 6.2 1.8 0.5 1.0 2.7 Q East North Central.................................. 17.7 4.2 1.2 0.4 0.7 1.8 Q West North Central................................. 7.9 2.0 0.6 Q 0.3 1.0 N South.......................................................... 40.7 11.8 3.4 1.1 1.7 4.9 0.7 South Atlantic.......................................... 21.7 6.4 1.4 0.8 1.1 2.7 0.4 East South Central.................................. 6.9 1.6 0.6 Q Q 0.6 Q West South Central.................................
zone according to the 30-year average annual degree-days for an appropriate nearby weather station. Q Data withheld either because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was...
HC Organization Chart | Department of Energy
Responsible Contacts Rauland A. Sharp MANAGEMENT ANALYST E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com Phone 202-586-7531 More Documents & Publications OCIO Organization Chart...
Workforce Analysis and Planning Division (HC-12)
This division provides strategic direction guidance and advice through analysis of budget and workforce projections and plans, congressional mandates, administration goals, Departmental priorities...
Office of Human Resource Services (HC-30)
This organization provides a full range of human capital management (HCM) operational functions, employee work life programs, workforce service delivery, and day-to-day operational support for...
sample. Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. See Glossary for definition of terms used in these tables. Source: Energy Information Administration,...
(millions) Census Division Total West Energy Information Administration 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Preliminary Housing Characteristics Million U.S. Housing Units...
Northeast Middle Atlantic New England Energy Information Administration: 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Preliminary Housing Characteristics Tables Million U.S. Housing...
areas, determined according to the 30-year average (1971-2000) of the annual heating and cooling degree-days. A household is assigned to a climate zone according to the 30-year...
... 0.3 Q Q Q N N Type of Housing Unit Lighting Usage Indicators Detached Attached 2 to 4 Units 5 or More Units Mobile Homes Table...
Administrative Management Staff (HC-1.5)
This organization is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer.� The office provides a variety of services designed to support the senior executive...
Rural... 22.3 19.3 16.0 Q Q Q 3.1 Climate Zone 1 Less than 2,000 CDD and-- Greater than 7,000 HDD......
Fewer than 500............................................ Fewer than 500............................................ 3.1 Q Q 0.6 1.7 0.4 500 to 999................................................... 22.2 3.5 1.1 4.2 10.2 3.2 1,000 to 1,499............................................. 19.1 9.0 1.6 1.8 4.0 2.6 1,500 to 1,999............................................. 14.4 11.1 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 2,000 to 2,499............................................. 12.8 11.3 1.0 0.2 Q Q 2,500 to 2,999............................................. 10.1 9.0 0.7 Q Q Q 3,000 to 3,499............................................. 8.2 7.6 0.5 Q N Q 3,500 to 3,999............................................. 5.7 5.5 Q Q Q N 4,000 or More.............................................. 15.7 14.9 0.7 Q Q N Heated Floorspace None............................................................
81.5 81.5 72.1 7.6 N N 1.9 For Two Housing Units............................. 18.1 N N 1.4 16.7 N Heat Pump.................................................. 9.2 7.4 0.3 Q 0.7 0.5 Other Equipment......................................... 1.3 0.6 Q Q Q N Fuel Oil........................................................... 7.7 5.5 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.2 Steam or Hot Water System........................ 4.7 2.9 Q 0.7 0.8 N For One Housing Unit.............................. 3.3 2.9 Q Q Q N For Two Housing Units............................. 1.4 Q Q 0.5 0.8 N Central Warm-Air Furnace........................... 2.8 2.4 Q Q Q 0.2 Other Equipment......................................... Q Q N N N N Wood.............................................................. 2.9 2.5 Q Q Q 0.3 Heating Stove..............................................
20.6 20.6 25.6 40.7 24.2 Household Size 1 Person.......................................................................... 30.0 5.5 7.3 11.5 5.7 2 Persons........................................................................ 34.8 6.5 8.4 12.5 7.4 3 Persons........................................................................ 18.4 3.4 4.1 7.0 3.9 4 Persons........................................................................ 15.9 3.0 3.2 5.6 4.0 5 Persons........................................................................ 7.9 1.4 1.8 2.9 1.7 6 or More Persons........................................................... 4.1 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.5 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999............................................................. 9.9 1.9 2.3 4.1 1.6 $10,000 to $14,999..........................................................
0.7 0.7 21.7 6.9 12.1 Household Size 1 Person.......................................................................... 30.0 11.5 6.2 2.1 3.2 2 Persons........................................................................ 34.8 12.5 6.5 2.1 3.9 3 Persons........................................................................ 18.4 7.0 4.0 1.1 1.8 4 Persons........................................................................ 15.9 5.6 2.9 1.2 1.5 5 Persons........................................................................ 7.9 2.9 1.5 0.3 1.1 6 or More Persons........................................................... 4.1 1.2 0.5 Q 0.6 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999............................................................. 9.9 4.1 2.1 0.6 1.4 $10,000 to $14,999..........................................................
7.1 7.1 19.0 22.7 22.3 Household Size 1 Person.......................................................................... 30.0 14.7 5.1 5.1 5.1 2 Persons........................................................................ 34.8 12.8 6.1 7.5 8.5 3 Persons........................................................................ 18.4 7.6 3.0 3.8 3.9 4 Persons........................................................................ 15.9 6.8 2.6 3.3 3.1 5 Persons........................................................................ 7.9 3.3 1.5 2.1 1.0 6 or More Persons........................................................... 4.1 1.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999............................................................. 9.9 5.2 1.6 1.2 1.9 $10,000 to $14,999..........................................................
Census Region and Division Census Region and Division Northeast............................................................... 20.6 1.9 9.8 8.9 N N New England...................................................... 5.5 1.3 4.1 Q N N Middle Atlantic.................................................... 15.1 Q 5.7 8.8 N N Midwest................................................................. 25.6 6.9 12.3 6.4 N N East North Central.............................................. 17.7 4.9 9.9 3.0 N N West North Central............................................ 7.9 Q Q 3.4 N N South..................................................................... 40.7 N Q 8.5 11.5 19.9 South Atlantic..................................................... 21.7 N Q 5.8 7.0 8.0 East South Central............................................. 6.9 N N 1.8
Number of Water Heaters Number of Water Heaters 1............................................................................... 106.3 39.0 21.1 6.6 11.3 2 or More.................................................................. 3.7 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 Q Q N Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit..................................................... 99.7 38.2 20.2 6.7 11.3 Two or More Housing Units....................................... 10.3 2.4 1.5 0.2 0.7 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 Q Q N Q Main Water Heating Fuel Electric...................................................................... 43.1 25.5 15.6 4.7 5.2 For One Housing Unit............................................
5.6 5.6 17.7 7.9 Household Size 1 Person............................................................... 30.0 7.3 5.0 2.3 2 Persons.............................................................. 34.8 8.4 5.7 2.7 3 Persons.............................................................. 18.4 4.1 3.0 1.1 4 Persons.............................................................. 15.9 3.2 2.2 1.0 5 Persons.............................................................. 7.9 1.8 1.4 0.4 6 or More Persons................................................. 4.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999.................................................. 9.9 2.3 1.8 0.5 $10,000 to $14,999............................................... 8.5 2.0 1.4 0.6 $15,000 to $19,999...............................................
Number of Water Heaters Number of Water Heaters 1................................................................. 106.3 25.8 28.0 19.6 12.7 20.2 16.0 37.3 2 or More.................................................... 3.7 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.4 1.7 Q 0.5 Do Not Use Hot Water................................ 1.1 0.6 0.3 Q N Q 0.5 0.8 Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit....................................... 99.7 21.8 25.5 19.0 12.5 21.0 13.3 32.3 Two or More Housing Units........................ 10.3 4.3 3.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 2.8 5.4 Do Not Use Hot Water................................ 1.1 0.6 0.3 Q N Q 0.5 0.8 Main Water Heating Fuel Electric....................................................... 43.1 11.6 12.3 7.8 4.9 6.4 6.9 16.0 For One Housing Unit............................. 40.3 10.8 11.5 7.3 4.7 6.0 6.4 15.0 For Two or More Housing Units..............
78.1 78.1 64.1 4.2 1.8 2.3 5.7 Number of Water Heaters 1.............................................................................. 106.3 74.5 60.9 4.0 1.8 2.2 5.5 2 or More................................................................. 3.7 3.3 3.0 Q Q Q Q Do Not Use Hot Water............................................ 1.1 0.3 Q Q N Q Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit.................................................... 99.7 76.2 63.7 4.1 1.3 1.6 5.6 Two or More Housing Units..................................... 10.3 1.5 Q Q 0.5 0.7 Q Do Not Use Hot Water............................................ 1.1 0.3 Q Q N Q Q Main Water Heating Fuel Electric.................................................................... 43.1 29.5 22.8 1.0 0.4 1.3 3.9 For One Housing Unit..........................................
Number of Water Heaters Number of Water Heaters 1............................................................................... 106.3 19.6 24.5 39.0 23.2 2 or More.................................................................. 3.7 0.3 0.9 1.5 1.0 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 0.7 Q Q Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit..................................................... 99.7 16.1 23.5 38.2 21.9 Two or More Housing Units....................................... 10.3 3.7 1.9 2.4 2.3 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 0.7 Q Q Q Main Water Heating Fuel Electric...................................................................... 43.1 4.1 7.3 25.5 6.1 For One Housing Unit............................................
8 Water Heating Characteristics by Four Most Populated States, 2005 8 Water Heating Characteristics by Four Most Populated States, 2005 Total............................................................................. 111.1 7.1 7.0 8.0 12.1 Number of Water Heaters 1............................................................................... 106.3 6.5 6.9 7.4 11.7 2 or More.................................................................. 3.7 Q Q 0.5 0.4 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 0.5 N Q N Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit..................................................... 99.7 4.3 6.8 7.4 10.6 Two or More Housing Units....................................... 10.3 2.3 Q 0.5 1.5 Do Not Use Hot Water.............................................. 1.1 0.5 N Q N Main Water Heating Fuel
Household Size Household Size 1 Person..................................................... 30.0 13.5 8.5 4.3 2.0 1.8 5.9 13.1 2 Persons................................................... 34.8 6.0 8.8 7.3 4.4 8.4 3.5 8.4 3 Persons................................................... 18.4 3.1 4.7 3.4 2.5 4.6 2.0 5.8 4 Persons................................................... 15.9 2.2 3.5 3.3 2.7 4.3 2.2 5.1 5 Persons................................................... 7.9 1.1 2.1 1.5 1.1 2.1 1.7 3.7 6 or More Persons...................................... 4.1 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.9 1.4 2.5 Income Relative to Poverty Line Below 100 Percent..................................... 16.6 15.6 1.1 N N N 16.6 16.6 100 to 150 Percent..................................... 12.9 7.8 5.0 Q N N N 12.9 Above 150 Percent.....................................
8 Water Heating Characteristics by Climate Zone, 2005 8 Water Heating Characteristics by Climate Zone, 2005 Million U.S. Housing Units Total........................................................................... 111.1 10.9 26.1 27.3 24.0 22.8 Number of Water Heaters 1.............................................................................. 106.3 10.3 25.2 26.2 23.0 21.7 2 or More................................................................. 3.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.1 Do Not Use Hot Water............................................ 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 Q Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit.................................................... 99.7 10.1 22.9 23.0 22.0 21.7 Two or More Housing Units..................................... 10.3 0.5 2.9 3.8 1.9 1.1 Do Not Use Hot Water............................................
14.7 14.7 7.4 12.5 12.5 18.9 18.6 17.3 9.2 Number of Water Heaters 1......................................................................... 106.3 14.0 7.2 12.2 12.0 18.4 17.7 16.1 8.8 2 or More............................................................ 3.7 0.6 Q Q 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.1 0.4 Do Not Use Hot Water........................................ 1.1 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit................................................ 99.7 12.7 6.4 11.4 10.8 16.3 17.0 16.5 8.8 Two or More Housing Units................................. 10.3 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.4 1.5 0.7 0.4 Do Not Use Hot Water........................................ 1.1 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Main Water Heating Fuel Electric................................................................ 43.1 4.0 1.4 3.8 4.1 8.6 8.6 8.5 4.0 For One Housing Unit......................................
33.0 33.0 8.0 3.4 5.9 14.4 1.2 Number of Water Heaters 1.............................................................................. 106.3 31.9 7.9 3.4 5.8 13.7 1.1 2 or More................................................................. 3.7 0.4 Q Q Q Q N Do Not Use Hot Water............................................ 1.1 0.7 Q Q Q 0.6 Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit.................................................... 99.7 23.5 8.0 3.1 4.0 7.3 1.1 Two or More Housing Units..................................... 10.3 8.8 Q 0.3 1.8 6.6 Q Do Not Use Hot Water............................................ 1.1 0.7 Q Q Q 0.6 Q Main Water Heating Fuel Electric.................................................................... 43.1 13.6 3.5 1.3 2.0 6.0 0.8 For One Housing Unit..........................................
Million U.S. Housing Units Total U.S. Housing Units........................................ 111.1 78.1 64.1 4.2 1.8 2.3 5.7 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day......................... 91.8 65.0 54.3 3.3 1.5 1.6 4.4 1........................................................................ 28.6 17.9 14.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.7 2........................................................................ 29.5 20.5 17.0 1.1 0.5 0.4 1.5 3........................................................................ 14.7 11.1 9.6 0.6 Q Q 0.6 4........................................................................ 9.3 7.3 6.3 0.4 Q Q 0.4 5 or More........................................................... 9.7 8.2 7.4 0.4 Q Q Q Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used...........................
4.2 4.2 7.6 16.6 Do Not Have Heating Equpment............................ 1.2 0.7 Q 0.7 Have Space Heating Equpment............................. 109.8 23.4 7.5 16.0 Use Space Heating Equpment.............................. 109.1 22.9 7.4 15.4 Have But Do Not Use Equipment.......................... 0.8 0.6 Q 0.5 Space Heating Usage During 2005 Heated Floorspace (Square Feet) None................................................................. 3.6 2.1 Q 1.9 1 to 499............................................................. 6.1 2.1 0.4 1.7 500 to 999......................................................... 27.7 6.0 1.6 4.4 1,000 to 1,499................................................... 26.0 5.2 1.8 3.4 1,500 to 1,999................................................... 17.6 3.9 1.7 2.2 2,000 to 2,499...................................................
10.9 10.9 26.1 27.3 24.0 22.8 Household Size 1 Person................................................................ 30.0 2.6 7.9 7.3 6.5 5.8 2 Persons.............................................................. 34.8 4.3 7.7 8.2 7.1 7.5 3 Persons.............................................................. 18.4 1.8 4.2 4.8 3.9 3.7 4 Persons.............................................................. 15.9 1.2 3.7 4.0 3.9 2.9 5 Persons.............................................................. 7.9 0.7 1.8 2.0 1.4 2.0 6 or More Persons................................................. 4.1 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.8 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999................................................... 9.9 0.4 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.1 $10,000 to $14,999................................................
2.1 Housing Unit Characteristics by Midwest Census Region, 2005 2.1 Housing Unit Characteristics by Midwest Census Region, 2005 Total......................................................................... 111.1 25.6 17.7 7.9 Urban/Rural Location (as Self-Reported) City....................................................................... 47.1 9.7 7.3 2.4 Town..................................................................... 19.0 5.0 2.9 2.1 Suburbs................................................................ 22.7 5.7 4.3 1.4 Rural..................................................................... 22.3 5.2 3.3 1.9 Climate Zone 1 Less than 2,000 CDD and-- Greater than 7,000 HDD.................................... 10.9 6.9 4.9 Q 5,500 to 7,000 HDD........................................... 26.1 12.3 9.9 Q 4,000 to 5,499 HDD...........................................
0.6 0.6 15.1 5.5 Household Size 1 Person............................................................... 30.0 5.5 3.8 1.7 2 Persons.............................................................. 34.8 6.5 4.8 1.7 3 Persons.............................................................. 18.4 3.4 2.4 1.1 4 Persons.............................................................. 15.9 3.0 2.4 0.7 5 Persons.............................................................. 7.9 1.4 1.2 0.2 6 or More Persons................................................. 4.1 0.7 0.6 0.1 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999.................................................. 9.9 1.9 1.4 0.5 $10,000 to $14,999............................................... 8.5 1.8 1.4 0.4 $15,000 to $19,999...............................................
4.2 4.2 7.6 16.6 Household Size 1 Person............................................................... 30.0 5.7 1.5 4.2 2 Persons.............................................................. 34.8 7.4 2.9 4.5 3 Persons.............................................................. 18.4 3.9 1.2 2.7 4 Persons.............................................................. 15.9 4.0 1.1 2.9 5 Persons.............................................................. 7.9 1.7 0.5 1.3 6 or More Persons................................................. 4.1 1.5 0.4 1.1 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999.................................................. 9.9 1.6 0.4 1.2 $10,000 to $14,999............................................... 8.5 1.6 0.4 1.2 $15,000 to $19,999...............................................
Number of Water Heaters Number of Water Heaters 1...................................................................... 106.3 68.7 7.4 7.6 15.9 6.7 2 or More......................................................... 3.7 3.2 Q Q Q Q Do Not Use Hot Water.................................... 1.1 Q Q Q 0.6 Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit............................................ 99.7 71.7 7.1 5.4 8.8 6.7 Two or More Housing Units............................. 10.3 0.2 0.4 2.3 7.3 Q Do Not Use Hot Water.................................... 1.1 Q Q Q 0.6 Q Main Water Heating Fuel Electric............................................................ 43.1 26.3 2.3 2.4 7.3 4.7 For One Housing Unit.................................. 40.3 26.2 2.2 2.0 5.3 4.7 For Two or More Housing Units................... 2.7
5.6 5.6 17.7 7.9 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day........................... 91.8 21.7 14.5 7.2 1.......................................................................... 28.6 6.3 4.4 1.9 2.......................................................................... 29.5 6.5 4.2 2.3 3.......................................................................... 14.7 4.0 2.8 1.2 4.......................................................................... 9.3 2.5 1.5 1.0 5 or More............................................................. 9.7 2.4 1.6 0.8 Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used............................. 31.1 6.7 4.7 2.0 1....................................................................... 14.6 3.1 2.1 1.0 2.......................................................................
6 Air Conditioning Characteristics by Number of Household Members, 2005 6 Air Conditioning Characteristics by Number of Household Members, 2005 Total...................................................................... 111.1 30.0 34.8 18.4 15.9 12.0 Do Not Have Cooling Equipment........................ 17.8 5.4 5.3 2.7 2.5 2.0 Have Coolling Equipment.................................... 93.3 24.6 29.6 15.7 13.4 10.0 Use Cooling Equipment...................................... 91.4 24.0 29.1 15.5 13.2 9.7 Have Equipment But Do Not Use it..................... 1.9 0.6 0.5 Q 0.2 0.4 Air-Conditioning Equipment 1, 2 Central System................................................... 65.9 15.3 22.6 10.7 9.9 7.3 Without a Heat Pump...................................... 53.5 12.5 17.9 8.7 8.2 6.3 With a Heat Pump........................................... 12.3 2.7 4.8 2.0 1.8 1.0
.. .. 111.1 33.0 8.0 3.4 5.9 14.4 1.2 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day......................... 91.8 26.8 6.7 2.8 4.8 11.7 0.9 1........................................................................ 28.6 10.7 1.9 1.2 2.0 5.2 0.4 2........................................................................ 29.5 9.0 2.4 0.7 1.8 3.7 0.3 3........................................................................ 14.7 3.6 1.1 0.4 0.5 1.5 Q 4........................................................................ 9.3 2.0 0.7 0.3 Q 0.7 Q 5 or More........................................................... 9.7 1.5 0.5 Q 0.3 0.5 N Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used........................... 31.1 8.2 2.1 0.7 1.6 3.6 Q 1....................................................................
3.1 Housing Unit Characteristics by South Census Region, 2005 3.1 Housing Unit Characteristics by South Census Region, 2005 Total......................................................................... 111.1 40.7 21.7 6.9 12.1 Urban/Rural Location (as Self-Reported) City....................................................................... 47.1 17.8 10.5 2.2 5.1 Town..................................................................... 19.0 4.9 2.2 0.7 2.0 Suburbs................................................................ 22.7 7.6 4.1 1.1 2.4 Rural..................................................................... 22.3 10.4 4.9 2.9 2.6 Climate Zone 1 Less than 2,000 CDD and-- Greater than 7,000 HDD.................................... 10.9 N N N N 5,500 to 7,000 HDD........................................... 26.1 Q Q N N 4,000 to 5,499 HDD...........................................
Coventional Oven Coventional Oven Use an Oven......................................................... 109.6 71.3 7.4 7.7 16.4 6.8 More Than Once a Day..................................... 8.9 5.7 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.7 Once a Day....................................................... 19.2 13.3 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.0 Between Once a Day and Once a Week........... 32.0 22.7 2.1 1.8 4.0 1.5 Once a Week.................................................... 19.1 12.2 1.2 1.3 3.0 1.4 Less than Once a Week.................................... 30.3 17.3 2.3 2.6 5.9 2.2 Do Not Use an Oven............................................. 1.5 0.7 Q Q 0.4 Q Microwave Oven Use a Microwave Oven......................................... 97.7 65.3 6.6 6.3 13.3 6.2 Most or all Food Cooked................................... 8.3 5.1 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.7 About Half of All Food Cooked..........................
Total.............................................................. Total.............................................................. 111.1 78.1 64.1 4.2 1.8 2.3 5.7 Census Region and Division Northeast.................................................... 20.6 13.4 10.4 1.4 1.0 0.3 0.4 New England........................................... 5.5 3.8 3.1 Q 0.3 Q Q Middle Atlantic........................................ 15.1 9.6 7.3 1.3 0.6 Q Q Midwest...................................................... 25.6 19.4 16.9 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 East North Central.................................. 17.7 13.6 11.7 0.7 0.5 Q 0.3 West North Central................................. 7.9 5.8 5.2 Q Q Q 0.3 South.......................................................... 40.7 28.9 23.8 0.8 Q 0.9 3.1 South Atlantic.......................................... 21.7 15.3 12.0 0.6 Q 0.9 1.5 East South Central..................................
Total................................................................... Total................................................................... 111.1 78.1 64.1 4.2 1.8 2.3 5.7 Household Size 1 Person......................................................... 30.0 18.6 13.2 1.4 0.7 1.3 2.1 2 Persons........................................................ 34.8 26.8 22.9 1.3 0.5 0.7 1.4 3 Persons........................................................ 18.4 12.8 10.7 0.5 0.4 Q 1.0 4 Persons........................................................ 15.9 11.5 9.8 0.6 Q Q 0.9 5 Persons........................................................ 7.9 5.9 5.3 0.2 Q Q 0.3 6 or More Persons........................................... 4.1 2.4 2.1 Q Q N Q 2005 Annual Household Income Category Less than $9,999............................................. 9.9 4.7 3.1 0.3 0.3 Q 0.8 $10,000 to $14,999.........................................
. . 111.1 14.7 7.4 12.5 12.5 18.9 18.6 17.3 9.2 Census Region and Division Northeast.................................................. 20.6 5.6 1.8 3.3 2.4 2.7 2.3 1.5 0.9 New England......................................... 5.5 1.9 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 Middle Atlantic....................................... 15.1 3.8 1.4 2.6 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.1 0.6 Midwest..................................................... 25.6 4.1 2.3 3.2 3.2 4.0 2.8 4.1 1.8 East North Central................................. 17.7 3.0 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.1 2.4 1.2 West North Central................................ 7.9 1.1 0.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.7 0.7 South........................................................ 40.7 2.8 1.7 3.5 4.2 7.1 8.4 8.3 4.8 South Atlantic........................................ 21.7 1.4 0.8 1.6 2.2 3.8 4.7 4.8 2.4 East South Central................................
8 Water Heating Characteristics by Number of Household Members, 2005 8 Water Heating Characteristics by Number of Household Members, 2005 Total....................................................................... 111.1 30.0 34.8 18.4 15.9 12.0 Number of Water Heaters 1......................................................................... 106.3 28.8 33.4 17.4 15.3 11.4 2 or More............................................................ 3.7 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.6 Do Not Use Hot Water........................................ 1.1 0.6 0.3 Q Q Q Housing Units Served by Main Water Heater One Housing Unit................................................ 99.7 25.3 31.8 16.6 14.6 11.3 Two or More Housing Units................................. 10.3 4.2 2.7 1.6 1.2 0.6 Do Not Use Hot Water........................................ 1.1 0.6 0.3 Q Q Q Main Water Heating Fuel
15.1 15.1 5.5 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day........................... 91.8 16.8 12.2 4.6 1.......................................................................... 28.6 5.0 3.5 1.5 2.......................................................................... 29.5 6.2 4.8 1.4 3.......................................................................... 14.7 2.5 1.7 0.8 4.......................................................................... 9.3 1.5 1.1 0.4 5 or More............................................................. 9.7 1.6 1.1 0.5 Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used............................. 31.1 5.2 3.6 1.6 1....................................................................... 14.6 2.3 1.5 0.8 2.......................................................................
4.2 4.2 7.6 16.6 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day........................... 91.8 19.5 6.1 13.4 1.......................................................................... 28.6 6.1 1.7 4.4 2.......................................................................... 29.5 6.3 1.8 4.5 3.......................................................................... 14.7 3.1 1.1 2.0 4.......................................................................... 9.3 1.9 0.6 1.3 5 or More............................................................. 9.7 2.0 0.8 1.2 Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used............................. 31.1 8.6 2.3 6.3 1....................................................................... 14.6 3.6 1.0 2.6 2.......................................................................
111.1 10.9 26.1 27.3 24.0 22.8 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day......................... 91.8 8.2 22.3 23.1 19.7 18.4 1........................................................................ 28.6 2.3 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.2 2........................................................................ 29.5 2.6 6.9 7.7 6.6 5.7 3........................................................................ 14.7 1.3 4.1 3.4 2.9 3.0 4........................................................................ 9.3 1.0 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 5 or More........................................................... 9.7 1.0 1.9 3.2 1.8 1.8 Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used........................... 31.1 2.5 7.1 7.0 8.1 6.4 1....................................................................
111.1 14.7 7.4 12.5 12.5 18.9 18.6 17.3 9.2 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day....................... 91.8 12.0 6.2 10.0 10.3 15.3 15.9 14.5 7.6 1..................................................................... 28.6 3.5 2.1 3.8 3.3 5.2 5.0 3.6 2.2 2..................................................................... 29.5 4.2 2.2 3.5 3.3 4.9 5.0 4.5 2.0 3..................................................................... 14.7 1.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.6 1.5 4..................................................................... 9.3 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 0.8 5 or More........................................................ 9.7 1.3 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.3 1.8 2.1 1.1 Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used........................ 31.1 3.7 2.0 3.1 3.7 5.7 5.2 4.7 2.8 1..................................................................
30.0 30.0 34.8 18.4 15.9 12.0 Census Region and Division Northeast.............................................................. 20.6 5.5 6.5 3.4 3.0 2.1 New England..................................................... 5.5 1.7 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.3 Middle Atlantic................................................... 15.1 3.8 4.8 2.4 2.4 1.7 Midwest................................................................. 25.6 7.3 8.4 4.1 3.2 2.5 East North Central............................................. 17.7 5.0 5.7 3.0 2.2 1.9 West North Central............................................ 7.9 2.3 2.7 1.1 1.0 0.7 South.................................................................... 40.7 11.5 12.5 7.0 5.6 4.1 South Atlantic.................................................... 21.7 6.2 6.5 4.0 2.9 2.0 East South Central............................................
7.1 7.1 19.0 22.7 22.3 Indoor Lights Turned On During Summer Number of Lights Turned On Between 1 and 4 Hours per Day........................... 91.8 38.6 15.3 19.5 18.3 1.......................................................................... 28.6 14.3 4.6 4.8 5.0 2.......................................................................... 29.5 12.1 4.9 6.2 6.3 3.......................................................................... 14.7 5.7 2.6 3.4 2.9 4.......................................................................... 9.3 3.3 1.5 2.2 2.3 5 or More............................................................. 9.7 3.3 1.7 2.9 1.8 Energy-Efficient Bulbs Used............................. 31.1 13.6 5.1 6.8 5.5 1....................................................................... 14.6
111.1 26.7 28.8 20.6 13.1 22.0 16.6 38.6 Census Region and Division Northeast.................................................. 20.6 4.9 5.4 3.5 2.4 4.3 3.2 8.1 New England......................................... 5.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.7 2.3 Middle Atlantic...................................... 15.1 3.7 4.1 2.5 1.8 3.1 2.5 5.8 Midwest.................................................... 25.6 6.5 6.6 4.7 3.0 4.8 3.5 9.4 East North Central................................ 17.7 4.7 4.3 3.2 2.2 3.4 2.6 6.8 West North Central............................... 7.9 1.8 2.3 1.5 0.8 1.3 0.9 2.6 South........................................................ 40.7 10.6 11.1 7.8 4.3 6.8 6.5 13.9 South Atlantic........................................ 21.7 5.2 5.7 4.1 2.5 4.3 3.2 7.3 East South Central................................ 6.9 2.1
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A method for joining carbon-carbon composites to metals by brazing. Conventional brazing of recently developed carbon-bonded carbon fiber (CBCF) material to a metal substrate is limited by the tendency of the braze alloy to ``wick`` into the CBCF composite rather than to form a strong bond. The surface of the CBCF composite that is to be bonded is first sealed with a fairly dense carbonaceous layer achieved by any of several methods. The sealed surface is then brazed to the metal substrate by vacuum brazing with a Ti-Cu-Be alloy. 1 fig.
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govCampaignsAircraft Carbon govCampaignsAircraft Carbon Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Campaign : Aircraft Carbon 2006.07.01 - 2008.09.30 Lead Scientist : Margaret Torn For data sets, see below. Description Airborne trace-gas measurements at ARM-SGP provided valuable data for addressing carbon-cycle questions highlighted by the US Climate Change Research Program and the North American Carbon Program. A set of carbon-cycle instruments and sample collection systems were added to an ARM-managed aircraft at ARM-SGP user facility. A separate (in-place) grant covered the cost of developing the instrument systems, analyzing the data, and ingesting all data to the ARM data archives. In the short-term (~1 y) we had two priorities. The first was to acquire
Industrial Carbon Management Initiative (ICMI)
Industrial Carbon Management Initiative Industrial Carbon Management Initiative (ICMI) Background The ICMI project is part of a larger program called Carbon Capture Simulation and Storage Initiative (C2S2I). The C2S2I has a goal of expanding the DOE's focus on Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) for advanced coal power systems and other applications, including the use of petroleum coke as a feedstock for the industrial sector. The American Recovery and Re-Investment Act (ARRA)-funded
Carbon Emissions: Petroleum Refining Industry
Energy-Related Carbon Emissions for the Petroleum and Coal Products Industry, 1994. Petroleum refining is by far the largest component of the petroleum and ...
Carbon-assisted flyer plates
A laser driven flyer plate utilizing an optical fiber connected to a laser. The end of the optical fiber has a layer of carbon and a metal layer deposited onto it. The carbon layer provides the laser induced plasma which is superior to the plasma produced from most metals. The carbon layer plasma is capable of providing a flatter flyer plate, converting more of the laser energy to driving plasma, promoting a higher flyer plate acceleration, and providing a more uniform pulse behind the plate. In another embodiment, the laser is in optical communication with a substrate onto which a layer of carbon and a layer of metal have been deposited.
Stahl, David B. (Los Alamos, NM); Paisley, Dennis L. (Santa Fe, NM)
Lignin-Based Carbon Fiber.
??This study was undertaken in support of the Biorefinery concept applicable to hardwood Kraft mills. The �near neutral hemicellulose extraction process� uses sodium carbonate and� (more)
Luo, Jie
SWP Carbon Sequestration Training Center
Training Center Presentation, October 2010 SWP Carbon Sequestration Training Center Principal Investigators: New Mexico Tech, Andrew Campbell and Peter Mozley University of Utah,...
Carbon Sequestration in European Soils
Preliminary Estimates for Five Scenarios Potential for Carbon Sequestration in European Soils: Preliminary Estimates for Five Scenarios Using Results from Long-Term Experiments...
Lithium Diffusion in Graphitic Carbon
Volume 1 Start Page 1176 Issue 8 Pagination 1176-1180 Keywords anode, diffusion, graphene, lithium ion battery, transport Abstract Graphitic carbon is currently considered the...
Geologic Carbon Storage Archived Projects
Corporation 9302005 Enhanced Microbial Pathways for Methane Production from Oil Shale Western Research Institute 1012005 Carbon Sequestration for Existing Power Plants...
carbon emissions | OpenEI
2010 (4 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords capacity carbon emissions energy demand Energy Generation fossil fuels GHG emissions UK Data applicationvnd.openxmlformats-office...
First Proof of Ferromagnetic Carbon
a way to understand and control magnetism in nanodevices such as graphene sheets and carbon nanotubes. Ferromagnetism is an "ordering phenomenon" in which the spins of...
Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes
STORAGE IN CARBON NANOTUBES JOHN E. FISCHER UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA * SOME BASIC NOTIONS * BINDING SITES AND ENERGIES * PROCESSING TO ENHANCE CAPACITY: EX: ELECTROCHEMICAL Li...
Industrial Carbon Capture Project Selections
Industrial Carbon Capture Project SelectionsSeptember 2, 2010These projects have been selected for negotiation of awards; final award amounts may vary.
ARM - Measurement - Black carbon concentration
Field Campaign Instruments AEROSCARBON : Aerosol Carbon Analyzer AETH : Aethalometer DRI-GND : Desert Research Institute Ground-Based Aerosol Instruments SP2 : Single Particle...
Extra Low Carbon Alloy 718
of carbon content, magnesium add itions, thermomechan processing, and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Allvac ical. 718 have been investigated
Carbon nanotube IR detectors (SV)
Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) and Lockheed Martin Corporation (LMC) collaborated to (1) evaluate the potential of carbon nanotubes as channels in infrared (IR) photodetectors; (2) assemble and characterize carbon nanotube electronic devices and measure the photocurrent generated when exposed to infrared light;(3) compare the performance of the carbon nanotube devices with that of traditional devices; and (4) develop and numerically implement models of electronic transport and opto-electronic behavior of carbon nanotube infrared detectors. This work established a new paradigm for photodetectors.
Leonard, F. L.
Carbon microtubes - Energy Innovation Portal
A carbon microtube comprising a hollow, substantially tubular structure having a porous wall, wherein the microtube has a diameter of from about 10 ...
Carbon Encapsulated Platinum Nanoparticles: Growth ...
Such patterned assembly of carbon encapsulated nanoparticles was further studied for .... Silica Nanoparticles for His-tagged Proteins Capture and Separation.
Sonochemical reduction of carbon dioxide.
??Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and cement production are responsible for approximately 75% of the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the� (more)
Koblov, Alexander
Carbon Capture & Storage in Canada
- Canada - Carbon Storage Program Infrastructure Annual Review Meeting Pittsburgh, PA November 16, 2011 Dr. Frank Mourits Office of Energy Research and Development Natural...
Carbon Sequestration Partnership Presented to: Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Annual Review Meeting Development Phase Field Tests Pittsburgh, PA October 5, 2010 Presented by: Gerald R. Hill, Ph.D. Senior Technical Advisor Southern States Energy Board Acknowledgements This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory. Cost share and research support provided by SECARB/SSEB Carbon Management Partners Through innovations in energy and environmental policies, programs and technologies, the Southern States Energy Board enhances economic development and the quality of life in the South. - SSEB Mission Statement SSEB Carbon Management Program Established 2003 Characterizing Southeast Region
Abatement of Air Pollution: Control of Carbon Dioxide Emissions...
Carbon Dioxide EmissionsCarbon Dioxide Budget Trading Program (Connecticut) Abatement of Air Pollution: Control of Carbon Dioxide EmissionsCarbon Dioxide Budget Trading Program...