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US 20050074569 A1 Abstract Fiber spinning of two polymer compositions wherein one of the compositions contains carbon nanotubes produces structures such as fibers, ribbons, yarns and films of carbon nanotubes. The polymers are removed and stabilization of the carbon nanotube material is achieved by post-spinning processes. The advances disclosed herein enable the carbon nanotube composites to be used in actuators, supercapacitors, friction materials and in devices for electrical energy harvesting.
Claims(15) 1. A structure comprising carbon nanotubes wherein the carbon nanotubes in the structure are aligned to give an f value of 0.590-1.00.
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7. A friction material for braking systems comprising the structure according to
8. An apparatus for preparing a structure comprising aligned carbon nanotubes according to
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Description This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/090,223 filed Mar. 4, 2002 the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. Methods are described for the spinning of carbon nanotube fibers containing a high loading of nanotubes in a fiber component; the stabilization of spun materials by post-spinning processes; and the application of such materials made by spinning. Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes by Iijima and coworkers (Nature 354, 56-58, (1991) and Nature 361, 603-605 (1993)) various types of carbon nanotubes (NTs) have been synthesized. A single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) consists of a single layer of graphite that has been wound into a seamless tube having a nanoscale diameter. A multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT), on the other hand, comprises two or more such cylindrical graphite layers that are coaxial. Both single-wall and multi-wall nanotubes have been obtained using various synthetic routes, which typically involve the use of metallic catalysts and very high processing temperatures. Typical synthesis routes are those employing a carbon arc, laser evaporation of carbon targets, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). SWNTs are produced by the carbon-arc discharge technique using a pure carbon cathode and a carbon anode containing a mixture of graphite powder and catalytic metal(s), like Fe, Ni, Co and Cu (D. S. Bethune et al. Nature 363, 605-7 (1993) and S.Iijima and T. Ichihashi, Nature 363, 603-5 (1993)). C. Journet et al. (Nature 388, 756-758 (1997)) have described an improved carbon-arc method for the synthesis of SWNTs which uses Ni/Y (4.2/1 atom %) as the catalyst. Co-vaporization of carbon and the metal catalyst in the arc generator produced a web-like deposit of SWNTs that is intimately mixed with fullerene-containing soot. Smalley's group (A. Thess et al., Science 273, 483-487(1996)) developed a pulsed laser vaporization technique for synthesis of SWNT bundles from a carbon target containing 1 to 2% (w/w) Ni/Co. The dual laser synthesis, purification and processing of single-wall nanotubes has been described in the following references: J. Liu et al., Science 280, 1253 (1998); A. G. Rinzler et al., Applied Physics A 67, 29 (1998); A. G. Rinzler et al., Science 269, 1550 (1995); and H. Dai, et al., Nature 384, 147 (1996). The CVD method described by Cheng et al. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 3282 (1998)) involves the pyrolysis of a mixture of benzene with 1 to 5% thiophene or methane, using ferrocene as a floating catalyst and 10% hydrogen in argon as the carrier gas. The nanotubes form in the reaction zone of a cylindrical furnace held at 1100-1200� C. Depending on the thiophene concentration, the nanotubes form as either multi-wall nanotubes or bundles of single-wall nanotubes. Another useful method for growing single-wall nanotubes uses methane as the precursor, ferric nitrate contained on an alumina catalyst bed, and a reaction temperature of 1000� C. Another CVD synthesis process was described by R. E. Smalley et al. in PCT International Application No. WO 99-US25702, WO 99-US21367 and by P. Nikolaev et al. in Chem. Phys. Lett. 313, 91-97 (1999). This process, known as the HiPco process, utilizes high pressure (typically 10-100 atm) carbon monoxide gas as the carbon source, and nanometer sized metal particles (formed in-situ within the gas stream from organo-metallic precursors) to catalyze the growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes. The preferred catalyst precursors are iron carbonyl (Fe(CO)5) and mixtures of iron carbonyl and nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4). The HiPco process produces a SWNT product that is essentially free of carbonaceous impurities, which are the major component of the laser-evaporation and carbon-arc products. The process enables control of the range of nanotube diameters produced, by controlling the nucleation and size of the metal cluster catalyst particles. In this way, it is possible to produce unusually small nanotube diameters, about 0.6 to 0.9 nm. The nanotube-containing products of the laser-evaporation and carbon-arc processes invariably contain a variety of carbonaceous impurities, including various fullerenes and less ordered forms of carbon soot. The carbonaceous impurity content in the raw products of the laser and carbon arc processes typically exceeds 50 weight %. Purification of these products generally relies on selective dissolution of the catalyst metals and highly ordered carbon clusters (called fullerenes) followed by selective oxidation of the less ordered carbonaceous impurities. A typical purification process is described by Lui et al. in Science 280, 1253 (1998). This method involves refluxing the crude product in 2.6 M nitric acid for 45 hours, suspending the nanotubes in pH 10 NaOH aqueous solution using a surfactant (e.g, Triton X-100 from Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.), followed by filtration using a cross-flow filtration system. While the effects of these purification processes on the nanotubes themselves are not completely understood, it is believed that the nanotubes are shortened by oxidation. As discussed by B. I. Jakobson and R. E. Smalley (American Scientist 85, 325, 1997) SWNT and MWNT materials are promising for a wide variety of potential applications because of the exceptional physical and chemical properties exhibited by the individual nanotubes or nanotube bundles. Some SWNT properties of particular relevance include metallic and semiconducting electrical conductivity, depending on the specific molecular structure, extensional elastic modulus of 0.6 TPa or higher, tensile strengths on the order of ten to one hundred GPa, and surface areas that can exceed 300 m2/g. The proposed applications of carbon nanotubes include mechanical applications, such as in high-strength composites, electrical applications, and multifunctional applications in which different properties aspects of the carbon nanotubes are simultaneously utilized. Tennent et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,711 describe the application of sheets of carbon nanotubes as high performance supercapacitors. In this application, a voltage difference is applied to two high-surface-area carbon nanotube electrodes that are immersed in a solid or liquid electrolyte. Current flows in the charging circuit, thereby injecting charge in the nanotubes, by creating an electrostatic double layer near the nanotube surfaces. The application of carbon nanotube sheets as electromechanical actuators has been recently described (R. H. Baughman et al., Science 284, 1340 (1999)). These actuators utilize dimension changes that result from the double-layer electrochemical charge injection into high-surface-area carbon nanotube electrodes. If carbon nanotubes can be assembled into high modulus and high strength assemblies (such as filaments, ribbons, yarns, or sheets) that maintain their ability to electrochemically store charge, then superior actuator performance should be obtainable. The problem has been that no methods are presently available for the manufacture of nanotube articles that have these needed characteristics. These and other promising applications require assembling the individual nanotubes into macroscopic arrays that effectively use the attractive properties of the individual nanotubes. This obstacle has so far hindered applications development. The problem is that MWNTs and SWNTs are insoluble in ordinary aqueous solvents and do not form melts even at very high temperatures. Under certain conditions, and with the aid of surfactants and ultrasonic dispersion, bundles of SWNTs can be made to form a stable colloidal suspension in an aqueous medium. Filtration of these suspensions on a fine-pore filter medium, as described by Lui et al. in Science 280, 1253 (1998), results in the production of a paper-like sheet which has been called �bucky paper� (in reference to buckminsterfullerene, or C60, the first member of the fullerene family of carbon cluster molecules). Such sheets, which can range in conveniently obtainable thickness from 10-100 microns, possess mechanical strength derived from the micro-scale entanglement of the nanotube bundles. Bucky paper preserves the large accessible surface area of the nanotube bundles, but typically exhibit greatly reduced elastic modulus values (a few GPa) that are a very small fraction of the intrinsic elastic modulus of either the individual SWNTs or the SWNT bundles. A recently reported method for processing carbon nanotubes provides nanotube fibers whose mechanical properties significantly surpass those of ordinary bucky paper. This method was described by B. Vigolo et al. in Science 290, 1331 (2000) and by R. H. Baughman in Science 290, 1310 (2000). According to this process, the carbon nanotubes are first dispersed in an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent with the aid of a surfactant. A narrow jet of this nanotube dispersion is then injected into a rotating bath of a more viscous liquid in such a way that shear forces at the point of injection cause partial aggregation and alignment of the dispersed nanotube bundles. This viscous liquid contains an agent or agents, which act to neutralize the dispersing action of the surfactant. Consequently, the jet of dispersed nanotubes is rapidly coagulated into a low-density array of entangled nanotubes�thereby gaining a small (but useful) amount of tensile strength. The wet filament is then washed in water, and the washed filament is subsequently withdrawn from the wash bath and dried. During which draw-dry process, capillary forces collapse the loosely tangled array of nanotubes into a compact thin fiber having a density of about 1.5 gm/cc (close to the theoretical density of a compact array of carbon nanotubes). This total process will henceforth be referred to as the coagulation spinning (CS) process. In a typical CS process, as described by Bernier et al., the nanotubes are dispersed in water with the aid of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant. The viscous carrier liquid is an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in which the PVA also serves to neutralize the effect of the SDS surfactant by directly replacing these molecules on the NT surfaces. Bernier et al. describe preferred concentrations for the various ingredients, and viscosity ranges and flow velocities of the spinning solutions. Polarized light microscopy of the coagulated nanotube fibers confirms preferential alignment of the NTs along the fiber axis. Further evidence of NT alignment is provided by the measured extensional elastic modulus, which is approximately 10 GPa for the final CS fibers, as compared to typically 1 GPa for bucky paper. Unfortunately, the fibers made by the CS process are not useful in applications as electrodes immersed in liquid electrolytes because of a surprising shape memory effect. This shape memory effect causes the CS fibers to dramatically swell (by 100% or more) and lose most of their dry-state modulus and strength. Because of this structural instability of fibers made by the CS process, they are unusable for critically important applications that use liquid electrolytes, such as in supercapacitors and in electromechanical actuators. In contrast, as-produced bucky paper made from the same nanotubes can be used for both capacitor and actuator devices that use liquid electrolytes. Yashi et al. (Y. K. Yashi et al., Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, �Science and Technology of Fullerene Materials,� 359, pg. 81-6, 1995) attempt to overcome the problems inherent in the CS process by using a method for forming a bundle of aligned carbon nanotubes by extruding a mixture of carbon nanotubes and polypropylene through a small die having a diameter of 2 mm which is maintained at 200� C. These materials do not have properties that would render them useful in actual mechanical or electrochemical applications, since they are made with such a low loading of the carbon nanotubes and the polypropylene remains in the final product. In the present method, the polymer carrier is removed. Glatkowski et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,466) teach a method for preparing an electromagnetic shielding composite having nanotubes wherein the nanotubes are oriented when a shearing force is applied to the composite. The method includes a step of providing a polymer with an amount of nanotubes, and imparting a shearing force to the polymer and nanotubes to orient the nanotubes. Glatkowski et al. generically teach that the nanotube concentration can be as high as 15 wt %, but it is preferable that the concentration is 0.1 to 1.5 wt %. These materials do not have properties that would render them useful in actual mechanical or electrochemical applications, since they are made with such a low loading of the carbon nanotubes. In the present method, a much higher shearing force is used to orient the nanotubes, thereby allowing for a much higher concentration of the nanotubes in the final product. Lobovsky et al. (copending U.S. Ser. No. 09/946,432) teach a method of forming fibers, ribbons and yarns, wherein the carbon nanotubes are first dispersed in an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent with the aid of a surfactant in the CS process described above. The present method has the advantage over the method of Lobovsky et al. in that the present method provides more freedom in the shaping of the final product and it allows for increased loadings of the carbon nanotubes, and as such can be used in a greater variety of applications. Thus, the prior art processes fail to provide materials containing carbon nanotube fibers that have high modulus, high strength, and high toughness for structural applications, as well as for multifunctional applications where extreme mechanical properties are combined with other functionalities, such as actuation, mechanical energy harvesting, mechanical dampening, thermal energy harvesting, and energy storage. Although the individual nanotube fibers have very attractive performance, the prior art has not demonstrated processes where these properties of the individual nanotubes can be effectively used in macrofibers composed of the nanofibers. The present invention solves the problems associated with prior art processes, by providing an efficient method for melt spinning carbon nanotube composites wherein the carbon nanotubes have a high loading in the composites (greater than 8%), and such high loadings result in the mechanical properties, electronic conductivity, or electrochemical activity needed for key applications. The present invention, in part, is drawn to a process which enables the spinning of carbon nanotube fibers containing a high loading of nanotubes in a fibrous component or a layer. This spinning process is enabled by the use of one or more fiber components as a support and alignment element for another fiber component that contains a polymer that is heavily loaded with carbon nanotubes. This process, which is generically applicable to various types of carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous nanofibers, provides nanotube-containing fibers having complex cross-sections that are particularly applicable for mechanical reinforcement, thermal and electrical conduction, energy storage, energy harvesting, and electromechanical actuation. The process comprises a step of melt flowing a first composition comprising a core polymer thereby aligning the molecules of the core polymer to be in a substantially parallel arrangement in the direction of the flow and combining a second composition comprising a sheath polymer in the melt phase and carbon nanotubes such that the carbon nanotubes align in the general direction of the core polymer molecules, and a step of removing at least 50 wt % of the core and sheath polymer molecules. The present invention, in part, is drawn to a structure comprising carbon nanotubes wherein the carbon nanotubes are oriented lengthwise in the same general direction and in a high density. The present invention, in part, is drawn to an apparatus for preparing the structure comprising aligned carbon nanotubes, said apparatus comprising an upper spinneret and a lower spinneret arranged in such a manner as to create a high shear force on a mixture of polymers and carbon nanotubes to align the carbon nanotubes in the general direction of the flow. Advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. The coagulation spinning (CS) process of the conventional art has the following liabilities that are eliminated by the present invention: (a) the conventional art process was unstable since it could be practiced only in a narrow range of spinning parameters and a very restricted concentration range for the carbon nanotubes in the spinning solution, (b) the degree of alignment of the fibers produced by the conventional art CS process is not high, and (cj the nanotube fibers spun by the conventional art are not dimensionally stable and the mechanical properties degrade when these fibers are placed in the liquid electrolytes that are needed for key applications. The present invention, in part, is drawn to a process of making a structure comprising carbon nanotubes, said process comprising: a step of melt flowing a first composition comprising a core polymer through a spinneret to align molecules of the core polymer to be in a substantially parallel arrangement and combining a second composition comprising a sheath polymer in the melt phase and carbon nanotubes with the flow of the first composition thereby aligning the carbon nanotubes to be in the general direction of the core polymer molecules, and a step of removing at least 50% of the core and sheath polymer molecules. The constituents of the second composition are not particularly limited so long as they are compatible with the constituents of the first composition, i.e., the combination of the two compositions should not separate into multiple phases. Also, the polymers of the two compositions preferably should be able to wet the carbon nanotubes during the flow step. Additives known in the art, such as plasticizers, antitackifying agents, solvents, etc., can be added to the first and/or second compositions. It is preferred to use additives which improve the ability of the composition to form the carbon nanotube structure and that are easily removed once the structure has been formed. Preferably, the polymer of the first and second compositions has a melting temperature (Tm) of greater than 50� C. and a weight average molecular weight of at least 10,000 (as measured using high pressure liquid chromatography). More preferably the polymer has a Tm in a range of 50-300� C. and a weight average molecular weight in a range of 40,000-2,000,000. In a preferred embodiment, the second composition comprises a polymer having a backbone comprising at least one structural unit which is identical in type with a structural unit on the backbone of the polymer of the first composition. The structural unit on the backbone of the polymers of the first and second composition is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkylene, alkene, alkyne, amide, ether, urethane, siloxane, silane, urea, carbonyl and carboxyl. The polymers of the first and second composition are, individually, a substituted or unsubstituted homopolymer or (block or random) copolymer and is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyolefin (such as polybutadiene, polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene), polyurethane, polysiloxane, polysilane, polyacrylate, polyalkylacrylate (such as polymethylacrylate, or polyethylacrylate), polymethacrylate, polyalkyl methacrylate (such as polymethyl methacrylate or polyethyl methacrylate), polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polyester (such as polyalkylene terephthalate), polyesteramide, polyether and polyetheramide. Preferably, the polymers of the first and second composition are identical in type. More, preferably, the polymers of the first and second composition are polyolefins. Most preferably, the polymers of the first and second composition are both polypropylene. The type of carbon nanotubes for use in the present invention are not particularly limited, and can be made from any process known in the art. The carbon nanotubes in the second composition is in a concentration of greater than 10 wt % based on the weight of the second composition. Preferably, the concentration of the carbon nanotubes is 15-45 wt %. Most preferably, the concentration of the carbon nanotubes is 25-40 wt %. During the flow step, the movement of the carbon nanotubes in the polymer composition is akin to the movement of logs in a river, i.e., the carbon nanotubes tend to align in the direction of the flow. The resulting extrusions are analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine the degree of orientation of carbon nanotubes in the matrix. The degree of orientation �f�, known as Hermans orientation parameter, is determined from the relation
The alignment of such a high concentration of carbon nanotubes is made possible by a high shear force imposed in the composition during flow. In the step of removing the polymer molecules from the carbon nanotube composition, at least 50 mol % of the polymer molecules are removed. Preferably, at least 90 mol % of the polymer molecules are removed. Most preferably, at least 99.5% of the polymer molecules are removed. The removal of the polymer molecules can be done by any method so long as the carbon nanotube structure is not seriously affected. Preferably, the polymer molecules are removed in a melting step. The source of the heat is not particularly limited and includes, for example, a conventional oven or microwave oven. The inventive process may further comprise a step of densifying the structure by depositing carbon, silicon and/or silicon carbide. The method for performing this step is not particularly limited, and can be performed by any known in the art. When the structure has been densified with carbon CVD, it preferably has a flex strength as measured by the 3-point flex method of at least 0.2 GPa. More preferably the densified structure has a flex strength of 0.2-0.4 GPa. Also, the densified structure has a concentration of at least 15 wt % of carbon nanotubes based on the total weight of the structure. Preferably, the carbon nanotube concentration is 20-80 wt %, and most preferably, the concentration is 30-50 wt %. The shape of the structure can be altered and depends on the shape of the spinneret cavity. If the spinneret cavity has a round opening, the structure will form in a rod-like shape with the carbon nanotubes surrounding the parallel polymers of the first and second composition. In this case, the carbon nanotubes become the walls of hollow macrotubes when the polymers are removed as shown in Depending on the type of application, the structure may further comprise at least one of deposited or infiltrated carbon, silicon and silicon carbide which has been deposited in the carbon nanotubes. Thus, these materials comprising carbon nanotubes have high modulus, high strength, and high toughness for structural applications such as for brake pads in airplanes, as well as for multifunctional applications where extreme mechanical properties are combined with other functionalities, such as actuation, mechanical energy harvesting, mechanical dampening, thermal energy harvesting, and energy storage. The nanotube structure of the invention can be utilized for the storage of gases such as hydrogen. Carbon nanotubes are known to store hydrogen (M. S. Dresselhaus et al., MRS Bulletin 24, 45-50 (1999)) and the fiber or ribbon geometry is good for this application because it keeps the nanotubes in place (i.e., the nanotubes don't fly out with the hydrogen when the hydrogen is withdrawn from the storage vessel). The gas storage system can be an annular nanotube body made by winding the nanotube fiber or ribbon on a mandrel. This annular body would be contained in a cylindrical pressure vessel with a gas inlet/outlet port. An external or internal heater would be used for desorbing the stored gas. The actuators enabled by the fibers, ribbons, and yarns of this invention may be used for the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy. The applications for these mechanical actuators are diverse and include, for example, robotic devices; high temperature air flow valves for aircraft engines; optical switches for optical fiber interconnects; adjustable structures for vibration suppression and failure avoidance; phase shifters for optical gyroscopes; precision electronic gyroscopes; and artificial muscles for space suits. These electromechanical actuators resulting from invention embodiments can provide (a) high-stress-generation capabilities, (b) high gravimetric and volumetric work capabilities per cycle, and (c) high volumetric and gravimetric power generation capabilities. Also, the actuators of the preferred embodiments can operate at low voltages, which provides savings in device electronics, avoids potential safety hazards, and minimizes electromagnetic interference effects. The carbon nanotube fibers of invention embodiments can also be used for carrying high currents. This capability to carry high currents results from the combination of their reasonably high electrical conductivities and their high thermal conductivity and high thermal stability (enabling substantial heating and conduction of produced heat from the fibers). The invention embodiments that provides the NT fibers of this invention as windings on a mandrel (with optional heat set on the mandrel) enables a preferred use of the carbon nanotubes as motor windings, electromagnet windings, and the winding for transformers. The present invention, in part is drawn to an apparatus for preparing the structure comprising carbon nanotubes. The following description of the apparatus refers to There may be multiple cavities (C)(6, 10) which are concentrically located around cavity (B)(5 a) and are each connected to cavity (B)(5 a) with an annular space (17, 24). In addition, it is contemplated that cavity (C)(6, 10) may be a single concentric cavity which is connected to cavity (B)(5 a) by multiple annular spaces (17, 24). The distance between cavity (B)(5 a) and cavity (C)(6, 10) relates to the value of Do. Specifically, Do is an average of twice the distance between the inner wall (7, 11) of cavity (C) (6, 10) and the center of cavity (B)(5 a), and this distance is measured at an angle which is perpendicular to the flow of the core polymer through cavity (B)(5 a). In the situation where the cavity (C)(6, 10) is a single concentric cavity which is connected to cavity (B)(5 a) by multiple annular spaces (17, 24), the line Do is a measure of the diameter of the inner wall (7, 11). The spacer or shim between the upper spinneret (1) and the lower spinneret (4) can be adjusted in size to adjust the height of the annular space (17, 24). By adjusting the spacer (shim) (18, 24) height, the shear force imposed on the polymer composition can be adjusted, since the shim height relates to the velocity of the polymer flow. It is preferred that the shim height be adjusted so that the height of the annular space is less than the average length of the carbon nanotubes. This small height aids in aligning the carbon nanotubes in the direction of the flow. The velocities Vo and Vi are measured at the point of flow where Do and Di are measured, respectively. An increase in the ratio of Do/Di results in an increase in the velocity of the flow of the polymer/carbon nanotube composition as shown in the following equation.
In the inventive apparatus, the composite material is subjected to further extensional flow as the diameter of the capillary decreases from Di to De at the constriction point (14) of the capillary. Since the extensional flow in this portion of the apparatus is a cylindrical-type flow, the velocity increase is proportional to the square of the ratio of the diameters as follows:
The ability of the inventive apparatus to orient a much higher concentration of carbon nanotubes than has been shown in the prior art is attributed to the combination of the two points in the apparatus where the velocity increases. The present inventors are not aware of prior art teaching this advantage. The following examples are provided by way of illustration to show how the inventive structure comprising oriented carbon nanotubes can be prepared and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. Macrotubes comprising oriented carbon nanotubes were prepared as follows. Multiwall carbon nanotubes (product designation��PR19HT� from Applied Sciences, Inc. 141 West Xenia Ave. Cedarville, P.O. Box 579, Ohio 45314-0579) were used having the following dimensions: 1) 90 nm inner diameter; 2) a carbon vapor deposited outer layer resulting in an outer diameter of 150-200 nm; and 3) 50-100 microns in length. These multiwall carbon nanotubes were annealed in vacuum at 3000� C. 30 wt % of nanotubes were compounded with 70 wt % polypropylene having a melt flow index (MFI) of 55 (product designation �RG-7910� supplied by Solvay Polymers, Inc, 3333 Richmond Ave, Houston, Tex. 77098-3099) to form a second composition. This second composition was spun as a sheath in a bicomponent fiber spinning apparatus (described in the following paragraph) with a first composition which formed a core consisting of 100% polypropylene having a MFI=9.5 (supplied by Solvay Polymers, Inc) to form macrotubes having walls composed of oriented carbon nanotubes and a polypropylene core as shown in The apparatus is shown in Preinfiltration Step� The macrotubes containing a polypropylene core were subjected to a pre-infiltration treatment step to remove the polypropylene core as follows:
The cylindrically shaped hollow macrotubes of Examples (2)-(4) are shown in The following describes the experimental apparatus of The macrotubes were mounted in the infiltration reactor of The reactor gas flows are controlled by MKS mass flow controllers, and the pressure is set by an MKS pressure control valve at the furnace exit. All process parameters (gas flows, reactor pressure and furnace temperature) are controlled by computer. After the fiber samples were placed in the reactor, the system was evacuated using a roughing pump. After pump down, the infiltration cycle was initiated as follows. An argon stream was introduced into the reactor at a flow rate of 586 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) and a pressure of 60 torr. The reactor was heated to 500� C. in 15 minutes while maintaining the above gas conditions. This temperature was maintained for 10 minutes and then increased to 1020� C. in. 30 minutes. After a 10 minute soak at 1020� C., the argon stream was switched to the infiltration gas mixture which consisted of 576 sccm of methane (99.97% purity) and 11.7 sccm of propane (99.5% purity). These gas flows were maintained at a pressure of 60 torr for 12 hours, after which the reactor was cooled to room temperature under an argon gas flow as described above. The infiltration conditions described form a carbon layer that is approximately 0.5 μm thick. The result was a hollow macrotube in which an air core is surrounded by a sheath comprising a composite of axially oriented nanotubes as shown in Measured Mechanical Properties of Macrotube Fibers Additionally Consolidated Through CVD Process� Sections of the macrotube fiber were tested by the 3-point flex method as described in ASTM D790-86. The flex stress and the modulus were calculated using the formulas given in the standard. The nominal external fiber sample diameter D=0.015 in. The fiber is hollow with an internal diameter d=0.0084 in., and the internal to external diameter ratio is approximately d/D=0.56. The test was performed using a beam span (distance between the supports) L=0.25 in. The tester loading (crosshead) speed used in the test=0.1 in/min. The average flex breaking strength calculated by the standard formulas for the sample (the nominal sample diameter D=0.015 in) is 28.7 ksi (kilopounds per square inch=1000 psi) or 0.22GPa. The average modulus is 2.06�0.27 Msi (megapounds per square inch=1,000,000 psi) or 16 GPa, and elongation to break is equal 1.5%. Taking into consideration the fact that the outer crust of the macrofiber is CVD material only, the calculated values for the strength and the modulus are higher. For the homogeneous nanotube material (with outside diameter D=0.138 in, as estimated from the micrographs), according to the standard formulas the strength is equal=0.30 GPa and the average modulus=24.6 GPa. These results are shown in the table, where they are compared to the data for conventional C/C brake composite (PAN+pitch):
A mixture of 30% by weight of carbon nanotubes and 70% polypropylene was spun into a fiber using a conventional apparatus such as described by Glatkowski et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,466). The apparatus includes a spinneret having a cavity with a single point of constriction at the spinneret exit. Thus, this apparatus provides only a single point where the velocity increases. The increase in velocity of Ve/Vi=(Di/De)2=(0.5/0.15)2=11.1. The resulting extrusions of Comparative Example 1 as well as the macrotubes produced in Inventive Example 1 were examined by x-ray diffraction to determine the degree of orientation �f� of carbon nanotubes in the matrix. The degree of orientation �f� is a function that varies from 0 for a sample with randomly oriented nanotubes to 1 for a sample in which all the nanotubes are perfectly aligned along one direction.
The X-Ray analysis results indicate a higher degree of orientation in the extruded tubes of Inventive Example 1, which was produced with a higher increase in velocity and shear force then the Comparative Example 1 of Glatkowski et al. A total of 6 samples prepared by the method of Example 4 were densified through a CVD process and were mechanically tested. Using Instron 5565 with a sensitive 2.5N load cell, the sections of the fiber were tested by 3-point flex method using the following parameters:
The results are provided in the table below. The results in the table below were prepared taking into consideration the following factors. First, the measured nominal external fiber diameter D=0.015 in. Second, the fiber was hollow, with an internal to external diameter ratio of approximately 0.56. Third, the upper crust of the fiber is CVD material only, and does not contribute to the flex resistance, so one has to reduce the outer fiber diameter in the calculation. Using the micro-graphs this reduction was estimated by a factor of 0.9. A conventionally prepared carbon/carbon composite brake (PAN+pitch) was tested for comparison with the samples obtained in Example (5) above. The results are given in the following table.
Thus, the overall strength of the inventive composite brake pads made by the inventive method is much higher than the strength of the conventional composite brake pads. It is to be understood that the foregoing descriptions and specific embodiments shown herein are merely illustrative of the best mode of the invention and the principles thereof, and that modifications and additions may be easily made by those skilled in the art without departing for the spirit and scope of the invention, which is therefore understood to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims. Referenced by
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Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR)
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Mar 5, 2015, 1:13 PM EST
He would then return to Korea, where the 28-year-old was a former MVP.
Erik Bedard is fine if the Dodgers send him to Triple-A because "the game's still fun"
Mar 5, 2015, 10:47 AM EST
"I used to throw hard. Now, not so hard."
Dodgers trying to trade Andre Ethier, willing to pay "about half" of his $56 million contract
Mar 5, 2015, 10:15 AM EST
Why hasn't Ethier been traded yet?
That facts of Josh Hamilton's case should not be a matter of public record
Mar 5, 2015, 8:43 AM EST
And the fact that they are being leaked is unconscionable
Report: MLB panel split on rehab for Josh Hamilton; one-year suspension is in play
Mar 4, 2015, 9:52 PM EST
A four-person panel appointed by Major League Baseball to decide how Josh Hamilton should be handled following his recent relapse that involved at least cocaine has reportedly reached a stalemate.


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Ventax II
A world whose humanoids credit their return from the brink of military and ecological ruin to their forebears' supposed eternal enslavement with the devil "Ardra" in return for a millennium of peace and prosperity. A Federation anthropological team had been curious as to why the agrarian Ventaxians gave up their once high-tech culture, even when Klingons contacted them with modern sciences again about 2297. The planet has east and west magnetic poles.
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The Jeff Rense Program, submitted by Bella. Sure I don't care for George W Bush and think that history will show that he was probably the worst president ever, but I can't stand all these wackos and foaming Internet nerds who think he is the anti-Christ and has vast sweeping plans to destroy the planet in some type of New World Order. These are the sorts of people that get all the attention and garner more support for Bush since they make the most noise and as such get noticed. How the hell does a radio show this retarded get national air time and thousands of followers? I don't follow radio so I never heard of Jeff Rense, but his frosted perm tells me that he is serious about his conspiracy theories. "The tie in the t-valve project now becomes clear: our government is denying the capability of making additions into the water system when the work is ongoing. If the introduction of a toxic substance into the lines were planned, would they admit it? It might cause a generalized panic. For those concerned how our own leadership could possibly be involved in such a questionable matter, one needs to understand the ongoing relationship between the Bush family and Adolph Hitler. It has been well documented by Webster Tarpley and Antonin Chaitkin in the book, "George Bush: An Unauthorized Biography," that our President's grandfather, Senator Prescott Bush, was funneling millions of dollars into Hitler's war effort through Union Bank Corporation. In October, 1942, the government seized UBC under the Trading with the Enemies Act, declaring the bank to be a Nazi front. Prescott Bush was at that time a director of UBC. For those who are interested in further documentation of this, I refer you to chapter 2 of the above cited book. The Bush-Hitler connection did not end with the seizing of the bank. It simply became more covert and less easy to detect. It was continued on through Skull and Bones, the Yale secret society with massive Nazi connections, into which both Presidents Bush immersed themselves at Yale."
Yeah we get it, Bush is the new Hitler and eats Jewish babies after raping a basket of puppies. We all know Bush is deep into some really shady dealings that are not acceptable for a president, but making him out to be the equivalent to the emperor from Star Wars is giving him a little too much credit. This is a guy who goes to bed before the sun goes down and has his assistant read his newspaper for him. The truth is that these people will be spewing their nutjob theories no matter who is in power. Actually, I would think that these guys love Bush because he gives them so much to talk about. Business is good in the paranoia department these days.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has sworn to personally investigate the murder of opposition leader Boris Nemtsov. In fact, Putin plans to use his expertise to solve most major crimes.
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Comment: Re:Ain't freedom a bitch... (Score 1) 551
Your 80mm mortar may have the edge in range, and you may be a trained soldier, but you obviously haven't learned the lessons of asymmetric warfare...
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Your 80mm mortar may have the edge in range, and you may be a trained soldier, but you obviously haven't learned the lessons of asymmetric warfare...
...because people don't like the idea of a language that turns something they should be doing anyway, code indentation, into a syntactic requirement.
Short-sighted of them
No, they do not have the right to take your work and claim it for their own. That right is reserved exclusively to you by the terms of the BSD license. That's what makes the Stallmanite claim that "they can take your work private" a bald-faced lie.
As for not understanding true freedom, get back to me when you have a right to keep and bear arms.
It's not freedom, because others are not free to do something that pisses you off but does not actually harm you. And no, having your code extended by others does not harm you. You have no right to their work.
It's only a shell of freedom. Then again, I long ago gave up on the idea that Europeans could actually understand true freedom...
But you're wrong. Another cannot take your BSD-licensed work as their own. You will, always and forever, own that work and be able to use and freely distribute it.
Another can use your BSD-licensed work as the base for their work, and use and distribute their work as they see fit. This is as it should be. Even in doing so, however, they cannot stop you from continuing to use, maintain, and improve your own work.
Compare this freedom with the GPL's mandate to only distribute others' work on the same terms as your own. What gives you the right to tell someone else what they can do with their work? How is this freedom?
Fucking for virginity, indeed. You must destroy that freedom in order to save it.
Bah. Stallmanite double-speak.
All right, someone mod that one +1 Funny.
Ah, but that's the point: your analogy between the BSD license and the freedom to commit murder or arson is false. That's because the BSD license harms nobody, and grants freedom to programmers as well as users. The freedom to modify the code is meaningless if you are forced to give it away afterwards.
Not possible. They cannot prevent you from using your own work as you wish, under any circumstances, period, end of story. They can prevent you from using their work.
This kind of crap is the Stallmanite stork in trade: lay out a dystopian vision where programmers' work is taken away from them never to be seen again. If they'd quite peddling this lie, then things would be a lot calmer.
Uhm, no. If you need to restrict others' freedom, then ue the GPL - because that restricts freedoms int he name of preserving them. Just like the classic "fucking for virginity".
True freedom must necessarily include the freedom to do things that piss others off, or else it is not truly free. The difference between soi-disant "free software" and BSD-licensed code is that the latter includes the freedom to do things that piss RMS off.
Pay the licenses, or out-compete them with freely available code. There's considerable experience by now that says the latter will win every time.
No, I'm not posting just to start a flamewar. As for substantiation, the data have been untrustworthy ever since Climategate.
No. I am an atheist.
Was that before or after the historical data was fudged in ways the 'climate science" community won't disclose?
(And no, moderators, I'm not trolling. This is a legitimate question.)
"Troll" is Slashdot moderator-ese for "I don't agree with you and think no reasonable person could hold that opinion, so you must be trolling". It's far too overused; personally, I think it should be abolished entirely.
Life is a whim of several billion cells to be you for a while.


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Hey Everyone! My hand is doing a bit better but I will be slow hehe. This is a rough draft for the Libra drawing I have been dieing to work on more. It is still subject to change but I hope it is coming out at least somewhat ok haha. Hopefully it comes out nice!
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Plum Tarts
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Jun 16, 2009 - Direct marketing principles apply to Web site testing and optimization. Comments
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May 19, 2009 - Online marketing analytics experts offer up their definitions. What's yours? First of two parts. Comments
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Apr 7, 2009 - If mom's tweeting more than her son, what does that mean for online businesses? Comments
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Mar 10, 2009 - A gathering of 2,000 marketers shows how businesses are improving and optimizing the Web channel -- even during these difficult economic times. Comments
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Calpine Corporation's CEO Discusses Q2 2012 Results - Earnings Call Transcript
Lastly, I would be remiss for not thanking the professionals here at our Houston headquarters for their dedication and hard work behind the scenes that has not only resulted in Calpine leading the IPP sector with their timely financial filings, but also developed the processes and tools to forecast our business going forward.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Muhammad Kasim Reed | |
59th Mayor of Atlanta | |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office January 4, 2010 | |
Preceded by | Shirley Franklin |
Member of the Georgia Senate from the 35th district | |
In office January 2003 – September 1, 2009 | |
Preceded by | Donzella James |
Succeeded by | Donzella James |
Member of the Georgia House of Representatives from the 52nd district | |
In office January 1999 – January 2003 | |
Preceded by | Henrietta Canty |
Succeeded by | Fran Millar |
Personal details | |
Born | Plainfield, New Jersey, U.S. | June 10, 1969
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Sarah Elizabeth Reed |
Alma mater | Howard University |
Religion | United Methodism |
Website | Official website |
Muhammad Kasim Reed | |
59th Mayor of Atlanta | |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office January 4, 2010 | |
Preceded by | Shirley Franklin |
Member of the Georgia Senate from the 35th district | |
In office January 2003 – September 1, 2009 | |
Preceded by | Donzella James |
Succeeded by | Donzella James |
Member of the Georgia House of Representatives from the 52nd district | |
In office January 1999 – January 2003 | |
Preceded by | Henrietta Canty |
Succeeded by | Fran Millar |
Personal details | |
Born | Plainfield, New Jersey, U.S. | June 10, 1969
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Sarah Elizabeth Reed |
Alma mater | Howard University |
Religion | United Methodism |
Website | Official website |
Muhammad Kasim Reed (born June 10, 1969) is the 59th Mayor of Atlanta; he was officially inaugurated on January 4, 2010.
A Democrat, he was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1998 to 2002 and represented the 35th District in the Georgia State Senate from 2003 to 2009. After serving as campaign manager for Shirley Franklin's successful Atlanta mayoral campaign in 2001, he ran for the position in 2009 as Franklin was term limited. He was one of two candidates to advance from the November 3 general election and went on to win the runoff election on December 1, 2009.
Reed was born in Plainfield, New Jersey,[1] but his family moved to Fulton County, Georgia, when he was an infant.[2] He was born and raised in a United Methodist household, although his father considered converting to Islam around the time he was born, during the early years of desegregation, and he was named Mohammed to the consternation of his minister grandfather.[3] Reed graduated from Fulton County's Utoy Springs Elementary School and Westlake High School.[2][4]
He attended Howard University in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1991 with a degree in political science. During a takeover of the Howard administration building in 1989, Reed, a college sophomore, served as an intermediary to attempt to convince Howard officials not to accept Republican National Committee Chairman Lee Atwater's resignation from the university's board of trustees.[4] He also made $40,000 as an entrepreneur running a jewelry business that he started at age sixteen.[5]
In 1990 Reed was invited to comment on the Persian Gulf War military buildup on the MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. Also, in November of that year he was featured in Black Enterprise.[6]
Reed interned for Joseph Patrick Kennedy II. During his internship he learned about a federal dollar-for-dollar matching grant program and as a senior and the undergraduate trustee on the University's Board of Trustees, he instituted a $15-per-semester student fee increase that would be matched by federal taxpayers, with monies earmarked for the university's endowment. The fees were expected to total nearly $300,000 per semester.[7][8] The estimate was conservative in the sense that it only assumes the fees from slightly more than 75% of the 12,000 students.[9] The four-year totals would approach a $2.4 million addition to the endowment.[10] Reed earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1991. He then earned his juris doctorate from Howard University School of Law in 1995.[11] In 2002 Mayor Reed was appointed as the youngest General Trustee to serve Howard's Board of Trustees and continues to serve on that Board.
After graduation from law school Reed joined the law firm of Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, LLP.[11] and later became a partner at Holland & Knight LLP, an international law firm with offices in Atlanta.[2]
In 1998 Henrietta Canty (1975–80, 1990–98), resigned her Georgia House of Representatives 52nd district seat to run for Georgia State Insurance Commissioner.[12] Seven candidates vied for her seat in the July 21, 1998 Democratic primary election.[13] Reed was the leading vote-getter with 36.6% of the vote, finishing well ahead of community leaders Horace Mann Bond and Eric V. Thomas, the second and third place finishers, respectively.[14] This resulted in a head-to-head August 11 run-off election, which Reed won with 60.6% of the vote, against the second-place finisher, Horace Mann Bond II, who had received 19.1% of the vote in July.[15] He was unopposed in the November 3 general election.[16]
In his 2000 re-election campaign, Clarence Canty, the son of Henrietta Canty,[17] contested the seat,[18][19] but Reed won the July 18, 2000 Democratic primary by a 77.0%–12.7% margin.[20] In the November 7, 2000 general election, he was again unopposed.[21] In the House of Representatives, he represented a predominately African-American constituency in south Atlanta.[22] Reed served as a member of the House Judiciary, Education, and Congressional and Legislative Reapportionment Committees.[11]
While in office, in 2001 Reed served as the campaign manager in Shirley Franklin's successful election campaign to become the 58th Mayor of Atlanta. As a campaign manager in an election occurring in the shadow of the September 11 attacks, he surveyed potential voters' perceptions of the propriety of the campaign's advertising broadcasts because at the time certain ads were thought to focus on sensitive topics.[23] After winning the election, Franklin chose Reed as one of two co-chairs on her transition team. In this role he was charged with identifying and reviewing candidates for cabinet-level positions.[2]
In the 2000 election the 52nd House district had been entirely contained in Fulton County.[21] After the decennary redistricting, the district by this number was entirely within DeKalb County, Georgia, in the November 5, 2002 election, which was won by Fran Millar.[24]
In 2000 the 35th Georgia State Senate District was entirely contained in Fulton County, and State Senator Donzella James was an uncontested Democrat the November 7 general election.[25] In 2002 four-term incumbent Senator James vacated the seat and contested David Scott and an other contenders for the Georgia's 13th congressional district, which was created after the 2000 census when Georgia added two new congressional districts.[26] When Reed first ran for election in the 35 state senate district in the 2002 Democratic primary, it included 19 precincts in Douglas County, Georgia, and 333 in Fulton County.[27] The district includes the southern portion of Fulton County (Atlanta, Alpharetta, College Park, East Point, Fairburn, Hapeville, Mountain Park, Palmetto, Roswell, Sandy Springs, and Union City) and the northeast portion of Douglas County (Douglasville, and Lithia Springs).[28] Reed won the district's five-way primary on August 20, 2002, with 65.8% of the vote,[27] and then he was uncontested in the November 5, 2002 general election.[29] In 2004 James contested Reed for the seat she had held before him, but he won the July 20, 2004 Democratic primary election by a 58.8%–41.2% margin.[30] He was uncontested in the November 2, 2004 general election,[31] and he has been uncontested in his 2006 and 2008 primary and general elections.[32][33][34]
In January 2006, Reed introduced a bill to authorize scholastic teaching of the textbook The Bible and Its Influence by the non-partisan, ecumenical Bible Literacy Project. The bible curriculum bill, which came a few years after Democrats opposed Republican attempts to promote teaching a translation of the scriptures, was an attempt to preempt a Republican attempt to display the Ten Commandments in schools. Faith is an area where Georgia Democrats differ from the national party.[35] The bill passed in the State Senate by a 50–1 margin on February 3,[36] and it eventually became law.[37]
Reed's committee assignments were the following: Senate Judiciary Committee, Special Judiciary Committee, Ethics Committee, Transportation Committee and the State and Local Government Operations Committee. He also serves as vice-chairman of the Georgia Senate Democratic Caucus. He has also served the Georgia Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee as its chairman.[2] In addition, he was a partner at Holland & Knight LLP.[2] Previously, he worked in the music industry for Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP.[11]
A month before the February 5, 2008 Super Tuesday Georgia Democratic primary, Reed endorsed Barack Obama.[38] In March 2008, Reed announced an exploratory committee, named ONE Atlanta, to investigate his viability as a candidate in the 2009 Atlanta Mayoral election.[39] Two-term incumbent Mayor Franklin was term limited and could not run again.[40] His exploratory committee announcement was coupled with an announcement that he would be pursuing a Hillary Clinton-style coalition-building tour.[39] During the summer of 2008, ONE Atlanta announced that the exploratory committee had become a formal campaign committee.[41]
On September 1 Reed resigned from the Georgia Senate to run for mayor.[42] No candidate won a majority in the November 3 general election,[43] and Donzella James defeated Torrey O. Johnson in the runoff election on December 1 to replace Reed.[44]
In the November 3, 2009 election, Reed qualified for a December 1 runoff election against Mary Norwood.[45] According to The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Reed had a winning majority in the runoff election that seemed destined to be contested by a recount.[46] The New York Times described the race as too close to call with 98 to 99 percent of the votes counted and Reed leading by only 620 of the 84,000 votes cast.[47][48] On December 9 after the completion of a recount Reed was declared the winner by a margin of 714 votes, after which Mary Norwood officially conceded.[49] Reed took office on January 4, 2010.[50]
Thomas Friedman has praised Reed in the New York Times for balancing the city's budget by limiting the pensions of city employees. This money was instead spent on the police force, as well as on community centers in poor neighborhoods (rather than on reversing the 42% increase in property taxes passed in 2009). He praises Reed as "combining a soft touch with a hard head".[51]
Reed announced his re-election campaign on August 26, 2013.[52]
Since the 1990s, the official State Flag of Georgia had been a controversial issue. After 2001 changes to the flag led by then-Governor of Georgia Roy Barnes, the governor was said to have been defeated by the political backlash. The 1956 version with the Confederate States of America battle emblem, known as a St. Andrew's cross, was a continuing topic of debate for southern heritage proponents.[53] Reed served as one of Governor Sonny Perdue's floor leaders in debates that led to the ratification of the current (2003) version of the state flag.[54] Reed's leadership in dealmaking with Senate Republicans kept the 1956 version of the flag off Perdue's statewide referendum on the flag in 2003.[39] The referendum was originally a two-part referendum pitting the 2001 version of the flag against the proposed version and conditional on failed ratification of a new flag considering other flags including the 1956 version. Under this format if the legislators did not approve the newly designed flag over the existing one they could have pursued other designs including the one with the controversial 1956 version of the flag. Reed and a contingent of black legislators from Atlanta limited the referendum to a single vote of preference between the 2003 version and the 2001 version.[39][55][56]
On May 21, 2009, Reed caused controversy in Atlanta's LGBT community when he stated that he supported civil unions for gays, but not gay marriage.[57] In December 2012, however, Reed announced his support for marriage equality for same-sex couples.[58]
Mayor Reed partnered with Georgia Governor Nathan Deal to act as the "faces of the pro-TSPLOST campaign", TSPLOST standing for "transportation special purpose local option sales tax", which would have levied a 1% sales tax for ten years, from 2013 until 2022, to fund transportation infrastructure projects.[59] He supported passing the referendum because it "would add jobs and improve congestion" and "failing to pass the measure would be economically damaging" for Atlanta. He stated that he would "work with opponents on the next plan to ease congestion".[60]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. (January 2014) |
Mayor Reed's civic leadership and service have been nationally recognized in publications such as the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, the Washington Post, the New York Times, Ebony, and Black Enterprise. He was selected as one of Georgia Trend magazine's "40 under 40 Rising Stars" in 2001, one of "10 Outstanding Atlantans" in Outstanding Atlanta, a member of the Leadership Georgia Class of 2000, and a Board Member of the Metropolitan Atlanta Arts Fund.
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Georgia House of Representatives | ||
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Farfrumgruvn 5pts It still looks like a 2005 Mazda6 Sportwagon. Only the Mazda had more horsepower, more cylinders, was cheaper, and cornered like it was on rails. The Acura is pointless in the USA.
redvette77 5pts @ IBx1You can't just do that. You cannot make a statement, be proven wrong, and try to weasel your way out of it by changing the rules. The simple fact is that wagons are slowly but surely making a comeback in the States, and it is about time. There is more than one wagon on the market today that I would be honored to drive, whether or not the crying dad in the back is included.
jessesrq 5pts If Dad is crying himself to sleep inside a wagon, there are bigger issues at play than his car choice.At 32 and without children, I love my TSX Sportwagon. And in black on black with dark windows, it is more stylish than any
IBx1 5pts Say what you will, it's a frumpy and forgettable station wagon. SUV's are for mommy to take the boys to ballet and soccer, wagons are for dad to cry himself to sleep in.


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Hey guys, what's up? Well, I hate to say it, but one of the institutions of gaming is gone. I am talking of course of Dragon magazine, which was like the gentleman's version of Dungeon magazine. Wizards of the COST decided they didn't want to keep it around anymore so they got rid of it. I know this happened a while back, but I have been on Internet hiatus due to some family issues I don't want to get into right here. The disappearance of this magazine is a sad passing of the ages in the world of gaming. Maybe we need to stop with the computers and read a little more? Would that work? Anyway, I wanted to celebrate somehow, so I thought talking about some of the sweetest cover art would be a good way.
We have to start with the very first issue. This one set the tone and the style for the next bunch of issues with a really sweet dragon with some smoke coming up out of him and then there's red and yellow which makes you think of fire. There's some pink too, which is a little weird, but it suggests maybe the feminine side of dragons. The logo is a classic and then you have some sweet green text which is sort of hard to read but I can make out "THE GNOME CACHE" is one of the article titles and that just makes me want to pick this one up and flip through the pages. What are the gnomes storing? Why is it a secret? How many gnomes do I need to kill to get my answers? I bet the answers are right there in the issue along with some sweet black and white artwork of a gnome holding a pick and maybe looking at a gem.
Oh man, I remember my next door neighbor's older brother Darren had this copy of Dragon and it always creeped the heck out of me. It's like one of the pictures from Night Gallery or something. I can almost hear Rod Serling talking like, "A portrait of the modern magician, as cryptic at rest as at work, but entombed in a maze of concrete and steel we find that a little magic can sometimes mean opening the door to that dark thing that lurks at the threshold of the mind. We call this painting, The Finzer Family." I just call it creepy as all heck. And why the little cockatrice? Is it going to eat that tiny Thanksgiving turkey on his finger?
Hell yes! This is where Dragon stopped fooling around trying to be artsy with their little wizard guys in puffy shirts and their miniature cockatrices. This is totally like some of the sweetest artwork I would draw, only way better executed. You've got a bad ass warrior with some of those Robin Hood boots on and some glowing blue armor and he's got white hair so you know he has seen some crap. That is true in all of fantasy art. If a dude has long white hair he has seen some serious crap. Then you've got a hot damsel with some serious wizard sleeve action and she's got a waist just big enough to wear a helmet as a belt. Then like, maybe the dude wasn't an expert at drawing hot babe faces so he cleverly used some shading techniques to artistically hide her face. Then, finally, the magnum opus, you've got this huge ass totally awesome demon springing up out of a well and to make matters worse he has a sword. Look at his haunting pumpkin face and feel the hell-spawned fury that hero is about to battle.
Finding the right hat can feel like walking through a minefield for guys. Did a murderer wear your hat? Was it ruined by bros? Are you just an idiot? Find out with our authoritative ranking of bad hats.
The Amazonians value combat prowess and purity of spirit. By wrestling half naked, they pay homage to both virtues by displaying their battle-forged bodies while preserving as much modesty as their society deems necessary. The gelatin in which they wrestle is symbolic of the fluid nature of battle, a concept the Amazonians call 'akgor-gra.'
Even the Armor of God won't save you from flying missionaries, terrible banditos, or Tom Arnold!
SA takes a look back at what our ancestors from the dawn of civilization clicked on THEIR computers!
My time as a captain in Sunless Sea, plus a review of Homeworld Remastered Collection
Something Awful Guides can help you, the Internet reader, make the most out of your life and just might possibly end up getting you incapacitated or killed!
Copyright ©2015 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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81 results for "espn stats& information"
Grizzlies, Suns shore up depth
ESPN Stats & InformationTwo Western Conference teams made upgrades to their depth on Friday with the help of the Boston Celtics. In separate deals the Grizzlies reportedly acquired Jeff Green (the deal has not yet been officially announced, but Marc Stein said the deal h...
Blog | January 09, 2015 -
Rondo adds new look to Mavs offense
ESPN Stats & InformationJerome Miron/USA TODAY SportsDallas no longer has to worry about stopping Rajon Rondo, the NBA's assist leader this season. The Boston Celtics have reportedly agreed to trade Rajon Rondo to the Dallas Mavericks for Brandan Wright, Jameer Nelson, Jae...
Blog | December 18, 2014 -
What's ahead for the Heat
ESPN Stats & InformationMichael Laughlin/Sun Sentinel/MCT/Getty ImagesThe Miami Heat lost in the NBA Finals this season, and might have a whole new look next year.Not long after the buzzer sounded to end Game 5 of the NBA Finals and the 2013-14 NBA season, the talk turned t...
Blog | June 17, 2014 -
NBA Finals quickie preview
Marc SteinSeven quick hitters to set up this NBA Finals rematch pitting two teams that went the distance when they met this time last year ... with an assist to my pal Steven Martinez from ESPN Stats & Information: 1. It's our first NBA Finals rematch since...
Blog | June 03, 2014 -
Top stats to know: Heat advance to Finals
ESPN Stats & InformationThe 2014 conference finals have been filled with lopsided games. None may have felt more lopsided than this series clincher by the Miami Heat over the Indiana Pacers on Friday. The Heat romped behind their Big Three to advance to the NBA Finals fo...
Blog | May 30, 2014 -
Heat, LeBron lights out in clinchers
ESPN Stats & InformationMike Ehrmann/Getty ImagesLeBron James has averaged nearly 29 points and nine rebounds per game in potential series-clinchers.The Miami Heat head to Indiana tonight (8:30 ET on ESPN and WatchESPN) trying to wrap up a fourth consecutive trip to the NBA...
Blog | May 28, 2014 -
Top stats to know: Heat 102, Pacers 90
ESPN Stats & InformationThe Miami Heat controlled Game 4 of the Eastern Conference finals from start to finish. Now they're one win away from finishing off the Indiana Pacers, after beating them 102-90 on Monday. The Heat improved to 8-1 at home against the Pacers and...
Blog | May 26, 2014 -
Top stats to know: NBA draft lottery
ESPN Stats & InformationThe 2014 NBA draft lottery will be held tonight at Disney/ABC's Times Square Studio in New York (7 ET on ESPN). Who's No. 1? The Milwaukee Bucks have a 25 percent chance of winning the draft lottery, the best chance among the 13 teams. Te...
Blog | May 20, 2014 -
Anthony Davis at his most dominant
ESPN Stats & InformationAnthony Davis had a tremendous game on Sunday.Anthony Davis had one of the NBA's biggest games this season in the New Orleans Pelicans' win over the Boston Celtics. He was the first player to have a 40-point, 20-rebound game since Dwight Howard h...
Blog | March 16, 2014 -
Nowitzki beats buzzer, topping Melo's 44
ESPN Stats & InformationNowitzkiCarmelo Anthony scored a game-high 44 points, but it was Dirk Nowitzki with the last laugh, getting a shooter's bounce to beat the buzzer in the Dallas Mavericks' 110-108 win against the New York Knicks on Monday. The buzzer-beating field ...
Blog | February 24, 2014 -
James turns 50 with 40
ESPN Stats & InformationLeBron James was historically good on Tuesday night. The Miami Heat are still offering up payback to the Dallas Mavericks for their loss in Game 6 of the 2011 NBA Finals. And LeBron James remains at the front of the line, finishing with 42 poin...
Blog | February 18, 2014 -
Stats & Info: Opening Night in the NBA
ESPN Stats & InformationNoah Graham/Getty ImagesKobe Bryant and LeBron James both have records in their sights this season.The NBA season tips off tonight with six teams in action, including the two favorites in the Eastern Conference and the first leg in the battle for Los...
Blog | October 29, 2013 -
Age nothing but a number for Brad Stevens
ESPN Stats & InformationAP Photo/Steve Helber Stevens will become the NBA's youngest head coach, ahead of Jacque Vaughn. When Brad Stevens shakes hands with opponents on the court this season, he'll be greeting players his own age. Stevens was born in 1976. He's 36 y...
Blog | July 04, 2013 -
Age nothing but a number for Brad Stevens
ESPN Stats & InformationAP Photo/Steve Helber Stevens will become the NBA's youngest head coach, ahead of Jacque Vaughn. When Brad Stevens shakes hands with opponents on the court this season, he'll be greeting players his own age. Stevens was born in 1976. He's 36 y...
Blog | July 03, 2013 -
4 things to know: Nets-Celtics trade
ESPN Stats & InformationIt can't be made official until the NBA moratorium on signings and trades is lifted July 10, but the Brooklyn Nets will have a roster stacked with veteran All-Stars for rookie head coach Jason Kidd after acquiring Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett and Jason...
Blog | June 28, 2013 -
LeBron's historic effort brings another title
ESPN Stats & InformationLeBron James hit big shots from the outside with consistency in Game 7. It lacked an epic ending, but Game 7 of the NBA Finals proved to be both highly entertaining and riveting down the stretch. The Miami Heat were a few shots better than the Sa...
Blog | June 21, 2013


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As the U.S. Maritime Commission's Marine Flasher docked in New York last week, some 300 passengers emerged sizzling. They promptly fired off a petition charging that the ship was, in effect, a floating flophouse. Yet the Maritime Commission made no move to withdraw the Marine Flasher or six similar troop-type ships from Atlantic passenger service. It knew that its ships were substandard but it kept them operating only because transatlantic ship space is so scarce.
The biggest cause of the jam, naturally, is a shortage of liners. Only 13 are now in...
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Typically an adapter plate will be required to attach a Lunt Solar Filter to the front of a customer supplied telescope.
This adapter plate is for 102 telescopes from Celestron and for LS50FHa Solar-Filter.
• Telescope Manufacturer: Celestron
• Telescope-Model: 102mm
• Plate Type: Slip On
• Plate ID: 4.705″
• Notes: w/o Dewshield, special depth
Product Series
The LS50 adapter plates a matched for the listed telescopes
and for the LS50FHa Solar-Filters.
Additional Information
Name | Lunt - Adapter Plate LS562/50 for Celestron 102 Telescope |
Manufacturer | Lunt Solar Systems |
Model | LS562/50 |


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Spielberg Double Feature: Schindler's List, Jurassic Park, And A Fascination With History
On the surface, Steven Spielbergs 1993 double-header of
Jurassic Park
Schindlers List
have nothing obvious in common. How could anyone make connections between a thrill-a-minute popcorn blockbuster about rampaging dinosaurs and a deeply personal historical tome about the horrors of the Holocaust?
jurassic park
Sean O'Connell
To 3D Or Not To 3D: Buy The Right Jurassic Park Ticket
I still have vivid memories of seeing this movie in theaters when I was a kid. That's why I went to see Jurassic Park at a revival screening last fall, to see it if held up on the big screen 20 years later. It absolutely did, proving still frightening, fun and deeply satisfying. Having watched the T-rex scenes and horrifying raptor sequences in its original 2D, made me freshly intrigued for what 3D could add to this stupendous viewing experience. So, when I went to see Jurassic Park 3D for this column, I paid attention solely to how 3D was employed.
jurassic park
Kristy Puchko
Jurassic Park 3D Motion Poster Takes Us Straight Toward A T-Rex
The new
Jurassic Park
motion poster serves as a nice little teaser for
Jurassic Park
's anticipated return to the big screen with its 3D makeover, and follows the previously released poster Dinosaurs in 3D! It's happening next month. And in addition to driving us straight at a roaring T-Rex, the teaser gives us a sample of the film's excellent score, reminding us that
Jurassic Park 3D
may not only be a feast for the eyes, but for the ears as well.
jurassic park
Kelly West
Should We Be Looking Forward To Jurassic Park 4?
Steven Spielbergs
Jurassic Park
is an undeniable classic. Not only was the film a true phenomenon when it was first released making nearly a billion dollars worldwide as a critical hit it has aged marvelously with effects that look as good as ever. The same things, sadly, cant be said about the franchise as a whole.
jurassic park
Eric Eisenberg & Sean O'Connell
Jurassic Park 4 Is Coming In 2014
The biggest news of 2012 was that the
Star Wars
universe was returning to cinemas with
Episodes VII
, and
. And while 2013 is still very young, we already have the biggest story of the year right now.
jurassic park
Eric Eisenberg
Jurassic Park 3D Trailer: My, What Big Teeth That T-Rex Has
Talk of a
Jurassic Park 4
remains in the air, but while that still gets settled, we'll all get the chance to revisit the timeless original in theaters. Sure, it requires those cumbersome 3D glasses, but no matter how ineffective this latest 3D conversion is, the chance to feel those T-Rex footsteps inside a theater ought to be worth the ticket
jurassic park
Katey Rich
Jurassic Park's 3D Re-Release Gets A Great New Poster
Steven Spielberg is having a really good fall. In October we saw the release of the 30th anniversary Blu-ray edition of
E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial
; the filmmaker's latest project,
, will be arriving in select cities this weekend before expanding nationwide next weekend; he managed to get A-lister Chris Hemsworth to star in his sci-fi action film
jurassic park
Eric Eisenberg
Meet The Man Inside Jurassic Park's Velociraptor In New Behind-The-Scenes Video
Jurassic Park
is famous for its groundbreaking blend of CGI and animatronic effects, creating terrifying robots both though good old-fashioned creature building and some of the earliest CGI in feature films, to the point that, at the time, nobody could tell the difference. But the film's scariest creatures, the velociraptors, were partly made using some of the oldest special effects in the movie business: guys in rubber suits
jurassic park
Katey Rich
Maleficent Director Mashing Up Jurassic Park And Avatar For His Next Project
Though Robert Stromberg has won an Oscar and worked with the likes of James Cameron, Tim Burton and Paul Thomas Anderson, he's currently embarking on what's likely the biggest challenge of his career. Not only is Stromberg stepping behind the camera as a director for the first time, but he's doing so on
jurassic park
Katey Rich
James Cameron Almost Made Jurassic Park
James Cameron is well known as the one true king of blockbusters. Not only is he the only director to ever have a movie make more than $2 billion at the international box office, he's done it twice with
. Not too far down on the all time world wide box office grosses list, however, standing at number 22, is Steven Spielberg's
Jurassic Park
. What you may not know is that
was almost a James Cameron movie too.
jurassic park
Eric Eisenberg
Jurassic Park 4 Aiming For Summer 2014 Release
Since learning that Universal was putting
Rise of the Planet of the Apes
' scribes Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver to the task of penning the script for the planned
Jurassic Park IV
, I can't help but wonder if motion capture might not be incorporated in the production of this anticipated sequel. And if so, is it too soon to start petitioning for Andy Serkis to play the role of a dinosaur?
jurassic park
Kelly West
Jurassic Park 3D Coming To Theaters In July 2013
Like a lot of people my age, I clearly remember seeing
Jurassic Park
in theaters, one of the first PG-13 movies I ever saw, and being completely enraptured. Who wouldn't want to repeat that experience?
jurassic park
Katey Rich
Jurassic Park Effects Supervisor Explains His Groundbreaking Work
Dozens of times a year, and this is no exaggeration, I compare effects in current films to
Jurassic Park
, more often than not saying in a fit of rage, If
did this good a job 20 years ago, why dont these effects look up to par?! Look at the 1993 release of
Jurassic Park
and compare it to films like
G.I. Joe: Rise of the Cobra
, which was made for almost $100 million more, and try not to be infuriated by the film makers laziness.
jurassic park
Will LeBlanc
Jurassic Park Trilogy On Blu-Ray Comes Out Next Week, Preview One Of The Special Features
Jurassic Park
trilogy is set to be released on Blu-ray next week, which will give fans of the films the opportunity to purchase (or re-purchase) the movies and dive head first into a giant pile of special features focusing on the making of the films. Read on if youd like an early look at one of the special features set to be included on the set.
jurassic park
Kelly West
Jurassic Park Blu-Ray Trailer Unleashes Prehistoric Carnage
Yesterday we brought you the details of the upcoming
Jurassic Park Ultimate Trilogy
that's coming to Blu-ray and DVD October 25th. Now Universal Studios Home Entertainment has thrown open the cages and loosed a trailer for the set. It's got all your favorites: dinosaurs roaring, dinosaurs chasing people, dinosaurs attempting to eat people, and Jeff Goldblum being put off by the whole situation. Welcome...to Jurassic Park.
jurassic park
David Wharton
Universal Releases Specs And Art For Jurassic Park Trilogy Blu-Rays
There were rumors earlier this month that we would soon be hearing an official announcement of the
Jurassic Park
trilogy coming to Blu-ray, and today that word has come. Universal Studios Home Entertainment has set an October 25th street date for the
Jurassic Park Ultimate Trilogy
, which will package Blu-ray versions of all three films and more than two hours of new bonus features.
jurassic park
David Wharton
Life Finds A Way Onto Blu-Ray: Jurassic Park Trilogy Going High-Def
Universal has confirmed that the
Jurassic Park
trilogy will be coming to Blu-ray later this year. There is no official street date or info on the set's contents yet, but it is slated to arrive in time for the holidays.
jurassic park
David Wharton
The 12 Most Unstoppable Things We've Seen On Film
This weekend Denzel Washington shows up in theaters as the lead in a movie called
, about a train which is anything but. You know he'll eventually stop it in the end, and even if he didn't, eventually
jurassic park
Josh Tyler and Mack Rawden
Joe Johnston Opens Up About Captain America And Says New Jurassic Park Is On The Way
In an interview with BoxOffice.com, Johnston was asked point blank to give some details about
First Avenger
that we haven't already heard. Rather than simply dole out a boring block quote
jurassic park
Eric Eisenberg
Joe Johnston Talks Jurassic Park 4
In a recent interview,
The Wolfman
director Joe Johnston, also the director of
Jurassic Park 3
, talks about the potential fourth film. After chatting about the longevity of the first film in terms of effects
jurassic park
Perri Nemiroff
jurassic park Stories 26 to 45 of 45
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New Londoners!! Add your favorite place to the huge New London map living at one of the main street cafes until February (It moves!).
Then make sure to join us for a Story Swap on January 24th at the Senior Center or January 25th at the Little Theater!
Cast Reflections on The Kirkbride Cycle
A Reflection from Harold Stanislavski
A Reflection from Bethany Dittman
A Reflection from Rebekah Ekelund
Click on the poster to learn more about this amazing production!
The cast of the Kirkbride Cycle


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Mechs gone wild in this Armored Core V trailer Although I have very little prior experience with the Armored Core series (true story: I played one of the demos once), I've reached a time in my life when my need to kill mechs with other mechs must be satiated. Perhaps Armored Core V will be the installment that finally gets me. Attached is the gamescom trailer for the title, which may be the darkest trailer I have ever seen for a videogame. The sound of global online team battles is appealing enough to cancel out any concerns I have with the video, though. Also, if the mechs seem smaller this time, it's not your imagination. Comments not appearing? Anti-virus apps like Avast or some browser extensions can cause this. Easy fix: Add [*].disqus.com to your software's white list. Tada! Happy comments time again.
Did you know? You can now get daily or weekly email notifications when humans reply to your comments.


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The fastest, the cheapest store online! Shipping was quick even though it was free. This is the first purchase that I made, and it won't be my last....Read More ->
I have purchased from MJM Magic several times, and each and every time the products arrived on time, and in pristine condition! Thank you MJM Magic,...Read More ->


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Three-year extension. So what becomes of Chase? Either Gordon retires after '15 or Chase is out in the cold.
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Topics I've Started
Hendrick extends Kahne's contract
20 November 2014 - 10:41 PM
What sort of rage is unleashed if Olsen isn't retained?
20 November 2014 - 12:16 PM
I was thinking about this. He's our best pass-catching target and is a FA after 2015, plus he really wants to stay.
Historically, that means Gettleman doesn't want him back. He's a great locker-room presence though, which is in his favor. However, Olsen is unlikely to re-sign for $5 and a four-piece Bojangles' meal, so Gettleman may have to pull out a $20 bill or maybe more.
Do we think Olsen will be kept here long-term or is it likely he's playing somewhere else in the future?
Are we one of the worst-run teams in the league?
19 November 2014 - 11:07 AM
Including owner, GM, coach, those at the top.
Just off the cuff, you could say the dumpster fire that is the Carolina Panthers would easily be a bottom-5 team in how it's run.
But then you've got the Browns, Cowboys, Redskins, Rams, Bucs, Jaguars and Raiders to consider. Sure, the Browns are doing a great job this year for the most part and an early congrats to them for their 24-13 win over us.
Still, Cleveland and Dallas are probably having an "eye of the storm" season like we did last year. So when you put that in consideration, where do we rank?
The Jeff Gordon/Brad Keselowski fight
04 November 2014 - 10:14 AM
What does everyone make of this little skirmish? Gordon at fault, or Keselowski? Looked like a racing accident to me that was blown out of proportion because of title fights.
Dale Jr. Wins At Martinsville!
27 October 2014 - 11:52 AM
It's his fourth win of the NASCAR Sprint Cup season and his first ever at Martinsville. Congrats, Dale Jr.! He ran a perfect race and made the winning pass on Tony Stewart with four laps to go. I was actually watching it from Martinsville's infield, yesterday, so I had an awesome view of everything as it happened.
Go ahead and post random soccer pics if you like, I don't care one bit. This was an awesome sporting event to experience and I wanted to share my enjoyment with those on the Huddle.