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Soul Fire Chapter 41 (old)Soul Fire a NaruHina fan ficSoul Fire Chapter 41 (old)6 years ago in Scraps More Like This
Volume 3
Chapter 41: Breaking point
This arc, hereafter refered to as "The Test Arc", has been officially discontinued. This chapter, along with chapters 42-46 which are linked to in the Artists Comments below, are no longer part of the Soul Fire story line. The Test Arc will never be completed. Eventually, new chapters with a new story line will be written to replace chapters 41-46. These new chapters will continue the story from chapter 40 and will become the new official story line. The original Test Arc chapters will remain posted on dA, but the links from chapter 40 will no longer lead to them. They will lead to the new chapters.
If you haven't already, I, the author, would prefer that you didn't read this arc as it will never be finished and I would not want my readers to feel confused when the new arc replaces this one. If you do read these chapters, try to remember that these events never happened, the characters did not think, say, or


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US 20080089306 A1 Abstract This invention relates to cognitive radio based wireless communications of dynamic spectrum access networks, and more particularly to a method of addressing inter-systems (cells) communications for coexistence and spectrum sharing. A method, called Logical Control Connections, is described for reliable connection-based inter-system coordination and communications, which can be established and maintained either over the air or over the backhaul with very low incurred communications overhead in terms of spectrum bandwidth, messaging latency, and hardware/software complexities.
Claims(21) 1. An inter-system communications method between in order to establish a connection-based logical communication channel over the air between two base stations that manage two WRAN systems, the method comprising:
providing a bridge customer device located in an overlapping coverage areas of two/multiple WRAN systems, for which co-existence is required; associating the bridge customer devices with the service base station and establishing service connections for data transmissions; selecting the bridge customer devices by a corresponding service base station for co-existence communications; associating the bridge customer devices with a coexistence base station, with which the service base station requires establishing co-existence communications; after associating with the coexistence base station, the bridge customer device establishes connections with the coexistence base station, and the established connections are used only for coexistence communications; establishing logical control connections between the service base station and the coexistence base station over the service connections and the coexistence connections, with a bridge customer device as the relay. 2. The method of
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17. An over-the-backhaul inter-system communication method between DYSPAN base stations comprising:
providing a coexistence management entity, which is located on top of the TCP/UDP layer of each individual DYSPAN base station; using the coexistence management entity to manage message exchanges between a host DYSPAN system and a remote DYSPAN system. 18. The method of
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21. An inter-system communications method between two base stations that manage two DYSPAN systems comprising establishing a logical control connection between a service base station and a coexistence base station over the service connection and the coexistence connection, using a bridge customer device as a relay.
Description The present application relates to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 05-S-071, filed on even date herewith, entitled, �METHODS OF RF SENSING CONTROL AND DYNAMIC FREQUENCY SELECTION CONTROL FOR COGNITIVE RADIO BASED DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS NETWORK SYSTEMS-COGNITIVE DYNAMIC FREQUENCY HOPPING�; co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 05-S-072, filed on even date herewith, entitled, �METHODS OF MESSAGING CONTROL OF DYNAMIC FREQUENCY SELECTION (DFS) FOR COGNITIVE RADIO BASED DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS NETWORK SYSTEMS�; co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 05-S-073, filed on even date herewith, entitled, �METHOD OF INTER-SYSTEM COEXISTENCE AND SPECTRUM SHARING FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS NETWORKS-ON-DEMAND SPECTRUM CONTENTION�; and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. 06-S-035, filed on even date herewith, entitled, �ZERO DELAY FREQUENCY SWITCHING WITH DYNAMIC FREQUENCY HOPPING FOR COGNITIVE RADIO BASED DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS NETWORK SYSTEMS�. These applications being incorporated herein by reference in entirety. The present invention relates to cognitive radio based wireless communications of dynamic spectrum access networks, and more particularly to a method of addressing inter-systems (cells) communications for coexistence and spectrum sharing. RF Spectrum scarcity, caused by costly spectrum access, becomes a major issue for deploying future wireless communication systems, according to the current spectrum allocation of regulatory organizations world wide. On the other hand, spectrum utilization measurements indicate that frequencies allocated in the licensed band are largely under-utilized. For example, measurement shows that only 5.2% of spectrum is in use in the US for the frequency band below 3 GHz. Scarcity of spectrum licensing and under-utilization of licensed band motivate dynamic spectrum access that allows un-licensed wireless applications to operate in the licensed band while insuring no harmful interference to the incumbent users in the licensed band. Accordingly, FCC rule making is taking place to address the issue of dynamic spectrum access. TV band Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) has been released in May 2004 and proposed to allow unlicensed radios to operate in the TV band given no harmful interference to licensed incumbent users occurs. As an enabling technology for open spectrum access, cognitive radio is able to perform spectrum sensing, learning, and adapting to the RF environment so as to facilitate unlicensed radio operations and enhancement of spectrum reuse efficiency in intelligent ways. The key issues are RF spectrum sensing, learning, and adaptation, with objectives of guaranteeing incumbent service protection, and maintaining fair spectrum sharing and appropriate Quality-of-Service of CR systems. The charter of IEEE 802.22, the Working Group on Wireless Regional Area Networks (�WRANs�), under the PAR approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board is to develop a standard for a cognitive radio-based PHY/MAC/air-interface for use by license-exempt devices on a non-interfering basis in spectrum that is allocated to the TV Broadcast Service. This invention provides MAC methods for Cognitive Radio based dynamic access network systems, especially for IEEE 802.22 WRAN systems, addressing the key technical issues listed above. This invention relates to cognitive radio based wireless communications of dynamic spectrum access networks, and more particularly to a method of addressing inter-systems (cells) communications for coexistence and spectrum sharing. A method, called Logical Control Connections, is described for reliable connection-based inter-system coordination and communications, which can be established and maintained either over the air or over the backhaul with very low incurred communications overhead in terms of spectrum bandwidth, messaging latency, and hardware/software complexities. A first embodiment of the invention is related to Over-the-air Connection-based Inter System Communications. This embodiment of the invention relates to cognitive radio based wireless communications of dynamic spectrum access networks, and more particularly to a method of addressing inter-systems (cells) communications for coexistence and spectrum sharing. A method, called Logical Control Connections, is described for reliable connection-based inter-system coordination and communications, which is established and maintained over the air and with very low incurred communications overhead in terms of spectrum bandwidth, messaging latency, and hardware/software complexities. A second embodiment of the invention is related to Over-the-backhaul Inter System Communications. This embodiment of the invention relates to cognitive radio based wireless communications of dynamic spectrum access networks, and more particularly to a method of addressing inter-systems (cells) communications for coexistence and spectrum sharing. A method, called Logical Control Connections, is described for reliable connection-based inter-system coordination and communications, which is established and maintained over the backhaul and with very low incurred communications overhead in terms of spectrum bandwidth, messaging latency, and hardware/software complexities. The aforementioned and other features and objects of the present invention and the manner of attaining them will become more apparent and the invention itself will be best understood by reference to the following description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: Cognitive Radio based Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DYSPAN), particularly IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) as an example, provide the protection of licensed incumbent services through functionalities such as RF spectrum sensing, dynamic frequency selection (DFS), and transmission power control (TPC). RF sensing detects the channel occupancy of licensed incumbent services in the spectrum. DFS and TPC are mechanisms that dynamically adjust the transmission frequency and the transmission power respectively of a DYSPAN (WRAN) system so as to avoid harmful interference to license incumbent services. The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of DYSPAN (WRAN) provides supports for RF spectrum sensing control, DFS control and TPC control in order to insure the protection of licensed incumbent services while maintain satisfied Quality of Services (QoS). RF sensing is the essential operation for licensed incumbent services protection providing channel occupancy detection of licensed incumbent services. Reliable RF sensing, however, might impact the data transmission of a DYSPAN (WRAN) system due to the fact that RF sensing may require interferences caused by data transmissions of its own system to be below a certain threshold in order to guarantee reliable sensing performance. Based on the above observations, the objectives of the RF sensing control scheme of the present invention are twofold: 1) RF sensing shall be performed reliably and in a timely manner in order to guarantee the protection of licensed incumbent services; and 2) The impact of RF sensing on data transmissions shall be limited to an acceptable level such that the QoS requirements of DYSPAN (WRAN) systems can be satisfied. There are two basic control approaches in which RF sensing can be performed along with data transmission services: 1) Separated RF sensing and data transmission�RF sensing operations are performed in periodically scheduled quiet sensing periods, in which no data transmission service is allowed to be performed, and 2) Simultaneous RF sensing and data transmission�RF sensing and data transmissions are performed in parallel. In the first basic approach of RF sensing, every channel is sensed in periodically scheduled quiet sensing periods, in which no data transmission service is allowed to be performed. This solution option is referred to as a �non-overlap� solution. The non-overlap solution has the advantage of reliable sensing performance because data transmissions are ceased while sensing so that interference from its own system is zeroed. This solution, however, has two major drawbacks: 1) service interruption and 2) potentially low system utilization. A baseline scheduling mode of the non-overlap solution 100 is shown in During a quiet sensing period 102, data transmission services are ceased until the end the sensing period 102. The time of interruption is dictated by the sensing time which depends on both sensing technology and licensed incumbent services. The interruption time becomes a part of the data transmission latency. In the case wherein the interruption time (quiet sensing time) is larger than a certain threshold, QoS of DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) systems can not be maintained in terms of the transmission latency. Note that the maximum latency requirements are 20 ms for both full quality telephony and time critical packet, and 40 ms for standard quality telephony. Moreover, no data transmission service is provided by the system during a quiet sensing period 102. The system utilization for data transmission services, as shown in equation (1), is determined by the following factors: the quiet sensing time 102, the dynamic frequency selection (DFS) time 104, 106, 114, 116 (DFS messaging time, DFS processing time, etc.), and the period (inverse of frequency) of the RF sensing 108.
In order to guarantee the licensed incumbent protection, the RF sensing period 108, Tsensing Given a stringent channel detection time 108 (RF sensing period) imposed by licensed incumbent services and imperfect sensing time 102 and DFS time 104, 106, the system utilization for data transmission services could potentially be below a level that is required for the acceptable network throughput. As for the second RF sensing control approach, Simultaneous Sensing and Data Transmissions (SSDT), two control solutions can be conceived. The first solution is to overlap data transmissions with RF sensing that monitors the full spectrum of channels including those that are in use for data transmissions. This option is referred to as the �Full-SSDT� solution. Similarly, in the second option data transmissions are overlapped with RF sensing, however, only those channels for which reliable sensing can be achieved are monitored. This option is referred to as the �Selective-SSDT� solution. With the �Full-SSDT� option, the system resolves problems of service interruption and potential low system utilizations. Another advantage of applying the �Full-SSDT� option is that the system is also able to record accurate timing (online) information with regard to channel occupancy and vacancy of incumbent services so that more efficient spectrum utilization could be achieved. The major disadvantage of this solution, however, is the self-interference to the sensing antenna when the channels in use are being sensed. It is difficult to achieve reliable and timely RF sensing for guaranteeing incumbent protection unless sophisticated sensing technologies for self-interference mitigation are available, or reduced transmission power (which in turn affects efficiency/throughput) is feasible. According to the present invention, a Selective-SSDT solution is used for RF sensing control, which can overcome the drawbacks of the above two solutions while maintaining their main advantages. As with the Full-SSDT solution, the method of the present invention allows a DYSPAN (WRAN) system to continuously perform data transmissions while operating RF sensing such that service interruption and potential low system utilization problems are resolved. In addition, instead of sensing channels including the ones that are in use, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system according to the present invention shall only sense the selective channels that reliable and timely RF sensing can be substantially assured. The Selective-SSDT solution of the present invention provides the flexibility of strategic and adaptive channel selections for RF sensing, with the above mentioned two options as two special cases�selecting no channel and selecting all channels. As depicted in The bands of spectrum for RF sensing 202 and 210 shall be selected adaptively by the DYSPAN (WRAN) system (specifically by the base station) so as to provide the system the flexibility of optimizing both RF sensing performance and QoS of the DYSPAN (WRAN) system. For example, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system should select a band of spectrum 202 and 210 from which a significant number of vacated channels are most likely to be found, while reliable and timely RF sensing can be guaranteed. The number of channels to be selected for RF sensing should also be adaptively adjustable. Sensing more channels can provide more information regarding channel occupancy, which is desirable for DFS decision-making. On the other hand, sensing more channels might require longer sensing time, more sensing reporting and report processing, which might negatively affect the QoS of the DYSPAN (WRAN) system. The base station should make an intelligent decision for an optimal trade-off of these two factors, i.e. the sufficiency of channel information and Quality-of-Services. A novel dynamic frequency selection (DFS) control technique called cognitive Dynamic Frequency Hopping (DFH) according to the present invention is described below. In order to satisfy above-mentioned sensing control requirements, namely reliable and timely RF sensing guarantee and DYSPAN (WRAN) QoS satisfaction, cognitive Dynamic Frequency Hopping (DFH) can be performed based on the Selective Simultaneous Sensing and Data Transmission concept. The Cognitive Dynamic Frequency Hopping (DFH) technique that based on Selective Simultaneous Sensing and Data Transmissions (SSDT) according to the present invention is described below. As described above, the Selective-SSDT technique is a general and flexible solution for adaptive DFS decision-making. The selection of the size of the guard band (as shown in Operating in the Cognitive DFH mode, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system dynamically select and switch operation frequencies (channels) for data transmissions in continuous time periods. The frequency selection is based on the simultaneous channel sensing performed along with data transmissions. Both frequency selections and the length of an operation period in which a WRAN system operates on a channel should be determined dynamically in real time by a cognitive engine. The DYSPAN (WRAN) operations applying Cognitive DFH technique are illustrated in The DYSPAN (WRAN) operations in DFH mode are carried out in continuous operation periods referred to as DFH Operation Periods that have variable lengths. Except the Initial Sensing period 302 (at the very beginning of the DYSPAN/WRAN operation for channel availability check), a DYSPAN (WRAN) system performs both data transmissions on a channel, say Channel A, and RF sensing on channels [0, A−n] and channel [A+n, N] in each operation period 304. Here Channel �0� and Channel �N� are referred to as the lower bound and upper bound of the sensing spectrum respectively and �n� is the number of channels in the guard band. In parallel with data transmissions the next channel to hop for data transmissions is selected. At the end of a DFH operation period, the WRAN system hops to the selected channel and starts the next DFH operation period. The validation time of a channel is defined as the latest time at which the channel is validated to be vacant indicated by measurement results of the RF spectrum sensing, and should be the end of the sensing duration for that channel. The grace period is defined to be the maximum period of time in which a licensed incumbent service can tolerate interference generated by licensed exempt (DYSPAN/WRAN) systems, starting from the beginning of the licensed incumbent service's operations, and is equivalent to the Channel Detection Time for the incumbent. After hopping to a new channel, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system performs data transmission on that channel for a Cognitive DFH Operation Period 304 or 306. The length of a DFH operation period can be varied for a particular channel. The length of a DFH operation period shall not exceed the time period in which it is guaranteed that the DYSPAN (WRAN) operations on such channel do not cause any harmful interference to any licensed incumbent service. In other words, for a channel, say channel A, that is in use for data transmissions, the Cognitive DFH operation period of channel A shall be terminated before the validation time of channel A plus the length of a grace period (i.e. the Channel Detection Time), considering the worst case scenario that a license incumbent service appears immediately after the validation time of channel A. The DFH operations of a DYSPAN (WRAN) system during a Cognitive DFH operation period are specified as follows: 1) The base station schedules the whole system (the base station and all the associated customer devices/CPEs) to hop (switch) to a channel, say channel A, based on the frequency selection decision made at the end of the previous operation period. 2) The base station and all CPEs in the system perform data transmissions on channel A 304; 3) The base station performs and schedules all CPEs to perform RF sensing on channels [0, A−n] and channel [A+n, N] simultaneously with data transmissions 304; 4) CPEs report sensing measurement results to the base station; 5) The base station processes sensing measurement reports; 6) The base station performs channel selections, and channel acquisitions when it is necessary; 7) The base station announces the frequency selection decision to be used for the next operation period to all CPEs in the system and to all neighbor DYSPAN (WRAN) systems. 8) Go to Step 1) for the next DFH Operation Period. Channel setup and maintenance procedures that guarantee zero (negligible) frequency switching delay for cognitive DFH is now described. Frequency switching overheads when a DYSPAN (WRAN) system switches to new frequency are considered. A novel channel setup and maintenance mechanism that guarantees frequency switching with zero (negligible) delay for cognitive DFH is presented. Before switching to a new channel, channel availability check has to be performed in order to ensure the channel availability (incumbent free). Channel availability timing requirement has to be satisfied. In the WRAN scenario, the channel availability check time is 30 seconds. Channel setup is to set up operation parameters for reliable communications on a selected new channel. Operations of channel setup may include initial channel ranging between the base station and CPEs, and all other operations that are required to setup operation parameters for reliable communications on a selected channel. In the WRAN scenario, the channel setup time may take up to 2 seconds, in which the integrated channel open transmission time is up to 100 ms. The overhead for channel setup is required to initiate reliable communications on a new channel or a channel that is not effectively maintained. Channel Move Messaging and Hardware Switching Time are also considered as frequency switch overhead and should be considered in the overhead of frequency switching to a new channel. Once the transmission parameters have been setup for reliable communications on a channel, regular or periodic channel maintenances shall be performed by the DYSPAN (WRAN) systems to adjust the transmission parameters adapted to the dynamic channel conditions. Regular channel maintenance includes operations such as regular/periodic channel ranging. We specify a channel setup and maintenance mechanism that guarantees zero (negligible) delay frequency switching according to the present invention is as follows (referring to
The mechanism described above combines regular (periodic) channel maintenance with cognitive dynamic frequency hopping over a cluster of vacated channels that are initially setup such that the channel set up delay for channel switching is eliminated. The typical maximum maintenance interval for Wireless Broadband Access Networks (e.g. IEEE 802.16 WiMAX) is about 30 to 35 seconds. A cluster of vacated channels are maintained in order to enable: Zero-overhead channel switching. Flexible channel management for multiple DYSPAN (WRAN) systems. Collision Avoidance for Frequency Switching is now described. There potentially exists a �hidden node� problem that would cause two neighbor DYSPAN (WRAN) systems to collide on channel use. Two neighbor DYSPAN (WRAN) systems might independently select the same frequency to switch to for their next operation periods. Their frequency switching might have taken place before they are able to detect such a conflicting situation. In such case collision occurs if these two systems can interfere with each other. To avoid frequency hopping collision, we introduce a technique called DFH/CA (collision avoidance), as is illustrated in A collision-avoidance algorithm 700 for Cognitive DFH is shown in When receiving a COGNITIVE DFH announcement, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system should react in one of the following three ways under the appropriate conditions. If a DYSPAN (WRAN) system receives a COGNITIVE DFH announcement without having simultaneously announced the same frequency selection, it shall not hop to the frequency selected by the received announcement in the next operation period. On the other hand, if the received COGNITIVE DFH announcement has the same frequency selection as the DYSPAN (WRAN) system has just announced, and if the time stamp of its own announcement is earlier than the time stamp of the received one 714, the DYSPAN (WRAN) system can hop to the selected frequency in the next operation period after the waiting period is expired. Otherwise, if the time stamp of its own announcement is equal to or later than the time stamp of the receive announcement for the same frequency selection, the DYSPAN (WRAN) system shall not hop to the selected (conflicting) frequency in the next operation period. Although the above description assumes that the DYSPAN (WRAN) system operates on a single channel, the technique of cognitive dynamic frequency hopping (with collision avoidance) technique with simultaneous selective sensing can be naturally extended to DYSPAN (WRAN) systems that operate on multiple channels. A relatively simple extension of the COGNITIVE DFH/CA+Selective Sensing technique to multiple channels is to treat a single channel in the above description as a set of channels that have the same validation times. This assumption is realistic if it is feasible that a set of contiguous channels can be sensed and validated all at once. For a more general case, An overview of DFS messaging control is now described. DFS messaging is a mechanism of exchanging control packets between the base station and CPEs in order for DFS decision-making and DFS assignment. Information exchanged through DFS messaging include reporting schedules, RF sensing reports, DFS assignments, and other related signaling messages. Along with RF sensing, DFS messaging is performed simultaneously with data transmissions. The advantage of such parallel operations is that sufficient time for RF sensing and DFS messaging is guaranteed without affecting QoS of the data transmission services such as latency and throughput. The DFS messaging control algorithm 900 is shown in the following flow chart in A DYSPAN (WRAN) system starts the operations with initial RF sensing 904 that searches for available frequencies for the data transmission services (channel availability check). The base station then announces the DFS decision 906 based on the RF sensing results to both CPEs in the system and the base stations of neighbor systems. The DYSPAN (WRAN) system will then hop to the selected frequency if the DFS decision is effective and start data transmissions. Simultaneously with data transmissions, the Selective RF sensing 908 is continuously performed on frequencies for which reliable sensing performance can be achieved. The base station shall schedule measurement reporting 910 of all CPEs after reliable RF sensing by CPEs have completed. The goal of the report scheduling 910 is to facilitate reliable, efficient and flexible measurement reporting. All CPEs shall report their RF sensing results 912 in accordant with the report scheduling. The base station will acknowledge the successful measurement reports and re-schedule 918 the unsuccessful measurement reports until all CPEs have reported successfully 914 or the maximum number of scheduling retries has been exceeded for the unsuccessful reporting 916. After that the base station processes and summarizes the RF sensing reports of the whole system (information from neighbor systems and database of the service provider shall also be included). The base station then selects the best frequencies to be used in the next DFH operation period and makes announcements to all CPEs in the system and to all neighbor systems (base stations) regarding its DFS decision 906. Finally, after adjustments on the DFS decision according to the feedbacks from the CPEs and the neighbor systems to the DFS announcement 906, the base station assigns the new frequency selected to the CPEs for use in the next frequency hopping period. The RF sensing report 912 is now described. The base station and CPEs shall be able to detect at least four channel conditions as follows: Licensed incumbent service occupied Another DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) system occupied Noisy Vacant Bit-vector reporting is now described. CPEs shall have signal processing capabilities to estimate and identify these channel conditions. Instead of including the raw measurement data in the measurement reports, CPEs report the channel conditions using a simple bit vector. Two bits per channel is sufficient to represent the channel condition in the measurement reports for the above four possible conditions. On-request raw-data reporting is now described. The base station shall also be able to request the CPEs to report the raw data of the sensing measurement. Although this method requires more bandwidth for transmitting sensing reports, it enables advanced data analysis to be performed on the raw data of the sensing measurement that would only be feasible in the base station. Combining the bit-vector reporting and the on-request raw-data reporting, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system can achieve a balance between efficiency of report transmission and accuracy of data analysis. The validation time for each non-incumbent-occupied channel shall be included in the measurement report. Scheduling of measurement report 910 and measurement report transmissions 912 are now described. The measurement reports shall be transmitted in the scheduled transmission opportunities from CPEs to the base station (uplink transmissions). The goal of the measurement report scheduling is to facilitate reliable, efficient and flexible measurement reporting. Three scheduling methods are feasible: polling, �poll-me�, and contention. In the polling method, the base station polls CPEs to transmit measurement reports by scheduling transmission opportunities for reporting in the up-link MAP. When being polled, a CPE should transit the measurement report if one is ready. Otherwise a CPE should either return feedback information or other useful data to the base station if possible. The base station should provide redundant report transmission opportunities for each CPE in order to enhance the report transmission reliability. In case the report transmission opportunities are ignored by a CPE, the wasted bandwidth (polling overhead) is negligible given the allocated bandwidth for transmitting a bit-vector report is usually negligibly small. The base station should also poll a CPE only when the measurement report is likely to be ready in order to reduce polling overhead. In the �Poll-me� method a CPE can request bandwidth allocation for the report transmission by using a 1-bit �poll-me-for-reporting� flag in the Bandwidth Request packet data unit (PDU) In the Contention method, the base station shall schedule or provide contention-base transmission opportunities for report transmissions. CPEs shall send polling requests or transmits measurement reports through the contention transmission opportunities for time-critical reporting situations. Report re-scheduling and acknowledgement 918 is now described. The base station shall re-schedule CPEs that have been scheduled (polled) but whose measurement reports have not been successfully received by the base station. The re-scheduling is through report transmission polling as described above in a subsequent up-link MAP. The base station implicitly acknowledges measurement reports that it has successfully received. This is done by ignoring report re-scheduling for CPEs from which reports have been successfully received. In other words, if a CPE, which has been polled and transmitted a measurement report in a previous frame, is not re-polled in the subsequent up-link MAP, the CPE shall regard that its report has been successfully received by the base station. DFS Decision-making, Announcement, and Adjustment 906 is now described. After collecting and processing measurement reports received from CPEs, the base station selects the valid channels to use for the system in the next cognitive DFH operation period. If the measurement reports are represented using bit-vector format, DFS decisions could be made by the base station using simple logic ORs. The DFS decision shall be announced to all CPEs in the system before the selected frequency is assigned to be used in the next cognitive DFH operation period. The DFS announcement shall be made early enough so that CPEs can return feedbacks regarding a defective DFS decision before the current COGNITIVE DFH operation period terminates. The base station shall adjust a defective DFS decision if it is indicated by feedbacks from CPEs. The DFS decision shall be announced to all neighbor systems to prevent colliding DFS decisions among neighbor systems. In addition to avoidance of harmful interference to licensed incumbent services as the first priority, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system shall coexist with other DYSPAN (WRAN) systems by sharing the spectrum holes (spectrum unused by licensed incumbent services). The objective of DYSPAN (WRAN) system coexistence and spectrum hole sharing is to provide fair, efficient, and adaptive spectrum accesses for DYSPAN (WRAN) systems. A spectrum sharing mechanism according to the present invention is called On-Demand Spectrum Contention, which integrates DFS and TPC with spectrum contentions and provides fairness, efficiency, and adaptability of spectrum access using active inter-system coordination. Since the coordinative coexistence mechanism is favorable for fairness, efficiency and adaptability, it becomes very critical to provide efficient methods for inter-system communications in order to guarantee the feasibility and the overall efficiency of the coexistence (spectrum sharing) mechanism. A method called Logical Control Connections for inter-system coordination is described according to the present invention, which can be established and maintained both over-the-air and over-the-backhaul with very low communication overhead incurred. In the following two subsections, the On-Demand Spectrum Contention (ODSC) spectrum sharing mechanism and the inter-system communications method using Logical Control Connections (LCC) are both described in detail. The Spectrum sharing mechanism called On-Demand Spectrum Contention (ODSC) according to the present invention is now described. Starting with system initializations 1010, a ready-to-operate DYSPAN (WRAN) system first performs channel evaluations and channel selections 1012 to detect spectrum holes. Note that the licensed incumbent service protection is an essential and integrated component of the DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) co-existence mechanism being described here. Operations of channel evaluation and selection include RF sensing, measurement evaluations, measurement reporting, report processing and frequency selection, which are proposed and described in detail in the �Licensed Incumbent Service Protection� section. Then the DYSPAN (WRAN) system verifies whether non-exclusive sharing of the selected channels is feasible 1014. Non-exclusive sharing of a selected channel is to share the selected channel through transmission power control (TPC) such that DYSPAN (WRAN) systems sharing the same channel do not cause harmful interference to one another. A non-exclusive spectrum sharing method is feasible as long as the maximum achievable signal-to-interference-ratio (SIR) on the selected channel is higher than the required SIR of the DYSPAN (WRAN) for the supported services. If non-exclusive sharing of the selected channels is feasible, the DYSPAN (WRAN) system then makes a DFS decision and schedules data transmissions on the selected channels with appropriate TPC settings 1024. DFS announcing and DFH/CA take place before data transmissions are performed on the selected channels. On the other hand, if non-exclusive sharing is unfeasible, exclusive sharing of the selected channels shall be performed. The exclusive channel sharing problem is resolved through spectrum contentions 1018 which are facilitated by inter-system coordination. It is assumed that the same type of DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) systems can only effectively communicate with one another for coordination of spectrum sharing of the selected spectrum hole�such a simple assumption can be extended to that different type of DYSPAN systems can effectively communicate for spectrum sharing coordination (for example, 802.22 WRAN and 802.16 WiMAX systems). Based on the above assumption, if the selected channel (spectrum hole) is not occupied by a specific type of DYSPAN (e.g. 802.22 WRAN) systems 1016, the DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) system has to give up the effort of spectrum sharing on the selected channel and performs data transmissions without using the selected channels if it is possible 1026. Otherwise, the DYSPAN (WRAN) system should initiate the spectrum contention process 1018 for the ownership of the selected channels with the DYSPAN (WRAN) system of the same type that is occupying the spectrum. The basic components of the spectrum contention process 1018 include Contention request, Contention resolution, and Contention response. If the contention succeeds 1020, the DYSPAN (WRAN) system acquiring the selected channel makes a DFS decision and schedules data transmissions on the selected channels 1024 starting from the time agreed upon by both contending systems (a grace period described in further detail below). DFS announcing and DFH/CA shall take place before data transmissions are performed on the acquired channels. If the contention fails, the DYSPAN (WRAN) performs data transmissions without using the selected channels if it is possible 1026. The DYSPAN (WRAN) system that are occupying the selected channel shall release the channel (stop scheduling data transmissions) at the time (after a defined grace period) agreed upon by both contending systems. In the data transmissions state 1022 of a DYSPAN (WRAN) system, as shown in Internal demands are generated by a DYSPAN (WRAN) system itself and are the consequences of the channel condition and workload condition analysis performed by the DYSPAN (WRAN) system. For example, when the current channel condition is not able to support the QoS of the given admitted service workloads, an internal demand is generated and initiates an iteration of the full spectrum sharing process 1000 so that a better channel or more channels can be acquired to satisfy the QoS requirements of the given workloads. External demands are coexistence requests received from other DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) systems. When an external demand is received, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system shall initiate spectrum contention iteration 1000. The ODSC mechanism 1000 using a coexistence scenario example 1100 is depicted in In this coexistence scenario, DYSPAN (WRAN) system 3 1112 has overlapped maximum coverage areas with both DYSPAN (WRAN) system 1 1110 and DYSPAN (WRAN) system 2 1114, but the maximum coverage areas of system 1 1110 and system 2 1114 do not overlap. Assume harmful interference exists in the overlapped coverage areas if both systems operate on the same frequency simultaneously. So DYSPAN (WRAN) system 3 1112 needs to coexist with both system 1 1110 and system 2 1114. As shown in The channel evaluation process 1012 indicates that channel �a� is the only channel that is not occupied by any licensed incumbent service in system 3's coverage area. System 3 then selects channel �a� as a candidate for data transmissions. Meanwhile, system 3 also detects that channel �a� is occupied by both system 1 and system 3, and non-exclusive sharing of channel �a� is not feasible. System 3 generates and sends spectrum contention requests 1208 to both system 1 and system 2 contending for channel �a�. After received the contention request 1208 from system 3 as an external demand, both system 1 and system 2 initiate their spectrum contention process 1000 and then return system 3 a contention response message 1209 respectively indicating contention results. In case of losing the contention, which is the case for system 1 and system 2, a DYSPAN (WRAN) system shall include in the contention response message 1209 the time at which the occupied channel will be released (channel release time). The channel release time shall not be immediately after the time of contention resolution and a DYSPAN (WRAN) shall be allowed to continue the data transmission on the lost channel for up to a maximum grace period 1206 before the lost channel is released (as shown in After winning channel �a� 1020 from both system 1 and system 2, system 3 shall announce the DFS decision of using channel �a� and schedule data transmission services on channel �a� 1202, 1024 starting from an appropriate time which is a summary of the channel release times received from the other two systems. On the other hand, after losing a channel 1020 (channel condition change) a DYSPAN (WRAN) system should perform another iteration of ODSC operations 1000 initiated by internal demands in order to acquire sufficient bandwidth to maintain the on-going data transmission services before the just lost channel is released. In this example, system 1 and system 2 acquire channel �b� 1202 and channel �c� 1205 respectively before channel �a� is released. The properties of the ODSC mechanism in this section are characterized in terms of efficiency, adaptation and fairness. Efficiency includes low over head and low complexity. Coexistence overheads are only incurred when there are either internal or external demands. There is no constant coexistence overhead that is necessary. Coexistence overheads include communications and computations incurred for coexistence. Particularly, communications for coexistence are through very low overhead logical control connections 1116 (described later), which allow overlapping of coexistence communications with data transmission services 1200. Only a simple contention mechanism 1000 is required to coordinate multiple DYSPAN (WRAN) systems for coexistence purposes. No complicated mechanism for spectrum negotiation, allocation or scheduling is needed. Decision-making (contention resolutions) for spectrum sharing are distributed to be performed in individual systems. This provides the advantage of scalability compared to centralized approaches. The ODSC mechanism of the present invention is highly adaptive to both internal demands and external demands for inter-system coexistence and radio resource management, which are usually interleaved together, in real time. The internal demands include RF channel conditions and workload conditions (rate/QoS requirements). Dynamic channel evaluations/selections 1012 and spectrum sharing/contentions 1018 are initiated adapting to internal demands. The external demands include coexistence (spectrum contention) requests from neighbor DYSPAN (WRAN) systems. Spectrum contentions 1018 can be directly initiated responding to the external demands. The ODSC mechanism of the present invention can provide both local/short-term and global/long-term fairness for spectrum accesses. The ODSC mechanism resolves exclusive-sharing of spectrum holes through the contention-based solution that provides fair spectrum accesses (equal right to access the RF spectrum) for every DYSPAN (WRAN) system at any time. The ODSC mechanism is an iterative process that can be initiated by either internal or external demands adapting to various workload and environment conditions. Such an iterative process of adaptive spectrum contention can lead to long term global (multi-systems) fairness. In summary, the ODSC mechanism of the present invention provides an efficient, self-organized, adaptive and fair framework for coexistence and (inter-system) radio resource management of DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) systems. As mentioned in the previous sections, inter-system communications are required for collaborative coexistence of DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) systems, and the development of efficient methods for inter-system communications is critical to guarantee the feasibility and overall efficiency of the collaborative coexistence mechanism. A communications method called Logical Control Connections for the inter-system coordination according to the present invention is described, which can be established and maintained both over the air and over the backhaul with very low communications overhead incurred in terms of spectrum bandwidth, messaging latency, and hardware/software complexities. An Over-the-air Logical Control Connection is to establish a connection-based logical communication channel over the air between two base stations that manage two DYSPAN (WRAN) systems respectively. The idea of Over-the-air Logical Control Connections is based on the following two key concepts: Bridge CPE and Coexistence Connections. As shown in A coexistence connection 1318, as a regular connection in nature, is a connection-based logical control channel that only carries communications for inter-system coexistence. A Coexistence Connection is established and maintained between a bridge CPE 1300 and a coexistence BS 1310, when requested by the service BS of the bridge CPE. A Coexistence Connection can also be established and maintained between two base stations when they are within range of each other, as shown in the arrangement 1400 of A coexistence connection is established and maintained on physical RF channels that are occupied by the coexistence BS 1310, 1410. No extra physical RF channel is consumed for coexistence connections. The establishment and maintenances of a coexistence connection is performed along with data transmissions of the bridge CPE 1300 (or service BS 1412) controlled by the service BS 1312. The establishment and maintenances of coexistence connections shall be in principle the same as those for service connections, and shall include operations of ranging, connection acquisitions, and the like. The service BS shall guarantee that the establishment and maintenance operations of coexistence connections are not co-scheduled with service data transmissions on the bridge CPE. The scheme for co-scheduling resolutions is described in the next section. Over-the-air coexistence communications via LCC is established between the service BS and the coexistence BS over the service connection and the coexistence connection, with a bridge CPE as the relay. Functionalities of over-the-air coexistence communications are for coexistence purpose only, and include messaging for on-demand spectrum contention, sensing measurement sharing, transmission parameters (such as frequencies, transmission power), and the like. For a Bridge CPE with a single TX/RX front end, it shall be guaranteed that service data transmissions are not co-scheduled (collided) with coexistence operations (i.e. connection establishment and maintenance, control message exchange, etc.) on the Bridge CPE. For this matter, the Service BS shall control and schedule the coexistence operations between the Bridge CPE and the Coexistence BS. The scheduling scheme for service data transmissions and coexistence operations are depicted in Without being scheduled for coexistence operations by the Service BS 1510, the Bridge CPE 1512 only maintains communications with the Service BS 1510 for service data transmissions 1520, 1522. Any coexistence messages or scheduling 1532 transmitted from the Coexistence BS 1514 is ignored by the Bridge CPE 1512. When being scheduled for coexistence operations 1524 by the service BS, the Bridge CPE requests 1534 for and establishes communications with the Coexistence BS for coexistence operations. The coexistence operations 1536, 1538 can be performed up to the Coexistence Operation Period 1526 scheduled by the service BS. After the Coexistence Operation Period expired, the Bridge CPE resumes communications 1528, 1530 with the service BS and terminates communications 1540 with the coexistence BS. Over-the-backhaul Logical Control Connections are now described. As described in the above section, when the coverage areas of multiple DYSPAN (WRAN) systems are overlapped, Over-the-air Logical Control Connections using Bridge CPEs can resolve the inter-system communications problems efficiently for coexistence. The inter-system communications, however, may not be able to be established and/or maintained using the Over-the-air Logical Control Connections in many cases, for which over-the-backhaul inter-system communications should be considered. In this scenario, the coverage areas 1610 and 1612 of BS0 and BS1 are not overlapped, and Over-the-air LCC is not able to be established and maintained between BS0 1610 and BS1 1612, assuming a CPE (1616 or 1618) can only decode messages from base stations (1610 or 1612). These two DYSPAN (WRAN) systems (1610 and 1612), however, require coexisting with each other since, for example, CPE0 1616 associated with BS0 could interfere with CPE1 1618 associated with BS1 when they are operating on the same channel. To facilitate the over-the-backhaul communications between DYSPAN (WRAN) base stations, a management entity called �Coexistence Management Entity� (CoexistME) 1702 is used, which is located on top of the TCP/UDP layer 1706 of each individual DYSPAN (WRAN) base station. A Coexistence Management Entity is used to manage message exchanges between the host DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) MAC and a remote DYSPAN (802.22 WRAN) MAC. The CoexistME in the protocol stack 1700 is shown in While there have been described above the principles of the present invention in conjunction with specific memory architectures and methods of operation, it is to be clearly understood that the foregoing description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention. Particularly, it is recognized that the teachings of the foregoing disclosure will suggest other modifications to those persons skilled in the relevant art. Such modifications may involve other features which are already known per se and which may be used instead of or in addition to features already described herein. Although claims have been formulated in this application to particular combinations of features, it should be understood that the scope of the disclosure herein also includes any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed either explicitly or implicitly or any generalization or modification thereof which would be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art, whether or not such relates to the same invention as presently claimed in any claim and whether or not it mitigates any or all of the same technical problems as confronted by the present invention. The applicant hereby reserves the right to formulate new claims to such features and/or combinations of such features during the prosecution of the present application or of any further application derived therefrom. Patent Citations
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Like Ficarra and Requa's 2011 comedy Crazy Stupid Love, Focus begins promisingly and bops along enjoyably for a while, only to run out of steam…
Like Ficarra and Requa's 2011 comedy Crazy Stupid Love, Focus begins promisingly and bops along enjoyably for a while, only to run out of steam…
David Cronenberg's film of Bruce Wagner's Hollywood satire-nightmare turns ludicrous situations into operatic tragedy.
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
Patrice Leconte's "Monsieur Hire" is a tragedy about loneliness and erotomania, told about two solitary people who have nothing else in common. It involves a…
A 2015 table of contents for reviews written by students in the Columbia Links journalism program of the film "Smile" by Marquis Daisy.
A review of Marquis Daisy's "Smile" by Chicago Urban League student Matthew Reilly.
Captain's log: eight fifth graders, one adult, one James Cameron movie.
A 2015 table of contents for reviews written by students in the Columbia Links journalism program of the film "Smile" by Marquis Daisy.
An FFC looks at the "Taken" saga.
Writer/director Richard Linklater and editor Sandra Adair discuss "Boyhood" as part of the Film Independent Directors Close-Up series.
An obituary for actor/filmmaker Leonard Nimoy.
Crazy "Citizenfour" lawsuit; How to work with your spouse and not kill each other; Chicago's abuse-laden "black site"; Lesser-known MLK speech; Friday is global record…
Sometimes we are helpless in the face of love, and it becomes a torment. It is a cruel master. We must act on it or suffer, and sometimes because we act, others suffer. "Silent Light" is a solemn and profound film about a man transfixed by love, which causes him to betray his good and faithful wife.
How he fell into this love, we do not know. Certainly, Johan isn't the kind of man to go straying. Nor is Marianne, the woman he loves, a husband stealer. That they are both good to the core is the source of their pain. Yes, Johan and Marianne have sex, but it is the strength of the film that not for a second do we believe they are motivated by sex -- only by love.
Esther, Johan's wife and the mother of their six children, knows Marianne and knows about the affair. Johan has told her. He is a religious man and has also confessed to his father and his best friend. There is the sense that he will never leave Esther and never stop loving Marianne. He and Esther say they love each other, and they mean it. You see how love brings its punishment.
The film's director, Carlos Reygadas, sets this story among the 100,000 or so Mennonites living in Mexico. He does not choose such a sect casually. His story involves people who deeply hold their values and try to act upon them, and yet who do not seem to be zealots. (It says much about the Mennonites that their clergy are unpaid.) In fact, the film never mentions the word "Mennonite," there are no church services, and all the characters act from their hearts and not simply their teachings.
Reygadas cast the film entirely from the actual Mennonite community, which I believe will feel he played fair with them. If you didn't know they were untrained actors, you would assume they had years of experience. There is not a false instant in the film, and the performances assume an almost holy reality. Cornelio Wall as Johan, Miriam Toews as his wife and Maria Pankratz as Marianne are so focused, they gather interior power. They take a story of extreme emotions and make it believable. The father (Wall's real father), the friend, all of the actors, are unshakable.
"Silent Light" has a beauty based on nature and the rhythms of the land. It opens with a sunrise and closes with a sunset, both in long-held shots, and we see corn being gathered by a harvester, wheat being stacked, long dusty roads between soy fields. The film's cinematographer, Alexis Zabe, evokes some of the unadorned beauty of a film by Bresson, Bergman and of the Dreyer film this one in some ways resembles, "Ordet." He keeps a distance that sometimes suggests awe. When Marianne comes to Johan at a critical time near the end, the camera sees them as distant figures across a field. It is not a time for closeups.
And look at a scene where Marianne tenderly kisses Esther. First we see them from the side, Marianne bending over. Then from directly overhead. When Marianne stands, the camera remains fixed on Esther's face, and we, but only after a time, see that there is a tear on her cheek -- Marianne's. What actually happens next is open to discussion. I was reminded of a similar puzzle in Bergman's "Cries and Whispers."
This film is not short, and it is not fast. There is no score, location sounds seem hard-edged, and when a hymn is sung, it is not a tune but a dirge. The film's rhythm imposes itself. Curious, how a slow and deep film can absorb, and a fast and shallow one can tire us.
"The world is too much with us," Wordsworth wrote. "Late and soon, getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: little we see in nature that is ours." It is Reygadas' inspiration to set this film among a people whose ways are old and deeply felt, and to cast it with actors who believe in those ways. To set it in "modern times," most places in today's world would make it seem artificial and false. What the film is really about is people who see themselves and their values as an organic whole. There are no pious displays here. No sanctimony, no preaching. Never even the word "religion." Just Johan, Esther and Marianne, all doing their best.
Note: "Silent Light" won the jury prize at Cannes 2007 and the Gold Hugo at Chicago 2007. It plays Friday through April 2 at Facets Cinematheque, 1517 W. Fullerton. Phone: (773) 281-9075.
This message came to me from a reader named Peter Svensland. He and a fr...
On how Clint Eastwood's "American Sniper" examines evil.
As we mourn Abrams' macho Star Trek obliteration, it's a good time to revisit that most Star Trek-ian of accomplishme...
Glenn Kenny comments on awards season, Sean Penn, Neil Patrick Harris, and the actual Oscars.


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Current Time: 2/27/2015 5:14:51 AM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada) (1:14 PM GMT)Last Updated: 2014-12-28T04:54:46Z on 12/27/2014 8:54:46 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada) (4:54 AM GMT) Rendered From:UnknownCoordinates are in the WGS84 datum


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defense rules on men's lax senior night
On a night to honor nine special seniors, the defense of the Muhlenberg men's lacrosse team sent the Montclair State goal scorers into early retirement.
The Mules held the Red Hawks without a goal for the last three quarters – a shutout
The victory was the school-record eighth of the season for Muhlenberg, which had blanked a team for three straight quarters just once before (in a 2004 game against Moravian) since resuming its program in 2003.
After a pregame ceremony in which the nine Mule seniors were introduced to the large crowd along with their parents, Montclair (9-4) tried to spoil the party, scoring a goal just 2:07 into the game, then adding another one 18 seconds later. A third goal at the 9:24 mark made it 3-0.
"The main thing right at the beginning was that we weren't communicating," said junior John DeLuca. "If you don't communicate well your defense will break down."
The Red Hawks made the score 4-1 on a man-up goal with 3:11 left in the first quarter, and there
The lockdown was led by starting longsticks DeLuca and sophomores Matthew Schroeder and Ivan Brown and also included strong efforts from defensive middies like seniors Tim Dwyre, Tim Martin and Josh Mosberg.
Still, Muhlenberg (8-4) did not take over the game until late in the third quarter, as the offense took a while to get in gear. Shut out in the second quarter, the Mules broke their own scoring drought when senior Kyle Farris converted a pass from senior Mickey Norton for a man-up goal with 8:07 left in the third.
About two-and-a-half minutes later, Farris tied the game with another goal, his school-record 30th of the season. Doug Cornwell set the previous mark of 29 in 1974.
Sophomore Sean Delany gave Muhlenberg its first lead with an unassisted goal from a tough angle to the right side of the cage with 3:06 left in the third.
DeLuca ended a burst down the field by beating the Hawk goalie with a ground shot early in the fourth, and goals by juniors Nick Fletcher and Andrew Lolley 25 seconds apart completed the game-ending 6-0 run. Lolley's goal was his third of the game.
The victory completed a memorable night for the nine seniors: Dwyre, Farris, Martin, Mosberg, Norton, faceoff specialist Luke LaMarca, starting midfielder Mike Brown and defensemen Carlo Morrongiello and Luke Silverman.
"The seniors have been great leaders and really transformed our program," said DeLuca. "When they first got here it was an up-and-coming team, and now if we win our next conference game we'll be in the playoffs in the toughest conference in Division III.
"It's an unbelievable accomplishment to grow a program like that in four years, and it's a tribute to our seniors."
Muhlenberg® College2400 Chew St.Allentown, PA 18104-5586484.664.3100484.664.3623 (TTY) | |


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US 7877144 B2 Abstract Methods for optimizing the atrio-ventricular (A-V) delay for efficacious delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy. In CRT devices, the programmed A-V delay starts with detection of electrical activity in the right atrium (RA). Thus, a major component of the A-V delay is the time required for inter-atrial conduction time (IACT) from the RA to the LA. This IACT can be measured during implantation as the time from the atrial lead stimulation artifact to local electrograms in a coronary sinus (CS) catheter. Assuming that the beginning of LA contraction closely corresponds with the beginning of LA electrical activity, the optimal AV delay should be related to the time between the start of RA electrical activity and the start of LA electrical activity plus the duration of LA atrial contraction. Thus 'during atrial pacing' the IACT measured at implantation is correlated with the echocardiographically defined optimal paced AV delay (PAV).
Claims(13) 1. A method for programming an atrio-ventricular (A-V) delay interval for a bi-ventricular implantable pulse generator, comprising:
determining an inter-atrial conduction time (IACT) between an evoked depolarization of a right atrium (RA) and a conducted depolarization of a left atrium (LA);
calculating an atrio-ventricular (AV) delay interval based upon the IACT, wherein the calculating step comprises adding about 100 milliseconds to the IACT value to produce a resulting value and reducing the resulting value by about 31 percent; and
subsequently delivering for at least one cardiac cycle a bi-ventricular pacing therapy to a right ventricle (RV) and to a left ventricle (LV) upon expiration of the calculated AV delay interval.
2. A method according to
3. A method according to
4. A method according to
5. A method according to
6. A method according to
7. An apparatus for programming an atrio-ventricular (A-V) delay interval for a bi-ventricular implantable pulse generator, comprising:
means for determining an inter-atrial conduction time (IACT) between an evoked depolarization of a right atrium (RA) and a conducted depolarization of a left atrium (LA);
means for calculating an atrio-ventricular (AV) delay interval based upon the IACT, wherein the means for calculating further includes adding about 100 milliseconds to the IACT value to produce a resulting value and reducing the resulting value by about 31 percent; and
means for subsequently delivering for at least one cardiac cycle a bi-ventricular pacing therapy to a right ventricle (RV) and to a left ventricle (LV) upon expiration of the calculated AV delay interval.
8. An apparatus according to
9. An apparatus according to
10. An apparatus according to
11. An apparatus according to
12. An apparatus according to
13. An apparatus according to
Description The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for optimally programming for biventricular implantable pulse generators. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With the aging population CHF treatment has become a major public health issue. Recent advances in management of CHF include implantation of biventricular (Bi-V) pacemakers to achieve cardiac resynchronization (CRT). Numerous studies have shown than significant improvements in patients' functional capacity and longevity can be attained when appropriately selected patients receive CRT. Many of the early published trials supporting the benefits of CRT primarily focused on using the patients' intrinsic atrial rate to drive the ventricular pacing rate (VDD mode). However, in clinical practice many CRT recipients are programmed in the dual chamber pacing mode (DDD), which may increase the likelihood of atrial pacing especially given the possibility of better beta-blocker titration with atrial rate support. By necessity successful delivery of CRT requires biventricular pacing-induced activation of both ventricles prior to intrinsic conduction through the atrioventricular (A-V) node. The programmed A-V delay, or the time between atrial sense/pace and ventricular pace, thus must be sufficiently truncated to preempt intrinsic AV conduction. Programming the A-V delay to optimize left ventricular (LV) filling continues to remain challenging. Many centers perform so-called "A-V optimization" studies using 2-D Doppler echocardiography after implantation. These optimization studies are frequently time consuming and increase the resources required for each implantation. Thus, if the optimal A-V delay could be calculated during initial implantation, such studies would become less necessary. Applicable prior art relating to CRT includes U.S. Pat. No. 6,885,889 entitled, "Method and Apparatus for Optimizing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Based on Left Ventricular Acceleration," and U.S. Pat. No. 6,871,088 entitled, "Method and Apparatus for Optimizing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy," the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Methods for optimizing the A-V delay in CRT recipients were adopted from those developed for dual-chamber pacemakers; the A-V delay is set such that pacing-induced left ventricular contraction occurs following completion of left atrial (LA) contraction. This maximizes left ventricular filling (preload) which theoretically results in optimal LV contraction via the Frank-Starling mechanism. In CRT devices, the programmed A-V delay starts with detection of electrical activity in the right atrium (RA). Thus, a major component of the A-V delay is the time required for inter-atrial conduction time (IACT) from the RA to the LA. This IACT can be measured during implantation as the time from the atrial lead stimulation artifact to local electrograms in a coronary sinus (CS) catheter. Assuming that the beginning of LA contraction closely corresponds with the beginning of LA electrical activity, the optimal AV delay should be related to the time between the start of RA electrical activity and the start of LA electrical activity plus the duration of LA atrial contraction. Thus, the inventors suggest that during atrial pacing the IACT measured at implantation correlated with the echocardiographically defined optimal paced AV delay (PAV). In the following detailed description, references are made to illustrative embodiments for optimizing A-V delay interval timing for CRT delivery. Among heart failure patients most likely to benefit from the present invention include, without limitation, those having moderately severe cardiomyopathy (e.g., an ejection fraction less than 35%) with persistent symptoms of Class III or IV heart failure—per the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification system—despite a stable and optimized medical regimen, dilated LV, and QRS duration greater than about 130 milliseconds (ms). As depicted in Subsequent to the implantation and measurement procedures according to the invention (e.g., one day to a week or more) the IACT measurements were compared to traditional Doppler echocardiographic-based AV optimization. The inventors found that the atrial-paced AV delay (PAV) as optimized by the iterative method using transmitral pulsed wave Doppler ( Post-implant echocardiographic atrioventricular optimization of cardiac resynchronization devices can be challenging and time consuming. The results of this study demonstrate that a simple recording at the time of implantation of a cardiac resynchronization device may eliminate the need for AV optimization studies in the post-implant setting. More specifically, measuring the time from the right atrial pacing spike to the start of left atrial electrical activity via a temporary catheter or pacing lead in the distal coronary sinus can be used to predict the paced AV delay with a high degree of accuracy. This is of considerable clinical significance as it may reduce the resources required for optimization of CRT devices. For CRT to be effective, maintaining a consistently paced ventricular rhythm is necessary. Thus, the AV delay must be programmed to pre-empt intrinsic AV nodal conduction, which could inhibit or fuse with paced ventricular beat and compromise the benefits of CRT. However, the duration of the programmed AV delay must not be too short, as an early paced ventricular contraction will truncate the atrial contribution to LV filling. Nor can the duration be too long for in this case there may be diastolic mitral regurgitation. The IACT is a critical interval in the interaction between LA emptying and LV filling. This component of the AV delay determines the time it takes for the RA activation to reach the LA. It is at the end of this interval (beginning of CS electrical activity) that LA electrical activity may be approximated to begin. The IACT may therefore estimate the time from RA pacing to the beginning of the transmitral "A" wave. As the IACT prolongs, the AV delay must also be lengthened to accommodate the time needed for LA activation and contraction (A wave). A positive correlation between the IACT and optimal AV delay could thus be expected and was the basis for our hypothesis. Our data confirms a strong, linear correlation between the paced IACT and optimal PAV delay. The AV optimization study was performed without knowledge of any of the intervals obtained during implantation. Optimal PAV delays were defined by the echocardiographer based solely on results of the echo studies. The IACT can be easily measured and several techniques for measuring IACT have been previously described. In the context of the present invention the only requirements were implantation of the RA lead prior to CS lead implantation and use of a simple non-deflectable quadripolar EP catheter in the distal coronary sinus. Even the LV pacing lead alone could hypothetically be used as it is being guided through the posterolateral CS. Also, this measurement can be performed without need for an EP recording system by connecting the outputs from an EP catheter to the pacing analyzer's input during RA pacing. This aspect of the invention may obviate the need for an EP laboratory or any additional recording equipment. As noted above, the optimal AV delay is the shortest AV delay which allows complete LV filling while minimizing diastolic mitral regurgitation (MR). The goal of AV optimization is to maximize the diastolic filling time without truncating the A-wave. Thus, during atrial-based Bi-V pacing the optimal PAV delay will allow maximal "E" and "A" wave duration and separation without truncation of the "A" wave by the Doppler signal of diastolic MR. This forms the basis of the iterative echocardiographic optimization method as previously described. Numerous methods of AV optimization have been described yet none have been consistently demonstrated to be superior to others. The inventors are aware of a recent study that compared four echo-based methods of AV optimization to that of invasively measured cardiac contractility (LV dP/dt) and found that the optimal AV delay determined by the maximal velocity-time integral of transmitral inflow best correlated with that determined by the maximal LV dP/dt. In this recent study AV optimization based on maximizing diastolic filling time ("E"+"A" wave duration without "A" wave truncation), which is similar to the iterative method, was also reported to have a strong correlation to optimization using LV dP/dt. Conversely, programming the AV delay to maximize the aortic velocity time integral (cardiac output), was noted to be superior method to AV optimization using transmitral filling. The inventors propose to use the iterative method of AV optimization because it has been previously employed in a large randomized trails of Bi-V pacing and it is commonly described as an AV optimization technique for Bi-V devices. The present invention provides a simple measurement which can be performed during implantation wherein the PAV may be predicted with a high degree of accuracy. The requirement for such measurements can be found in most non-EP cardiac labs. The technique for obtaining the IACT is flexible and can be incorporated despite various techniques of Bi-V pacemaker implantation. This technique may render unnecessary time consuming and costly echocardiographic studies while maximizing the potential benefit of Bi-V pacing for the patient. Referring briefly again to the drawings, which are not drawn to scale and in which from time to time like reference numerals are used to represent like structures and/or process steps. As depicted in Now referring to The present invention provides enhanced and expedient means of programming an optimal A-V delay interval for biventricular implantable pulse generators adapted to delivery therapy to heart failure patients and others suffering from cardiac insufficiency. While certain embodiments have been described and/or depicted herein in the context of AV interval optimization in an acute, post- or intra-implantation procedure the invention can be practiced chronically in vivo. In such an embodiment, a look up table (LUT) or equivalent can be used to store optimized AV intervals for a range of heart rates and/or activity sensor signals. Also, in the event that a system according to the invention performs an IACT duration test and the IACT duration differs by a given value from a prior value (used to set an optimized AV interval) then an alarm or notification can be issued that an AV interval optimization procedure should be performed. Regarding the types of electrodes used in a chronically-implanted system according to the invention a multi-polar electrode (e.g., quadra-, hexa-, deca-polar or the like) can be deployed into a portion of the great vein. In this case, the various vectors can be used to determine the best vectors for measuring IACT and in the event of electrode dislodgement or malfunction, a different electrode vector can be implemented. In addition, a pericardial (or epicardial) electrode or array of electrodes can be used in lieu of or in addition to the foregoing. Also, far-field sensing can be performed using a subcutaneous device, such as an extra-cardiac ICD deployed near the cardiac notch or in an intercostal space. In addition, it will be understood that specifically described structures, functions and operations set forth in the above-referenced patents can be practiced in conjunction with the present invention, but they are not essential to its practice. It is therefore to be understood, that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without actually departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Patent Citations
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text:
Hate"I hate you."More Like This
Klaus smirks, sucking more fumes from his cigarette. It floods his lungs, coating them in a thin layer of comfort, before exhaling. The calming chemicals linger, though, and that's what he's after.
"Love you too," he replies, sarcastic, obviously not thinking about what Ben is really saying; not thinking, or just not caring.
"I mean it," Ben says, voice heightening slightly from Klaus' nonchalance.
Klaus rolls his eyes and flicks his dying cig off the roof. He doesn't need to look to see the thin, glowing trail as it falls; it's a brief thing, and he doesn't care for those things any longer.
He leans back against the roof, lingering warmth of the tiles against his back. Ben is diagonal to him, on his left side, sitting huddled by one of the many chimneys. Klaus can just make out his figure, cloaked in his dark uniform; his hair, though, catches the moonlight, making it easier to distinguish.
"And why, pray tell me, do you hate me now?" Klaus drawls out, remnants of smoke


text:
Sam Ives returned to the Corby Town team to face Workington, as he replaced the injured Gareth Jelleyman. Youth teamer James Harrison was on the bench in place of Tom McGowan, who was also missing through injury.
Workington got the game underway and had the lead within 2 minutes. A short corner came back out to the crosser, and as he drilled a low cross back into the 6 yard box, Carl Piergianni attempted a clearance but he could only watch as his attempted clearance went the opposite way and past Paul Walker for an early own goal. Ryan Semple had a chance to equalise on 5 minutes, but his free-kick hit the wall.
Corby had struggled to make an impression o the game and fund themselves 2 down on 19 minutes. Piergianni's header back to Walker didn't have enough power on it, leaving Jacob Hazel to nip in between Piergianni and Walker and lob it over the onrushing Corby keeper. Things got even worse for the Steelmen les than a minute later as they were reduced to 10 men, Lewis Webb being shown a straight red card for a tackle on Jonny Wright.
It took the Steelmen 27 minutes to register their first effort on target; Avelino Vieira's long range shot being comfortably saved by Taylor. It took another 10 minutes for another chance of note, and this time they made it count. Ryan Semple's free-kick was floated into the box and found Paul Malone, who made no mistake with a header from 6 yards. Sam Ives put a shot wide a minute later.
Corby ended the first half as the better team, with Vieira, Semple and Malone all going close. There were to be no goals as the half ended with the Steelmen trailing, but growing into the game.
The Steelmen were forced into an early second half substitution, with Gary King being forced off with injury, with Josh Moreman replacing him. Workington had a good chance to extend their lead on 55 minutes as Hazel got through on goal, only for Walker to make the initial save and Piergianni to clear the danger.
Workington did however get their third goal only three minutes later, with Arnison on target this time. Wright picked up the ball from a Corby defensive throw in and made a run to the byline, before pulling the ball back and leaving Arnison with the simplest of finishes. Stefan Galinski came on for the inured Jason Crowe on 67 minutes, whilst a double Workington change on 71 minutes saw Jordan Connerton replace Hazel, and Anthony Wright came on for Mark Boyd.
Corby were struggling to create chances throughout the second half, but were handed a golden opportunity to get back into the game on 77 minutes. Moreman broke clear of the Workington defence but Taylor was on hand to produce a brilliant save when one on one with the Steelmen striker. Workington made their final chance with 10 minutes to play as goalscorer Arnison was replaced by Conor Tinnion. Vieira had a chance to score on 87 minutes, but when finding himself in space in the box, he took too long on the ball and was forced out for a corner, which was cleared.
That half chance was the last sight at goal for either team as Workington recorded a comfortable victory on a miserable day for the Steelmen.
Corby Town: Paul Walker, Jason Crowe (c)(sub Stefan Galinski 67), Sam Ives, Medi Abalimba, Carl Piergianni, Paul Malone, Ryan Semple, Nat Wedderburn, Avelino Vieira, Gary King (sub Josh Moreman 51), Lewis Webb
Subs Not Used: Dominic Cuffy, James Harrison, Luke Greer
Workington: Aaran Taylor, Niall Cowperthwaite, Gari Rowntree, Paul Johnson Lee Andrews, Dan Wordsworth, Jacob Hazel (sub Jordan Connerton 71), David Hewson (c), Jonny Wright (sub Anthony Wright 71), Gareth Arnison (sub Conor Tinnion 80), Mark Boyd
Subs Not Used: Richard Bannister, Tom Manship
Goals: Paul Malone (37); Carl Piergianni (OG 2), Jacob Hazel (19), Gareth Arnison (58)
Booked: None
Sent Off: Lewis Webb (20)
Attendance: 314
Referee: Stephen Ross
The Steelmen face familiar opposition on Saturday afternoon, when they face Biggleswade Town for the second time in four days. Corby... Read More »
Corby Town travel to Biggleswade Town on Saturday afternoon in the Evo-Stik League Southern Premier Division, and in our In Focus... Read More »
Two excellent first-half goals helped Corby Town move into second place in the Evo-Stik Southern League Premier Division as they beat... Read More »
Corby Town supporters Martin Rippingale and Stuart Mclean have organised a collection at Wednesday's match against Biggleswade... Read More »
Corby Town welcome Biggleswade Town to Steel Park on Wednesday evening for an Evo-Stik League Southern Premier Division fixture, the... Read More »
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text:
Top DL class tough one to call
Originally Published: February 20, 2013
Craig Haubert | RecruitingNation
We've assigned class grades and done our class rankings. Now it's time to see which schools brought in the best class at each position. When looking at the defensive linemen, it was nearly too close to call but in the end it was an SEC team that brought in a nice mix of quality and quantity that walked away with the top class.
To see who brought in the top classes of defensive linemen, become an Insider.
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.
View Insider Benefits »Magazine subscribers: activate your Insider account.
- National recruiting analyst and analyst for ESPNU
- More than a decade of college and pro coaching experience.
- Graduated from Indiana and Nebraska-Omaha
- Get To Know These 2016 QBs
- Get to know the underrated 2016 QBs.
- Time To Hit The Camps
- Camp season begins with NFTC Miami.
- Soon-To-Be Starters?
- These five 2016 QBs could start from Day 1.


text:
PlantFiles: Tall Bearded Iris
Iris 'Stunning'
Family: Iridaceae (eye-rid-AY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Iris (EYE-ris) (Info) Cultivar: Stunning Hybridized by Nelson; Year of Registration or Introduction: 1974 2 members have or want this plant for trade. Class: Class: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: Awards (if applicable): | Click thumbnail to view: By puttytat By Heidi By dmac085 By 1913cat |
No details have been posted.
This plant has been said to grow in the following regions:
Alton, Missouri
Robertsville, Missouri
Greensboro, North Carolina
Greeneville, Tennessee


text: War Horse 30/30 By Marc McElroy - FNT Poster for War Horse featuring the greatest War Horse of all time. 30/30 from Bravestar. Published January 20, 2012 180 views More Info » Full Credits Marc McElroy - FNT Uploader Additional Credits Additional Credits: Made by Marc McElroy Stats & Data 11 Funny Votes 1 Die Votes 184 Views Published January 20, 2012 Categories: Parody Funny Pictures Mashups Keywords: War horse war horse bravestar brave star 30/30 30 30 sarah jessica parker sjp Browse Related Comments 10+ more View All ▶ Marc McElroy - FNT Vaguely RelatedPics & Words Vaguely Related Videos Advertisement Advertisement From Around the Web ZergNet


text:
Welcome to Fashiolista! Discover, save & share the greatest fashion findsfrom anywhere on the web! Sign in with Facebook
Buy it here 3736 First found by JessChanel at ebay.co.uk 2 years, 7 months ago @Tag a friend Add to list comments Please sign in to start gossiping Sign in with Facebook or sign up manually hesr lindoo! Love this color and the shoes too! Are you sure you want to delete this comment? Cancel Are you sure this is spam? Cancel we love it! (3736) tags for this item green shoes wedge Wedges aquamarine shoe turquoise jesschanel platform platforms pumps sandal sandals Pastel pastels pastel shoes login to add tags


text:
Designer Alice Tang
Finished Size 35 3/4 (39, 43, 47, 51 1/4)" bust circumference. Pullover shown measures 35 3/4", modeled with 3 3/4" of positive ease.
Yarn Tahki Yarns Ripple (100% cotton; 142 yd [130 m]/1 3/4 oz [50 g]): #10 pewter, 7 (8, 8, 9, 10) skeins. Yarn distributed by Tahki-Stacy Charles Inc.
Needles Size 6 (4 mm): 16" and 32" circulars (cir). Adjust needle size if necessary to obtain the correct gauge.
Notions Markers (m); removable m; tapestry needle.
Gauge 22 sts and 36 rows = 4" in St st.
This simple pullover is knitted top down in the round. The gusset on the side is formed by picking up short-row stitches and then decreasing at the "seam." The garment edges are left to roll naturally.
Once again I apologize. I am Portuguese and my English is not good. Sorry
My question is:
In the "Body" Short-Rows, do the 1st and 2nd row, but in 3rd no longer know how to proceed .....
Please help.
Already very grateful for your attention
Maria de Fátima
Sorry, but I saw the fill, but do not understand how to make the short rows in the body.
Sorry, sorry
Already thank you
wanted to make the Gusset Tunic model
ALICE TANG, but did not realize how short rows are made in the body.
please help me
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text:
Men's John Deere® 6" Agricultural Series Lace-up Boots, Golden Tan
Item # F4KW-607650
- Google+
- Details & Specs
John Deere® 6" Agricultural Series Lace-up Boots... delivering comfort and durability from sunup to sundown! SAVE BIG!
The folks over at John Deere® know a thing or two about farm life. And hard work. That's why they designed these Agricultural Series Boots. They were made to keep hard-working guys like yourself comfortable no matter what you're doing.
Because when it comes to running a farm you just never know what your day will bring. From working in the barn to repairing your machinery to plowing a field, you're busy from the time you wake up until you can finally retire for the evening, and you need Boots that can keep up.
Work-ready:- Full-grain leather uppers
- Padded pigskin collar and Achilles heel guard
- Moisture-wicking nylon lining
- Goodyear welt construction
- Tempered steel shank
- Removable polyurethane insert with moisture-wicking lining
- Oil, slip and heat-resistant Combine III outsole
- Removable insole.
- Each approx. 7"h., 23 ozs
State Width: medium or wide; and Size, as available in the Shopping Cart.
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6-Prs. of Guide Gear® Xtreme Steel Toe Work Socks, White
Buyer's Club $16.19 Non-Members $17.99 -
Thorogood Shock Zone Insole
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Peet Boot / Shoe Dryer
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Men's John Deere 6" Lace-up Work Boots, Rootbeer
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Men's Justin Rugged Utah Waterproof Composite Toe Work Boots, Brown
Buyer's Club $98.99 Non-Members $109.99


text:
Cowgirls reaching new heights in Big 12 as 2008 unfolds
Updated: January 16, 2008, 3:29 PM ET
Mechelle Voepel | Special to ESPN.com
The coach, Kurt Budke, took the long, dues-paying road to the Big 12 -- and went winless in league play his first season. The star point guard, Andrea Riley, committed to Oklahoma State even though the Cowgirls hadn't made the NCAA Tournament in a decade.
So it would be hard to overstate their joy after what was -- all factors considered -- the most monumental game in program history. Saturday in Stillwater, Okla., the Cowgirls ended a 17-game losing streak ...Read full story
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26 year old woman | Austin, TX, USA | Seeking men 25-35 within 50 miles
Ready to find someone who can make me smile!
I go to school and take care of my son. Between that, I love doing yoga and working out. I love to find new places in Austin to hike for hours and love to go out at night sometimes and find new chill places to have a drink. I want someone who can take care of my physical needs and feed my soul. There nothing more attractive to me than a man who can feed my mind. I'm constantly left giving everything I have to someone and feeling empty in the end. I want something different.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Aerobics, Cycling, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats, Other
I like Dogs, Exotic Pets, Horses
Middle of the Road
Moontower Saloon, The Elephant Room, The Key Bar, Twin Falls, Barton Springs, Town Lake
I really love classic movies like Breakfast at Tiffanys, The Big Lebowski, Donnie Darko, Blow, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and yes I adore the Lord of the Rings movies :) My favorite foods include seafood, mexican food and Italian food.
The Glass Castle
Her | What she is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'3" (160cms) | 5'11" (180cms) to 6'5" (195cms) |
Body type: | Curvy | Slender, About average, Athletic and toned |
Eyes: | Green | No preference |
Hair: | Dark brown | No preference |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | Occasionally | No preference |
Drink: | Social Drinker | No preference |
Occupation: | Student | No preference |
Income: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Relationship: | Never Married | No preference |
Have kids: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Wants kids: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | White / Caucasian | No preference |
Faith: | Christian / Other | No preference |
Languages: | English | English |
Education: | Some college | Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree |


text:
A bottle of the rather excellent Piton beer in a pool in St. Lucia. Taken during a sunshine break.
Canon 60D 50mm Prime.
I have loved taking photographs since I was handed the "power" aged around 10. I have had many cameras since then, most costing under £100, and have enjoyed every one of them. I take pictures because I love the process and the results (sometimes) and if these can be enjoyed by others, then this is an added and welcomed bonus. Currently using Canon 60Ds with L series lenses.
View Full ProfileLike the concept Derek, good work mate
Thanks for stopping by Peter and glad you liked it.
– dgscotland


text:
A Theory of Bayesian Decision Making
This paper presents a complete, choice-based, axiomatic Bayesian decision theory. It introduces a new choice set consisting of information-contingent plans for choosing actions and bets and subjective expected utility model with effect-dependent utility functions and action-dependent subjective probabilities which, in conjunction with the updating of the probabilities using Bayes' rule, gives rise to a unique prior and a set of action-dependent posterior probabilities representing the decision maker's prior and posterior beliefs.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Length: | 38 pages |
Date of creation: | 2009 |
Date of revision: | May 2009 |
Handle: | RePEc:eie:wpaper:0904 |
Contact details of provider: | Postal: Phone: +39 066790013 Fax: +39 0647924872 Web page: http://www.eief.it/repecEmail: More information through EDIRC |
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Karni, Edi, 1996. "Probabilities and Beliefs," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 249-62, November.
- Hill, Brian, 2010.
"An additively separable representation in the Savage framework,"
Journal of Economic Theory,
Elsevier, vol. 145(5), pages 2044-2054, September.
- Brian, HILL, 2007. "An additively separable representation in the Savage framework," Les Cahiers de Recherche 882, HEC Paris.
- Machina Mark J. & Schmeidler David, 1995.
"Bayes without Bernoulli: Simple Conditions for Probabilistically Sophisticated Choice,"
Journal of Economic Theory,
Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 106-128, October.
- Mark J. Machina & David Schmeidler, 1994. "Bayes Without Bernoulli: Simple Conditions for Probabilistically Sophisticated Choice," Discussion Papers 1088, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science.
- Karni, E. & Schmeidler, D., 1991.
"On the Uniqueness of Subjective Probabilities,"
1-92, Tel Aviv - the Sackler Institute of Economic Studies.
- Karni, Edi & Schmeidler, David, 1993. "On the Uniqueness of Subjective Probabilities," Economic Theory, Springer, vol. 3(2), pages 267-77, April.
- Mark J. Machina & David Schmeidler, 1990.
"A More Robust Definition of Subjective Probability,"
Discussion Paper Serie A
306, University of Bonn, Germany.
- Machina, Mark J & Schmeidler, David, 1992. "A More Robust Definition of Subjective Probability," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 60(4), pages 745-80, July.
- Machina,Mark & Schmeidler,David, 1991. "A more robust definition of subjective probability," Discussion Paper Serie A 365, University of Bonn, Germany.
- Wakker, Peter, 1987. "Subjective probabilities for state dependent continuous utility," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 289-298, December.
- Karni, Edi, 2006.
"Subjective expected utility theory without states of the world,"
Journal of Mathematical Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 325-342, June.
- Edi Karni, 2005. "Subjective Expected Utility Theory without States of the World," Economics Working Paper Archive 523, The Johns Hopkins University,Department of Economics.
- Edi Karni, 2008. "On Optimal Insurance in the Presence of Moral Hazard*," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 33(1), pages 1-18, June.
- Nau, Robert F, 1995. "Coherent Decision Analysis with Inseparable Probabilities and Utilities," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 71-91, January.
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