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VIEWS: 17 PAGES: 8 CATEGORY: Biotechnology POSTED ON: 9/24/2011
Molecular biology research at the molecular level is the phenomenon of life science. By studying biological macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins) of the structure, function and biosynthesis of various aspects to clarify the nature of the phenomenon of life. The study includes a variety of life processes. Such as photosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms of development, the mechanism of neural activity, the incidence of cancer and so on.
Biol. Cell (2007) 99, 717–724 (Printed in Great Britain) doi:10.1042/BC20070061 Scientiae forum History of Biology and the Cell Development of Molecular Biology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison Harlyn O. Halvorson1 Policy Center for Marine Biosciences and Technology, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, U.S.A. Dramatic changes in the foundation of academic departments in our universities are uncommon. With the demon- stration that DNA was the cellular source of genetic information, and that this information could be regulated, the www.biolcell.org field of molecular biology was born. Later, when scientists found that they could tinker with this information, the field matured. In an unusually rapid manner, molecular biology was integrated into the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This present article is a chronology of how it happened. What are the factors that made this transition possible in the University of Wisconsin? What lessons have we learned from this experience? Interdisciplinary biological science versity structure, based upon the experience at the Multidisciplinary programmes began to impinge University of Wisconsin, Madison. upon traditional academic departments in research universities in the 1950s. Integrating these insti- tutes into the academic community was not without University of Wisconsin: building a public its own problems. Academic departments are tra- institution ditionally conservative and vigorously defend their By 1890 the University of Wisconsin already had territorial borders. Invariably concern arises over the four colleges and one school: Letters and Sciences, creation of first- and second-class citizenship when Mechanics and Engineering, Agriculture, Law and a Biology of the Cell faculty members are appointed without having all School of Pharmacy. A Medical School was added in the normal academic responsibilities. In new mul- 1904. In the College of Agriculture, the Biochemistry tidisciplinary research centres, people who work in Department was founded in 1883, the Department co-operative teams might be at a career disadvantage of Bacteriology in 1886, the Department of Plant (Service, 1999). Their home department insists that Pathology in 1907 and the Department of Experi- members remember: 'who evaluates you for tenure mental Breeding (later Genetics) in 1909. and the quality of your work?' This division impairs Multidisciplinary centres appeared early on the not only the evolution of research interests of uni- campus. The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Re- versities, but also the timely incorporation of new search was established in 1940, and the Enzyme In- understandings of the science into the academic cur- stitute in 1948. Also added in the post-war period riculum. What follows is a case study on incorporat- were the Primate Centre and Institute for Molecular ing multidisciplinary biological science into the uni- Virology. In 2007, there are 84 multidisciplinary re- search centres and programmes at the University, 20 of which are managed by the Graduate School. 1 email Several factors encouraged research co-operation firstname.lastname@example.com Key words: biophysics, molecular biology, Joshua Lederberg, Laboratory of between departments. From the 1930s, the close co- Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin. operation between faculty in the Department of Bac- Abbreviations used: MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; MRC, Medical Research Council; NIH, National Institutes of Health; NSF, National teriology and Biochemistry established the Univer- Science Foundation; WARF, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. sity of Wisconsin as a national centre for fermentation www.biolcell.org | Volume 99 (12) | Pages 717–724 717 H.O. Halvorson Joshua Lederberg Dartmouth College, joined the Department. A few Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. years later, Jim Crow, among others, was responsible for convincing Sewell Wright, the father of popula- tion genetics at the University of Chicago, to relocate to the University of Wisconsin upon his retirement. The Swiss-born electron microscopist, Hans Ris, joined the Zoology Department in 1949. He had demonstrated that sperm and egg cells contain half of the DNA compared with somatic cells, reinforcing the notion that DNA was the genetic material 3– 4 years before the Hershey–Chase experiment. In the mid-1950s Waclaw Szybalski, a Polish mi- crobial biochemist, joined the Oncology Department at Wisconsin. Szybalski, under the advice of Øjvind Winge, the Danish father of yeast genetics, emigrated in 1949 to the Biology Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island to join Milislav Demerec, technology and training. Early studies on determin- where he developed an enduring interest in micro- ing the molecular mass of proteins occurred when bial genetics. the Chemistry Department and the Department of Lederberg was largely responsible for my being Biochemistry collaborated in using the first analytical recruited in 1956 to the Department of Bacteriology ultracentrifuge in the U.S.A. The second factor was while I was on sabbatical in the Laboratory of Jacques positioning of a land grant college in a state governed Monod at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. by the Progressive Political Party. The borders of the In 1957 Lederberg was made Chairman of a new University are the borders of the state. Charles Van Department of Medical Genetics and started an act- Hise, the President of the University of Wisconsin in ive interest in human genetics. He brought a Gen- 1904, declared that he would "never be content until oese Italian population geneticist, Luigi Luca Cavalli- the beneficent influence of the university [is] avail- Sforza, to Madison who was interested in whether the able to every home in the state." Thirdly, a great deal genes of modern populations might contain an his- of credit for developing science on the Madison cam- torical record. pus is due to the WARF (Wisconsin Alumni Research In 1958 Lederberg received the Nobel Prize for Foundation). This was founded in 1925 to manage the studies on bacterial genetics. He left for Stanford University's discovery that eventually eliminated University on April 1, 1959. In his resignation letter the childhood disease rickets. The mission of WARF to President Elvehjem, he wrote "Genetics and bio- is to support scientific research at the university by chemistry are rapidly converging on the fine structure patenting inventions arising from university research and biosynthesis of nucleic acid, but there are very and transferring earnings back into the University to few individual workers or balanced research teams support research and graduate education. that can most effectively bridge the gap between the sciences" (Lederberg, 1958). The Josh Lederberg era Meeting the challenge Josh Lederberg was appointed Assistant Professor in When the news of Josh Lederberg's resignation Genetics in 1947. He quickly expanded upon his reached the campus, there was great concern, since initial studies on sexuality in Escherichia coli and his departure would leave a large void on the Wiscon- set up a school for training bacterial geneticists. sin campus in an emerging area combining genetics Lederberg soon displayed interests beyond genet- with the chemistry of DNA. There seemed to be a ics. Other faculty members in Madison interested consensus that this new area, being called molecular in genetic subjects quickly joined him. The next year biology, was not confined to one department, but was James Crow, a Drosophila population geneticist from shared with many departments. 718 C The Authors Journal compilation C 2007 Portland Press Ltd Molecular Biology at the University of Wisconsin Scientiae forum President Elvehjem man from the recently modernized Department of Courtesy of Univerity Wisconsin-Madison Archives. Microbiology at the University of Illinois in Urbana. Luria suggested that molecular biology was likely to become the core of modern biology and the Uni- versity should create a Center of Molecular Biology with the responsibility for promoting research and training in the area. The University of Wisconsin was quick to respond. The next several years were occupied with recruiting this new community of scientists. Robert H. Burris, Chair of the Committee for Molecular Biology, over- saw this effort. The recruitment program started in 1959 and con- tinued actively over the next few years. The newly formed Department of Medical Genetics recruited Robert De Mars from the NIH (National Institutes of Health) and initiated interviews with Oliver Smith- ies (immunogenetics) in 1959, who joined the faculty the next year. Ernst Freese, a physicist turned genet- icist from Harvard, was hired to fill Josh Lederberg's position in the Department of Genetics. Hank Lardy travelled to Vancouver, Canada, in 1960 to interest On a late Friday afternoon, I called President Con- Ghobin Khorana, a nucleic acid chemist, in relocat- rad Elvehjem's office and asked for an appointment. ing to Madison. In 1960 Gobin Khorana joined the It was granted immediately. I proposed to the Pres- Enzyme Institute with an appointment in the Chem- ident that we replace Josh not with one person, but a istry Department. That same year Howard Temin, an group that could cover his interests. I further urged animal virologist from Renato Dulbecco's Laboratory President Elvehjem that, with the newly emerging at Caltech, joined the Oncology Department. Both field of microbial genetics, there were many Depart- Khorana and Temin went on to earn Nobel Prizes. By ments at the University that had a new interest in mo- July 1960, Julius Adler joined the Departments of lecular biology. Soon molecular biology would move Biochemistry and Genetics. After receiving his PhD beyond E. coli and also deal with eukaryotes. Since in Biochemistry at Wisconsin, he held postdoctoral there were no empty buildings on the Madison cam- positions with Arthur Kornberg at Washington Uni- pus, why not devote all new appointments in various versity School of Medicine and Dale Kaiser at Stan- biology departments in the next few years to this new ford University. His use of E. coli to study responses to field? chemical stimulation attracted immediate attention. President Elvjhem was enthusiastic about the Hans Ris, chair of a subcommittee (Hans Ris, concept and formed a committee who met the next Harlyn Halvorson, Ernst Freese and Walter Plaut) morning. As I recall, the committee included John of the ad hoc Genetics Advisory Committee reques- Bowers, Dean of the Medical School, Jim Crow, Bob ted that the Graduate Division establish an inter- Burris, P.P. Cohen, Hans Ris, Hank Lardy and my- disciplinary course of studies leading to the PhD in self. The President authorized us to make 12 appoint- Molecular Biology (Ris, 1960). A committee of in- ments. These candidates would be brought to campus terested professors from various departments would under the aegis of the graduate school, and then de- handle certification and examinations. Among the cisions would be made as to which department they first class of graduate students in the Molecular Bio- would join. The committee invited outside consult- logy programme were Marjorie Tingle, Bill Salivar ants to assist the University. Two of these consultants and Jordon Konisky. were Salvador Luria, recently relocated to MIT (Mas- William Sarles, Chair of Bacteriology, in respond- sachusetts Institute of Technology), and Sol Spiegel- ing to Dean Bowers replied "Since July 1, 1959, we www.biolcell.org | Volume 99 (12) | Pages 717–724 719 H.O. Halvorson have been in an awkward position because we do isms. Conrad Elvehjem did not have the opportunity not have a 'position' in our budget for a microbial to see the final success of his efforts. He prematurely geneticist . . . . We are now preparing an application died on 27 July 1962. for a training grant program which we hope will provide the funds necessary to establish a position" The tea room (Sarles, 1960). David Pratt, trained in bacterial viro- In considering the nature of a common meeting place logy, was ultimately recruited to fill that position. for members of the fledgling molecular biology pro- Millard Susman, who received his training in bac- gram at the University of Winconsin, I was influ- teriophage T4 microbial genetics, joined the Depart- enced by two approaches that were continents apart. ment of Genetics in 1962. Charles Kurland, after The first was the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, postdoctoral work at the Microbiology Institute of north of San Diego, where the experimental laborat- the University of Copenhagen, joined the Depart- ory designed by Earl Wall to encourage scientific ex- ment of Zoology and Genetics, where he carried out change by designing flexible space while maintaining a seminal study of the E. coli ribosome. eye contact fascinated me. Harrison ("Hatch') Echols, another physicist The second influence came from the MRC (Medical turned biologist, was also added to the Biochemistry Research Council) Laboratory outside Cambridge, Department. After receiving his PhD in physics from U.K., and the Pasteur Institute in Paris. The MRC the University of Wisconsin, he studied the genetic was a small institution that had a prominent 'tea control of repression of alkaline phosphatase in E. coli room' where every afternoon the staff would assemble at MIT in the laboratory of Cy Levinthal. In Madison for tea and to share their research interests with the he studied the 'glucose effect' in inducer transport in Crick–Brenner team. Since the staff came from differ- E. coli. Soon, he turned his attention to a study of ent scientific disciplines, these afternoon teas played the bacteriophage λ, for which he developed an in- a critical role in cross-disciplinary exchange of ideas. ternational reputation. The Japanese-born Masayasu The second site was the working library of the Mi- Nomura, after his post doctorate in Sol Spiegelman's crobial Physiology Unit of the Pasteur Institute. At laboratory studying bacteriophage mRNA in E. coli, lunch the staff would assemble with Jacques Monod, joined the Genetics Department in 1963 and star- Andre Lwoff and Francois Jacob to discuss their re- ted his studies on the isolation and reconstruction of search and topical issues in biology. As this laboratory ribosomal proteins. was a focal point for American scientists and visiting In the next 5 years additional faculty members in scientists, it became an intellectual meeting ground molecular biology were added to the campus. The for the new biology. Department of Bacteriology recruited William Mac- By 1961, it became clear that to sustain the mo- Clain, who was interested in tRNA precursors. The lecular biology thrust at the University of Wisconsin, Biochemistry Department recruited Julian Davies we needed a campus focus point for the programme. studying ribosomal function and mechanisms of res- Bob Bock and I began to search for possible options. istance to antibiotics in bacterial pathogens, Robert With the encouragement of Robert H. Burris, D. Wells interested in DNA structure, James Dahl- Chairman of the Committee for Molecular Biology, berg interested in viral biochemistry and William the committee itself, and the Dean of the School of Reznikoff interested in the regulatory elements in the Agriculture, land was provided on a parking lot next lac operon. Fredrick Blattner joined the Department to the Biochemistry Building for two low buildings, of Genetics. His interest in bacteriophage λ led to its one for Molecular Biology and another for Biophysics. sequencing and ultimately the sequence of the entire Based upon the laboratory concepts being proposed genome of E. coli. The Department of Physiological by Earl Wall, to use wide-open contiguous space for Chemistry recruited James Dahlberg a viral biochem- laboratories, Bob Bock and I laid out plans for a small, ist. The Oncology Department added William Dove low building with maximal floor space on each floor who worked on integrated λ prophage. to encourage scientific interactions. On 1 September Already by 1965, the University of Wisconsin had 1961, we submitted a request to NSF (National Sci- a youthful and vibrant community of scientists util- ence Foundation) for $1 957 500 to build the Labo- izing molecular biology in a variety of diverse organ- ratory for Molecular Biology with H.O. Halvorson 720 C The Authors Journal compilation C 2007 Portland Press Ltd Molecular Biology at the University of Wisconsin Scientiae forum Robert Bock Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biophysics Lab Courtesy of John White, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Courtesy of John White, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Uiversity of Wisconsin. Uiversity of Wisconsin. and R. M. Bock as principle investigators. Bill Beeman and Paul Kaesberg pursued a parallel request to NIH to fund an adjacent Biophysics Building. The NSF site visit team for our building request the top floor of the building, which contained the 'tea were sharply divided. Half of the team thought that room' for lunches, conferences, etc. This room had an the concept of such an interdisciplinary laboratory excellent view of Lake Mendota and the campus, and was a great idea, and the other half thought it was would be our focal point for informal scientific ex- very dangerous and threatened the existence of the change. Bob and I met with the architects and were present departments and should be killed immedi- able to make a few modifications to reduce the cost. ately. After reviews by the NIH, NSF and the Uni- However, it turned out that redesigning the build- versity of Wisconsin, it was decided to build one tall ing to remove the top floor would actually increase building, occupying a smaller area, to house both the the cost of the building. The next day, Bob and I Laboratories of Molecular Biology and Biophysics. went to the Governor's office to argue that retain- Half the cost of construction would be covered by a ing the 'tea room' actually cost negative dollars. The grant from WARF. Governor agreed and after deducting bid alternatives On 9 March 1965, the bids for the Laboratories of and negotiating further reductions, the budget cost Molecular Biology and Biophysics were opened and was reduced to $2 382 341. Construction was initi- the total the exceeded available funds for construc- ated in June 1965, and the facility was occupied in tion. This occurred shortly after two Engineering De- November 1966. partments of the State administration were publicly criticized for exceeding budgets on state construc- tion. The decision was to hold the line on the cost of Strengthening the base the Laboratories of Molecular Biology and Biophys- Upon returning to Madison, from a sabbatical in ics. Bob and I were told that we had 24 h to work France, I was offered the Chairmanship of the newly with the architects to bring the cost of the building constructed Laboratory of Molecular Biology, which under the sum available. Of particular contention was I was pleased to accept in 1966. www.biolcell.org | Volume 99 (12) | Pages 717–724 721 H.O. Halvorson With the Governor's approval in June 1965, re- consin in 1969, with an appointment in the Zoology cruitment for five molecular biologists began. The Department. His key contributions included the dis- first one to be recruited was Robert Rownd. Bob had covery of tubulin, elucidating microtubule dynamics, received a PhD in Biophysics in 1964 from Harvard introducing novel techniques to analyse cytoskeletal University. His graduate work in the laboratory of function in living cells, dissecting the mechanism Paul Doty included early studies on the physico- of chromosome movement and understanding the chemical properties of DNA, and the demonstra- supramolecular basis of the actin machinery in cell tion of the DNA nature of bacterial antibiotic resist- motility. ance plasmids. Following postdoctoral training with Robert Rownd and Gary Craven organized a Sydney Brenner in Cambridge, U.K., he accepted a graduate course in molecular biology in 1967. In postdoctoral fellowship with Jacques Monod at the 1969 Rownd assumed the leadership of the campus- Pasteur Institute in Paris, before moving to Madison training grant in molecular biology. in 1966. I was able to report to Dr Estelia K. Engel that Gary Craven was the next scientist to join the "As of July 1, 1969 the staffing of the Laboratory of Laboratory and the genetics department that same Molecular Biology has been completed . . . . We feel year. His studies on the chemical, physical and im- that the initial intent of a diversified staff represent- munological properties of β-galactosidase in E. coli ing various disciplines from the physically oriented in Christian Anfinsen's laboratory of Chemical Bio- aspects of molecular biology to the more biological logy at NIH demonstrated that the operator locus problems has been achieved" (Halvorson, 1969). does not specify any part of the β-galactosidase mo- The Molecular Biology and Molecular Virology lecule. On relocating to Madison, Gary directed his Laboratory on Linden Drive was renamed in 1991 in interests to the structure and function of ribosomes honour of Robert M. Bock, longest-serving Gradu- and the mechanism of complementation in E. coli. ate School Dean of the University of Wisconsin at In 1969 Bob Bock was appointed Dean of Graduate 22 years. School, replacing Robert Alberty who had departed In February of 1971 President Schottland of Bran- for MIT. Bock was still able to maintain a laborat- deis University provided me with the opportunity to ory on the fourth floor of the Laboratory. That year build a Basic Sciences Research Centre, funded by a Kenneth Munkries was recruited with a joint ap- gift from the industrialist Louis Rosenstiel. It was pointment in the Genetics Department. His research an exciting challenge and on 1 June 1971, with sev- area in molecular genetics focused on the structure, eral trucks loaded with our furniture and equipment, assembly and function of enzymes and membranes in and those of my laboratory group, we all departed for Neurospora. Massachusetts. In the next year and a half, the remaining two laboratories in the laboratory were occupied. The next appointment was Deric Bownds who earned his PhD The longest mile in the world degree on the site of attachment of retinal in rhodop- Bascom Hill, the site of the Administration Building sin from the laboratory of George Wald at Harvard in of the University of Wisconsin, is 1 mile from another 1967. He then spent a postdoctoral period in the De- hill where the State Capital resides. President Edwin partment of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, B. Fred (President of the University of Wisconsin, in the laboratory of Ed Kravitz studying the analysis 1945–1958) on his annual trips to secure the Univer- of enzymes and substrates of GABA (γ-aminobutyric sity budget described this distance as "The longest acid) metabolism in single axons, before joining the mile in the world." Fortunately, this trip is reversible. Laboratory of Molecular Biology and the Department Jones et al. (1996) pointed out that Wisconsin was of Zoology. the first state to develop a joint legislative research The final appointment was Gary Borisy. He was office. In 1901 under the leadership of Progressive trained originally under Ed Taylor at the University Governor Robert LaFollette, Wisconsin established of Chicago. After 3 years' postdoctoral study at the the Legislative Research Bureau drawing in part MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, on the expertise of the University to provide legi- U.K, he joined the faculty of the University of Wis- slators with needed science and technology policy 722 C The Authors Journal compilation C 2007 Portland Press Ltd Molecular Biology at the University of Wisconsin Scientiae forum Table 1 Transitional Molecular Biology Faculty at the University of Wisconsin AAAS, American Academy of Arts and Sciences; APS, American Philosophical Society; ASBMB, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; IOM, Institutes of Medicine; NAS, National Academy of Science; NIADID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; PAS, Polish Academy of Sciences; RAS, Royal Academy of Sciences; RS, (Fellow of the) Royal Society. Name Relocation Department/position Recognition Julian Davies Biogen (Geneva) President President of ASM Institut Pasteur RS (London and Canada) University of British Columbia Microbiology and Immunology Cubist Pharmaceuticals President Harrison ('Hatch') University of California, Biochemistry and Molecular NAS Echols Berkeley Biology Ernst Freese NIH Molecular Biology NIADID Chief of Laboratory Harlyn Halvorson Brandeis University Director, Rosensteil Center President of ASM, IOM and AAAS Marine Biological Laboratory President, Director Gobind Khorana MIT Biology and Chemistry Nobel Prize, NAS, AAAS, APS and RS Charles Kurland Uppsala University Molecular Biology RAS, Chair of EMBO Committee for Science and Society Josuha Lederberg Stanford University Genetics Nobel Prize, NAS, IOM, APS and RS Rockefeller University President Masayasu Nomura University of California, Irvine Biological Chemistry NAS, AAAS Robert Rownd Northwestern University Molecular Biology Editor for Journal of Bacteriology Wayne State Center for Molecular Medicine Director and Genetics Oliver Smithies University of North Carolina, Pathology AAAS, NAS and RS Chapel Hill Robert Wells University of Alabama, Birmingham Biochemistry President of ASBMB and Texas A&M Biochemistry and Biophysics FASEB, member of PAS Biosciences and Technology support. The Wisconsin commitment of the land- Medical School on the same campus. The mutual grant university to solve public sector problems reinforcement was a great advantage. provided, I believe, the foundation for its success r The genius of Harry Steenbock that 'science should a half century later in introducing interdisciplinary support science' led in 1925 to the formation of science into the university. WARF. His vision was for technology transfer com- A number of other factors contributed to the Uni- bined with financial spin-offs for faculty across the versity of Wisconsin success story. Madison campus. Faculty and staff at the univer- sity own all inventions and intellectual property r The University has a long history of collaboration developed without federal funding. The annual of scientists on campus on research projects. The WARF gift has been used to support research start- isolation of Madison from other research centres up commitments, enhancing career development, may have initially contributed to this collabora- graduate training and funding new programmes. tion. The Dean of the Graduate School administers this r Wisconsin had the College of Agriculture, College programme and serves as the de facto 'vice chancel- of Arts and Sciences, College of Engineering and a lor for research'. The distribution of WARF funds www.biolcell.org | Volume 99 (12) | Pages 717–724 723 H.O. Halvorson throughout the graduate school meant that fac- r Since evolution is conservative and all biological ulty members had a second chance for research mechanisms are dependent upon common mechan- funds, one that was separate from departmental isms, academic biological departments share com- lines. WARF has provided seed money for invest- mon roots and interests. ment in quality people and programmes, providing r Changing the culture of academic departments re- the University of Wisconsin with a great compet- quires an extensive integrated effort. itive advantage. r Teaching and research are both faculty responsib- r The Wisconsin Academic Farm System. The Uni- ilities. Care should be taken to avoid first- and versity has had a long-term strategy of recruiting second-class academic citizenships. scientists in their early creative years, supporting r Scientists trained in a discipline and co-operating them with resources and students, and rapidly pro- with others conduct interdisciplinary science moting them. Not infrequently these 'transitional best. faculty' move on to other prestigious universities and research institutions. Table 1 traces this pop- Acknowledgements ulation from the University of Wisconsin that was I appreciate the tireless efforts of the University Wis- recruited during the development of the molecular consin Archives Director, David Null. I also acknow- biology programme. r From the mid 1940s to the early 1960s, when the ledge the contributions of many who were involved in this period: Robert Alberty, Ruth Bock, Gary molecular biology programme was initiated and Borisy, Seymour Cohen, James Crow, Ray Epstein, developed, the University of Wisconsin was fortu- James Haber, Hank Lardy, Cathy Norton, William nate to have decisive and bold scientific leadership Reznikoff, Millard Susman, Waclaw Szybalski and at the level of the President, Deans and scientific de- Marjorie Tingle. The review of the manuscript by partment chairs. Departments were willing to stay current Chairs, Karen Steudel and John White, is outside the box of their narrow disciplines to get also greatly appreciated. good people. As William Reznikoff (2007) noted: "I don't think that Gary Craven or Fred Blattner considered themselves true geneticists when they References joined the Genetics Department. Likewise, I con- Halvorson, H.O. (1969) Letter to Estella K, Engle, National sidered myself more of a geneticist than a biochem- Science Foundation, September 17. University of Wisconsin Archives ist." Jones, M., Guston, D.H. and Branscomb, L.W. (1996) Informed legislators: coping with science in a democracy, Centre for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University Lessons learned Lederberg, J. (1958) Letter to President C.A, Elvehjem, July 15. University of Wisconsin Archives I believe that there are several take-home lessons to Ris, H. (1960) Letter to Dr D.C, Smith, Chairman Graduate Biological be learned from the Wisconsin experience. Although Division, April 20. H. Halvorson, personal archives some of these may be site-specific, others provide Sarles, W.B. (1960) Letter to Dr John Z, Bowers, Dean Medical School, March 23. University Wisconsin Archives guidance for developing new programmes on other Service, R.F. (1999) Complex systems: exploring the systems of life. campuses. Science, 284, 80–88 Received 25 May 2007/26 July 2007; accepted 2 August 2007 Published on the Internet 20 November 2007, doi:10.1042/BC20070061 724 C The Authors Journal compilation C 2007 Portland Press Ltd


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DL blanks W-DC
The Detroit Lakes girls' tennis team hit both ends of the spectrum of the shutout Monday and Tuesday.
The Lakers blanked host Wadena-Deer Creek 7-0 Monday, but were shutout by Bemidji, while losing to Crookston 5-2 in Tuesday's triangular.
"It was a nice win against Wadena-Deer Creek," said DL head coach Kris Omberg.
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Stack Front Loaders??
Did anyone stack their Front Loaders to save space? Do you like it, or have regrets? What is on the bottom? Do you have any movement of your washer? How does it stand up against the vibrations of the washer cycle? Do you need to buy special ones to stack?
I have side by side front loaders with peds,so am familiar with the vibrations and movement.
Washer is always on the bottom. Only units with controls on the front can be stacked ... there were/are some models with control panels on the back like a toploader but probably aren't as common nowadays. Stacking typically requires an adapter kit to anchor the dryer to the washer ... it doesn't just sit "freely" on top.
Stacking can be difficult to wrestle the water/plumbing and dryer vent connections if the units are installed in a closet or cubby-hole. The washer's water faucets, both power cords, and gas if applicable to the dryer MUST be accessible to shut off in case of an emergency. Service is also a challenge, being as the dryer pretty much always has to be take off the washer to service either one. For those reasons, I would personally never do a stack set.
I've had the Maytag Neptune 2000 FL stackable washer/dryer since its origin in 2000. The washer's bearings are almost finished. Prior to the Maytag I had a TL GE. I don't have room currently for anything but stacked units.
I liked the TL because it was less bending. Now FL's sell risers, but I wouldn't advise that when stacking due to additional height. The Neptune FL is low, somewhat cumbersome to load, developed the infamous seal problem, but, it kept on ticking. Twelve years for a FL washer is pretty good I think. The dryer seems as it could go on for ever. I've been looking at all manufacturers, laboriously. I'm looking further into LG, Speed Queen and maybe Electrolux.
Sandy, which Asko models do you have? I'm looking for a new stackable 27" set and have heard some good reports about Asko. Thanks.
Sparklingwater - I currently have 3 sets. One will go to my BIL for his apartment as soon as I decide which I am willing to part with. LOL! I have a 660 (1600 rpm), 6984 (1800) and a 6424 (1200 rpm). The 6424 is the least customizable. The 660, 11 years old and purchased for $100, is the most fun as I can pick any temp, spin speed or cycle in any combination. They are all set up for cold fill. If you are at all handy I would recommend checking out Craigslist. I replaced the drain pump on the 660 in 5 mins. Very easy to diagnose and work on. Amazingly built. Virtually all steel. They all go to 205 degrees. Big differences are ability to customize and spin speeds. They are mini commercial machines.
The dryers are the same in terms of varying by model. Programabilty differs. I LOVE the double filter! Not a trace of lint left on anything! My oldest washer can be plugged into the newest dryer. That makes me happy. Designersurpluswarehouse had some great deals when I was on their site a few weeks ago. Good luck with whatever you choose!
i have the maytag 2000 series that i want to stack. no one seems to have answered the most critical question i have: dryer on top of washer, how difficult are they to pull out (how heavy), to get behind to clean the water lines. we're on well water and get a lot of sediment in the lines which ultimately clog the screen/filter where the supply hose attaches to washer (especially the hot water line)
Friend has a stack set in the kitchen at one of his rental properties ... no other choice due to design constraints. Anyway, the whole stacked unit moves easily being on slick hardwood flooring. The dryer is quite heavy (heavier than standard dryers IME moving several of those) and not easy to lift up and down, definitely NOT a 1-man job. Accessing the plumbing is easy in this instance. The set is in a corner, the right side is open next to the refrigerator (the refrigerator does have to be moved out but has rollers).
I am wondering this too, but my concern is being able to reach the controls. I am only 5'3" (on a good day!) and when I walked through the appliances at Sears just to see what was there, it seemed like all the controls were going to require a boost for me to reach them if stacked.
Here's a pic of mine. I've had it this way for 12 years (not always this set obviously!) and although it is a little high, it's not unreachable and I find it's the best use of space in my tiny laundry room. And these are huge Kenmore/Samsung units. Height of dryer controls is ~ 72" and display is ~2-3" above that. Hasn't been an issue (I'm 5'6").
OH BOY, I get to show off my setup :)
Miele stacked set:
Cabinet surround installed. I asked that my cabinets be made in this fashion. There was some miss communication between me, the cabinet retailer, and the fabricator. I had excessively detailed drawings that I made, the retailer had a simple hand drawing that she handed off to the fabricator, that had no call out details. It was frustrating to say the least. But my fabulous carpenter did a great workaround. I am happy.:
Mid section with false back on the lower shelf that snaps out. I can reach in and turn the shutoff valve easily. If I take the upper shelf out, I can have full access to the dryer vent for cleaning. My outlets to the set are located in the lower section, not really visible in this shot, where I have open shelving for laundry baskets:
The upper areas for seldom used items:
Below is my thread from December. There might be more information in the link. I would be happy to answer any questions.
Here is a link that might be useful: Sneak Peak Laundry Cabinets and Miele Set


text:
Local residents and longtime supporters of Barton Community College Gregg and Leann Fischer will help the Barton Foundation kick-off the Academic Enrichment Fund Campaign on Thursday, March 1, as honorary cochairs for the fundraising effort. The month-long annual campaign raises money for academic scholarships for Barton students and programs.
CHEYENNE BOTTOMS - Kansas Wetlands Education Center educator Eric Giesing has received the Kansas Association for Conservation and Environmental Education Rising Star Award.
TOPEKA - State hospitals for the mentally ill and the developmentally disabled have not replaced many employees who've quit or accepted Gov. Sam Brownback's invitation to take early retirement.
State of Kansas Senator Ruth Teichman, R-Stafford and Representatives Bill Wolf, R-Great Bend, and Bob Bethell, R-Alden, were in Great Bend at the legislative coffee on Saturday morning, and they all reported on a full slate of bills under consideration.
A program that helps low- and moderate-income families move away from government and social service assistance is expanding its services into Barton County.
Before a packed Highland Hotel banquet hall Friday afternoon, Great Bend High School recognized will be two of its own, one who has touched the lives of students and one who has served presidents.
Donnie Lang was driving home with his wife Saturday night when the windshield on their Dodge truck seemed to explode.
With a high-pitched whine and roar, the gleaming 737-200 touched down at Great Bend Municipal Airport at about noon Thursday.
The Tuesday filing for bankruptcy protection by Great Bend-based Fuller Brush and its Leicester, NY-based parent company CPAC should have little impact on the day-to-day operation at Fuller's Great Bend headquarters, a local Fuller official said Thursday.
NEW YORK (AP) - The Fuller Brush Man is calling ... on bankruptcy court.
(EDITOR'S NOTE: This is one in a series of articles about the development of the Great Bend Convention Center.)
Six students from Barton Community College in the Phi Theta Kappa (PTK) Honor Society were recognized Thursday for being selected as members of the PTK All-Kansas Academic Team, during an award luncheon at the Ramada Inn in Topeka.
After a heated discussion Monday night, the Great Bend City Council authorized Mayor Mike Allison to sign an agreement with the Great Bend Public Library Board for the payment and reimbursement of the new heating and air conditioning system at the library in the amount of $762,012.92.
A Great Bend man was taken to Wesley Medical Center in Wichita late Monday morning after a one-vehicle collision on U.S. 281, 2 miles south of Great Bend. Kansas Highway Patrol reports the accident occurred at 11:57 a.m.


text:
Eight new teachers joining WDC staff
Eight new teachers were introduced Monday night at the August meeting of the District 2155 school board.
Making the introductions was Wadena-Deer Creek's new superintendent, Lee Westrum, who joined the district staff in July. Westrum replaced Virginia Dahlstrom, who retired following the 2012-2013 school year.
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text:
" Brand: Sally Hansen / Type: Foot Care / Suitable for: Foot / What it does: Smoothes, "
Your dooyooMiles Miles
Soles & Toes Pumice StoneHaving decided to stop neglecting my poor feet, I ordered this when on the fragrance direct site.**What is it?**It's basically the usual pumice stone which promises to smooth and soften heels soles and toes with ease. The shape of the pumice means that it will curve to the shape of your feet for fast efficient smoothing and it fits into your hand so you have more control. Unlike traditional pumice stones, it also states that it won't slip when wet. **Product and packaging**The pumice comes in a small plastic bag with a card giving all the instructions. Once the press stud on the outer wrapping is opened there is a bit of a battle to get the tightly wrapped plastic off the pumice but I managed!The pumice itself is a rather jazzy purple colour and is curved which means that it should be easier to get a good grip on. It is the usual pumice texture- rough but with no jagged bits, so my feet can get a good scouring!!**Using it**The instructions tell me that it can be used on the feet and also on hands and elbows although I haven't tried the hands and elbows bit.To use the pumice, feet shoild be soaked in warm water to soften the skin and then feet should be gently massaged to smooth away rough skin and callouses.**Price and Availability**The RRP is £3.99 but there are freuqently on line offers 9watch out for P and P charges) However, even at full price, this is great value because it lasts for ages.**Satisfaction guaranteed**I really can't lose with this one because the blurb on the piece of card gives me details of how to return the pumice for a replacement should it fail to delight me. **Verdict**This is a great little foot scourer. Its shape does mean that it is easier to hold than the traditional blocks of pumice, because I cam hold the curved bit in my hand whilst using the more rounded bit to get on with the job. It is rough enough to take off dead skin but not so hard that it leaves my feet uncomfortable and cut- I don't think it would happen becasue I couldn't scour them to that extend! The pumice is reasonably priced and lasts for ages- i can't see this one fading away in a hurry. Because it is purple and nicely shaped, it actually also looks better than the traditional grey pumice stones which always just reminded me of a rather unattractive stone.A good buy- something which does what it says and does it well.Thanks for reading.Daniela x
Curved pumice stone smoothes heels, toes and soles with ease /


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Flow Wall Sports & Recreation Storage System
Home Depot offers the Flow Wall Sports and Recreation Storage System, model no. FWS-4812-6SB12, for $179. Select Site-To-Store pickup to dodge the $33.24 shipping charge. That's $60 below our August mention and the lowest total price we could find by $46. This 24-square foot storage system features six modular panels with a 400-lb. weight capacity.


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Optic axis determination based on polarization flipping effect induced by optical feedback |
Optics Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 7, pp. 1080-1082 (2013)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (352 KB)
For many materials, particularly biological tissues, optic axis orientation directly correlates with the materials performance, such as refractive index. In this Letter, a system measuring the optic axis azimuth was built using the laser feedback method that the polarization state of laser output is linearly polarized when optic axis azimuth is consistent with the initial direction of the laser polarization, otherwise elliptical polarization will be observed. The polarization state of the laser output is highly sensitive to the relative position of the optic axis and the initial direction of the laser polarization. This may be used to determine the optic axis azimuth of a material with a high precision.
© 2013 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(140.1340) Lasers and laser optics : Atomic gas lasers
(260.1440) Physical optics : Birefringence
(260.3160) Physical optics : Interference
ToC Category:
Physical Optics
Original Manuscript: January 14, 2013
Manuscript Accepted: February 26, 2013
Published: March 21, 2013
Virtual Issues
Vol. 8, Iss. 5 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Wenxue Chen, Shulian Zhang, and Xingwu Long, "Optic axis determination based on polarization flipping effect induced by optical feedback," Opt. Lett. 38, 1080-1082 (2013)
Sort: Year | Journal | Reset
- J. F. de Boer, T. E. Milner, M. J. van Gemert, and J. S. Nelson, Opt. Lett. 22, 934 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. F. de Boer, S. M. Srinivas, A. Malekafzali, Z. Chen, and J. S. Nelson, Opt. Express 3, 212 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. F. de Boer, T. E. Milner, and J. S. Nelson, Opt. Lett. 24, 300 (1999). [CrossRef]
- B. Hyle Park, M. C. Pierce, B. Cense, and J. F. de Boer, Opt. Lett. 30, 2587 (2005). [CrossRef]
- N. Ugryumova, S. V. Gangnus, and S. J. Matcher, Opt. Lett. 31, 2305 (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. J. Kemp, H. N. Zaatari, J. Park, H. G. Rylander, and T. E. Milner, Opt. Express 13, 4507 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Zhang, S. Guo, W. Jung, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, Opt. Express 11, 3262 (2003). [CrossRef]
- S. L. A. Carrara, B. Y. Kim, and H. J. Shaw, Opt. Lett. 11, 470 (1986). [CrossRef]
- Y. Lo, J. Lin, and S. Lee, Appl. Opt. 43, 6248 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. M. A. Azzam, Appl. Opt. 19, 3902 (1980). [CrossRef]
- Y. Wu, J. Lee, Y. Lin, H. Ren, and S. Wu, Opt. Express 13, 7045 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Chiu, C. Chen, and D. Su, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 1924 (1996). [CrossRef]
- E. Lamb, Phys. Rev. 134, A1429 (1964). [CrossRef]
Cited By |
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Hi I have parakeet pairs and some baby's and my pairs most are on eggs and eggs are fertile and theses are very good breeders give me ten eggs and maby 9 come out fertile and all hatch I'll give u a good deal
Hi I have a breeding colony of breeding parakeets they have many beautiful babies and there young so if your interested you can call me at 17866058052
Beautiful pair male is really great looking sings alot female does not ding much but looks pretty 2 for more info 708-543-5680 offers welcome trades to
Hi, I have a male and a female parakeet for sale at the price of $10 each. They have been together for about 2 and a half years. They are not tame and I don't have the time to spend with them due to increased work hours over the last year. If you buy them both I will give ...
Spangle power blue split to English and full English hand fed very tame. Other colors and both male female available. Phone, text or e-mail
I have some parakeet left for sale. I m moving to a different place that y I have to sale all the birds I have lots of different colors 8$ pcs I have some breeder too most of then r tamed cal me 3137126612
-Brand new breeding box,in original box,hygenic,clean ,easy to use. -Works 2 ways -inside and outside the cage -Door access for viewing eggs/babies -Complete with plastic liner Providing a safe shelter for mating birds,nesting pairs and tending to baby Parakeets ...
i have 7 parakeets for sale 10 each and 3 pairs of parakeets for 20eash or take all for 110
i have 7 parakeets green and blue parakeets for sale.male and female. asking for all 7 $50.please give me a call @ 773-615-4290.
I am posting for a friend - Please use the contact information on his site He has 4 budgie parakeets 2 females and 2 males, and 1 Jenday conure (sex unknown), All needed information is on the site, Please do not contact me for these birds, as I will only point you to him ...
Dexter needs a new home. I hand raised him from a baby and he is such a cute bird. He is very shy at first but comes around. He is very docile and does not bite, even when you do something he does not approve of lol. He makes the cutest little noises and has such a fun ...
ONLY phone calls/ text message 414-453-3169 as I get help with my ads and website. I take pride in my babies and raise them to be a part of your household as pets. I do have show stock in my lines and amazing unique colors. I have some thing for everyone and a size for ...
Hand fed very tame many colors. Call or text for more info
Hand fed split to English parakeets baby (budgies) very tame, many colors. Call or text for more info.
I have few young parakeets for rehoming,thy are not tame. Please contact me with any additional questions. Downsizing don't have that much time anymore.
7 Budgies/parakeets with nice and confortable cage for them along with 3 Bird Nest boxes i am looking a nice home/family for my parakeets,who can take care of them and love them.They are very easy to maintain and keep.They are very colorful birds. They make a loving ...
Very Sweet and friendly Hand fed American parakeets. Asking $25 various colors
Looking for a Visual Violet Male Parakeet American or English Budgie to keep as a family pet. Open to age, baby, young, or older. Please email me pictures along with information and pricing. Thanks!
Very tame split English female $35.00 text or call 414-453-3169.
Hello, I am looking to adopt either parakeets or canaries. I also am looking for bird cages. I am located in the Newark area. Thanks and God Bless
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Launcher Update
Get the Desktop App for Battle.net Now
- All your games in 1 place
- Log in once
- Automatic game updates
For PvE (an asterick denotes a situational ability that doesn't have to be on your bars all the time).
Assassination Combat Subtlety Combat loses with one extra keybind, assassination and subtlety are tied for first place. :3
Edited by Verelyse on 11/28/2012 10:50 AM PST
Same and it's great. I actually don't think I could play without my Naga and dreading the day it goes out. I should buy a second to keep in case it happens. Anyone else handicapped like this? Been using one for about a year now and could never go without it... |
probably assassination, very few cds, using vanish on cd only provides minor dps increase as opposed to sub and there is a lot of energy pooling so its very laid back and easy
90 Gnome Rogue
naga users get lumped in with clickers sorry
Dumbest comparison ever. My mouse lets makes it so much easier to find all my key-binds. Hell, my entire mouse and most of my keyboard is STILL keybound in some form or fashion. |
90 Gnome Rogue
what did you do before the naga?
Gonna have to say the same goes for my experience with their products: http://www.razerzone.com/gaming-mice/razer-naga-hex/ Just because they look pretty, doesn't mean they can't actually perform well. That's actually Apple's entire business model. Chocking this one up to mouse-envy. Maybe do some extra chores and mommy & daddy will raise your allowance so you can have one too.
Edited by Caera on 11/28/2012 3:36 PM PST
Dumped all of the work on left-hand gymnastics. Now the workload is shared between both, which allows for greater comfort with quicker response time. Comparing clickers to people who use gaming-optimized peripherals is god damned retarded. You are bad, and you should feel bad.
Edited by Caera on 11/28/2012 3:27 PM PST
Mages actually have a lot of buttons.....they are close up there to Ferals if they utilize all of their skills and dont just 1-5 button mash (which the powerful state of the class actually is forgiving of). |
No matter what spec, I need at LEAST 40 keyed abilities to play well in pvp. Pve, it's just a matter of how fast you want to hit the keys.
90 Gnome Rogue
oh ok |
If you want to relax, don't play a rogue. You'll have to pop all your cooldowns and then die and throw your keyboard while a Mage presses deepfreeze and kills you.
be leet and make a cast sequence macro, lol
Least buttons? I'd actually say ret. I have every class besides a monk.. all my toons have insane amount of keybinds except ret.. I have 4-5 empty spaces. |
I can't think of a single situation where this would be beneficial unless you're a night elf. Maybe there are exceptions in PvP.
Edited by Verelyse on 11/29/2012 2:48 AM PST
Threats of violence. We take these seriously and will alert the proper authorities.
Posts containing personal information about other players. This includes physical addresses, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and inappropriate photos and/or videos.
Harassing or discriminatory language. This will not be tolerated.


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Kinky Videos Online | Total 11462 videos with runtime 13 days 19 hours 30 min 30 sec. | ||
Videos Being Watched Now
Water Bondage video no. 1934 Karma
Acting: Karma Video player is loading, please wait...
Rating: | Added: 23rd of April 2004 | Runtime: 01min 55sec | Views: 592 Sweet Karma... we'd never met her before and had no idea what to expect... sometimes that is how the best shoots are born. She defiantly takes the cold pressure hose and cums greedily. When strapped in to the water bed she impresses us with her breath holding and in a tight rope suspension she falls easily into subspace. You'll definitely be seeing more of this gorgeous girl here! Enjoy! More preview videos available at http://www.waterbondage.com. You can watch the full video online or you can download photos or the full video at www.KinkOnDemand.com. For a limited time you will get 16% discount at KinkOnDemand.com! Don't miss this opportunity! | |
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Westcomb: Specter LT Jacket Women
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Looking for the Lightest Rain Jacket? Westcomb Specter LT Hoody is your answer. Weighing less than what you stuff in your pockets (11oz), the Specter Lt is the Lightest 3 ply full zip eVent® on the market. The featherweight, breathable, waterproof shell will always find a spot in your pack. No more getting caught in a down pour because you didn't want to bring your rain jacket. Learn More -
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Relaxed and soft style lines make the Westcomb Pinnacle Hoody an easy accessory for cold weather outings. Luxurious Italian wool blend with a soft cashmere hand makes the Pinnacle great for active winter lifestyles. Underneath its luxurious demeanor, the Pinnacle Hoody is a serious piece of technical apparel for cold weather activity. The synthetic/natural fiber blend takes advantage of the best properties of both fabrics; warmth-when-wet, odor-resistant merino wool with lightweight, quick drying polyester. The soft brushed interior finish feels great on contact, trapping heat while moving moisture away from the skin. A stylish midweight jacket with comfort construction details too numerous to list, the Pinnacle Hoody is a progressive statement addition to your winter collection. Slope side or around town, casual or classic, the uses are limitless. Learn More -
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About the journal
Aims and scope
The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care is a peer reviewed journal that aims to improve reproductive and sexual health nationally and internationally. The Journal publishes high-quality research and information relevant to clinical care, service delivery, training and education in the field of contraception and reproductive/sexual health.
BMJ publishes the Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care on behalf of the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
Journal statistics
Acceptance rate | 17% (original articles) |
Time from submission to first decision |
Time from acceptance to publication |
Frequency | Quarterly |
Impact factor | 2.326 |
Indexed by | MEDLINE, Current Contents/Social, Behavioural Sciences , Social SciSearch online database, MEDLARS online system, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (Elsevier) and Current Literature in Family Planning (Planned Parenthood of America) |
Launch date | 1974 |
ISSN of JFPRHC Print | 1471-1893 |
ISSN of JFPRHC Online | 2045-2098 |
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Ex-W.Va. Mine Boss Seeks Leniency In Sentencing
By VICKI SMITH
MORGANTOWN, W.Va. (AP) â¿¿ A former superintendent at West Virginia's Upper Big Branch mine wants a judge to sentence him to home confinement or at least reduce his prison time when he pleads to a federal conspiracy charge next week.
Gary May is cooperating with prosecutors in their continuing criminal investigation of the April 2010 explosion that killed 29 miners at the former Massey Energy operation near Montcoal.
He's set to enter a plea Jan. 17 in U.S. District Court on charges he defrauded the federal government through his actions at the mine, which included disabling a methane gas monitor and falsifying records.
Defense attorney Tim Carrico argued in court documents Monday that May is "deeply sorry" about the deaths but said there does not appear to be a direct link between his conduct and the worst U.S. coal mine disaster in four decades. Carrico wants Judge Irene Berger to impose less than the 15- to 21-month sentence that federal guidelines recommend. Alternatively, he asked that May be sent to a prison near his home in Bloomingrose. Assistant U.S. Attorney Steve Ruby is pushing for a sentence at the high end of the federal guidelines because those recommendations don't account for the risk that May's actions created to miners' lives. He also asked Berger to consider a sentence above the recommended range. "Common sense dictates that when a defendant risks other people's lives and health, that fact must be accounted for in fashioning his sentence," Ruby argued. "To treat this conspiracy, with its risk of death or injury to others, like routine conspiracies whose risk is only financial would understate the seriousness of this offense." May's cooperation has been valuable so far, Ruby wrote, and it's possible that when the investigation is finished, it "will warrant a motion for downward departure."Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Genre/Form: | Downloadable audio books Historical fiction Mystery fiction Spy stories Fiction |
Named Person: | Mary Russell, (Fictitious character); Sherlock Holmes; Sherlock Holmes |
Material Type: | Fiction, Audio book, etc., Sound recording, Internet resource |
Document Type: | Internet Resource, Computer File, Sound Recording |
All Authors / Contributors: |
Laurie R King; Jenny Sterlin; Recorded Books, Inc. |
OCLC Number: | 60685386 |
Notes: | Title from image of CD container on Web page (viewed June 21, 2005). Audio file. Previously released on compact disc, 2005. |
Performer(s): | Narrated by Jenny Sterlin. |
Description: | 1 online resource (1 sound file (14 hr.)) |
Responsibility: | by Laurie R. King. |
Haunted by her dreams, Mary Russell arrives in San Francisco in 1924 to settle her parents' estate. But she quickly encounters a few surprises and learns there may be a great deal more to her childhood in this city than she ever knew. As Mary tries to cobble the pieces of her shadowy past together, her husband Holmes wonders if she may be repressing vital memories. And one thing seems certain--someone wants Mary's remembrances to stay buried.
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Related Subjects:(11)
- Russell, Mary -- (Fictitious character), -- 1900- -- Fiction.
- Holmes, Sherlock -- Fiction.
- Women detectives -- India -- Fiction.
- Intelligence officers -- Fiction.
- Downloadable audiobooks.
- Downloadable audio books.
- Holmes, Sherlock.
- Intelligence officers.
- Russell, Mary (Fictitious character)
- Women detectives.
- India.


text:
Nvidia recently introduced the GeForce 8800 Ultra graphics processing unit, the company's newest product for the high-end performance market.
Graphics cards equipped with the GeForce 8800 Ultra GPU and 768MB of video memory will be available at retailers worldwide by May 15.
Launch partners include Asustek, BFG, EVGA, Gainward, Galaxy, Gigabyte Technology, Innovision, Leadtek, Micro-Star International (MSI), PNY, Point of View, Sparkle and XFX. Prices for the cards will range from US$829 and up.
- Wireless broadband developments in Southeast Asia markets
As of 2013, the 10 ASEAN nations had a total of over 700 million mobile subscriptions, with the CAGR from 2003-2013 reaching 24%. This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the various mobile broadband markets in ASEAN and looks at the respective trends in 4G LTE development for those markets.
- Greater China touch panel shipment forecast through 2015
This Special Report provides forecasts through 2015 for Greater China touch panel shipments with breakdowns based on technology (glass, film, resistive), application (smartphone, NB and tablet) and by firm.
- 2014 global tablet demand forecast
This report analyzes the main players, their strategies and shipments forecasts for 2014, as well as other factors contributing to either growth or decline in various segments within the tablet market, with a particular focus on Apple, Google, Samsung, and Microsoft, along with whitebox vendors.


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Oceans span the globe - does your Marine Technology business? Keep your company growing by devising or expanding your international export strategy. The U.S. Department of Commerce Commercial Service's Marine Technology team can assist your company take advantage of worldwide sales opportunities.
You can find international market research, business leads, and promotional events tailored to marine technology companies below listed by the key subsectors covered by our Team:
Your company can tap a world-wide network of Commercial Specialists to help advance your international business development plans including:
We can also guide you to additional U.S. Government exporting resources including
Sign up for Marine Technology email updates
Read about recent U.S. marine technology company international sales successes.
Take action now: Contact a marine technology trade specialist, explore upcoming events and trade leads, sign up for email updates. We look forward to working with you! Locate your nearest ITA Marine Technology trade specialist.
**NEW!! - For detailed country by country analysis of Pleasure Boat markets in over 25 countries, please see the 2014 Pleasure Boat International Resource Guide. Click the cover below to download a copy!
Specific Upcoming Events include:
Free European Ports and Logistics and SITL Webinar – Thursday, January 29, 2015 at 1pm EST SITL is a three-day exhibition in Paris, France from March 31 - April 2, 2015. This year's SITL show focuses specifically on industrial logistics, distribution logistics, and overseas logistics. Other featured topics include urban logistics, e-commerce logistics, major logistics, green logistics, controlled temperature logistics, reverse logistics, and after sales logistics. This webinar is an excellent opportunity to learn about current trends in the European logistics market, as well as additional information on the SITL show in Paris. The webinar features a presentation from Russ Adise of the Department of Commerce who will discuss market trends, issues, opportunities, and challenges relating to the European transportation and logistics market. Dan Muller, Global Product Manager at Applied Materials will also explain his experiences at prior SITL shows. Click to register - https://emenuapps.ita.doc.gov/ePublic/event/editWebReg.do?SmartCode=5Q3T or contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Discover Global Markets Conference: Sustainable Solutions – Santa Clara, CA February 9-11, 2015 The U.S. Commercial Service, in cooperation with NASA, will host a dynamic, three-day business forum in Silicon Valley focused on opportunities for U.S. companies to meet global demand for sustainable solutions. This dynamic conference will focus on the link between advanced research and innovation, global business and planetary sustainability. Countries worldwide are implementing business practices and standards to conserve energy, preserve clean air and water, and use land more effectively. U.S. companies can participate in these changes by offering world-class technologies, services and products. Visit www.export.gov/california/sustainablesolutions/ for more information.
Miami International Boat Show – Miami, FL – February 12-16, 2015
The Miami International Boat Show showcases powerboats, sailboats, marine electronics, and services. This large event provides attendees with opportunities to compare latest models, and features clinics, seminars, and hands-on boating opportunities. This is a U.S. Department of Commerce International Buyer's Program event, which will bring delegations of foreign buyers to the show for introductions and matchmaking. Contact Dan Bjerk at firstname.lastname@example.com for additional details.
Cartagena International Boat Show – Cartagena, Colombia March 21-23, 2015 The Cartagena International Boat Show showcases local and international maritime exhibitors. Exhibits will feature boats displayed in water or on ground, and include boats, yachts, sailboats, and other recreational marine vehicles. CIBS will have a USA pavilion featuring 20 U.S. exhibitors, sponsored by the National Marine Manufacturer's Association. The Colombian Ministry of Trade, Industry & Tourism recently prioritized development of Nautical Tourism in Colombia, to meet growing demand of the nautical tourism industry. This is an important time to engage in the market. For further information, please visit http://www.easyfairs.com/events_216/cartagena-international-boat-show-2015_58851/cartagena-international-boat-show-2015_58852/
China International Boat Show – Shanghai, China – April 9-12, 2015
The China International Boat Show or CIBS is the top Asian boat exhibition. CIBS showcases current trends in the boating industry through their industry seminars offered throughout the show. Exhibits vary across boating sectors and include boats, maritime products and services, lifestyle and luxury accessories, and leisure and sports. The U.S. Department of Commerce has given CIBS a trade show certificate. For additional information, please visit http://www.boatshowchina.cn/en-us/Home
Ocean Business – Southampton, UK April 15-16, 2015
The Ocean Business Conference is an international conference of the latest oceanic technology and fosters business relationships between marine technology suppliers and service providers. The conference includes hands-on educational programs, as well as a technical conference on offshore surveying, known as Offshore Survey. Ocean Business Conference provides a unique opportunity for attendees to test different technologies in multiple environments – such as classrooms, testing facilities, docks, and the sea. At the conference, there will be over 300 exhibitors from 21 countries from the oceanographic, maritime defense, environmental monitoring, pollution control, ports, renewable energy, and maritime engineering sectors. For more information, please visit www.oceanbusiness.com
Oceans Italy – Genova, May 18-21, 2015 A unique opportunity to showcase your latest research results, products and prototypes, and to establish relations and promote networking with fellow researchers in the oceanic engineering and marine technology field. The topic of this year's conference is "Discovering Sustainable Ocean Energy for a New World". For speakers and agenda, see http://oceans15mtsieeegenova.org/index.cfm. Nor-Shipping 2015 – Oslo, Norway June 2-5, 2015 Held biannually, Nor-Shipping is one of Europe's leading maritime trade fairs and a U.S. Department of Commerce Certified Trade Fair. It attracts top buyers including senior management, ship owners and operators, shipyard operators, port authority management, maritime organizations, maritime journalists and technical personnel in shipping, shipbuilding and management companies. USA Pavilion exhibitors will receive the support of U.S. Commercial Service in Norway, which will include B2B introductions and matchmaking services, market intelligence and a networking reception. Exhibition product categories cover virtually all technology and services for shipbuilding, ship repair and ship operation. For details, see http://messe.no/en/nor-shipping/.
Oceans 2015 – Washington, DC October 19-22, 2015
The annual OCEANS North America conference and exhibition, jointly sponsored by the Marine Technology Society (MTS) and the IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society (OES), rotates among locations with significant maritime communities. October 19-22, 2015, the event will once again be located in the Washington, DC area at the Gaylord Convention Center on National Harbor. It expects to attract over 3,000 attendees and will feature over 500 technical presentations and workshops. The exhibition will showcase the latest equipment, products and services in up to 200 commercial and informational exhibits. "Sea Change: Dive into Opportunity," was selected as the conference theme to focus on the opportunities related to economic challenges and oceanic changes and the ability to mitigate and adapt to these changes with the application of the best research, technological developments and policy decisions. For more details visit: http://www.oceans15mtsieeewashington.org/
Oceanology International - Shanghai, China November 3-5, 2015
Oceanology International China, held annually in Shanghai for the last 2 years has tapped into this significant and expanding marine science and ocean technology community. A USA Pavilion will be offered with value added services for U.S. exhibitors. For exhibition details, please visit www.oceanologyinternational.com/china and to participate, contact: Ray Filbert at Reed Exhibitions, email@example.com
Defense Research Opportunities in Canada -- Aircraft/Aircraft Parts, Aviation Services, Commercial Vessel/Eq. (Non-Fisheries), Defense Industry Eq., Laboratory Scientific Instruments, Pleasure Boats/Accessories, Port/Shipbuilding Eq. | ||||
Pre-Register for this event | ||||
Event Summary: | ||||
The National Research Council (NRC) is a Federal agency of the Canadian Government engaged in intense Research and Development (R&D) projects with applicability in on key Canadian industry sectors.
Join the U.S. Commercial Service, in cooperation with officials from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), on a webinar presentation about various defense R&D programs, and its partnership requirements as it pertains to maritime, land and aerospace R&D programs. Learn about NRC's various evaluation processes and compliance programs available to help you qualify your new and/or innovative technology when seeking partners in the Canadian Maritime and Aerospace Defense sectors.
This webinar will highlight the National Research Council of Canada (NRC)'s $220 million commitment under the Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) to pursue R&D partnership projects for the period 2013-2014.
This webinar targets SME U.S. firms working on R&D areas of development including: Ocean, coastal and river engineering, aerospace, automotive and surface transportation, amongst others. |
Contacts: | ||||
Luz Betancur, Ottawa Commercial Specialist Phone: 613-688-5411 email@example.com |


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The interactive museum, which features several hands-on musical exhibits and an assortment of visually-compelling backdrops, proved an entertaining setting for the energetic song, as evidenced by the video uploaded on Friday.
Per the Science Center:
The staff did 2 weeks of pre-production to plan things out. Then the production department and the singers rehearsed for 2 more weeks to get it right. Then the members came out for one amazing night and made it awesome! One walk through and five takes later we wrapped it up, all in time to get the kids to bed on time. Thank you so much to everyone who worked on this and who came out to join us. It was because of all of you the this night was a huge success. What's next? Who knows, but you can bet it will a ton of fun.Check out the full lip dub video in the embedded player above.


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About the Book
The fifth sassy and irresistible entry in the Debutante Dropout series finds Andy Kendricks uncovering more than just the beauty secrets of Dallas high society …
They call them "pretty parties," and they're the latest rage among Dallas debutantes—get-togethers with light refreshments, heavy gossip, and Dr. Sonja and her magic Botox needles. Former socialite Andy Kendricks normally wouldn't be caught dead at such an event, but she's attending as a favor to her friend Janet, a society reporter in search of a juicy story. And, boy, does she find one when aging beauty queen Miranda DuBois bursts into the room—drunk, disorderly, and packing a pistol.
Miranda's wrinkles have seen better days, and she blames it all on Dr. Sonja. Luckily, Andy calms her down and gets her home … where she's found dead the next morning. The police suspect suicide, but Andy knows that no former pageant girl would give up that easily. She's determined to find Miranda's killer herself, but she'll have to be careful. After all, Botox can make you look younger, but it can't bring you back from the grave.
Critical Praise
"I'll read anything by Susan McBride." —Charlain Harris
"Chatty, colorful and très Texas, McBride's latest cozy is a pleasure." —Publishers Weekly, praise for THE LONE STAR LONELY HEART'S CLUB
"Andrea Kendricks is a society sleuth with wit and verve. One hundred percent fun." —Mystery Scene
"Smooth, sassy, silly, slick and sexy." —Sauce Magazine
"[A] fun read, with charming, memorable characters." —Wichita Eagle
"A totally fun ride...McBride has created a fresh new voice that fans of the genre undoubtedly will enjoy." —Romantic Times BOOKclub
"A fast-paced, humorous debut with a likeable heroine." —Mystery Scene
"Andrea Kendricks...is a treasure." —Charlaine Harris
"All mystery readers should applaud!" —Jerrilyn Farmer
"A very witty and clever mystery...I, for one, can't wait for the next installment." —Sauce Magazine (St. Louis)
"BLUE BLOOD has it all--suspense, humor, friendship, snobbery and televangelists...BLUE BLOOD is positively gripping." —Sarah Strohmeyer
"Funny, compelling like a good soap opera and boasts an extremely likeable heroine." —Romantic Times, praise for THE GOOD GIRL'S GUIDE TO MURDER
"[A]s alluring as an Escada evening dress and as tempting as a slice of death-by-chocolate cake —Publishers Weekly, praise for THE GOOD GIRL'S GUIDE TO MURDER
"Eccentric characters with killer wits populate this mystery. Reluctant heiress Andy Kenrick is spunky and intrepid..." —Romantic Times BOOKclub
Product Details
- Imprint: Witness Impulse
- On Sale: 01/21/2014
- Pages: 336
- List Price: 2.99 USD
- BISAC1: FICTION / Romance / Suspense
- BISAC2: FICTION / Mystery & Detective / General


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bySteven Burke on
Sept. 22, 2011: No Intent To Transform HP
New HP Executive Chairman Lane, who took a more prominent role overseeing the computer giant with a $10.6 million pay package as part of the HP CEO changing of the guard, asserted that HP's acquisition of Autonomy did not mean the board of directors was intent on "transforming" HP. "With Autonomy's enormous success and enormous profitability and synergies we can gain, we think we can build a helluva business out of it," he said. "But it has nothing to do with transforming."
As solution providers position themselves for growth, the pressure is on vendors and distributors to meet their partners' needs. Here CRN presents the 2015 Channel Chiefs, our annual look at the executives responsible for running channels at today's IT vendors.
Here are 10 recent searches by CRN visitors.
Cloud 100


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Steve Tyrell Venue:
The Grand Del Mar
View map To view more information about this event, please click this link.
Steve Tyrell 8/31 San Diego's triple Five-Star resort, The Grand Del Mar, welcomes back Grammy Award-winning jazz and American songbook vocalist known for his Sinatra sound. Doors Open: 6:00pm DINING: Advanced reservations recommended for Dining at The Grand Del Mar. GUESTROOMS: After the show, stay at TripAdvisor's No. 1 Hotel in the United States – The Grand Del Mar. Reservations: 855.272.2756 TICKETS ARE NON-REFUNDABLE |


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Urvashi Sarkar
NEW DELHI: Students who appeared for the Russian language examination papers of the National Eligibility Test conducted by the University Grants Commission at the Jamia Millia Islamia centre here over the weekend are unhappy with two question papers which reportedly had typing errors and mistakes. Nearly 30 students from Delhi University and Jawaharlal Nehru University appeared at the centre for the exam.
Sonu Saini, one of the students who sat for the examination, said: "We appeared for three papers of NET on Sunday. The first paper had no errors. However, the second and third papers were full of errors and incomprehensible. The jumbled words and typing errors made it nearly impossible for us to understand the questions. Though we protested, we were made to take the exam and were not allowed to leave the room until the time for the examination was over."
Pooja Mishra, who also sat for the examination, said: "The words were not clear. In addition, there were misprints and typing errors."
The second paper, which consisted of 50 objective type questions of two marks each, carried a 25 per cent penalty for each question answered wrongly.
The students plan to submit an application to the UGC on Tuesday pleading that the exam be conducted again or there should be some concession in awarding the marks.


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Concerts & Tickets
Concert Detail
Special Event
Bob Newhart
Thursday January 31, 2013. 7:00 p.m.
Schermerhorn Symphony Center
Bob Newhart
Annie Selick with the Nashville Jazz Orchestra
A comedy legend! The star of two hit TV shows, 14 films and a string of successful albums, Bob Newhart remains one of the funniest men in America. Don't miss your chance to see him in person performing some of his best-loved routines! Chanteuse Annie Selick and the Nashville Jazz Orchestra will get the show warmed up with some classic jazz tunes.
VIP packages are available for this concert. This package includes
a premium seat, a meet & greet with the artist and dinner at Arpeggio. The cost
is $250 per person. Limit 2 per household. If you
are interested in purchasing this package, please call the box office at 615.687.6400.
Parking Info
Learn about your parking options for this concert: Click here.


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Article Preview
Reader's View: Racial undertones taint right-wing politics
Published 02/19/2012,
The Un-Fair Campaign billboards don't say all whites are racists; they just point out that racism isn't always recognized though white eyes.
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The full article is available to newspaper subscribers. If you are a subscriber please log in to continue reading.


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Jeanene Stermer
member for 4 years, 10 months, 19 days
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I am a native of Medicine Mound, Hardeman County, Texas, and reside in this community. Currently serve on the Board of Directors for the Big Valley Cemetery as well as the Downtown Medicine Mound Museum. There are many photographs of early day residents that are available to the public on a love offering basis at the museum. I will be delighted to assist you in your family history within these organizations. My phone number is 940.839.4451 or you can email me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
NOTE: If you would like to manage anyone at Big Valley Cemetery, Texas, email me and I will be most happy to transfer them to you.
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Kathy McCreary
RE: Bishop Arnold White #138267008
Thank you very much. You are a very nice person for going to get photo.
Kathy McCreary
Added by
Kathy McCreary
on Dec 21, 2014 7:25 PM
Kathy McCreary
Bishop White
I called a cousin she said there is a marker it is small he is buried with other white's in a part of the cemetery that has a cement wall around it for the White family. There is Charity, James, ect all there. If you are not close please dont make a trip just for it.
Thank You Kathy Mcc
Added by
Kathy McCreary
on Dec 18, 2014 7:41 PM
Rhomer A. Johnson
Thank you very much for transferring the memorial that you created for my great great grandmother, Elizabeth Boyd Patton.
Added by
Rhomer A. Johnson
on Jun 15, 2014 9:54 PM
Rhomer A. Johnson
Elizabeth Patton
Elizabeth Patton is my great great grandmother. My great grandfather Albert Hanna Dykes married the daughter of John Henry Patton and Elizabeth Boyd Patton. Her findagrave number is 87488272. My findagrave number is 47271153. I would like to request a transfer so that I could add her parents and children. Thank you for your consideration, and best regards. Rhomer A Johnson
Added by
Rhomer A. Johnson
on Jun 08, 2014 7:13 PM
Britany Johnson (Alachniewicz)
RE: Martha Walser #74180745
Thank you!
Added by
Britany Johnson (Alachnie...
on Apr 24, 2014 2:45 PM
Britany Johnson (Alachniewicz)
Martha Walser #74180745
Hello, Martha Walser is a relative of my husband and I was wondering if we may use her gravestone photo on our personal family tree?
Thank you!
Added by
Britany Johnson (Alachnie...
on Apr 24, 2014 11:58 AM
thank you
Thank you for the transfer. I am amazed at how quickly you got my request and made the transfer. Thanks again for your work at Big Valley Cemetery. Brenda
Added by
on Mar 29, 2014 3:37 PM
transfer request
Thank you for your work at Big Valley Cemetery. I visited there two or three years ago and was amazed by how clean and well-kept it was. The "list" at the gate was an amazing help to visitors! I would like to manage the memorials for my great-grandparents, James Andrish Hardage 83717190 and Annie Bell Moffatt Hardage 83717295. Please consider transferring them to me. I have linked my grandfather's memorial to theirs and would like to further develop them. Thank you again for your work in Big Valley Cemetery.
Brenda #47606882
Added by
on Mar 28, 2014 11:39 AM
sue rodgers
Winifred Young Memorial Page
Hi Jeanene,
We are still on the search for our Great
Grandfather Christopher Columbus Young. I had no idea there were so many places to look!!!! Jeanene, you mentioned adding pictures to the memorial site - would it be possible for you to add a picture of my Dad and Mother to Dad's page? I have absolutley no idea if this fits within your "job" and certainly won't be offended if you don't have time or can't do it. Obviously, I don't have a clue as to how it is done.
It is our understanding that the Young marker was picked up last week to begin the updates. We are excited about this. While it isn't going to be as expansive as the Evans memorial, we feel what is being added will pay tribute to our Parents Grandparents, Aunts and Uncles. Hopefully the marker can be returned soon.
Again, pleae feel free to tell me "no" about adding the picture.
Sue Young Rodgers
Added by
sue rodgers
on Mar 23, 2014 3:08 PM
sue rodgers
RE: Christopher Columbus Young
Thanks for your help. I know Barbara - we met when she was married to Van. I will contact her tomorrow. Also the email to email@example.com failed two times. Maybe they have made a change. If you have contact with her would you mind asking for her new email?
I do know about the Evans Reunion - about the family stone etc. My brothers and I are "adding to" our grandparents marker by placing the names of the children ,their birth and death dates. I have only seen the drawing of the additions but we are excited about it and hope to have it completed soon.
I have been to the museum several times. Some of the pictures that are included in Findagrave actually came from me. John brought me a CD and book about Medicine Mound. While there are many names that I don't reognize there are many that I do. I find the history very interesting.
My nephew(Rob Young) lives in Chillicothe. I came often when his son was in high school playing football etc.
I live in Lubbock... not far away.
Added by
sue rodgers
on Mar 07, 2014 8:15 PM
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