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Although heterosexuals tend to seek help primarily from the traditional family during the crisis of an illness (Croog, Lipson, & Levine, 1972; Finlayson, 1976; Weinert & Long, 1993), gay men with HIV/AIDS prefer partners and friends as sources of support to their families of origin (Hays, Catania, McKusick, & Coates, 1990; Hays, Chauncey, & Tobey, 1990; Schwarzer, Dunkel-Schetter, & Kemeny, 1994). Because social support is an important resource in a gay man's ability to adapt to HIV/AIDS (Green, 1994), social workers need to develop a better understanding of the relationship between men and their families of origin so that supportive rather than stressful interactions can be encouraged, To provide this information the study discussed in this article surveyed gay men with HIV/AIDS about the type and amount of support they received from their families, their satisfaction with this support, and the barriers they perceived to receiving support from their families of origin.LITERATURE REVIEW
Social Support
Research suggests that the social networks of gay men play a significant role in the individual's adaptation to HIV/AIDS. There is evidence that psychological functioning (adjustment to illness, more active coping, depression, hopelessness, mood disturbance, self-esteem, anxiety, and hostility) is related to satisfaction with, or perceived availability of, social support (Hays, Turner, & Coates, 1992; Kurdek & Siesky, 1990; Leserman, Perkins, & Evans, 1992; Namir, 1986; Namir, Wolcott, Fawzy, & Alumbaugh, 1987; Pakenham, Dadds, & Terry, 1994; Siegel, Karus, & Raveis, 1997; Turner, Hays, & Coates, 1993; Wolcott, Namir, Fawzy, Gottlieb, & Mitsuyasu, 1986; Wolf et al., 1991; Zich & Temoschok, 1987).
Although the family of origin is generally an important component of the support system of individuals who are experiencing the crisis of a physical illness, gay men with HIV/AIDS are more likely to seek and receive social support from friends and partners than from the family of origin (Hays, Catania, et al., 1990; Hays, Chauncey, et al., 1990; Hays, McKusick, et al., 1994; Schwarzer et al., 1994). The family of origin also is perceived as less effective in providing help than friends and partners (Blasband, 1990; Britton, Zarski, & Hobfoll, 1993; Hays, Catania, et al., 1990; Hays, Chauncey, et al., 1990; Hays, McKusick, et al., 1994). Social support from friends, but not family, has been significantly related to lower distress levels among men with HIV/AIDS in several studies (Britton et al., 1993; Hays, Catania, et al., 1990; Hays, Chauncey, et al., 1990; Hays, McKusick, et al., 1994).
Although initially the family of origin is a less important source of support, this situation may change over the course of the illness. Men with a diagnosis of AIDS are more likely to seek or receive support from their families of origin than those who have HIV are (Hays, Catania, et al., 1990; Schwartzer et al., 1994). Catania, Turner, Kyung-Hee, and Coates (1992) found that family support was more effective than peer support in helping gay men with AIDS cope with death anxiety.
Barriers to Support
There is currently no research that directly addresses the question of the barriers that men perceive in obtaining support from their families. The literature reviewed in this section is based on the clinical literature, on the empirical literature that has examined barriers to care perceived by men in relation to their support network in general, and on some of the empirically based research on social support that has attempted to explain why men prefer peers to family as sources of support.
The willingness of gay men to approach their families of origin for social support may be related to the family's past acceptance or rejection of their sexual orientation (Blasband, 1990; Kadushin, 1996; Perry, Ryan, Fogel, Fishman, & Jacobsberg, 1990). Some men may be reluctant to approach their families for help because enlisting the family as a source of support will require them to disclose their sexual orientation (Beckerman, 1994; Cates, Graham, Geoglin, & Tiekler, 1990; Lovejoy, 1990; Stulberg & Buckingham, 1988). This can produce a family crisis as the level of denial may be high in families who were not aware of a son's homosexuality until a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS (Cates et al., 1990; Stulberg & Buckingham, 1988). The stigma associated with HIV/AIDS also may create a barrier to receipt of support. The family may fear social ostracism if others in the community become aware of the fact that they have a relative with HIV/AIDS (Weitz, 1992).
Disclosure of sexual orientation may strain the relationship between a man's partner and the family of origin. Conflicts may arise over who has the right to implement an advance directive and who should provide care (Bonuck, 1993; Kadushin, 1996; Irevine, 1994; Pakenham, Dadds, & Terry, 1996). Parents who are having difficulty accepting the fact that their son is gay and has AIDS also may scapegoat the partner and blame him for their son's illness (Greif & Porembski, 1989).
Young men may not be accustomed to asking for help (Johnston, Stall, & Smith, 1995). A man may be reluctant to compromise his adult status or independence by asking his family of origin for assistance (Hays, Magee, & Chauncey, 1994).
Family members may have little knowledge about HIV/AIDS (Blasband, 1990). In this case the gay man may not approach the family for help because the perception is that such contact will not be beneficial (Hays, McKusick, et al., 1994).
HIV/AIDS also may have a negative effect on the man's relationship with his family. Some family members may blame the man for his illness, avoid discussing the illness, provide unsolicited advice or criticism, and display insensitivity to the limitations that HIV/AIDS places on physical abilities (Collins, 1994; Hays, Magee, et al., 1994). A pattern of intrusive, babying behavior has been documented among parents; this behavior is experienced as infantilizing by an adult male accustomed to caring for himself (Blasband, 1990; Hays, Catania, et al., 1990; Hays, Chauncey, et al., 1990).
Finally, practical issues may function as a barrier to care. Men may be separated from their families of origin by geographic distance (Johnston et al., 1995; Siegel, Ravels, & Karus, 1994). Middle-aged men generally will have parents who are retired and elderly and therefore unable to provide care, because they lack material resources or are experiencing health problems of their own (Johnston et al., 1995).
This review suggests that although the family of origin may become a more important source of support for the gay man as HIV/AIDS progresses, there are many barriers that make it difficult for men to gain support from their families. This study attempts to provide information about the type of support men actually receive from their families and the barriers that prevent them from obtaining care from their families over the course of the illness. Specifically, the study asks the following questions: How much contact do men have with their families? How close are men to each family member? What type of support is provided by the family? What is the effect of an AIDS diagnosis on the level of support and type of support provided by the family and the support differences among relatives? What factors are obstacles to receiving support from the family? What is the effect of an AIDS diagnosis on the level of barrier and types of barriers to obtaining support from the family and the barrier differences between relatives?
Sampling Procedures
The period of data collection was from October 1996 to June 1997. Because gay men with HIV/AIDS constitute a"hidden population" there is no census-based sample frame or any other source from which to randomly sample a subset of the population. I decided to use a mail survey to gather as large a sample as possible from a variety of settings to attempt to obtain a representative sample (Kadushin, 1997). A list of 45 social service agencies in the Midwest that provided services to gay men with HIV/AIDS was compiled by examining the National Directory of AIDS Care (Harvey, 1996) and by using a snow ball sampling technique to generate additional names and addresses of agencies when agencies listed in the directory were contacted. Twenty-one (46 percent) of the agencies contacted agreed to participate in the project. A total of 842 questionnaires and attached return envelopes were distributed to agencies. The number of questionnaires mailed to each agency was determined by agency request and ranged from 10 to 320. Agencies were given the option of distributing the questionnaire in a waiting area, in support groups, or through contacts between individual case managers and clients. The study also was advertised in two Midwestern newspapers targeted to gay audiences and in two national gay magazines. These advertisements generated 70 requests for questionnaires. A total of 117 questionnaires were received. The fact that the research was on a "sensitive topic" or a topic involving stigmatizing and private behavior may have limited the number of respondents willing to participate (Kadushin, 1997). It is not possible to calculate a response rate because the number of questionnaires actually distributed is unknown.
The mail questionnaire was constructed after a review of the professional literature and the existing social support inventories. I decided that there were no existing social support questionnaires available to meet the needs of the current study and that it would be necessary to reformulate and adapt existing questionnaires for the purposes of this research.
The type and amount of social support provided by the family was measured with a question that asked respondents to indicate on a five-point scale, ranging from 0 = never to 4 = very often, how often each family member (mother/stepmother, father/stepfather and sibling) had provided emotional (for example, reassurance) instrumental (for example, providing goods), informational (for example, providing information/advice) and fun/relaxation support since the respondent became ill. The types of support measured (with the exception of fun/relaxation) and the five-point scale were adapted from the short form of the UCLA Social Support Inventory (Schwarzer et al., 1994).
Contact with the family was measured by asking respondents to indicate on a five-point scale, ranging from 0 = not at all to 4 = almost daily, how often they had contact with each family member in person and by phone or letter during the past three months. Closeness to family members was measured by asking respondents to indicate on a five-point scale, ranging from 0 - not at all close to 4 = extremely close, how close they felt to each relative before the illness and how close they felt "right now." Another series of questions measured whether the respondent had disclosed his sexual orientation and his HIV status to each family member and how long ago in years and months the disclosure had occurred. Responses to questions about disclosure of sexual orientation, and HIV status were scored, yes = 1 and no = 2. The preceding questions were adapted from Blasband (1990).
Satisfaction with support was measured with a question that asked respondents to rate on a five-point scale (ranging from 0 = very dissatisfied to 4 = very satisfied) their satisfaction with each type of support received from the family as a whole since becoming ill. This scale was adapted from Blasband (1990).
Barriers to support were measured with a question that asked to what extent (scored on a five-point scale ranging from 0 = not a barrier to getting help to 4 = an important barrier to getting help) a number of potential barriers prevented the respondent from obtaining support from each family member. The barriers were classified as knowledge ("doesn't know enough about HIV/AIDS"), independence ("I don't want to ask for help because I like to think of myself as independent"), relationship ("worries too much or overreacts to my illness"; "seems critical, displeased or angry with me because of HIV/AIDS"; "disregards, ignores, or minimizes problems or feelings concerning HIV/AIDS I feel are important";"expects too much from me; doesn't understand the limits my illness imposes on me"; "acts judgmental; has said it is my fault I am ill"; "avoids discussing the illness with me"); "practical" ("are sick and disabled so they can't help me";"doesn't have the financial resources to help me"; "lives too far away to be of help"), partner ("believes it is my partner's fault I am ill"; "puts me in the middle between her and my partner about who will provide care"), and conservative ("is very religious and views me as a sinner"; "is politically conservative and views me as an outcast"; "I feel I have to lie about my illness").
Respondents also were asked to provide demographic information such age, race, religion, highest level of education completed, current employment status, and household composition. HIV/AIDS diagnosis was measured with two questions. Men were asked how long ago in years and months they had tested positive for the HIV virus. A second question asked whether they had been diagnosed with AIDS. The answer to the question about AIDS was scored, no = 0 and yes = 1. Men also were asked how many times they had been hospitalized for AIDS-related conditions since developing AIDS symptoms.
Information on family composition was obtained by asking respondents to indicate which people (mother, father, stepmother, stepfather, brother and sister) were members of their family. A follow-up question then asked respondents who had both a mother and a stepmother to select the one with whom they had the closest relationship in completing the questionnaire. A similar question asked respondents who had both fathers and stepfathers to follow the same procedure. A third question also instructed respondents who had more than one brother or sister to select the sibling with whom they had the closest relationship in answering the questions.
The questionnaire was pretested during May 1996 with 10 gay men with HIV/AIDS who were clients of a Midwestern social services agency. The pretest revealed that some of the scales and directions for completing the questionnaire needed to be simplified so that men with different levels of literacy would be able to understand the questions.
Statistical Analysis
Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and pair-wise contrasts were computed to examine the effect of AIDS diagnosis on the level of support received, the levels of support differences among relatives, and different types of support. Repeated measures MANOVA and pair-wise contrasts also were computed to examine the effect of AIDS diagnosis on the level of barrier to obtaining support, the levels of barrier to support differences among relatives, and the different types of barrier. In addition, repeated measures MANOVA and pair-wise contrasts were computed to examine the levels of satisfaction with each type of support received and to compare differences in means for closeness to each relative both before and after the onset of the illness. The Bonferroni multiple comparison test at an experiment-wise alpha = .05 was used to test differences between pairs of means when a significant overall F value was computed. The Mann-Whitney and t tests were used to compute differences between pairs of means when data was ordinal and interval level, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to determine the associations among interval level data.
Characteristics of Respondents
The mean age of the sample was 37 years (SD = 8.32, range = 21-73). The majority of respondents were white, had attended or graduated from college, and currently were not employed full-time (Table 1). A little more than one-third lived alone, and the remainder lived with roommates, partners, or relatives or in other living arrangements.
Approximately half of the respondents had HIV and half had an AIDS diagnosis (Table 1). The mean number of hospitalizations for AIDS-related conditions for the 117 respondents was 1.15 (SD = 2.50). The range for this question was from none to 20 hospitalizations. Attest found no significant differences among the respondents on age. The Mann-Whitney test found no significant differences on education; however, those with an AIDS diagnosis were significantly more likely (p [less than] .000) to be not working than those who had HIV.
The mean for family size for the 117 respondents was 5 (SD = 3.02, range = 1-21). More men had mothers in their families (81 percent) than fathers (58 percent). There were few stepmothers (19 percent, n = 22) or stepfathers (17 percent, n = 20). The mean number of sisters for the 94 men who had sisters was 2 (SD = 1.35, range = 1-9) and the mean number of brothers for the 86 respondents who had brothers was 3 (SD = 2.12, range = 1-11). Respondents identified 56 sisters and 39 brothers as closest siblings. Twenty-two respondents did not answer this question.
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Respondents Characteristic % Diagnosis (n = 116) HIV 53 AIDS 47 Race (n = 117) White 85 African American 9 Hispanic 3 Other 2 American Indian 1 Asian 1 Religion (n = 113) Catholic 27 Protestant 25 Other 25 No religion 22 Jewish 2 Education (n = 116) Less than 12th grade 8 High School graduate 17 Vocational School graduate 10 Some college 32 College graduate 17 Some graduate school 6 Graduate degree 10 Employment status (n = 117) Full-time 26 Part-time 14 Receiving disability 26 Unemployed 28 Other 7 Living situation (n = 116) Alone 35 With partner 29 With roommates 19 With relatives 10 Other 8 NOTE: Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding.
Amount of Contact, Levels of Closeness, and Rates of Disclosure
The mean amount of in-person contact across all family members for all 117 respondents was"once a month or less" (M = 2.24, SD = 1.18). Men also had contact with family members by phone or letter a mean of "once a month or less" (M = 2.44, SD = 1.15). Respondents indicated that they had been moderately close to their families before the illness (M = 2.84, SD = 1.13) and that they were moderately close now (M = 2.95, SD - 1.15). There were significant differences in how close men felt to different family members before [F(3, 92) = 271.26, p [less than] .001] and after [F(3, 91) = 311.83, p [less than] .001] the illness. Post hoc comparison tests revealed that men felt closer to mothers and siblings than fathers both before and after they developed HIV/AIDS.
A majority of men had revealed their sexual orientation to their families (Table 2). In general, men had disclosed their sexual orientation to their families at least 12 years earlier and approximately eight years before disclosure of HIV status (Table 3).
Social Support Provided and Satisfaction with Support
The mean for support received from the family for 113 who answered the question was 2.40 (SD = .93). Emotional support was provided most often; mothers and siblings provided more support than fathers (Table 4). A repeated measures MANOVA computed to examine the effect of AIDS diagnosis on level of support and to compare the level of support differences among support providers (relatives) and types of support revealed a main effect for AIDS diagnosis [F(1, 61) = 4.87, p [less than] .05] on level of support. Inspection of the means for support received from the family when men had an AIDS diagnosis and when men had HIV revealed that men who had AIDS received a higher level of support from the family. Because the MANOVA found no interactions between AIDS diagnosis and relative or type of support, the variable of AIDS was dropped from the model and a second repeated measures MANOVA was computed that revealed a main effect for relative [F(2, 53) = 13.82, p [less than] .001] and type of support [F(3, 52) = 83.39, p [less than] .001]. Post hoc comparison tests found that mothers and siblings provided a significantly higher level of support than fathers. Post hoc comparison tests also revealed that the family provided a significantly higher level of emotional support than other types of support. A significantly higher level of relaxation/fun was provided than instrumental and informational support. An interaction also was found between the variables of relative and type of support [F(6, 49) = 6.05, p [less than] .001]. Mothers and siblings provided a significantly higher level of emotional, fun/relaxation, and informational support than fathers. Mothers also provided a significantly higher level of instrumental support than either siblings or fathers. Attest found no significant differences between the mean level of support provided by 38 brothers (M- 2.37, SD = .90) and 53 sisters (M = 2.70, SD = 1.01).
Table 2. Family Members Knowledge of Sexual Orientation and HIV and AIDS Diagnosis Knowledge Sexual Orientation HIV Diagnosis AIDS Diagnosis Family Member % n % n % n Mother 88 103 80 103 84 49 Father 82 82 74 83 79 38 Sibling 96 107 87 110 93 53
There were significant differences in respondents' satisfaction with the different types of support [F(4, 113) = 71.05, p [less than] .001] received from the family as a whole. Post hoc comparison tests revealed that all 117 men rated emotional support (M = 2.84, SD = 1.83) as significantly more satisfying than all of the other types of support. Fun/relaxation also was rated (M = 2.50, SD = 1.95) as significantly more satisfying than instrumental (M = 1.87, SD = 1.86) and informational support (M = 1.85, $D = 1.90). Positive correlations between the amount of each type of support received and satisfaction with that type of support were found for 113 of the respondents (emotional, r = .80, p [less than] .001; fun/relaxation, r = .74, p [less than] .001; informational, [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 3 OMITTED] r = .63, p [less than] .001; and instrumental, r = .65, p [less than] .001).
Barriers to Social Support
The mean for level of barrier to obtaining support from the family for 111 respondents was 2.24, (SD = .88). Men rated lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS by the family as the largest barrier to obtaining help, followed by the desire to remain independent. The highest level of barrier was perceived in obtaining help from fathers (Table 4). For 110 respondents, there were significant negative correlations between the total amount of support received from the family and the level of barrier to obtaining support from the family (r = -.44, p [less than] .001), and for 89 respondents, there were significant negative correlations between total amount of support and satisfaction with support received from the family and the level of barrier to obtaining support from the family (r = -.51, p [less than] .001).
A repeated measures MANOVA computed to examine the effect of AIDS diagnosis on the level of barrier to obtaining support and to compare the level of barrier differences between support providers (relatives) and different types of barrier revealed no main effect for AIDS and no interactions between AIDS diagnosis and relative or type of barrier. However, the F value for the effect of AIDS diagnosis on the level of barrier to obtaining support was very close to significance, [F(1, 52) = 3.57, p [less than] .06]. Inspection of the means for the level of barrier when men had AIDS and when they had HIV revealed that men who had AIDS experienced a lower level of barrier to obtaining support from their families.
Table 4. Means for Support Received from and Degree of Barrier Perceived in Relation to the Family of Origin Amount of Support Variable M SD n Type of support Emotional 3.17 1.12 113 Relaxation/fun 2.71 1.17 113 Informational 1.94 1.02 113 Instrumental 1.84 .97 113 Relative/support provider Mother 2.58 1.13 96 Father 2.07 0.99 74 Sibling 2.46 1.01 108 Degree of Barrier Variable M SD n Type of barrier Knowledge 2.75 1.44 110 Independence 2.72 1.34 109 Relate 2.39 1.08 109 Practical 2.27 0.94 109 Conservative 1.79 .97 109 Partner 1.58 1.01 106 Relative/support provider Mother 2.30 1.00 95 Father 2.36 1.09 75 Sibling 2.07 .93 104
Because the MANOVA revealed no main effect for AIDS and no interactions between AIDS and the other variables, the variable of AIDS was dropped from the model, and a second repeated measures MANOVA was computed that revealed a main effect for relative [F(2, 43) = 4.07, p [less than] .05] and type of barrier [F(5, 40) = 17.76, p [less than] .001]. Post hoc comparison tests found that men experienced a significantly higher level of barrier in obtaining help from fathers than from siblings. Post hoc comparison tests also revealed that men perceived a significantly higher level of barrier to obtaining support in relation to lack of knowledge among family members about HIV/AIDS and fears of compromising independence (Table 5). Significantly lower levels of barrier were experienced in relation to conservative religious or political values connected to negative attitudes toward homosexuality and strains in the relationship between the family and the partner (Table 5). The MANOVA also revealed all interaction between the variables of relative and barrier [F(10, 35) = 2.76, p [less than]. 01]. Post hoc comparison tests found that a significantly higher level of barrier was experienced in relation to fathers than to mothers and siblings regarding lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the expression of conservative political and religious values connected to negative attitudes toward homosexuality. A significantly higher level of barrier was experienced in relation to fathers than to siblings regarding relationship issues. A t test found no significant differences between the level of barrier to obtaining support from 36 brothers (M 2.02, SD- .91) and 51 sisters (M- 1.89, SD = .77).
Table 5. Main Effect for Type of Barrier (N = 106) Type of Barrier M SD Knowledge(a) 2.76 1.44 Independence(a,b) 2.72 1.34 Relationship(b,c) 2.39 1.08 Practical(c,d) 2.27 .94 Conservative(d,e) 1.79 .97 Partner(e) 1.58 1.01 NOTES: N is smaller than total sample due to missing data. Main effect: F(5, 40) = 17.76, p = .001. Means with the same superscript letter are not significantly different. Post hoc comparisons tests computed with Bonferroni multiple comparison test at alpha = .05.
In answering the question of the amount of support men received from the family, the study found that men had contact with their families infrequently and that the family did not provide a high level of support. This finding is consistent with earlier research (Hays, Catania, et al., 1990; Hays, Chauncey, et al., 1990; Hays, McKusick, et al., 1994; Schwarzer et al., 1994). Emotional support and fun/relaxation were provided at significantly higher levels than instrumental or informational support. Consistent with earlier research, (Schwarzer et al., 1994) men with AIDS received significantly higher levels of support from their families of origin than men with HIV.
Although earlier research (Hays, Chauncey, et al., 1990) found no differences in the type and level of support provided by different family members, this survey found that mothers and siblings provided a significantly higher level of support than fathers. Mothers and siblings provided a significantly higher level of emotional, fun/relaxation, and informational support than fathers. Mothers also provided a significantly higher level of instrumental support than fathers and siblings. Earlier research (Horwitz, 1993) on patterns of caregiving suggests that a hierarchy of obligations exists so that the primary basis of support within the family of origin stems from parents, particularly mothers. If a parent is not available, family members whose obligations do not normally involve caregiving (such as siblings) may provide compensatory help in place of the parent. In the present sample, the involvement of the sibling with the mother as the primary source of support may have been necessitated by the fact that the father did not assume a more supportive role.
One possible explanation for the fathers' low level of support is suggested by the barriers men identified to obtaining support from fathers. The survey found a significant negative association between the level of barrier to obtaining support and the level of support received. One explanation for the father's lower level of support is derived from the fact that men perceived a significantly higher level of barrier in relation to fathers than mothers and siblings regarding conservative political and social values connected to negative attitudes toward homosexuality and lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Earlier research indicates that fathers have more difficulty accepting homosexuality than mothers (Ben-Ari, 1995; Boxer, Cook, & Herdt, 1991; Cohen & Savin-Williams, 1996; Cramer & Roach, 1988; D'Augelli & Hershberger, 1993). Fathers of gay men also are more reluctant to participate in treatment and support groups for HIV/AIDS than mothers (Fisher, Goldschmidt, Hays, & Catania, 1993). Therefore, homosexuality and HIV/AIDS may be experienced as more troublesome issues for fathers than other family members. These reactions may interfere with the ability of some fathers to provide support.
Although men were more likely to designate a sister than a brother as a closest sibling, the survey found no significant difference in the level of support, provided by brothers and sisters. This finding is consistent with earlier research on sibling support which found that sisters are only slightly more likely than brothers to provide social support (Connidis, 1989; Horwitz, 1993; Horwitz, Tessler, Fisher, & Gamache, 1992).
In answering the question about satisfaction with support, the survey found that men were significantly more satisfied with the emotional support and fun/relaxation they received from their families than the informational or instrumental support. There were strong correlations between the amount of each type of support men received and their satisfaction with support. Although a mount of support is therefore a variable that contributes to satisfaction, it may not be the only variable, because the correlation between amount of support received and satisfaction with support was high for all types of support even though men received smaller amounts of instrumental and informational support than emotional support and fun/relaxation.
It is also possible that satisfaction with support is dependent on whether the support is expected or desired from a particular source (Blasband, 1990). Instrumental or practical support, such as help with shopping, laundry, or meal preparation, may be experienced as damaging to a man's ego by making him feel too dependent or babied. Because the men in this sample had experienced an average of only one AIDS-related hospitalization, they also may not have been disabled enough to require instrumental assistance. Informational support refers not only to getting information but also to receiving advice. Although men did not perceive families as sources of information - they identified the family's lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS as a barrier to getting help - they may have been dissatisfied because they were receiving unwanted advice from the family, which they experienced as intrusive (Blasband, 1990; Hays, Magee, et al., 1994).
In examining the barriers to obtaining support from the family, the study found that the mean rating for level of barrier was 2.24, suggesting that none of the barriers were rated at a high level as an obstacle to obtaining help. It is possible that the effect of barriers is cumulative or additive and that several barriers perceived as mild obstacles produce enough discomfort to create a disincentive to seeking support from the family. It is also possible that this response reflects a social desirability bias and that men were reluctant to endorse the barriers items more strongly because this would imply criticism of their families.
The survey found a trend for men with AIDS to perceive a lower level of barrier to obtaining support from the family than men with HIV. This finding is consistent with earlier research (Catania et al., 1992), which suggested that the possibility of death may motivate families to resolve past difficulties and relate to each other more positively. With regard to specific barriers, the survey found a significantly lower level of barrier in relation to conservative political or religious views connected with negative attitudes toward homosexuality and strains in the relationship between the family and the partner. The fact that a high proportion of the men in this sample had disclosed their sexual orientation to their families at least 12 years earlier suggests that, with the exception of some fathers, family members had an opportunity to work through initial reactions of denial, shock, and grief and come to an acceptance of, or at least an ability to acknowledge, their sons' or brothers' sexual orientation (Ben-Ari, 1995; Boxer et al., 1991; Cramer & Roach, 1988; Griffin, Wirth, & Wirth, 1986). Recent trends toward a higher level of tolerance in U.S. society toward homosexuality also may facilitate acceptance by the family (Goldberg, 1998).
Practical issues such as lack of geographic proximity to the family or parents' poor health were not rated highly as a barrier to obtaining support. Although the respondents in this study were satisfied with the amount of instrumental help they received from their families, they did not regard this help as beneficial as other types of help. Geographic proximity or ill health of a potential caregiver is likely to be an obstacle if instrumental help is desired or expected. Therefore, practical barriers may not have been highly rated because they did not represent obstacles to the type of help men wanted or expected from their families.
Lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and a desire to remain independent were the most highly rated barriers to obtaining support from the family. The tremendous amount of uncertainty and the continually changing knowledge base related to HIV/AIDS may make informational support very important to gay people with AIDS (PWAs) (Hays, Magee, et al., 1994) and the family's lack of knowledge about these issues a significant barrier to care. With regard to the issue of independence, men may want to preserve their preillness identities as autonomous adults, and relying on their families for care may have threatened this self-perception (Hays, Magee, et al., 1994). Issues related to individuation are likely to be problems not only for gay men with HIV/AIDS but also for any young adult who experiences a chronic illness that results in dependence on the family of origin (Rolland, 1994). Men also indicated that relationship problems were a barrier to obtaining help. This confirms earlier research that found that families may behave in ways that are perceived as unhelpful (Hays, Chauncey, et al., 1990; Hays, Magee, et al., 1994; Johnston et al., 1995).
A significantly higher level of barrier was experienced in obtaining help from fathers than siblings. A significantly higher level of barrier was experienced in regard to relationship issues in relation to fathers than siblings. Although fathers may be more difficult to approach for help because of conflicts over sexual orientation and HIV status, earlier research suggests that gay men with HIV/AIDS experience communication about sexual orientation and HIV status with siblings as less threatening than with parents (Cain, 1991; Frierson, Lippmann, & Johnson, 1987; Shelby, 1995). Research indicates that men perceive the risk of rejection by siblings resulting from disclosure as less devastating than rejection by parents (Cain, 1991). In addition, siblings may have a long history as friends and intimates, thus encouraging communication (Cain, 1991). Thus, in comparison to fathers, siblings may be perceived as easier to approach for help.
Caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings of this study to the population of gay men with HIV/AIDS and their families of origin because the findings are not based on a random sample of the population. Nevertheless, the findings are suggestive of several implications for social work practitioners.
The study suggests that although family members do not provide a high level of support for gay men with HIV/AIDS, as the illness progresses men rely to a greater extent on their families for help, but they also continue to experience barriers to obtaining support. One intervention that has been found to be effective in helping families of origin become educated about, and learn skills for more effective caregiving, is the psychoeducational group intervention (Pomeroy, Rubin, & Walker, 1996). Family members participating in such groups have been provided with information about the health care delivery system, social services, financial programs, and the medical and nutritional needs of PWAs. These groups also function as a context for recognizing and learning how to handle anger, guilt, and blame constructively (Pomeroy et al., 1996). Families who have a better understanding of HIV/AIDS and their own reactions to the illness also may be able to offer support in a manner that is not as threatening to a man's independence. Psychoeducational groups are particularly effective with family members of PWAs because they relieve isolation and stigma by providing members with access to social support and with a context in which to normalize their own experiences through identification with other group members (Pomeroy et al., 1996; Rolland, 1994).
Mothers and siblings were identified as the primary caregivers in this survey. Research (McShane, Bumbalo, & Patsdaughter, 1994) has documented levels of depression, anxiety, anger, and guilt among parents and siblings of PWAs that are higher than normative community samples on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Social workers providing services to the family of origin of gay PWAs should be aware of the need to assess whether family members - particularly mothers and siblings - are experiencing these symptoms and provide appropriate intervention.
Finally, the study suggests that social workers providing services to the families of gay PWAs should be aware of the fact that some fathers may be isolated or disengaged from other family members. It may be advisable, with the consent of the PWA, to reach out to these fathers to involve them in discharge planning, counseling, and support groups. Fathers who are able to resolve some of their conflicted feelings about HIV and homosexuality may be able to assume a more active role as a supportive parent to their gay son with HIV/AIDS.
Future research should replicate this study with a larger sample of African American and Hispanic gay men with HIV/AIDS and their families of origin to provide information about patterns of support and barriers in these communities.
Beckerman, N. (1994). Psychosocial task facing parents whose adult child has AIDS. Family Therapy, 21, 208-216.
Ben-Ari, A. (1995). The discovery that an offspring is gay: Parents' gay men's, and lesbians' perspectives. Journal of Homosexuality, 30, 89-112.
Blasband, D. (1990). Social support, rejection, stress and coping among gay men with AIDS. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Bonuck, K. (1993). AIDS and families: Cultural psychosocial and functional impacts. Social Work in Health Care, 18, 75-89.
Boxer, A., Cook, J., & Herdt, G. (1991). Double jeopardy: Identity transitions and parent-child relations among gay and lesbian youth. In K. Pillemer & K. McCarney (Eds.), Parent-child relations throughout life (pp. 59-92), Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Britton, P. J., Zarski, J. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1993). Psychological distress and the role of significant others in a population of gay/bisexual men in the era of HIV. AIDS Care, 5, 43-54.
Cain, R. (1991). Relational contexts and information management among gay men. Families in Society, 72, 344-352.
Catania, J., Turner, H., Kyung-Hee, C., & Coates, T. (1992). Coping with death anxiety: Help-seeking and social support among gay men with various HIV diagnoses. AIDS, 6, 999-1005.
Cates, J. A., Graham, L. L., Geoglin, D., & Tiekler, S. (1990). The effect of AIDS on the family system. Families in Society, 71, 195-201.
Cohen, K. M., & Savin-Williams, R. (1996). Developmental perspectives on coming out to self and others. In R. Savin-Williams & K. M. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 113-151). Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace College.
Collins, R. (1994). Social support provision to HIV-infected gay men. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1848-1869.
Connidis, I. (1989). Siblings as friends in later life. American Behavioral Scientist, 33, 81-93.
Cramer, D., & Roach, A. (1988). Coming out to mom and dad: A study of gay males and their relationships with their parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 15, 79-91.
Croog, S., Lipson, A., & Levine, S. (1972). Help patterns in severe illness: The roles of kin network, non-family resources, and institutions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 34, 32-41.
D'Augelli, A., & Hershberger, S. (1993). Lesbian, gay and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 421-448.
Finlayson, A. (!976). Social networks as coping resources: Lay help and consultation patterns used by women in husband's post-infarction career. Social Science and Medicine, 10, 97-103.
Fisher, I., Goldschmidt, R., Hays, R., & Catania. J. (1993). Families of homosexual men: Their knowledge and support regarding sexual orientation and HIV disease. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 6, 25-32.
Frierson, R. L., Lippmann, S. B., & Johnson, J. (1987). AIDS: Psychological stresses on the family. Psychosomatics, 28, 65-68.
Goldberg, C. (1998, May 31). Acceptance of gay men and lesbians is growing, study says. New York Times, sec. 1, p. 21.
Green, G. (1994). Social support and HIV: A review. In R. Bor & J. Elford (Eds.), The family and HIV (pp. 79-97). New York: Cassell.
Greif, G., & Porembski, E. (1989). Implications for therapy with significant others of persons with AIDS. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 1, 79-86.
Griffin, C., Wirth, M., & Wirth, A. (1986). Beyond acceptance. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice Hall.
Harvey, N. (Ed.). (1996). The national directory of AIDS care, 1995-1996: The authoritative reference for health care providers, community support, and consumers (6th annual ed.). Huntingdon Valley, PA: Moran-Rand.
Hays, R., Catania, J., McKusick, L., & Coates, T. (1990). Help-seeking for AIDS-related concerns: A comparison of gay men with various HIV diagnoses. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 743-755.
Hays, R., Chauncey, S., & Tobey, L. (1990). The social support networks of gay men with AIDS. Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 374-385.
Hays, R. B., Magee, R. H., & Chauncey, S. (1994). Identifying helpful and unhelpful behaviors of loved ones: The PWA's perspective. AIDS Care, 6, 379-392.
Hays, R., McKusick, L., Pollack, L., Hilliard, R., Hoff, C., & Coates, T. (1994). Disclosing HIV seropositivity to significant others. In R. Bor & J. Elford (Eds.), The family and HIV (pp. 45-57). New York: Cassell.
Hays, R., Turner, H., & Coates, T. (1992). Social support, AIDS-related symptoms, and depression among gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 463-469.
Horwitz, A. (1993). Adult siblings as sources of social support for the seriously mentally ill: A test of the serial model. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 623-632.
Horwitz, A., Tessler, T., Fisher, G., & Gamache, G. (1992). The role of adult siblings in providing social support to the severely mentally ill. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 233-241.
Johnston, D., Stall, R., & Smith, K. (1995). Reliance by gay men and intravenous drug-users on friends and family for AIDS-related care. AIDS Care, 7, 307-319.
Kadushin, G. (1996). Gay men with AIDS and their families of origin. Health & Social Work, 21, 141149.
Kadushin, G. (1997). Researching a sensitive topic: Designing a mail survey of the perceptions of gay men with HIV/AIDS regarding social support received from the family of origin. Social Work in Health Care, 25, 1-11.
Kurdek, L., & Siesky, G. (1990). The nature and correlates of psychological adjustment in gay men with AIDS-related conditions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 846-860.
Leserman, J., Perkins, D., & Evans, D. (1992). Coping with the threat of AIDS: The role of social support. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1514-1519.
Levine, C. (1994). AIDS and changing concepts of the family. In R. Bor & J. Elford (Eds.), The family and HIV (pp. 3-22). New York: Cassell.
Lovejoy, N. (1990). AIDS: Impact on the gay man's homosexual and heterosexual families. In F. Bozett & S. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 285.-316). New York: Haworth Press.
McShane, R., Bumbalo, J., & Patsdaughter, C. (1994). Psychological distress in family members living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 8, 53-61.
Namir, S. (1986). Treatment issues concerning persons with AIDS. In L. McKusick (Ed.), What to do about AIDS (pp. 86-94). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Namir, S., Wolcott, D., Fawzy, F., & Alumbaugh, M. (1987). Coping with AIDS: Psychological and health implications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 309-328.
Pakenham, K., Dadds, M., & Terry, D. (1994). Relationships between adjustment to HIV and both social support and coping. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1194-1203.
Pakenham, K., Dadds, M., & Terry, D. (1996). Adaptive demands along the HIV disease continuum. Social Science and Medicine, 42, 245-256.
Perry, S., Ryan, J., Fogel, K., Fishman, B., & Jacobsberg, L. (1990). Voluntarily informing others of positive HIV test results: Patterns of notification by infected gay men. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41, 549-551.
Pomeroy, E., Rubin, A., & Walker, R. (1996). A psychoeducational group intervention for family members of persons with HIV/AIDS. Family Process, 35, 297-312.
Rolland, J. (1994). Families, illness, and disability. New York: Basic Books.
Schwarzer, R., Dunkel-Schetter, C., & Kemeny, M. (1994). The multidimensional nature of received social support in gay men at risk of HIV and AIDS. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 319-339.
Shelby, D. (1995). People with HIV and those who help them. New York: Harrington Park Press.
Siegel, S., Raveis, V., & Karus, D. (1994). Psychological well-being of gay men with AIDS: Contribution of positive and negative illness-related network interactions to depressive mood. Social Science and Medicine, 39, 1555-1563.
Siegel, S., Karus, D., & Raveis, V. (1997). Correlates of change in
depressive symptomatology among gay men with AIDS. Health Psychology, 16, 230-238.
Stulberg, I., & Buckingham, S. (1988). Parallel issues for AIDS patients, families and others. Social Casework, 69, 355-359.
Turner, H., Hays, R., & Coates, T. (1993). Determinants of social support among gay men: The context of AIDS. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 37-53.
Weinert, C., & Long, K. (1993). Support systems for the spouses of chronically iii persons in rural areas. Family and Community Health, 16, 46-54.
Weitz, R. (1992). Life with AIDS. New Brunswick, NJ: Nutgers University Press.
Wolcott, D., Namir, S., Fawzy, F., Gottlieb, M., & Mitsuyasu, R. (1986). Illness concerns, attitudes toward homosexuality and social support in gay men with AIDS. General Hospital Psychiatry, 8, 395-403.
Wolf, T., Dralle, P., Morse, E., Simon, P., Balson, P., Gaumer, R., & Williams, M. (1991). A biopsychosocial examination of symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 21, 263-279.
Zich, J., & Temoschok, L. (1987). Social support in AIDS/ARC. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 193-215.
Goldie Kadushin, PhD, is associate professor, School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P. O. Box 786, Milwaukee, WI 53201; e-mail: email@example.com. An earlier version of this article was presented at HIV/AIDS '98: Social Work Response, May 1998, New Orleans.
Reader Opinion
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Author: | Kadushin, Goldie |
Publication: | Health and Social Work |
Article Type: | Statistical Data Included |
Geographic Code: | 1USA |
Date: | Aug 1, 1999 |
Words: | 7746 |
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Heads up: Top comment and controversy
The science: Why trolling is bad for our understanding of complex issues
11 January 2013 02:00 PM
You might have read today's fantastic piece from Robert Fisk on the poisonous effects had by trolling on online conversation. If you're still not convinced that, as Fisk puts it, "this is not what the internet is for", here's an article from Mother Jones to consider, with some scientific muscle to back it up.
The George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication (phew) carried out a survey of 1,184 Americans in an attempt to find out what impact abusive and vituperative comments had on the public's reaction to an online article.
They used a balanced piece on nanotechnology (already an industry worth $91 billion in the US) as a test. When comments below exhibited a high level of rage (along the lines of "the author is a dork, anybody who doesn't see the benefits of nanotechnology is a dork") then readers' reaction tended to polarise. If they were originally sceptical of nanotechnology, they became more so; if they believed in its benefits, that view also hardened. In effect, reading insults stops people thinking and encourages them to react emotionally - a damaging sign if you want to boost understanding.
Chris Mooney, the Mother Jones writer who picked up this story, quotes an interesting line from the study's co-author, Dietram Scheufele. Reading a news article online today, says Scheufele, is like standing "in the middle of the town square, with people screaming in my ear what I should believe about it."
What do you think? Have insulting comments changed the way you react to a piece?

subset: commoncrawl


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Artist: Kid Ink
Producer: Devin Cruise
Album: Untitled (TBD)
Avg Rating: 3.7 ( 32 votes )
Fresh off signing with RCA Records, Kid Ink is undoubtedly feeling like a little bit of a badass. The West Coast repper's own style, toughness and cocky attitude, however, aren't the main focus of his major-label debut single; instead, the record finds him coming together with Maybach Music reppers Wale and Meek Mill to feast his eyes on some literal Bad Asses at his local gentlemen's club. Devin Cruise provides an appropriately sultry, bass-bumping backdrop for this paean to the female anatomy, layering eight-bit synths and high-pitched vocals samples over a hi-hat heavy trap rhythm. There's been no word yet on a major-label debut from Kid Ink but, as always, fans can keep their browsers locked for all the latest.
Update: Click "Watch Video" above or scroll down to view Kid Ink's Alex Nazari-directed Bad Ass visual.
Kid Ink Music VideosHitmakerClub
Written by richard on 03/4/13
Submit your Rating
RCA Records
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"Lowkey Poppin'" (2011)
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Advocacy Update: The ACP Advocate Blog: What Can We Do about a Non-compliant Congress?
Physicians know all about non-compliance. Sometimes, no matter what they do, even when they do everything right, patients dont heed their advice, and the outcome is poor. And sometimes, even when the physician and the patient both do everything correctly, things inexplicably go wrong, and the patient experiences a bad outcome. Some things are just out of the doctors and the patients control. This concernthat bad outcomes happen even when a doctor provides the best possible careis one of the major reasons why many physicians distrust pay-for-performance and public reporting. Read more
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text:
As anyone who hacks on Gecko knows, the project's documentation is, um, lacking. This is sometimes Ok if all you do is work on Gecko; But for us that dive in and out of Gecko every few weeks … let's just say, it can drive one a little insane. It also makes it really hard to learn what the f$%# is going on and wastes tremendous amounts of (my) time just getting something up an running (I'm talking days).
Anyway, I'm writing these posts mostly for myself, so I can avoid having to go through the pain of having to (re)learn Gecko's JS APIs every few weeks.
If you want to follow along, make sure you clone Mozilla central and then:
./mach build
./mach run -P "coding" -jsdebugger -purgecaches
The -P is for profile (I'm using one called "coding"). The -jsdebugger option opens the "Browser toolbox" automatically. And -purgecaches dumps the JSM caches, avoiding a whole bunch of headaches.
At the top of the Gecko hierarchy, there is a window
(similar to HTML), but this window represents the actual application window. This means that the interface is different to HTML's Window object. You can test this by, for instance:
//Maximize the window, and the restore it to its previous location
This window
actually points to "chrome://browser/content/browser.xul", which is basically what the browser is composed of (XUL elements).
Inside window there is gBrowser
: this object represents the browser window. You can confirm this by, for instance, calling gBrowser.addTab("http://google.com")
. This will add a tab. So:
const tab = gBrowser.addTab("http://google.com");
Tabs are opened in the background and are not "selected" (i.e., the focused one, independently of window focus).
//bring the new tab to the foreground
gBrowser.selectedTab = tab;
The main purpose for creating a tab will generally be to load content and possibly do something with that content. Inside each tab, there is a Browser
, which is not directly accessible through the Tab
's interface. Also, a Tab object does not provide direct access to the Window object of the tab. Instead you need to use a method from gBrowser to get at it:
//Get the "browser"
const browser = tab.linkedBrowser;
//Get the actual window object.
//NOTE: YOU CAN'T USE win
yet! see below!
const win = browser.contentWindow
Note that this puts your in a race condition (the Document object won't be ready), so you need to wait for the actual page to "show". this is done through the undocumented pageshow
const pageShow = function() {
browser.removeEventListener('pageshow', pageShow);
//do something interesting
win.document.body.innerHTML = '
Yay!
';
browser.addEventListener('pageshow', pageShow);
Of course, once you have the Window
object, then you are back in Web Development land and all is good. Once you are finished with a tab, you can remove it:
//clean up!


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Photo of Emma Roberts at 2009 Teen Choice Awards
Teen Choice Awards: Emma Roberts
by Fashion
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Let the games begin! The Teen Choice Awards are underway and first up for your viewing pleasure is the sensational Emma Roberts. The starlet walked the green grass wearing a heavily embellished white mini Monique Lhuillier sheath dress and black platform ankle booties. No adornments needed — the frock says it all. Do you love it or hate it?
Vote on all of my Teen Choice Awards polls here!
Source: Getty
Read More 2009 Teen Choice Awards Poll2009 Teen Choice AwardsRed CarpetEmma RobertsCelebrityMonique LhuillierLove It Or Hate It
5 years
She makes it work for her age. Not a fan of her acting, but her style is great.
5 years
LOVE the rockerish feel of the dress, but the boots are just too matchy with the whole rock and roll idea of the outfit. i would've liked to see some cute pumps or sexy sandals to balance it out and add some femininity instead of those boots!
5 years
she is one to follow. her style with fashion and makeup always blend together perfectly! such an inspirtation. by far the best dressed!
5 years
Hate her..Hate this outfit..She is only famous cause she is realated to julia roberts.who caresand her acting sux, she has been in some of the worst movies ive seenUGLY
5 years
Hate her..
Hate this outfit..
She is only famous cause she is realated to julia roberts.
who cares
and her acting sux, she has been in some of the worst movies ive seen
Link Love
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Are You Familiar With the Hamishsphere?
Because it's Hamish Bowles's blog, and you really should be.
READ MORE »Because it's Hamish Bowles's blog, and you really should be.
READ MORE »The top runway model takes us backstage at the world's biggest shows.
READ MORE »She hails Theyskens's talent in her letter in April's 'Vogue.'
READ MORE »Next season, the femme fatale returns with all her guts and glamor. See our favorite looks from Paris.
READ MORE »And some you would never want to replicate.
READ MORE »Also, lots of cheesy techno. Don't you love when fashion and hard news intersect?
READ MORE »Marc to Lorenzo backstage at the Louis show: "I've been looking all over for you. I'm afraid when I don't see you!"
READ MORE »Yes, we have a video of Karl Lagerfeld saying amazing things about his furry helmets and the eighties.
READ MORE »Also, remember Lindsay Lohan's fur-coat lawsuit from last year? It's been settled.
READ MORE »Harriet Mays Powell talks to the design wunderkind at Paris Fashion Week.
READ MORE »For the past two months she's been gallivanting with Kanye West, she's worn plenty of outfits that nearly upstage him.
READ MORE »See the latest runway slideshows from Paris Fashion Week.
READ MORE »Also the "toxic" fake snow at the John Galliano show forced Hamish Bowles to cover his nose and mouth.
READ MORE »The theme of the collection is Ukranian virgin brides with a dash of Greek soldier.
READ MORE »A behind-the-scenes look at model Natasha Vojnovic practicing her moves.
READ MORE »He's not even sure how he got himself inside the maze for his finale.
READ MORE »With a heap of trash on the runway and cans affixed to models' heads, the 'Zoolander' collection has transcended cinema.
READ MORE »Because that's what "Page Six" says happened at the Stella McCartney show.
READ MORE »See the latest runway slideshows from Paris Fashion Week.
READ MORE »Also, Simon Fuller is launching an online fashion-TV channel and Kate Moss already has fall 2009 Chanel.


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Casablanca Capital Files 13D And Sends Letter To Cliffs Natural Resources
Casablanca Capital LP, the beneficial owner of approximately 5.2% of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. (NYSE:CLF) today filed a Schedule 13D with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) disclosing its position as one of the company's largest shareholders and outlining recommendations to dramatically increase shareholder value.
Casablanca urges Cliffs to spin off the company's international assets, double the annual dividend paid to shareholders, convert its U.S. assets to an MLP and significantly cut costs. If Cliffs implements these recommendations, Casablanca believes the shares should be valued at $53.00, over 2.5x its current price.
The full text of a letter Casablanca sent to James F. Kirsch, the Executive Chairman of Cliffs, which was included in the 13D filing, is as follows:
January 27, 2014
James F. KirschExecutive ChairmanCliffs Natural Resources Inc.200 Public Square, Suite 3300Cleveland, OH 44114 Dear Jim: Funds managed by Casablanca Capital LP own approximately 5.2% of the outstanding common stock of Cliffs Natural Resources Inc., making us one of your largest shareholders. Over the past six weeks, we have met twice and had a number of constructive follow-up conversations with you and senior members of the executive team. During our discussions, we expressed our view that Cliffs is significantly undervalued and recommended steps management take to enhance shareholder value. You have indicated that you will seriously consider our proposals and share them with the Board. First and foremost, we urge you to spin off Bloom Lake, together with Asia Pacific, to create "Cliffs International." Cliffs operates two distinct iron ore businesses with very different risk/reward profiles. The Cliffs International assets are directly exposed to the competitive "seaborne" iron ore market, and the large Bloom Lake project is still in the development stage. In contrast, the "Cliffs USA" iron ore assets benefit from unique supply and demand characteristics and barriers to entry in the Great Lakes, generate strong cash flow and enjoy long-term contracts, which provide volume and price visibility. In addition, we urge the Board to take the following initiatives:- Double the dividend (which would be paid by Cliffs USA going forward)
- Convert the U.S. assets to a Master Limited Partnership ("MLP")
- Significantly cut SG&A and exploration expense
- Optimize cash costs and operating profitability
- Divest infrastructure and other non-core assets
- Set clear objectives for return on capital
- Hire strategic and financial advisors to assist in evaluating and executing these measures
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text:
Tonight's episode was great but
Platypus Beirut wrote: »I had sex with the Ecumenical Patriarch and he infected me with syphilis
Tonight's episode was great but
Tonight's episode was great but
Didn't they imply
Tonight's episode was great but
Didn't they imply
Yup. DeWitt is a smart lady. You don't kill spies when you find them (cause then you won't know who the next one will be), you just render them useless.
Tonight's episode was great but
Didn't they imply
Fuck, I loved this episode so much. I can't decide which is better, this one or Man on the Street. Regardless, I fully believe that these two episodes are up there with the best of Whedon's other shows.
One tiny thing I loved was that they had Victor-as-Roger comment on Adelle misusing "ironic"... when it actually was kinda ironic. It was just such perfect dialogue in every way.
I think they're OK, unless they've got some hot geek-on-cop action going in the background somewhere.JamesKeenan wrote: »
Kipling217 wrote: »Dude, does Ballard ever get the short end of the stick. Not only is his love a doll, but now.Spoiler:
Whedon love stories... They are a bitch.
I like that he actually realized how crazy he sounded, too. How often is "crazy obsessed guy" self-aware enough to reel it back in on a TV series?
JamesKeenan wrote: »I like that he actually realized how crazy he sounded, too. How often is "crazy obsessed guy" self-aware enough to reel it back in on a TV series?
Yeah, that's basically what I was trying to get at.
This show is so damn good because it doesn't drag arbitrary shit out.
I hate when characters are deliberately made stupid just so the show can stretch certain story arcs/elements out for pointless periods of time, to where it's just retarded.
Spawnbroker wrote: »This episode was FANTASTIC, the Dewitt / Roger thing really threw me for a loop, I wasn't expecting it at all. Very rarely does a show do that to me anymore. I also agree that Ballard's character is getting even more dark and fucked up, and I think that's a good thing. It makes him more interesting. The wall with all the information about the Dollhouse and his obsessive rambling portrayed that really well.


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St. Luke Health Services
St. Luke Family of Caring Teams Up With Oswego YMCA To Offer Free Bone Density Screening
Posted on 2015-02-20
Nurses from the St. Luke Family of Caring are teaming up with the Oswego YMCA to offer the community bone density screenings on Wednesday, February 25th from 9:30am to 11:00am, at the Oswego YMCA, 249 West First Street. The screening is free of char...
Read MoreBishop's Commons
Bishop's Commons to Host Six Week Healthy Living Workshop Presented by the Oswego County Health Department
Posted on 2015-02-12
The Oswego County Health Department Presents a HEALTHY LIVING WORKSHOP, hosted by Bishop's Commons in Oswego. The Healthy Living Workshop is a 6-session, peer-led health education program that utilizes the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program ...
Read MoreMichaud Residential Health Services
Cast from G. Ray Bodley High School Quirk's Players Upcoming Production of "Thoroughly Modern Mille" Perform Showcase at Michaud
Posted on 2015-03-02
Residents at Michaud Residential Health Services enjoyed a special preview performance by the G. Ray Bodley High School - Quirk's Players, of their upcoming production of the Tony award winning musical and hit movie "Thoroughly Modern Mille". ...
Read MoreSt. Francis Commons
"Early Bird" Winners In St. Luke's "Bundle Of Bucks" Charity Raffle Picked
Posted on 2015-02-18
Ticket sales for this year's "Bundle of Bucks" Charity Raffle are well underway and the St. Luke Family of Caring is pleased to announce the winners of this year's "Early Bird" drawing. Everyone who purchased "Bundle of Bucks" charity r...
Read More


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377 Santa Clara Avenue
Daily errands do not require a car.
Many nearby public transportation options.
Some hills, good bike lanes.
Score Details
377 Santa Clara Avenue has a Walk Score of 95 out of 100. This location is a Walker's Paradise so daily errands do not require a car.
This location is in the Grand Lake neighborhood in Oakland. Nearby parks include Splash Pad Park, Lakeshore Children's Park and Lakeside Park.
Nearby schools include Lakeview Elementary School, Grand Lake Montessori and Bayhill High School.
The closest grocery stores are New Grand Lake Market, Lakeshore Produce and Trader Joe's.
Nearby coffee shops include Monkey Forest Road, Lynn & Lu's Escapade Cafe and Day Of The Dead Cafe. Nearby restaurants include Grand Fare, The Alley and Cafe Romanat.
377 Santa Clara Avenue is near Splash Pad Park, Mandana Plaza and Lakeshore Park.
There are good bike lanes and the terrain has some hills. 377 Santa Clara Avenue is very bikeable, biking is convenient for most trips.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 377 Santa Clara Avenue.
377 Santa Clara Avenue has good transit which means many nearby public transportation options. Car sharing is available from Zipcar, Getaround, City CarShare and RelayRides.
Rail lines:
Richmond - Daly City/Millbrae Millbrae
1.2 mi
Pittsburg/Bay Point - SFIA/Millbrae San Francisco Int'l Airport
1.2 mi
Fremont - Richmond Richmond
1.2 mi
Fremont - Daly City Daly City
1.4 mi
Dublin/Pleasanton - Daly City Daly City
1.4 mi
Bus lines:
57 40th San Pablo Ave - Eastmont T.C.- Foothill Sq
0.0 mi
0.1 mi
B San Francisco - Trestle Glen
0.2 mi
NX East Oakland - San Francisco
0.2 mi
805 OWL-Dtn. Oakland - Oakland Airport
0.2 mi
26 Emeryville/14th Bdwy/lLakeshore
0.2 mi
NX1 San Francisco - East Oakland
0.2 mi
58L Eastmont T.C. - Oakland Amtrak
0.2 mi
NL San Francisco - Eastmont T.C.
0.2 mi
Car shares:
377 Santa Clara Avenue is in the Grand Lake neighborhood. Grand Lake is the 24th most walkable neighborhood in Oakland with a neighborhood Walk Score of 83.
Moving to Oakland from another city? View our moving to Oakland guide.


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MedAssets - Upgrades & Downgrades
TheStreet) -TheStreet Ratings' stock model upgraded
MedAssets Inc
(MDAS - Get Report) to 'Buy' from 'Hold'. Revenues at this $1.1 billion market cap, healthcare technology company rose by 16.3% in the third quarter compared to the same quarter last year.
TheStreet Ratings released rating changes on 19 U.S. common stocks for December 13, 2010. In total, 17 stocks were upgraded and two stocks were downgraded by our stock model.
In the third quarter, MedAssets reported $8.5 million in net income, a 43.5% increase compared to the year earlier quarter. Learn more about MedAssets: Company Profile, Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Stock Ratios, Analyst Ratings.
$1.7 billion market cap, media marketing company, Valassis Communications (VCI) was upgraded to 'Buy' from 'Hold'. In fiscal third quarter results, Valassis Communications reported a 5.2% increase in revenues to $572.4 million. Valassis Communications net income jumped 95.5% to $27.0 million from the same quarter last year. Learn more about Valassis Communications: Company Profile, Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Stock Ratios, Analyst Ratings.
-- Reported by Kevin Baker in Jupiter, FL.For additional Investment Research check out our Ratings Research Center.
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2012 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport SUV SE 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
My wife and I purchased a fully loaded RVR (as they call it here in Canada) in the summer of 2012.
It was mostly me rather than my wife who was sold on this car's styling.
However, in less than a year, we decided to traded it in for a european station wagon and it turned out to be our best car purchasing decision. Having said that, our biggest complain was actually the ride height. The Mitsubishi is in fact a well put together package at a bargain price. We had drove the new Escape, MX-5 and Forester prior to the Mitsubishi but we didn't like any of them even they are more expensive.
We didn't pick the wrong crossover, we simply picked the wrong car segment.
Read the full review
2012 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport SUV SE 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
Really, the title says it all. I got my fully optioned AWD outlander sport in 2012 and have put around 10,000 miles on it. As far as reliability, its been great, though you'd expect that from a brand new car. The driveability of the car is far from sporty. While it may be AWD with paddle shifters, it doesnt offer much fun to the driver. The gas mileage on it is absolutely average. I do have to say, it looks pretty good on the outside, especially with the rim package! If you're looking for a car with good gas mileage or a bit more performance, look elsewhere.
Read the full review
2012 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport SUV SE 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
I have owned this car for more than 7 months and everything has been performing very consistently. I like this car's interior layout much better than most of its Japanese competitors, like Honda, Subaru, Mazda and etc. The exterior is also one of the sharpest.
This car is excellent for city driving, nimble, reliable, fuel efficient and easy to park. Don't listen to Edmunds review, this is a car meant for day to day driving, it should not be reviewed as a sports car. If that's what you are looking for, look else where.
Read the full review
2012 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport SUV SE 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
Its lacking in this area in comparison to the others in its class but the CVT tranny really makes good use of the 148hp.
It gets a little fun when using the paddle shifter (The paddle shifter sold me on the car).
Only issue I have is that you cant tow anything, I dont know how that compars to the rest but its a forgivable issue.
This little truck could out handle alot of cars.
Definitely shines above the rest, especially in 4wd mode :).
Seating- Im 6"1 and have 2 children in car seats and we fit with little issue.
Im a lil cramped in the leg department but I could still do long distance trip in it easy.
I even talked my sister in to buying one.
There fresh
Read the full review
2012 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport SUV SE 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
I got a loaded SE AWD.
The car is great. It does take a little while to get used to the way the CVT behaves. Once I got over that, I really like the car.
Comfortable, quiet and the interior is very elegant in a minimalistic way. The sound system (Rockford Fosgate) is the best I've seen. The bluetooh integration with my phone is great. Not only it handles phone calls but it also plays the music from my smartphone automatically.
I just get in the car and it remembers all of the settings. I am very happy with the car
Read the full review
2012 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport SUV SE 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl CVT)
My wife wanted 4x4 to tackle the snow mountain at shoprite and BJ's, kidding ladies.
I wanted her to have AWD si I feel safer that she is driving all weather car with my daughter in it.
Researched over and over and couldn't find better value. 8.5 ground clearance, AWC one of the best with 4 lock in case of deep snow, comfort seats so she says and my wife is picky, as for the power though it can use more but you can always use the manual shifter by the steering wheel and pass with no issue, 710 W Rockoford Fostage, I want that in my car amazing sound if you enjoy your music, HD headlights cover four lane in the highway bright like a daylight, enough cargo for small family but fun safe AWD
Read the full review
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Taking a ride on an old steam engine.
C. Murray shares his experiences finding work to support his family as a child during the Great Depr...
Robyn anticipates the devastation as she prepares to visit her hometown of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, the l...
The garden is growing better than I could have expected in the raised beds at my "new" urban homeste...
We live in Southwest Florida, and our raised-bed garden lies in a flood plain. Every year our pond floods, so we decided to create a flood channel that leads straight to the garden. Dug by hand? No — dug by chicken.
We put out corn and scratch grains in a path to the garden, and after about a year, the chickens had dug a nice, deep flood channel. Floods wash in fresh nutrients, and for the first several months of the gardening season we don't need to water, because the ground is already nicely saturated.
We also keep rescued waterfowl in a secure enclosure at night with a 30-gallon kiddie pool full of water. We dump the manure-infused water into the flood channel to be carried straight to our garden.
Kelly McCormick Duette, Florida
To avoid the slight risk of transferring pathogens to your food supply, you should only apply water containing fresh manure during a season when food crops are absent, or use the water in your orchard. — MOTHER
MOTHER EARTH NEWS is the guide to living — as one reader stated — "with little money and abundant happiness." Every issue is an invaluable guide to leading a more sustainable life, covering ideas from fighting rising energy costs and protecting the environment to avoiding unnecessary spending on processed food. You'll find tips for slashing heating bills; growing fresh, natural produce at home; and more. MOTHER EARTH NEWS helps you cut costs without sacrificing modern luxuries.
At MOTHER EARTH NEWS, we are dedicated to conserving our planet's natural resources while helping you conserve your financial resources. That's why we want you to save money and trees by subscribing through our earth-friendly automatic renewal savings plan. By paying with a credit card, you save an additional $5 and get 6 issues of MOTHER EARTH NEWS for only $12.00 (USA only).
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Arizona Diamondbacks
Diamondbacks upend Rockies in series opener: By The Numbers
Like most teams in 2014, the Arizona Diamondbacks sure do like playing the Colorado Rockies.
The D-backs are just 56-78 on the season, but they're 8-5 against their National League West division rivals. And after their 5-2 home win Friday night, they're 7-1 against the Rockies in their last eight meetings.
The Rockies are the only NL team with a worse record than Arizona, but they actually have a winning home record (34-33). But with an awful 19-48 record away from Coors Field, the D-backs may be able to earn another couple victories this weekend as their three-game series continues in Phoenix.
Here's a closer look at the D-backs' Friday night win by the numbers:
D-backs pitchers didn't issue a single walk to the Rockies on Friday.
The Diamondbacks mustered just three hits but managed to score five runs, thanks to third baseman Jake Lamb's eighth-inning grand slam.
D-backs starting pitcher Josh Collmenter has allowed one or fewer runs in six of his last 12 starts. Collmenter allowed one run on two hits in 6.1 innings of work on Friday to lower his season ERA to 3.94.
D-backs reliever Brad Ziegler boasted a 2.42 ERA before the All-Star Break, but his ERA since then has been 6.06. Ziegler gave up one run on three hits in an inning of work Friday.
Outfielder David Peralta hit his eighth triple of the season in the bottom of the sixth inning. He scored the D-backs' first run of the game later in the inning via a wild pitch.
It took Lamb just 55 Major League at-bats to hit his first career grand slam. His blast to center field was just his second-ever MLB homer.
Most Popular
- Darren Rovell- ESPN Sports Business ReporterDarren Rovell shares details surrounding the new Churro Dog at Chase Field.
- Tony La Russa, D-backs Chief Baseball OfficerWhat will he be evaluating this spring? How hands on will he be this season?
- Bill Ripken, MLB Network analystBill Ripken previews the Diamondbacks season including the multiple position battles.
- Chip Hale, D-backs managerChip Hale previews the start of Cactus League play for the Diamondbacks.
- Dave Stewart, D-backs General ManagerDave Stewart talks about how pitching has changed over the years.


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Weil's dr guat got
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2008) |
"Weil's dr guat got" | |
Eurovision Song Contest 1996 entry | |
Country | Austria |
Artist(s) | George Nussbaumer |
Languages | Vorarlbergish |
Composer(s) | Mischa Krausz, George Nussbaumer |
Lyricist(s) | Mischa Krausz, George Nussbaumer |
Conductor | Mischa Krausz |
Finals performance | |
Final result | 10th |
Final points | 68 |
Appearance chronology | |
◄ "Die Welt dreht sich verkehrt" (1995) | |
"One Step" (1997) ► |
"Weil's dr guat got" (Because you feel good) was the Austrian representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 1996, performed in Vorarlbergish (a dialect of Austrian German) by George Nussbaumer, who lost his eyesight before the age of 1.
The song was performed eighth on the night, following Croatia's Maja Blagdan with "Sveta ljubav" and preceding Switzerland's Kathy Leander with "Mon coeur l'aime". At the close of voting, it had received 68 points, placing 10th in a field of 23.
This was the second occasion on which Austria was represented in a dialect of German (the first being Marianne Mendt with "Musik" in 1971).
The song itself is about the enjoyment to be had in the world when everything is going well. Unusually, it is performed in an up-tempo gospel-influenced style. Nussbaumer leads the song on a piano, with a series of backing singers providing appropriate responses.
It was succeeded as Austrian representative at the 1997 contest by Bettina Soriat singing "One Step".


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The new Yardbarker app is here! Install on your iPhone, iPad or Android device. You can also find us in Google Newsstand.
Big West Tournament: Cal Poly upsets UC Irvine in semis
ANAHEIM, Calif. -- Russell Turner isn't about to play the victim but in a sense, his top-seeded Anteaters are somewhat a victim of the college basketball tournament system.
But on the other side of things, Cal Poly is working that system, extending their improbable run through the Big West Championship Tournament right into the final round, as they knocked off the regular season...
Via Fox Sports West
March 15, 2014
UC Irvine captures Big West regular season title
IRVINE, Calif. -- Super Bowl XLVIII might have been the best thing to happen to the UC Irvine basketball team during the conference season.
A team built on defense, head coach Russell Turner has used that game as an example of just how far a defense can take a team ever since.
Saturday, that defense let very few shots through the net and finished off its night by cutting the...
Via Fox Sports West
March 08, 2014
Irvine stymied in 91-63 loss to No. 13 Oregon
UC Irvine coach Russell Turner found it hard to find many positives after the Anteaters were thrashed 91-63 by No. 13 Oregon on Tuesday night, and pointed to turnovers and lax defense.
''We got dominated,'' Turner said. ''That wasn't much fun. I give Oregon credit for that.''
Will Davis II had 20 points for the Anteaters (6-6) and Luke Nelson added 13 points, five rebounds and...
Via AP on Fox
December 18, 2013
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Last modified: 26 March 2013
Image: Andy Hay
It's feared the ongoing bad weather may be responsible for the deaths of hundreds of seabirds of the east coast of the UK.
RSPB Scotland has received many reports of puffins, as well as razorbills and guillemots washing up on beaches from Aberdeenshire and Angus to Northumberland.
The conservation charity believes severe weather may have led to birds struggling to find food or succumbing to exhaustion, although the exact causes are currently unknown.
A RSPB Scotland spokesperson said: "This may be the worst puffin 'wreck' we have seen for almost half a century. Despite their small stature puffins are fairly hardy birds, adept at coping with the harsh conditions of life at sea. So to hear that so many have been discovered dead is unusual and worrying. We are in close contact with experts from the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology to learn more about what is happening but it appears that the prolonged and unprecedented weather is making life extremely difficult for this species.
"We are fast approaching the start of the seabird breeding season, where tens of thousands of seabirds return to their colonies to raise their young. The recent events could have a impact on the success of this year's puffin breeding season, a species already suffering population declines. The RSPB, with the help of volunteers, will be closely monitoring the fortunes of this species and many other seabirds throughout the summer months."
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1 of 1 Item
Searched for: all images in "Specifications of inventions..."
Great Britain. Patent Office
Patents -- Great Britain -- Periodicals
Science, Industry and Business Library / General Collection Division
All Any
Image ID: 1820322
Newton's Specification. (Sept. 17, 1878)
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Lady Audleys Secret
Lady Audley 's Secret A novel of many elements Lady Audley 's Secret is a novel written in 1861 by Mary Elizabeth Braddon . It is no doubt a novel of many elements . Mary Elizabeth Braddon 's sensational novel Lady Audley 's Secret presents the astonishing and cynical notion the sort of surprise at the fictional company one is keeping , or at the view of the world it is central to a whole genre of fiction . It best fits under the category of melodrama of sensational genre , and the genre of mystery p
The novel was originally produced in three volumes along with a serialized magazine version and , later , a single volume edition . The novel , Lady Audley 's Secret is closely associated to the street literature and news accounts of real crimes . The crimes in this work of fiction are concealed , masked and secret . The term melodrama has come to be applied to any play with romantic plot in which an author manipulates events to act on the emotions of the audience without regard for character development or logic . Everything that Lady Audley does in this novel seems calculated . Unlike violent stories of the past in which a criminal kills for the sake of killing , Lady Audley is brilliant in bigamy , arson , and murder The nature of her crimes reflect a general fear of intimate and buried violence , suggesting a growing anxiety about being threatened from within . Her moves are all calculated and planned keeping in mind the consequences also . Murders and robberies spring from a specific social context . Murders in Victorian melodramas are often the result of elaborate plans to conceal identity , right a wrong or improve social status
The novel opens with the marriage of a beautiful , blonde orphan Lucy Graham , to a widower Sir Michael Audley . Braddon presents Sir Michael and Lucy Audley 's relationship as a foundationally deceptive relationship that eventually leads to their separation . Lucy , a governess for the doctor Mr . Dawson , was married to George Talboys who was not able to offer her the life she always wanted , she becomes angry and depressed as George has to leave for Australia to earn fortune Eventually she sees an opportunity to start over and she grabs it , for the sake she leaves her child , changes her name and goes out as a governess . When the wealthy Sir Michael Audley proposes , she accepts and goes from the life as governess to the life of a Lady , afterwards discussed how George returns along with Robert , Sir Michael 's nephew After seeing the potrait George disappeared and Robert begins to find clues suspects to the involvement of Lady Audley , and he slowly begins to collect evidence against her . On searching the possession of George he find a book with a note written by George 's wife that matches Lady Audley 's handwriting . This further proved to Robert that Lady Audley was a liar and was involved in George 's disappearance . After a series of confrontation with Robert , Lucy confesses about her...
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Brucella melitensis
Brucella melitensis | |
A photomicrograph of the bacterium Brucella melitensis | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
Class: | Alpha Proteobacteria |
Order: | Rhizobiales |
Family: | Brucellaceae |
Genus: | Brucella |
Species: | B. melitensis |
Binomial name | |
Brucella melitensis |
Synonyms | |
Brucella neotomae |
Brucella melitensis is a gram negative coccobacillus bacteria from the Brucellaceae family. The bacterium causes Ovine Brucellosis, along with Brucella ovis. It can infect sheep, cattle, and sometimes humans and it can be transmitted by the stable fly. It is zoonotic, unlike Brucella ovis, causing Malta fever or localized brucellosis in humans.
Pathogenesis & Disease[edit]
The bacterium causes severe inflammation of the epididymis, causing formation of spermatocoeles and fibrinous adhesions. This disease is known as ovine brucellosis. It can also cause epididymitis in cattle. Ovine brucellosis is a notifiable disease(Reference? In which jurisdiction(s) is it notifiable?). A cure for it was discovered by Sir Temi Żammit in the early 1900s.
It is also reported to cause reproductive disease such as orchitis, mastitis, and abortions.
See also[edit]
- Brucella melitensis, reviewed and published by Wikivet at http://en.wikivet.net/Brucella_melitensis, accessed 24/08/2011.
External links[edit]
- Brucella melitensis genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
- Brucella melitensis 16M genome information
This veterinary medicine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
This Proteobacteria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |