text: Executive Summary Introduction The Trinity River, located in northwest California, has historically been a major producer of fish and wildlife resources. Of special importance to humans has been the abundant chinook and coho salmon and steelhead. For thousands of years, members of the Hoopa, Yurok, and other tribes depended on the rich and bountiful Trinity River fishery. The first non-Indians to the region also used the fishery. Historic records of fish abundance are problematic; however, one estimate suggested that 168,000 chinook salmon migrated into the Klamath/Trinity River watershed as recently as the mid-twentieth century (half of which may have entered the Trinity River). In 1955, Congress authorized the construction of Lewiston and Trinity Dams on the Trinity River, and associated structures to export water into the Central Valley of California. From 1965-97 approximately 74 percent of Trinity=s water above Lewiston was exported. The dramatically reduced instream flows resulted in substantial detrimental changes to the river, with associated declines in anadromous fish production. In 1981, the Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) directed the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) to conduct a study of the effectiveness of increased flows in restoring salmon and steelhead populations. The Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) of 1992 (Public Law 102-575) directed the Secretary to complete the study and—provided the Hoopa Valley Tribe concur—implement accordingly. In 1994, an Environmental Impact Statement/Report was initiated to evaluate a range of alternatives to restore the natural production of anadromous fish on the mainstem Trinity River. This Executive Summary presents an overview of the Trinity River Mainstem Fishery Restoration Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report (FEIS/EIR). Purpose and Need for the Action The purpose of the proposed action is to restore and maintain the natural production of anadromous fish on the Trinity River mainstem downstream of Lewiston Dam. The need for this action results from Congress: (1) mandate that diversions of water from the Trinity River to the Central Valley Project not be detrimental to Trinity River fish and wildlife resources; (2) finding that construction and operation of the Trinity River Diversion (TRD), as well as other factors, have contributed to detrimental effects to habitat and have resulted in drastic reductions in anadromous fish populations; (3) finding that restoration of depleted stocks of naturally produced anadromous fish is critical to the dependent tribal, commercial, and sport fisheries; and (4) confirmation of the federal trust responsibility to protect tribal fishery resources affected by the TRD. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For purposes of the FEIS/EIR Arestore@ is defined as reviving the well-being, vitality, and use thereof. The Trinity River FEIS/EIR does not establish specific salmon population targets due to the complexity, uncertainty, and confounding factors in identifying and monitoring such targets. Instead, the FEIS/EIR is premised on a Ahealthy river@ concept. The FEIS/EIR assumes that restoration of pre-dam attributes—such as alternate bar sequences, effective sediment transport, and dynamic riparian communities—will result in the restoration of anadromous fish production. The purpose and need for the proposed action is supported by legislative, executive, and judicial authorities and decisions. Among the more prominent is the Trinity River Act of 1955 (P.L. 84-386), which stated that water diversions from the Trinity should not be detrimental to the river and that the Secretary Aadopt appropriate measures to insure the preservation and propagation of fish and wildlife@ in the Trinity River Basin. In January 1981, the Secretary signed a Secretarial Decision directing the Service to conduct a 12-year Trinity River Flow Evaluation Study (TRFE) summarizing the effectiveness of flow restoration to restore the fishery. The Secretary=s action was based in part on tribal trust responsibilities. In 1984, the Trinity River Basin Fish and Wildlife Management Restoration Project Act (P.L. 98-541) authorized programs Ato restore natural fish and wildlife populations to levels approximating those which existed immediately prior to the construction of the Trinity Division.@ In October 1992, the CVPIA was enacted by Congress. It directed the Secretary to develop recommendations for permanent instream flow requirements, TRD operating criteria, and procedures for restoring and maintaining the Trinity River fishery. The act acknowledged the federal government=s trust responsibility to the Hoopa Valley Tribe by requiring tribal involvement in the TRFE and by increasing the interim instream releases (to 340,000 acre-feet/year [af/yr]) to restore the fishery. In 1996, amendments to the 1984 Trinity River Basin Fish and Wildlife Management Act (P.L. 104- 143) clarified that Arestoration is to be measured not only by returning adult anadromous fish spawners, but by the ability of dependent tribal, commercial, and sport fisheries to participate fully Y in the benefits of restoration.@ Tribal Trust The Hoopa Valley, Karuk, Klamath, and Yurok Tribes are officially recognized by the federal government, with the Hoopa Valley and Yurok Tribes being most strongly associated with the Trinity River. Tribal issues are prominent in the FEIS/EIR. The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation was established in 1864. The reservation generally consists of a 144-square-mile block of land bisected by the lower Trinity River. In 1988, Congress, via the Hupa-Yurok Settlement Act (P.L. 100-580), established the Yurok Indian Reservation, which is bisected by the lower Klamath River. Several court rulings have established that an important AIndian purpose@ for the reservations was to reserve the tribes= rights to take fish from the Klamath and Trinity Rivers. Central Valley Project and Trinity River Division The TRD is one of nine divisions of the Central Valley Project (CVP). The TRD consists of Trinity and Lewiston dams and reservoirs, as well as associated powerplants, tunnels, dams, reservoirs, and other features. The TRD is operated and maintained by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The primary purpose for the TRD was to increase the II RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY supply of water for irrigation and other beneficial uses in the Central Valley of California. Congress stated that "surplus" water could be exported without detrimental effects to Trinity River fish and wildlife. From 1965-97 an average of 988,000 acre-feet (af) was exported annually from the Trinity River into the Central Valley (range 218,000-1,799,000), representing about 74 percent of the inflow above Trinity Dam. Exported Trinity River water is used for irrigation, municipal and industrial uses (M&I), hydropower, and fish and wildlife purposes in the Central Valley and Bay-Delta. The CVP supplies irrigation water to approximately 200 water districts, individuals, and companies through annual contracts for 4.5 million acre-feet (maf) of water. M&I water is supplied to 40 districts and utilities through contracts for 0.5 maf. The CVP includes 20 reservoirs, with combined storage capacity of 11 maf; 9 powerplants and 2 pumping-generating plants with a maximum capacity of 2 million kilowatts (kW); and approximately 500 miles of major canals and aqueducts. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NEPA and CEQA The FEIS/EIR is intended to comply with both the federal National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). By preparing a single document that complies with both statutes, the involved agencies have avoided duplication of effort. The statutes are similar in that they require federal and state agencies to consider a range of alternatives to meet the project purpose, to evaluate the impacts of the alternatives, and to disclose the alternatives and impacts to the public prior to making a commitment of resources. The statutes differ in several ways, two of the more substantive being: • CEQA requires state agencies to implement feasible mitigation whereas NEPA requires only that federal agencies consider mitigation • CEQA requires that proposed actions be compared to existing conditions whereas NEPA requires only that they be compared to future conditions without the project. Description of Alternatives Alternatives were developed to provide a reasonable range of actions that satisfied the purpose and need (per NEPA), and goals and objectives (per CEQA), and were feasible. Alternatives were selected based on public input, scientific information, and professional judgement. Preferred Alternative The Flow Evaluation Alternative, coupled with additional watershed protection efforts (described in the Mechanical Restoration Alternative), was identified as the preferred alternative because it best meets the purpose, need, goals, and objectives, while also minimizing adverse impacts. In addition, the preferred alternative achieved the following screening criteria, which were jointly developed by the four co-leads (Service, Reclamation, Hoopa Valley Tribe, and Trinity County). The preferred alternative: • Substantially increases natural production of anadromous fish on the Trinity River mainstem • Substantially restores inriver and ocean fishing opportunities • Improves tribal access to trust resources • Balances environmental and social beneficial and adverse impacts across the Trinity River Basin, Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area, and the Central Valley Basin while meeting the mandate from the SWRCB in Water Rights Orders 90-05 and 90-01 to cause no harm to the Trinity River fishery as a result of diversions to the Sacramento River for temperature control • Allows for the continued operation of the TRD including water exports • Limits flooding impacts on the Trinity River Given these criteria, the co-leads determined that the Flow Evaluation Alternative represented the best overall approach to substantially increasing natural production of IV RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY anadromous fish and fishing opportunities, while allowing for continued water exports and flood control. The proposed watershed protection activities were included as part of the preferred alternative because: (1) they have been shown to help restore fish habitat by reducing sediment inputs to the Trinity River mainstem; (2) they are consistent with the Record of Decision (ROD) for the Northwest Forest Plan and its Aquatic Conservation Strategy to reduce upslope sediment production by improving drainage on necessary roads, while also decommissioning roads that no longer serve management purposes; (3) they are consistent with the Total Maximum Daily Load process established under the Clean Water Act, which has identified the Trinity River as a waterbody impaired by sediment and in need of remedial measures; and (4) a broad range of interest groups specifically requested that non-flow watershed protection measures be fully considered for inclusion into the preferred alternative. The 600 thousand acre-feet (taf) carryover storage level associated with the Flow Evaluation Alternative would be maintained for the Preferred Alternative except in exceedingly dry years if deemed necessary to avoid potentially infeasible operations at Shasta Dam. In such years (identified as potentially occurring in the future per the modeling analysis under the cumulative scenario), carryover storage would be reduced to 400 taf. No Action Alternative The No Action Alternative represents the anticipated future condition in the year 2020 in the absence of project implementation. No Action assumes no implementation of any of the provisions or programs of the CVPIA, and is, therefore, identical to the No Action Alternative in the CVPIA Programmatic EIS (PEIS) being completed by Reclamation. Under this alternative, approximately 340 thousand acre feet (taf) of water would be released annually down the Trinity River (actual releases may vary due to Safety of Dam releases and other unscheduled events). The remaining water, approximately 870 taf (on average), would be exported to the Central Valley (Table ES-1). Peak Trinity River releases of 2,000 cfs would occur around mid-May; flows during the remainder of the year would range from 300-450 cfs. This alternative assumes that the 27 existing channel rehabilitation projects would be mechanically maintained and that approximately 3,400 cubic yards (yd3) of spawning gravel would be placed in the river every year. The alternative also assumes that other ongoing TRRP projects—such as dredging sediment-control ponds and operation of Buckhorn Reservoir—would continue. Maximum Flow Alternative This alternative calls for operating the TRD solely to store and release into the Trinity River all inflow on a prescribed pattern by year type. Scheduled annual releases would average 1,225 taf, ranging from 463 taf in critically dry water years to 2,146 taf in extremely wet water years. Peak releases of 30,000 cfs would occur for about 5 days in May in extremely wet water years. No water would be exported to the Central Valley. The large flows associated with this alternative would reshape and maintain the geomorphology of the river without the aid of mechanical maintenance except for placement of spawning gravel. Spawning gravel needs would average 16,400 yd3 annually, but could be 100,000 yd3 or greater in extremely wet water years. Achieving the large releases called for under this alternative would require modification of Trinity Dam. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) V TABLE ES-1 Summary of Impacts Compared to No Action Preferred Hydrologic Alternative to Conditions or No Action in Maximum Percent Mechanical State Existing Issue Other Variable Year 2020 Flow Flow Study Inflow Restoration Permit Conditions Releases into Trinity River Critically Dry 340,000 af +36% +9% -51% 0% -65% +9% Dry 340,000 af +160% +33% -5% 0% -65% +33% Normal 340,000 af +250% +90% +30% 0% -65% +87% Wet 340,000 af +340% +110% +93% 0% -65% +110% Extremely Wet 340,000 af +530% +140% +190% 0% -65% +140% Trinity River Exports to Dry Periods 540,000 af -100% -30% -2% 0% +39% -28% Central Valley Long-term Average 870,000 af -100% -28% -16% 0% +23% -28% Trinity Reservoir Elevation Dry Periods 2,214' msl +57' +11' +18' No Change +4' +8' on Sept. 30 Long-term Average 2,285' msl -12' +1' +1 No Change +8' -3' Shasta Reservoir Dry Periods 933' msl -65' -11' -1' No Change +3' -17' Elevation on Sept. 30 Long-term Average 992' msl -15' -3' No No Change +4' -6" Change Delta Inflow Dry Periods 11,830,000 af -2% -1% 0% 0% +2% -1% Long-term Average 22,570,000 af -4% -1% -1% 0% +1% -1% Delta Outflow Dry Periods 6,320,000 af -1% 0% 0% 0% -1% 0% Long-term Average 14,710,000 af -3% -1% -1% 0% +1% -4% Exports at Tracy and Dry Periods 3,670,000 af -5% -2% 0% 0% +6% -3% Banks Pumping Plants in Long-term Average 5,950,000 af -6% -1% 0% 0% +1% +6% the Delta CVP Deliveries North of Dry Periods 2,680,000 af -6% -4% 0% 0% +2% +8% Delta Long-term Average 3,120,000 af -4% -1% 0% 0% +1% 11% CVP Deliveries South of Dry Periods 1,580,000 af -13% -3% +1% 0% +13% -6% Delta Long-term Average 2,570,000 af -13% -2% 0% 0% +2% -3% Days with Trinity River Critically Dry 78% (12%) 29% (0%) 6% (8%) 100% 78% (12%) 100% (12%) 84% (12%) Temperature Violations— (13%) State standards (percent Dry 24% (8%) 29% (2%) 1% (6%) 87% 24% (8%) 43% (15%) 0% (8%) of the year in violation of (12%) Hoopa Valley Tribe temperature standards) RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-VI (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-1 Summary of Impacts Compared to No Action Preferred Hydrologic Alternative to Conditions or No Action in Maximum Percent Mechanical State Existing Issue Other Variable Year 2020 Flow Flow Study Inflow Restoration Permit Conditions Normal 2% (31%) 28% (6%) 1% (15%) 86% 2% (31%) 61% (35%) 3% (31%) (29%) Wet 0% (27%) 28% (6%) 0% (8%) 72% 0% (27%) 86% (31%) 0% (27%) (23%) Extremely Wet 0% (0%) 73% (10%) 0% (0%) 53% (6%) 0% (0%) 59% (6%) 0% (0%) Months Sac. River Temp. Long-term Average 16% 23% 20% 20% 20% 16% 14% Violations Years Shasta Res. Long-term Average 12% 14% 12% 12% 12% 10% 9% Carryover Violations Trinity Escapement as % - .08 .81 .66 .23 .18 .00 .08 of TRRPa Goals Trinity River Fish - 11,300 +909% +741% +186% +117% -100% 0% Harvested Ocean Sportfishing - $42.2 +15% +14% +12% +11% -11% 40% Benefits (millions) Gross Commercial - $19.0 +45% +41% +28% +26% -37% - Salmon Revenue (millions) Index of Restoration of - .08 .81 .66 .23 .18 .00 .08 Trinity River Tribal Assets Rank of ability to Restore - 5 1 (Best) 2 3 4 6 5 Vegetation to Pre-Dam Conditions Trinity River Visitor Days - 317,200 +33% +22% -2% 0% -39% +79% Lower Klamath River - 13,200 +28% +24% +8% +5% -5% +84% Visitor Days Trinity Reservoir Visitor - 803,600 -5% +0% +1% 0% +5% +66% Days Shasta Reservoir Visitor - 5,682,700 -8% -2% 0% 0% +2% +60% Days Flooding Impacts to Trinity Properties/Cost 0/0 112/$14.3 1/$5.0 16/$6.0 0/0 0/0 0/0 RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-VII (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-1 Summary of Impacts Compared to No Action Preferred Hydrologic Alternative to Conditions or No Action in Maximum Percent Mechanical State Existing Issue Other Variable Year 2020 Flow Flow Study Inflow Restoration Permit Conditions River (excluding spills) (millions) CVP M&I Deliveries to Dry Periods 82,000 af -17.8% -12.2% +1.5% 0% +7.9% -9% Sacramento Valley Long-term Average 106,000 af -13.3% -3.5% -0.6% 0% +2.4% -22% CVP M&I Deliveries to Dry Periods 21,000 af -1.2% -0.4% +0.4% 0% +2.1% -14% San Joaquin Valley Long-term Average 27,000 af -2.2% -0.4% -0.1% 0% +0.5% -11% CVP M&I Deliveries to Bay Dry Periods 231,000 af -35.6% -22.4% +4.7% 0% +20.7% +8% Area Long-term Average 279,000 af -24.8% -5.1% -0.3% 0% +5.1% -6% San Joaquin Valley Dry Periods $5,168 +0.1% +0.1% 0.0% 0% +0.1% +15.6% Agriculture (millions) Long-term Average $5,195 -0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0% +0.0% +15.6% Tulare Basin Agriculture Dry Periods $4,513 +0.2% +0.1% 0.1% 0% +0.1% +18.4% (millions) Long-term Average $4,557 -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0% +0.0% +17.8% San Felipe Unit Agriculture Dry Periods $63 -25.8% -9.9% +3.6% 0% +37.8% -16.4% (millions) Long-term Average $98 -31.1% -6.0% -1.6% 0% +5.2% -9.8% CVP Hydropower Energy Dry Periods 2,946 GWh -25% -7% +1% 0% +9% - Long-term Average 5,169 GWh -21% -6% -3% 0% +4% - Value of Hydro-power Long-term Average -$26.0 -$5.6 -$7.0 $0 +$5.9 $9,029 (millions) Cost per MWh for Ave. Synthetic Ave. Year +$0.96 +$0.21 +$0.26 $0 -$0.22 $0.33 Customer Implementation Costs Total Cost 1998- $1.5 $30.3-$80.2 $71.8-$115.8 $13.8 $74.3 $1.6 - 1998-2020 (excluding 2020 (millions) mitigation and ongoing Major Expense Spawning Modify Dams Channel Rehab. Channel Channel Rehab. Spawning - TRRPa projects) b Gravel and Spawning and Adaptive Rehab- and Watershed Gravel Gravel Manage. ilitation Protection aTrinity River Restoration Program bMitigation includes residence and bridge relocation/modification, reservoir boat ramp modification, and other costs. Other TRRP projects include dredging of sediment ponds, operation of Buckhorn Dam, operation of the Trinity River Salmon and Steelhead Hatchery, and other projects. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-VIII (CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Flow Evaluation Alternative This alternative is based on the recommendations in the TRFE. Under this alternative, scheduled annual Trinity River releases would average 595 taf, ranging from 369 taf in critically dry water years to 815 taf in extremely wet water years. Peak releases of 11,000 cfs would occur for 5 days in May in extremely wet water years. Forty-seven mechanical channel rehabilitation projects would be constructed because flows would be too low to initiate necessary geomorphic changes. Approximately 10,300 yd3 of spawning gravel could be added to the river annually depending on year type and river condition. The alternative also calls for implementation of an adaptive management program. Adaptive management is a process that uses scientific methods to develop and test various management choices. Adaptive management is a valuable tool in managing systems or projects that are characterized by complexity, change, and uncertainty. Percent Inflow Alternative This alternative approximates natural flow patternsBat a reduced scaleBby releasing water into the Trinity River at a rate of 40 percent of the previous weeks inflow into Trinity Reservoir. Historical records suggest that Trinity River releases would average 500 taf annually (range 165-978 taf) with a peak release around 11,000 cfs. This alternative includes the mechanical construction of 47 channel rehabilitation projects. Spawning gravel needs are estimated to average 950 yd3 annually (range 0-4,650 yd3 ). Mechanical Restoration Alternative This alternative uses the same water management as No Action (i.e., annual releases of 340 taf). It builds upon No Action by constructing 47 new channel rehabilitation projects, mechanically maintaining both new and existing projects, and dredging 10 pools in the Trinity River mainstem. Spawning gravel needs would be the same as No Action. The alternative includes an ambitious watershed protection program (road decommissioning, maintenance) to reduce sediment input into tributaries and subsequently, the mainstem. State Permit Alternative This alternative was evaluated because it is the minimum flow under Reclamation=s existing water permit with the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). Evaluating the impacts of this alternativeBeven though it does not satisfy the purpose and needBfacilitates amending the existing SWRCB permit. The alternative would reduce scheduled Trinity River releases to 120.5 taf annually, regardless of water-year class. Peak releases would be 250 cfs for 30 days in November. No mechanical channel rehabilitation projects would be created or maintained. Spawning gravel placement would average 3,700 yd3 annually, all of which would be associated with unscheduled releases (e.g., Safety of Dam releases). Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences The affected environment was generally divided into three geographic regions; the Trinity River Basin, the Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Areas, and the Central Valley. The majority of the impact analyses depended, either directly or indirectly, on two models: the Project Simulation Model (PROSIM) and the healthy river model. PROSIM is a RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY computer model that is used to predict changes in CVP and State Water Project (SWP) operations under differing management and hydrologic scenarios. The model predicts monthly changes in water volumes at discrete points (e.g., reservoirs) in the CVP and SWP. Assumptions concerning operations (e.g., legal requirements), population growth, and land use changes were entered into the model. For purposes of the FEIS/EIR, the model used historical hydrological data from 1922-1990. The alternatives were assessed by using either the PROSIM output directly, or by using other models which used the PROSIM output as input (e.g., hydropower generation and agricultural production models). The healthy alluvial river model used a set of 10 alluvial river attributes to assess the ability of the alternatives to restore the health of the Trinity River. The attributes were: (1) channel geomorphology is spatially complex; (2) flows and water quality are predictably variable; (3) channel-bed surfaces are frequently mobilized; (4) channel-bed surfaces are periodically scoured and refilled; (5) fine and coarse sediment budgets are approximately balanced; (6) channel periodically migrates; (7) channel has a functional floodplain; (8) channel is occasionally reset during very large floods; (9) riparian plant communities are diverse and self-sustaining; and (10) the groundwater table fluctuates naturally with changing stream flows. The healthy alluvial river model was used to directly or indirectly assess changes in Trinity River geomorphology, fish populations, plant and wildlife communities, and other impacts. Geomorphic Environment Rivers are comprised of three primary building blocks: various sizes of sediment, varying amounts and stages of vegetation, and varying amounts of water. The interaction of these three building blocks can provide a diversity of physical structures, such as point bars and riffle-pool sequences, that perform a variety of environmental functions including providing habitat for fish. The Trinity River immediately downstream of Lewiston was once a meandering alluvial river characterized by such features. Since operation of the TRD, substantial portions of the river have developed berms that effectively channelize the river, changing its habitat characteristics. A healthy alluvial river model was created to assess the effectiveness of the alternatives in restoring pre-dam Trinity River attributes. No Action, Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, Mechanical Restoration, and State Permit scored 8, 81, 66, 23, 18, and 0 percent, respectively, using the model (a score of 100 would fully achieve all the pre-dam attributes. The healthy alluvial river model was the founda- tion on which several other analyses depended (e.g., Fisheries). Impacts to the geomorphic environment in the lower Klamath River and Central Valley (i.e., Sacramento River) where negligible. Water Resources TRD operations are integrated with operations of the Shasta Division to allow for maximiz- ing the use of TRD exports for meeting agricultural, M&I, environmental (including fishery) and Delta water quality needs. Water resources were assessed in terms of surface hydrology and water management, and groundwater. Reclamation's PROSIM model (using 1922-90 hydrologic data) was the primary tool used in assessing changes in surface hydrology and water management. Impacts to surface hydrology and water management (i.e., CVP operations) were evaluated; however, these effects were not considered impacts to X RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the environment per se, but rather, they were agents that lead to impacts assessed elsewhere in the document (e.g., Water Quality). The most affected CVP contractor group is assumed to be those holding water service contracts, given such contracts provide for reductions in water deliveries of up to 100 percent in particularly dry years. In contrast to surface hydrology and water management, effects on groundwater were considered an environmental impact. Historically, extensive groundwater pumping occurred in the Central Valley to meet agricultural needs, sometimes leading to severe overdraft conditions and land subsidence. Although surface water development (e.g., CVP and SWP) reduced reliance on groundwater, overdraft pumping still occurs. For example, annual withdrawals in the San Joaquin area exceed groundwater yield by 200,000 af. The analysis in the FEIS/EIR assumed that reduced CVP water deliveries would lead to increased groundwater pumping in the Central Valley. Groundwater pumping in the Trinity River Basin and lower Klamath River is negligible. Trinity River Basin. Surface hydrology and water management effects to the Trinity River in the year 2020 would not change under No Action assumptions. Under No Action and Mechanical Restoration, Trinity River flows at Lewiston would remain the same as current conditions (340,000 af/yr). These flows are generally higher than those in the two decades following dam construction, but they are still far below pre-dam levels. As evidence of that, 340,000 af/yr represents the third lowest recorded and potential flow (based on Trinity Reservoir inflows) at Lewiston since 1912. Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, and Percent Inflow would, on average, increase releases above No Action levels by 263, 75, and 41 percent, respectively, whereas State Permit would reduce releases by 65 percent. The effect of TRD releases on river flows decreases with distance downstream of the dam (most dramatically, from the North Fork Trinity River confluence on down) due to the accretion of flows from tributaries. Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, and Percent Inflow would increase Klamath River discharges to the ocean by approximately 7, 2, and 1 percent, respectively. State Permit would decrease Klamath discharges by 2 percent. These changes are generally negligible. Central Valley. Under No Action and Mechanical Restoration the TRD would divert approximately 870 taf annually to the Central Valley (actual diversions may be less due to spills and Safety of Dam criteria). Under Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, and State Permit the TRD would divert 0, 630, 730, and 1,070 taf, respectively. Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, and Percent Inflow would reduce the amount of water delivered to CVP contractors and Delta inflow. Under No Action conditions, groundwater pumping, and associated land subsidence, would increase in some parts of the Central Valley (e.g., Yolo, San Joaquin/Tulare areas due to increased water demand driven by population growth. Maximum Flow would substantially exacerbate these effects. Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow would result in localized groundwater elevation declines and land subsidence compared to No Action. Impacts would be most substantial in the vicinity of areas dominated by water service contractors who are assumed to increase groundwater pumping in response to reduced CVP deliveries. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) XI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Water Quality The primary water quality concerns in the FEIS/EIR are Trinity and Sacramento River water temperatures, Trinity River turbidity, and Bay-Delta salinity levels. Criteria regarding Trinity River temperature, turbidity, and sediment are administered by the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board and the Hoopa Valley Tribe. The temperature criteria were established to maintain cool water temperatures for the benefit of the fishery. In regards to the Sacramento River, the 1993 biological opinion on CVP operational impacts to the endangered winter run chinook salmon is a significant management criteria. The opinion requires certain temperatures at various points in the Sacramento River for the conservation of the species, and that Shasta Reservoir be operated to maintain at least 1.9 maf of storage on September 30. TRD exports are used in conjunction with Shasta releases to assist in meeting the criteria. Trinity River Basin. Flow Evaluation meets the state temperature criteria 99 percent or more of the time in all water-year classes except critically dry, where the criteria are met 94 percent of the time. That compliance rate is substantially better than all the other alterna- tives including No Action. The improvement is in large part, due to shifting TRD diversions from spring to summer, thereby not allowing water to warm in Lewiston Reservoir. Use of Trinity Powerplant bypass operations increases Flow Evaluation compliance with state temperature criteria to 100 percent in all water-year classes, but no improvement was seen with bypasses for Percent Inflow and Maximum Flow. Flow Evaluation meets the Hoopa Valley Tribe's temperature criteria an average of 92 percent of the time, with Maximum Flow showing the best compliance at 96 percent. No Action, State Permit, and Percent Inflow meet tribal temperature criteria an average of 83 percent, 78 percent, and 82 percent of the time, respectively. Short-term exceedance of the state turbidity criteria could occur as a result of the channel rehabilitation projects in Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, and Mechanical Restoration. These projects would undergo site-specific environmental review that could include mitigating measures to reduce turbidity. The watershed protection work in Mechanical Restoration would reduce sediment inputs into tributaries, and subsequently, into the Trinity River by 240,000-480,000 yd3/yr, which is approximately 9-17 percent of the average annual sediment produced in the basin. Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Lewiston Dam releases would have a negligible concern on lower Klamath River temperatures due to the large water volumes in the Klamath and the accretion of tributary inflow to the Trinity River below the dam. The watershed protection work in Mechanical Restoration could result in minor reductions to lower Klamath sediment loads. Central Valley. Model simulations indicate that increased water demands due to popula- tion growth and other factors not related to the alternatives in the FEIS/EIR would increase temperature violations in the Sacramento River from 14 to 16 percent from 1995 to 2020. Flow Evaluation increased the violation frequency to 20.5 percent, with all other alternatives having less impact, except Maximum Flow, which increased to 22.8 percent. Maximum Flow was the only alternative that increased Shasta carryover violations. Maximum Flow would result in the largest reduction in Delta inflows, and therefore, the most adverse impacts to Delta water quality conditions. The Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow alternatives were also identified to have modeled impacts to Delta water quality. XII RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fishery Resources The primary fishery resources in the Trinity River are chinook (fall and spring runs) and coho salmon and steelhead (winter and summer runs). Pre-dam estimates of run size suggest dramatic declines since construction of the TRD. For example, the post-dam natural inriver spawning escapement for fall chinook is only 27 percent of the pre-dam estimate. Current salmon and steelhead populations are all well below the Trinity River Restoration Program (TRRP) goals (Table ES-2). Currently, Trinity River coho are listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act and steelhead are listed as a candidate species. TABLE ES-2 Trinity River Restoration Program Goals and Recent Escapement Estimates Recent Escapements as Population Inriver Goals Percent-age of Goals Hatchery Goals Total Goals Fall Chinook 62,000 20% 9,000 71,000 Spring Chinook 6,000 40% 3,000 9,000 Coho 1,400 14% 2,100 3,500 aWinter Steelhead 40,000 5%b 10,000 50,000 aGoalsfor summer steelhead have not been established. Recent estimates of run size range from 20-1,037; pre-dam estimates upstream of Lewiston averaged 8,000. bActual escapement may be higher because winter flows often preclude sampling. Implementation of the alternatives for purposes of restoring the natural production of anadromous fish in the Trinity River could also effect other fish populations in the river, in the TRD reservoirs, and in the Central Valley and Bay-Delta. Federally listed species that could be indirectly impacted include the endangered Sacramento River winter run chinook and threatened Sacramento River spring run chinook salmon, Delta smelt, and Sacramento splittail. Species proposed for federal listing that could be indirectly impacted include the fall run of the Central Valley chinook salmon. Trinity River Basin. Under No Action, the combined spawning escapement for chinook and coho salmon and steelhead in the year 2020 would represent only 8 percent of the TRRP goal. Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, and Mechanical Restoration would increase the spawning escapement to 81, 66, 23, and 18 percent of the goals, respectively. The alternatives would likely also improve conditions for resident native and non-native fish. The bass fishery in Trinity Reservoir would be adversely affected by Maximum Flow; spawning and rearing indices fell below the target range in 10 percent of the simulated years. Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow could also adversely affect fish spawning in the reservoir, but to a less than significant degree whereas State Permit would increase spawn- ing habitat. (Inriver and reservoir sport fishing economics were assessed in the Recreation section: The economic value of tribal inriver fishing was not assessed); however, tribes are allocated 50 percent of the allowable harvest). Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. The increased flows and other actions associated with Maximum Flow and Flow Evaluation would substantially benefit native anadromous fish in the lower Klamath River and coastal areas. Conversely, the decreased flows associated with State Permit would have substantial adverse affects. For resident native and non-native fish, the Maximum Flow and Flow Evaluation would also result in RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) XIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY some improvement; the Percent Inflow and Mechanical Restoration would result in no change compared to No Action; and the State Permit would result in adverse impacts. Ocean commercial and sport fishing would benefit substantially under Maximum Flow and Flow Evaluation. The largest benefits would occur in the Klamath Mountain Zone (KMZ) regions in California and Oregon and the Mendocino Coastal Area in California where salmon landed, gross harvest revenue, and net harvest income to commercial fishers would all increase from 425-933 percent over No Action levels and economic benefits to sport fishing (including both private and charter boat operators) would increase 52-74 percent. Benefits in the San Francisco and Monterey regions would be minor or non-existent. Central Valley. Compared to 1995 existing conditions, No Action showed adverse temperature related impacts to Sacramento River salmon due to increased water demands in 2020. Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, and Percent Inflow showed adverse impacts above those in No Action. Impacts to fishery economics in the Central Valley would be negligible. Tribal Trust The importance of the Trinity and Klamath Rivers to the Hoopa and Yurok Tribes is evident by the location and shape of the reservations. The 144-square-mile Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation is bisected by the lower portion of the Trinity River and the Yurok Reservation is bisected by the Klamath River from its mouth to the confluence with the Trinity. A wide variety of trust assets, ranging from fish to riparian plants to wildlife, could be affected by the alternatives. Therefore, it was decided to use the healthy alluvial river model as a tool for assessing impacts to tribal assets. The FEIS/EIR focuses on the Hoopa Valley and Yurok Tribes; however, the alternatives could indirectly affect other tribes in the region. Trinity River Basin and Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Based on the healthy alluvial river model, the Trinity River would exhibit in the year 2020 approximately 8 percent of the attributes it had prior to the dams. In contrast, Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, Mechanical Restoration, and State Permit would result in a Trinity River in the year 2020 that exhibits 81, 66, 23, 18, and 0 percent, respectively, of the pre-dam attributes. Maximum Flow and Flow Evaluation were determined to provide substantial benefits to tribal assets whereas Percent Inflow and Mechanical Restoration provided only marginal improvements. Vegetation, Wildlife, and Wetlands Prior to dam construction, the hydrograph of the Trinity River was characterized by high winter and spring flows and greatly reduced summer flows, with great inter-year variability. The result was a mosaic of early-successional (a young vegetation community) willow-scrub vegetation and scattered patches of more mature willow-alder and alder- dominated communities. Due to the TRD, riparian vegetation has increased by 300 percent in the 40 river miles immediately downstream of the dam. The vegetative communities have also matured, with detrimental effects. Wildlife impacts were assessed for the bald eagle, foothill yellow-legged frog, western pond turtle, and willow flycatcher. The eagle is federally listed as threatened, the flycatcher is state listed as endangered. The frog and turtle are rare riverine species that, along with the flycatcher, serve as indicators of impacts to wildlife in general. Wetland acreage has likely declined since construction of the TRD XIV RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY because the river channel migrates less frequently and less area is now inundated by the peak flows. Trinity River Basin. Under No Action the harmful encroachment and maturation of riparian vegetation would continue. Maximum Flow ranked best in restoring pre-dam riparian conditions, followed by Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, and Mechanical Restoration, in that order. State Permit would result in further degradation compared to No Action levels. No Action would likely result in continued adverse impacts to the foothill yellow-legged frog, western pond turtle, and willow flycatcher, whereas Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, and Mechanical Restoration would all be beneficial as a result of increasing suitable habitat. However, Percent Inflow may be most beneficial to the frog and turtle because flows would coincide with natural hydrology. Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow could displace a small amount of remnant fringe wetlands in the short-term as a result of the channel rehabilitation projects; however, it is anticipated that the increased flows associated with the alternatives would result in more wetland acreage in the long- term. State Permit would result in a decrease in wetland acreage. Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Significant impacts to riparian vegetation, wildlife, and wetlands are not anticipated in this geographic area. Central Valley. Significant impacts to riparian vegetation, wildlife, and wetlands are not anticipated in this geographic area. Recreation Recreation related impacts were assessed for the Trinity River and for CVP reservoirs, primarily Trinity and Shasta. Recreation related impacts include those to rafting, kayaking, camping, swimming, boat ramps, and sport fishing. Impacts from Trinity River and lower Klamath River sport fishing were assessed as part of the recreation assessment (commercial fishing and ocean sport fishing were assessed under Fishery Resources; tribal fishing was not evaluated from an economic perspective). Recreation impacts were assessed in terms of opportunities, use (i.e., visitor days), and benefits (willingness to pay). Trinity River Basin. All of the alternatives showed some benefits and some adverse impacts to recreation opportunities on the Trinity River, depending on the activity, time of year, and water-year class. Maximum Flow showed substantial improvement in terms of river use and benefits, but adverse impacts at Trinity Reservoir due to the large fluctuations in reservoir levels which makes boat ramps unusable substantially more often than is expected under No Action. Flow Evaluation was the only alternative to show increases in recreation use and benefits at both the river and reservoir, with reservoir recreation use and benefits changing less than 1 percent. State Permit showed the most adverse impacts on the river by a substantial amount (it essentially ended sport fishing), but it showed the largest increase in reservoir use and benefits, although by a comparatively smaller margin. The Trinity River is designated a federal and state Wild and Scenic River, primarily due to its fishery. Maximum Flow and Flow Evaluation would be substantially better at meeting the purposes of the designation than would the other alternatives. Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. The only measurable recreation impacts on the lower Klamath River were those related to sport fishing. Maximum Flow and Flow RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) XV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Evaluation substantially increased sport fishing use and benefits whereas State Permit showed an adverse impact. Central Valley. Maximum Flow substantially adversely impacted recreation use and benefits at Shasta Reservoir. Flow Evaluation modestly adversely impacted reservoir recreation whereas State Permit showed modest benefits. Land Use The Trinity and lower Klamath River Basins are comprised primarily of forested public land; small communities occur along the Trinity and Klamath Rivers and some of their tributaries. Land use in the Central Valley is dominated by agriculture. There are also several large urban areas and numerous smaller communities. Impacts were assessed to residential/M&I uses, agricultural uses, and real estate. Trinity River Basin. Scheduled peak releases under No Action would not flood existing residences and structures along the Trinity River; however, uncontrolled operational spills have historically inundated such areas and could occur again in the future. Maximum Flow would cause the most flood damage, followed by Percent Inflow, Flow Evaluation, State Permit, and Mechanical Restoration, in that order. Maximum Flow would make inaccessible 79 properties due to road and bridge flooding. Flooding impacts associated with Percent Inflow would be larger than Flow Evaluation (even though their peak releases are comparable) because the peak releases would likely coincide with high tributary inflows. Impacts under State Permit could be slightly higher than No Action (even though scheduled peak releases are less) due to the increased likelihood of major spill events. No impacts to M&I or agricultural lands are anticipated. Based on the assumption that the value of real estate adjacent to the Trinity Reservoir would increase with decreasing range of reservoir surface-water fluctuations, Flow Evaluation ranked first overall in increasing property values, followed by Maximum Flow, Percent Inflow and State Permit (tied), and No Action and Mechanical Restoration (tied). Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Impacts to residential/M&I, agriculture, and real estate are not anticipated in this region. Central Valley. Under No Action and average hydrological conditions, M&I water supplies in the CVP service areas would generally be adequate in the year 2020; however, drought conservation and additional supplies would be needed during dry periods. Maximum Flow would decrease M&I supplies by 8-13 percent over the long-term and 22 percent during dry periods. Retail prices would increase by approximately one to two percent depending on the subregion. Changes to CVP M&I supplies under Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow would be modest to negligible, with retail water prices increasing less than one percent over the long-term. Conversely, retail water prices would decrease by less than one percent under State Permit. Potential impacts to agricultural production would be greatest for the Maximum Flow. Alternative, given no TRD exports would occur under this alternative. Average long-term deliveries would be reduced by 366,000 af; however, it was assumed that much of this would be replaced by additional groundwater pumping (additional pumping would not be an option in some areas so fallowed land could increase). Impacts to irrigated acres and gross revenue would be especially severe to water service contractors (because of the nature XVI RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY of their contracts) such as those in the San Felipe Unit, Tehama-Colusa, and Westlands service areas. Depreciation in land values could occur in these areas. Under Maximum Flow, impacts during dry periods are proportionately less than those for No Action due to the assumption that water conservation measures would be implemented. Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow would generally result in similar types of impacts to Central Valley agriculture, although at a reduced scale. The additional deliveries resulting from State Permit did not show large benefits due to the assumption that groundwater pumping would be reduced accordingly. Maximum Flow also had the largest impact on real estate values associated with Shasta Reservoir. Power Resources The CVP includes 11 hydroelectric generation facilities; the four TRD facilities (Trinity, Lewiston, Judge Francis Carr, and Spring Creek powerplants) generate approximately 30 percent of all CVP power and are comparatively efficient due to the high elevation of the reservoirs. CVP hydropower is transmitted and distributed throughout much of California in an extensive power grid operated by the Western Area Power Administration. Due to this extensive grid, regional analyses of power were not conducted. Hydropower produc- tion is an authorized purpose of the CVP, but is subordinate to navigation, flood control, water supply, fish and wildlife, and other purposes. Currently, about 30 percent of the power generated by the CVP is used to operate the project (known as project use loads: e.g., the Delta pumps). Preference power customers (e.g., municipalities and irrigation districts), of which there are 78, are specifically entitled to preference in terms of the remaining power. Simulations of 1920-90 hydrologic data indicate that Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, and Percent Inflow would reduce the long-term energy production of the CVP by 21, 6, and 3 percent, respectively. However, some of this loss power generation would be offset by decreased project use loads as a result of reduced exports (e.g., less water would be pumped from the Delta). Indeed, Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow showed an increase in energy available for sale in September during average conditions. Long-term power generation would remain unchanged under Mechanical Restoration and increase four percent under State Permit. Flow Evaluation and Percent Inflow were designed to delay TRD exports to later in the summer (compared to No Action), in part to improve Trinity River tempera- tures. A byproduct of that shift is an increase in on-peak power generation. The value of hydropower generation impacts ranged from a loss of $26 million under Maximum Flow to an increase of $6 million under State Permit. Socioeconomics For purposes of socioeconomics analysis the Trinity River Basin was defined as Shasta and Trinity Counties, due to the interaction between the counties in regards to recreation-related spending. Impacts to the Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Areas were assessed for each of six different coastal regions between Monterey, California, and the Washington/Oregon border. Trinity River Basin. Projected growth in the Trinity/Shasta County area between 1995 and 2020 is expected to be modest compared to other parts of California. Indeed, Trinity County experienced a slight population decline from 1996 to 1997, possibly due to the decline in the timber industry. Nevertheless, natural resource related spending will likely continue to be a RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) XVII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY comparatively large portion of the regional economy. Maximum Flow showed a long-term loss of a small number of jobs in the region due primarily to adverse impacts on Trinity and Shasta Reservoirs (modifying Trinity Dam would result in a short-term increase). In contrast, Flow Evaluation showed a small increase in jobs and $3.2 million in annual economic output due primarily to increased recreation-related spending along the Trinity River. Changes due to Percent Inflow and Mechanical Restoration were modest. State Permit had the most adverse employment impacts. Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Socioeconomic benefits were substantial from the Mendocino Coastal Area northwards. For example, the North/Central Oregon Coastal area showed increases of 400-600 jobs for the alternatives that increased Trinity River flows. About half of the jobs occurred in the commercial fishing and seafood processing sectors. Total annual output in the region increased $36-51 million and income increased $13-19 million for the alternatives that increased flows. The Mendocino, KMZ-California, and KMZ-Oregon Coastal Areas also showed improvements in commercial fishing and seafood processing sectors, as well as in wholesale and retail trade and lodging sectors. In contrast, the San Francisco Coastal Area showed adverse impacts as a result of the alternatives that increase Trinity River flows, due primarily to reduced water deliveries (via the Sacramento River) to agricultural contractors. The Monterey Coastal Area only showed impacts under State Permit, which assumed that salmon harvests would be closed due to the virtual elimination of Trinity River stocks. Central Valley. The assumptions used in this FEIS/EIR project that the Central Valley will undergo dramatic changes between 1995 and 2020. For example, under No Action it is projected that the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and Tulare Basin will experience increases of approximately 725,000, 800,000, and 400,000 jobs, respectively, in the economic sectors assessed. Similarly, economic benefits in the assessed sectors are projected to double between 1995 and 2020. Model simulations showed that the alternatives that reduced TRD exports would have adverse economic and employment effects in the Central Valley, and that the degree of impact was correlated with the size of the exports. The economic sectors most impacted would be miscellaneous retail, retail and wholesale trade, farm machinery and equipment, and cotton production. Cultural Resources Trinity River Basin. Maximum Flow, Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, and State Permit could result in some impact to cultural sites along Trinity and Lewiston Reservoirs as a result of changing water-levels. All of the alternatives could result in impacts as a result of activities—outside of the Trinity River floodplain—associated with spawning gravel placement and/or channel rehabilitation projects. The watershed protection component of Mechanical Restoration could result in impacts to cultural resources. All mechanical ground-disturbing activities would go through site-specific environmental reviews prior to implementation. Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Cultural resource impacts from any of the alternatives are not anticipated in this geographic area. Central Valley. Cultural resource impacts from any of the alternatives are not anticipated in this geographic area. XVIII RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Air Quality Trinity River Basin. Flow Evaluation, Percent Inflow, and Mechanical Restoration could all result in some increase to airborne particulate matter (PM) as a result of activities associated with the channel rehabilitation sites (e.g., access road building), acquisition and transporta- tion of spawning gravel, dam improvements (Maximum Flow Alternative only) and other actions involving heavy machinery. Mechanical Restoration impacts would likely be greater since the alternative includes an extensive watershed protection program and perpetual mechanical maintenance of channel rehabilitation sites. Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. Air quality impacts from any of the alternatives are not anticipated in this geographic area. Central Valley. A decrease in water deliveries could result in fallowing some cropland south of the Delta, with an associated minor increase in wind erosion and airborne PM if effective cover crops are not planted. Environmental Justice Federal agencies are required to identify and address the disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of their actions on minorities and low- income populations and communities, as well as the equity of the distribution of the benefits and risks of their decisions. Trinity River Basin and Lower Klamath River Basin/Coastal Area. A high percentage of Native Americans live in the Trinity and Klamath River Basins. They would be affected from the alternatives in proportion to the alternatives' ability to restore the Trinity River, especially the fishery. Under Maximum Flow, substantial environmental justice impacts could occur to Hispanic populations (as a result of reduced irrigation) in Santa Clara County, located in the San Francisco Coastal Area. No environmental justice impacts would occur to non-Native Americans under the other alternatives. Central Valley. Under Maximum Flow, substantial environmental justice impacts could occur to Hispanic populations in Colusa, Merced, and Madera Counties. No environmental justice impacts were observed under the other alternatives. Other Impacts and Commitments Cumulative Impacts Cumulative impacts are the impacts on the environment which result from the incremental impacts of the proposed action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of what agency (federal or non-federal) or entity undertakes such other actions. The proposed action in the FEIS/EIR may be implemented in an interactive manner with other concurrent projects. In addition, those other projects may affect the impacts of the proposed action. The cumulative impact analysis addressed impacts associated with several related actions including: • Implementation of CVPIA, including evaluation of the 3406(b)(2) water management for upstream and Delta actions similar to those defined in the November 20, 1997 RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) XIX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Administrative Paper released by Reclamation and the Service, as well as the October 5, 1999 Decision on Implementation of Section 3406(b)(2) of the CVPIA • SWRCB water rights process • CALFED Bay-Delta Program • Deregulation of the electric industry in California • Changes in federal farm support programs • Changes in demand for agricultural products • Changes to fisheries management • Changes in demand/supply for timber products • Changes in demand for recreational activities in the Trinity River Basin not related to the Trinity River or the mainstem reservoirs • Changes in Trinity River Basin Consumptive Water Use Potential impacts associated with the Trinity River FEIS/EIR Preferred Alternative were assessed in conjunction with other reasonably foreseeable actions relating to the CVP, most notably the CVPIA PEIS preferred alternative were analyzed using the PROSIM model and the assumption that CVP contractors take their full contract allocations in 2020. In conduct- ing the initial cumulative impacts analysis it was found that the cumulation of the other actions stressed the CVP to such a point that the project could not operate in some dry years. Specifically, it was found that simulated storage levels in Shasta Reservoir during the dry period (1928 - 1934) were below feasible operating levels. Therefore, a second cumula- tive impact analysis (i.e., PROSIM run) was conducted with the assumption that the mini- mum storage level in Trinity Reservoir would be reduced from 600 taf, (the assumed minimum storage level for the Preferred Alternative) to 400 taf (the minimum storage for No Action, but greater than the approximately 225,000 ac-ft threshold necessary to operate the reservoir). This assumption was made toward being consistent with the assumptions made for other CVP storage facilities, in that all other facilities were modeled to operate at their operational limits. Using the 400 taf threshold as a floor, the 600 taf carryover threshold was met in 80 percent of the modeled years (compared to 90 percent of the years under No Action). Overall, the cumulative effect of increased demand (due to increased population growth), coupled with actions which would reallocate supplies, such as the CVPIA and some of the alternatives described in this document, would decrease CVP deliveries in dry years. Full deliveries to water service contractors would be less likely to occur. For example, full deliveries to water service contractors south of the Delta would be reduced from 45 percent of the years (under the existing conditions run) to 15 percent of the years in 2020 under the cumulative impacts scenario. Years where no deliveries would be made to water service contractors increased from one percent to seven percent. As a result of increased water demand assumed for the cumulative impacts analysis, minimum contract deliveries, and even deliveries to water rights holders, cannot be maintained in the American River Division in some critically dry water years. In the San XX RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Joaquin Valley and the Tulare Basin the reduction in water deliveries would result in the loss of irrigation to about 50,000 and 13,000 acres, respectively. In the San Felipe Unit there would be a loss of irrigation to 15,000 acres and an associated loss of $26 million in gross revenue as a result of the cumulative impacts. TABLE ES-3 Cumulative Impact Water Deliveries Simulated Annual CVP Deliveriesa (taf) Preferred With 1995 Existing No Action in Alternative in Cumulative Type of Period Conditions 2020 2020 Impacts Long-term Average 5,380 5,690 5,600 5,460 Dry Period 4,020 4,260 4,100 3,870 Wet Period 5,860 6,200 6,180 6,270 a CVPdeliveries include deliveries to Agricultural and M&I Water Service Contractors, Sacramento River water rights contractors, other water rights contractors, and San Joaquin River Exchange Contractors. CVP deliveries do not include refuge water supplies. Environmental Commitments and Mitigations Table ES-4 presents significant impacts and potential mitigation. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC ( CAH619.DOC) XXI TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation Water Resources Groundwater Maximum Flow Significant declines in groundwater levels Although changes to surface water supply per se were not considered an Significant Flow Evaluation could occur in the Sacramento Valley impact, the development of additional water supplies to meet demands would Percent Inflow and Tulare Basin regions, primarily in lessen the associated impacts (e.g., groundwater impacts). A number of areas receiving CVP agricultural service demand- and supply-related programs are currently being studied across contract water. California, many of which are being addressed through the ongoing CALFED and CVPIA programs and planning processes. Although none of these actions would be directly implemented as part of the alternatives discussed in this DEIS/EIR, each could assist in offsetting impacts resulting from decreased Trinity River exports. Examples of actions being assessed in the CALFED and CVPIA planning processes include: • Develop and implement additional groundwater and/or surface-water storage. Such programs could include the construction of new surface reservoirs and groundwater storage facilities, as well as expansion of existing facilities. Potential locations include sites throughout the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley watersheds, as well as the Delta. • Purchase long- and/or short-term water supplies from willing sellers (both in-basin and out-of-basin) through actions including, but not limited to, temporary or permanent land fallowing. • Facilitate willing buyer/willing seller inter- and intra-basin water transfers that derive supplies from activities such as conservation, crop modifica- tion, land fallowing, land retirement, groundwater substitution, and reservoir re-operation. • Promote and/or provide incentive for additional water conservation to reduce demand. • Decrease demand through purchasing and/or promoting the temporary fallowing of agricultural lands. • Increase water supplies by promoting additional water recycling. Maximum Flow The groundwater level declines could See above. Significant Flow Evaluation result in increased land subsidence Percent Inflow within limited areas within the San Joaquin Valley and Tulare Basin regions. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXII (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation Maximum Flow Additional groundwater pumping could See above. Significant Flow Evaluation result in upwelling of groundwater high in Percent Inflow TDS into productive groundwater zones within limited areas within the San Joaquin Valley and Tulare Basin regions. Water Quality Flow Evaluation The channel rehabilitation projects would • A 401 water quality certification would be obtained from the NCRWQCB, Less than significant Mechanical Restoration result in short-term Trinity River turbidity and a construction procedure would be developed to meet the Basin Plan Percent Inflow impacts. turbidity requirements. Monitoring would be conducted as specified by the NCRWQCB, and efforts would be taken to reduce levels if they are 20 percent or more over background (e.g., isolating the work area and/or slowing or halting construction until the 20-percent level is achieved). • Notify individual diverters with state diversion permits within 2 miles downstream of any mechanical channel rehabilitation activity at least 2 days in advance of activities likely to produce turbidity. Maximum Flow Violate temperature objectives and Significanta impacts identified for the increased frequency of temperature and Significanta Flow Evaluation carryover storage criteria established in carryover storage violations were evaluated by NMFS. See mitigation for Percent Inflow the Sacramento River winter run chinook water quality fish-related impacts under Fishery Resources. salmon Biological Opinion. (See also water supply related impacts under Groundwater.) Maximum Flow Violate state temperature objectives Significant impacts identified for violation of state temperature objectives Significant Percent Inflow established for the Trinity River. would be evaluated by the NCRWQCB. Consultation with NMFS would occur State Permit pursuant to Trinity River coho salmon. Bypassing the Trinity Powerplant could offset impacts to temperature in the Trinity River. Preliminary analysis of powerplant bypasses indicates that pulling colder water from lower in the reservoir could alleviate temperature impacts. Further evaluation of the benefits and costs would be needed before a full assessment could be made. Given the result of consultations and bypass analysis is unknown, this significant impact is considered to be unmitigable at this time. Maximum Flow Violate Hoopa Valley Tribe temperature Significant impacts identified for violation of tribal temperature objectives Significant Percent Inflow objectives established for the Trinity would be evaluated by the Hoopa Valley EPA. Consultation with NMFS State Permit River. would occur pursuant to Trinity River coho salmon. Bypassing the Trinity Powerplant could offset impacts to temperature in the Trinity River. Preliminary analysis of powerplant bypasses indicates that pulling colder water from lower in the reservoir could alleviate temperature impacts. Further evaluation of the benefits and costs would be needed before a full assess- ment could be made. Given the result of consultations and bypass analysis is unknown, this significant impact is considered to be unmitigable at this time. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXIII (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation Fishery Resources Native Anadromous Species State Permit Would affect native anadromous species Anticipated significant impacts to native anadromous salmonids in the Trinity Significant utilizing the Trinity River due to River from implementation of this alternative would be unmitigatable. inadequate habitat conditions and water temperature. Maximum Flow Violate temperature objectives and (See mitigation for water quality related impacts under Water Quality.) Significanta Flow Evaluation carryover storage criteria established in Significant impacts requiring mitigation for adverse effects to anadromous Percent Inflow the Sacramento River winter run chinook salmonids in the Sacramento River system associated with Maximum Flow salmon Biological Opinion. and Percent Inflow Alternatives would need to be addressed during reconsultation with NMFS. Significant impacts related to temperature objectives and carryover storage criteria established in the Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon BO for the Flow Evaluation (Preferred Alternative) were addressed through reconsultation under ESA with NMFS. Per the NMFS' Biological Opinion (2000; under separate cover), implemen- tation of the Preferred Alternative is not likely to jeopardize Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast (SONCC) coho salmon, Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon, Central Valley spring-run chinook salmon, or Central Valley steelhead. The NMFS does anticipate that SONCC coho salmon habitat adjacent to and downstream of the channel rehabilitation projects associated with the Preferred Alternative may be temporarily degraded during construction. Construction of these projects, which will create a substantial amount of additional suitable habitat, may temporarily displace an unknown number of juvenile coho salmon but is not expected to result in a lethal take. The NMFS does not anticipate that the implementation of the proposed action will incidentally take Central Valley spring-run chinook or Central Valley steelhead, but that the Preferred Alternative will result in a minute increase in the level of Sacramento River winter-run chinook incidentally taken in all years except critically dry years. In such years, Reclamation would be required to reinitiate consultation per the existing Winter-run Central Valley Project Operations Criteria and Plan to develop year-specific temperature control plans. Implementation of the following reasonable and prudent measures specified in the NMFS BO to minimize the effects of incidental take shall be non-discretionary and will result in minimizing impacts of incidental take of SONCC coho salmon and Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon in all years including critically dry years: RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXIV (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation The Service and Reclamation shall: 1. Implement the flow regimes included in the proposed action (as described in the DEIS/EIR, page 2-19, Table 2-5) as soon as possible. 2. Ensure that NMFS is provided the opportunity to be represented during implementation of the Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management program. 3. Ensure that the replacement bridges and other infrastructure modifications, needed to fully implement the proposed flow schedule, are designed and completed as soon as possible. 4. Periodically coordinate with NMFS during the advanced development and scheduling of the habitat rehabilitation projects described in the DEIS/EIR. 5. Complete "the first phase of the channel rehabilitation projects" (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 2000) in a timely fashion. 6. Implement emergency consultation procedures during implementation of flood control or "safety of dams" releases from Lewiston Dam to the Trinity River. 7. In dry and critically dry water-year classes, Reclamation and Service shall work cooperatively with the upper Sacramento River Temperature Task Group to develop temperature control plans that provide for compliance with temperature objectives in both the Trinity and Sacramento Rivers. Implementation of these measures will be non-discretionary. Resident Native and Non-native Fish State Permit Increased water temperatures, which Anticipated significant impacts to resident fish in the Trinity River from Significant would reduce non-native Trinity River fish implementation of this alternative would be unmitigatable. habitat. Maximum Flow Impacts to Delta smelt and Sacramento Significant impacts requiring mitigation related to changes in Delta inflow and Significanta Flow Evaluation splittail as a result of changes in Delta export ratios associated with Maximum Flow and Percent Inflow Alternatives Percent Inflow inflow to export ratios. would need to be addressed during reconsultation with NMFS. Significant impacts related to changes in Delta inflow and export ratios for the Flow Evaluation (Preferred Alternative) were addressed through consultation under ESA with the Service. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXV (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation Per the Service's Biological Opinion (2000; under separate cover), implementation of the Preferred Alternative is not likely to jeopardize delta smelt and Sacramento splittail or adversely modify critical habitat for delta smelt. The Service has concurred with the determination that implementing the Preferred Alternative will not likely adversely affect the bald eagle and northern spotted owl. It is anticipated that delta smelt and Sacramento splittail will be adversely affected by implementing the Preferred Alternative and that incidental take may be affected in manner or extent not analyzed in the March 6, 1995 Biological Opinion on the Long-term Operation of the CVP and SWP. Therefore, the following reasonable and prudent measure to minimize the effects of incidental take was developed: 1. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) shall minimize the effects of reoperating the Central Valley Project resulting from the implementation of the Preferred Alternative within the Trinity River Basin on listed fish in the Delta. Implementation of this measure will be non-discretionary. Reservoirs Maximum Flow Impacts to largemouth and smallmouth A smallmouth and largemouth bass stocking program shall be instituted simi- Less than significant bass spawning in Trinity Reservoir due to lar to the existing stocking program for coldwater species. reduced water surface levels. Ocean Fisheries Economics State Permit Reduced angler benefits and net income No mitigation is available. N/A of charter boat operators in the Mendocino Region. State Permit Reduced commercial fishing harvests No mitigation is available. N/A and related economic benefits. Tribal Trust State Permit Reduced flows would lead to further No mitigation is available. Significant decline in tribal access to trust resources. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXVI (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation Vegetation, Wildlife, and Wetlands Vegetation Maximum Flow Ground disturbing activities could result Conduct site-specific environmental reviews prior to mechanical ground- Less than significant Flow Evaluation in a loss of vegetation and special-status disturbing activities. Such reviews shall, when appropriate, include surveys Percent Inflow plant populations. for federal and state endangered, threatened, and proposed species, or for Mechanical Restoration other species if required by permitting agencies (e.g., USFS). If such species are present, actions shall be taken to avoid impacts. Develop and implement a revegetation plan for all ground-disturbing activities (excluding channel rehabilitation sites). Revegetation shall use plant species found adjacent to the impact area or from similar habitats, subject to land- owner and/or agency concurrence. Replacement ratios and monitoring plans, if determined necessary, will be developed in cooperation with the Corps, Service, and CDFG. State Permit Further degradation of riparian vegetation No mitigation is available. Significant due to reduced flows. Wildlife Flow Evaluation Direct mortality of foothill yellow-legged Conduct site-specific environmental reviews prior to mechanical ground- Less than significant Percent Inflow frogs or egg masses, adult western pond disturbing activities. Such reviews shall, when appropriate, include surveys Mechanical Restoration turtles and hatchlings, or willow flycatcher for federal and state endangered, threatened, and proposed species, or for nests and young during construction (and other species if required by permitting agencies (e.g., USFS). If such species maintenance for the Mechanical are present, actions shall be taken to avoid impacts (e.g., delay construction Restoration) of the channel rehabilitation until after willow flycatcher chicks fledge). sites. State Permit Continued degradation and reduction of No mitigation is available. Significant habitat as a result of reduced flows. Wetlands Flow Evaluation The mechanical channel rehabilitation Conduct pre-construction delineation of wetland areas at sites that may Less than significant Percent Inflow projects could impact wetland resources. contain wetlands. Consult with the Corps on potential impacts to wetland Mechanical Restoration resources. No mitigation is available. Recreation Riverine Maximum Flow Impacts from flows to a number of Flow-related significant impacts would be unmitigable without changing the Significant Flow Evaluation recreation activities for at least a portion flow release schedule which is inherent to the alternative. Mechanical Restoration of the recreation season. State Permit RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXVII (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation Percent Inflow Maximum Flow Impacts to public safety from river flows Post signs at river access points showing daily flows. Offer a toll-free tele- Less than significant Flow Evaluation that are too high or too low (i.e., outside phone number so recreationalists can call to obtain daily flow information. State Permit the preferred range for boating). Post daily flows on the Internet. Percent Inflow Maximum Flow Impacts to recreation activities from (See mitigation for water quality related impacts under Water Quality.) Less than significant Flow Evaluation turbidity associated with the construction Percent Inflow (and maintenance for Mechanical Mechanical Restoration Restoration) of the channel rehabilitation sites. Reservoirs Maximum Flow Increase the frequency at which Trinity All affected boat ramps should be extended a sufficient distance to accom- Less than significant Flow Evaluation Reservoir boat ramps are unusable, modate the new water levels. which would indirectly impact marinas Marina owners should be compensated for additional costs associated with and campgrounds. moving their facilities or to construct new facilities to accommodate the new water levels. Campground facilities should be modified or funding provided to accom- modate the revised operational approach. Land Use Residential/Municipal and Industrial Maximum Flow Increased flooding of Trinity River Property owners could be compensated at fair market value for all flood- Significant Flow Evaluation Percent structures and/or residences. related structure/improvement losses incurred, or funding would be provided Inflow to retrofit structures /improvements to withstand peak flows. Property owners who have parcels with buildable sites outside of the current 100-year floodplain that would be regularly inundated could be compensated at fair market value for the loss of development rights to that parcel. Given funding for these efforts is not yet been determined, this significant impact is considered to be unmitigable at this time. Maximum Flow Potentially significant M&I related impacts (See water supply related impacts under Groundwater.) Significant as a result of decreased surface-water supplies. Agriculture Maximum Flow Substantially decrease irrigated acreage (See water supply related impacts under Groundwater.) Significant Flow Evaluation within the San Felipe Unit. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXVIII (CAH619.DOC) TABLE ES-4 Summary of Significant Adverse Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Level of DEIS/EIR Action Significance after Alternative Description of Significant Impact Mitigation Mitigation Power Maximum Flow Potentially significant power-related (See water supply related impacts under Groundwater. Power-related Significant Flow Evaluation impacts from decreased surface-water benefits associated with such programs would only occur if operations were Percent Inflow supplies. conducted to provide increased generation; otherwise, implementation of such programs could negatively affect power resources.) Operating criteria would be established to allow Western to respond to various emergency situations in accordance with their obligations to the North American Electric Reliability Council. This commitment would also provide for exemptions to a given alternative's operating criteria during search and rescue situations, special studies and monitoring, dam and powerplant maintenance, and spinning reserves. Such exemptions for responding to various emergency situations would be consistent with the Presidential Memorandum, dated August 3, 2000, directing federal agencies to work with the State of California to develop procedures governing the use of backup power generation in power shortage emergencies. Cultural Resources Maximum Flow Impacts to cultural resources. Conduct cultural resource surveys of project areas (including areas of Less than significant Flow Evaluation ancillary activities, such as staging areas, gravel mining areas, etc.) prior to Percent Inflow ground disturbance. Mechanical Restoration Areas containing cultural resources shall be demarcated and activities planned to avoid these areas. If cultural resources cannot be avoided, additional research or test excavations (as appropriate) will be undertaken to determine whether the resources meet CEQA and/or NRHP significance criteria. Unavoidable impacts on significant resources would be mitigated for in a manner that is deemed appropriate. Mitigation for significant resources may include, but is not limited to, data recovery, public interpretation, performance of a Historic American Building Survey or Historic American Engineering Record, or preservation by other means. Air Quality Maximum Flow Spawning gravel placement and other Implement a dust control program, which includes: watering of stockpiles, Less than significant Flow Evaluation heavy equipment work associated with roads, etc. as necessary, and identify an individual to monitor dust control and Percent Inflow the alternatives would result in potentially to respond to citizen complaints. Mechanical Restoration significant PM10 impacts as a result of fugitive dust. aThese impacts were identified as "significant" per the CEQA-related significance threshold standards described in Chapter 3. RDD-SFO/992600002.DOC-XXIX (CAH619.DOC)


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Editors' Review
+The built-in camera for the iPhone is a great tool, allowing millions of people to take high-quality photos and share them near instantly with friends and family when on the go. But the actual app used to take photos is fairly limited. Fortunately, there are dozens of tools on the App Store that provide additional options for things like focus lock, exposure control, and white balance, including Camera Plus.
This version of Camera Plus is the lite version of the app so some of its more robust features are still missing; but even as a free app, it provides more tools and features than the built-in camera app provided by Apple. With better exposure and focus management (major issues with the built-in camera) and instant links to your photo and video galleries (conveniently separated), you can interact with your snapshots much more easily. Flash controls, zooms, and time stamps are also nice additions and the whole thing works pretty quickly. That said, it doesn't provide enough additional tools to be a must have in this iteration.
There is nothing vital missing from Camera Plus, but at the same time there are no must-have extras in the free edition of the app. If you are eager to upgrade your camera, consider the basic features of Camera Plus as a trial run for the more robust Pro edition of the app. It's a powerful tool and a good upgrade over the bare-bones iOS app.
Publisher's Description
Camera Plus is a free camera app for your iPhone 4, 3GS, 3G and iPod touch to capture photos instantly with some great controls such as Timer, Anti-Shake, Big button, add cool effects and share them with your Facebook, Twitter or Flickr friends on-the-fly. Enjoy video recording for up to 15 seconds and if you like to go ahead with in-app purchase.
What's new in this version:
- Get the fullscreen experience on the remote device. The camera and remote control device need to be on iOS 8 for fullscreen to work
- Access to Photo & Video Focus Modes, Lumy - Intelligent Exposure Control and Zoom
- FAMILY SHARING - Compatible for use by member devices, making it perfect for use in AirSnap etc.
- EXTENSIONS - Use Camera Plus' photo editing features including Pix'd, Filters and Text via the default Photos a... See all new features »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"Can't beat the jersey for the price. Ships fast also." (E23732)
"Great item. Work like they should are reasonable in price, and hold up well." (E530)
"Great service by Rico & Returns Dept. Would use Epic again. Would tell more people about Epic Sports. Thanks! JE" (E9174)
Twin City Women's Defender Polar Fleece (Closeout) [E18309]


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Farmers Markets in East Devon
The South West produces some of the best food in the country – enjoy it at source! Support local farmers,meet local farmers, reduce food miles.
As well as the farmers markets listed below, in Honiton, several local farms hold stalls at the weekly market (all day on the High St on Tuesdays and Saturdays). Over the summer months of 2012 a local traders and produce market will also be held on the first Thursday of each month.
Cullompton Farmers' Market is on the second Saturday of the month, Crediton is on the first.
Honiton weekly market
Honiton street market takes place in the High Street on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays throughout the year.
Budleigh Salterton Farmers Market
Every last Friday of the Month (December t.b.c.) from 9am – 1pm at Rolle Mews Car Park on Fore Street at the bottom of the High Street, with up to 15 local producers of artisan bread, meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, processed food and dr ...
Cullompton Farmers Market
2nd Saturday of every month, 09:30-12:30. The first farmers market to have been started in the South West. Local food sold to local people, with all of the stallholders selling produce they grew, reared, or created themselves.
Seaton Farmers Market
Indoor market with locally produced meat includes Rare Breed Pork and Dorset Down lamb, ruby Devon beef and chicken. Game dealer, Dorset Down and Jacob sheepskins, knitting wool, scarves, throws and baby blankets, plants, flowers, cakes and prese ...
Exmouth Farmers Market
www.exmouthfarmersmarket.co.ukWeekly on Wednesdays Jun-SeptFortnightly on Wednesdays otherwise.9am-1.30pmAll local produce including: artisan handmade bread; vegetables; plants; chicken; beef; pork; lamb and venison; eggs; cheese; homemade pies, puddings, cakes, c ...
Exeter Farmers Market
9-2 every Thursday at the cross roads between South Street and Fore Street. Exeter Farmers Market was established to give local producers of fruit, vegetables and foodstuffs a retail outlet that enables them to sell direct to the public. There is also ...


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Military to continue bombing nuclear waste dumps in Hawaii
By J. Albertini | Malu 'Aina Center for non-violent education and action | December 12th, 2012
Comments on Dec. 12, 2012 NRC meeting with the Army in Maryland from 10AM-1PM Hawaii time. The public could listen in and make comments/ask questions at the end of the meeting:
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) will be issuing a license for the mongoose to guard the hen house in Hawaii. The Army will be issued an NRC license to possess Depleted uranium (DU) in Hawaii at Schofield Barracks and the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA). In effect, the NRC is licensing Hawaii nuclear waste dumps and allowing those dumps to be bombed, spreading the nuclear dump debris wherever the wind takes it.
The State Dept. of Health made no comment, nor did it ask any questions following the meeting.
It is a fact that DU exists at Schofield Barracks and PTA, and perhaps other present and former military sites in Hawaii, including Kaho'olawe and Makua Valley. How much is not known. A minimum of 700, perhaps more than 2000, DU Davy Crockett spotting rounds have been fired at Pohakuloa. Less than 1% of PTA's 133,000-acres have been surveyed. DU cluster bombs, and more than a dozen DU penetrating rounds, DU bunker busters, etc. may also have been fired at PTA and elsewhere. All branches of the US military use DU weapons today.
It's clear to me that we cannot rely on so called regulators to fix the problem. Nuclear regulators are just as much part of the problem as bank regulators. The DOH is also part of the problem.
Where have our health officials been all these years on the issue. The military in Hawaii has lied and uses deception repeatedly. The US military mission goes before concern for the health and safety of its own troops and Hawaii's people and land. Uranium is now showing up in Big Island residents' urine.
Is it related to PTA, Fukushima or what?
The people have a right to know.
Is the military above the law?
What's needed is a peoples' movement of non-violent resistance to stop the bombing to protect the people and land of Hawaii against attacks by the U.S. military.
Jim Albertini Malu 'Aina Center For Non-violent Education & Action P.O.
Box AB Ola'a (Kurtistown) Hawai'i 96760 Phone 808-966-7622 Email
firstname.lastname@example.com www.malu-aina.org
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December 14, 2012 Posted by aletho | Environmentalism, Militarism | Depleted uranium, Hawaii, Human rights, Kahoolawe, Kurtistown Hawaii, NRC, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Pohakuloa Training Area, Schofield Barracks, United States | 1 Comment
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