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I have a 99 A4 1.8T Quattro Sport and have had handling issues for ages. It has had the twitchiest steering i have ever known on a car and in some cases was irritating to drive. I have twice taken it to Walton Audi who were very helpful but on both occasions could not find what the problem was, i also took it to an independent technician and he could find nothing wrong. Heres the wierd bit.... On sunday night i left a mates house to head home, i switched the engine on and flicked the headlights on, no problem apart from the DIS showed that a headlight bulb had blown. I was a bit miffed as i had stuck PIAA Xtreme White bulbs in a year ago to try and improve the standard dim looking bulbs. (i didnt change the bulb there and then as it was [censored] with rain) anyway i got home and parked the car in the drive. The next time i drove it was last night to grab some milk from Tesco, so before the journey i shoved the standard bulbs back in on both sides....... Then when i drive off and down the road, i find that my car drives absolutely faultlessly!!!!! - i even went for a ten mile creep and it felt like a different car...... i cant think of a reason that would link the headlights to the suspension - does anyone have any ideas?? Cheers, Confused Bloke /ubbthreads/images/graemlins/frown.gif
Best I can suggest is it most have something to do with the power draw of your old lights, other than that I'm as miffed as you or you knocked something in the engine bay when you installed the old lights.
The ultimate answer - the force of the 4-Rings works in mysterious ways /ubbthreads/images/graemlins/laugh_roll.gif The tail of your bulbs is truely 'spooky'!!!
Change them for beeeeeeeeeeeeemer bulbs. That way you will appreciate the 4 rings! /ubbthreads/images/graemlins/heart.gif


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Stark Did It Again!
All Tommy's park footage in one stacked edit.
The kinkiest man in snowboarding.
Spring sessions with friends!
If this ship is sinking we are going down with it.
May the full parts never stop!
Still sponsored!
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From the Last Ones
Why you shouldn't reuse songs.
This Masshole can board!
Just buy the movie.
Sweet dudes, sweet moves.
Drive-in movie premieres!
The closest thing to Hollywood in snowboarding

subset: commoncrawl


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I have a link that, when clicked expands into a div below. I need to add some sort of indicator to "My Link", like a "carrot" icon that will turn down to indicate expanding of the section. Basically I thought I need to add the icon in a css class and then swap that class with another that has different image. I found toggleClass bit it seems like it adds/removes the class instead of swapping it.
So how would I replace class?
Here's what I have now without adding the visual indicator.
$("#mLink").click(function() {
My Link

hidden content


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Welcome to The Truck Stop! We see you haven't REGISTERED yet.
Your truck knowledge is missing!
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Info Needed: Isuzu 4FB1 Diesel Motor
Discussion in 'Diesel Engine Conversions' started by handcannon, Jan 2, 2012.


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Migraines And Sinus Headaches
Posted 30 March 2013 - 05:04 PM
Posted 30 March 2013 - 08:33 PM
You probably still have gluten in your system, if headaches/migraines are one of your recognizable symptoms. It take most people a couple days to flush things out and be back to normal. For me it can be as little as 40 hours but up to 60ish until I stop feeling the effects of gluten.
But do you know about your reaction to any sort of anesthesia? I remember from previous surgeries (4 in the past 4 years) that my body feels sore for a while after. Make sure you're drinking plenty of water.
Hope it clears up soon.
IBS Diagnosis: 2010
Celiac blood results: 2/21/13 Positive
Biopsy: 4/19/13 - visually positive, 4/23/13 - positive
Posted 31 March 2013 - 01:23 PM
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VIEWS: 53 PAGES: 39 CATEGORY: Government POSTED ON: 10/20/2010
A Short Guide to the Freedom of Information Act and Other New Access Rights
The Campaign for Freedom of Information Suite 102, 16 Baldwins Gardens, London EC1N 7RJ Tel: 020 7831 7477 Fax: 020 7831 7461 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Web: www.cfoi.org.uk A Short Guide to the Freedom of Information Act and Other New Access Rights Version 1.0 January 28 2005 CONTENTS 1. Introduction page 2 2. Obtaining information page 5 3. Model letter page 10 4. Charges page 11 5. When information can be withheld page 15 6. Challenging decisions page 17 7. Exemptions and the public interest test page 22 Table 1. FOI exemptions to which the public interest test applies page 26 Table 2. FOI exemptions to which the public interest test does not apply page 29 Table 3. EIR Exemptions page 31 8. Obtaining your own personal data page 34 This guide has been produced with the assistance of a grant from the Nuffield Foundation. The Campaign for Freedom of Information's work is also supported by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, the Allen Lane Foundation, UNISON, the Polden-Puckham Charitable Foundation and by donations from individuals. Campaign for Freedom of Information -2- 1. INTRODUCTION On January 1 2005, five important new rights to information came into force: The Freedom of Information Act 2000 The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 The Environmental Information Regulations 2004 The Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004 Amendments to the Data Protection Act 1998 Freedom of Information The Freedom of Information Act gives you a wide-ranging right to see all kinds of information held by the government and public authorities. You can use the Act to find out about a problem affecting your community and to check whether an authority is doing enough to deal with it; to see how effective a policy has been; to find out about the authority's spending; to check whether an authority is doing what it says it is and to learn more about the real reasons for decisions. Authorities will only be able to withhold information if an exemption in the Act allows them to. Even exempt information may have to be disclosed in the public interest. If you think information has been improperly withheld you can complain to the independent Information Commissioner, who can order disclosure. There are actually two new Freedom of Information Acts, one for the whole of the UK except Scotland and another for Scotland: The Freedom of Information Act 2000 applies to UK government departments - including those operating in Scotland - and public authorities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It also applies to the House of Commons, the House of Lords and to the Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies. The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 provides similar, though slightly better, rights to information held by the Scottish Executive, Scottish public authorities and the Scottish Parliament. -3- The UK Act is enforced by the UK Information Commissioner and the Scottish Act by the Scottish Information Commissioner. Environmental information If the information you want relates to the environment, your request will not be dealt with under the FOI Act but under new Environmental Information Regulations (EIRs). These implement a European Union directive and provide a stronger right of access than the FOI Acts. A notable feature is that information about emissions to the environment cannot be withheld on grounds of commercial confidentiality. There are two sets of EIRs, one for the UK and another for Scotland, also enforced by the UK Information Commissioner and the Scottish Information Commissioner. The definition of "environmental information" is surprisingly wide. It includes information about the state of the air, water, land, natural sites and living organisms including genetically modified organisms. It covers emissions or discharges to the air, water or land including energy, noise and radiation. Information about legislation, policies, plans, activities, administrative and other measures likely to affect any of these or intended to protect them is covered. So are assessments of the costs or benefits of such measures and reports on the implementation of environmental legislation. To the extent that any of these factors affect human health or safety, food contamination, living conditions, built structures or cultural sites, the information about these matters is also environmental information. Personal information Your rights to see personal information held about you by public authorities have also been strengthened. The Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) already entitles you to see many kinds of personal information about yourself, whether held by public or private bodies. This law has now been amended by the FOI Act to improve your rights to see personal information held by public bodies. The right to information held by private bodies has not been affected. The UK Information Commissioner enforces this right across the whole of the UK including Scotland. -4- This guide This guide explains what these new laws do and how you can use them. It deals mainly with questions such as how to make a request and how to challenge refusals. More detailed information about the exemptions and the public interest test will be published later. In most cases, the process of applying for information or challenging refusals is the same whether you are using the FOI Act or the EIRs. Where there are significant differences, the guide points them out. If you are applying for personal information about yourself under the Data Protection Act, the process is different and is described separately at the end of the guide. Where the UK and Scottish FOI Acts are identical, the guide sometimes refers to 'the Act', in the singular. Where the UK and Scottish Environmental Information Regulations are identical, it refers to them as 'the regulations' or 'the EIRs' without separately referring to both sets. -5- 2. OBTAINING INFORMATION Which bodies are covered by the legislation? The UK Freedom of Information Act applies to public authorities at all levels: central government departments and agencies; local authorities; NHS bodies including individual GPs, dentists, opticians and pharmacists; schools, colleges and universities; the police, the armed forces, quangos, regulators, advisory bodies, publicly owned companies and the BBC and Channel 4 (though not in relation to journalistic materials). The Houses of Parliament, the Welsh Assembly and, if reconvened, the Northern Ireland Assembly are all also covered. UK authorities which operate in Scotland are covered by the UK Act. For the full list of bodies covered see: http://www.foi.gov.uk/coverage.htm The Scottish Freedom of Information Act applies to the Scottish Executive and its agencies, the Scottish Parliament, local authorities, NHS bodies, police forces, schools, colleges and universities and other Scottish authorities. For a full list see: http://www.itspublicknowledge.info/foiact8.htm Courts and tribunals are not covered by either Act nor are the security and intelligence services. Individual private bodies with public functions, or private contractors providing services on behalf of a public authority, can be brought under the UK or Scottish FOI Act. A Parliamentary order will have to be made to do this. If it is, you will be able to apply for information about those functions or services directly to the private body. No private bodies have been included at the time of writing. The Environmental Information Regulations apply to authorities which are covered by the FOI Acts 1 and to any other public authorities including courts and tribunals and the security and intelligence services. Private contractors providing environmental services, consultancy or research for public 2 authorities are also covered. So are the electricity, gas, water and sewerage utilities. What information is covered by the FOI Act and EIRs? The FOI Act and EIRs apply to any recorded information held by or on behalf of an authority. This includes paper records, emails, information stored on computer, audio or video cassettes, microfiche, maps, photographs, handwritten notes or any other form of recorded information. Unrecorded information which is known to officials but not recorded is not covered. 1 The right of access to environmental information held by courts and tribunals will apply to information about their administrative functions - not to information about the cases they deal with. 2 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Draft guidance on the Environmental Information Regulations. Chapter 2: Who is covered by the Regulations? http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/eir- guidance/index.htm -6- The age of the information is irrelevant. The new rights apply to information recorded at any time, including information obtained before the FOI Act or EIRs came into force. Anyone who destroys a record after you have asked for it, in order to prevent its disclosure, would commit a criminal offence. But it is not an offence to destroy records which have not been requested. Do authorities have to publish information under the Act? Before requesting information under the FOI Act or EIRs it is usually worth checking what information the authority has already published. In particular, have a look at the authority's 'publication scheme'. The Act requires every authority to have a publication scheme describing the classes of information that it publishes or intends to publish and saying whether there is any charge for it. These should be available on the authority's website and in hard copy on request. The schemes must be approved by the Information Commissioner and are then legally binding. Where an authority's scheme commits the authority to publishing all information of a particular description it is obliged to publish all that information (unless the definition itself excludes certain information). The information should be supplied to you within a few days of you asking for it or be available for download on its website. The Information Commissioner can if necessary take enforcement action against an authority which fails to publish information specified in its publication scheme. At the moment many authorities' schemes are made up mainly of information that they had already been publishing and add relatively little that it new, though there are some notable exceptions. The EIRs also require authorities to organise and progressively publish environmental information 3 which they hold in electronic form. This should include certain specified types of information. How do I apply for information under the Act? A request for information under the FOI Act should be in writing: a letter, email or fax will be valid. A request under the Scottish FOI Act can also be made in some other permanent form, such as an audio or video tape. A request to a Scottish authority left on voicemail may also be valid. 3 This includes: texts of international treaties and national legislation dealing with the environment; environmental policies, plans and programmes and, if held in electronic form, progress reports on their implementation; the results of monitoring he environment, environmental agreements, environmental impact studies and risk assessments or references to where these can be found; and the facts and analyses of facts which the public authority considers relevant and important in framing major environmental policy proposals. -7- A request under the EIRs can be made in any form. An oral request made in person or by telephone or left on voicemail will also be valid. If you make an oral request in this way, it may be a good idea to confirm it in writing, to avoid possible misunderstandings. Who do I send the request to? As long as the request is made to the authority it will be valid. The safest thing may be to send it to the authority's FOI officer, if only to ensure it is dealt with by someone who knows about the legislation. The larger authorities will have one. For contact details see the authority's publication scheme or phone the authority. You could also send it to the official who handles the issue you're asking about, if you know who that is. You could also send it to the minister, chief executive or, if you're a journalist, the press officer. Can I ask the authority for help in making my request? Authorities are required to provide reasonable advice and assistance to anyone who has made or wants to make a request for information to them. So if you can't work out what information on your subject the authority holds, or have difficulty framing your request, ask the authority for help. The authority should also assist you if you have a disability which prevents you making a written request. What should my application say? (a) Describe the information you want. The more specific you can be the better, as the authority may be entitled to refuse a request which is too sweeping. If you know which documents you want, describe them. For example, you might want minutes of particular meetings, a specific report or a set of figures. Alternatively, you may want correspondence or emails between the authority and someone else about a particular issue over a given period. You could also ask for information which the authority holds about a particular topic. If so, try and ensure that the topic is relatively narrowly defined. Don't ask for "everything you hold about" a subject, unless that is likely to involve a relatively small amount of material. You can also ask questions or ask for a set of data to be extracted from a database. -8- If you don't know enough about the issue to make a specific request, do some research first. Check to see what the authority publishes about the issue: this may help identify other unpublished information which you may want to ask for. You could also ask the authority's FOI officer to help you clarify what kind of information about the issue the authority is likely to hold. (b) Include your name and address. This is a legal requirement under the FOI Act though not under the EIRs. Your address can be an email address though a postal address will obviously be necessary if you want material posted to you. Include a phone number if possible. This will speed things up in case the authority wants to ask you about your request. (c) Say that you're applying under the FOI Act and/or the EIRs. Your request will be valid regardless of whether you mention the legislation, but doing so will remind officials to deal with it correctly. If you think the information you want is environmental information point this out since the EIRs give you a stronger right of access than the FOI Act. All you need to say is "This is an request under the Freedom of Information Act" or "This is an request under the Environmental Information Regulations". If your request is partly for environmental and partly for other information refer to both sets of laws. However, you won't weaken your rights if you happen to refer to the wrong law. (d) You don't have to say why you want the information. You are entitled to information, regardless of what you want to do with it. (e) Specify the form in which you would like access to be given. You can say whether you would prefer to have access by, for example, being sent photocopies or printouts, having material emailed to you or supplied on disk, being given the information in summary form, inspecting the records in person or (if its extremely brief) being given to you by telephone. You are entitled to be given access in more than one form, for example, by inspecting the records first and then having copies. The authority is required to comply with your preference so long as that is reasonably practicable. If it is not, for example, because it would involve too much work, it is entitled to give you the information in some other reasonable form. The authority can ask you to pay the costs of putting information into your preferred form, if it is not already held in that way. It should tell you what these costs are first and ask if you are prepared to pay. (e) Tell the authority you look forward to hearing from it promptly and in any case within 20 working days. These are the legal time limits (see below). A model letter you can use in applying for information is shown below. All this means that making an FOI or EIR request is extremely simple. In fact, you don't even need to know about the legislation to benefit from it. If you have asked a public authority for information -9- since January 1 2005 you will probably have made a valid request under the legislation, so long as your request was in writing. If your request was for environmental information, it will have been valid even if not made in writing. The authority's response to you should have complied with the Act's requirements, even though you didn't know about them at the time. How long does the authority have to reply? The authority must supply the information you have asked for, or explain why it cannot, promptly and within 20 working days. If it can supply the information before the end of the 20 working days it must do so. Some extensions are allowed: Where an authority is required to consider disclosing exempt information under the UK FOI 4 Act's public interest test, the 20 working days can be extended for a "reasonable" time. This extension should only be needed where the public interest test raises particularly complex questions. If the authority does need an extension it is required to tell you how long it expects this to be and must still disclose any non-exempt information within 20 working days. This extension does not apply under the Scottish FOI Act. Scottish authorities have to deal with all requests - including those which involve the public interest test - within 20 working days. A 10 working day extension is allowed for requests to the National Archives and Keeper of Records in Scotland for information that is not already publicly available. Schools have up to 60 working days to respond to requests received during or shortly before school holidays. Where information is held overseas or where requests can only be answered by personnel taking part in or preparing for military operations, the Information Commissioner can authorise an extension of up to 60 working days if necessary. None of these extensions apply to Scottish public authorities. The above extensions only apply to FOI requests - not to those under the EIRs. The EIRs (both UK and Scottish) allow the normal 20 working day period to be extended to up to 40 working days where the complexity and volume of the requested information make it impracticable to comply within the normal limit. This is the only permitted extension. 4 To withhold information under most exemptions, the authority must show not only that the information is exempt but also that the public interest in keeping it confidential is greater than the public interest in disclosure. This means that exempt information may have to be disclosed on public interest grounds. See page 22. -10- 3. MODEL LETTER You can use this model letter to help you request information under the FOI Act or EIRs. You don't have to use these precise words - adapt the letter to suit your own circumstances. If your request is for personal information about yourself don't use this letter but see Part 8 of this guide. Your address Freedom of Information Officer Name and address of public authority Date Dear FOI Officer, This is a request under the Freedom of Information Act / Environmental Information Regulations. (Delete whichever does not apply. If your request is for non-environmental information, mention just the FOI Act. If it is for environmental information, mention just the EIRs. If it involves both kinds of information, mention both laws.) Could you please supply me with (describe the information you want as specifically as possible). Please include copies of material which you hold in the form of paper and electronic records including emails (this is not strictly necessary as the authority should provide you with the information you have asked for regardless of the form in which it is held. But it may be useful to remind it to look through its electronic records and emails as well as any paper records.) I would be grateful if you would supply this information in the form of (state your preferred format if you have one - eg by providing me with photocopies / by email / by allowing me to inspect the records etc. If you have no particular preference omit this paragraph) If I can help to clarify this request please telephone me on (your phone number) or contact me by email at (your email address). I look forward to hearing from you promptly, as required by the legislation, and in any case within 20 working days. Yours sincerely (Your name) -11- 4. CHARGES Will I have to pay for the information? Unless your request requires the authority to do a large amount of work, you will probably be entitled to the information free of charge, apart from any copying or postage costs. However, the precise charging rules vary between the different laws. If the authority does make a charge, for example, for photocopies, it should tell you in advance and ask you if you are prepared to pay. It will be entitled to ask for payment in advance. If it does, the countdown towards the 20 working day response period will stop until you pay. So if you are willing to pay, do so quickly. Charges under the UK FOI Act So long as the authority does not have to spend more than a set amount finding your information, it can only charge you for copying, printing and postage. The cost limit: for a government department is £600. This is equivalent to about three and a half days work, at a fixed rate of £25 an hour. for all other authorities is £450. This is equivalent to about two and a half days work at the same fixed rate. Remember: this is not the charge that you will have to pay. If the cost of dealing with your request is below these limits you can only be charged the copying, printing and postage costs. But if the cost is above these limits, the authority is not required to provide the information at all. In calculating how many hours work will be involved, an authority can take into account the time it expects to spend checking whether it holds the information, finding and extracting the information, putting it into any special form you've asked for and editing it to remove any exempt information. But it cannot include the time spent deciding whether the information has to be disclosed, which is often the most time-consuming part of the exercise. -12- Where your request would cost more than the £600/£450 limit, the authority can: refuse to supply the information altogether. It should advise you what information you could have without exceeding the limit or what you could do to reduce the scope of your request so that it does not exceed the limit. supply the information only if you agree to pay the full costs of finding, extracting and editing the information. Since this will be at least £450 or £600 the cost is likely to be prohibitive for most people. Even if you are prepared to pay, you can't force the authority to supply the information if it doesn't want to. However, the authority could decide to let you have the information for a lower fee. If you split a large request up into several smaller requests, and they are made within 60 working days of each other, the authority can add the costs of the requests together and refuse to provide the requested information if the total exceeds the relevant limit. There is no set charge for photocopies or printouts. The government's guidance says the charge must be "reasonable" and that "in most cases, photocopying and printing would be expected to cost 5 no more than 10 pence per sheet". Charges under the Scottish FOI Act Most requests to Scottish public authorities will be free or cost very little. The first £100 of the costs of responding to a request, including any photocopying costs, will automatically be waived. If it costs the authority more than £100 to respond to your request it can charge you 10% of these costs. The maximum hourly rate is £15 an hour, which means the most you can be charged for staff time is £1.50 an hour. The authority can charge for the work involved in locating, retrieving and providing the information but it cannot charge for the time spent deciding whether it holds the information and deciding whether it should be disclosed. You will also have to pay the full copying, printout and postage costs. Photocopying charges are not fixed, but the Scottish Executive's guidance says "If the cost to the authority for 5 Department for Constitutional Affairs. Guidance on the application of the Freedom of Information and Data Protection (Appropriate Limit and Fees) Regulations 2004. http://www.dca.gov.uk/foi/feesguide.htm -13- photocopying material is 10 pence per A4 sheet, it would be unacceptable to include a 6 greater charge for this element". A Scottish authority does not have to provide information if it would cost more than £600 to do so. But it should tell you what information you could have without exceeding this limit or advise you on how you could narrow your request to stay within the limit. If you make two or more separate requests for related information, they have to be answered, even if the combined cost exceeds £600. A Scottish authority can only refuse requests where the combined cost exceeds £600 if it publishes that information within 20 working days. Environmental Information Regulations The EIRs allow authorities to charge a "reasonable amount" for information but don't specify what that should be. The UK government's draft guidance on the EIRs says that any charges "should not exceed 7 the cost of providing the information, for example, the cost of photocopies". It encourages UK authorities to apply the UK FOI Act's charging scheme to requests for environmental information which can be dealt with within the £450 or £600 limits described above. This would mean that so long as the cost to the authority is below the relevant limit you would only be charged for photocopying, printing and postage. An authority cannot refuse to provide environmental information just because the cost exceeds that limit. But it would be able to charge you more for it - though the charge must still be "reasonable". The Scottish Executive's guidance on the Scottish EIRs also says that authorities may decide 8 to adopt the Scottish FOI Act's approach to charges where the cost is below £600. These are described above. If the cost exceeds these limits the authority is still required to deal with the request though it can charge a "reasonable" amount for doing so. If you just want to inspect records, no fee can be charged under the EIRs. 6 !Scottish Ministers' Code of Practice on the Discharge of Functions by Public Authorities under the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/government/sedfpa.pdf 7 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Draft guidance on the Environmental Information Regulations. Chapter 6: Handling requests for environmental information. http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/eir-guidance/index.htm 8 Scottish Executive, Guidance on the Implementation of the Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004 November 2004 Paper 2004/18. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/environment/aeig-00.asp -14- What if an authority charges more for environmental information than it does for other information? Because the EIRs, unlike the FOI Act, do not specify precisely what level of fees can be charged for environmental information some authorities may try to charge more for environmental information than for other information. For example, they may charge for the time spent finding information even where this does not exceed the £600 or £450 limit which applies under the FOI Act. You should consider challenging such charges. The EIRs require any charge to be "reasonable" and you should argue that a higher charge for 9 environmental information is unreasonable. The EIRs implement an international treaty and a 10 European directive designed to improve public access to environmental information. To penalise applicants by imposing higher charges for environmental information than for other information is inconsistent with the purpose of these measures. Complain to the Information Commissioner if necessary. However, an authority may be allowed to charge more than just the copying/postage costs if: the cost to it of dealing with your request would be more than the £600 or £450 limits which apply to FOI requests; or you have requested information which the authority normally sells on a commercial basis because this is the only way in which it could afford to continue producing the information. 9 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, signed at Aarhus, Denmark, 25 June 1998 10 Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC. -15- 5. WHEN INFORMATION CAN BE WITHHELD Under the UK and Scottish FOI Acts authorities can refuse to supply information if: The cost of finding and extracting the information would cost more than the set cost limit (see above). The authority has already provided you with the same or substantially similar information in which case you may have to wait a "reasonable" time before you can apply again. Your request is "vexatious" - for example, if it is made in order to disrupt the authority's work or is part of an obsessive pattern of requests. The information is covered by an exemption which is not subject to the Act's public interest 11 test. These are known as "absolute" exemptions. The information is covered by an exemption to which the public interest test does apply but in this case the public interest in withholding the information is greater than the public interest in its disclosure. The grounds for refusing information under the EIRs are more limited. There are fewer exemptions 12 and all but one are subject to a public interest test. The authority cannot refuse a request because the cost exceeds a set limit, nor can it refuse a repeated or vexatious request. However, it can refuse if the request is "too general" or "manifestly unreasonable". The exemptions, and the way the public interest test operates, are described in Part 7 of this guide. 11 Under the FOI Act the term "absolute" only means that the public interest test does not apply to the exemption in question. It does not necessarily mean that there is absolutely no access to the information in question. 12 Although the FOI Act uses the term "exemptions" the EIRs refer to "exceptions". This guide uses the term "exemptions" in both cases. -16- How will exempt information be withheld? If some of the information you have asked for is exempt, the authority must still supply the rest. It could do this by, for example: sending you a photocopy of a document from which any exempt information has been blacked out. sending you a printout of information held on computer minus the exempt information. The authority should tell you that it has withheld information and explain why (but see the question below). Can authorities refuse to even tell me whether they hold the information I've asked for? An authority is normally required to tell you whether it holds the information you have asked for, even where it does not have to disclose the information. But in certain circumstances the authority is allowed to refuse to even confirm or deny whether it holds the information. The test under the UK Act (and both sets of EIRs) is whether confirming that the information is or is not held would itself trigger the exemption. Thus under the UK Act, an authority can refuse to say whether it holds particular information if: to do so would be likely to prejudice an interest such as international relations or law enforcement and the public interest in not confirming the existence of the information is greater than the public interest in doing so. (These are the tests that would be used in deciding whether the information must be disclosed). the information relates to a matter such as the formulation of government policy or investigations carried out by a prosecuting authority and the public interest in not confirming the existence of the information is greater than the public interest in doing so. the information itself wouldn't have to be disclosed under any circumstances, for example, in the case of information about the work of the security services or court records. Under the Scottish FOI Act the test is slightly different. An authority can refuse to say whether certain types of exempt information exist where to do so would be "contrary to the public interest". 13 This can be done only in relation to certain exemptions but not all. 13 The exemptions for which this type of a response can be given are those under sections 28 to 35, 39(1) or 41 of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act. See Tables 1 and 2. -17- 6. CHALLENGING DECISIONS Who decides on the exemptions and the public interest test? Initially, the public authority will decide whether information is exempt or disclosure is in the public interest, but you can challenge its decisions. If you do, the UK Information Commissioner or the Scottish Information Commissioner will decide these questions. What should I do if I am unhappy with the authority's decision? If an authority has refused some or all of the information that you have applied for it should write to you: telling you which exemption it is relying on and why it considers that the exemption applies, if this is not obvious, and if it is an exemption to which the public interest test applies, explaining its reasons for claiming that the public interest in withholding the information is greater than the public interest in disclosure. informing you of your rights of appeal. If you're not persuaded by the authority's reply, be prepared to challenge it. The legislation will only work if requesters are persistent and appeal against unfounded refusals. The first stage of any appeal should be to ask the authority itself to reconsider its decision. The Information Commissioner will not normally deal with a complaint from you unless you have done this. If a UK public authority tells you that it has not established an appeals process for dealing with FOI appeals, you will be free to complain directly to the Information Commissioner. Most UK authorities probably will have their own appeals processes, though they are not obliged to. Scottish authorities are required to have their own appeals process. You can appeal about any aspect of the authority's handling of your request which you think may not comply with the FOI Act or EIRs. This may be a decision that information is exempt, that disclosure is not in the public interest, that the authority has refused to confirm whether or not it holds the information, that the cost of finding information exceeds the cost limit, about a -18- photocopying or other charge, that the authority has taken too long over your request, that it has not provided you with reasonable advice and assistance or has dealt with your request under the wrong legislation (eg if you think it should have been dealt with under the EIRs and not the FOI Act). How do I make an appeal? To make an appeal: Send a letter, fax or email to the authority and ask it to reconsider its decision. It should have given you the address for appeals when replying to your request. Include your name and address and a phone number if possible. If you are appealing about a Scottish authority's decision you can also do so in some other permanent form, for example by sending it a tape recording. Say that you are appealing under the FOI Act or the EIRs (if environmental information is involved) or, if appropriate, both. Say which aspect of the decision you are unhappy about and say why you think its wrong, if you can. But it isn't your responsibility to demonstrate that the authority is wrong. The authority has to show that it has complied with the law. There is no set time limit within which you must make an appeal under the UK FOI Act. But if you are appealing under the Scottish FOI Act or under the EIRs you must do so within 40 working days of the decision. There is no charge for appealing to the authority or for complaining to the Information Commissioner. How long does the authority have to decide on the appeal? There is no set time limit for an authority to deal with an appeal under the UK FOI Act. The guidance for central government departments says complaints about simple matters should 14 be dealt with in 2-3 weeks and complex complaints within 6 weeks. An authority should tell you at the outset how long it expects the appeal to take. An appeal under the UK EIRs must be dealt with as soon as possible and in any case within 40 working days. 14 DCA, Freedom of Information: Procedural Guidance, Chapter 9. http://www.dca.gov.uk/foi/guidance/proguide/chap09.htm -19- An appeal under the Scottish FOI Act or Scottish EIRs must be completed with as soon as possible and in any case within 20 working days. The guidance on the UK legislation says the complaint should if possible be dealt with by a more senior person than the original decision-taker. The Scottish guidance says the review should be carried out by someone who wasn't involved in the original decision. How do I complain to the Information Commissioner? You can complain to the Commissioner if: the authority has dealt with your appeal but you still believe it has failed to comply with the legislation in some way. the authority hasn't dealt with your appeal within the required time limit (see above). The only law which doesn't have a fixed time limit is the UK FOI Act. But if a UK authority hasn't reached a decision within a reasonable time, ask the UK Information Commissioner if he will investigate. Write to the UK or Scottish Information Commissioner (depending on whether your request involves a UK or Scottish public authority) explaining what you are complaining about and, if you can, why you think the authority is wrong. Include copies of your request and all correspondence or emails with the authority. The Commissioner's website may provide specific advice on making complaints. If possible check it before sending your complaint. UK Information Commissioner Scottish Information Commissioner Information Commissioner's Office Office of the Scottish Information Commissioner Wycliffe House Kinburn Castle, Water Lane Doubledykes Road, Wilmslow St Andrews, Fife KY16 9DS Cheshire SK9 5AF Telephone: (01334) 464610 Telephone: (01625) 545 700 Fax: (01334) 464611 Fax: (01625) 524 510 e-mail: email@example.com www.informationcommissioner.gov.uk. www.itspublicknowledge.info -20- What will the Commissioner do if he upholds my complaint? If the Commissioner finds that the authority has failed to comply with the legislation he will issue a notice requiring it to disclose the information or do whatever else is necessary to comply. An authority which fails to comply with the Commissioner's notice could be brought before a court and treated as if it was in contempt of court. In theory this could lead to a fine or even imprisonment. Can the Commissioner's decisions be challenged? There is a right of appeal against the Commissioners' decisions: Under the UK FOI Act or EIRs you can appeal to the Information Tribunal against the Commissioner's decision and so can the authority. There is a right of appeal against the Tribunal's decisions to the High Court on a point of law. Under the Scottish FOI Act or EIRs the only right of appeal against the Commissioner's decisions is to the Court of Session on a point of law. An appeal on a point of law means you can only challenge the decision on limited grounds, for example, if you believe that the law has been misinterpreted, a serious factual error has been made or the decision is one which no reasonable person could have reached. Can ministers overrule the Information Commissioner? Both UK and Scottish ministers have a veto which allows them to overrule certain decisions taken by the Commissioner. This is one of the most contentious aspects of the legislation. Under the UK FOI Act and EIRs, cabinet ministers can veto any decision of the Information Commissioner or Information Tribunal which requires a government department to disclose exempt information on public interest grounds. The government has said that all cabinet ministers will be consulted before a veto is used. The Welsh First Minister, and the Northern Ireland First Minister and Deputy First Minister acting jointly, also have a similar veto in relation to the devolved administrations. Under the Scottish legislation, the First Minister can veto decisions of the Scottish Information Commissioner if he orders the Scottish Executive to disclose some classes of exempt information on public interest grounds. The information must be of "exceptional sensitivity" -21- 15 and the veto cannot be used in relation to some types of exempt information. The First Minister must consult other ministers before using the veto. Use of the veto cannot be kept secret and could be judicially reviewed. 15 The veto can be used where the Scottish Information Commissioner orders disclosure on public interest grounds of certain types of exempt information, including that which relates to the formulation of government policy, ministerial communications, Law Officers' advice, the operation of a ministerial private office, national security, information supplied in confidence by a foreign government or international organisation, information which could be withheld during legal proceedings and information relating to honours. The veto cannot be used where the Commissioner orders disclosure of other types of exempt information on public interest grounds, including information whose disclosure would substantially prejudice commercial interests, law enforcement, the economy, relations between devolved assemblies or an assembly and the UK government or in relation to the exemptions for information due to be published in the next 12 weeks, trade secrets, information likely to endanger health and safety or the environment or communications with the Royal Family. -22- 7. EXEMPTIONS & THE PUBLIC INTEREST TEST This section describes the main exemptions under the FOI Act and EIRs. Table 1 lists the FOI Act exemptions which are subject to the public interest test. Table 2 lists the FOI Act exemptions which are not subject to the public interest test Table 3 lists the EIR exemptions. With one exception, they are all subject to the public interest test. The Tables only provide summaries of the exemptions. You should check the legislation itself for the full text. Exemptions subject to the public interest test For those exemptions which are subject to the public interest test, an authority seeking to withhold information must: show that the information is exempt, and show that the public interest in keeping the exempt information confidential is greater than 16 the public interest in its disclosure. If the authority cannot meet both the above tests, the information must be disclosed. The decision on whether the information is exempt may involve different kinds of questions. Some exemptions apply only where it can be shown that disclosure is likely to harm particular interests, such as defence, international relations, law enforcement or commercial interests. The actual test of harm varies depending on which law is involved. For example, under the UK FOI Act it is usually whether disclosure is likely to "prejudice" those interests, while the Scottish FOI Act uses the more 16 Under the UK Act, for those exemptions which are subject to the public interest test, exempt information must be disclosed unless "in all the circumstances of the case, the public interest in maintaining the exemption outweighs the public interest in disclosing the information" [section 2(2)(b)]. Under the Scottish FOI Act such exempt information must be disclosed if "in all the circumstances of the case, the public interest in disclosing the information is not outweighed by that in maintaining the exemption" [section 2(1)(b)] -23- 17 demanding "prejudice substantially" test. In such cases, even information whose disclosure would prejudice or prejudice substantially a particular interest may have to be disclosed if, on balance, the public interest favours it. Other exemptions have no test of harm and apply to all information of a particular kind or all information obtained in particular circumstances. The FOI exemption for information "relating to the formulation or development of government policy" is an example. But the public interest test also applies to these exemptions. The outcome will depend on whether the public interest in confidentiality outweighs the public interest in disclosure of the requested information. Some exemptions are not subject to the public interest test. If information is shown to fall within one of these, the authority can withhold the information without considering whether it should be disclosed in the public interest. The Act refers to these as "absolute" exemptions. This does not mean that there is absolutely no access to the information in question, merely that the Act's public interest test does not apply. The public interest test The term "public interest" is not defined in the FOI Act or EIRs. In general, the "public interest" refers to the interests of the general community or a section of it, as opposed to a purely private interest. It does not mean "what the public is interested in" or curious about. Depending on the circumstances, the public interest in disclosure may involve helping to ensure that: there is informed public debate about significant decisions the public are able to participate effectively in decisions affecting them there is adequate scrutiny of the decision-making process authorities are accountable for the spending of public money authorities do their job properly 17 The Scottish EIRs adopt the same test as the Scottish FOI Act, namely whether disclosure would be likely to "prejudice substantially" the interest in question. The test under the UK EIRs is whether disclosure would "adversely affect" various interests. -24- the public is not deceived about the way public authorities, or bodies which they regulate, operate the public are informed about possible dangers to health and safety or the environment and the adequacy of measures taken to prevent them authorities deal fairly with the public any misconduct is exposed unfounded concerns about the authority are dispelled. Where public interest arguments of these kinds apply they would support the case for disclosure. But any public interest arguments against disclosure also have to be taken into account. These will normally involve the need to prevent damage to the interests specified in the exemptions, such as defence, international relations, law enforcement or commercial interests. The final decision will depend on the relative weight of public interest arguments for and against disclosure. !Certain factors should not be taken into account in considering the public interest. These have been described in guidance issued by Scottish ministers under the Scottish FOI Act, though they will be equally relevant under the UK legislation: "In deciding whether a disclosure is in the public interest, authorities should not take into account possible embarrassment of government or other public authority officials; the seniority of persons involved in the subject matter; the risk of the applicant misinterpreting the information. 18 possible loss of confidence in government or other public authority" 18 Scottish Ministers' Code of Practice on the Discharge of Functions by Public Authorities Under the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 -25- Exemptions and the EIRs The EIRs provide more limited grounds for withholding information than the FOI Act: There are fewer exemptions. All exemptions (with the exception of part of the personal data exemption) are subject to the public interest test. The EIRs state that a public authority must "apply a presumption in favour of disclosure". The 19 exemptions must also be interpreted "in a restrictive way" Information about emissions cannot be withheld under several key exemptions, including the exemption for commercial confidentiality and several other exemptions. The right of access to environmental information overrides any restriction on disclosure in other legislation or under common law. This is the opposite of the position under the FOI Act where these restrictions override the right of access. Where the information which has been requested has been produced by the authority itself or on its behalf, the authority is required to ensure that it is up to date, accurate and comparable. Table 3 shows the exemptions in the UK and Scottish EIRs. The main difference between them is in the harm test. Many of the UK exemptions apply where disclosure would "adversely affect" a particular interest, whereas the Scottish exemptions adopt the more demanding test of whether disclosure would "substantially prejudice" that interest. 19 This is a requirement of the EU directive which the regulations implement. It also explicitly stated in the Scottish EIRs. -26- TABLE 1 FOI exemptions to which the public interest test applies (summary) UK FOI Act Scottish FOI Act Section 22 Information intended for publication which it Section Information intended for publication within 27 is reasonable to withhold until publication. the next 12 weeks which it is reasonable to withhold until publication. For this exemption to apply, there must have been an intention to publish the Information obtained from a continuing information before the request was research programme whose disclosure is received likely to substantially prejudice the programme or interests of those involved in it. Section 24 Information whose exemption is required to Section Information whose exemption is required to 31(1) safeguard national security safeguard national security The exemption can be established by a The exemption can be established by a ministerial certificate which the Information ministerial certificate which the Information Commissioner cannot overturn. However, Commissioner cannot overturn. However, the Information Tribunal can set aside the the certificate could be set aside by judicial certificate if, applying judicial review review if the court finds there were no principles, it finds there were no reasonable reasonable grounds for it. grounds for it. Section 26 Information likely to prejudice defence Section Information likely to substantially prejudice 31(4) defence Section Information likely to prejudice international Section Information likely to substantially prejudice 27(1) 32(1)(a) relations or the UK's interests abroad international relations or the UK's interests abroad Section Information obtained in confidence from Section Information obtained in confidence from 27(2) 32(1)(b) another government or international another government or international organisation organisation Section 28 Information likely to prejudice relations Section Information likely to substantially prejudice 28 between any of the devolved relations between any of the devolved administrations or between a devolved administrations or between a devolved administration and the UK government administration and the UK government Section 29 Information likely to prejudice the economic Section Information likely to substantially prejudice 33(2) interests of the UK or the financial interests the economic interests of the UK or the of a devolved administration financial interests of a devolved administration -27- Section 30 Information obtained during investigations Section Information obtained during investigations by 34 by the police or prosecuting authorities into the police or prosecuting authorities or for potential offences or for the purpose of the purpose of criminal proceedings or held criminal proceedings or obtained during in connection with an inquiry into the cause investigations which could have led to of a death. charges being brought. Information relating to the obtaining of Information relating to the obtaining of information from confidential sources in information from confidential sources in connection with investigations, proceedings connection with investigations, proceedings or regulatory functions or regulatory functions Note that there is no right of appeal to the Commissioner against decisions of a procurator fiscal or the Lord Advocate, where he is acting in his capacity as head the systems of criminal prosecution and investigation of deaths in Scotland. It may be possible to challenge such decisions by judicial review. Section 31 Information likely to prejudice law Section Information likely to substantially prejudice 35 enforcement, the administration of justice law enforcement, the administration of or various regulatory functions justice or various regulatory functions Section 33 Information likely to prejudice the functions Section Information likely to substantially prejudice 40 of an authority responsible for auditing or the functions of an authority responsible for assessing the effectiveness of other public auditing or assessing the effectiveness of authorities. other public authorities. Section Information held by a government Section Information held by the Scottish Executive 35(1) 29(1) department or the Welsh Assembly relating relating to: to: (a) the formulation or development of (a) the formulation or development of government policy government policy In applying this exemption, the Scottish In applying this exemption, Executive must take account of the government must take account of the particular public interest in disclosing particular public interest in disclosing factual information which provides an factual information which provides an informed background to decision- informed background to decision- taking. taking. (This means that factual information (This means that factual information about policy decisions is particularly about policy decisions is particularly likely to be disclosed on public interest likely to be disclosed on public interest grounds, though other information may grounds, though other information may also be disclosable on these grounds.) also be disclosable on these grounds.) (b) ministerial communications (b) ministerial communications (c) Law Officers' advice (c) Law Officers' advice (d) the operation of a minister's private (d) the operation of a minister's private office office -28- Section 36 Information which in the reasonable opinion Section Information likely to (a) substantially 30 of a 'qualified person' (a minister or prejudice collective responsibility (b) designated senior official) would be likely to substantially inhibit the free and frank (a) prejudice collective responsibility (b) provision of advice or exchange of views for inhibit the free and frank provision of advice the purposes of deliberation or (c) or exchange of views for the purposes of substantially prejudice the effective conduct deliberation or (c) prejudice the effective of public affairs conduct of public affairs. Although the public interest test normally applies to this exemption it does not apply in the case of requests made to the House of Commons or the House of Lords. Section Information relating to communications with Section Information relating to communications with 37(1)(a) 41(a) the Royal Family the Royal Family Section Information relating to honours Section Information relating to honours 37(1)(b) 41(b) Section 38 Information likely to endanger an Section Information likely to endanger an individual's 39(1) individual's health or safety health or safety Section 39 Environmental information Section Environmental information 39(2) (This is exempt under the FOI Act because (This is exempt under the FOI (Scotland) Act a right of access exists under the because a right of access exists under the Environmental Information Regulations) Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations) Section Most personal data is not subject to the Section Most personal data is not subject to the 40(2) 38(1) public interest test. However the public public interest test. However, the public (in part) interest test does apply to two relatively (in part) interest test does apply to two relatively minor classes of personal data: (a) minor classes of personal data: (a) information which could be withheld from information which could be withheld from the the person to whom it relates if he or she person to whom it relates if he or she applied for it under the Data Protection Act applied for it under the Data Protection Act and (b) a limited category of personal data and (b) a limited category of personal data whose disclosure is restricted under a whose disclosure is restricted by a notice special provision in section 10 of the Data under s 10 of the Data Protection Act Protection Act because disclosure would be indicating that its disclosure would be likely likely to cause substantial and unwarranted to cause substantial and unwarranted damage and distress to the individual damage and distress to the individual concerned concerned Section 42 Information covered by legal professional Section Information which could be withheld in legal 36(1) privilege proceedings on the grounds of confidentiality of communications Section Trade secrets Section Trade secrets 43(1) 33(1)(a) Section Information whose disclosure would be Section Information whose disclosure would be likely 43(2) 33(1)(b) likely to prejudice commercial interests to substantially prejudice commercial interests -29- TABLE 2 FOI exemptions to which the public interest test does not apply (summary) (also known as "absolute" exemptions) UK FOI Act Scottish FOI Act Section Information that is reasonably accessible to Section Information that is reasonably accessible to 21 25 the applicant already the applicant already [For information available from the authority [For information available from the authority on request this exemption only applies if the on request this exemption only applies if the information is described in the authority's information is described in the authority's publication scheme] publication scheme] Section Information relating to or supplied by the (No equivalent) 23 security and intelligence services, GCHQ, the special forces, the National Criminal Intelligence Service and certain other specified bodies with security functions The exemption can be established by a ministerial certificate which the Information Commissioner cannot overturn. However, the Information Tribunal can set aside the certificate if it finds that the information does not relate to and has not been supplied by such a body. Section Information contained only in court Section Information contained only in court 32 37 documents documents Section Information whose disclosure would infringe (No equivalent) 34 Parliamentary privilege. This exemption can be established a certificate signed by the Speaker of the Commons or the Clerk of the Parliaments, which the Information Commissioner cannot overturn. -30- Section The public interest test does not apply where (No equivalent) 36 a request is made to Parliament but does apply for requests to all other bodies. In the case of a request to Parliament, information is exempt if in the reasonable opinion of the Speaker of the Commons or the Clerk of the Parliaments, disclosure would be likely to (a) prejudice collective responsibility (b) inhibit the free and frank provision of advice or exchange of views for the purposes of deliberation or (c) prejudice the effective conduct of public affairs. This exemption can be established a certificate signed by the Speaker of the Commons or the Clerk of the Parliaments, which the Information Commissioner cannot overturn. Section Personal data about the applicant. Section (a) Personal data about the applicant (b) 40(1) 38(1) personal census information, and (c) health (This is exempt under the FOI Act because a In part records of a deceased person right of access to such information exists under the Data Protection Act) (Personal data about the applicant is exempt under the FOI Act because a right of access to such information exists under the Data Protection Act) Section Personal data about another individual Section Personal data about another individual 40 (2) 38(1) whose disclosure would breach the data whose disclosure would breach the data (in part) protection principles in the Data Protection In part protection principles in the Data Protection Act Act Section Information whose disclosure would be a Section Information whose disclosure would be a 41 36(2) breach of confidence at common law. breach of confidence at common law. (Although the FOI Act's public interest test (Although the FOI Act's public interest test does not apply, a similar public interest test does not apply, a similar public interest test applies at common law to the decision on applies at common law to the decision on whether a breach of confidence has whether a breach of confidence has occurred.) occurred.) Section Information whose disclosure is prohibited by Section Information whose disclosure is prohibited by 44 26 law law -31- TABLE 3 Exemptions under the Environmental Information Regulations (summary) (All exemptions are subject to a public interest test apart from some personal data) UK EIRs Scottish EIRs Notes Regulation Regulation 12(4)(b) The request is "manifestly 10(4)(b) The request is "manifestly unreasonable" unreasonable" 12(4)(d) The request is "too general" 10(4)(c) The request is "too general" An authority can only use this exemption if it has first asked the applicant to provide more details specific and has helped the applicant to do so 12(4)(d) The request relates to material 10(4)(d) The request relates to material which is still being completed or which is still being completed or to to unfinished documents or unfinished documents or incomplete data. incomplete data. 12(4)(e) The request involves the 10(4)(e) The request involves the disclosure of "internal disclosure of "internal communications". communications". 12(5)(a) Disclosure would adversely affect 10(5)(a) Disclosure would substantially The exemption for international relations, defence, prejudice international relations, national security can be national security or public safety defence, national security or established by a public safety ministerial certificate. 12(5)(b) Disclosure would adversely affect 10(5)(b) Disclosure would substantially the course of justice, a fair trial or prejudice the course of justice, a a criminal or disciplinary inquiry fair trial or a criminal or disciplinary inquiry 12(5)(c) Disclosure would adversely affect 10(5)(c) Disclosure would substantially intellectual property rights prejudice intellectual property rights -32- (12(5)(d) Disclosure would adversely affect 10(5)(d) Disclosure would substantially Data relating to the confidentiality of an authority's prejudice the confidentiality of an emissions cannot be proceedings where that authority's proceedings where that withheld under this confidentiality is provided by law confidentiality is provided by law exemption The exemption only applies where there is a legal basis other than the EIRs for withholding information, eg where disclosure would be a breach of confidence 12(5)(e) Disclosure would adversely affect 10(5)(e) Disclosure would substantially Data relating to commercial or industrial prejudice commercial or industrial emissions cannot be confidentiality which is provided confidentiality which is provided withheld under this by law to protect a legitimate by law to protect a legitimate exemption economic interest economic interest The exemption only applies where there is a legal basis other than the EIRs for withholding information, eg where disclosure would be a breach of confidence or 12(5)(f) Disclosure would adversely affect 10(5)(f) Disclosure would substantially Data relating to the interests of a person who has prejudice the interests of a person emissions cannot be volunteered the information and who has volunteered the withheld under this (a) the authority has no power to information and (a) the authority exemption compel the person to provide the has no power to compel the information and (b) the authority person to provide the information is not entitled to disclose the and (b) the authority is not entitled information and (c) the person to disclose the information and (c) supplying the information has not the person supplying the consented to its disclosure information has not consented to its disclosure 12(5)(g) Disclosure would adversely affect 10(5)(g) Disclosure would substantially Data relating to the protection of the environment prejudice the protection of the emissions cannot be environment withheld under this exemption -33- 13(1) Personal data about an individual 11(2) Personal data about an individual other than the applicant is exempt other than the applicant is exempt if (a) disclosure would breach any if (a) disclosure would breach any of the data protection principles of the data protection principles (b) the information could be (b) the information could be withheld from the person to whom withheld from the person to whom it relates if he or she applied for it it relates if he or she applied for it under the Data Protection and (c) under the Data Protection and (c) its disclosure is restricted by a its disclosure is restricted by a notice under section 10 of the notice under section 10 of the Data Protection Act on the Data Protection Act on the grounds that its disclosure would grounds that its disclosure would be likely to cause substantial and be likely to cause substantial and unwarranted damage and unwarranted damage and distress distress to the individual to the individual concerned. concerned. The public interest test applies to The public interest test applies to categories (b) and (c) categories (b) and (c) Personal data about the applicant 5(3) Personal data about the applicant is not accessible under the EIRs. is not accessible under the EIRs. Access to such information is Access to such information is 11(1) provided under the Data provided under the Data Protection Act Protection Act -34- 8. OBTAINING YOUR OWN PERSONAL DATA What are my rights to obtain information about myself? For some time there has been a right of access under the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998 to personal data held about yourself by public or private bodies. This is known as "subject access", because it is a right of access by the subject of the data. Prior to January 1 2005 the right of access applied to: Personal information held about you in electronic form, for example in emails, a database or in documents held on computer Your paper health records (both NHS and private), social work records, local authority housing records or children's school records Credit reference agency records Other personal information about you held about you on paper in a "structured" file. This is a file held as part of a collection of files on individuals which is so well organised or indexed that someone looking for specific personal data about you within your file can go straight to it 20 without leafing through the pages. The Freedom of Information Act has amended the Data Protection Act to improve the right of access to personal data held by public authorities. From January 1 2005 the right of subject access also applies to any other personal data held about you by a public authority. This information is referred to as "unstructured" personal data. 20 This narrow definition is the result of a 2003 Court of Appeal judgment in the case of Durant v Financial Services Authority. Prior to that decision it had been assumed that most manual files about individuals were "structured" and accessible to the individuals concerned. The narrower definition excluded many kinds of manual files from this right of access. -35- What personal information is covered by the new right of access? Examples of "unstructured" personal data which you are now entitled to see include: a file about you which does not qualify as a "structured" file information about you held on someone else's file letters mentioning you held in a general correspondence file references to you in minutes of meetings, notes of telephone conversations or any other kind of document. The new right applies to unstructured data even if it was recorded before January 1 2005. Can I see all the unstructured data held about me? No, you can only see the unstructured data which the authority can find by spending up to a set limit. The limits are those that also apply under the UK FOI Act: government departments are required to spend up to £600 looking for and extracting any unstructured personal data you have requested. This is calculated at a fixed rate of £25 for every hour of staff time involved and amounts to about three and a half days work. other public authorities, including those in Scotland, are required to spend up to £450 or 21 about two and a half days work looking for unstructured personal data. If an authority can find and extract the unstructured information you have asked for without spending more than £600/£450 it must disclose it to you, unless an exemption applies. An authority is not required to supply you with any data which could only be found by spending more than these amounts. Where all the unstructured data about you is easily found, perhaps because it is in a single file or in a number of easily located documents, you should be able to obtain it all, so long as it is not exempt. But if your personal data is scattered throughout the authority's papers, the cost of searching for it may well exceed the cost limit. 21 For a Scottish public authority, the cost limit applied to a subject access is request is £450 and not the £600 which applies to an FOI request. -36- Instead of asking for "all unstructured personal data" which you hold on me, it will help if you describe the specific unstructured data you want. The authority can require you to do this before dealing with your request. Its in your interests to do so, because this will help the authority know where to look - and increase the chances that it will be able to find the data without exceeding the cost limit. For example, you could ask for particular documents, letters or reports or for all unstructured data about a particular incident. What information is not covered by the new right? The new right of access does not apply to unstructured data about personnel matters. If you are a current or former civil servant, public authority employee, office holder or member of the armed forces the right of access to unstructured personal data does not apply to data about your pay, pension, appointment, dismissal, disciplinary record or other personnel matters. However, you can see personnel information about yourself if it is held on computer or in a structured file. The new right of access also does not apply to unstructured data which: is held by a public authority which is not subject to the UK or Scottish FOI Act, such as the courts or security services is held by private bodies the authority can only find by exceeding the cost limits described above is covered by one of the Data Protection Act's exemptions. How do I apply to see my own personal data? To make an application, send a letter, fax or email to the body which holds the data. It will help to say you are applying under section 7(1) of the Data Protection Act 1998. However, your request will be valid even if you don't mention the Act. You may be asked for proof of your identity. Any written request you make for access to your own personal data will be dealt with under the Data Protection Act and not the Freedom of Information Act, even if you say you're applying under the FOI Act. -37- What will I have to pay? You can be asked to pay a fee of up to £10 for your personal data. This includes the cost of any photocopies or printouts supplied to you. This the maximum fee you can be charged, even if your request includes both structured and unstructured data. Different charges can be made for health, school and credit reference agency records: you can be charged up to £50 (which includes the cost of photocopies) for health records held on paper. This higher charge allows for the costs of copying complex records like X- 22 rays. You should not be charged the full £50 for a small number of ordinary photocopies. for school records, the only charge is for photocopies. You can be asked to pay £1 for the first 20 pages, plus a further £1 for every subsequent 10 pages, up to a maximum of £50 for 500 pages or more. a £2 charge can be made for access to records held by a credit reference agency. Remember that the £450 or £600 cost limits mentioned above are used purely to decide whether or not the authority has to provide the unstructured personal data you have asked for. These costs cannot be passed on to you. How long does the authority have to supply personal data? The Data Protection Act requires personal data to be supplied "promptly" and in any case within 40 calendar days (not working days) of the request. What exemptions apply under the Data Protection Act? The exemptions and other advice on applying for your personal data can be found in an earlier guide published by the Campaign for Freedom of Information, "Your Rights to Personal Files". You can read this at http://www.cfoi.org.uk/persfilesintro.html or obtain it price £5.50 from the Campaign. 22 The Department of Health's guidance says "Charges are for copying and posting the records only and should not result in a profit for the record holder." http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/InformationPolicy/PatientConfidentialityAndCaldicottGuardians/Acce ssHealthRecordsFAQ/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4039714&chk=iOJNGp#4330516 -38- How does the right of access to personal data compare to the right of access to official information? You may find that a request which you make involves some personal data about yourself and some non-personal information. For example, you might ask for the reasons why your application to a public authority has not been successful and also for a copy of the rules which describe how such applications are dealt with. The first part of your request would involve personal data about yourself and be dealt with under the Data Protection Act. The second part of the request would involve non- personal information and would be handled under the FOI Act. There are significant differences between the DP Act and the FOI Act: Most of the FOI Act's exemptions are subject to a public interest test. There is no public interest test under the DP Act. An authority normally has to tell you when it withholds information under the FOI Act. It does not have do so when withholding information under a DP Act exemption. An authority which refuses information under the FOI Act has to tell you how to appeal against its decision. It does not have to do this under the DP Act. If you are unhappy with a decision under the FOI Act, you must first ask the authority to reconsider, before you can complain to the Information Commissioner. You are not required to appeal to the authority itself under the DP Act. If you complain to the Commissioner under the FOI Act he will normally make a binding decision, requiring the authority to comply with the Act. He will not usually do so under the DP Act, unless there has been a serious breach or one affecting a large number of people. Instead, the Commissioner will usually assess whether it is "likely or unlikely" that the DP Act has been breached. You can, however, apply directly to a court to enforce your rights under the DP Act. If the Commissioner does not uphold your complaint under the FOI Act, you can appeal to the Information Tribunal. Under the DP Act, only the body which holds the information can appeal to the Tribunal. Your only option would be the potentially more expensive remedy of court action. Overall, your rights of appeal under the DP Act are significantly weaker than under the FOI Act. The Campaign has urged the government to improve the DP Act to bring it into line with the FOI Act, but at present there is no indication that it will do so. See http://www.cfoi.org.uk/pdf/sarconresponse.pdf _______________________________


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The collection is an adaptation of a volume of images and information collected by library staff to form the Biographical Sketches of the Mayors of the City of Milwaukee.
Milwaukee Public Library is pleased to host the Wisconsin History Tour in January 2015. The Wisconsin History Tour is presented by the Wisconsin Historical Society. WHS and MPL invite you…
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From NewsBank, find indexing of and full articles in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (from 1990-present) and other Wisconsin, national and world newspapers.
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Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Cancer and BioMed Central.
Imad Fadl-Elmula*, Soili Kytola, Mona EL Leithy, Mohamed Abdel-Hameed, Nils Mandahl, Atif Elagib, Muntaser Ibrahim, Catharina Larsson and Sverre Heim
* Corresponding author: Imad Fadl-Elmula firstname.lastname@example.com
BMC Cancer 2002, 2:5 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-2-5
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Paul Petzoldt Legacy Scholarship
A scholarship selection committee has been chosen for awarding the Petzoldt scholarship. Members of this committee are Bruce Cartwright, Paula Hunker and Diane Shoutis, all early alumni of the school.
The first Petzoldt Scholarship was awarded to Kara Halsey in July of 2000. Kara selected a Wind River 25 and Over trip. Her course leaders gave her an excellent evaluation on her course. Kara demonstrated good outdoor skills and commitment to continued improvement. Kara left this course with the knowledge, skills and confidence to successfully lead trips in the outdoors. The instructors also noted a tremendous change in Kara's confidence over the past two weeks and felt that her confidence will continue to grow after this course has ended.
This scholarship enables a deserving individual to take any course in Wyoming up to 30 days in length. To apply, applicants must complete a Paul Petzoldt Legacy Scholarship application and submit it along with a letter of recommendation from a NOLS grad who completed their course 20 years prior to the start of the applicant's course date. These applications must be received on or before February 1 of each year. For further information about the scholarship, or to make a contribution, please contact the NOLS Alumni Office. Diane Newbury Shoutis can be reached at (800) 332-4280 or by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Download application (pdf) here.
Back to NOLS Scholarship Program
Last Mountain Man? Not if He Can Help It by Jane Howard. Life magazine, December 19, 1969.
Paul Tells His Story by Molly Absolon. The Leader, Fall 1995.
"This was a man to match our mountains," by Kerry Brophy. The Leader, Fall 1999.
Old Man of the Mountains Dies at 91: Paul Kiesow Petzoldt, January 16, 1908 - October 6, 1999. NOLS Press Release, October 7, 1999.
In 1965, Wyoming's Wind River Range is where NOLS founder Paul Petzoldt's dream for an outdoor leadership school became a reality.
Photo: Juan Queirolo
Request a Catalog or call 1-800-710-6657 NOLS, 284 Lincoln Street, Lander, WY 82520-2848, USA Copyright © 2015 National Outdoor Leadership School. All rights reserved. NOLS is a 501(c)3 nonprofit educational institution.


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Vettel expected to do the right thing
PUBLISHED: 09 Nov 2010 04:39:15 | UPDATED: 10 Nov 2010 03:01:47PRINT EDITION: 09 Nov 2010Red Bull expect Sebastian Vettel to help Mark Webber win the Formula One world championship should the situation arise.
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Ratings based on 472 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.4 Room cleanliness
4.5 Service & staff
4.0 Room comfort
4.1 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Hong Hong
Good location and friendly helpful staff
Posted Feb 27, 2015Stayed in Feb 2015. Only 5 mins walk from main train station, 20 mins to the city centre/ the Arena. Room size was not big but got almost everything u expected in a hotel room. Bed was comfortable and towels were really clean and ironed. The front desk staff, Valeria was really cheerful and helpful and we enjoyed our stay in NHR. Highly recommend for a convenient location and budget location.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom South Africa
Nice Hotel
Posted Jan 20, 2015Very nice and close to train station. It is a bit far from the centre of Verona to get to see all the sites but generally very nice hotel.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom roma
Grazioso albergo in un punto strategico
Posted Jan 2, 2015Pros: Tutto
albergo molto carino, familiare, personale eccellente ed attento ai particolari!!!!
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Lyon
Hôtel accueillant
Posted Dec 29, 2014Pros: Tout
Cons: Rien
Location: Hôtel à 200m du centre ville
Très bon restaurant, belle chambre, personnel excellent qui parle français. La piscine super, la salle de sport très bien.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom New York, NY
Posted Dec 23, 2014Very close to the train station. It is a decent hotel with a decent price. Staff were friendly and breakfast was nice.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Paris
Hôtel proche de la gare mais éloigné du centre .
Posted Dec 10, 2014Pros: La proximité de la gare .. Le confort pour un bon rapport qualité-prix. La qualité du petit déjeuner .
Cons: Une meilleure signalétique pour ne pas errer inutilement afin de trouver cet hôtel .
Location: La ville de Vérone est sublime. Mais il faut faire un petit effort de marche pour se rendre au centre de la ville .
L'hôtel est un petit bâtiment d'aspect agréable à proximité de la gare mais malheureusement au bout d'une rue moins agréable .Le style du mobilier est standard mais de bon goût . les chambres sont calmes avec vue sur un parc . Le centre de la ville est un peu éloigné pour ceux qui n'aiment pas ou ne peuvent pas marcher (20 mn) .
for Couplesby Joaquimfrom Luxembourg
Hotel très sympa
Posted Nov 20, 2014 on Hotels.comA 500m de la Gare avec bus qui mène partout à Verone. Très pratique pour visiter.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Edmonton, AB CANADA
Great hotel near train station
Posted Nov 18, 2014Pros: Wonderful staff, good wifi and excellent breakfast, included in the price.
Location: Great base for exploring Verona and near to station so easy to visit nearby cities, e.g. Brescia, Padua or Bologna.
This is a very well run hotel with excellent and attentive staff. We had a question about the heating... It was too hot for us, i.e. N American visitors ....and were pleased to have a fan provided. We also liked its location near the train station and both walked to the old city center and took the bus. Would definitely recommend.
for Couplesby Júliafrom Belo Horizonte
Hotel bem localizado, perto da estação de trem
Posted Nov 13, 2014 on Hotels.comHotel muito bem localizado, 5 min a pé da estação de trem. E próximo ao centro histórico. Ideal para turistas que vão de trem. Espaçoso, quarto arrumado, buffet café da manhã completo, funcionários falam várias línguas, muito prestativos, atenciosos. Ficamos muito satisfeitos com atendimento. Único ponto negativo foi o acesso a internet wifi, que caia várias vezes e não conectava em totos os aparelhos de celular.
for Familiesby A verified traveler
Posted Nov 11, 2014 on Hotels.com


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350 V-8 350 turbo trans Power brakes Front disc brakes Tilt wheel Wide white radials Very solid and straight car Has been stored since 1998 Runs and sounds great... More
Multiple award-winning 1956 Chevrolet Bel Air Sport Coupe. Tropical Turquoise / India Ivory,Turquoise interior, correct 265ci V8, factory power pack w/ dual exhaust, front... More
WORLDWIDE VINTAGE AUTOS CALL OUR SALES TEAM AT 720 457 9145 MONDAY-FRIDAY 10AM-6PM SATURDAY 10AM-4PM AS ONE... More
1956 Chevy Nomad Wagon- dawn gray metallic/india ivory, black & white interior, new 350 ci Chevy crate engine w/warranty w/R-700 trans, white wall radial... More
1958 CHEV IMPALA TURQUOISE W/TURQUOISE INTERIOR 348 CI, 3-2 CARBS, 280 HP POWER GLIDE FENDER SKIRTS PUSH-BUTTON RADIO DAY/NIGHT MIRROR, DUAL O/S MIRRORS SPINNER HUBCAPS WHITE WALL RADIAL TIRES NAIL GUARDS FRONT/REAR SEATBELTS DUAL AERIALS... More
This 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air 4 Door Sedan (Stock # R12082) is available in our Redwood City, CA showroom and any inquiries may be... More
1957 Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible Fully Custom, Full Frame Off Restoration, Documents Available, Over $300,000 spent on this beauty. Please call or email with any... More
This 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air 2 Door Hardtop (Stock # R12085) is available in our Redwood City, CA showroom and any inquiries may be... More
The Second Generation (1955–1957) Chevrolets are commonly referred to as "TriFives" and are sought out by car enthusiasts and car collectors everywhere. This absolutely... More
1951 Chevrolet 2 Door Deluxe Hardtop Northwest Classic Auto Mall advertises this vehicle for the owner. If you are interested in this vehicle or have any... More
1956 210 2 DOOR SURF WAGON GORGEOUS TRUQUOISE AND WHITE SOLID STRAIGHT AND GORGEOUS Payments as low as $500 a Month @... More
1951 Chevy ``Custom`` 4 Dr. Sedan. Still very nice ``Trophy Blue`` finish redone some time ago. Has orig. Gray fabric pinstripe seating, still very... More
1957 Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible Exceptionally well built Bel Air convertible fitted with GM High Output 350 crate engine, 700R4 automatic, power brakes, steering, top,... More
1954 Chevrolet 3100 Pickup350 cui small block Chevy. TH350 Automatic B&M floor shifter transmission. 10 bolt rear end. Fresh Atlas Green Bluw two stage... More
Now before all the purists get upset that someone modified a somewhat rare 1954 Corvette, take a closer look. This one was skillfully built... More


text:
Three. Coordination Compounds
- Thomas B. Rauchfuss
Published Online: 7 SEP 2010
DOI: 10.1002/9780470651568.ch3
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Book Title
Inorganic Syntheses, Volume 35
Additional Information
How to Cite
Rauchfuss, T. B. (ed) (2010) Coordination Compounds, in Inorganic Syntheses, Volume 35, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9780470651568.ch3
Editor Information
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Publication History
- Published Online: 7 SEP 2010
- Published Print: 10 SEP 2010
Book Series:
ISBN Information
Print ISBN: 9780471682554
Online ISBN: 9780470651568
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Welcome to Fashiolista! Discover, save & share the greatest fashion findsfrom anywhere on the web! Sign in with Facebook
Buy it here 185 First found by Loco at net-a-porter.com 3 years ago @Tag a friend Add to list comments Please sign in to start gossiping Sign in with Facebook or sign up manually There's no gossip yet... Are you sure you want to delete this comment? Cancel Are you sure this is spam? Cancel we love it! (185) tags for this item shoes Miu Miu Miu Miu Miu Shoes Miu Miu sandals mi miu miu platforms Miu Miu Heels Nude heels nude shoes nude sandals strappy sandals pink sandals pink heels gold rose sandals metallic net a porter mui miu watersnake zapato metallic heels nude Pastel Pastel Pink heels platforms 2012 ss 2012 loco MiuMiu boots snake water pink miu miu rose login to add tags


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Your Dog, Your Life
The Scoop
Dog News, Politics
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Wildebeest creates the perfect present for new dog parents.
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Hagen Meyer
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Photo Comments (11)
"watching over you mommy!"
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"Breezy old days"
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"Looking fancy"
"Shine baby , shine !"
"My angel has wings"
Photo Comments
"mommy´s pupils"
"Flying to you mommy"
"Crystal in the sky"
"a candle for my angel"
HERE IS A SPECIAL MESSAGE FROM HEART TO YOUR HEART LOVE MOMMY "I know for sure that you are watching over me together with granny and you know how much I miss both of you lots of hugs from all of us for my angel princess forever in my heart Neuza, Peek a Boo, Ursula and Nicola "
on what would have been her 16th birthday I miss you today and everyday ; I am trying to remember all the good moments we shared during 8 years of your life A poem from Heaven I am not so far from you, Just a little way beyond. Past the cares and past the pain, Far past my earthly bonds. When you feel you miss me most As years go drifting by, Each memory will prove to you That our love will never die. For memories are but a touch From the Father's gentle hand. To heal your pain and mend your hearts. To help you understand. That while I left you far too soon, I did not leave alone. For the Father sent His angels To gently take me home. Take comfort when you think of me, Keep my love alive in your heart, And with the warmth of each memory, We will never be apart. Author Unknown TIME IS TOO SLOW FOR THOSE WHO WAIT, TOO SWIFT FOR THOSE WHO FEAR , TOO LONG FOR THOSE WHO GRIEVE , TOO SHORT FOR THOSE WHO REJOICE BUT FOR THOSE WHO LOVE , TIME IS ETERNITY All my love mommy
So sad ! mommy feels like she lost one of her own Please visit Mias ´s page to leave your love and support for her grieving mommy her last diary entry: I don't even know where to begin except to say God has gained the most special angel in the world today. This morning just before 9:00 AM the attending vet called to let us know Mia had slipped into a coma and we should probably make the decision to let her go at this time. I asked if he thought she would make it until we got there (about a 30-40 minute trip) and he could only say he would do what he could but that time wasn't on our side. Bless her heart, she held on until we got to the University and we could properly say our goodbyes. Mia passed away this morning at around 9:45 AM. I am beyond devastated, she was the most special little girl we ever had in our lives. I love you so much Mia. I know you fought long and hard so thank you for that. It is your turn to rest. We love you Mia ´s page : http://www.dogster.com/dogs/471169 Thank you all ! Crystal