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Sava | |
River | |
Countries | Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia |
Tributaries | |
- left | Savinja, Sutla, Krapina, Lonja, Ilova-Trebež, Orljava, Bosut |
- right | Ljubljanica, Krka, Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Ukrina, Bosna, Tinja, Drina, Kolubara |
Cities | Kranj, Ljubljana, Zagreb, Sisak, Slavonski Brod, Brčko, Sremska Mitrovica, Šabac, Obrenovac, Belgrade |
Source | Zelenci |
- location | Kranjska Gora, Slovenia |
- elevation | 833 m (2,733 ft) |
- coordinates | 46°29′31″N 13°44′16″E / 46.49194°N 13.73778°E |
Mouth | Danube |
- location | Belgrade, Serbia |
- elevation | 68 m (223 ft) |
- coordinates | 44°49′27″N 20°26′38″E / 44.82417°N 20.44389°E |
Length | 990 km (615 mi) a |
Basin | 97,713.2 km2 (37,727 sq mi) |
Discharge | for the river mouth |
- average | 1,564 m3/s (55,232 cu ft/s) |
a Including 45 km (28 mi) Sava Dolinka headwater |
Sava | |
River | |
Countries | Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia |
Tributaries | |
- left | Savinja, Sutla, Krapina, Lonja, Ilova-Trebež, Orljava, Bosut |
- right | Ljubljanica, Krka, Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Ukrina, Bosna, Tinja, Drina, Kolubara |
Cities | Kranj, Ljubljana, Zagreb, Sisak, Slavonski Brod, Brčko, Sremska Mitrovica, Šabac, Obrenovac, Belgrade |
Source | Zelenci |
- location | Kranjska Gora, Slovenia |
- elevation | 833 m (2,733 ft) |
- coordinates | 46°29′31″N 13°44′16″E / 46.49194°N 13.73778°E |
Mouth | Danube |
- location | Belgrade, Serbia |
- elevation | 68 m (223 ft) |
- coordinates | 44°49′27″N 20°26′38″E / 44.82417°N 20.44389°E |
Length | 990 km (615 mi) a |
Basin | 97,713.2 km2 (37,727 sq mi) |
Discharge | for the river mouth |
- average | 1,564 m3/s (55,232 cu ft/s) |
a Including 45 km (28 mi) Sava Dolinka headwater |
The Sava (pronounced [ˈsaːva]) is a river in Southeast Europe, a right side tributary of the Danube. It flows through Slovenia, Croatia, along the northern border of Bosnia and Herzegovina, through Serbia, discharging into the Danube in Belgrade. Its central part is a natural border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. The Sava forms the northern border of the Balkan Peninsula, and southern edge of the Pannonian Plain.
The Sava is 990 kilometres (615 miles) long, including 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava Dolinka headwater rising in Zelenci, Slovenia. It is the greatest tributary of the Danube by volume of water, and second-largest after Tisza in terms of catchment area (97,713 square kilometres (37,727 square miles)) and length. It drains a significant portion of the Dinaric Alps region, through the major tributaries of Drina, Bosna, Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Lonja, Kolubara, Bosut and Krka. The Sava is one of the longest rivers in Europe and among a handful of European rivers of that length that do not drain directly into a sea.
The population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and it connects three national capitals—Ljubljana, Zagreb and Belgrade. The Sava is navigable for larger vessels from the confluence of Kupa River in Sisak, Croatia, approximately two-thirds of its length.
The Sava River is formed from the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka headwaters in northwest Slovenia. The river's headwater area also encompasses several tributaries, including the 52-kilometre (32 mi) Sora, the 27-kilometre (17 mi) Tržič Bistrica and the 17-kilometre (11 mi) Radovna rivers—flowing into the Sava at confluences located as far east downstream as Medvode.[1][2]
The Sava Dolinka rises at the Zelenci Pools near Kranjska Gora, Slovenia, in a valley separating the Julian Alps from the Karavanke mountain range.[3] The spring is located near the Slovene-Italian border at 833 metres (2,733 feet) above sea level,[2][4] in a drainage divide between the Adriatic and Danube basins. The Sava Dolinka spring is fed by groundwater possibly exhibiting bifurcation of source karst aquifer to the Sava and Soča basins.[5] Nadiža creek, a short losing stream flowing nearby, is the source of Zelenci Pools water.[3] Sava River is considered to comprise Sava Dolinka as its initial,[2] 45-kilometre (28 mi) segment.[6]
The Sava Bohinjka originates in Ribčev Laz, at the confluence of the Jezernica,[7] a short watercourse flowing out from Lake Bohinj—and the Mostnica River.[8] Some sources define the Jezernica as a part of the Sava Bohinjka, specifying the latter as flowing directly out of the lake,[9] while another group of sources include Savica, rising at the southern flank of Triglav as the 78-metre (256 ft) Savica Falls,[10] downstream from Triglav Lakes Valley, and flowing into the lake, as a part of the Sava Bohinjka.[11] The watercourse flows 41 kilometres (25 miles)—including length of the Savica—east to Radovljica,[2] where it discharges into the Sava Dolinka. Downstream from the confluence, the river is referred to as the Sava.[5]
The Sava is located in Southeast Europe, flowing through Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and along the Bosnia-Herzegovina border. Its total length is 990 kilometres (615 miles), including the 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava Dolinka and the 945-kilometre (587 mi) Sava proper. As a right tributary of the Danube, the river belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin.[12][13] The Sava River is the third longest tributary of the Danube,[14] slightly shorter than the 966-kilometre (600 mi) Tisza and the 950-kilometre (590 mi) Prut—the Danube's two longest tributaries—when the Sava Dolinka headwater is excluded from its course.[15][16] It is also the largest tributary of the Danube by discharge.[14] The river course is sometimes used to describe the northern boundary of the Balkans,[17] and the southern border of the Central Europe.[18] Before the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, the river was located completely inside Yugoslav borders and it was the longest river with its entire course within the country.[19]
The Sava Dolinka rises in the Zelenci Pools, west of Podkoren in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia at 833 metres (2,733 feet) above sea level (a.s.l.),[2][4] and flows east, past Kranjska Gora to Jesenice, where it turns southeast. At Žirovnica, the river enters the Ljubljana Basin and encounters the first hydroelectric dam—Moste plant—before proceeding to the east of the glacial Lake Bled towards Radovljica and confluence of the Sava Bohinjka,[20] at 411 metres (1,348 feet) a.s.l.[2] Downstream of Radovljica, the Sava proceeds southeast towards Kranj. Between Kranj and Medvode, its course comprises the Lake Trboje and the Lake Zbilje reservoirs,[21] built for the Mavčiče and the Medvode power plants.[22][23]
The Sava then flows through the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana,[24] where another reservoir is located on the river, adjacent to the Tacen Whitewater Course.[25] There the river course turns east and leaves the Ljubljana Basin via Dolsko,[26] at 261 metres (856 feet) a.s.l. (at confluence of the Ljubljanica and the Kamnik Bistrica).[2] The course continues through the Sava Hills, where it passes the Litija Basin with the mining and industrial town of Litija, the Central Sava Valley with the mining towns of Zagorje ob Savi, Trbovlje, and Hrastnik, turns to the southeast and runs through the Lower Sava Valley with the towns of Radeče, Sevnica, and Krško. The course through the Sava Hills forms the boundary of traditional regions of Lower Carniola and Styria,[27] At Radeče, the Vrhovo hydroelectric dam reservoir is located.[28] The latter is site of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant, which uses the Sava River water to dissipate excess heat.[29] The easternmost stretch of the Sava River course in Slovenia runs to the south of Brežice, where it is joined by the Krka, and the river ultimately becomes a border river between Slovenia and Croatia, marking 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) of their border near confluence of the Sutla (Slovene: Sotla).[30] At that point, the Sava reaches 132 metres (433 feet) a.s.l. after flowing 221 kilometres (137 miles) through Slovenia and along its border.[2]
The westernmost part of the 562-kilometre (349 mi) Sava River course in Croatia,[33] takes the river east, through the western part of the Zagreb County, between Samobor and Zaprešić. The area encompasses forests interspersed by marshes and lakes formed in gravel pits.[34] As the Sava approaches the capital of Croatia, Zagreb, the marshes give way to urban landscape, but there are surviving examples of the gravel pit lakes, such as the Jarun,[35] and the Bundek within the city.[36] At the western outskirts of Zagreb, there is the western terminus of the 32-kilometre (20 mi) Sava–Odra flood-relief canal connecting the Sava to the Odra River plain which is intended to act as flood control retention basin.[37] The canal has been built in response to the most destructive flooding of the river that occurred in Zagreb in 1964, when one third of the city was flooded and 17 people were killed.[38] The city itself marks the western extent of the Sava River basin area especially prone to flooding, spanning from Zagreb to confluence of the river in Belgrade, Serbia.[39]
East of Zagreb, the river turns southeast again further through the Central Croatia, to the Sisak-Moslavina County, the city of Sisak, reaching 91.3 metres (300 feet) a.s.l. The city of Sisak marks the westernmost extent of the Sava River navigable to larger vessels. Navigation conditions on the river are poor due to limited draft and fairway width, meandering of the river, bridge clearance restrictions, poor fairway markings as well as presence of sunken vessels and other objects, including unexploded ordnance.[40] The ordnance is left over from various conflicts including the World War II,[41] Croatian War of Independence, Bosnian War,[42] and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[43] Before reaching confluence of Una at Jasenovac and 86.8 metres (285 feet) a.s.l,[44] the Sava River traces Lonjsko polje Nature Park,[45] encompassing marshes frequently flooded by the Sava and its tributaries in the area.[46]
Downstream of confluence of the Una River, the Sava is once again tracing an international border—between Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Its meandering course turns generally eastwards along Gradiška, and Slavonski Brod to Županja, where it turns south to Brčko. There, the river resumes its predominantly eastward course towards Sremska Rača and confluence of the Drina River. The right bank of the Sava, in this segment of its course, belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina—largely to Republika Srpska, but also to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Brčko District, while the opposite bank belongs to Croatia and its Sisak-Moslavina, Brod-Posavina and Vukovar-Syrmia counties, except in the area of Jamena and further downstream—which belongs to Serbia and the province of Vojvodina. No cities in this segment of the course span the river as it represents an international frontier, but there are adjacent settlements located in two different countries, divided by the Sava. Those include Gradiška, Brod and Brčko in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Stara Gradiška, Slavonski Brod and Gunja in Croatia opposite them.
The 337.2-kilometre (209.5 mi) segment between the Una and the Drina confluences, marking corresponding to the entire length of the Sava flowing along the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina, exhibits small change of elevation—from 86.8 metres (285 feet) a.s.l at Jasenovac to 76.6 metres (251 feet) a.s.l. at Brčko gauges, over 287.5 kilometres (178.6 miles) of the river between them.[48] The entire course of the river downstream from Zagreb flows down 0.4‰ slope on average, significantly less steep than the course in Slovenia, where the average slope exceeds 0.7‰—resulting in the Sava's meandering course running through a wide plain bordered by wetlands.[4]
Downstream from confluence of the Drina, the Sava River changes its eastward course to northeast, until it reaches Sremska Mitrovica, from where it flows to the southeast and then south to Šabac, before finally turning east towards Belgrade. Most of the river's course in Serbia represents a border between province of Vojvodina, on the left bank, and Central Serbia, on the right bank. Exceptions to that are in area around Sremska Mitrovica, where both banks are in Vojvodina, and downstream of Progar suburb of Belgrade where both banks are in Central Serbia. The river meanders and forms wetlands in there as well—the most significant wetland among them centering on Obedska bara oxbow lake.[6] The Sava River forms several large islands in this segment of the course, with the largest among them—800-hectare (2,000-acre) Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade—connected to the right bank by a pair of artificial embankment dams forming Lake Sava since 1967.[49][50] The Sava discharges into the Danube, after reaching 68.3 metres (224 feet) a.s.l. as its right tributary at the Great War Island off the easternmost tip of Syrmia in Belgrade, 1,169.9 kilometres (726.9 miles) away from the Danube's confluence and the Black Sea.[51]
Population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and it includes four capitals—Belgrade, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and Zagreb. All of them, except Sarajevo, are also located directly on the river banks and represent the three largest settlements found along the Sava River course.[52] Belgrade, located at the confluence of the river, is the largest city in the basin with urban population of 1,135,502. Ten municipalities where the city is situated have combined population of 1,283,783 as suburban settlements are added, while the Belgrade metropolitan area encompasses population of 1,639,121.[53] Zagreb is the second largest city on the river, comprising population of 688,163 living in the city itself, and 790,017 in the city-administered area.[54] Together with the Zagreb County, largely corresponding to various definitions of the city's metropolitan area,[55] it has a combined population of 1,110,517.[54] Ljubljana is the third-largest city on the banks of the Sava, encompassing population of 258,873 living in the city itself and 265,881 in the city-governed area.[56][57]
The largest city in Bosnia-Herzegovina situated on the Sava River course is Brčko, whose urban population is estimated at 40,000.[58] Other cities along the river, with populations of 20,000 and larger, are Slavonski Brod (53,473), Šabac (52,822), Sremska Mitrovica (37,586), Kranj (35,587),[59] Sisak (33,049),[54] Obrenovac (24,568),[60] and Gradiška (est. 20,000).[61]
The most populous urban areas along the Sava River | ||||||||||
Rank | City | Country | Urban population | Municipal population | ||||||
1 | Belgrade | Serbia | 1,233,350 | 1,659,440 | ||||||
2 | Zagreb | Croatia | 688,163 | 1,110,517 | ||||||
3 | Ljubljana | Slovenia | 258,873 | 265,881 | ||||||
4 | Slavonski Brod | Croatia | 53,473 | 59,507 | ||||||
5 | Šabac | Serbia | 52,822 | 115,347 | ||||||
6 | Brčko | Bosnia-Herzegovina | 40,000 | 85,000 | ||||||
7 | Sremska Mitrovica | Serbia | 37,586 | 79,773 | ||||||
8 | Kranj | Slovenia | 35,587 | 51,225 | ||||||
9 | Sisak | Croatia | 33,322 | 47,768 | ||||||
10 | Obrenovac | Serbia | 24,568 | 71,419 | ||||||
Sources: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia 2011 Census;[62] Croatian Bureau of Statistics, 2011 Census;[54] Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 Census;[63] Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina[58] |
The Sava River basin covers a total area of 97,713.2 square kilometres (37,727.3 square miles) making it the second largest Danube tributary catchment by area size, surpassed only by the Tisza basin,[4] and it encompasses 12% of the Danube basin, draining into the Black Sea. The Sava represents the third longest tributary of the Danube and its largest tributary by discharge.[14] The catchment area borders the remainder of the Danube basin to the north and east, and the Adriatic Sea basin to the west and south. The river basin generally consists of parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, with a very small part of the catchment area belonging to Albania. Topography of the basin varies significantly. Upstream portion of the basin is more rugged than downstream one, but asymmetry of the basin topography is particularly apparent when comparing right and left bank areas—the former dominated by the Alps and the Dinarides reaching elevations in excess of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) a.s.l, while the latter is dominated by the Pannonian Plain. The mean elevation of the basin is 545 metres (1,788 feet) a.s.l.[66]
Country | Sava basin area | Share of national territory in the basin | Share of the Sava basin |
Slovenia | 11,734.8 km2 (4,530.8 sq mi) | 52.8% | 12.01% |
Croatia | 25,373.5 km2 (9,796.8 sq mi) | 45.2% | 25.97% |
Bosnia-Herzegovina | 38,349.1 km2 (14,806.7 sq mi) | 75.8% | 39.25% |
Serbia | 15,147.0 km2 (5,848.3 sq mi) | 17.4% | 15.50% |
Montenegro | 6,929.8 km2 (2,675.6 sq mi) | 49.6% | 7.09% |
Albania | 179.0 km2 (69.1 sq mi) | 0.59% | 0.18% |
Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[67] |
The most important tributaries of the Sava River found in its upper basin are characterized by relatively steep grades of flow, high flow velocities and rapids. Those are left tributaries: the Kokra, the Kamnik Bistrica and the Savinja; and right tributaries: the Sora, the Ljubljanica and the Krka. Further downstream larger rivers empty into the Sava, as the right bank of the basin grows steadily. Right tributaries in this lower segment of the basin start as fast flowing courses, only to slow down as they enter the Pannonian Basin. They include the Kupa, the Una, the Vrbas, the Ukrina, the Bosna, the Brka, the Tinja, the Drina and the Kolubara. Left tributaries in the lower segment drain plains consequently exhibiting less steep course grades, lower flow rates and meandering. They include the Sutla, the Krapina, the Lonja, the Ilova, the Orljava and the Bosut.[68]
The 346-kilometre (215 mi) Drina is the largest tributary of the Sava, flowing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and along border of the country and Serbia. It is formed by the headwaters of the Tara and the Piva at the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, near Šćepan Polje. Its 20,319.9-square-kilometre (7,845.6 sq mi) catchment extends across parts of four countries—reaching as far south as Albania. The Bosna and the Kupa river basins are the second and third largest catchments of the Sava tributaries, each surpassing 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 square miles) in size.[68]
List of major tributaries of the Sava River | ||||||||
Left bank | Catchment area | Length | Confluence | Right bank | ||||
Country | Region/County | Tributary | Tributary | Region/County | Country | |||
Slovenia | Central Slovenia | 1,860.0 km2 (718.2 sq mi) | 41.0 km (25.5 mi) | 46°04′32″N 14°38′31″E / 46.075553°N 14.641857°E | Ljubljanica | Central Slovenia | Slovenia | |
Savinja | Savinja | 1,849.0 km2 (713.9 sq mi) | 93.9 km (58.3 mi) | 46°05′09″N 15°10′42″E / 46.085733°N 15.178471°E | Savinja | |||
Lower Sava | 2,247.0 km2 (867.6 sq mi) | 94.6 km (58.8 mi) | 45°53′38″N 15°36′04″E / 45.893772°N 15.601187°E | Krka | Lower Sava | |||
Croatia | Zagreb | Sutla | 584.3 km2 (225.6 sq mi) | 88.6 km (55.1 mi) | 45°51′50″N 15°41′05″E / 45.864015°N 15.684614°E | |||
Krapina | 1,237.0 km2 (477.6 sq mi) | 66.9 km (41.6 mi) | 45°49′38″N 15°49′24″E / 45.827244°N 15.823359°E | Zagreb | Croatia | |||
Sisak-Moslavina | 10,225.6 km2 (3,948.1 sq mi) | 297.4 km (184.8 mi) | 45°27′39″N 16°23′54″E / 45.460793°N 16.398296°E | Kupa | Sisak-Moslavina | |||
Lonja | 4,259.0 km2 (1,644.4 sq mi) | 49.1 km (30.5 mi) | 45°21′50″N 16°45′14″E / 45.363846°N 16.753807°E | |||||
Ilova-Trebež | 1,796.0 km2 (693.4 sq mi) | 104.6 km (65.0 mi) | 45°20′55″N 16°46′21″E / 45.348707°N 16.772604°E | |||||
9,828.9 km2 (3,795.0 sq mi) | 214.6 km (133.3 mi) | 45°16′15″N 16°55′07″E / 45.27096°N 16.918516°E | Una | Border river at the confluence | ||||
Brod-Posavina | 6,273.8 km2 (2,422.3 sq mi) | 249.7 km (155.2 mi) | 45°06′29″N 17°30′48″E / 45.107939°N 17.51328°E | Vrbas | Republika Srpska | Bosnia-Herzegovina | ||
Orljava | 1,618.0 km2 (624.7 sq mi) | 87.6 km (54.4 mi) | 45°06′24″N 17°43′29″E / 45.106773°N 17.724724°E | |||||
1,504.0 km2 (580.7 sq mi) | 80.7 km (50.1 mi) | 45°05′19″N 17°56′13″E / 45.088702°N 17.936854°E | Ukrina | |||||
10,809.8 km2 (4,173.7 sq mi) | 281.6 km (175.0 mi) | 45°04′00″N 18°27′58″E / 45.066792°N 18.466043°E | Bosna | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||||
Vukovar-Syrmia | 904.0 km2 (349.0 sq mi) | 99.4 km (61.8 mi) | 44°55′40″N 18°45′23″E / 44.927893°N 18.75628°E | Tinja | Brčko District | |||
Serbia | Vojvodina | 20,319.9 km2 (7,845.6 sq mi) | 346.0 km (215.0 mi) | 44°53′31″N 19°21′19″E / 44.891968°N 19.355249°E | Drina | Border river at the confluence | ||
Bosut | 2,943.1 km2 (1,136.3 sq mi) | 186.0 km (115.6 mi) | 44°56′29″N 19°22′10″E / 44.941443°N 19.369583°E | Vojvodina | Serbia | |||
Central Serbia | 3,638.4 km2 (1,404.8 sq mi) | 86.6 km (53.8 mi) | 44°39′44″N 20°14′55″E / 44.662152°N 20.248532°E | Kolubara | Central Serbia | |||
Notes: Country/region/county of location of confluence with Sava corresponding to tributary bank side; The list includes rivers with catchment areas greater than 900 square kilometres (350 square miles), with addition of Sutla. Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[69] |
The average annual flow rate of the Sava River at Radovljica, immediately downstream of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka confluence, stands at 44.9 cubic metres (1,590 cubic feet) per second.[70] Downstream of the Krka confluence the average flow rate reaches 317 cubic metres (11,200 cubic feet) per second,[71] gradually increasing as tributaries discharge along the course—340 cubic metres (12,000 cubic feet) per second downstream of the Sutla, 880 cubic metres (31,000 cubic feet) per second following discharge of the Kupa and the Una, 990 cubic metres (35,000 cubic feet) per second downstream of the Vrbas confluence, 1,180 cubic metres (42,000 cubic feet) per second after the Bosna River empties into the Sava,[72] and finally of 1,564 cubic metres (55,200 cubic feet) per second at confluence of the Sava in Belgrade.[14] The highest flow rate of 4,161 cubic metres (146,900 cubic feet) per second was recorded by Županja gauging station in 1970.[73]
Seven out of eight largest reservoirs in the Sava River basin are located in the Drina catchment, the largest among them being the 0.88-cubic-kilometre (0.21 cu mi) Lake Piva on the eponymous river in Montenegro, created after construction of Mratinje Dam. Overall, there are 22 reservoirs holding more than 5,000,000 cubic metres (180,000,000 cubic feet) of water in the basin, with only four of them situated directly on the Sava, including one on the Sava Dolinka. Most of the reservoirs are used primarily, or even exclusively, for electricity generation, but they are also used as supply of drinking water, industrial water source, for irrigation and food production.[21]
Groundwater is a very important resource in the Sava River basin, generally used for public water supply of potable water, as a source of water for industrial use, but also as the mainstay of aquatic ecosystems. There are 41 identified significant groundwater bodies in the Sava River basin of basin-wide importance,[74] ranging in area size from 97 to 5,186 square kilometres (37 to 2,002 square miles), as well as numerous minor ground water bodies. Even though most of them are transboundary waters, eleven are considered to be largely located in Slovenia, fourteen in Croatia, seven in Bosnia-Herzegovina, five in Serbia and four in Montenegro.[75]
The course of the Sava River runs through several diverse geological units and orographic regions. The uppermost course of the river and its headwaters in the Karavanke area, is situated in the Southern Alps, tracing the Sava Fault—itself running parallel to the Periadriatic Seam. Mesozoic and Upper Triassic rocks are exposed in the region.[76] The Ljubljana Basin represents the boundary of the Southern Alps and the Dinarides.[77] Valleys of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka are glacial valleys, carved out by the Sava Dolinka and Bohinj glaciers advancing down Karavanke range to vicinity of present-day Radovljica. In the late Pleistocene, Bohinj Glacier was the largest glacier in the territory of present-day Slovenia, up to 900 metres (3,000 feet) thick.[78][79] Sava Folds, southeast and east of the Ljubljana Basin are thought of as a part of the Dinarides,[80] separating the Ljubljana and Krško Basins,[76] and forming the Sava Hills.[81] The east–west oriented folds are younger than the Miocene and the folding is considered to had taken place in the Pliocene and the Quaternary, but it is possible that the tectonic activity continues in the present day.[82] The Sava Folds largely exhibit Paleozoic and Triassic rocks,[83] and clastic sediments.[84]
The lower course of the Sava River is located in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin.[85] The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17–12 Mya (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains.[86] Ultimately, up to 3,000 metres (9,800 feet) of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge.[87] In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging 500 to 1,500 metres (1,600 to 4,900 feet), except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction. A subduction zone formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and 5,500 metres (18,000 feet) in the Sava depression.[88] The results of those processes are large plains in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands,[89] which became watershed between Drava and Sava River basins extending along Ivanščica–Kalnik–Bilogora–Papuk mountain chain.[90] The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the Krndija and the Dilj Hills on the eastern rim of the Požega Valley. The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18 million years old.[91] Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the Đakovo–Vinkovci and Vukovar Plateau.[92] The loess plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok.[93]
There are 18 hydroelectric power plants with power generation capacity exceeding 10 Megawatts in the Sava River basin. In Slovenia, most of them are located on the Sava itself. In other countries, the hydroelectric power plants are situated on its tributaries. Total power generation capacity of the 18 power plants, and additional smaller plants largely found in Slovenia, amounts to 41,542 Megawatts, and their annual production capacity stands at 2,497 Gigawatt-hours. Approximately 3.3 cubic kilometres (0.79 cubic miles) of water per year in the river's basin is used to cool thermoelectric and nuclear power plants. Power plant cooling represents the main type of use of the Sava River waters.[94]
As of October 2012[update], there are six existing hydroelectric power plants built along the Sava River. Upstream of Ljubljana there are Moste, Mavčiče and Medvode power plants, while Vrhovo, Boštanj and Blanca are located downstream of the capital. There is one additional plant under construction near Krško. The Krško hydroelectric power plant, as well as two additional plants planned on the Sava River course downstream of Ljubljana—Brežice and Mokrice—should be completed by 2018. The power plants downstream of Ljubljana, except Vrhovo, are developed as a chain of five Slovenia's Lower Sava Valley plants since 2002.[95][96] They will have production capacity of 2,000 Gigawatt-hours per year and 570 Megawatts of installed capacity. Completion of the five power plants is expected to cost 700 million Euros. There are also plans for construction of ten new powerplants in the middle Sava valley HE Suhadol, HE Trbovlje, HE Renke, HE Ponovice, HE Kresnice, HE Jevnica, HE Zalog, HE Šentjakob, HE Ježica and HE Tacen. Croatia is planning construction of four hydroelectric power plants on the Sava River in Zagreb area. The four plants—Podsused, Prečko, Zagreb and Drenje—are scheduled to be completed by 2021 at a cost of 800 million Euros. The four power plants will have installed capacity of 122 Megawatts and annual production capacity of 610 Gigawatt-hours.[97]
Hydroelectric power plant | Location | Installed capacity | Annual production capacity |
Moste | Moste, Slovenia | 21 MW | 56 GWh |
Mavčiče | Mavčiče, Slovenia | 38 MW | 62 GWh |
Medvode | Medvode, Slovenia | 25 MW | 72 GWh |
Vrhovo | Vrhovo, Slovenia | 34.2 MW | 116 GWh |
Boštanj | Boštanj, Slovenia | 36 MW | 115 GWh |
Blanca | Blanca, Slovenia | 42 MW | 144 GWh |
Sources: Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana,[98] Hidroelektrarne na spodnji Savi.[99] |
Use of water for public water supply in the Sava River basin is estimated at 783,000,000 cubic metres (2.77×1010 cubic feet) per year, and another 289,000,000 cubic metres (1.02×1010 cubic feet) of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for agriculture in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as fish farming. Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at 30,000,000 cubic metres (1.1×109 cubic feet) per year.[94] Commercial fishing on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97 commercial fishermen there, while recreational fishing became dominant.[100] The decline became more rapid during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one third of the pre-war catches which ranged from 719 to 988 tonnes (708 to 972 long tons; 793 to 1,089 short tons) between 1979 and 1990.[101] The International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia and Montenegro in 2005,[102] is tasked with establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin.[103]
The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for 593.8 kilometres (369.0 miles) between its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in Sisak, Croatia, 2.8 kilometres (1.7 miles) upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa rivers.[104] The confluence marks the westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international waterway in compliance with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN).[105] The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is navigable to ships of the maximum length of 80 to 85 metres (262 to 279 feet), the maximum beam of 9.5 metres (31 feet), the maximum draught of 2.5 metres (8 feet 2 inches) and tonnage up to 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons).[106] The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E 80-12, branching off from the E 80 waterway spanning the Danube and Le Havre via the Rhine.[107] The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-Herzegovina,[108] Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia,[109] and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia.[110]
As of 2008[update], 24.5 kilometres (15.2 miles) of the river course between Slavonski Šamac and Oprisavci, as well as additional 219.8 kilometres (136.6 miles) between Slavonski Brod and Sisak, are considered by the Croatia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure to fail the Class IV criteria, permitting navigation of vessels up to 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons) only, complying with the AGN's Category III.[105] The Slavonski Šamac–Oprisavci section is especially troublesome for navigation as it offers 250 centimetres (98 inches) draught in less than 50% of an average hydrological year, causing navigation to cease each summer. Similar interruptions are less frequent elsewhere on the river, occurring 30 days a year on average upstream from Oprisavci, and even more rarely downstream from Slavonski Šamac.[111]
The restricted draft and fairway is compounded with meandering of the river's course—limiting length of vessels—and low bridge clearance. Further problems are incurred through poor transport infrastructure along the route, including poor navigation markings, and presence of sunken vessels and unexploded munitions.[40] Navigation along further 68 kilometres (42 miles) of the river upstream to Rugvica near Zagreb is possible for vessels with tonnage below 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons), and the section of the river belongs to the AGN's Category II. There are plans for restoration of the Category IV compliant waterway downstream of Sisak and betterment of navigation infrastructure between Sisak and Rugvica,[112] as well as upgrading of the waterway between Brčko and Belgrade to Category Va, matching that of the Danube, with uninterrupted navigation through the year. The plan is planned to be supported by the European Union and as of October 2012[update], an agreement to implement the plan was signed by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, while Serbia is invited to join the project. The plan aims to increase safety and volume of river transport, which declined by about 70% since the breakup of Yugoslavia, largely because of poor maintenance of the route.[113] The ISRBC is tasked with establishment of an international regime of navigation on the river since 2005.[103]
Country | Port | Annual cargo | Year |
Croatia | Sisak | 139,899 t | 2007[114] |
Slavonski Brod | 139,364 t | 2007[114] | |
Serbia | Sremska Mitrovica | 295,551 t | 2009[110] |
The Sava River valley is also a route for road and rail traffic. The river valley routes are a part of the Pan-European Corridor X, and forming junctions with Pan-European Corridors V, Vb, Vc, Xa and Xb in area of Ljubljana (V), Zagreb (Vb, Xa), Slavonski Šamac (Vc), and Belgrade (Xb).[115] The motorways forming the Pan-European Corridor X in the area—Slovenia's A2, Croatia's A3 and Serbia's A1 motorways—represent a part of European route E70 Bordeaux–Turin–Ljubljana–Zagreb–Belgrade–Bucharest,[116] and the European route E61 Villach–Ljubljana–Trieste–Rijeka.[117] A largely double track railroad with a railway electrification system is also a part of the Corridor X.[118] The railroad was a part of the Simplon-Orient-Express and Direct-Orient-Express routes.[119] The navigable river course between Belgrade and Galdovo north of Sisak is spanned by 25 bridges.[120] The Sava River valley east of Sisak is also used as a route for the Jadranski naftovod, a crude oil pipeline. The system connects the Port of Rijeka oil terminal to oil refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, to Brod in Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as Novi Sad and Pančevo in Serbia.[121]
The main pressure on the Sava River basin environment is generated by activities of urban population in the basin.[122] Even though nearly all population centres generating pollution above 10,000 population equivalent (PE) have some sort of sewage treatment in place, less than a quarter of them are appropriate.[123] Wastewater from 86% of Sava River basin settlements, generating more than 2,000 PE, is not treated. The pollution levels vary along the river. The best conditions in terms of the wastewater treatment are found in Slovenia, even though the existing facilities are inadequate.[124] In Serbia, on the other hand, 68% of population centres have no wastewater treatment facilities at all.[123] Population centres exceeding 2,000 PE directly discharge into the Sava River basin surface waters 11,112 tonnes of nitrogen and 2,642 tonnes of phosphorus.[125] Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through livestock manure production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year.[126] As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded.[127]
Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Serbia.[128] Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of mercury exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples.[129] Levels of heavy metals, specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in the Sava River near Belgrade are assessed to represent no risk.[130]
Hazardous substances load from significant industrial pollution of the Sava River basin surface waters in 2007 | |||||||||
Country | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Copper | Mercury | Nickel | Lead | Zinc | Phenols |
Slovenia | 115 | 0.03 | 83 | 142 | 0.51 | 582 | 75 | 7,656 | 104 |
Croatia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.04 | 0.02 | N/A | N/A |
Bosnia-Herzegovina | N/A | N/A | 1,380 | 983 | N/A | 21 | 13,629 | 1,656 | N/A |
Serbia | 2,010 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,223 | 2,038 |
Montenegro | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 246 | 1 | N/A |
Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[128] N/A - data not available |
The Sava River basin is very significant because of its biological diversity, and it contains large alluvial wetlands and lowland forests. This led to designation of six protected areas under provisions of the Ramsar Convention by the countries in the basin. Those are Lake Cerknica in Slovenia, Lonjsko Polje and Crna Mlaka in Croatia, Lake Bardača in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Obedska and Zasavica bogs in Serbia.[131]
There are several sports and recreational grounds located on the river course or gravel pit and artificial lakes adjacent to the Sava. Tacen Whitewater Course, located on the right bank of the Sava in Tacen suburb of Ljubljana, was built as a permanent kayaking course in 1948.[132] It hosts a major international competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991,[133] and 2010.[134] In Zagreb, Jarun complex of lakes along the river course offers a range of facilities for swimming, water sports and cycling.[135] The island of Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade is the major recreational zone of the city, gathering as much as 100,000 visitors daily in summer months.[136][137]
The Sava River is the site of several regattas. Those include the International Sava Tour rowing regatta taking place between Zagreb and Brčko,[138] and the Belgrade Regatta (sailing regatta).[139]
The river is also the site of the Šabac Swimming Marathon—an open water swimming competition, running on an 18.8-kilometre (11.7 mi) course between the village of Jarak and the city of Šabac in Serbia. The competition is held annually since 1970, and was included in FINA international calendar from 1984 to 2012.[140]
Recreational and sport fishing is a popular activity along the Sava River course.[100] There is a 700 metres (2,300 feet) long sport fishing competition ground near Hotemež, Slovenia.[141]
Even though name Sava became very common among (and not only South) Slavs, especially as a form of personal name, either male or female, and has a "Slavic tone," the river's name is not Slavic but Celtic and Roman in origin;[142] the Latin name was Savus. Another name, used for Sava in entirety or its lower part by Strabo, is Noarus.[143]
Worshipping of various river gods in the area is traced back to the Late Bronze Age,[144] when the first settlements were founded along the Sava River.[145] Taurisci associated their river goddess Adsullata with the Savus.[142][144] Altars or inscriptions dedicated to the river god Savus were found at a number of locations along the river course, including at the Zelenci Pools where the Sava Dolinka rises, and a number of Roman settlements and castra built along the Via Pannonia, Roman road spanning from Aquileia to the Danube.[146] The settlements include Emona, Andautonia and Siscia (near modern-day Ljubljana, Zagreb and Sisak respectively) upstream of the Kupa River confluence, and Marsonia, itself built atop a prehistoric settlement,[147] Cibalae, Sirmium and Singidunum (in modern-day Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade) downstream of the Kupa.[148] Besides the altar found at the Zelenci Pools, inscriptions and sites dedicated to Savus were found in remains of Emona,[149] Andautonia and Siscia.[150] Several years after 1751 completion of the Robba Fountain in Ljubljana, the three male figures sculpted as parts of the fountain were identified as statues of the river gods of Sava, Krka and Ljubljanica. In the early 20th century, the fountain was named the Fountain of Three Carniolan Rivers.[151]
The Baptism on the Savica (Slovene: Krst pri Savici), a Slovene national epic written by the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren in 1835. The poem, referring in its title to a headwater of the Sava River, inspired design of the coat of arms of Slovenia of 1991. However, the two wavy lines at the base of the blazon represent rivers of Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea rather than the Savica or the Sava specifically.[152]
The Sava River is represented in the coat of arms of the former Kingdom of Slavonia. The design, approved by the Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary in 1496, incorporates two bars symbolising the Sava and the Drava rivers tracing the borders of the kingdom. The design inspired arms of several present-day counties of Croatia in the region of Slavonia and it is itself a part of the coat of arms of Croatia.[153] The Sava River is also referred to by the poem Horvatska domovina, written by Antun Mihanović in 1835, as a national symbol of Croatia. Modified lyrics of the poem later became the Croatian anthem.[154]
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Midnight Movie Madness
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- Goof Troop Cartoon Episode Guide
- Traditional Animation
- Walt Disney Television Animation.
- Animation Studio: Wang Film Productions
- Distributed by: Buena Vista Television
- Cartoon Characters: Goofy, Pete, PJ, Max, Peg.
- Voice Actors: Bill Farmer, Jim Cummings, Rob Paulsen, Dana Hill, April Winchell.
- First Aired on September 10, 1992.
- Originally Aired on The Disney Channel (USA).
- Running Time: 30 minutes.
- Season: 1
- Color
Cartoon Summary:
Pete deliberately (and Goofy accidentally) scares Max and PJ on a dark and stormy night after they come home from 'The Mutilator On Main Street'.
Cartoon Production Information:
Some scenes in this episode are used in the opening title sequence. Disney's Goof Troop found the world's silliest talking dog all grown up and rearing a child. Goofy, scatterbrained as always, lived... (more)
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Kenny Vaccaro an example of Mack Brown, Texas Longhorns developin...
Carter StricklandKenny Vaccaro is the latest example of Mack Brown's staff developing a player without overwhelming recruiting accolades into a top NFL draft pick.
Story | Conversation | April 24, 2013 -
Texas Longhorns offense football depth chart 2013
Carter StricklandIt will be months before Texas puts out a depth chart. Since no one wants to wait that long, Carter Strickland helps fans out with an early look at the Longhorns offense.
Story | Conversation | April 07, 2013 -
Tyrone Swoopes shows off, could supplant Case McCoy as Texas' bac...
Carter StricklandDavid Ash is Texas' starting quarterback, but freshman Tyrone Swoopes showed in the Orange-White scrimmage that he could supplant Case McCoy as Ash's backup.
Story | Conversation | March 30, 2013 -
Connor Brewer surpassing Case McCoy for Texas Longhorns second te...
Carter StricklandWith so much change to its offense, it seems Texas should move on to a backup QB who best represents the future: Connor Brewer. But Mack Brown isn't convinced Texas or Brewer is ready, so Case McCoy's role will continue to muddy the waters.
Story | Conversation | March 03, 2013 -
Case McCoy, Jordan Hicks back with Texas Longhorns after suspensi...
Carter StricklandCase McCoy and Jordan Hicks have rejoined the Texas Longhorns following a Dec. 28 suspension, coach Mack Brown announced Sunday night.
Story | Conversation | January 13, 2013 -
Five quarterbacks could be an issue for Texas Longhorns
Carter StricklandWhile having depth at quarterback is a good thing, Texas might have some issues with divisiveness in 2013 and beyond.
Story | Conversation | January 13, 2013 -
Texas Longhorns offense won't shuffle much
Carter StricklandEven though Mack Brown likes to say all positions are up for grabs, most current Longhorns players have a firm grasp of the future.
Story | Conversation | January 06, 2013 -
David Ash of Texas Longhorns named starter for Alamo Bowl
Carter StricklandTexas named former No. 1 signal-caller David Ash the starter for Dec. 29's Valero Alamo Bowl on Monday, marking the seventh time in the past two years the Longhorns have changed quarterbacks.
Story | Conversation | December 17, 2012 -
Reviewing 2012 Texas Longhorns offense
Carter StricklandWhile the Texas Longhorns did many things better on offense in 2012, inconsistencies and problems from 2011 returned and derailed the unit's development.
Story | Conversation | December 10, 2012 -
Texas Longhorns face another offseason of questions at QB
Carter StricklandAfter another season of flip-flopping and inconsistent play, Texas again faces another offseason with questions at QB
Story | Conversation | December 03, 2012 -
Texas Longhorns still having same problems with ranked teams such...
Carter StricklandAnother loss to a ranked team, this time 42-24 to No. 6 Kansas State -- the fifth straight loss to the Wildcats -- makes Texas fans wonder if the Longhorns are any closer to being "back".
Story | Conversation | December 01, 2012 -
Texas Longhorns will try to play with heart at Kansas State Wildc...
Carter StricklandTexas Longhorns try and play for pride, heart and the future of the program against a Kansas State Wildcats team the Longhorns have not beaten in their last four tries.
Story | Conversation | November 27, 2012 -
Texas Longhorns hoping to keep Case McCoy under control
Carter StricklandCase McCoy is a bit of a gambler. For the Longhorns to succeed, they need him to dial back on his chance-taking.
Story | Conversation | November 26, 2012 -
Case McCoy of Texas Longhorns to start at QB vs. Kansas State Wil...
Carter StricklandCase McCoy, who started five games last season, has been named as the starter at QB for Texas against Kansas State.
Story | Conversation | November 26, 2012 -
Texas Longhorns players maintain optimism amid inconsistency and ...
Carter StricklandTexas Longhorns players still have hope, however cynical those outside the program appear to be after the inconsistent Longhorns had to rally to beat Kansas.
Story | Conversation | October 29, 2012 -
David Ash of Texas Longhorns holds on to job as QB
Carter StricklandTexas quarterback David Ash has competition again. Not as the starter -- not yet, anyway. After being benched against Kansas in favor of Case McCoy, the sophomore is keeping his job.
Story | Conversation | October 29, 2012


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Deviantart confessionuvuvu I just got noted with this http://deviantartconfessions.tumblr.com/post/37352473148/oh-yamio#NotesIt´s the third thing someone writed about me based on nothing haha qAq I should actually go to bed now, but I will just drop a few words here. *Or alot, I´m a bad explainer*I´m deeply hurt of whoever wrote this. And what old friends?Let me show you gifts.These are basiclly my old friends. And their "oc´s" http://sta.sh/01x8tcrpox88Keep in mind that I don´t upload all the scribbles and doodles I do for my friends while talking with them ;W; But uugh.And if you look back in my gallery you can see that my old friends have more gifts than anyone TvT/And the Miwa thing, please. I made 6 gifts to her. All of the doodles in some mins EXCEPT ONE, the one for her B-day. She gave me 4 gifts. Of course I would want to repay her, as we are friends as well ;W; And yes I was and still are, a huge fan of Miwa.
3 Things to do before starting a new paintingHey guys!Just a quick weekend update! Here's a full chapter from the Getting Started With Digital Painting tutorial series
DO YOU KNOW THESE ARTISTS?It's been a while since i've shared some of my favorite deviants. Here's a list of talent that some of you may or may not be aware of that i've been drooling over lately. I love this place!Check 'em out!::iconmonk-art: Fabian Schlaga. LEGEND. If you haven't heard of this guy, you're missing out!:iconsaspy: Saspy's work is amazing. The female mega-talent from Italy shows no sign of slowing down with her bright and fun approaches to character design, expressions and energy.:iconjoel27: Joel is currently my FAVORITE ARTIST on Deviantart. Just flip through his gallery and you might find yourself there all day.:icontchokun: French Artist who worked on online games and flash shorts such as WAKFU is not to be missed. serious talent here:iconrikkitikki: Rikkitikki's light hearted animation influence illustrations are something to fall in love with. He's got a detective concept he's been playing with that shows the main characters quite often and i usually fave when he draws th
I Made a New Tutorial!Stuff I Say I made a tutorial based on the process from the gator dragon I posted yesterday. It covers a technique to make it easier than ever to paint complex scales and patterns without screwing up your values and lighting. Not only do you get a 1 hour and 40 minute fully narrated 1080p video, but it comes with other goodies like brushes and a psd of the image. All of that for only $3. If you guys like it let me know and maybe I'll make more tutorials on other subjects. Go check it out here and here for paypal customers.Find Me ElsewherePATREONTUMBLR<b wytiwyg="1">
Black List:Warning!Donate At Your Own Risk: We will be updating this regularly. Please check it to see what point donors are doing what.These accounts have been accused of untrustworthy acts, have been inactive, or have made multiple accounts claiming to be new. If you know of any accounts that seem suspicious let us know.Untrustworthy AccountsAccounts who have been suspected of stealing / lying/ making multiple accounts/ falsifying information and/or other untrustworthy acts (like abusing). Points Accounts :iconsuperpointman::icongetafreepm::iconpoint-cafe::iconi-can-give-points::iconfreepointsgiveaways::iconGetUrPoints::icongetdeviantpm::iconmagical-points::iconoiled-points::icontinytinas-points::icongrimflamingopoints::iconpackmanpointsnomnom::iconPointSanta:Connected Non-point Accounts/groups:icondracojinx1800::iconlunapluscelestia::iconb-u-t-t::ic
IconplzThese are all the icons I seen and copy. I'm just posting this so I can use these later and if you guys want to use. Enjoy! ^^:iconcblushplz: :iconsweatplz: :iconfoxxdplz: :icononiononionplz: :iconaawplz: :iconmousecryplz::iconlovbunplz: :iconduckinloveplz: :iconblushplz: :iconawwwplz::iconbegplz::icononionangelplz::iconadorableplz: :iconawkwardplz: :iconomgwtfbbqplz: :iconbaibaiplz::iconboredomplz: :iconinloveplz: :iconcomeatmeplz: :iconcomeoverhereplz: :iconchocoloveplz::icondesperateplz: :iconsayhiplz: :iconhappyhappyplz: :icondignitylaughplz::icondontunderstandplz: :iconembarrasedplz: :iconherotimeplz: :iconfanplz: :iconhappyskipplz::icongreatjobplz: :icongivingupplz: :iconhappytearsplz: :icononiontantrumplz: :icononisquirtplz::iconheadacheplz: :iconnosebleedingplz: :icondestroyplz: :iconcomebackplz: :icononigaspplz::iconitshotplz: :iconwarmandcomfyplz: :iconitsfreezingplz: :icononionraceplz: :icononionlovers::iconpunch1plz: :iconpunch2plz: :iconsaunarelaxplz: :iconheaven
Digital Art DD RoundUp - June 2013:iconlaserbeast:Features by mamiffer Glitch Nouveau by RoboChandler Charge by DanHowardArtGiant-Warrior by velinov Elemental Token by MarkWinters Nine sacred woods/Kingly Oak by jeshannon Elven Hunter by josesamiTechdrake by NakaseArt Conservatorium by Jtown67 Finding Majapahit by hifarry Seahorse dragon by maxkostenkoOverrun by Alejandro-Mirabal TwoSisters1 Tyler Stott by stottt Floating residences by adamkuczek project pc by harapekoRageful exile by wi-flip-ff The Imperial City by ReneAigner Battle Chronicle by KypcaHT The White Cat by ono-monoGuardian of the Sunset by EthicallyChallenged Hatchling by EranFolio:iconthiefoworld:Features by ThiefoworldWalk with me... by martianzombie Beastmaster - beast form by Nemanja-S to february by corviday Green Bear 2 by DenisSerkovGoddess of War by toy1989820 Mrs. Blackwater, are you ready? by Steenhuisen Illumination led the way by T-razz The Root of all evil by AlineMendes:thumb346977149: Xmas 2012 by Coliandre The Garage by AlexJJessup :thumb
Q and A ZeronisSup guys and girls!First of all, I want to apologize for not responding to you guys. I get piles of comments and notes on this account. I know I've been getting many questions via PM and notes on DA and Facebook, but I haven't been able to answer them all. I do read them so keep commenting and sending notes!I would like to have the opportunity for all to ask me common questions about me or anything art and game related here. I'll look through the comments and update this Journal Entry with new Q&A.Only request is that you ask some relevant questions and not something too personal and inappropriate. With that said, ask away!1. What type of Program do you use? What tablet do you use?I use Adobe Photoshop CS5. I have tried couple other programs like SAI, Alias Sketchbook Pro, and Painter X, but photoshop has all the tools I need to create art.I have Wacom Intuos 5 and Wacome Cintiq 22UX mounted on ergotron arm. 2. How long does it take to complete
Site Update: Help Desk Closure, Manage FavouritesIn our continuous effort to improve the deviantART experience, we're publishing weekly Site Updates to keep members informed and to gather feedback. Below is a list of recent changes to the site, bug fixes, and feedback that was brought up by members in the last Site Update.What's NewHelp Desk Closure, July 4thIn honor of Independence Day in the United States, the Help Desk will be closed on Friday, July 4th. We'll be back to our normal business hours on Monday, July 7th. Please keep in mind that due to this extended weekend, there will be some delays in ticket responses upon our reopening. Any tickets filed will be attended to as soon as possible.Change LogTrying to view comments left on a file in Sta.sh after that file was submitted as a deviation would redirect to an error page, rather than displaying the Sta.sh comments. Fixed
Some more tips to FreelancingJust over a year ago, I compiled a small list of things you need to get started as a Freelance artist.Let's accelerate a little bit, and assume that now you're in the business and have a pretty good groove going. While the core principles are still paramount to anything else, here are some quick one-shot tidbits of information that will assuredly save your bacon.Back up everything, including the backups.When working digitally, it's so easy to accidentally delete something off your hard drive and be unable to get it back. I've done this a few times myself. Even had entire hard drives fail on me. But it has been a very, very long time since the last time I had to redo an image from the start. Sure, I've had crashes that put me back an hour, I've merged layers together in a manner that ruins my work flow and makes the file unusable. But fixing these issues isn't nearly as painful
A Beginner's Guide :: Literary CommissionsIf you're a writer who's considering selling their skills, but not sure of how to set up prices or know what exactly you need to write in your information, look no further! Myself and imaginary-rose have complied a few tips to help beginning writers who want to start commissions but unsure of how to take the first step.The Important Things The biggest thing you need to consider before taking commissions is "How well can I write another's ideas?". This is a big thing because if you're not able to put your own into words that well, it may be challenging to put another's on paper. We suggest taking requests to see how well you work under a bit of pressure. If you can handle it well and get it done within a reasonable amount of time, you're a prime candidate to start selling your skills. Know your strengths and weaknesses as a writer. In your information, you want to be 100% honest with your potential buyers. Don't sugarcoat your weakness or over emph
ANIME CURRICULUM?If there were an Art University in America that decided to introduce a "ANIME PRINCIPLES" class in their animation program, A class that would not only cover the art of creating TV production/feature anime, art history and it's understanding, but taught by, say-- Peter Chung-- with special periodical class visits throughout the semester by Japanese Animation Directors from Gainax, Madhouse, Studio Pierrot, Bones, Ghibli and Production I.G. ( with english translators of course) with the final thesis of a 3 minute short to be shown to them for judging. And the top graduates were to be awarded and a year internship at any of these studios,Would you attend something like that? or not?Why?
WEBCOMICKERS: What are we afraid of?Anxiety and ComicsFor the Month of March, we polled webcomic users on Deviantart, Twitter, and forums, posing the question: What are the challenges that make you most anxious when beginning a new story or project?We got a lot of excellent responses and more than a few webcomickers were willing to bare all their anxieties and frustrations! Any advice for conquering any of these infamous terrors? What worked for you? Tell us in the comments!Top 5 Anxiety issues 1. Confidence/Self-doubt (22%):icontheblackwonderland: "i'm just afraid people might not like it and all the work would be for nothing":iconwhiskeyii: "To clarify, I think it's a combination of self-doubt and being overwhelmed. For whatever reason, I feel more comfortable when a setting in my head has been well fleshed-out, but it gets to the point where I start thinking about minor thin
How to Make 2D Tile sets for games Part 1 + MoreHey everyone!I just uploaded a new tutorial, the first in the series, all about making 2D tiles and tile sets for games!Things covered in this episode:- The anatomy of a basic tileset- Setting up and using Photoshop's grid system for making tiles- Using Photoshop's Offset filter to make tiles seamless- Adapting a tiling texture into a tileset- Some results of a finished basic tileset- Thoughts and some opinions!- I forgot to master the audio. Sorry if I sound just a tad muffly!Also recently uploaded by Tyler Edlin, this video about perspective drawing where I also have a segment about how to make perspective grids in Photoshop!Enoy!By the way, have you been paying attention to my tumblr? I post stuff like this more often there, as I only see my DA journal as a means to communicate about mo
Contest Time! WINNERS~ :iconredsparklesplz: Originality Contest~ :iconredsparklesplz:So after much debate, we just couldn't decide with just one winner in the end ^^'THE RUNNER UP GOES TO:icongoat13:100+ points + Pen sketch from cenkazChibi from BlueJNekoAND THE WINNER GOES TO::iconredsparklesplz::iconmagnus-8m::iconredsparklesplz:500+ points + color headshot from M10NRequest from recklessFlailingPlease note those guys to give you your prizes ;DThank you to everyone who has entered, you made our judging very difficult as most of us were torn over who should win hehehe.As I said, the next contest will be due around late october/november and we'll keep a longer time frame so we can get more hard working entries. TILL NEXT TIME ;DTHEMECreate a manga cover or movie poster with your original characters.RULES:You must be a member of VA to participateAll admin are allowed to participate,
Riot Games - Japan and New Art!RIOT GAMES - JAPAN AND NEW ART!Hey guys! It's been awhile since I've been active here on DA, and alot has happened as I've been gone!I have a backlog of messages & notes here on DA to get to, so I may not be able to answer everyone at this time! Commissions are also closed for now, as I am working full time. I want to thank everyone who commissioned me!! I always very much appreciate your support and interest!I've been working in house at Riot Games in Santa Monica CA as an Illustrator/Splash Artist for a little over 2 years now and have been working on many of the in game champion and skin illustrations. Below are some of the splash illustrations I have gotten the opportunity to work on: Getting the opportunity to work on League of Legends has been awesome! I've been able to meet and w
Hackers on dA [UPDATED]EDIT: DEVIANTART SEEMS TO HAVE BLOCKED THE SCRIPT NOW!These two people are also innocent people that got hacked, so no hate on them please ♥Thank you everyone for warning people and keeping dA safe ♥From :iconmriao:Recently, there's been a link circulating on deviantART that automatically deactivates your account. Somehow, the site was hacked into, and now if you visit :iconneomoti:, :iconPlushYumi: or :icongary-niger: profile and type in your username and password when it "logs you out", you're pretty much screwed.The link itself does you no harm whatsoever, and you can browse the profile all you want, but when the artificial login screen appears, do not type in your personal information. This gives them access to your account, which will be deactivated, and it's simply bad news altogether.Thank :iconkit: for the heads up. She let me know about the link, and I tracked it down to try it out for myself and gather some more information on it.


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recipe reviews for:
"A tasty cheese and bacon cheese ball. Best served with buttery crackers."
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Korean Air has entered a bid for a 44% stake in state-run Czech Airlines as part of its plan to gain access to Eastern European routes, the carrier said Tuesday. Czech Airlines has suffered substantial losses due to competition and fuel prices and has already sold many of its assets.
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University Of Ottawa Reputation
A selection of articles related to university of ottawa reputation.
Original articles from our library related to the University Of Ottawa Reputation. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on University Of Ottawa Reputation.
- Subliminal Persuasion: References
- (1957). " Persuaders' Get Deeply 'Hidden' Tool: Subliminal Projection " Advertising Age , Vol 37, page 127, September 16, 1957. Benes, Kathryn M.., Gutkin, Terry B., Decker, T. Newell, (1990) "The effects of mellow and frenetic music on...
Parapsychology >> Subliminal Persuasion
- Hyperspace Reality
- Despite the fact that the 'new' physics, a godchild of the Einsteinian revolution has taught us that the Universe we perceive is a mere shadow of a vastly more unpredictable one, most of us still view the world in a distinctly materialistic way. A world where...
Modern Science >> New Physics
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- History of Egyptian Medicine and Philosophy
- When medical knowledge past is considered, lack of aseptic technique, pain-killing drugs and antibiotics are an accepted part of our modern legend of these ancient healing practices. You will find that none of this is true when it comes to Ancient Egypt....
Religions >> Egyptian
- Martin Luther
- Martin Luther was a German theologian, a priest and a monk, a scholar and a writer. He was the leading figure of the Protestant Reformation.
Saga of Times Past >> Biography
University Of Ottawa Reputation is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, University Of Ottawa Reputation books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute
- Degree to which the University of Ottawa's reputation in neuroscience is achieved nationally/internationally.
- www.medicine.uottawa.ca
- A Strategic Guide to Graduate Studies at University of Ottawa
- test.sass.uottawa.ca
- Vision 2020: The University of Ottawa's Strategic Plan
- strategicplanning.uottawa.ca
- UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA April 11th 2010
- Article 1, of the Engineering Students' Society of the University of Ottawa.
- essaeg.ca
- Interdisciplinary Topics in CyberSecurity (university-wide course co-taught with .
- www.peteryu.com
Suggested News Resources
- Racist bathroom graffiti angers students
- The University of Ottawa's reputation for social justice programs makes the incident even more worrying, Levien added.
Suggested Web Resources
- University of Ottawa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- The University of Ottawa's medical school received an A+ in its 2010 review conducted by the CACMS.
- en.wikipedia.org
- Reviews of University of Ottawa | Canada - iAgora
- www.iagora.com
- University of Ottawa | Ranking & Review
- www.4icu.org
- LLM GUIDE - LLM University Of Ottawa versus university of McGill
- LLM GUIDE - LLM University Of Ottawa versus university of McGill. is a huge gap regarding the internaitonal reputation of mcgill and ottawa.
- www.llm-guide.com
- Mobility - Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies - University
- www.grad.uottawa.ca
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.


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Friday, November 4, 2011
New Cover Reveal!
Thanks to everyone for participating in Zombiepalooza. The winners from all the giveaways have picked and notified, so watch your email ;)
Hollowmen is back from the editor, but I'm still editing it. I'm hoping to publish it early next week.When I publish it, I'll post some more info about the book. Until then, Hollowland is free for the Kindle, if you haven't checked it out yet. The first un-edited chapter of Hollowmen is still up, if you want to check that out: here.
Now to the cover. As you may know, I have a new four-book series entitled Watersong with St. Martin's. The first book Wake will be out in 2012. The photographer for the cover is James Porto, my favorite photographer ever, and it really was a fantastic honor to work with him. His work is amazing. As is this cover. Don't believe me? Take a look:
I love it! I got to pick out the model, and the clothes she's wearing, which was fun. I think there will be also something extra with the cover when it comes out, but this cover is divine enough as it is.
40 comments:
- AnonymousNovember 4, 2011 at 12:52 AM
WOW! love that cover. especially the top part where you see the water just below the surface and the tower too. NICE.
ReplyDelete I love it!! That is gorgeous :) Can't wait for all the awesomeness you have coming up!
Sarah Allen
(my creative writing blog)Thanks for the update on Hollowmen, it's a bummer that I didn't win a copy of Hollowland but I guess that's ok seeing as I already have it on my Nook. forklift training
ReplyDelete- ChelseaNovember 6, 2011 at 9:33 PM
Will Hallowmen be available for the nook on the release date?
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 7, 2011 at 1:37 PM
Yeah, the photograph is great! And Lisa Pompilio did a great job designing and art directing the shoot
ReplyDelete It's great that you had that control. Most authors, they tell me, don't have ant control over covers. Is it just being contract savvy?
BTW, great cover. She is challenging the viewer to read and find out why she is there! Fangs, Wands and Fairy Dust


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'Borderlands 2' browser game is a hectic scramble for survival
- Published: 24 Aug 2012 at 08.50 | Viewed: 2,092 | Comments: 0
- Online news:
- Writer: AFP
Borderlands 2 isn't out until late September. But what if you want to play it right now? Thanks to its official 2D retro remake The Border Lands, you can.
The Border Lands, a Borderlands 2 browser game "You shouldn't have come here, and now you're gonna pay!" ©All rights reserved - Gearbox / 2K Games
The essence of a Borderlands game is there -- the vicious doglike skags, the crazy hollering bandits, slugs and rabid air-beasts aplenty, not forgetting the obsession with turning up random weapons, each of which might be the best thing ever or weak enough to 99 percent guarantee your immediate extinction.
Through official de-make The Border Lands, players can gain a modicum of familiarity with the main characters of Borderlands 2 -- hulking dwarf Salvador, all-rounders Maya and Axton, and fleet-footed ninja Zero, all of whom are rated according to health, firepower and speed.
It takes the form of an accessible top-down arena shooter, with English, French, Italian, German and Spanish language options, but progress beyond the first few stages and it soon becomes a hectic bullet-fuelled sprint to avoid the nasties and escape with some sweet, sweet loot. Just like the real game.
So, Smash TV with crazy guns and delivered for our gaming pleasure in browser form, then? Yes please.
The Border Lands, a Borderlands 2 de-make: wubwub.eu/demake.php
Bangkok Post online classifieds
Try buying & selling goods and properties 24/7 in our classifieds which has high purchasing power local & expatriate audience from within Thailand and around the world.


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Chris Moyle's exit fails to halt fall in Radio 1 listeners
By Arif Durrani, mediaweek.co.uk, Thursday, 31 January 2013 12:01AM
The departure of BBC Radio 1's self-anointed "saviour", Chris Moyles, after eight years, failed to halt declines in the BBC's breakfast show listeners, according to quarterly Rajar figures published today.
Nick Grimshaw, aged 28, took over Radio 1's primetime breakfast show in September 2012, amid mounting criticism from commercial rivals and the BBC Trust that 38-year-old Moyles and his team were attracting an older audience than the station's target market.
The Radio 1 show had an average weekly reach of 6.69 million listeners in the last quarter of 2012, down 40,000 on the 6.73 million listeners Moyles bowed out with in the third quarter of 2012.
However, the dip will not be considered a disaster for Grimshaw, with many – including himself – expecting a far greater exodus of listeners.
More poignantly, it continues a downward trend for the BBC station's morning audience, having lost 200,000 listeners the previous quarter and now sitting at its lowest audience level for seven years.
Grimshaw is reported to have to boosted the number of 15- to 24-year-olds by nearly 250,000, from 3.27 million to 3.43 million.
Outside of breakfast, Radio 1 had a weekly reach of 11.1 million listeners, down by more than half a million listeners year on year.
This article was first published on mediaweek.co.uk
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Jonathan and Gregory in the Ultimate Wedding Contest
Jonathan and Gregory were the 20th couple to apply for a marriage license in Washington, D.C.
Quick Links
Our plan to win marriage nationwide.
Keep up on marriage in the courts.
Meet real same-sex couples and their families
Growing the Majority for Marriage
See how Southerners, Mayors, and Conservatives are speaking out for marriage
Freedom to Marry's Top Media Hits
Our spokespeople make the case for marriage in the press


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For status updates, visit lucyburns.org.
Ballotpedia's coverage of elections held on March 3, 2015, was limited. Select races were covered live, and all results will be added once the merger is complete.
Revision history of "Thousands of dead voters still on the rolls in Harris County Texas"
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- 17:00, 4 March 2014 JaimeB (Talk | contribs) deleted page Thousands of dead voters still on the rolls in Harris County Texas (content was: "'''October 13, 2008''' {{Dead people voting news feed}} '''Many dead voters remain in the system in Harris County, Texas|Harris County, Texas, and some have voted posthumously in recent elections.'''<ref name="Article">[http://www.tex...")


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July 25. 2013 9:44PM Christine Belanger Maine woman charged with reckless driving after nearly hitting kids, police say ROCHESTER — An Acton, Maine, woman who police say nearly hit numerous children on Moors Court on Thursday was charged with reckless driving and several other traffic offenses.Christine Belanger, 23, made a turn onto Moors Court "at a high rate of speed" at a time when the road "was filled with many pedestrians including dozens of children," police said in a release."(Belanger) pulled down the end of Moors court after driving so fast that parents had to pull their children out of the roadway to prevent them from being struck by the vehicle," the release said. She was found parked in a driveway at the end of the road and arrested, the release said.
Woman arrested for bank robbery after heroin OD credits boyfriend for robbery plan 2 UPDATED 3/4 @ 10:01 pm
Feds ask for 6.5 years for man who aided one of their own bribed to derail probe into disgraced NH lawmakers $54M fraud 0
Burchell fears cost of added staffing will drive 'community corrections' jail model beyond county's tolerance for taxes 0


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SuccessFactors Hires Gartner Analyst Thomas Otter To Lead Development Of Next Generation HCM Software
SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif., May 10, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- SuccessFactors, an SAP AG (NYSE: SAP) company and the global leader in business execution (BizX) software, today announced the hiring of Thomas Otter as vice president of Product Management. A Gartner analyst and recognized HR expert with 21 years of experience in the IT industry, Otter will help SuccessFactors evolve a new generation of Human Capital Management (HCM) software and best practices.
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130510/SF11570)
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120216/SF54674LOGO)
Otter will help SuccessFactors bring innovation to more than 24 million cloud application subscribers by driving the product direction of Employee Central, SuccessFactors' cloud-based core HR system designed for global enterprises. The scalable cloud-based solution provides a foundation for global HR processes, local compliance, and enables smart decision making with powerful analytics and social collaboration. Otter's decision was partly motivated by his desire to build solutions that solve real problems, for real customers.
"I've been watching and analyzing the players in the industry for years and SuccessFactors, now an SAP company, has done a tremendous job innovating its products," said Thomas Otter. "I wanted to join a group of people excited about delivering core HR and ultimately redefining how HR systems deliver value to organizations. SuccessFactors is a dynamic company with a great team of people who have offered me an intriguing opportunity to contribute to building something I believe in. It's exactly the itch that I want to scratch." An expert in the IT industry, Otter has spent the past five years at Gartner, most recently as research vice president covering HCM trends and technologies. Otter was Gartner's lead analyst on SAP from 2009 to 2011. "This maybe the most exciting time in enterprise software in the last 20 years – companies are craving solutions that are in the cloud, are mobile, social and engaging. At SuccessFactors, we have passion for building beautiful, innovative HR solutions that allow companies to run their businesses better. Core HR is key to this vision and the area where we have aggressively invested extraordinary resources and the best minds," said Dmitri Krakovsky, senior vice president of Products, SuccessFactors. "Over the last three years we have been meticulously assembling the best team to help us imagine and execute—and Thomas is a huge piece of this blueprint. He is knowledgeable, well regarded in the industry, and intimately understands our customers' business issues. We're excited to leverage that knowledge to help us evolve our products." Watch Dmitri Krakovsky welcome Thomas Otter to the SuccessFactors team: http://sfsf.ly/ottervid For more information on the SuccessFactors BizX suite, visit: http://www.successfactors.com/business- execution-software/ It's Time to Love Work Again.Follow us: http://twitter.com/SuccessFactorsLike SuccessFactors on Facebook: http://facebook.com/SuccessFactors About SuccessFactors, an SAP CompanySuccessFactors is the leading provider of cloud-based Business Execution Software, and delivers business alignment, team execution, people performance, and learning management solutions to organizations of all sizes across more than 60 industries. With approximately 24 million cloud application subscribers seats globally, we strive to delight our customers by delivering innovative solutions, content and analytics, process expertise and best practices insights from serving our broad and diverse customer base. Today, we have more than 3,600 customers in more than 168 countries using our application suite in 35 languages. For media inquiries: Bri Vorse, +1.650.425.0278, email@example.com, PST Rachel Leamon, Burson-Marsteller, +1.617.912.5411, firstname.lastname@example.com, EST SOURCE SuccessFactors, Inc.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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When the time comes for Treacherous to make some sudden decisions, he has no idea they will land him in the very place that he is trying to avoid.
Teflon Jackson is a beautiful woman who is the end result of a horrible union. Having a loving mother who was a prostitute and a pimp for a father, Teflon's childhood was far from a fairytale. Bearing witness to the abusive relationship between her parents, Teflon was determined not to follow her mother's footsteps.
Tragedy strikes and Teflon finds herself having to utilize all of the tricks that her mother taught her after she is forced to the streets to fend for herself.
Years later, Treacherous and Teflon's paths cross. What starts out as a potentially bad situation genuinely blossoms into a bond that becomes unbreakable.
Ride or Die Chick: The Story of Treacherous and Teflon is about two people who come from nothing and are willing to do whatever it takes to obtain everything. This is a modern-day tale of Bonnie and Clyde, built on a love that is stronger than that of Romeo and Juliet. A bonafide gangster, Treacherous is confident that he can't lose, as long as he has his ride or die chick!
©2007 Jimmie M. Benjamin; (P)2008 Audible, Inc.
"J. M. Benjamin is a new and exciting underground writer making noise, destined to solidify his spot in urban literature." (Susan Hampstead, Senior Editor, Don Diva magazine)
Award-Winning Reviewer/Founder of Book Referees
"It's Us Against The World!!!"
Jm Benjamin created a unforgettable story about loving someone and standing by their side against the odds.
The Climax
Hassan Johnson did an exceptional job of bring Jm Benjamin words to life.
Yes! There's never a dull moment.
I highly recommend this book.
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For the Tea Party, Another Election, Another Defeat
2:37 pm in Uncategorized by SJGulitti
Ever since the high water mark of the Tea Party movement in 2010 the path forward nationally has been nothing if not downhill. The net number of seats held by movement members on Capitol Hill has declined overall. Twice they have cost the Republican Party the Senate. The movement failed to put forth a viable presidential candidate in 2012. Tea Party favorability ratings with the public have steadily sunk to the lowest level since the birth of the movement. Coming off of a fresh debacle in their effort to derail Obamacare via a government shutdown Tea Party Republicans have trundled into yet a new set of defeats in Tuesday's elections. Not a single Tea Party backed candidate or ballot initiative of consequence was successful.
In Virginia Ken Cuccinelli lost by three percentage points and contrary to accepted wisdom he probably wouldn't have benefitted from more money. Why? Because Cuccinelli was out of step with the very elements of the electorate that the GOP lost in 2012 so more money would have only advertised his shortcomings that much more increasing his negatives. Democrats won the Lt. Governor race by double digits and they are ahead in the race for Attorney General. Likewise, when the final counts are tallied, Democrats may win the next two most important seats after Attorney General. If Virginia Democrats win all five seats that will be the first time since 1966 that they have done so, a decided setback for the Virginia G.O.P.
Yes the Obamacare rollout has been a mess and that made for a tighter race in Virginia, but the GOP has a hand in that too and that reality will come back to haunt them in the next election cycle. As I have amply pointed out, roughly 35% of the people who are unhappy with the A.C.A. want a single payer system so when you combine that with those who favor the law you get a majority of Americans opposing the conservative plan, if you even want to call it a plan, which it is not. More important in Virginia than Obamacare was the shutdown which, quoting Howard Fineman of MSNBC, affected one out of every three families of whom two out of three blamed the Republican Party and voted for Terry McAuliffe. That said it's not likely that increasing airtime for Ken Cuccinelli's would have had much of an effect. In the end, ideology matters and Cuccinelli's was just too disconnected from the people who's votes he needed to win the election. The real question is where were all of the ultra conservatives that Cuccinelli needed to secure a win at the ballot box? Do they even exist in large enough numbers in Virginia or nationally, for that matter, to make the Tea Party successful outside of a few southern and rural electoral districts?
Meanwhile a Tea Party backed congressional candidate lost to a pro-business Republican moderate, Bradley Byrne, in Alabama. That defeat, however narrow it might be, speaks volumes to the fading power of the movement within a region where it should be at the peak of power. Yes it is true that in Alabama millions of dollars of outside money via pro-business groups was spent to assist Byrne, but, that said, if the Tea Party is so powerful in the state why couldn't it mount an effective campaign to put it's candidate and agenda over the top? The fact is that in Alabama, as is increasingly the case elsewhere, people are falling away from the movement and with that comes a weakened performance on election day.
In the Metropolitan New York area there were two races of significance. The reelection of Chris Christie in New Jersey was a major victory for the moderate and pragmatic Republican message, not the Tea Party version. In fact Christie's reelection must be seen as a complete rejection of the Tea Party message and approach to politics. Chris Christie was successful by winning the groups that the GOP must win in order to win nationally. He doesn't deny climate change, He's not tone deaf on gun issues. He's not a "know nothing" on the issue of immigration reform. He has a proven track record of working across the aisle and even gave President Obama credit where credit was due for his response to Hurricane Sandy. In his acceptance speech he summed it all up in a single sentence, "When you lead you need to listen." That's a far cry from the stock Tea Party language of rejection, fear mongering and obstruction.
The election of Bill de Blasio represents a distinct pendulum swing back from the excesses of the Bloomberg years and the fêting of the mega rich while the average New Yorker struggled to get by. Yes it's true that we can't tax the rich out of existence but there's plenty of tax fairness that can be put back into the tax code to lessen the strain on middle and working class. This can be achieved without significantly affecting the rich and in so doing we could address some of the issues of income inequality that are sure to be a topic of discussion going forward. Besides, there's no clear link between taxes and prosperity anyway and for all of the benefits to the economy that were supposed to flow from lowering the taxes on the "job creators" where are all the jobs?


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Cup Scouting Report: Blues
Opponents provide breakdown on how to battle, beat St. Louis
Craig Custance chats with rival scouts and players to break down the strengths and weaknesses of the St. Louis Blues.
Last year, it was the Kings. The team that opposing scouts and coaches wanted no part of in the first round, regardless of what their seed was.
The consensus is not quite as strong, but the St. Louis Blues are getting that same kind of buzz from within the hockey community.
"Aside from maybe Chicago, they're the least desirable opponent," said one NHL scout in breaking down the West. "The way they've been playing the last two weeks, three weeks. Their goaltending seems like it's solved."
That was the major question mark and Brian Elliott has solved it with an incredible April, in which he went 10-2-0 with a 1.30 goals against average and .947 save percentage down the stretch to help the Blues secure home ice advantage in round one.
That doesn't leave too many holes.
"You look at their team now, I'd put them up against anybody in the league and feel good about their chances," said a Western Conference defenseman.
KEY STRENGTH: The addition of Jay Bouwmeester and Jordan Leopold at the deadline gives the Blues the same depth on the back end that they have up front. Those were huge moves for GM Doug Armstrong.
To see the rest of the scouting report on the St. Louis Blues, plus Insider's complete NHL coverage, sign up for ESPN Insider.
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Lift-off achieved
Jeff Smith 6 p.m., Feb. 27
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcrQjHygy5o&feature=related with Christmas so near i harken back to those times shared... the time shared thruout my life with so ...
here ya go!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkHNNPM7pJA&feature=player_embedded be sure to watch the full screen version
The very first "senior moment". And that's what happened to the dinosaurs!


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