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1 Dec. / (8 pages) Division Telephone Manager/POC Park, Hye Kyung/Huh, Chang Ho Division of Infectious Disease Control 043-719-7120 043-719-7116 A case of Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (iCJD) in a patient who had received a German-manufactured human dura mater graft 23 years ago - First case in Korea but it has nothing to do with the variant CJD known as "human mad cow disease" - - Currently, there is no risk of CJD transmission since new, safe dura mater alternatives are being used. □ Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC; Director Jun, Byung Yool) informed that the first case of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(iCJD) was confirmed in a patient who had received a human dura mater graft with the German-made brain tissue as results of biopsy and animal tests. * iCJD: CJD contracted in the process of medical treatment caused by a transplanted tissue, etc □This first victim of iCJD in Korea is a 54-year-old woman who had received a transplant of the membrane manufactured in Germany under the trade name Lyodura in 1987. She began displaying symptoms of CJD in June 2010, 23 years after she received the dura mater graft. Initially, the patient was suspected to have contracted sporadic CJD (sCJD) and she died in Nov. 2010 while the investigation was still being conducted. ○ It is presumed that the German-manufactured dura mater used had been taken from a cadaver of a patient infected with sCJD. * Sporadic CJD(sCJD): It affects about one person in every one million people per year worldwide. □ KCDC emphasized that iCJD has nothing to do with the variant CJD* and it was not contracted from the patient's daily life but due to the transplantation of the German-made dura mater (Lyodura). It also added that then, the materials were not well controlled but now safe dura mater alternatives are being used. * Variant CJD develops after one has eaten infected beef products from cows with BSE (Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy ). ○ Also, it is said that since May 1987, the concerned manufacturer has been conducting a deactivation process against prions (an infectious agent composed of protein), known to cause CJD, to remove the possibility of CJD infection. □ Around 400 cases of iCJD have been reported in 20 countries worldwide and approximately 200 cases of them broke out after the dura mater transplantations, over a half of which have taken place in Japan after the transplants of the concerned German-manufactured dura mater. The probability of developing iCJD after the brain tissue graft is 1/500 ~ 2,000. □ According to the KCDC, a team of experts in cooperation with the Korean Neurological Association, and the Korean Neurosurgical Society, etc has been formed to trace people known to have received the surgery in the 1980s with their medical records and neurosurgical tests under their consents. Attachment 1. General Info of CJD 2. Domestic CJD control status 3. Q & As \uDB80\uDEB1 iatrogenic CJD ○iCJD is caused by surgical transplants of the dura mater or the cornea of a person infected with an abnormal form of a protein called a "prion protein". It can also be passed on through injection of hormones extracted from a brain of an infected person. Causes of iCJD ① It is passed on through contaminated injections of human growth hormones or gonadotropic hormone or through surgical transplants of the dura mater. ② It is caused by transplants of the cornea extracted from a patient confirmed or suspected of having a human prion disease. ③ It is caused by exposure to contaminated surgical equipment used on people with CJD. \uDB80\uDEB2 Types of CJD There are four types of CJD ○ sporadic CJD, inherited CJD, and iatrogenic CJD according to the channel of infection and clinical features - and variant CJD Categorization Characteristics CJD Sporadic CJD (sCJD) Degenerative brain disorder caused by the accumulation in the brain of an abnormal form of a protein called a "prion protein." (It affects 0.5~2 persons in every one million per year worldwide) Inherited CJD It is caused by a genetic mutation. Iatrogenic CJD (iCJD) It is caused by surgical transplants of the dura mater or the cornea of an infected person. It can also be passed on through injection of hormones extracted from a brain of an infected person. ※ Brain, spinal cord, and eyeball are most vulnerable to this disease Variant CJD It can develop after one has consumed prions contained SRMs of cattle with BSE (Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy). ※ SRM: Specified risk materials that contain considerable amounts of abnormal protein called "prion protein," which is the cause of mad cow disease, such as cow brain, intestines, and spinal cord, etc \uDB80\uDEB1 Operation of the monitoring system ○ It has been subject to the sentinel surveillance as CJD including vCJD was designated as a legal communicable disease in 2001. - As it was designated as "Communicable Disease, Class III.", it has become mandatory to report an outbreak of CJD. ○ Confirmation is made by an investigation of individual cases reported. - Legal ground for the authority to issue an order for autopsy for the confirmation of the disease has been prepared ('11~) ○ (In Korea) Less than 30 cases suspected of sCJD infection are reported each year. [[No. of patients suspected of having contracted CJD (2001~Oct. 2011)] (Unit: person) Category 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (as of 26 Oct.) Total 5 9 19 13 15 19 18 28 30 29 25 Gender Male 2 5 7 8 7 11 13 15 13 14 13 Female 3 4 12 5 8 8 5 13 17 15 12 * The numbers of CJD outbreak cases reported in 2009~2011 are tentative figures. \uDB80\uDEB2 Operation of the diagnosis system ○ Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital has been running a CJD autopsy and diagnosis center from 2006 - 10 autopsies and 10 biopsies have been conducted so far. Year Total Apr. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Nov. 2011 Total (No. of cases) *20 1 4 5 4 5 1 Autopsy 10 - 2 2 3 3 - Biopsy 10 1 2 3 1 2 1 * Result of Autopsy/Biopsy -No case suspected of variant CJD has been found yet. - 7 cases of sCJD - 2 cases of Alzheimer's disease - One case of genetic CJD - One case of iCJD (the case confirmed this time) - 7 uncategorized cases (these are the cases showing clinical features suspected of being related to a prion disease that need to be compared with results of further clinical tests and investigations.) - Two cases displaying no clinical features of CJD Related to Lyodura, a German-made dura mater ; 1. What is Lyodura? ☞ Lyodura is a medical product manufactured and introduced by B. Braun, a hospital supply company based in Germany in 1969. The raw material for Lyodura is the dura mater of a human cadaver and it is used in neurosurgery. 2. How is Lyodura related to iCJD? ☞ The first case of CJD caused by Lyodura was reported in US in 1987 and FDA recalled the product. The manufacturer added the prion deactivation process using NaOH. ☞ The second case was reported in New Zealand and CDC banned the use of the materials produced before May 1987. However, a worldwide recall of the product was not issued. Therefore, it is likely that many other countries have used the contaminated materials for some years. ☞ WHO recommends not using cadaveric dura mater grafts in 1997. (MMWR, CDC, 2008) 3.Is Lyodura being used in Korea, currently? ☞ Some Lyodura products are known to have been imported and used in the past but Korea now bans human dura mater imports. ☞ The concerned product was produced before Apr. 1987 and it didn't go through the prion deactivation process. * KFDA(founded in 1998) does not have a record of the importation of the concerned product and it is difficult to find and check related records or data with a company which imported the product since it was imported a long time ago. 4. How many patients have received transplants of Lyodura? And has there been any similar case since? ☞ Since more than 20 years have passed after the concerned Lyodura was used. Therefore, it is difficult to find and check related data. We are trying to find a proper way to identify the status of the use of the product* and there has been no similar case found yet. * Records of imports of the product to be checked through the importers and medical records at large medical institutions to be examined, etc ☞ The number of patients who had received the transplants of Lyodura cannot be exactly identified. However, because the patient in this case was found to have received the transplant in 1987, it is likely that there are more cases of Lyodura transplants besides this one. ☞ Since this is the first case in Korea confirmed after CJD monitoring began in 2001. A further study of possible CJD outbreaks caused by Lyodura needs to be considered. 5. What are the products that are being used as an alternative dura mater? Is there any risk of iCJD infection by them? ☞ Currently, five dura mater alternative products are being imported through four companies. No CJD case has been reported concerning those products not just in Korea but also in other countries and given the manufacturing procedure, etc, there is no risk of CJD outbreak. ※ The safety test for medical treatment materials is implemented by KFDA in accordance with the "Medical Device Act," "Regulations for Approval, etc of Medical Device (KFDA Notification)" and "Regulations for Reviewing Technical Document, etc of Medical Device (KFDA Notification)." 6. What are the causes of iCJD besides Lyodura? ☞ 1) It is passed on through contaminated injections of human growth hormones or gonadotropic hormone or through surgical transplants of the dura mater. 2) It is caused by transplants of the cornea extracted from a patient confirmed or suspected of having a human prion disease. 3) It is caused by exposure to contaminated surgical equipment used on people with CJD. 7. Isn't it possible that CJD in this confirmed case was due to such causes described above other than the transplant of the dura mater? ☞ iCJD is mainly caused by the transplants of the dura mater and injections of human growth hormones. 8. The case was introduced first in a thesis. Hasn't the government been aware of this case up to now? ☞ The published thesis was written before the animal tests were completed. The government was planning to announce the case with a result verified and confirmed through the animal tests and consultations with experts. 9. Isn't it that the CJD monitoring system and epidemiological investigation have missed out on this case? ☞ The incubation period of the disease in this case between the patient's exposure to the risk and the outbreak was 23 years, which was such a long time. Medical records concerning the risks and interviews with patients and guardians are being carried out through the epidemiological investigation. However, in this case, the surgery was done a long ago and the transplant of the dura mater was a part of a series of the operation that the patient received then. Therefore, the patient's surgery record then had to be look at to find out necessary facts. 10. Is it possible that there is any CJD patients that were failed to be exactly categorized as in this case? ☞ The neural tissue test has to be conducted for confirmation of CJD. However, since there is culturally negative perception toward a brain biopsy or autopsy after one's death in Korea, it is difficult to confirm the disease through the test. Therefore, CJD is being categorized based on major symptoms, results of a brain MRI, brain wave test, and cerebral spinal fluid examination, etc. ☞ Various risks and records of one's travel to countries where the variant CJD broke out and one's family history, etc are examined through interviews. However, since this disease has a long incubation period, if a patient cannot exactly remember related matters or details or it is difficult to have an interview with the person, sufficient data might not be able to be acquired. 11. Should iCJD be considered a medical malpractice? ☞ When the surgery was done, the risk of the concerned product was not known and it was widely used in neurosurgery. Therefore, it seems difficult to say that the incident was caused by a doctor's medical judgment or mischoice. 12. How do hospitals and the government deal with CJD patients now? How is the cadaver of a CJD patient treated? ☞ Since CJD is designated as the "Communicable Disease, Class III," when a suspected patient is found, the hospital reports it to the KCDC which then carries out an epidemiological investigation. ☞ Hospital manages the patient according to the CJD control guidance. Since CJD is not infected through general contact, the patient doesn't need to be isolated. If no damage or autopsy is done on the cadaver of the patient, waterproofing is done on the cadaver to keep the body fluid from flowing out. 13. How is a patient diagnosed with CJD being controlled? What action should be taken for a CJD patient who hasn't been diagnosed yet? ☞ A patient doesn't have to be isolated but shall observe general cautions for prevention of infection. Some scholars insist that after a biopsy for diagnosis is conducted and before a scar caused by the biopsy gets healed, there is a risk of infection due to exposure of body fluids such as cerebrospinal liquid or tissues that can cause the infection, thus requiring limited isolation of the patient. ☞ There is no way of controlling a CJD patient who hasn't been diagnosed. Therefore, in order to ensure accurate CJD diagnosis at hospitals, training should be done on medical personnel. http://download.mw.go.kr/front/modules/download.jsp?BOARD_ID=1365&CONT_SEQ=260967&FILE_SEQ=77999&FILE_NAME=ENG-[보도참고자료]의인성CJD첫발견(최종).hwp.docx 2011/12/08 11:08 KST S. Korea confirms second case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease SEOUL, Dec. 8 (Yonhap) -- South Korea's health authorities on Thursday confirmed the country's second case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a degenerative neurological disorder. A 48-year-old man was diagnosed with iatrogenic CJD (iCJD) on Wednesday, according to the Center for Disease Control. The person's identity was withheld for privacy reasons. The report of the country's second-ever iCJD case comes after a 54-year-old woman was found last month to have died from the same disease that is often transmitted by the use of defective prion proteins found in surgical tissue graft products. The woman had received brain surgery using Lyodura, a tissue graft product, some 23 years ago. The KCDC said the man in the latest case had also received Lyodura during brain surgery in 1988. This form of CJD has an incubation period of more than 20 years but once symptoms occur, death usually takes place within a year. CJD is the most common of so-called human prion diseases with one person in every 1 million diagnosed each year worldwide. It is an invariably fatal illness with death occurring after the onset of dementia, hallucinations, coordination dysfunction and seizures. The animal form of the disease is called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) which is commonly called mad cow disease. BSE also leaves holes in the brain that resemble a sponge. email@example.com (END) http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2011/12/08/51/0502000000AEN20111208002700320F.HTML Envt.15: Prediction for Potential Risk Factors Through the Association Study Between Epidemiological Data and SNPs of Prion Protein Gene in the Korean Population and Suspected CJD Patients Suyeon Kim,† Sol Moe Lee, Jae Wook Hyeon, Bo-Yeong Choi, Chi-Kyeong Kim, Jun Sun Park and Young Ran Ju National Institute of Health, Korea CDC; Cheongwongun, Chungcheongbukdo, Korea;†Presenting author; Email: email@example.com Cases of the suspected CJD patients and reports of probable CJD have been increased due to a social uneasiness for import permission of beef from western countries reported BSE outbreak since 2008 in Korea CDC. It has been hard to definite diagnosis them due to Korean funeral culture though reports of probable sporadic CJD and genetic CJD have been increased in Korea. First of all, we need to clear the characteristics of PRNP gene in Korean population and to analyze the association between the endemic environmental factors and SNPs of the gene to predict the underlying cause. We sequenced up to 5kb of the genomic region including the promoter region, exon I and exon II to analyze the correlation between SNPs of 185 suspected patients and diagnostic factors, and between SNPs of PRNP gene of 296 normal population and 60 epidemiologic factors like medical and familial history and diet. General statistical analyses were carried out by using SPSS statistic 18 (SPSS Inc., NY). Their significance levels were determined by the chi-square test (Fisher's exact test). We identified 19 SNPs in normal group and 15 SNPs gene in suspected patients' group in their promoter and exon II regions. Our statistic analyses demonstrated that between rs1799990 (+385A>G; 129MV), rs28933385 (+598A>G; 200EK) and patient factors in suspected patients' group showed significantly. In normal population group, between rs2756271 (-14605A>G), rs73612131 (-13537A>T), -14409 (C>T), rs1800014 (+655A>G; 219EK), +695(T>G; 232MR) and +591 (C>T; 197NN) SNPs and several demographic and dietary factors like an intake frequency of beef or ham were significantly associated. In this study, we could predict the potential risk factors through the association study between SNPs of PRNP gene and several epidemiological factors. Especially, significance level of some dietary habits might show higher than other factors. However, we cannot entirely decide them risk factors of genetic markers in prion disease without identification of environmental or other causes of definite CJD patients though we found de novo SNP and significant result of PRNP. We expect to elucidate clearly their association through the combination of our results with other clinical information including additional clues. PRION 2011 http://www.prion2011.ca/files/PRION_2011_Timetable-ENG_(May_5-11).pdf J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:792-793 doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.6.792 Short report Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 38 years after diagnostic use of human growth hormone http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/72/6/792.full landesbioscience.com Wednesday, November 30, 2011 First iCJD Death Confirmed in Korea http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/first-icjd-death-confirmed-in-korea.html Thursday, December 8, 2011 S. Korea confirms second case of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 48-year-old man 2011/12/08 11:08 KST http://usdavskorea.blogspot.com/2011/12/s-korea-confirms-second-case-of.html Tuesday, March 29, 2011 TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY EXPOSURE SPREADING VIA HOSPITALS AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES AROUND THE GLOBE http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html Monday, February 01, 2010 Import Alert 57-20 and 84-03 Human Dura Mater and risk factors there from due to Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-57-20-and-84-03-human-dura.html Wednesday, June 29, 2011 TSEAC Meeting August 1, 2011 donor deferral ... http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/06/tseac-meeting-august-1-2011-donor.html U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001 http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html Saturday, June 25, 2011 Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque "BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades" http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html Sunday, June 26, 2011 Risk Analysis of Low-Dose Prion Exposures in Cynomolgus Macaque http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/risk-analysis-of-low-dose-prion.html Wednesday, August 24, 2011 There Is No Safe Dose of Prions http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/there-is-no-safe-dose-of-prions.html Wednesday, August 24, 2011 All Clinically-Relevant Blood Components Transmit Prion Disease following a Single Blood Transfusion: A Sheep Model of vCJD http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/all-clinically-relevant-blood.html EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story This is an interesting editorial about the Mad Cow Disease debacle, and it's ramifications that will continue to play out for decades to come ; Monday, October 10, 2011 EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story snip... EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recently delivered a scientific opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and ECDC, 2011). This opinion confirmed Classical BSE prions as the only TSE agents demonstrated to be zoonotic so far but the possibility that a small proportion of human cases so far classified as "sporadic" CJD are of zoonotic origin could not be excluded. Moreover, transmission experiments to non-human primates suggest that some TSE agents in addition to Classical BSE prions in cattle (namely L-type Atypical BSE, Classical BSE in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) agents) might have zoonotic potential. snip... http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e991.htm?emt=1 http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/e991.pdf see follow-up here about North America BSE Mad Cow TSE prion risk factors, and the ever emerging strains of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy in many species here in the USA, including humans ; http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/efsa-journal-2011-european-response-to.html http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/ Thursday, August 4, 2011 Terry Singeltary Sr. on the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Public Health Crisis, Date aired: 27 Jun 2011 (SEE VIDEO) http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html Saturday, December 3, 2011 Candidate Cell Substrates, Vaccine Production, and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Volume 17, Number 12—December 2011 http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/12/candidate-cell-substrates-vaccine.html Saturday, November 19, 2011 Novel Prion Protein in BSE-affected Cattle, Switzerland http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/novel-prion-protein-in-bse-affected.html Saturday, December 3, 2011 Isolation of Prion with BSE Properties from Farmed Goat Volume 17, Number 12—December 2011 http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/12/isolation-of-prion-with-bse-properties.html Sunday, August 21, 2011 The British disease, or a disease gone global, The TSE Prion Disease (SEE VIDEO) http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/british-disease-or-disease-gone-global.html Saturday, March 5, 2011 MAD COW ATYPICAL CJD PRION TSE CASES WITH CLASSIFICATIONS PENDING ON THE RISE IN NORTH AMERICA http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/mad-cow-atypical-cjd-prion-tse-cases.html Monday, September 26, 2011 L-BSE BASE prion and atypical sporadic CJD http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html Thursday, July 08, 2010 Nosocomial transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: results from a risk-based assessment of surgical interventions Public release date: 8-Jul-2010 http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/nosocomial-transmission-of-sporadic.html Tuesday, May 04, 2010 Review of the Human Pituitary Trust Account and CJD Issue 20 January 2010 http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/05/review-of-human-pituitary-trust-account.html Monday, August 31, 2009 HUMAN BODY PARTS FOR SALE TO THE HIGHEST BIDDER Inside a Creepy Global Body Parts Business http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009_08_01_archive.html Thursday, October 23, 2008 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Associated with Cadaveric Dura Mater Grafts – Japan, 1979-2008 : UPDATE http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-associated.html Sunday, December 16, 2007 Risk factors for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2007/12/risk-factors-for-sporadic-creutzfeldt.html some old history ; SubjectJapan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers Fromtom email@example.com Reply-ToBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy email@example.com DateWed, 20 Sep 2000 14:53:39 -0800 Content-Typetext/plain Parts/Attachmentstext/plain (62 lines) ######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy This is hot, they actually published the bad lot numbers on the Lyodura in the newspaper. NIH has fought off US residents for years. on the growth hormone lot numbers, to protect their crazy man in North Carolina who insisted on injecting crude pituitary extracts. Some recipients do want to know whether they got an injection from a bad lot; some don't -- but I never heard from anyone who wanted Big Brother making the decision for them. There is a staggering amount of this Lyodura implanted in people: Japan alone imported "12,545 boxes of the dura mater, manufactured in 1982 by B. Braun Melsungen AG." It doesn't say how many uses per box or how many boxes comprise a serial number, or how many individuals were pooled per serial number. It would be so cool if some serial number 2105 or so is still around -- then we could test it to see what species it came from (I say sheep, given that is what their contract surgeon, who died of CJD a few years thereafter, was removing as dura mater source). tom CJD-linked product banned in U.S. was imported to ... Kyodo World Service Wed, Sep 20, 2000 TOKYO, Sept. 21 (Kyodo) -- The government on Wednesday admitted to the likelihood that Japan imported German medical products which reportedly caused Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) even after the United States had warned of the danger in 1987, contradicting its previous claims. Kazuo Maruta, a senior official at the Health and Welfare Ministry, said the German-made dried dura mater used for brain surgery produced in 1982 was likely to have been imported before 1997. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987 issued a domestic advisory not to use such dura mater made in that year, after learning about a report that it could cause CJD. Symptoms of the disease include rapidly progressive dementia, loss of cerebral functions, and paralysis of limbs, with parts of the brain becoming sponge-like. Maruta, chief of the ministry's Pharmaceutical and Medical Safety Bureau, told members of the Health and Welfare Committee at the House of Representatives that it is "likely" that the product, Lyodura with serial numbers 2000 to 2999, was imported into Japan. He cited a report by Tokyo importer Nihon B.S.S. which said 12,545 boxes of the dura mater, manufactured in 1982 by B. Braun Melsungen AG, were imported that year. Health and Welfare Minister Yuji Tsushima also told the committee, "It was impossible (for the government) to foresee the dangers of the product." Previously, the ministry has denied the possibility of any imports, insisting that Lyodura with the serial number 2105, which the U.S. government said caused the first-discovered case of CJD, was not imported into Japan. The German firm recalled the 2105 Lyodura in early 1987 and the FDA advised domestic medical facilities to abandon the product with serial numbers from 2000 to 2999. It was only 10 years later that the Japanese ministry prohibited use of the product. More than 40 people, including CJD victims and their relatives, have filed two damages suits with the Tokyo District Court and the Otsu District Court, Shiga Prefecture, accusing the Japanese companies involved and the German firm of negligence, as well as the Japanese government. ############ http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############ SubjectRe: Japan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers Fromtom email@example.com Reply-ToBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy firstname.lastname@example.com DateThu, 21 Sep 2000 06:36:13 -0800 Content-Typetext/plain Parts/Attachmentstext/plain (54 lines) ######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy It would be so cool if some serial number 2105 or so is still around -- then we could test it to see what species it came from (I say sheep, given that is what their contract surgeon, who died of CJD a few years thereafter, was removing as dura mater source). You think that Lyodura grafts were made of other origin than human? Do you have references to that? Thought they were of human origin solely and that only animal products were used for ie. catgut / sutures? I was surprised to find that xenotransplants have been going on for decades on a truly massive scale in many countries. It is not just cowgut surgical sutures, but anything and everything that doesn't set off too bad an immune response. One of the more insiduous aspects of the BSE epidemic is the large number of bovinebiologicals that came onto the international comodity markets. We saw just one British company selling 40,000 bovine pericardium patches at year for use in human heart valve replacements. I posted many months back all the species used previously for dura mater transplants in human, as seen in simple Medline searches. I also posted some ideas on how to experimentally determine the species of origin for a given piece of dura mater, be it still in the box or removed from a iatrogenic CJD cadaver (there are a couple of intrinsic proteins that could be seen with IgG). I also posted a newspaper account of the German orthopedic surgeon employed by this dura mater company to remove dura mater from sheep brain. The cause of his CJD was never determined (though the diagnosis was not in doubt); it could have been anything from handling sheep scrapie dura mater to inherited. I don't know if he also handled human dura mater for the company. Scrapie is only uncommonly reported in German sheep. The idea here is not to make assumptions about the species origin of Lyodura, but rather to test the species origin experimentally. The purpose here is not to investigate the company. Rather, Japan may have inadvertently done the scrapie-to-human intra-cerebral injection experiment that medical ethics prevents us from doing directly today. This would complement the successful in vitro conversion experiments that you and your colleagues have published. Given the scale of dura mater use in Japan, there may still be boxes left of dura mater in the 2000-2999 serial number range. Or there may be material recoverable from 2105 recipients. Given the low incidence of CJD compared to scrapie, I would say that if any of the dura mater is sheep, the whole episode can be probably be attributed to scrapie. tom ############ http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############ SubjectRe: Japan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers Fromtom email@example.com Reply-ToBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy firstname.lastname@example.com DateThu, 21 Sep 2000 08:48:32 -0800 Content-Typetext/plain Parts/Attachmentstext/plain (169 lines) ######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Alex, Mon, 19 Jul 1999 was when this came up. Here is the relevent Lancet article. Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by handling of dura mater. The Lancet Volume 341(8837) January 9, 1993 pp 123-124 Weber, Thomas; Tumani, Hayrettin; Holdorff, Bernd; Collinge, John; Palmer, Mark; Kretzschmar, Hans A.; Felgenhauer, Klaus Sir,- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) can be transmitted iatrogenically by human pituitary growth hormone, corneal transplants, and dura mater grafts (1). Possible accidental transmission has been reported in only four people-a neurosurgeon (2), a pathologist (3), and two laboratory technicians (4,5) . We have encountered an unusually rapid case of CJD probably acquired through handling of sheep and human dura mater. In May, 1992, a 55-year-old orthopaedic surgeon developed paraesthesia of the left arm. A few days later he had spatial disorientation, apraxia, and gait ataxia. In June he was admitted and a neurologist suspected CJD on the basis of the clinical signs, typical electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, and history. An EEG in June revealed a typical pattern of periodic biphasic and triphasic sharp wave complexes. We saw the patient in July, 1992. He was awake and oriented, with dyscalculia, dysgraphia, disturbed vision, apraxia mainly of the left side, rigidity of wrists, spasticity of all muscles, myoclonus of the left arm, increased tendon reflexes, ataxia of limbs and trunk, and incoordination of left arm. Within 3 weeks he had impaired consciousness and attention, mildly impaired memory, and threatening visual hallucinations with restless turning. He had periodic states with movements of his head and eye-bulbs resembling tonic adversive seizures. During sleep these motor disturbances stopped. 2 1/2 months later the patient died. This patient had worked with sheep and human dura mater from 1968 to 1972. He handled about 150 specimens of ovine origin and at least a dozen human preparations for research. Handling involved opening skulls with a band saw, removing dura, and testing them either fresh (usually), preserved, or lyophilised for mechanical qualities. These specimens were sent to a company that has sold dura mater preparations by which CJD was transmitted in six instances. No information was available from the company about a possible connection with this patient's disease and the earlier cases of transmitted CJD. Brain biopsy was consistent with diagnosis of CJD. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained in July showed neuron-specific enolase (NSE) at 82.0 ng/mL, compared with 16.7 ng/mL in serum of other cases (6). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of parieto-occipital and temporal grey matter, parietal white matter, and thalamus revealed a 20-30% reduction of N-acetylaspartate, as described (7). DNA was genotyped with allele-specific oligonucleotides (8) and was homozygous for methionine at the polymorphic codon 129. Subsequent direct DNA sequencing for the PrP gene open-reading frame demonstrated normal sequence on both alleles, excluding known or novel pathogenic PrP mutations. It is tempting to speculate that prions were transmitted to this patient from sheep or human dura mater through small lacerations of his skin, but the patient and his wife did not remember any significant injury during his four years of working with these samples. It cannot be excluded that this was a case of sporadic CJD although this assumption is unlikely in view of the clinical course which was similar to iatrogenic CJD transmitted by peripheral inoculation, such as with human pituitary growth hormone or gonadotropin or to kuru (1). Iatrogenic cases resulting from intracerebral inoculation with the transmissible agent, for instance following dura mater grafts (2-5), present with a dementing picture, as is usual in sporadic CJD, rather than with ataxia as in this case. =-==-=-=- Iatrogenic scrapie from sheep dura mater? Mon, 19 Jul 1999 Listserve and Lancet January 9, 1993 pp 123-124 An orthopaedic surgeon employed by the Lyodura company [Braun Melsungen] extracted dura mater from sheep and human cadavers and came down with fast CJD 22 years later. The ratio of sheep to human dura mater he collected was150 sheep to 12 humans. Apparently the surgeon and the sheep were German. Scrapie has long been present in Germany but reported levels are very low, about a flock a year has to be destroyed. I am not aware of any high sensitivity tests or random screening every being used in Germany to assess the levels of preclinical animals. This raises the question, what did the lyodura company do with so much dura mater from sheep? The market for specialty surgical products was overwelmingly in humans in 1968. Are there companies today that sell sheep dura mater for research? The Lancet article only says it was for research -- but in what species? Perhaps dura mater gives an immune response across species after processing, ruling out its use in humans. But blood type or other genetic differences do not matter within humans, ie, there is no tissue matching with dura mater. How CJD could show up from a handful of human dura mater donations with sporadic CJD supposedly so rare -- this would be extraordinary bad luck that any of 150 sheep + 12 humans could have carried the disease. On the other hand, there would be no surprise at all if a case of subclinical scrapie showed up in 150 sheep. [While Germany only reports one case a year of scrapie and destroys the flock, the disease nonetheless persists, indicating under-reporting.] This raises the question, have dura mater recipients or the surgeon subsequently been strain-typed? This might give a very different outcome than other forms of iatrogenic CJD or simply co-classify with pituitary growth hormone if route of infection (injected, oral, hereditary, etc.) is more important than strain source. Otherwise, iatrogenic scrapie (like cwdCJD) is somwhat unpredictable in its gel pattern (though strains of scrapie in other primate species might be re-examined). The original scrapie strain is not be identifiable directly because material was not likely retained. Strain-typing was not available at the time of the article -- but Collinge was one of the authors. There is little doubt that scrapie could be transfered to humans by intracerebral injection (based on lack of species barrier in primates) and that processed pooled (human?) dura mater can carry sufficient infectivity to cause CJD. Animal experiments have not commonly used sheep dura mater as experimental dose source. If any humans received sheep dura mater, it is doubtful that this will be disclosed or that specific recipients will be identified to their doctors. It is probably better to trace backwards from affected recipients -- see if they strain-type out to be sheep. Japan has been particularly hard hit by dura mater CJD (curious in itself) and researchers there might be motivated to find out what happened. I am not aware of agricultural agencies that would impede research over there. ############ http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############ SubjectRe: CJD * Lyodura-B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany FromJennifer Cooke firstname.lastname@example.com Reply-ToBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy email@example.com DateWed, 29 Sep 1999 00:24:32 +1000 Content-Typetext/plain Parts/Attachmentstext/plain (55 lines) Cear Terry, I devoted most of one chapter in my book, Cannibals Cows & the CJD Catastrophe (Random House Australia) to CJD deaths from dura mater including Lyodura, that have been reported in the literature since the initial FDA warning about Lyodura in 1987. Several cases related to 1982 - either because the Lyodura was manufactured in that year, or the operation of the victim took place in that year. One confidential settlement I know of was to the family of a British man who died of CJD in 1989 following a Lyodura graft in 1985. There have now been four deaths in Australia from CJD after Lyodura grafts - all of which related to operations carried out in 1982. The latest death occurred in June this year - which means that the incubation period has now blown out to more than 17 years for this type of peripheral infection. Quite horrifying. I believe the family intends to sue ... Regards, Jennifer Cooke ---------- > From: Roland Heynkes > To: firstname.lastname@example.com > Subject: Re: [BSE-L] CJD * Lyodura-B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany > Date: Tuesday, September 28, 1999 4:02 AM > > Dear Terry, > > > Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA -- Greetings, I was hoping > > Roland or someone, could tell me if this Company (Lyodura-B.Braun > > Melsungen AG, Germany) is still paying out settlements for the medical > > deaths from CJD and their product? > > How far back, has their product been found to be infected and or, was it > > found to be deadly in 1982? > > Was the material in 1982 taken from cows or humans or both? > > > I am sorry but I don't know that and at the moment I am very busy in a > colon cancer project. Therefore I cannot help you. But perhaps Herbert > Schaefer in Spangenberg (Tel./Fax: 05663/1212) can help you. He works for > the large German television transmitter ZDF and investigated the lyodura > problem of this company some years ago. > > best regards > > Roland Heynkes > > Erkwiesenstr. 19 > D-52072 Aachen (Germany) > Tel.: +49 (0)241/932070 > Fax: +49 (0)241/932071 > email: firstname.lastname@example.com > http://www.heynkes.de ================================= source 011254 2002-03-29 10:07 60 CJD--LYODURA ''DEADLY HARVEST'' BSE-L 008699 2000-09-21 14:53 67 Re: Japan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers BSE-L 008695 2000-09-21 08:48 190 Re: Japan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers BSE-L 008692 2000-09-21 08:44 52 Re: Japan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers BSE-L 008694 2000-09-21 06:36 74 Re: Japan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers BSE-L 008691 2000-09-20 14:53 81 Japan releases bad Lyodura lot numbers BSE-L 006872 1999-09-29 14:05 96 Re: CJD * Lyodura-B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany BSE-L 006871 1999-09-29 00:24 77 Re: CJD * Lyodura-B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany BSE-L 006862 1999-09-27 19:02 48 Re: CJD * Lyodura-B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany BSE-L 006860 1999-09-27 10:35 32 CJD * Lyodura-B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany BSE-L http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html https://lists.aegee.org/cgi-bin/wa?A0=BSE-L TSS |
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01-10-2010, 04:17 PM | #1 (permalink) |
Junior Member
Join Date: Apr 2007
Location: Jacksonville Fl
Posts: 14
Battery Removal
Hi guys. I have a 2003 Shadow Spirit 750. I need to replace the battery. I got the cover off and the +- terminals disconnected. The manual says it should come out at that point but it won't. Is it connected to the housing somehow, or some trick I'm missing? Thanks
2003 Shadow Spirit |
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01-10-2010, 11:53 PM | #2 (permalink) |
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2008
Location: N. Calif.
Posts: 1,571
Can't help ya there but bumping this up as someone has the answer.
Mine - I have to remove the seat, lay the ECM off the top of the battery box cover, remove cover top, disconnect (+) & (-), then pull the battery straight up and out. It fits a little snug and has a little friction, but pulls free. |
01-11-2010, 12:42 AM | #3 (permalink) |
Join Date: Oct 2006
Location: Texas
Posts: 997
Some bikes have foam strips similar to weatherstripping to minimize movement and vibration of the battery. If yours has this, the battery could simply be stuck in there and will wiggle free. If you can determine that there are no wires in danger of being pulled loose, go ahead and give it a couple of quick jerks and see if it slides out. Some people even add weatherstripping as an extra precaution.
01-14-2010, 05:03 PM | #5 (permalink) |
Junior Member
Join Date: Apr 2007
Location: Jacksonville Fl
Posts: 14
Finally got it removed, it was indeed "all in the wiggle" hehe. And jamming a screwdriver down the side of it to pry it loose from that foam backing Thanks for the input guys.
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text: geek style Pop Culture Face Paint BRILLIANCE By Lisa Granshaw Mar 17, 2014 Back 8 of 21 Next More More Slideshows Book Geeks Will Love Nite Lite Book Reviews' Stunning Manicure Mondays! The MindHut Geographic Presents: Fandoms in the Wild Believe It or Not These Animals ARE NOT Photoshopped! Back Next more > Back Next more > Michelle McCaffreyCredit: On her list of themes she wants to do more of are sci-fi face paints and old school video game characters. Tags: disney, slideshows, costumes, cosplay, face paint, geek style Science Fact or Science Fiction: Heroes Of Science Edition! Science Fact or Science Fiction: Heroes Of Science Edition! These Superhero Movies Had Too Many Villains! These Superhero Movies Had Too Many Villains! Related Posts art The 3D Art of Baizilla Will Blowa Your Minda! slideshows Feel the Force With This Fantastic Star Wars Fan Art fan art Lego Versions of Fine Art and Iconic Architecture Transmedia Tuesday: Watching this TED talk will let you live 7.5 minutes longer Write your own comment! Hold up there partner! Before you comment on a post there's one more step. You'll have to choose a nickname to be displayed on your comment. Give 'er a shot below! Write your own comment! OR Remember me OR Please log in first Email Password Remember me Log in Create an account | Lost password ...or log in using


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Tags september, 2011, indie, electronic, hip hop
Genres electronic, indie, hip hop, chillwave, lo-fi (beta) (flag as incorrect)
Artists Korallreven, Toro y Moi, Smith Westerns (beta)
Published October 02, 2011
Fourteen tracks that defined September for me. Full tracklist and download at http://thespiralcase.net
lovin the pic of the sinclair dino! That used to be my favorite thing growing up to see when i visited my cousins in sturgis.
gotta love WallDrug.
of course!
Oh I was looking forward to this!
glad to hear it!
Better than the Original by zfranciose
Sometimes artists remake songs, whether that be a cover, a beat-jack, or a remix.
remix, cover, remake, beat jack
MJF's August 2013 by zfranciose
Mostly Junkfoods August 2013.
mostly junkfood, electronic, hip hop, music blog, august 2013
Filthy Dubstep pt 4 by zfranciose
uh oh.
filthy dubstep, zfranciose, dubstep, electronic, party
hip-hop's new new by zfranciose
yung spittas.
rap, hip hop, new rap


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Arnette AN7059 Frontman 1137 Matte Dark Blue eyeglasses are cool and casual. This sporty style has a matte navy blue finish in a lightweight acetate construction with rectangular shaped lenses. The temples are simple and modest, marked only with the Arnette logo by the hinges in satin grey.
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Product Description
Available while supplies last.
This item by Dale Tiffany has a gold finish. For use with six 40-watt clear incandescent candelabra bulbs.
St. Ives Six-Light Chandelier
Finish: | Gold | |
Light Bulb: | (6)40w CA10 Cand C Incand | |
Materials: | Metal/Crystal | |
Voltage: | 120 volt | |
Installation: | Dry Locations [Explain] | |
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Specialty Chandelier Type Chandeliers come in a wide variety of shapes and styles. More common types include Candle-Style, Crystal, Williamsburg, and Wrought Iron among others. | Specialty Chandelier Type | Candle-Style Chandelier |
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Global Warranty Group Offers Tablet Coverage
iPad and Galaxy Tab are both included in coverage
December 8, 2010 By Stephen SilverThe coverage includes lost, stolen, broken, accidental and liquid damage protection, the company said. Both two-year and monthly plans will be available.
"We understand and recognize the explosive salability, appeal and growth of this dynamic new product segment and in response to our dealers' requests, we are pleased to now offer comprehensive protection coverage for the two most popular tablets."


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A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma...
Grace in Sports (and Practice): Jacob Jarvis and Ohio St. Football
In preparing a new series we're offering at my church, I was reminded of this post from a few years ago about Ohio State football coach Urban Meyer. The man experienced a breakdown following his team's loss to Alabama in 2009, enough to warrant him stepping away from coaching for a year. One recent interview indicated that indeed things have been going much better for him, personally, since coming back to coach at OSU. That he managed to win another National Championship on the other side of such a wake-up call, strikes me as fantastic news. Much better, at least, than hearing it was simply the product of a return to (old) form. His daughter even reports that they now speak on the phone "five times a day." Which is to say, the support and connection to his family is apparently stronger than ever, and his work has not suffered for it. But best of all was discovering the video below, which displays just how much Urban's new set of priorities have trickled over into the lives of his players and, especially, Jacob Jarvis and his younger brother. As Jacob wheels onto the field, holding hands with the players on the team, I couldn't help but think: "Now that's imputation, which is love."
Cosmic-Gospel-Prog, Gospel-Funk, & Gospel-Boogie
As promised, here are tracks from the devotions at the Mockingbird NYC Conference…
1. "Let us affirm our faith with the (cosmic) Nicene Creed." Eela Craig, 1978 #AustrianCosmicProg
2. "Holy Spirit, don't leave me for a minute." Limousine, 1976 #SwedishGospelFunk
3. "Won't you serve Him?" Cyril Walker, 1983 #GospelBoogie
BONUS TRACK: "Holy Ghost" by The Barkays
The Secret Santa-Sower and the Heroin Addict
I lead a Thursday morning Bible study. Recently, we have been working our way through the parables (often using the backdrop of Robert Capon's amazing Kingdom, Grace, Judgment), and this morning, it was time for The Parable of the Sower. You can imagine how happy I was when fellow Mbirder, Ethan Magness posted this clip on Facebook last night, understating, "it's a nice portrait of imputation."
The Secret Santa is a perfect analogy for the Sower, who scatters seed willy-nilly across all types of ground. As a group this morning, we were struck by just how strange it is that the…
The Italo Gospel Is Foolishness (But to Us…It Is the Power of God)
Have you ever heard of Italo? The name refers to a genre of music that was made primarily in Italy (though not exclusively), and is basically a catch-all term for the pop music of 1980s Italy. What could be more intriguing?
Like any genre of music, Italo carries with it degrees of sophistication, polish, and genuine artistry. A lot of Italo was made by youngsters in make-shift home studios. But some of it was created in the big flashy studios of Rome and Bologna. There are a few cross-over Italo hits that made it to the radio in the States too….
All Night Fights and the Sound of Mercy
A beautiful passage about mercy and marital strife from the first chapter of Francis Spufford's Unapologetic:
I remember a morning about 15 years ago. It was a particularly bad morning, after a particularly bad night. We had been caught in one of those cyclical rows that reignite every time you think they come to an exhausted close, because the thing that's wrong won't be left alone, won't stay out of sight if you try to turn away from it. Over and over, between midnight and six, when we finally gave up and got up, we'd helplessly looped from tears, and the…


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Kukla's Korner Hockey
The Numbers- Not Good
by Paul on 05/19/06 at 03:54 PM ET
Comments (0)
For the second round, the CBC averaged 1.398 million, down 26 per cent from 2004, when three Canadian teams were involved, including Toronto, compared with two this year. At TSN, the audiences have been fairly good. The network is averaging 341,000 a game, up 10 per cent from 2004. NBC? Don't ask. OLN in the United States. Yikes. NBC has a postseason average rating of 1.1 (percentage of U.S. households watching the games), down 27 per cent from ABC's 2004 ratings. OLN's rating is 0.45, which converts to about 300,000 viewers a game, half of what ESPN used to pull in. Broadcasting sources believe NBC's audience problems are tied directly to the league's decision to replace ESPN as its cable rights holder.read on
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Magikano DVD 1 (Hyb): A New Witch in Town
Justin A. Hylton - Nov 26 2007 firstname.lastname@example.com Rating: Wonderful! Very funny This show is very funny one of the funniest shows this year. If you are into comedy and high school anime. This show is for you!!!! Max P. Sterling - Dec 28 2007 Rating: Wonderful! OMG LOL this one is alot I mean ALOT like Maburaho with minor differences. But I have to say this one made me laugh alot. If you have a big funny bone don't watch this at night. i had to cops come to my house to because some one complained about all the laughing. But really i didn't think i was that loud. BAKA's.(translation Morons/ idiots / Dummies) any way this one is a winner cant wait for the rest to come out. |
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Farmstead Goat Cheeses, Goat Milk Gelato, Organic Fruits and Farm to Table Meals
"Taste the terroir of our prairie soils"
NEWS Flash: March means baby goat madness and Farm Dinner Tickets
March 2nd, 2015March is coming in like a lion; the roar of hungry baby goats is deafening. Within the past few days we have had a surge from a handful of kids to 75 on the ground. There seems to be a co
If winter's grey has you pinning for spring cheese, BECOME A MEMBER OF OUR CHEESE, BREAD AND GELATO CSA
January 29th, 2015I have no legitimate cause to complain about winter this year (so far, anyway). Compared with the arctic blasts we experienced last year, the goats and I are feeling pretty good about the weath
It's winter . How about a food photography class at the farm?
January 14th, 2015Happy 2015 friends and patrons. It's winter on the farm: quiet, snow-blanketed, goats snuggling next to their hay feeders to keep warm. We're in our "down time" now; the time we get to sleep l


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Saadani Safari Lodge is uniquely placed as the only hotel located inside Saadani National Park, arguably Tanzania's most varied wildlife conservation area. Here, beach, bush and river come together in a clash of colorful ecosystems found nowhere else on the eastern coast of Africa.
Saadani Safari Lodge is owned by Costa Coucoulis, a passionate nature-lover who has fully renovated and refurbished an existing property with creative style and sympathy to the natural environment. The nine, tented cottages with their cool grass roofs are strung along the beach. Each has its own veranda and pretty en-suite bathroom. Seafood is a specialty, in particular the feasts of fresh prawns that are brought from the sea to the lodge kitchens daily. Nature-wise, the uniqueness of Saadani Safari Lodge is its proximity to such a mix of different ecosystems. From the delights of the Wami River where a stone's throw from the open sea you can be boating past pods of hippo, the lodge also offers game driving and bush walking to explore the plentiful wildlife in the natural bush. Out at sea, a sand island is a lovely spot for picnics and snorkeling in warm tropical waters. Property amenities: Nearby attractions and activities: Location: Policy: Notes:
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Six Country Hits Become One Epic Song in Awesome Mashup [Listen]
Mashing up two songs is hard enough, but six? One YouTuber was up to the challenge.
Mashing up two songs is hard enough, but six? One YouTuber was up to the challenge.
Cole Swindell has released the music video for his newest single, 'Hope You Get Lonely Tonight.'
The ice bucket challenge has been making the rounds through social media to help raise money for charity, and a few of country music's biggest names are getting involved.
Last week cameras caught Cole Swindell and Danielle Bradbery looking less than enthused by Luke Bryan's performance of 'Play It Again' at the CMT Music Awards. The 'Hope You Get Lonely Singer' says the two were caught in a situation Kacey Musgraves found herself in after the 2013 CMA Awards.
Sharp lyrics, fine storytelling and an undeniable familiarity make Cole Swindell's new booty-call song unique. 'Hope You Get Lonely Tonight' lacks the moody drama of hits like 'Need You Now.' This singer's approach is much more relatable.
Cole Swindell may be a hit with the ladies, but he's still waiting for the right one!
Turning a personal tragedy into a hit record is tricky, and not just for all the normal reasons that it's difficult to make a song into a hit. Artists who write a great personal song may be hesitant to record it for months or years. Taste of Country writer Billy Dukes considers three powerful songs and three artists who dealt with the personal tragedies that inspired them in very different ways.
Cole Swindell doesn't just want you to listen to his album -- the singer wants you to live it, and he's offering a prize pack to ensure the 'Cole Swindell' experience is complete.
Cole Swindell set out to make a well-rounded album that tells his story, and he succeeded. The 12 tracks on 'Cole Swindell' tread along familiar country themes, but don't run ruts into any one in particular. It's surprisingly easy to find yourself halfway through the album a second time without noticing.


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- 18 & over
- Two items minimum
- Special Event
Los Angeles, CA
Comedy Central Certified
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COMEDYJUICE W/ CHRIS D'ELIA, BRET ERNST AND BEN GLEIB (Special Event)
Purchase Tickets
Show Details
- Ticket Price: $14.00
- Door Time: 9:30 PM
- Show Type: Stand Up
- Tags: Improv, Mainstream
18 & over
Two items minimum
Special Event
Performing Artists (Click on Artist for Reviews and Previews
Chris D'Elia
Chris D'Elia is quickly becoming one of the most sought after young comedians and actors in the comedy world, with Variety naming him one of their "Top 10 Comics to Watch." D'Elia currently can be seen starring as Danny on NBC's comedy series Undateable, which was recently picked up for a second season. He also recently completed his first multi-city, cross-country standup tour, "Under No Influence." He previously starred opposite Whitney Cummings on NBC's multi-camera comedy series Whitney.
D'Elia quickly became a regular at the Hollywood Comedy Clubs where he performs multiple times a week. In December 2013, he released his one-hour standup special for Comedy Central, White Male. Black Comic. He has also appeared on Late Night With Jimmy Fallon and on Comedy Central Presents.
D'Elia's other credits include Comedy Central's Workaholics, TBS' Glory Daze and Showtime's Live Nude Comedy.
He currently resides in Los Angeles. -
Mike Lawrence
Mike Lawrence is a comedian born and raised in South Florida. He began doing comedy as a way to escape the dullness of his job at the McDonald's Drive-Thru and quickly fell in love with it. He moved to New York in 2007, where he could write about all of his miserable life experiences from a safe distance. He has since performed at the New York Comic Con -- a dream come true. He performed at the "New Faces" showcase at the 2010 Montreal Just For Laughs Comedy Festival. He was also nominated for Best Male Comedian at the 2010 ECNY Awards and featured in Time Out New York. He will make his television debut on "John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show" on Comedy Central on April 14, 2011.
Kira Soltanovich
A graduate of the San Diego State University Dramatic Arts Department and with training from the American Conservatory Theatre and The Groundlings, Ms. Soltanovich is extensively trained in every aspect of writing as well. "I loved living in the dorms at college because my father never let me have slumber parties as a kid. He said sleeping on the floor and eating from cardboard boxes was the reason we left Russia." Recently, Kira optioned a 1/2-hour hybrid comedy with New Line Television starring Scott Baio. Based on her writing and acting, she was selected to be a part of the ABC Comedy Development Showcase where she was named "Hottest new writer". She has shot several pilots this year, including a Pilot Presentation for Comedy Central. You might also hear Kira as the voice of "Carla", a teenage know-it-all, on the animated series, Iggy Cool. Kira has been a winner, finalist and semi-finalist in a myriad of comedy competitions and festivals, including Comedy Central's Laugh Riots, California's Funniest Female, Seattle International Comedy Festival, and the Boston Comedy Festival.
Patrick Ney
Patrick ney is an LA based comic and has appeared on the E channel Comedy Central, and Chelsea Lately..Also having been from the great city of Chicago Patrick performed and wrote at the Second City. Beside the Echannel he can be seen in numerous tv commercials. Yes that tv.
http://youtu.be/YWLtn5xTMvA -
Comedy Central Certified
Bret Ernst
Bret is considered one of the best comedians in the business today, and has been written up in trade magazines like THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER and VARIETY, as well as being mentioned in national magazines like MAXIM, ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY, and ROLLING STONE. His COMEDY CENTRAL PRESENTS was voted one of the Top 5 specials of 2011 by Comedy Central viewers, and his comedy album "AMERICAN COMIC" broke the top 10 on ITUNES the first week of it's release in 2012. He has made celebrity appearances on CHELSEA LATELY, ABC's COMICS UNLEASHED, the TOP TEN on E! and THE SPORTS LIST on FOX. Bret first gained national notoriety starring in the feature film VINCE VAUGHN'S WILD WEST COMEDY SHOW, which documented Ernst with Vaughn & three other comedians as they performed in a 30 night-30 venue tour across America. Bret had a recurring role on the hit SHOWTIME series WEEDS, was seen on CSI: NY, and also appeared in Artie Lange's movie, BEER LEAGUE. Bret hosted the Oxygen Series LOVE GAMES: BAD GIRLS NEED LOVE TOO as well as WRESTLING SOCIETY X on MTV. His stand-up has been featured on THE LATE LATE SHOW on CBS, COMEDY CENTRAL'S PREMIUM BLEND, the SHOWTIME series COMICS WITHOUT BORDERS, LOPEZ TONIGHT on TBS, and was most recently seen on the KEVIN HART series ONE MIC STAND on BET. Born in New Jersey, Ernst went to high school at Plantation High in South Florida, played collegiate level football at C.W. Post in New York, and currently resides in Los Angeles. Bret performs internationally and to sold out crowds in top clubs across America.
Ben Gleib
Ben Gleib is a standup comedian, actor, and TV host, best known as a round table regular on the hit show "CHELSEA LATELY" on E! appearing on the show over 85 times.
He is the voice of Marshall the Sloth in 20th Century Fox's "ICE AGE – CONTINENTAL DRIFT" which is now the #1 animated movie of all-time internationally, and is one of the stars of Kevin Smith's new movie "JAY AND SILENT BOB'S SUPER GROOVY CARTOON MOVIE."
ESQUIRE named him one of "Six comedians who could be comedy's next big thing."
He just worked for THE OSCARS, hosting The Academy's first ever "Oscar Roadtrip," which was featured on ABC's "OSCARS PRE-SHOW." Ben was also a guest star this season on the popular E! scripted series "AFTER LATELY" Gleib also makes appearances as a guest correspondent on CNN, sharing his comedic take on politics.
His weekly podcast, LAST WEEK ON EARTH WITH BEN GLEIB, on the Smodcast Network, debuted on iTunes as the #9 Comedy Podcast in the world, and was #1 on Stitcher for over 20 straight weeks. He was recently on tour performing to sold-out Arenas all over North America opening for Dane Cook. Gleib was one of the stars of the SyFy series "INSANE OR INSPIRED?" hosted "DOG PARK SUPERSTARS" and "GSN LIVE" for GSN, hosted the webseries "BEHIND ENEMY LINES" for Yahoo!, "IS IT MANLY?" for Egotastic, and the official "LIVE RED CARPET" for "The Grammys." He also starred in the NBC primetime comedy series THE REAL WEDDING CRASHERS, recently hosted DOG PARK SUPERSTARS and GSN LIVE for GSN, and has appeared on "GOOD MORNING AMERICA," "SPORTSCENTER," "VH1′S BIG MORNING BUZZ LIVE," "EXTRA," "ACCESS HOLLYWOOD LIVE," and THE GREENROOM with PAUL PROVENZA on SHOWTIME. He will also be voicing two characters in the popular Disney animated series "PHINEAS AND FERB,"
Gleib has performed his standup on THE LATE LATE SHOW on CBS, and on NBC on LAST CALL with CARSON DALY and LAST COMIC STANDING. He also makes frequent appearances talking politics on NPRnpr_logo%5B1%5D.png on PATT MORRISON'S COMEDY CONGRESS, for which they recently won a prestigious GOLDEN MIC Award.
When in Los Angeles, he can often be seen performing at the legendary Hollywood Improv.
No stranger to the internets, Gleib's online videos have received a total of more than 15 MILLION VIEWS. In 2010 he did comedic news pieces for Myspace. This was the first time they have ever given anyone a talent deal, and his videos were reviewed as "The best thing Myspace has ever done."
In 2006 he sold a pilot called THE GLEIB SHOW to FOX produced by Saturday Night Live's Lorne Michaels and NBC/Universal. Before that "The Gleib Show" ran for 3 seasons as the #1 show on the National Lampoon Network, airing to millions of college students across the country. And even before that, he did it for 4 years in college, at The University of California, San Diego, where his show was the subject of his Honors Thesis, and even became a class that students could take for 4 units. This helped several of his close friends graduate. He was asked to speak at his graduation, and filled it with lots of inappropriate jokes and a Bill Clinton impression.
An LA native, Gleib is a unique voice in comedy, known for a wide range of material, and quick improvisational skills. A versatile performer, he recently shot five other pilots, including a pilot for FOX called "Naked But Funny," "WTF?" for GSN, a BET improv comedy show called "Get It In" on which he was the only white cast member, and "CQC" a comedic news show where he got to mess with with Barack Obama, Bill & Hillary Clinton, and ruined a John McCain press conference, getting kicked out by the secret service. Gleib can also can be seen in a supporting role in the feature film, "Bar Starz" a comedy with Charlie Murphy that can be seen on Netflix.
A workaholic, he has also hosted several pods for CURRENT TV, hosted a webseries called "COUCH CRASHERS" for Playboy's non-adult division, wrote a monthly column for "Saturday Night Magazine," and appeared as a guest on FOX REALITY CHANNEL's REALITY REMIX , TV GUIDE CHANNEL's REALITY CHAT, and No Good TV's Up Close with Carrie Keegan(ngtv.com).
He used to write for Collegehumor.com – one of the most popular sites on the internet, and was the voice of Dirk Melvin on the animated series "THE MELVIN BROS." on gopotato.tv (and youtube.) Gleib is consistently in the Top 10 on the syndicated radio show "Comedy Countdown" (also on XM,) and is a regular on SIRIUS SATELLITE RADIO. In addition, he has written the RADIO MUSIC AWARDS for ABC, and hosted a pilot for E! called CASUAL FRIDAYS.
He has performed in the Vancouver Comedy Festival, the Laughing Matters Festival in the Netherlands, and was selected "Best of the Fest" at the Just For Laughs Chicago Comedy Festival. He has also performed with The Satiristas, alongside Janeane Garofalo, and Henry Rollins.
In 2006 he released his first comedy album, titled "NOT AVAILABLE IN STORES." His second album is due out soon. As soon as he can decide on a title.
Random facts include… when he was still in college he pranked his way onto THE TONIGHT SHOW WITH JAY LENO, and a memorable episode of BLIND DATE, pretending he was an Israeli guy with no social skills, and had one of the most awkward dates ever. For his college talk show, Carmen Electra was his last guest, and Gleib was featured all over her E! True Hollywood Story.
He is proudest that he can probably eat more than you.
Brian Redban
Special Guest
ComedyJuice is one of the top comedy brands in the world, producing hundreds of live comedy events and hours of online content every year as well as being an online entertainment destination. With partnerships with many of the other top comedy brands including CollegeHumor.com, Improv Comedy Clubs, Comedy.com, Comix Comedy Club, The Ice House Comedy Club, and National Lampoon, ComedyJuice content reaches a wide national audience of comedy fans through both live events and digital media.
ComedyJuice Live produces over 150 shows every year and works with over 200 of the biggest and best comedians in the country. It's shows have been called the best standup comedy show in the nation by sources ranging from Sirius Satellite radio to People magazine and attracts such comedy stars as Dane Cook, Sarah Silverman, and Dave Attell on a regular basis.
ComedyJuice.com reaches hundreds of thousands of unique readers every month with millions of pages viewed. The website's weekly newsletter reaches well over 100,000 subscribers.
ComedyJuice Productions currently produces web series for both CollegeHumor.com and Comedy.com as well as an array of original content for ComedyJuice.com.
Upcoming Shows
- Fri 3.6.15 - 8:00 PM BARRY ROTHBART with Tone Bell, Greg Barris, Jake Weisman, Danny Solomon and Jeffrey Baldinger Buy Tickets
- Fri 3.6.15 - 10:00 PM CAMERON ESPOSITO with Rhea Butcher, Matt Ingebretson and Chris Garcia Buy Tickets
- Sat 3.7.15 - 8:00 PM JAY MOHR Buy Tickets
- Sat 3.7.15 - 10:00 PM An Evening with KEVIN SMITH Buy Tickets
- Sat 3.7.15 - 11:30 PM MIDNIGHT SNACK Happy Hour with Ali Wong, Dennis Gubbins, Jak Knight, Justin Clark, Christine Little, Chase Durousseau and Avery Pearson on the keys Buy Tickets
- Sun 3.8.15 - 6:00 PM THE STAND UP WORKSHOP CLASS SHOWCASE with special guest Jeff Cesario Buy Tickets
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Vegan friendly! Thai is very hit and miss. This place has some of the best Thai food I've eaten. Most all the food I had was great
Vegan friendly! Thai is very hit and miss. This place has some of the best Thai food I've eaten. Most all the food I had was great
Vegan friendly! Thai is very hit and miss. This place has some of the best Thai food I've eaten. Most all the food I had was great
We might try Thai House again. It was good but not fabulous. The Soup was our favorite thing. We got 2 appetizers and 4 dishes. Nothing was bad. Good service
This place was Amazing! Some of the best dishes my family had ever had, and that was coming from both Thai food lovers and skeptics alike. We really enjoyed the spring rolls w/ the delicious sauce as well as some of the unforgettable main dishes such as, Bbq pork, yellow curry, pad Thai, and sweet & sour chicken w/ vegies.... More
This is some of the most authentic thai food I have had in my life, beautiful curries, fun entrees like the Volcano chicken (It is literally on fire AND can be very pleasantly spicy) and other gems that I've yet to discover, great soups and side dishes, the desserts are great and most of all the food is VERY reasonably... More
We had the Tom Ka Kai Soup, Thai Fried Rice, Pad Thai, and Tom Yum Soup...also an appetizer. Everything, except the appetizer, was very delicious!! The staff was friendly and we saw several Asian families dining there with us, always a good sign ;-) They also had a variety of hot peppers and sauces so my husband could spice up... More
This clean,quiet unassuming restaurant has food that explodes with authentic Thai flavors. The menu is varied and has wonderful fresh infregianets that are pallette pleasers. The curries are deilicious . The hot and sour soup is a must have. We have never had a disappointing experience there. The family that runs the restaurant are very friendly and pleasant. It is... More
There was one take-out during dinner. regardless the food was wonderful. We shared a bowl of Tom Kha Kai and fresh spring rolls. Both were outstanding. I had the green curry with chicken. Food was served family style so we shared that and red curry and Pad Hima Parn. All were excellent. My favorite may have been the fried banana... More
Best Thai (by far!) in Modesto and really awesome people running the place. A gem.
They Have the best Thai food, eveyone that I recommend to try it, says "Hands down the best" Great consistant family service,very clean. They always remember Me, and My specific Pad Thai order, (xtra Cilantro) They remember My entire, out of town Family too. Not only The BEST Thai food, but all the xtras make it the BEST IN THE... More
Great food and service. Always consistent. Staff even answered my questions about the culture and religion of Thailand. Thai iced tea is great and the cucumber salad is refershing. If you like it HOT you can ask for Thai spicy. I couldn't do it buy my husband loved it.
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Material Type: | Fiction |
Document Type: | Book |
All Authors / Contributors: |
William Makepeace Thackeray; Harry Furniss |
OCLC Number: | 2031237 |
Notes: | An edition deluxe of one thousand copies. |
Description: | xli, 402 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm. |
Series Title: | The Harry Furniss Centenary Edition |
Other Titles: | Henry Esmond |
Responsibility: | by William Makepeace Thackeray ; with illustrations by Harry Furniss. |
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Grades: 9-12
1,516 students
Oak Grove High School serves 1,516 students in grades 9-12.
The student:teacher ratio of 16:1 is equal to the MS average of 16:1.
Minority enrollment is 40% of the student body (majority Black), which is less than the state average of 55%.
Oak Grove High School operates within the Lamar County School District.
The school district's 78% graduation rate is higher than the MS state average of 62%.
The student population of 1516 students has stayed relatively flat over five years.
The teacher population of 95 teachers has stayed relatively flat over five years.
Awards | Blue Ribbon School (2004) |
Grades Offered | Grades 9-12 |
Total Students | 1,516 students |
Gender % | 50% Male / 50%Female |
Total Classroom Teachers | 95 teachers |
Students by Grade |
School Comparison
The student:teacher ratio of 16:1 has stayed the same over five years.
The school's diversity score of 0.54 is more than the state average of 0.31. The school's diversity has stayed relatively flat over five years.
District Comparison
The district's student population of 9,251 students has grown by 12% over five years.
The district's graduation rate of 78% has decreased from 98% over five years.
School District Name | Lamar County School District | |
Number of Schools Managed |
15 |
5 |
Number of Students Managed | 9,251 | 2,063 |
Graduation Rate | 78% | 62% |
District Total Revenue | $74 MM | $21 MM |
District Spending | $74 MM | $20 MM |
District Revenue / Student | $8,977 | $9,999 |
District Spending / Student | $9,057 | $9,596 |
School Statewide Testing | View Education Department Test Scores |
Nearby Schools:
The nearest high school is Blair Center Hattiesburg High School (6.1 miles away).
The nearest middle school is Oak Grove Middle School (1.6 miles away)
The nearest elementary school is Oak Grove Primary (1.5 miles away)
All Schools
|High Schools High Schools
|Middle Schools Middle Schools
|Elementary Elementary
|Pre-K Pre-K
|Private Schools Private Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
Hattiesburg Oak Grove Primary
70 Leaf Ln
Hattiesburg , MS 39402
(601)264-9764 -
Hattiesburg Oak Grove Middle School
2543 Old Hwy24
Hattiesburg , MS 39402
(601)264-4634 -
Hattiesburg Oak Grove Lower Elementary School
1762 Old Hwy 24
Hattiesburg , MS 39402
(601)268-3862 -
Hattiesburg Thames Elementary School
2900 Jamestown Rd
Hattiesburg , MS 39402
(601)582-6655 -
Hattiesburg Oak Grove Upper Elementary School
1760 Old Hwy 24
Hattiesburg , MS 39402
School Reviews
Reviews should be a few sentences in length. Please include any comments on:
-Quality of academic programs, teachers, and facilities
-Availability of music, art, sports and other extracurricular activities
Recent Public School Articles
Updated February 13, 2015
Special education law is not easy to decipher, with several regulations that govern special education services for disabled students. In this article, learn about the core components of the laws, rights, and individual education plans that can help create the best public school environment for your child.
Many school districts have implemented technology initiatives that provide laptops or tablets to students. While these technologies open opportunities for learning outside of school, they also require parental oversight to ensure children aren't spending too much time online.
Turn your child into a stronger student by creating the right support structure and expectations. Use these nine tips to help maximize your child's academic success.


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People | 4 |
Bedrooms | 1 |
Bathrooms | 1 |
Property type | cottage |
Minimum Stay | 2 nights |
This cozy guest cottage is one of the first homes built in Joshua Tree. It is conviently located less than one mile from downtown Joshua Tree and less than three miles from the entrance to Joshua Tree National Park. The one bedroom cottage is in a quiet residential neighborhood with the owner's home at the front of the property. A long drive leads to the parking area in front of the cottage and only steps from the door.
Completely renovated, the cottage has both central AC and heating. The kitchen is equiped with everything guests need to prepare full meals or simple snacks. There is an electric stove, full refridgerator, cooking utensils, microwave, coffe pot, dishes and cutlery. Enjoy your meals indoors or on the private enclosed patio. The screened-in porch is an ideal place to have your morning coffee and watch the sunrise.
The bedroom has one queen bed. A Eurolounger in the livingroom can be used as a sofa by day and converts into a bed to sleep one adult comfortably. A roll-way bed is availble. Linens, pillows, and towels are provided.
The bathroom has a tub with a shower and a small sink. The vanity area is in the connecting hallway permits guests to blow dry their hair or put on make-up, leaving the bathroom open for others.
Keywords: Vintage Cabin, Updated, Central A/C and Heating, Enclosed Patio, Screened Porch, Full Kitchen, Privacy, Secure
Your hosts have lived in Joshua Tree for more than twentyfive years. Dave is retired and available to answer questions, provide guidance, and meet your needs during your stay. Patti is an artist who has a studio in the main house on the property and is also an education administrator for the local school district.
David Jensen purchased this cottage in 1988
Our friends and family are frequent visitors and always enjoy their stay in our guest cottage. We decided to open our doors to other guests and enjoy the diversity of the people who are drawn to the beauty of the desert.
Joshua Tree National Park is the major attraction in the area. Downtown JT has small unique shops, galleries, and restaurants. Palm Springs and all its attractions are a short drive, about 35 miles, down the highway. A bit further is the Cabazon Outlet Mall and Casino. Big Bear resort area is an easy day trip for those who enjoy mountain outings.
This cottage could not have been better. It is spacious, well-appointed and immaculate. The owners, who are really nice, keep it more like a home than a rental. It is down the road from the entrance to the park, and just as close to the town and the main road. We both felt very close to the experience of the desert while staying here.
If you can't decide between this cottage and some other one, by all means choose this one. You won't be sorry.
This cottage is only minutes from the park entrance. It's clean and comfortable. It has everything you need plus more: full kitchen, tea and coffee, nice selection of books and movies, even a backyard BBQ. It met and exceeded all of our expectations! My wife and I highly recommend it to all visitors of Joshua Tree.
Booked the cottage a week out for an impromptu trip to the desert. The owners couldn't have been more accommodating. Great communication, great price, great location. I would stay here again over a hotel in a heartbeat. There were just 2 of us, but we could have easily brought our two kids and had more than enough room. I only wish we could have stayed a little longer.
My hubby and I and our two pups stayed enjoyed our stay! It is a well equipped, clean cottage. The hosts were around but very respectful. Great place to decompress!
This was a last minute rental for a friend from out of town and a quick visit to Joshua Tree. We absolutely loved the place - it is beautifully designed and decorated with original art. Very comfortable and clean and has everything one could want from coffee/coffee maker to lots of extra towels. Beds were comfortable, view was fabulous. What more could I say? THis will be my go-to place in Joshua Tree.
We had a wonderful time staying at this great guest house in Joshua tree! iT was close to the park and many other desert attractions! The Patio was perfect for star gazing at night, and the screened in porch was perfect during the daytime! I would love to visit again, it was the perfect oasis for us.
Less then 2 miles to the west entrance gate to Joshua Tree National Park.
Rental Period | Minimum Price | Additional Nights | Weekend Night | Weekly | Monthly * | Event Price | |||
21 Jun 2015 -
23 Aug 2015
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
Notes: Rates are based on 2 guests; add $7 per night, per additional guest |
Refundable Damage Deposit | $60 |
Tax Rate | 7.0% |
Notes | Minimum stay of 2 nights on weekends and holidays. |
* Approximate monthly price. Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.
Please Note: The owner of this property accepts payment in the original currency specified (USD), before use of conversion tool. The conversion tool is provided for your convenience only. The owner may accept other currencies if specifically agreed in advance.


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MPT Photograph...
Mayhem # 1199703
About MeHey I'm Tasia! Thanks for checking out my page. I am new to modeling and aside from furthering my education in cosmetology, I would like to build a portfolio and possibly get signed with a reputable modeling agency at some point. I've been told I have exceptionally beautiful hair, eyes and a unique look, so here I am! I am available for TFP shoots with select photographers around East Tennessee, so drop me a line if you're interested. By the way, I am NOT interested in nude, implied-nude, or bikini modeling, so please respect that about me. Thanks!CreditsMPT Photographics - MM# 641912Friends |


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Edit Credits- State Fair (1962) Played by Tom Ewell
- State Fair (1945) Played by Charles Winninger
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