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US 4539092 A Abstract A polarographic oxygen detection cell of the type having concentric coplanar electrodes. The cell achieves more consistent and predictable operation by using electrode insulators to prevent electrochemical reaction between the areas of high charge density on the cathode and anode conduction disk and those portions of the electrolyte in which increased ion concentration has been attracted by this high charge density, and using the OH- based electrolyte and a carbon anode so that the reaction at the anode produces gas which can be bled off to avoid altering the composition of the anode or electrolyte.
Claims(14) 1. A polarographic cell having substantially uniform electrochemical reactivity on a relatively large planar area, comprising:
a. an electrical conductor with a planar surface, and b. means to compensate for the effect on an electrolyte of unequal distribution of electrostatic charge on said surface by preventing electron transfer across the boundary between said surface and said electrolyte wherever said electrostatic charge on said surface has high enough density to substantially alter the ion concentrations at said boundary, such as to ensure that electrons move across said boundary only where said electrostatic charge has low enough density to permit said ion concentrations at said boundary to be substantially uniform, whereby electrochemical reactions take place in said cell with substantial uniformity as described by the Nernst equation for said substantially uniform ion concentrations. 2. The polarographic cell of claim 1, said means to compensate comprising a layer of electrically insulating material interposed at said boundary wherever said high density of said electrostatic charge substantially alters said ion concentrations at said boundary.
3. The polarographic cell of claim 1 wherein:
a. said electrical conductor comprises a flat circular disk of electrically conducting material insulated on its edge and back surface, and b. said means to compensate comprises a layer of electrically insulating material on the periphery of the front surface of said flat circular disk in addition to the insulation on its edge and back surface, thereby to present a flat circular conductive surface to electrolyte which contains substantially uniform ion concentrations at said conductive surface, whereby said electrochemical reactions in said cell proceed with substantial uniformity as described by the Nernst equation for said substantially uniform ion concentrations on said conductive surface and not as described by said equation for the ion concentrations altered by the high charge density at said periphery of said disk. 4. In a polarographic cell for measuring oxygen permeation through fluid samples held in a sample well, said cell being of the type having generally coplanar sensing and counter electrodes in contact with a common electrolyte, said sensing electrode being a flat circular cathode with a relatively large area surface for quantitatively reducing oxygen, said counter electrode being an annular disk anode substantially concentric to said cathode, the improvements comprising:
a. means for suppressing an electrical current which would pass through said electrolyte from said cathode to said anode in the absence of oxygen entering said cell through said sample well, and b. means for minimizing the accumulation of reaction products within said cell. 5. The polarographic cell of claim 4 wherein said means for suppressing includes:
a. said cathode having substantially uniform electrochemical reactivity on a relatively large planar area, b. means for providing a polarization voltage whose value is such that, on said relatively large planar area, said cathode efficiently reduces oxygen but reduces said electrolyte only very slightly, and c. means for preventing oxygen from entering said cell except through said sample well, whereby said electrical current passed by said cathode results from said reduction of said oxygen which enters said cell through said sample well, not from said reduction of said electrolyte or from reduction of oxygen which enters said cell other than through said sample well. 6. The polarographic cell of claim 5, wherein said cathode comprising:
a. an electrical conductor with a planar surface, and b. means to compensate for the effect on an electrolyte of unequal distribution of electrostatic charge on said surface by preventing electron transfer across the boundary between said surface and said electrolyte wherever said electrostatic charge on said surface has high enough density to substantially alter the ion concentrations at said boundary, such as to ensure that electrons move across said boundary only where said electrostatic charge has low enough density to permit said ion concentrations at said boundary to be substantially uniform, whereby electrochemical reactions take place on said cathode with substantial uniformity as described by the Nernst equation for said substantially uniform ion concentrations. 7. The polarographic cell of claim 5, wherein said cathode comprising:
a. a flat circular disk of electrically conducting material insulated on its edge and back surface, and b. a layer of electrically insulating material on the periphery of the front surface of said flat circular disk in addition to the insulation on its edge and back surface, thereby presenting a flat circular conductive surface to the electrolyte which contains substantially uniform ion concentrations at said conductive surface, whereby said electrochemical reactions on said cathode proceed with substantial uniformity as described by the Nernst equation for said substantially uniform ion concentrations on said conductive surface and not as described by said equation for the ion concentrations altered by the high charge density at said periphery of said disk. 8. The polarographic cell of claim 5 wherein said means for preventing comprises an inert gas collar through which an inert gas is continually passed around the outer edge of said cell,
thereby to prevent oxygen from entering said polarographic cell except through said sample well. 9. The polarographic cell of claim 4 wherein said means for minimizing comprises:
a. said anode including a renewable active surface composed of a carbon layer on a fibrous substrate, b. said electrolyte including oxygen-containing negative ions which oxidize said carbon of said active surface as they themselves are being oxidized by said anode, and c. means for removing gaseous carbon oxides from said cell, whereby the reaction of said electrolyte as an oxidizing agent on said active surface produces said gaseous carbon oxides which diffuse away from said active surface, which do not rereact at said cathode, and which can be bled off from said electrolyte, thereby leaving said active surface free from reaction products, preventing rereaction of anodic reaction products at said cathode, and minimizing the change in electrolyte composition resulting from dissolution of said reaction products. 10. The polarographic cell of claim 9 wherein said anode comprises:
a. an anode conduction disk with substantially uniform electrochemical reactivity, and b. said carbon active surface being held in contact with the conductive surface of said anode conduction disk by a removable fibrous matrix, thereby: (1) providing for the conduction of electrons away from said carbon layer without reducing its surface area; (2) preventing the migration of said carbon to other parts of said cell; and (3) facilitating renewal of said active surface. 11. The polarographic cell of claim 10, wherein said anode conduction disk comprising:
a. an electrical conductor with a planar surface, and b. means to compensate for the effect on an electrolyte of unequal distribution of electrostatic charge on said surface by preventing electron transfer across the boundary between said surface and said electrolyte wherever said electrostatic charge on said surface has high enough density to substantially alter the ion concentrations at said boundary, such as to ensure that electrons move across said boundary only where said electrostatic charge has low enough density to permit said ion concentrations at said boundary to be substantially uniform, whereby electrochemical reactions take place on said anode conduction disk with substantial uniformity as described by the Nernst equation for said substantially uniform ion concentrations. 12. The polarographic cell of claim 10 wherein said anode conduction disk comprises:
a. a flat circular disk insulated on its edges and back surface having a concentric circular hole, and b. a layer of electrically insulating material surrounding said concentric circular hole on the front surface of said flat circular disk in addition to said insulation on its edges and back surface, thereby preventing electron exchange between said anode conduction disk and those portions of said electrolyte in which the ion concentrations have been altered by the high charge density on the inner edge of said anode conduction disk, whereby said anode conduction disk does not react quantitatively with said electrolyte but only serves to convey electrons away from said active surface of carbon, thereby preventing the ionization of the atoms of said anode conduction disk to form positive ions which would diffuse to said cathode where their electrochemical reduction would increase said current which passes through said electrolyte from said cathode to said anode in the absence of oxygen entering said cell through said sample well. 13. The polarographic cell of claim 9 wherein said oxygen-containing negative ions comprising:
a. hydroxide ions (OH-) as electrochemically active negative ions, and b. bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) as negative ions which buffer said electrolyte. whereby the reaction of said hydroxide ions with said active surface not only produces said gaseous carbon oxides but also consumes the hydroxide ions produced at said cathode, thereby preventing the accumulation of cathodic reaction products in said cell, and whereby those gaseous carbon oxides which dissolve in said electrolyte are in chemical equilibrium with said bicarbonate buffer ions, thereby minimizing the change in the composition of said electrolyte caused by a fraction of said gaseous carbon oxides which is retained in said electrolyte. 14. The polarographic cell of claim 9 wherein said means for removing comprising a reaction product drain through which an inert gas continually passes in close proximity to said anode,
thereby maximizing the removal of gaseous anode reaction products from said electrolyte. Description 1. Field Of The Invention The present invention relates to devices for measuring oxygen mixed in fluids, and particularly to measuring the rate of oxygen permeation through blood plasma. 2. Prior Art Conventional devices for detecting oxygen mixed with other gases or dissolved in a liquid have used an electrochemical cell with an oxygen permeable membrane adjacent the cathode. The sample of fluid to be analyzed is placed on the outside of the membrane. Oxygen diffuses through the membrane, into the electrolyte, and is reduced at the cathode, causing an electron flow to the anode. The cell may be either Galvanic, with a voltage increase towards the anode and generating electricity, or polarographic with a voltage decrease towards the anode and requiring an external power supply. Either way, the resultant current is proportional to the amount of oxygen diffusing through the membrane, and is thus a measure of the partial pressure of oxygen in the sample fluid. However, electrochemical probes are slow to reach an equilibrium value in contact with a specimen, particularly a blood specimen. During the interim, the consumption of oxygen in the electrolytic reaction lowers the concentration of oxygen in the sample and distorts the measurement. Prior art blood-oxygen detectors have tried to avoid altering the sample oxygen partial pressure (pO2) by stirring as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,300, or by using a Clark-type polarographic cell with an extremely small cathode surface as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,209,300 and 4,207,146. Besides minimizing oxygen consumption, detectors disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,465 (Morong), U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,770 (Kessler), U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,588 (Parker), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,328 (Marsoner) compensate for consumption in calculating the partial pressure. In the latter three patents, this compensation assumes a fixed diffusion rate of O2 through blood. Because the prior art devices measure the concentration (solubility) of oxygen by minimizing oxygen consumption and assuming a negligible or fixed diffusion value, they are unsuitable for measuring diffusion, or permeability, which equals the product of diffusivity and solubility. In measuring diffusion or permeability, a tester must act as an oxygen sink and consume as much oxygen as possible, to create a concentration gradient. Oxygen consumption increases with current flow. Current through a Galvanic cell with a given load is limited by the intrinsic voltage potential of the cell. Polarographic cells are preferable for diffusion measurements because, with an appropriate external power supply, larger currents can be produced. A diffusion cell is described by Thomas Robert Stein in Augmented Diffusion of Oxygen, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, (1968) and also in Steady-State Oxygen Transport Through Red Blood Cell Suspensions, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 397-402 (1971). The Stein cell comprises a polarographic cell with a cathode formed from one end of a platinum cylinder 3/16 inch in diameter. The cathode is larger than in previous polarographic cells in order to permit a greater diffusion current and inherently more sensitive measurements. A silver anode disk, 1 1/16 inches in outside diameter with a 5/16 inch central hole, surrounds the cathode cylinder. The cathode and anode are held spaced by epoxy resin. The top surfaces of the cylinder, the epoxy, and the disk are in a common plane. The blood sample to be tested is held in a sample well with a TEFLON membrane over the cathode. Between the membrane and the cathode there is a layer of electrolyte-saturated filter paper. A chamber over the sample well allows the atmosphere over the sample to be controlled. Using flat, annular, concentric and co-planar electrodes, the half-cell reduction reaction at the cathode in the prior art cell was expected to be: O2 +2H2 O+4e- →4OH- ( 1) and to take place as described by the "Nernst" equation: ##EQU1## where: E=observed half-cell e.m.f. E�=standard cell e.m.f. R=the gas constant T=the absolute temperature F=the faraday constant n=the number of electrons involved in the reaction, and Q=the reaction quotient. However, due to various secondary effects, an unacceptably large and unpredictable current, hereinafter known as the residual current, flows through the electrolyte of the Stein cell even in the total absence of oxygen. Prior art detectors with low voltages and currents were able to compensate for residual currents by simply calibrating the detector current to zero in the absence of oxygen. However, in the larger cathode higher current Stein cell, the residual current is higher. In addition, Stein appears to overlook the fact that the Nernst equation does not directly consider electrode surface charge distribution, in effect assuming that the distribution is consistently equal to the average. However, in a negatively charged electrode, electrons will repel each other and be concentrated in the points furthest from the centroid of the electrode. If the charge distribution is skewed sufficiently, then the increased concentration of electrons could cause an uncalculated reduction of other species in the electrolyte, such as hydrogen ions, and produce a residual current. Another drawback of the Stein cell is that it will not hold a calibration when used with the commercially available Clark cell electrolyte, buffered KCl. The oxidation reaction at the anode is essentially: 4Ag+4Cl- ←→4AgCl+4e-. (3) This causes OH- to accumulate in the electrolyte, and deposits AgCl on the anode, and reduces the conductivity of the cell. These effects are tolerable in cells used with minimum current to measure oxygen concentration but with high currents the Stein cell will not stay in calibration. The present invention obtains more consistent and predictable operation by compensating for the unequal distribution of electrostatic charge on the cathode, preventing the deposit of reaction products on the anode, and maintaining constant ion concentration in the electrolyte. The present invention conforms to the geometry requirements of the Nernst equation and takes the problem of unequal charge distribution into account by providing a cathode extension and insulating it from the electrolyte. Calibration is maintained by using an OH- based electrolyte and a carbon anode. The cathode reaction product, OH-, is consumed at the anode, preserving the electrolyte composition. The anode reaction product is carbon oxide gas which may be bled off without leaving a deposit. The reliability of the cell is further improved through the provision of an inert gas buffer to drain off reaction products and to insulate the cell from extraneous oxygen. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of the polarographic oxygen detection cell of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an exploded cross-sectional side view of the cell; FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the oxygen chamber lid; FIG. 4 is a top view of the sample plate and ring; FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the sample plate and ring; FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the sample well sealing tape; FIG. 7 is a top view of the assembled cell face; FIG. 8 is an exploded cross-sectional side view of the electrodes and insulators in the cell face; FIG. 9 is a top view of the cell face support plate; and FIG. 10 is a top view of the cell water jacket. The present invention comprises an electrolytic cell, generally denoted 10, useful for measuring the rate at which a liquid is permeated by oxygen. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a known volume, preferably 50 microliters, of liquid such as blood plasma (not shown), is placed in sample well 20 for testing. Oxygen in the sample migrates through a permeable membrane 30 and into an electrolyte solution 40 held by pieces of filter paper 45 and 46 between electrodes 50 and 60 of the cell. An external constant voltage supply (not shown) is used to apply a negative charge to cathode terminal 56 and a positive charge to anode terminal 61. The constant voltage, preferably 0.8000 volt, causes a current through electrolyte 40 in proportion to its oxygen concentration. The current increases to consume greater concentrations. An atmosphere with a known oxygen concentration, preferably pure, is maintained in oxygen chamber 70 over the sample. Oxygen diffusion will tend to compensate for the partial pressure imbalance between the atmosphere in chamber 70 and electrolyte 40, at the rate oxygen reaches the sample layer adjacent membrane 30 and is replenished in electrolyte 40. This determines the current through cell 10 and reflects the oxygen permeability of the sample. Residual currents which are believed to occur by an increase in charge density at the circumferential or outer edge of the cathode are suppressed by the present invention through the use of a cathode comprising a sterling silver disk 51, 3/8 inch in diameter and 1/30 inch thick with a 1/16 inch wide rim 52 beveled or otherwise recessed from the face around the perimeter (FIGS. 7 and 8). The exposed central, or "active" area 54 of cathode 50 is 1/4 inch in diameter and is polished smooth. Alternatively, a gold cathode may be used. A cathode insulator 53, in the form of (preferably) epoxy, fills recess 52 and forms a cathode high charge density insulator that insulates the electron concentration at the periphery of cathode 50 and suppresses the undue reduction of hydrogen ion by the cathode. The cathode insulator reduces residual current by a factor of about ten. When a silver anode is used as in the prior art with a potassium chloride electrolyte, chlorine from the electrolyte forms silver chloride on the anode, increasing its resistance. While this is not a problem in low current cells designed to minimize oxygen consumption, the deposit accumulates more quickly under high current operation, as in a diffusivity detector, and interferes with the calibration. Called anode passivation, this problem is minimized in the present invention by forming the anode from carbon layer 60 on filter paper substrate 46. Filter paper substrate 46 is preferably a 1.5 inch diameter circle with a 7/16 inch diameter center hole. Filter paper such as "Whatman 540" is suitable, although it is believed that any fibrous material would also be suitable. The silver anode used in the prior art Stein cell is retained in the present invention as "anode conduction disk" 64 to support carbon layer 60 and to conduct electrons from the carbon layer to anode terminal 61. As much carbon (#3370, available from the J. T. Baker Co.) as possible should be rubbed into the underside of filter paper 46, or anode conduction disk 64 will oxidize. Loose excess carbon should be removed, or it will wash onto active cathode 54 where it will form foci for charge concentration, permit the evolution of hydrogen, and raise the residual current. Although carbon anodes have been reported to form an insulating layer of solid, non-conducting "graphitic oxide," this has not happened in the present invention. Anode conduction disk 64 is preferably sterling silver 1.5 inches in diameter and 1/30 inch thick with a 7/16 inch center hole. If the anode conduction disk were isolated, any charge on it would be concentrated on its outer rim. The negatively-charged cathode at its center, however, concentrates positive charge on the inner edge of conduction disk 64. This ring of high charge is preferably insulated by removing a thin layer of silver from the inner 1/16 inch 62 of the top surface and replacing it with an "anode conduction disk high charge density insulator" 63 of epoxy. Although anode insulator 63 is not as important as cathode insulator 53, it does prevent oxidation of the innermost portion of anode conduction disk 64. Epoxy insulation 73 continues around the sides and bottom of the cathode and anode. To avoid changes in the composition of electrolyte 40, OH- ions are used rather than the Cl- ions used in the prior art. A suitable electrolyte comprises: 1 part 0.28M (isotonic) NH4 OH (ammonium hydroxide) saturated with Ag2 O; buffered with 21 parts of 0.162M (isotonic) NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate); and a wetting agent such as 1/30th part ("Joy" brand) dish washing detergent. OH- ions are produced at cathode 50 and consumed at anode 60 with no net effect on electrolyte 40. The half cell reactions are: O2 +2H2 O+4e- →4OH- (1) 4OH- +C→CO2 +2H2 O+4e-. (4) The reaction product at anode 60 is CO2, or perhaps CO, which may both be bled off, as will be explained, leaving no deposit on the anode. Anode conduction disk 64, cathode 50, and insulating epoxy 53, 63, 73 are mounted on a "cell face support plate" 90, FIG. 9. Support plate 90 is preferably a copper disk 1.5 inches in diameter and 1/40 inch thick. Preferably, the support plate has six countersunk holes 91. Support plate bolts 92 through the holes, their tops ground flush with the top of the support plate 90, and Weldon 40� methyl acrylic ester glue preferably hold support plate 90 to the top of the water jacket 100. Water jacket 100, FIG. 10, is preferably an acrylic tube two inches long with an outside diameter of 1.5 inches and an inside diameter of 1 inch. Bottom 99 of the water jacket is an acrylic disk 1.5 inches in diameter and 1/4 inch thick. Cathode connecting wire 55 passes through 1/8 inch center hole 95 in support plate 90, and anode connecting wire 65 passes through 1/8 inch off-center hole 96. Electrode connecting wires 55 and 65 are attached to respective terminals 56 and 61, preferably brass bolts 1/8 inch thick and 3/4 inch long. All parts of cathode connecting wire 55, anode connecting wire 65 and electrode connection bolts 57 and 67 inside water jacket 100 are waterproofed with epoxy 83 and silicone rubber (not shown). A pair of hose connector ports 101, preferably brass tubes 3/4 inch long and 3/8 inch outside diameter, permit water from an external 37� C. source (not shown) to circulate through ports 101 into water jacket 100 and maintain electrolyte 40 and the sample at a constant temperature. The bottom of cell face support plate 90 is exposed so that it can convey heat as efficiently as possible from the water to the outer 1/4 inch of the underside of anode conduction disk 64. Water jacket 100 is surrounded on the outside near the top by rubber band groove 102 which receives a rubber band (not shown) to hold membrane 30 in place, as will be explained. Below groove 102, water jacket 100 is surrounded by an inert gas collar ring 103 made of acrylic 1/16 inch thick with an inside diameter of 1.5 inches and an outside diameter of 2 inches, which is glued to the water jacket. Cathode 50, anode conduction disk 64 and cell face support plate 90 are permanently glued to water jacket 100. The remainder of cell 10 is reassembled for cleaning or for each use. The filter paper 46 with carbon layer anode 60 is positioned over anode conduction disk 64, and a 13/32 inch diameter non-carbon coated filter paper center plug 45 is positioned to maintain electrolyte 40 in contact with cathode 50. The distance between the outer edge of plug 45 and the inner edge of the anode filter paper 46 should be small enough that electrolyte 40 can easily bridge the gap. About 20 drops of electrolyte are placed on the anode filter paper 46, and trapped air is rolled out using a glass rod. Cathode 50 is cleaned with a cotton swab to remove any carbon that may have washed onto it, and center plug 45 is positioned and wetted with electrolyte 40. A conventional semipermeable membrane 30 is used to prevent the sample from altering the electrolyte 40. Polyethylene sheets 1/2000 inch thick, like those used for dry cleaning bags, are suitable. Membrane 30 is slowly unrolled across the wet filter paper without trapping any air bubbles, and pulled down across rubber band groove 102. A rubber band (Eberhard Faber, size number 8) is placed over the membrane to hold it in the groove. The excess membrane below the rubber band should be trimmed off. Sample plate 22, FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, fits over membrane 30. Double-sided tape 27, such as Arno "Tiger Tape"�, FIG. 6, is placed on the underside of sample plate 22 as shown in FIG. 2. Plate 22 is preferably machined from a copper disk 1.5 inches in diameter and 3/16 inch thick. Alternatively, the plate may be made from acrylic. Together sample plate 22, double-sided tape 27 and membrane 30 form sample well 20 over cathode 50. Sample well 20 preferably has the sme volume, 50 microliters, as the samples to be tested, and is 1/4 inch in diameter and approximately 0.062 inches deep. The 1/4 inch diameter hole in the sample plate 22 forms the upper approximately 0.05 inch of the sample well 20, and the 1/4 inch diameter hole in the double-sided tape 27 forms the lower approximately 0.012 inch of the sample well. The two holes are concentric. Tape 27 will prevent the sample from leaking out of sample well 20. Without tape 27, capillary action would draw the sample between the bottom of the sample plate and membrane 30. The portion of the bottom of the sample plate 22 not covered by double-sided tape 27 extends approximately 0.007 inch below the portion to which the tape is applied in order to partially compensate for the thickness of the tape. The sample plate is surrounded by a 1/4 inch thick acrylic sample plate ring 23 which has three bolt holes 24. Inert gas collar ring 103 has corresponding holes 104. Bolts 105 are inserted through the ring and collar and anchored by nuts 106, 107 to hold the sample plate, double-sided tape, and membrane against the cell face. The two nuts are tightened to regulate the pressure of the sample plate against the cell face. If the pressure is too great, the sample plate will gradually squeeze the electrolyte from the filter paper and change the response characteristics of the cell. A strip of "inert gas collar tape" 108 is wrapped around the gap between inert gas collar ring 103 and sample plate ring 23 to complete "inert gas collar 109." The prior art cell was not protected from the intrusion of extraneous oxygen. Although as explained, very little silver oxide is produced at the anode conduction disk, it must be prevented from migrating to the cathode where silver would plate out and cause a misleading increase in the current. A solid copper sample plate prevents this migration, but if an acrylic sample plate is used it is necessary to have a "static charge transfer ring" 21 embedded in the underside of the sample plate as part of the well. Ring 21 is an aluminum torus 0.011 inch thick with an inside diameter of a 1/4 inch and an outside diameter of 1/2 inch. A ring-shaped cavity in the under side of sample plate 22, generally over anode 60, forms a "reaction product drain" 25, 1/16 inch deep, 5/8 inch inside diameter, and 1.25 inches outside diameter. Carbon oxides formed at anode 60 diffuse back across membrane 30 into cavity 25, avoiding the build-up of reaction products in the cell. Inert gas from an external source, preferably nitrogen, is supplied through inert gas supply tube 110 and extension 111 to inert gas collar 109 and drain entrance 112 to the reaction product drain 25. The reaction product drain and the inert gas collar are purged by a stream of inert gas from the inert gas supply tube extension 111. Collar 109 prevents extraneous oxygen in the environment from entering the cell and causing misleadingly high currents. The inert gas and entrained reaction products leave drain 25 through reaction product drain exits 26 (FIG. 5), and enter inert gas collar 109. Inert gas coming directly from tube extension 111, and the gas passing through drain 25, both exit inert gas collar 109 through exit holes 113 (FIG. 10) in ring 103, and are vented to the atmosphere. Blood plasma samples adhere to the sides of the well, and surface tension draws the top of the sample flat. Once the sample is in place, oxygen chamber lid 75 (FIGS. 1, 2, and 3) is secured over sample plate 22 using a clamp or spring, not shown. The oxygen chamber lid is preferably made from a copper disk 1.5 inch in diameter and 3/8 inch thick. It serves to supply a flow of oxygen at a known concentration from an external source (not shown) through entrance tube 76 to oxygen chamber 70 and out exit tube 77. The chamber is a circular cavity 1/2 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch deep which provides a space for the controlled atmosphere. Chamber lid 75 also comprises a constant temperature water bath 78 to maintain the oxygen tubes 76 and 77 and the top of sample plate 22 at controlled temperatures. Once the membrane and sample plate are in place, the cell must calibrated. The cell should be operated at 0.8000 volt with nitrogen passing through oxygen chamber 70 so that oxygen adsorbed onto carbon anode 60 will diffuse to the active cathode 54 and be reduced, allowing an electrical current to pass through the cell. This current will decrease as the adsorbed oxygen is used up until it reaches a minimum in about five hours. The minimum current that the cell passes in the absence of oxygen is called the residual current, Ir. Air saturated with water vapor is then passed through the oxygen chamber 70 for several hours to obtain a reading for the equilibration current Ie due to the residual current Ir plus the air current Ia due to the 20.946% oxygen in air. Ie =Ia +Ir. The calibration current Ic is calculated from the air current Ia. The calibration current Ic is the current the cell would pass with water vapor saturated oxygen in oxygen chamber 70 and no sample in the sample well 20. It is not measured directly because high currents cause oxidation of anode conduction disk 64 and speed the accumulation of silver oxide in electrolyte 40. Since air is 20.946% oxygen, Ic =Ia /0.20946=4.7742 Ia. A sample is then placed in sample well, water vapor saturated oxygen is flowed through oxygen chamber 70, and a reading for the measured current Im is taken. The measured current Im minus the residual current Ir is equal to the sample current Is which can be related to oxygen permeability of the liquid sample by the equation: ##EQU2## where: rho=the oxygen permeability of the liquid sample. Kw =the well constant=the height of sample well 20 divided by its cross-sectional area=h/A=0.487 cm-1. Ko =the oxygen constant=the molar volume (22.414 l./gr.-mole) divided by the product of Faraday's constant (96,500 coulombs/equiv.) and the number of electrons exchanged in the reduction of one molecule of oxygen (4 equiv./gram-mole)=58.1�10-3 cm3 /coulomb. Pstd =760 mm Hg. Patm =the atmospheric pressure at the time the other readings are taken. VPH.sbsb.2O =the vapor pressure of water at 37� C.=47.1 mm Hg. Ic =4.7742 (Ie -Ir). Is =Im -Ir. For example, if: Patm =768 mm Hg. Ir =0.03 uA (microamps). Ie =8.13 uA. Im =13.53 uA. Then: ##EQU3## And: ##EQU4## Details have been disclosed to illustrate the invention in a preferred embodiment of which adaptations and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. The scope of the invention is limited only by the following. Patent Citations
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hi im a support
Senior Member
As title stated above, What do you guys think is the most important role currently in the game, and what is the hardest role to master. Or play in general, and I'm talking atleast gold and up. Let me know, Evo.
Jungler You can attach a poll to this thread
the f?
nerf mages
people will say support, but we all know its not. its clearly jungler
There is no such thing as the most important role. They are all equally important to the game. I dont believe that there is one role harder then the others, its just about experience.
most important role depends on the state of the game (early, mid, late). id say jungler is very important while in the laning phase, also not that easy to master (control--> buffs drake check lanes--> gank, farm)
Fízz n Chips
yeah, i'd say jungler in earlygame, ad carry in lategame.
Jungler, although in solo Q this may differ, in tournaments and such all plays are made by junglers.
I agree with the junglers, although it was a simple outcome most likely to be. What if your jungler is getting countered, and the enemy team is going for early game domination. Which role will step your game up most likely.

subset: commoncrawl


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I've heard Ottilie discussed a lot on various name sites. To me it doesn't seem that "ahead of the curve" because of its similarity to Olivia. I'm finding that a lot of parents, myself included, keep being drawn to names that sound a lot like very popular names, but are just a wee bit different. We kid ourselves by thinking they're avant-garde naming choices. I also worry they'll get lost in the crowd. If you had a pre-school with 5 O-LIV-ee-ahs and 1 O-TIL-lee-ah, how much will that Otillie really stand out? How often will her name be confused with the uber-popular name?
2David and Elizabeth. Really can't go wrong with those names! Michael and Sophia a close second, although Sophia is just too, too popular these days. I also kind of love Noah, especially in the context of global warming and sea level rise.
3I have to tell you that I, a nearly 40 year-old adult, have a friend named Lucas, and I always think of him as Lucas mucus pukus. Or sometimes poo-kus, without the y sound. In an affectionate way.
That said, the name is now much more popular among young kids when my slightly-younger-than-me friend was named. So people will probably just think of it as a name, rather than as a set of syllables which unfortunately bring to mind other syllables.
I agree that Lucca will be pronounced differently than Luca in Italian. Lucca is a beautiful city. But I think Luca or Luka are the best ways to go.
4I think this may be because many East Asians are Christian. Although this doesn't explain the custom of having Chinese/other East Asian names as well as English-ish names that they use in public.
Many Indian names--at least Hindu ones-- have import related to the child's horoscope. I don't know/don't think that's the same for East Asian first names. Perhaps this importance disinclines people to assign Western names to their kids.
Also, I think that since English is an official language in India, many Indians are used to hearing their names alongside more Western names. That is, plenty of people (Catholics) in India are called Mary, Margaret, Catherine, Dolores, etc. So my sense is that their naming universe is just more cosmopolitan than ours. They might not think of the name Anjali or Geeta or Geetanjali as particularly foreign sounding in a Western context, because in India they're used to hearing Geetanjali alongside Mary, Gertrude, Samira, Faiza, etc.
This also doesn't explain why it holds across generations.
It would be nice if there were an East Asian or Indian who could clue us in instead of me trying to speak for them! Anyone?
5Very strange that she worets that her name, Geetanjali, is "not easy to pronounce, even for Indians like myself." Geetanjali is super easy to pronounce for those familiar with the name (like Indians). geet-uhn-juh-lee. Anyone who knows the names Geeta and Anjali--super duper common Indian names-- would know how to say this compound name.
6I'm intrigued. So I googled it, and learned the following helpful information: "Thursia contains 7 letters: 42.86% vowels and 57.14% consonants." So there you go. All your questions answered!
7Thanks Emerald Bee!!!!!
I'm so, so, so desperate for new ideas. Hopefully this will help.
8Nope, seems to go up to at least 400. Nevermind. But still I feel like I need a list. And a longer one. Any other leads?
9And I think that only includes the top 200 anyway, so same info as I found on Social Security. Hmmm...
10Thanks! Is it just me, or is that sort of hard to navigate? Like you can't necessarily see all the names in the graph, only those the site happens to register your cursor as hitting?
11Yeah, that's the vibe I'm getting from Selma as well. Even though it's only a phoneme away from Velma or Thelma, I don't categorize it with those names, but more in the Sadie or Thora category, both names I love. Selma peaked int eh 1890s while Velma and Thelma peaked in the 1910s. And I recently disocvered that Selma is a family name on the Ashkenazi side, which makes me love it more. But I'm very cognizant of the negative connotations. My mom, when I mentioned the name to her, said, "Oh, I knew someone name Thelma I really hated." I'm like, "Good to know, mom, but that's not the name I'm talking about." But therein lies the problem. And my husband hates it too. But I kind of love it. Hmmm...
I'm glad I'm not due until the end of April, so I can get a sense of the general vibe around the name before I commit to it.
12The fact that you're finding Selma reminiscent of Myrna clues me into the fact that my interpretation of Selma may be way off the norm. Because to me it's a sweet, liquid-ish name in the realm of the raindrop category with humble American and German connotations and more expansive, exotic international overtones. Myrna to me is just straight up horrible (no offence). I also don't like Irish names for us.
Miriam, yes, thank god for Miriam!!
13Lucubratrix, that is adorable!
14Thanks again Miriam. And the story of your grandson's love of Hanukkah is so, so cute.
I'm loving Sissel and the -l names in general. Thank you thank you thank you!
15Miriam, thank you so much. That is incredibly helpful.
I think you've hit on what we'd really like, namely names that are either Biblical and thus pan-European, or more specificaly Yiddish names.
I'd hate to pick a German name that sounds nice but connotes a sort of Aryanness that would be inappropriate for someone for whom, I assume, her Ashkenazi heritage will be important (it's important to me, even though I'm only half, and so it's something I'll prompt her to value. Of course you can never tell whether kids are going to embrace or rebel from that sort of thing). So no Valkyrie names. Which raises the issue of Freya. I think one of the reasons I like it is because I find it reminiscent of Yiddish names like Frayda or Fraydie (sp?). But then I find that Frayda make me think of "I'm a frayda you," and Fraydie sounds like Fraydie cat. These concerns make me favor Freya, but then I'm back in the inappropriately Viking territory. (I realize Aryan, Valkyrie and Viking aren't equivalent, but you get what I mean).
I love the name Miriam and its various adorable nicknames. The perfect combination of serious and cute. And it's so international that it would work very well in our Indian friend circle. My last name starts with an M, which give me pause. But it's something I'll consider. I seem to be drawn to M names like a moth to the flame: Miriam, Marit, Margot.
Any other Yiddish names one could suggest? I like Shayne/Sheine, but it doesn't quite feel like us. What a great name though.
16Miriam, I totally agree with you. But I'd really love some suggestions from you!!!! What would you name this little 1/4 Ashkenazi 1/2 German 1/4 English (I'm talking ethnic descent, not nationality, obviously) baby? I'd love to hear suggestions from an insightful philologist like you!
17Arg! A movie called Selma about the civil rights movement?! Arg! Thanks for telling me.
OK. I think forget Selma.
So now I need other suggestions, people. I know you've come up with a lot for me. A bit more pretty please?
18I like Salma too, but not as much, as you lose the German connection. Zelma's cute too, but then you lose the Indian connection. Selma in the Indian case is from Arabic--a version of Selima. Zelma would often get pronounced Jelma in India, at least by many speakers for whom the z sound isn't native.
No, we live in the US, but we spend a lot of time abroad. I may decide to just own Selma. Let me see what the hubs thinks abou this.
19Sela doesn't do it for me. Too Cecilia Celia Sela for me. I get that song stuck in my head, "you're breaking my heart" etc. But thanks for the suggestion.
This is so darn hard! How are we going to pick the name of a little new human being? I wish there were just strict naming traditions in our families so we could name her Ruperta Wexler-Busby the Fourth or something and be done with it.
20(why did I make a big deal about masking the name Selma when it's the first one on our list? Baby brain!)
Darnit. My mom thought of Alabama too. I do think you could think of it as a good association--a lot of good came out of something bad. But... I know the image you're referring to, and it is not nice at all.
I like Anselma too. Selma I liked because it emerges from Germanic and Indian naming practices (different name, spelled in English and pronounced exactly the same way. That's rare. And I like the sounds and the brevity of it a great deal). So Anselma doesn't have the same power for me. Elma's nice, but a bit too Elmo for me.
Selma. Hmmm... Could get over the association. In my fantasy she's more likely to live abroad than in the US South, but that may be wishful thinking. She could end up being a big sports-loving Southern belle type (no offence, just so, so, so not us) for whom the name would be awkward. Doubtful, but possible I suppose. She will be a Caucasian American. That much we're pretty certain of. ;)


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Black peppercorns in a glass bottle with a built-in grinder. Great on chicken, beef, pork, vegetables and salads.
Black Peppercorns.
Remove cap. Turn upside down and twist. Disposable - Do Not Refill
Recipe by McCormick
Product by McCormick


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Will you find a credit card in a Millennial's wallet? Not likely.
Look into a Millennial's wallet and what are the odds that you'll see a credit card? Only 37%! Millennials, after weathering the Great Recession and becoming averse to financial risk, generally see a credit card as a means to spend money they don't have and a sure-fire way to go into deep debt. Meanwhile, in the long term, by not using credit cards as a credit building tool, they could be putting their future credit at risk.


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Recipe posted by Martin The Cook
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Fun in the Smokies by dmmje2000 - about 1 year ago
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"Liquid water elsewhere in the solar system is one of the main goals of planetary exploration for NASA," said study lead author Luciano Iess, a planetary geodesist at Università La Sapienza in Rome. "This discovery points to the fact that many satellites in the outer solar system hide large amounts of liquid water."
To get a glimpse into Titan's mysterious interior, scientists relied on NASA's Cassini spacecraft, which has orbited Saturn since 2004. They focused on the extraordinarily powerful tides the planet's gravitational pull causes its moons to experience — tides ferocious enough to have once ripped apart titanic chunks of ice to produce the world's rings. Titan itself faces tidal effects up to 400 times greater than our moon's draw on Earth.
By monitoring how Cassini's acceleration changed during six close flybys past Titan between 2006 and 2011, the researchers deduced the strength of the moon's gravity field. Since a body's gravity stems from its mass, these details helped reveal how matter is distributed within Titan and how this changed depending on how near or far the moon was from Saturn during its oval-shaped 16-day orbit around the planet.
The strong way in which Titan deformed in response to Saturn hints that the moon has quite a flexible interior. This adds evidence to suggestions that an ocean lies concealed beneath a relatively thin shell 60 miles (100 kilometers) or less thick.
"An ocean inside Titan was expected, but it was a matter of speculation — these measurements now essentially tell you for sure there is a subsurface ocean," Iess told SPACE.com.
It remains uncertain just how deep this ocean might be. "We cannot say if it is 10 kilometers (6 miles) or 100 kilometers (60 miles) or more," Iess said. "We only know that there is a liquid layer."


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NEZU AYMO has been commissioned to design the renovation of the interior of a Japanese shop (Japanse Winkeltje) located in the centre of Amsterdam.
The CXXVI Scrimshaw Knife is hand etched in a small workshop in Maine, this seascape scrimshaw is laid into the bone with black India ink and sealed with a double dose of wax to protect the design and handle.
Located in NYC, Tokyo Bar is covered with Japanese Manga illustrations and neon lights. The little restaurant served Japanese comfort food, till it recently closed. Kashiwa Sato created the branding, love it.
Dog mansions available in the antebellum-style Alabama, contemporary-approved Cubix, Ikea-like Lönneberga, and the fanciful Fairytale, Made to order from premium materials like varnished wood and break-proof window glass.
Nine fish that use handlike fins to walk, rather than swim, off Australia, have been identified as new species. All of the world's 14 known species of handfish are found only in shallow, coastal waters off southeastern Australia.
Physical Tetris at the codeco coded-decoded-coded exhibition DSK (Juan Lesta & Belén Montero) of the Luis Seoane Foundation in Coruña, part of the Proxecto edition.
Marmeled are not jam spreads, but jar shaped lamps from Laura Menichelli and Gianluca Ruocco Guadagno of Studio Semika. Stained gel is illuminated with LEDs, powered by batteries hidden in the lid, creating diffused lighting.
What a week we've had! This week's NOTCOT.org roundup features a bit of everything, from ABC furniture to jumpology.
Babees Honey has gorgeous packaging by Ah&Oh Studio.
'daily stack' is time management tool created by designers sebastian rønde thielke and anders højmose. the simple design allows users to help track their work flow by creating physical representations of their tasks.
Get renowned Illy espresso in the comfort of your own home for less than the cost of a month's worth of trips to Starbucks with the Illy Y1 iperEspresso Machine
About 500 red ants are spread in the city of Drachten, The Netherlands. Most of them came together in front of the theatre De Lawei, to celebrate its 50th anniversary.
ABC chairs. Rotterdam designer Roeland Otten has designed a collection of 26 chairs, each spelling out one letter of the alphabet.
Tucked away on an anonymous street in Brooklyn's Bushwick neighborhood, the storefront and gallery The Index Ltd is almost as rare a find as the objects it harbors.
Melanie Brandman knocked out walls and raised the ceiling in her Catskills Fishing cabin to create a stunning open space.
Discover jumpology at an exhibition of nearly 50 jumps Philippe Halsman captured on film from the late 1940s through the '50s can be seen at the Laurence Miller Gallery at 20 West 57th Street in Manhattan, through Friday.
Another week of tasty drinks over at Liqurious.
What a colorful week it's been here at NOTCOT.org. This week's picks include fabulous furniture, creatures, installations and much more.
The Long-nosed tree frog is one of the new species discovered in Foja mountains rainforest on the Indonesian island of New Guinea.
Hipohyfrid use playful yet minimal packaging solution. The Wales-based vegan chocolate company uses the matte box and moody, deep colours to stop the design appearing childish in nature.
British designer Thomas Heatherwick has co-designed the replacement for London's iconic Routemaster bus, mayor Boris Johnson and Transport for London announced this morning.
Off the Leaf printed Solo cups from A|D Creative Group. Customers becomes part of the packaging experience by getting to choose their own combination of cup and sleeve design.
Gorgeous rings, sunglasses, blazers all make up part of this week's roundup over at Notcouture.
This adorable baby Baird's tapir calf at the Nashville Zoo was born during last week's torrential flooding.
What a stunning week it's been here on NOTCOT.org. This roundup is especially gorgeous. This week's picks include beautiful exteriors, interiors, artwork and more.
Jessica Banks and Andrew Laska, the co-founders of the design firm RockPaperRobot, are using science and technology to change the meaning of "furniture." Great interview and part of Seed Magazine on Design.
Australian studio b.e. Architecture created a house surrounded by a steel and timber timber grid in coastal Victoria, Australia. Meakins Road features a timber frame with horizontal beams that surround the building and create a veranda.
I just stumbled upon the work of Simon Page and was taken by some of his work, like this futurism poster series.
Taito and silverware maker Christofle have buddied up to offer the Space Invaders fan a chance to express their love of the 1978 shoot 'em up in style. Meet the multi-use silver Space Invader "fashion accessory".
This year at BRKLYN Designs, manufacturer and design house RAM Metals and its subsidiaries (Tides, Planter Worx and Raine Heidenberg Interior Design) put forth a strong selection of expertly crafted metal furniture and planters.
lovely packaging for Balthazar's gift set designed by Christine Celic Strohl at Mucca Design
Catherine Hamilton's illustration blog, Birdspot, features some incredible sketches of birds and other creatures.
Italian-Singaporean studio Lanzavecchia + Wai presented a collection of Scaffold Lights, lights made of fabric stretched over steel wire frames in the Ventura Lambrate district of Milan last month.
Japanese paper craft brand OEY has designed a new collection of tablewares. Mizuhiki is twined paper fused with a mixture of water and glue that dates back to the seventh century. The collection includes napkin rings, glass markers, and chopsticks.
The Ritmo Advanced Sound System by Nuvo is the most advanced and complete prenatal music player, delivering sound to the tiniest listeners.
We've posted about London's Elephant Parade before, but Benjamin Shine;s taxi elephant deserved another post. It is glossy black with chrome details. headlights for eyes and a taxi sign that are solar powered!
Joshua Foer launched Sukkah City, a design competition challenging architects and designers to re-imagine the ancient form of the sukkah in a contemporary context. 12 radically temporary structures will be built in Union Square Park.
Barcelona-based studio Pöko Design' new bulletin boards provide a place to pin up bits of inspiration and as a reminder of our endangered species. Produced by Kikkerland,
Marcel Wanders recently completed a collection of crystal glasses and vases for Baccarat entitled "United Crystal Wood" that was on display during Design Week in Zona Tortona.
Quench your thirst with this week's roundup of posts from Liqurious.
Wallpaper review their favourite invitations from Salone del Mobile 2010.
A ring as a sculpture which visualizes the love and connection of the 2 lovers for eternity. Made out of 3d printed Laser Sintered Polyamide. By Studio Mango for Freedom of creation.
CrankBrothers bike pedals are made from manly-sounding materials like stamped steel, forged chromoly and machined aluminum. They come in five variants: Eggbeater, Candy, Acid, Mallet and 5050.
Craig Colorusso's Sunbox installation uses, twenty solar powered speakers operating independently. Each contains a different guitar sample.
Special "no-threat" glasses for looking at gorillas. Health insurance company FBTO is distributing eye-contact disguising glasses that allow zoo visitors to stare all they like, a behavior that is threatening to most of the great apes.
multithump, a multi-player version of marek bereza's music sequencer iphone app thump. this special installation for seeper was installed at the v&a museum in london and executed in a tabletop format with graphics by david sweeney.


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HOUSTON -- Wood Group has agreed to acquire Elkhorn Holdings Inc., a Wyoming-based provider of construction services for midstream oil & gas facilities in the U.S. shale market.
Elkhorn provides infrastructure-related services such as pipeline and facility maintenance, instrumentation and electrical, civil and mechanical construction, and fabrication to oil & gas and petrochemical companies. Elkhorn, which generated sales of approximately $250 million in 2012, is headquartered in Evanston, Wyoming, and has approximately 2,200 personnel. Elkhorn operates from 11 locations across the Niobrara, Permian, Marcellus and Utica shale regions.
Elkhorn will operate within Wood Group PSN and further develops Wood Group's U.S. shale business. Elkhorn will continue to be led by its existing management team under CEO Sean Sullivan.
The transaction is subject to a number of conditions, including anti-trust approval in the US, and completion is expected in late 2013.
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Bungay for Bone Deth
Bungay has been reppin' Bone Deth in the UK for quite a while, but this part is here to officially welcome him to the family. Like anything that comes out of Bone Deth headquarters, expect burly moves and all sorts of weirdness.
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Thursday, January 7, 2010
Environmental Refugees and Land Use
Here's another gem I stored up during the holiday break - a very interesting story from The New York Times about how refugees from environmental disasters struggle in urban environments. As I mentioned in a previous post, migration issues are a side interest of mine. While some laud increased urbanization as a way to reduce the environmental impact of subsistence farming, this article shows that urban life has a high social and economic toll on individuals. To my mind shantytowns are not a more environmentally friendly than subsistence farming - and living in these close quarters certainly leads to the spread of disease.
When I was doing immigration work in the 1990s the biggest cause of migration was regional wars and ethnic conflict. Now it's migration due to climate change. The global migration system (if there is such a thing) seems just as unable to respond to this refugee crisis as it has been to previous ones. In this case the issue is a lack of housing and other infrastructure to accept the influx of internally displaced people moving to the cities with no resources or social networks to assist them. This will be one of the great challenges of this decade. Who is teaching, thinking, and writing about this issue? We'd love to hear from you.
Jamie Baker Roskie
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Palmer Fixture Two Roll Standard Tissue Dispenser
Palmer Fixture Two Roll Standard Tissue Dispenser
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Dispenser Type: Toilet Paper | Country of Manufacture: United States |
About the Manufacturer
For over 100 years, Palmer Fixture has been committed to providing the most competitive value-added dispensing systems available. Palmer Fixture offers a variety of items from the old school metal crank dispensers to high-tech automatic touchless dispensers and hand dryers. They are constantly expanding their product lines as they continue looking for more ways to satisfy customers. Most of their products are made in the USA and are subject to strict quality control processes. Through extensive research and development, Palmer Fixture Company has maintained a world wide reputation for product excellence since 1907.Palmer Fixture Two Roll Standard Tissue Dispenser
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Two Roll Standard Tissue Dispenser is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: RD0028-01, RD0028-03


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Belkin announced a partnership with lighting manufacturer Technical Consumer Products (TCP) today, a relationship that should see new LED bulbs join the WeMo ecosystem by early 2015. The move comes two months after Belkin forged a similar partnership with Osram Sylvania designed to bring Ultra IQ LEDs under WeMo's wing as well. Both new partnerships Continue reading →
Networked lighting startup Daintree Networks just got a big partner to push its technology into the market. That's Sylvania Lighting Services, the installation affiliate of lighting giant Osram Sylvania, which announced Tuesday that it will "design, install, commission and support" Daintree's technology in its projects, starting with a whopping 320,000-square-foot deployment for a first, unnamed, Continue reading →


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Gipper, you're an idiot and here's why:
1. Mr. Pantano works for a local investment advisory firm. 2. He didn't "get off" from any charges. 3. I don't think he is a transvestite. 4. He or his supporters will pay those bills. 5. He may have an accent, but he can write a gramatically sentence.
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I'm doing a very simple salt and pepper rub, no fancy crusts. Thanks!
Here's a great recipe for it with foolproof technique. http://www.food52.com/recipes...
Check out this segment from the MSL Show this week with Molly Stevens on roasting prime rib. http://www.marthastewart... You can adapt the recipe to season as you prefer, but the guidelines for roasting are excellent. You can find a video link to the segment on the left margin of the page. Good Luck and Merry Christmas
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- NBCNews.com sites & shows:
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Duchess Kate's royal style Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, wears everything from fancy hats to casual tank tops. See how Prince William's wife can easily go from a high society affair to shopping on the streets of London. more photos |
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Prince William gets warm welcome in China The royal has arrived for his visit to China, and while its relations with the British government have been rocky, China is having a love affair with British culture, especially when it wears a crown. NBC's Ian Williams reports. |
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Why Canadian Solar (CSIQ) Stock Continues To Soar Today
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Shares of Canadian Solar Inc. (CSIQ - Get Report) are up 23.47% to $30.83 as the solar panel maker reported record second quarter earnings and shipments.
Shares have increased 160% in the past year, behind best-performing REC Solar ASA and SunEdison on the Bloomberg Intelligence Global Large Solar Index.
Second quarter net income rose to the highest ever at $55.8 million, or 95 cents per share, the company said. That beat the 58-cent average of six analysts' estimates compiled by Bloomberg for profit excluding one-time items.
Shipments hit a record 646 megawatts, more than a May guidance of as much as 630 megawatts.
The company benefited from strong demand in Ontario, the U.S., Japan and China and is expanding its "high-margin" power-plant business, which contributed about one-third of revenue in the quarter, up from about 27% last quarter, according to CEO Shawn Qu on a call with analysts, according to Bloomberg. For the third quarter, the company expects module shipments to be between 720 megawatts and 750 megawatts. For the year, it predicted shipments between 2.5 gigawatts and 2.7 gigawatts, and revenue between $2.7 billion and $2.9 billion. Must Read: Warren Buffett's 25 Favorite StocksCheck Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Originally written on
Last updated 10/29/14
One of the best seats to the hottest tickets in town can be all yours for just $5. The Boston Bruins Foundation is raffling off tickets to Wednesday night's Game 7 between the Bruins and Capitals on BruinsRaffle.org. And these aren't just any tickets, either. The winner of the raffle will receive two tickets to a TD Garden suite where they will watch the decisive game alongside Boston Bruins alumni. The winner will also have the opportunity to take center stage as he or she will be invited to ride the Zamboni after pregame skate. To purchase your tickets (a...
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This is the Dedolight Electronic Ballast for DLH200H/S with BIGPACK 1, 2 Batteries (12-36VDC) Utilizing the latest technology, the DEB200D electronic ballast was designed to power the Dedolight 200D and 200S. It is lightweight yet rugged, small yet powerful.
This model is designed for use with the BIGPACK 1 or 2 Batteries (available separately).
- Over-voltage, overload, overheat, and short circuit protection.
- Flicker free - perfect for video.
- Rainproof (according to IP23) when used in horizontal position.


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- Tel: 0556813647
- Address: Prince Sultan St
- Visit Website
Le Concheur
Le Concheur is not just any chocolate shop or Chocolaterie, in fact its also a cafe, and has a pretty varied menu which should pull in even those without a sweet tooth. Described as the ultimate chocolate experience in Jeddah, this is the place to taste, feel, see and smell the art of fresh Belgian […]
- Tel: 0122630263
- Address: Abdul Maqsud Khojah St
- Visit Website
Solo Coffee
We had a lovely quiet lunch here today. It was rather empty upstairs in the family section, but that may be due to the fact it was middle of the week, and the service was a bit slow but again might be because we were the only people in the family section. The decor is […]
- Tel: 012 2754546
- Address: Stars Avenue Mall, Gate B
- Visit Website
AIDA Cafe Jeddah
AIDA Cafe Jeddah arrived relatively recently in the Stars Avenue Mall on Jeddah's Malek Road. The Restaurant and Cafe is sometimes spelled Aïda is a chain of over thirty four espresso bar and pastry shops from Vienna, Austria. In Jeddah, their 500 m² café flagship location has opened in the Rawdah District neighbouring Deera Cafe. […]
- Tel: 0126543888
- Address: Al Shati, Heraa St
- Visit Website
Nogateen Jeddah is a traditional French Bakery & Patisserie, located just behind the Hilton Hotel and besides Nosh Lounge. Nogateen cater for Birthdays, Bridal Showers, Baby Showers, House warming parties, and even design custom made Wedding Cakes. As Nogateen informed us: 'We celebrate everything according to your wants and needs'. Those with a sweet tooth […]
- Tel: 9200 15010
- Address: Abdul Maqsud Khoja St, Rawdah
- Visit Website
Munch Maleh
Jeddawians love Munch Bakery! Just the name Munch sends us all into a dessert dreamland! So when we hear of their opening a savory outlet, Munch Maleh Jeddah, curiosity levels are bound to be piqued! Munch Maleh is located off Sary Street, down the road behind Jarir Bookstore, next to (and connected to) the third […]
The Connoisseur
The Connoisseur Jeddah is a gourmet fine food emporium with tailor designed items for all types of events and occasions. A Bakery, Chocolatier, Canape & Ice Cream specialist, and Patisserie all thrown into one. Located in the Amara Cafe and Ajji Complex behind the Jeddah Hilton in the Shati District. The Connoisseur Jeddah ticks all the […]
- Tel: 920001345
- Address: Al Hamra, Madina Rd, Souk Musadia
- Visit Website
Nabulsi Sweets
For fans of Kunafah, one of the most famous of Middle Eastern Sweets, Nabulsi Sweets ticks all the boxes. With over six branches in Jeddah, chances are there's a Nabulsi not very far away from you right now. This branch in Mosadia Plaza on Jeddah's Madina Road has a great selection of Arabic pastries, sweets […]
- Tel: 6642388
- Address: Al-Rawdah Street
- Visit Website
Al Forn
I had passed by Al Forn on Al-Rawdah Street many a time, but never before eaten there. Recently, a couple of friends and I went there on a weeknight in search of a light dinner. My first impression of it actually formed before I even entered the restaurant. The aroma of hypothetically scrumptious food wafted […]
- Tel: N/A
- Address: Prince Sultan Street
- Visit Website
'Mado', renowned for its ice cream and bakery products in Turkey has arrived in Jeddah. Located on Prince Sultan Street, friendly staff welcomed me on arrival. Inside is a quite spacious hall, with the bakery section positioned at the front of the store. On your right is an assortment of chocolates, and on your left […]
- Tel: 012 6883776
- Address: Mashfa Hospital, Malek Rd
- Visit Website
VOILA has recently opened up in brand new premises, on the ground floor of Mashfa Hospital on Malak Road at the Hera crossing. The cafe is located immediately to the right as one enters the spacious, elegant, glass-enclosed atrium of the newest hospital in Jeddah which has been designed with meticulous attention to detail. The […]
- Tel: 0126061609
- Address: Rawdah St, Jeddah
- Visit Website
Although Ive never personally been to Turkey, I am quite familiar with Koska sweets because a lot of my relatives bring back their scrumptious sweets. So, of course, I was really excited to hear they opened a branch here in Jeddah. They are located in Al-Khalidiya District, in the same center as Teayana, Wing Zone […]
- Tel: 012 6697655
- Address: Hamra Corniche, facing Guest Palace
- Visit Website
Bon Bon
Ask someone where one can find the best patisseries in town, and chances are one of the names they may go on to list off will be Bon Bon. This Choclatier and Patisserie can be found squeezed between Byblos and Bubbles..
- Tel: 012 6061723
- Address: The Courtyard, Rawdah St
- Visit Website
After hearing about Kalila Bakery and taking a look at their Facebook page, I knew I had to visit it ASAP! I am a huge bakery fan; any place with hot steaming bread is definitely after my heart. I am glad to say they did not disappoint. Kalila is located on Prince Sultan Street, in […]
- Tel: 012 6982175
- Address: Abdul Maqsoud khojah St
- Visit Website
Pink Camel
Macarons are the new Cup Cakes! Also in Jeddah where several bakeries now are offering Macarons, but it takes skill and experience to make those. So when I searched about Macarons in Jeddah I stumbled upon a facebook page of "Pink Camel". The owner, is a young lady who worked at Laduree for some time, […]
- Tel: 012 6622391
- Address: Le Plaza, Rawdah St
- Visit Website
Charlotte Jeddah
A leading pastry boutique since 1994, Charlotte Jeddah is formerly known as" House of Bakeries†has brought to its customers an ideal combination of memorable taste, and unique quality of French pastries. Led by Chef Abdullah Bataweel; who has worked with the famous French and European chefs, to offer the finest and largest sweet and […]
- Tel: 012 6655990
- Address: Millennium Mall, Tahlia Street
- Visit Website
Voila is a chocolate parlour in the open-air Millennium Mall on Tahlia; going east towards Medina Road, it is after Le Mall and before the Nissan Infiniti building. To gain access to it on the second floor, you enter the circular tower in the central piazza-like area of the Mall and take the lift; the […]
- Tel: 012 6605010
- Address: Arafat St
- Visit Website
Munch Bakery
If you are a person with a sweet tooth then here's a haven you can indulge in. Munch Bakery is located in a cosy little corner, away from the hustle and bustle of the usual dining places which makes it a perfect get away. Munch..
Le Vendome (Hamra)
Nestled right in the heart of Al Hamra District of Jeddah on Arafat Street is Le Vendome Patisserie's second recently opened branch. Clean, uncluttered and minimalistic, the store's design is reminiscent of Le Vendome's main branch on Malik Road. Featuring beautiful photos of Parisian streets it magically transports its customer's imagination to those chilly spring […]
- Tel: 012 6924606
- Address: Diners Square on Malek Road
- Visit Website
Le Vendome
Le Vendome has recently added a new line of cupcakes which are sure to get your mouth watering, with unique flavours like After Eight Mint, along with some more exotic varieties like Pina Colada (pineapple and coconut), Le Vendome looks like it's entering the every growing Cupcake market which has hit Jeddah by storm. What's […]
- Tel: +966557616616
- Address: Corniche Road, next to Jeddah Literary Club
- Visit Website
Pie Sweet Pie
A couple of days ago I was heading north to meet my friends by the Corniche. That's when I remembered about the Facebook post of Jeddahfood.com mentioning Pie Sweet Pie. I stopped by quickly to give it a try.
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Release Management Jobs in Hertfordshire |
Jobs 1 to 2 of 2IT Build Manager - Hitchin
Hitchin, Hertfordshire -
Circle Recruitment
Technically you should be experienced with source control systems, change management, JIRA, GIT and Oracle Technical Stack... *Change control and release management practices. *Maven, Ant, Hudson, Jenkins, JIRA, GIT, Subversion (or other equivalent tool sets) *Had exposure to Oracle technology stack, preferably Fusion Middleware inc Weblogic, DB and Forms/Reports. *...
Salary: £50000 - £60000 per annum + Excellent +bonus+benefits
Posted: Yesterday
Manager of Digital Delivery
Watford, Hertfordshire -
Defines and drives the adoption of new delivery models for digital technology, such as agile development and release management... Experience of Retail or FMCG/Fast Moving business projects... Proven expertise with e-commerce/m-commerce systems plus familiarity with financial, retail, human resource,and logistics systems... Formal Project Management Accreditation:...
Salary: Unspecified £Competitive
Posted: 23 days ago


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Get a list of 3,856 live websites using Vignette OpenText which includes location information, hosting data, contact details and an additional 5,397 sites that used this technology in the past.
Quantcast Top 10k5 of 10,000
Quantcast Top 100k50 of 100,000
Quantcast Top Million151 of 879,653
BuiltWith Top Sites422 of 1,846,744
Premium Sites2,884 of 10,157,129
Entire Internet4,471 of 308,007,857
Log in or Sign up for Free to see Vignette OpenText history back another year to March 2013. View plans for historical access back to April 2010.
OpenText enterprise content management (ECM) solutions have been deployed by organizations in virtually every industry and every level of government worldwide. Formally known as Vignette and encompassing RedDot CMS.
Categories: Content Management System · Enterprise
This table shows where Vignette are gaining/losing customers from within the technologies in the same sub-categories of Enterprise. View the full report for more information regarding countries, states and where Vignette OpenText's customers come from.
Physical locations of businesses using Vignette OpenText.
USA United Kingdom Canada France Germany Italy Australia
This chart shows the amount of websites within the top 10k, 100k, and 1 million sites groups that are categorized as being in the specific vertical.
Get access to data on 9,253 websites that have used Vignette OpenText. We know of 3,856 live websites using Vignette OpenText and an additional 5,397 sites that used Vignette OpenText historically
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Interwoven TeamSite
2,482 websites
2,133 websites
28,912 websites
Log in or Sign up for Free to see additional categories and competitors.
Browse groups of technologies that we track.


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YMCA International House
A mix of options
What we say:
Singapore's YMCA-IH attracts a mixed bag — business travellers, holidaying families, new arrivals looking for an apartment, and the rare backpacker. Private rooms have been recently renovated and have a work desk, LCD TV, and mini-fridge. The 'student rooms' have none of these frills, just two bunk-beds in a cramped room with a desk and attached bathroom. Rates include a hot buffet breakfast, internet access, and use of the gym and rooftop pool. Rack rates are comparable to three-star hotels (plus $3.21 for temporary Y membership!), but online booking discounts and great facilities make the YMCA a more appealing choice as you'll easily get discounted rates half those listed here.
Make a reservation online now
Contact details:
1 Orchard Road. Singapore T: 6336 6000 F: 6337 3140Email them at: email@example.com
Visit website
What we were quoted
Type of room | Low season | High season | Notes |
Superior - Double | 230 S$ | 230 S$ | |
Family room | 275 S$ | 275 S$ |
Added to Travelfish on: 12th October, 2009
Last visited or updated on: 23rd November, 2014
Tanya Procyshyn is a Singapore-based freelance writer and photographer. With a passion for unusual destinations, she has camped alongside Komodo dragons and shook hands with soldiers in North Korea. She blogs at www.idreamofdurian.com.
Photo gallery
Jump to a destination
YMCA International House map
YMCA International House
1 Orchard Road. Singapore
Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, Mapbox
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All accommodation in Downtown Singapore
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The above are all within 200km of Downtown Singapore.


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A mistimed sleep cycle drastically reduces the number of genes that are expressed in a 24-hour rhythm.
A mistimed sleep cycle drastically reduces the number of genes that are expressed in a 24-hour rhythm.
Bacterial genes aid tubeworm settling; pigmentation of ancient reptiles; nascent neurons and vertebrate development; exploring simple synapses; slug-inspired surgical glue
During HIV infection, CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues initiate a highly inflammatory form of cell death that helps cripple the immune system.
Dust-borne bacteria from houses with dogs can prevent allergies in mice by changing their gut microbes.
Mouse colon cancer cells can fuse with macrophages, leading to changes in tumor growth.
Scientists discover that cancer can drive the autoimmune disorder scleroderma.
Mice appear to pass certain fears onto their offspring, according to a new study.
Mouse mothers can improve their pups' memories by altering levels of immune chemicals in their milk.
The Scientist's annual competition uncovered a bonanza of interesting technologies that made their way onto the market and into labs this year.
A common fungus-fighting drug increases the susceptibility of mice to influenza infections.


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More Info
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves |
Naughty Dog |
US Release Date:
2009-10-13 |
UK Release Date:
2009-10-16 |
Naughty Dog has released a new trailer for its upcoming sequel, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, and guess who's back?
The new trailer features more plot details, death defying action, and a glimpse of Elena, the blond-haired journalist from Drake's past. It will be interesting to see how Naughty Dog has the love story play out, as we were left with Drake nearly kissing Elena in the first title, but Chloe, the new girl, gets some "attention" from Drake in this latest Uncharted 2 trailer. Check it out below.


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- Award-winning customer service
- Free shipping on orders over $50
- 30-day no-hassle returns
- Authorized distributor
- 100% secure shopping guaranteed
Parking Brake Lever Boot
We have 10 Items for Parking Brake Lever Boot In-stock.Robots like C-3PO and R2-D2 in the Star Wars movie franchise were made with hard metal covering and housing that hid the cables and wires running all over their bodies. When C-3PO was still in its early stages, he wasn't perfectly polished yet into the gleaming gold robot that we know today. The wiring connection across his body was still exposed, making him look rather unfinished and unsightly. Without a protective parking brake lever boot, the emergency hand brake lever of your car would look just the same. The wires and cables connecting the lever to the other brake components would be exposed, and the wiring mess wouldn't look good against your car's polished compartment. Just think of a robot's skeleton-like hand perched beside your driver's seat. Doesn't look good, right? That's why a parking brake lever boot is a necessity as well as an aesthetic addition to your compartment. It not only covers the exposed wires, but it also shields the cables from the damaging effects of moisture and other elements. Try one of our durable boots here at Auto Parts Warehouse. It has style mixed with function and reliability, so you'll definitely get thrice your money's worth. Stock up on our affordable deals today.


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Novell Communities
Welcome to the Novell Communities. Consider this an exclusive invitation to get sideways social with Novell users, experts and commentators and discover best practices, innovative ideas, or ask a question. Come share your voice, read the latest news, help someone solve a challenge. Join the conversation on social media.
Innovation Has Left the (Enterprise) Building
Once, the workplace had technology homeowners could only dream of. Now you might as well stay at home …
Dropbox and Box Users Unintentionally Leaking Data
Dropbox and Box keep leaking data … is that a problem? You tell us…
Using Novell Filr to Help Manage Your Expenses
I was getting tired of being tied to my desk when doing my expenses and wanted a more portable solution anyways. I decided I'd try to make use of Novell Filr as it'd be a good use-case/example for others who might be interested in doing the same.
Popular Topics in Novell Cool Solutions
Academic Environment Announcements Collaboration Cool Tools End-user How-to Endpoint Management Expert Views File & Networking Services Filr General GroupWise GroupWise Blog GroupWise Mobility Service (formerly Data Synchronizer) GWAVA Microsoft Exchange Mobility Mobility NetWare Novell Open Enterprise Server Partners PR Blog Technical Vibe Vibe Forms & Workflows Windows ZENworks ZENworks ZENworks Configuration Management ZENworks Mobile ManagementWindows Shell Scripts in ZENworks
This is probably nothing to most but may be helpful to someone else who also is/was struggling.
Import users from CSV to GroupWise 2014
Here is a utility that will take a CSV file and create GroupWise users in a GW 2014 system. It will create the users as GroupWise only users, meaning they will not be associated to either a eDirectory or Active Directory account.
Import users from Active Directory to GroupWise 2014
GroupWise 2014 now supports ties to Active Directory, meaning that the GroupWise users can be associated to Active Directory accounts.
Novell Service Desk – Creating custom reports using ZENworks Reporting 5 (ZR5)
The intent of this cool solution is to provide you with Novell Service Desk Reporting package (domain) and provide few basic steps for using ZENworks Reporting 5 (ZR5) for creating customized reports outside of the service desk product.
How to Print from Microsoft Office for iOS – Part II
Microsoft now lets you print directly from within Office for iOS. In the first part, of this now series of articles, we showed you how you could use two different methods to print: Email and Open-In. With this latest update, you can now use the third method of mobile printing supported by iPrint and that is Apple's AirPrint.
Empty Vaults: When Enterprise Data isn't on the Network
Your corporate network is secure and reliable; the problem is that your data isn't getting there…
Print, Siri!
If you are wondering, or if your users have asked, how to print Office for iOS documents, here are two ways you can use Novell iPrint to solve your problem.
GroupWise Events in Europe!
Earlier this month, I spent two weeks meeting with approximately 200 individual customers, partners, and employees to explain all of the value in GroupWise 2014, and to also share in the tremendous enthusiasm and continued excitement about Novell's products, solutions, and technology.
Novell Service Desk – Creating Custom Reports using Pentaho Report Designer (versions 3.8.3 GA & 5.0.1)
The intent of this cool solution is to provide you with few basic steps on using Pentaho Report Designer, version 3.8.3 GA or version 5.0.1 for creating customized reports outside of the service desk product.
GroupWise 2014 Support from Advansys
Advansys has been working closely with the GroupWise engineering team during the beta phase and is finalizing new versions of Archive To Go and Formativ to support GroupWise 2014.
Consultant's Corner: GroupWise 2014 GroupWise Administration Utility (gwadminutil)
Folks we have a new command line utility for GroupWise! For those that love command line, you will love this one. For those that wonder 'What happened to all the GUI we used to have?' Sorry, I can sympathize. But just wait til you see what can be done!
GroupWise Resource Archive – April 2014
With the new GroupWise 2014 now available, use the free GroupWise Resource Archive to research discussions between GroupWise administrators, partners and consultants.