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Latest Articles and Blog PostsArchive of Jabhat al-Nusra Dar al-Qaḍa DocumentsMarch 3, 2015 at 6:58 pm Over the past several months, the contrast traditionally drawn between the Islamic State's (IS) hardline stance against power-sharing with rivals and Jabhat al-Nusra's (JN) more conciliatory approach has become blurred as JN has sought to build up its 'proto-emirate' project after losing out to IS in eastern Syria. One of the most notable developments in this regard has been the establishment of the Dar al-Qaḍa designed to assert JN judicial monopolies in areas where the group has presence, differing from the prior willingness to share Shari'a committees with other factions- particularly of the Islamic Front- and work to gain control of them gradually. In the east, that approach had some success: for example, in the town of Albukamal on the border with Iraq, JN controlled the Shari'a committee and so arguably was the most influential group in Albukamal despite the presence of several other factions. Continue to the full blog post | More blog posts Some Evidence for the Islamic State's Presence in Yemen (Part 2)March 3, 2015 at 7:58 am The previous post on the Islamic State (IS) presence in Yemen looked at a sample 'Shari'a Committee' document from a declared Wilayat Shabwa, reflecting on the activist nature of the IS presence. Other documents that have emerged from IS declared provinces in Yemen bear similar implications. Note that the next statement below from 'Aden Province' (not marked with a shadowy 'Shari'a Committee' label), while pointing out the vast array of enemies (including the Yemeni national army), focuses primarily on the sectarian dynamic of the perceived Houthi [Shi'a] threat to Sunnis. The statement explicitly draws an analogy with the notion of protecting Sunnis in Iraq and that narrative Abu Mus'ab Zarqawi had in mind in aiming to provoke Sunni-Shi'a sectarian civil war. There is indeed little hint of the issue of American drone strikes, which, of course, have targeted IS' rivals in al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and so are a grievance for AQAP to play on. With AQAP's lengthy rationale for rejecting the Caliphate declaration, there is also no notion of common solidarity with AQAP in the face of the drone strikes and other threats to jihadis. Continue to the full blog post | More blog posts Some Evidence for the Islamic State's Presence in Yemen (Part 1)March 2, 2015 at 10:52 am In November 2014, the Islamic State's [IS] leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced the acceptance of pledges of allegiance from Algeria, Libya, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and Sinai to herald the creation of new IS 'provinces' (wilayat) ostensibly on the model of administration in the wilayat of Iraq and Syria, which have seen regulations from education to sanitation and real estate. Of these external 'provinces', Libya has thus far shown the most promise for the growth of the IS brand abroad, foremost exemplified in the IS presence in the eastern city of Derna. The 'Sinai' province has some potential too on account of the pledge of allegiance of Jamaat Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis. In contrast, the IS presence in Algeria is limited to a small and rather insignificant break-off from al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb known as Jund al-Khilafa, whose only notable act to date has been the murder of a French hostage. In Saudi Arabia, the tight security apparatus that has hindered al-Qa'ida activity means that open manifestations of the IS presence would be difficult to realize. Continue to the full blog post | More blog posts The U.S. Anti-ISIS Strategy's True CostMarch 2, 2015 • The Daily Beast On Monday the Iraqi military launched its largest operation to date against the self-declared Islamic State (IS), also called ISIS, to retake control of the city of Tikrit. Alongside the Iraqi military the coalition fighting IS in Tikrit includes Kurdish and Sunni tribal forces, but it leans heavily on Iranian backed Shia militias and reportedly includes a contingent from Iran's revolutionary guard. The urgent question now as the battle against IS intensifies is whether any US policy to defeat IS in Iraq can achieve its aim without ceding the country as a base for Iranian expansionism. Continue to the full article | More articles Readings from Anglo-Saxon Prose: Ælfric's Preface to the Latin GrammarFebruary 18, 2015 at 9:30 am Following on from my post on Anglo-Saxon medicinal recipes, here is another small excerpt from the corpus of Old English/Anglo-Saxon literature. Ælfric was an abbot of the late 10th century who produced numerous works in Old English, including a translation of a Latin grammar by the Late Antique writer Priscian. Below is my translation from the original Old English of Ælfric's preface to that work, including commentary notes. Translation |
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Joell Ortiz - Ups & Downs
Artist: Joell Ortiz
Producer: Static Selektah
Album: Unreleased
Avg Rating: 2.7 ( 15 votes )
Although Joell Ortiz is widely considered one of the most underrated MCs around, Ortiz's lyrical skill hasn't translate into success in today's mainstream scene. Learning that the hard way, Interscope head Jimmy Iovine has delayed the promotion of Joell's major label debut until the Latino rapper sells out with a gimmicky track. Fortunately, Ortiz knows how to make lemonade with the lemons he's been given and uses the opportunity to rap about his life's previous Ups & Downs. Guest feature Ming adds a woman's touch with her smooth hook, and producer Static Selektah's beat screams instant classic. Ups and Downs will probably never get played on the radio, but Joell knows what he wants and will settle for nothing less.
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ERICK ERICKSON: The Real Gun Violence Problem – RedState
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Fatal Fury (Wii)
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Eurogamer.net (UK)
So while Fatal Fury remains a slick and fun experience, and a significant game in the history of the NeoGeo and beat-em-ups in general, the knowledge that there are even better games in the series, and that they'll certainly offer better value when they inevitably get added to the VC, is reason enough to hold off on this purchase for the time being.
Nintendo Life
At the time of release many fans were adamant that Fatal Fury was better than SF2, but playing both games now show just how superior Capcom's game is. It's far more balanced and playable; SNK couldn't really compete until the sublime Fatal Fury 2 was published a short while later. As it stands, Fatal Fury is one of the better SF2 clones out there. If you've played Capcom's title to death and want some more one-on-one fighting action then you really should give this game a chance.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Area | 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,599 sq mi), 2nd |
Population | 1.1 billion[1] (2013, 2nd) |
Pop. density | 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi) |
Demonym | African |
Countries | 54 (and 2 disputed) (list of countries) |
Dependencies | Internal (4) |
Languages | List of languages |
Time zones | UTC-1 to UTC+4 |
Largest cities | List of metropolitan areas in Africa List of cities in Africa Lagos Cairo Kinshasa-Brazzaville Greater Johannesburg Mogadishu Khartoum-Omdurman Dar es Salaam Alexandria Abidjan Casablanca |
Area | 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,599 sq mi), 2nd |
Population | 1.1 billion[1] (2013, 2nd) |
Pop. density | 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi) |
Demonym | African |
Countries | 54 (and 2 disputed) (list of countries) |
Dependencies | Internal (4) |
Languages | List of languages |
Time zones | UTC-1 to UTC+4 |
Largest cities | List of metropolitan areas in Africa List of cities in Africa Lagos Cairo Kinshasa-Brazzaville Greater Johannesburg Mogadishu Khartoum-Omdurman Dar es Salaam Alexandria Abidjan Casablanca |
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km2 (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land area.[2] With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population.[3] The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It has 54 fully recognized sovereign states ("countries"), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.[4]
Africa's population is the youngest among all the continents; 50% of Africans are 19 years old or younger.[5]
Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is the largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[6] Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones.[7]
Afri was a Latin name used to refer to the Carthaginians, who dwelt in North Africa in modern-day Tunisia. This name seems to have originally referred to a native Libyan tribe; however, see Terence#Biography for discussion. The name is usually connected with Phoenician afar, "dust", but a 1981 hypothesis[8] has asserted that it stems from the Berber ifri (plural ifran) "cave", in reference to cave dwellers.[9] The same word[9] may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, a Berber tribe originally from Yafran (also known as Ifrane) in northwestern Libya.[10]
Under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of Africa Province, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya.[11] The Latin suffix "-ica" can sometimes be used to denote a land (e.g., in Celtica from Celtae, as used by Julius Caesar). The later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name.
According to the ancient Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while "Asia" was used to refer to Anatolia and lands to the east. A definite line was drawn between the two continents by the geographer Ptolemy (85–165 AD), indicating Alexandria along the Prime Meridian and making the isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea the boundary between Asia and Africa. As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge.
Other etymological hypotheses have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa":
Africa is considered by most paleoanthropologists to be the oldest inhabited territory on Earth, with the human species originating from the continent.[14][15] During the middle of the 20th century, anthropologists discovered many fossils and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as 7 million years ago. Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have evolved into modern man, such as Australopithecus afarensis (radiometrically dated to approximately 3.9–3.0 million years BC),[16] Paranthropus boisei (c. 2.3–1.4 million years BC)[17] and Homo ergaster (c. 1.9 million–600,000 years BC) have been discovered.[2]
After the evolution of homo sapiens sapiens approximately 150,000 to 100,000 years ago in Africa, the continent was mainly populated by groups of hunter-gatherers.[18][19][20] These first modern humans left Africa and populated the rest of the globe during the Out of Africa migration dated to approximately 50,000 years ago, exiting the continent either across Bab-el-Mandeb over the Red Sea,[21][22] the Strait of Gibraltar in Morocco,[23] or the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt.[24]
Other migrations of these modern humans within the African continent have been dated to that time, with evidence of early human settlement found in Southern Africa, Southeast Africa, North Africa, and the Sahara.[25]
The size of the Sahara has historically been extremely variable, with its area rapidly fluctuating and at times disappearing depending on global climactic conditions.[26] At the end of the Ice ages, estimated to have been around 10,500 BC, the Sahara had again become a green fertile valley, and its African populations returned from the interior and coastal highlands in Sub-Saharan Africa, with rock art paintings depicting a fertile Sahara and large populations discovered in Tassili n'Ajjer dating back perhaps 10 millennia.[27] However, the warming and drying climate meant that by 5000 BC, the Sahara region was becoming increasingly dry and hostile. Around 3500 B.C., due to a tilt in the earth's orbit, the Sahara experienced a period of rapid desertification.[28] The population trekked out of the Sahara region towards the Nile Valley below the Second Cataract where they made permanent or semi-permanent settlements. A major climatic recession occurred, lessening the heavy and persistent rains in Central and Eastern Africa. Since this time, dry conditions have prevailed in Eastern Africa and, increasingly during the last 200 years, in Ethiopia.
The domestication of cattle in Africa preceded agriculture and seems to have existed alongside hunter-gatherer cultures. It is speculated that by 6000 BC, cattle were already domesticated in North Africa.[29] In the Sahara-Nile complex, people domesticated many animals, including the donkey and a small screw-horned goat which was common from Algeria to Nubia. In the year 4000 BC, the climate of the Sahara started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace.[30] This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more tropical climate of West Africa.[30]
By the first millennium BC, ironworking had been introduced in Northern Africa and quickly spread across the Sahara into the northern parts of sub-Saharan Africa,[31] and by 500 BC, metalworking began to become commonplace in West Africa. Ironworking was fully established by roughly 500 BC in many areas of East and West Africa, although other regions didn't begin ironworking until the early centuries AD. Copper objects from Egypt, North Africa, Nubia, and Ethiopia dating from around 500 BC have been excavated in West Africa, suggesting that Trans-Saharan trade networks had been established by this date.[30]
At about 3300 BC, the historical record opens in Northern Africa with the rise of literacy in the Pharaonic civilization of Ancient Egypt.[32] One of the world's earliest and longest-lasting civilizations, the Egyptian state continued, with varying levels of influence over other areas, until 343 BC.[33][34] Egyptian influence reached deep into modern-day Libya and Nubia, and, according to Martin Bernal, as far north as Crete.[35]
An independent center of civilization with trading links to Phoenicia was established by Phoenicians from Tyre on the north-west African coast at Carthage.[36][37][38]
European exploration of Africa began with Ancient Greeks and Romans. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great was welcomed as a liberator in Persian-occupied Egypt. He founded Alexandria in Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty after his death.[39]
Following the conquest of North Africa's Mediterranean coastline by the Roman Empire, the area was integrated economically and culturally into the Roman system. Roman settlement occurred in modern Tunisia and elsewhere along the coast. The first Roman emperor native to North Africa was Septimius Severus, born in Leptis Magna in present-day Libya—his mother was Italian Roman and his father was Punic.[40]
Christianity spread across these areas at an early date, from Judaea via Egypt and beyond the borders of the Roman world into Nubia;[41] by AD 340 at the latest, it had become the state religion of the Aksumite Empire. Syro-Greek missionaries, who arrived by way of the Red Sea, were responsible for this theological development.[42]
In the early 7th century, the newly formed Arabian Islamic Caliphate expanded into Egypt, and then into North Africa. In a short while, the local Berber elite had been integrated into Muslim Arab tribes. When the Umayyad capital Damascus fell in the 8th century, the Islamic center of the Mediterranean shifted from Syria to Qayrawan in North Africa. Islamic North Africa had become diverse, and a hub for mystics, scholars, jurists, and philosophers. During the above-mentioned period, Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa, mainly through trade routes and migration.[43]
Pre-colonial Africa possessed perhaps as many as 10,000 different states and polities[45] characterized by many different sorts of political organization and rule. These included small family groups of hunter-gatherers such as the San people of southern Africa; larger, more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the Bantu-speaking peoples of central, southern, and eastern Africa; heavily structured clan groups in the Horn of Africa; the large Sahelian kingdoms; and autonomous city-states and kingdoms such as those of the Akan; Edo, Yoruba, and Igbo people in West Africa; and the Swahili coastal trading towns of Southeast Africa.
By the ninth century, a string of dynastic states, including the earliest Hausa states, stretched across the sub-Saharan savannah from the western regions to central Sudan. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. Ghana declined in the eleventh century, but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the thirteenth century. Kanem accepted Islam in the eleventh century.
In the forested regions of the West African coast, independent kingdoms grew up with little influence from the Muslim north. The Kingdom of Nri was established around the ninth century and was one of the first. It is also one of the oldest kingdoms in present-day Nigeria and was ruled by the Eze Nri. The Nri kingdom is famous for its elaborate bronzes, found at the town of Igbo-Ukwu. The bronzes have been dated from as far back as the ninth century.[46]
The Kingdom of Ife, historically the first of these Yoruba city-states or kingdoms, established government under a priestly oba ('king' or 'ruler' in the Yoruba language), called the Ooni of Ife. Ife was noted as a major religious and cultural center in West Africa, and for its unique naturalistic tradition of bronze sculpture. The Ife model of government was adapted at the Oyo Empire, where its obas or kings, called the Alaafins of Oyo, once controlled a large number of other Yoruba and non-Yoruba city-states and kingdoms; the Fon Kingdom of Dahomey was one of the non-Yoruba domains under Oyo control.
The Almoravids were a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the eleventh century.[47] The Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. Their migration resulted in the fusion of the Arabs and Berbers, where the locals were Arabized,[48] and Arab culture absorbed elements of the local culture, under the unifying framework of Islam.[49]
Following the breakup of Mali, a local leader named Sonni Ali (1464–1492) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and the western Sudan and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Jenne in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. His successor Askia Mohammad I (1493–1528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought to Gao Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship.[50] By the eleventh century, some Hausa states – such as Kano, jigawa, Katsina, and Gobir – had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing caravans, and the manufacture of goods. Until the fifteenth century, these small states were on the periphery of the major Sudanic empires of the era, paying tribute to Songhai to the west and Kanem-Borno to the east.
Slavery had long been practiced in Africa.[51][52] Between the 7th and 20th centuries, Arab slave trade (also known as slavery in the East) took 18 million slaves from Africa via trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean routes. Between the 15th and the 19th centuries (500 years), the Atlantic slave trade took an estimated 7–12 million slaves to the New World.[53][54][55] More than 1 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries.[56]
In West Africa, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1820s caused dramatic economic shifts in local polities. The gradual decline of slave-trading, prompted by a lack of demand for slaves in the New World, increasing anti-slavery legislation in Europe and America, and the British Royal Navy's increasing presence off the West African coast, obliged African states to adopt new economies. Between 1808 and 1860, the British West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.[57]
Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of Lagos", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers.[58] The largest powers of West Africa (the Asante Confederacy, the Kingdom of Dahomey, and the Oyo Empire) adopted different ways of adapting to the shift. Asante and Dahomey concentrated on the development of "legitimate commerce" in the form of palm oil, cocoa, timber and gold, forming the bedrock of West Africa's modern export trade. The Oyo Empire, unable to adapt, collapsed into civil wars.[59]
In the late 19th century, the European imperial powers engaged in a major territorial scramble and occupied most of the continent, creating many colonial territories, and leaving only two fully independent states: Ethiopia (known to Europeans as "Abyssinia"), and Liberia. Egypt and Sudan were never formally incorporated into any European colonial empire; however, after the British occupation of 1882, Egypt was effectively under British administration until 1922.
The Berlin Conference held in 1884–85 was an important event in the political future of African ethnic groups. It was convened by King Leopold II of Belgium, and attended by the European powers that laid claim to African territories. It sought to bring an end to the Scramble for Africa by European powers by agreeing on political division and spheres of influence. They set up the political divisions of the continent, by spheres of interest, that exist in Africa today.
Imperial rule by Europeans would continue until after the conclusion of World War II, when almost all remaining colonial territories gradually obtained formal independence. Independence movements in Africa gained momentum following World War II, which left the major European powers weakened. In 1951, Libya, a former Italian colony, gained independence. In 1956, Tunisia and Morocco won their independence from France.[60] Ghana followed suit the next year (March 1957),[61] becoming the first of the sub-Saharan colonies to be freed. Most of the rest of the continent became independent over the next decade.
Portugal's overseas presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (most notably in Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and São Tomé and Príncipe) lasted from the 16th century to 1975, after the Estado Novo regime was overthrown in a military coup in Lisbon. Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965, under the white minority government of Ian Smith, but was not internationally recognized as an independent state (as Zimbabwe) until 1980, when black nationalists gained power after a bitter guerrilla war. Although South Africa was one of the first African countries to gain independence, the state remained under the control of the country's white minority through a system of racial segregation known as apartheid until 1994.
Today, Africa contains 54 sovereign countries, most of which have borders that were drawn during the era of European colonialism. Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups, producing military dictatorships.
Great instability was mainly the result of marginalization of ethnic groups, and graft under these leaders. For political gain, many leaders fanned ethnic conflicts, some of which had been exacerbated, or even created, by colonial rule. In many countries, the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations. Border and territorial disputes were also common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.
Cold War conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund,[citation needed] also played a role in instability. When a country became independent for the first time, it was often expected to align with one of the two superpowers. Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid, while others in Central and Southern Africa were supported by the United States, France or both. The 1970s saw an escalation, as newly independent Angola and Mozambique aligned themselves with the Soviet Union, and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by backing friendly regimes or insurgency movements. There was a major famine in Ethiopia, when hundreds of thousands of people starved. Some claimed that Marxist economic policies made the situation worse.[62][63][64] The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been the Second Congo War; this conflict and its aftermath has killed an estimated 5.5 million people.[65] Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in Darfur which has become a humanitarian disaster. Another notable tragic event is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which an estimated 800 000 people were murdered. AIDS in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue.
In the 21st century, however, the number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined. For instance, the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years. This has coincided with many countries abandoning communist style command economies and opening up for market reforms. The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China,[66] which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries, seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline. Several African economies are among the world's fastest growing as of 2011. A significant part of this growth can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile telephone.[67]
Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the largest landmass of the Earth. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea, it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (transected by the Suez Canal), 163 km (101 mi) wide.[68] (Geopolitically, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula east of the Suez Canal is often considered part of Africa, as well.)[69]
From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15" S), is a distance of approximately 8,000 km (5,000 mi);[70] from Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in Somalia, 51°27'52" E, the most easterly projection, is a distance of approximately 7,400 km (4,600 mi).[71] The coastline is 26,000 km (16,000 mi) long, and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is illustrated by the fact that Europe, which covers only 10,400,000 km2 (4,000,000 sq mi) – about a third of the surface of Africa – has a coastline of 32,000 km (20,000 mi).[71]
Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is the Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast.[72] The smallest nation on the continental mainland is the Gambia.
Geologically, Africa includes the Arabian Peninsula; the Zagros Mountains of Iran and the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey mark where the African Plate collided with Eurasia. The Afrotropic ecozone and the Saharo-Arabian desert to its north unite the region biogeographically, and the Afro-Asiatic language family unites the north linguistically.
The climate of Africa ranges from tropical to subarctic on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily desert, or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and very dense jungle (rainforest) regions. In between, there is a convergence, where vegetation patterns such as sahel and steppe dominate. Africa is the hottest continent on earth and 60% of the entire land surface consists of drylands and deserts.[73] The record for the highest-ever recorded temperature, in Libya in 1922 (58 °C (136 °F)), was discredited in 2013.[74][75]
Africa boasts perhaps the world's largest combination of density and "range of freedom" of wild animal populations and diversity, with wild populations of large carnivores (such as lions, hyenas, and cheetahs) and herbivores (such as buffalo, elephants, camels, and giraffes) ranging freely on primarily open non-private plains. It is also home to a variety of "jungle" animals including snakes and primates and aquatic life such as crocodiles and amphibians. In addition, Africa has the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna.
Deforestation is affecting Africa at twice the world rate, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).[76] According to the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center, 31% of Africa's pasture lands and 19% of its forests and woodlands are classified as degraded, and Africa is losing over four million hectares of forest every year, which is twice the average deforestation rate compared to the rest of the world.[73] Some sources claim that approximately 90% of the original, virgin forests in West Africa have been destroyed.[77] Over 90% of Madagascar's original forests have been destroyed since the arrival of humans 2000 years ago.[78] About 65% of Africa's agricultural land suffers from soil degradation.[79]
Africa has over 3,000 protected areas, with 198 marine protected areas, 50 biosphere reserves, and 80 wetlands reserves. Significant habitat destruction, increases in human population and poaching are reducing Africa's biological diversity. Human encroachment, civil unrest and the introduction of non-native species threatens biodiversity in Africa. This has been exacerbated by administrative problems, inadequate personnel and funding problems.[73]
There are clear signs of increased networking among African organizations and states. For example, in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), rather than rich, non-African countries intervening, neighboring African countries became involved (see also Second Congo War). Since the conflict began in 1998, the estimated death toll has reached 5 million.
The African Union (AU) is a 54 member federation consisting of all of Africa's states except Morocco. The union was formed, with Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, as its headquarters, on 26 June 2001. The union was officially established on 9 July 2002[80] as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). In July 2004, the African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) was relocated to Midrand, in South Africa, but the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights remained in Addis Ababa. There is a policy in effect to decentralize the African Federation's institutions so that they are shared by all the states.
The African Union, not to be confused with the AU Commission, is formed by the Constitutive Act of the African Union, which aims to transform the African Economic Community, a federated commonwealth, into a state under established international conventions. The African Union has a parliamentary government, known as the African Union Government, consisting of legislative, judicial and executive organs. It is led by the African Union President and Head of State, who is also the President of the Pan-African Parliament. A person becomes AU President by being elected to the PAP, and subsequently gaining majority support in the PAP. The powers and authority of the President of the African Parliament derive from the Constitutive Act and the Protocol of the Pan-African Parliament, as well as the inheritance of presidential authority stipulated by African treaties and by international treaties, including those subordinating the Secretary General of the OAU Secretariat (AU Commission) to the PAP. The government of the AU consists of all-union (federal), regional, state, and municipal authorities, as well as hundreds of institutions, that together manage the day-to-day affairs of the institution.
Political associations such as the African Union offer hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries. Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often as a side effect of civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Côte d'Ivoire.
Although it has abundant natural resources, Africa remains the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continent, the result of a variety of causes that may include corrupt governments that have often committed serious human rights violations, failed central planning, high levels of illiteracy, lack of access to foreign capital, and frequent tribal and military conflict (ranging from guerrilla warfare to genocide).[81] According to the United Nations' Human Development Report in 2003, the bottom 25 ranked nations (151st to 175th) were all African.[82]
Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation, as well as poor health, affect a large proportion of the people who reside in the African continent. In August 2008, the World Bank[83] announced revised global poverty estimates based on a new international poverty line of $1.25 per day (versus the previous measure of $1.00). 80.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population was living on less than $2.50 (PPP) a day in 2005, compared with 85.7% for India.[84]
The new figures confirm that sub-Saharan Africa has been the least successful region of the world in reducing poverty ($1.25 per day); some 50% of the population living in poverty in 1981 (200 million people), a figure that rose to 58% in 1996 before dropping to 50% in 2005 (380 million people). The average poor person in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to live on only 70 cents per day, and was poorer in 2003 than he or she was in 1973[85] indicating increasing poverty in some areas. Some of it is attributed to unsuccessful economic liberalization programs spearheaded by foreign companies and governments, but other studies and reports have cited bad domestic government policies more than external factors.[86][87][88]
From 1995 to 2005, Africa's rate of economic growth increased, averaging 5% in 2005. Some countries experienced still higher growth rates, notably Angola, Sudan and Equatorial Guinea, all three of which had recently begun extracting their petroleum reserves or had expanded their oil extraction capacity. The continent is believed to hold 90% of the world's cobalt, 90% of its platinum, 50% of its gold, 98% of its chromium, 70% of its tantalite,[89] 64% of its manganese and one-third of its uranium.[90] The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has 70% of the world's coltan, a mineral used in the production of tantalum capacitors for electronic devices such as cell phones. The DRC also has more than 30% of the world's diamond reserves.[91] Guinea is the world's largest exporter of bauxite.[92] As the growth in Africa has been driven mainly by services and not manufacturing or agriculture, it has been growth without jobs and without reduction in poverty levels. In fact, the food security crisis of 2008 which took place on the heels of the global financial crisis has pushed back 100 million people into food insecurity.[93]
In recent years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations. In 2007, Chinese companies invested a total of US$1 billion in Africa.[66]
A Harvard University study led by professor Calestous Juma showed that Africa could feed itself by making the transition from importer to self-sufficiency. "African agriculture is at the crossroads," says Dr. Juma. Juma also states, "We have come to the end of a century of policies that favored Africa's export of raw materials and importation of food. Africa is starting to focus on agricultural innovation as its new engine for regional trade and prosperity."[94]
During the President of the United States Barack Obama's visit to Africa in July 2013, he announced a US$7 billion plan to further develop infrastructure and work more intensively with African heads of state. A new program named Trade Africa, designed to boost trade within the continent as well as between Africa and the U.S., was also unveiled by Obama.[95]
Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, half or more of the population is under 25 years of age.[96] The total number of people in Africa increased from 221 million in 1950 to 1.1 billion in 2013.[97][98]
Speakers of Bantu languages (part of the Niger–Congo family) are the majority in southern, central and southeast Africa. The Bantu-speaking peoples from West Africa progressively expanded over most of Sub-Saharan Africa.[99] But there are also several Nilotic groups in South Sudan and East Africa, the mixed Swahili people on the Swahili Coast, and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan ("San" or "Bushmen") and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "Hottentots") have long been present. The San are physically distinct from other Africans and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of central Africa.[100]
The peoples of West Africa primarily speak Niger–Congo languages, belonging mostly, though not exclusively, to its non-Bantu branches, though some Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic speaking groups are also found. The Niger–Congo-speaking Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan and Wolof ethnic groups are the largest and most influential. In the central Sahara, Mandinka or Mande groups are most significant. Chadic-speaking groups, including the Hausa, are found in more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara, and Nilo-Saharan communities, such as the Songhai, Kanuri and Zarma, are found in the eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa.
The peoples of North Africa consist of three main indigenous groups: Berbers in the northwest, Egyptians in the northeast, and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples in the east. The Arabs who arrived in the 7th century introduced the Arabic language and Islam to North Africa. The Semitic Phoenicians (who founded Carthage) and Hyksos, the Indo-Iranian Alans, the Indo- European Greeks, Romans, and Vandals settled in North Africa as well. Significant Berber communities remain within Morocco and Algeria in the 21st century, while, to a lesser extent, Berber speakers are also present in some regions of Tunisia and Libya.[101] The Berber-speaking Tuareg and other often-nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. In Mauritania, there is a small but near-extinct Berber community in the north and Niger–Congo-speaking peoples in the south, though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates. In Sudan, although Arabic and Arab culture predominate, it is mostly inhabited by groups that originally spoke Nilo-Saharan, such as the Nubians, Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, who, over the centuries, have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula. Small communities of Afro-Asiatic-speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan.[citation needed]
In the Horn of Africa, some Ethiopian and Eritrean groups (like the Amhara and Tigrayans, collectively known as Habesha) speak languages from the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, while the Oromo and Somali speak languages from the Cushitic branch of Afro-Asiatic.
Prior to the decolonization movements of the post-World War II era, Europeans were represented in every part of Africa.[102] Decolonization during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of white settlers – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million pieds-noirs in North Africa),[103] Kenya, Congo,[104] Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola.[105] Between 1975 and 1977, over a million colonials returned to Portugal alone.[106] Nevertheless, white Africans remain an important minority in many African states, particularly Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, and the Republic of South Africa.[107] The country with the largest white African population is South Africa.[108] Dutch and British diasporas represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today.[109]
European colonization also brought sizable groups of Asians, particularly people from the Indian subcontinent, to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and southeast African countries. The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled by the dictator Idi Amin in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans. The Malagasy people of Madagascar are an Austronesian people, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as Cape Coloureds (people with origins in two or more races and continents). During the 20th century, small but economically important communities of Lebanese and Chinese[66] have also developed in the larger coastal cities of West and East Africa, respectively.[110]
By most estimates, well over a thousand languages (UNESCO has estimated around two thousand) are spoken in Africa.[111] Most are of African origin, though some are of European or Asian origin. Africa is the most multilingual continent in the world, and it is not rare for individuals to fluently speak not only multiple African languages, but one or more European ones as well. There are four major language families indigenous to Africa.
Following the end of colonialism, nearly all African countries adopted official languages that originated outside the continent, although several countries also granted legal recognition to indigenous languages (such as Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa). In numerous countries, English and French (see African French) are used for communication in the public sphere such as government, commerce, education and the media. Arabic, Portuguese, Afrikaans and Spanish are examples of languages that trace their origin to outside of Africa, and that are used by millions of Africans today, both in the public and private spheres. Italian is spoken by some in former Italian colonies in Africa. German is spoken in Namibia, as it was a former German protectorate.
Some[which?] aspects of traditional African cultures have become less practiced in recent years as a result of years of neglect and suppression by colonial and post-colonial regimes. There is now a resurgence in the attempts to rediscover and revalue African traditional cultures, under such movements as the African Renaissance, led by Thabo Mbeki, Afrocentrism, led by a group of scholars, including Molefi Asante, as well as the increasing recognition of traditional spiritualism through decriminalization of Vodou and other forms of spirituality. In recent years, traditional African culture has become synonymous with rural poverty and subsistence farming.[citation needed]
African art and architecture reflect the diversity of African cultures. The oldest existing examples of art from Africa are 82,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells that were found in the Aterian levels at Grotte des Pigeons, Taforalt, Morocco.[citation needed] The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was the world's tallest structure for 4,000 years, until the completion of Lincoln Cathedral around the year 1300. The stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe are also noteworthy for their architecture, and the complexity of monolithic churches at Lalibela, Ethiopia, of which the Church of Saint George is representative.[citation needed]
Egypt has long been a cultural focus of the Arab world, while remembrance of the rhythms of sub-Saharan Africa, in particular West Africa, was transmitted through the Atlantic slave trade to modern samba, blues, jazz, reggae, hip hop, and rock. The 1950s through the 1970s saw a conglomeration of these various styles with the popularization of Afrobeat and Highlife music. Modern music of the continent includes the highly complex choral singing of southern Africa and the dance rhythms of the musical genre of soukous, dominated by the music of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Indigenous musical and dance traditions of Africa are maintained by oral traditions, and they are distinct from the music and dance styles of North Africa and Southern Africa. Arab influences are visible in North African music and dance and, in Southern Africa, Western influences are apparent due to colonization.
Fifty-three African countries have football (soccer) teams in the Confederation of African Football, while Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, and Algeria have advanced to the knockout stage of recent FIFA World Cups. South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup tournament, becoming the first African country to do so. Egypt has won the African Cup seven times, and a record-making three times in a row.[112]
Cricket is popular in some African nations. South Africa and Zimbabwe have Test status, while Kenya is the leading non-test team and previously had One-Day International cricket ODI status (from 10 October 1997, until 30 January 2014). The three countries jointly hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup. Namibia is the other African country to have played in a World Cup. Morocco in northern Africa has also hosted the 2002 Morocco Cup, but the national team has never qualified for a major tournament. Rugby is a popular sport in South Africa and Namibia.
Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs, and statistics on religious affiliation are difficult to come by since they are often a sensitive a topic for governments with mixed religious populations.[113][114] According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Islam is the largest religion in Africa, followed by Christianity. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, 45% of the population are Christians, 40% are Muslims, and 10% follow traditional religions. A small number of Africans are Hindu, Buddhist, Confucianist, Baha'i, or have beliefs from the Judaic tradition. There is also a minority of Africans who are irreligious.
The countries in this table are categorized according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated.
Name of region[116] and territory, with flag | Area (km²) | Population[117] | Year | Density (per km²) | Capital |
Northern Africa | |||||
Algeria | 2,381,740 | 34,178,188 | 2009 | 14 | Algiers |
Canary Islands (Spain)[118] | 7,492 | 2,118,519 | 2010 | 226 | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife |
Ceuta (Spain)[119] | 20 | 71,505 | 2001 | 3,575 | — |
Egypt[120] | 1,001,450 | 82,868,000 | 2012 | 83 | Cairo |
Libya | 1,759,540 | 6,310,434 | 2009 | 4 | Tripoli |
Madeira (Portugal)[121] | 797 | 245,000 | 2001 | 307 | Funchal |
Melilla (Spain)[122] | 12 | 66,411 | 2001 | 5,534 | — |
Morocco | 446,550 | 34,859,364 | 2009 | 78 | Rabat |
Sudan | 1,861,484 | 30,894,000 | 2008 | 17 | Khartoum |
Tunisia | 163,610 | 10,486,339 | 2009 | 64 | Tunis |
Western Sahara[123] | 266,000 | 405,210 | 2009 | 2 | El Aaiún |
Horn of Africa or Northeast Africa | |||||
Djibouti | 23,000 | 623,891 | 2012 | 22 | Djibouti |
Eritrea | 121,320 | 5,647,168 | 2009 | 47 | Asmara |
Ethiopia | 1,127,127 | 84,320,987 | 2012 | 75 | Addis Ababa |
Somalia | 637,657 | 9,832,017 | 2009 | 15 | Mogadishu |
Eastern Africa | |||||
Burundi | 27,830 | 8,988,091 | 2009 | 323 | Bujumbura |
British Indian Ocean Territory - Chagos Archipelago (United Kingdom) | 56.13 | 3,000 | 2012 | 53.4 | Diego Garcia |
Comoros | 2,170 | 752,438 | 2009 | 347 | Moroni |
Kenya | 582,650 | 39,002,772 | 2009 | 66 | Nairobi |
Madagascar | 587,040 | 20,653,556 | 2009 | 35 | Antananarivo |
Malawi | 118,480 | 14,268,711 | 2009 | 120 | Lilongwe |
Mauritius | 2,040 | 1,284,264 | 2009 | 630 | Port Louis |
Mayotte (France) | 374 | 223,765 | 2009 | 490 | Mamoudzou |
Mozambique | 801,590 | 21,669,278 | 2009 | 27 | Maputo |
Réunion (France) | 2,512 | 743,981 | 2002 | 296 | Saint-Denis |
Rwanda | 26,338 | 10,473,282 | 2009 | 398 | Kigali |
Seychelles | 455 | 87,476 | 2009 | 192 | Victoria |
South Sudan | 619,745 | 8,260,490 | 2008 | 13 | Juba |
Tanzania | 945,087 | 44,929,002 | 2009 | 43 | Dodoma |
Uganda | 236,040 | 32,369,558 | 2009 | 137 | Kampala |
Zambia | 752,614 | 11,862,740 | 2009 | 16 | Lusaka |
Zimbabwe | 390,580 | 11,392,629 | 2009 | 29 | Harare |
Central Africa | |||||
Angola | 1,246,700 | 12,799,293 | 2009 | 10 | Luanda |
Cameroon | 475,440 | 18,879,301 | 2009 | 40 | Yaoundé |
Central African Republic | 622,984 | 4,511,488 | 2009 | 7 | Bangui |
Chad | 1,284,000 | 10,329,208 | 2009 | 8 | N'Djamena |
Republic of the Congo | 342,000 | 4,012,809 | 2009 | 12 | Brazzaville |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2,345,410 | 69,575,000 | 2012 | 30 | Kinshasa |
Equatorial Guinea | 28,051 | 633,441 | 2009 | 23 | Malabo |
Gabon | 267,667 | 1,514,993 | 2009 | 6 | Libreville |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 1,001 | 212,679 | 2009 | 212 | São Tomé |
Southern Africa | |||||
Botswana | 600,370 | 1,990,876 | 2009 | 3 | Gaborone |
Lesotho | 30,355 | 2,130,819 | 2009 | 70 | Maseru |
Namibia | 825,418 | 2,108,665 | 2009 | 3 | Windhoek |
South Africa | 1,219,912 | 51,770,560 | 2011 | 42 | Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pretoria[124] |
Swaziland | 17,363 | 1,123,913 | 2009 | 65 | Mbabane |
Western Africa | |||||
Benin | 112,620 | 8,791,832 | 2009 | 78 | Porto-Novo |
Burkina Faso | 274,200 | 15,746,232 | 2009 | 57 | Ouagadougou |
Cape Verde | 4,033 | 429,474 | 2009 | 107 | Praia |
Gambia | 11,300 | 1,782,893 | 2009 | 158 | Banjul |
Ghana | 239,460 | 23,832,495 | 2009 | 100 | Accra |
Guinea | 245,857 | 10,057,975 | 2009 | 41 | Conakry |
Guinea-Bissau | 36,120 | 1,533,964 | 2009 | 43 | Bissau |
Ivory Coast | 322,460 | 20,617,068 | 2009 | 64 | Abidjan,[125] Yamoussoukro |
Liberia | 111,370 | 3,441,790 | 2009 | 31 | Monrovia |
Mali | 1,240,000 | 12,666,987 | 2009 | 10 | Bamako |
Mauritania | 1,030,700 | 3,129,486 | 2009 | 3 | Nouakchott |
Niger | 1,267,000 | 15,306,252 | 2009 | 12 | Niamey |
Nigeria | 923,768 | 166,629,000 | 2012 | 180 | Abuja |
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) | 420 | 7,728 | 2012 | 13 | Jamestown |
Senegal | 196,190 | 13,711,597 | 2009 | 70 | Dakar |
Sierra Leone | 71,740 | 6,440,053 | 2009 | 90 | Freetown |
Togo | 56,785 | 6,019,877 | 2009 | 106 | Lomé |
Africa Total | 30,368,609 | 1,001,320,281 | 2009 | 33 |
Definitions from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
News stories from Wikinews | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Travel guide from Wikivoyage | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |


text:
Most of the time you don't know what has happened to a caller. Being a Sam isn't about being thanked or knowing you have talked someone down off a ledge, literal or metaphorical. It usually isn't that simple. And it isn't about the volunteer. It's about offering emotional support to people in crisis, and creating a safe, confidential and uncritical space to unpack feelings they may not be able to discuss elsewhere. That said, many of us find it rewarding; at times it's even enjoyable. If even one person decided not to give it a try because of Constance's unhappy but unusual experience 20 years ago, that would be a shame.
Name and address witheld
Good Samaritans
Constance Briscoe evidently had a hard time volunteering as a Samaritan (My worst job, Work, January 26). Being a Samaritan isn't for everyone. You can take the most emotionally demanding call in the world or pick up the phone to a noisy masturbator. But rigorous selection and training ensures that many candidates who would struggle to cope never make it on to the phones, for their own protection as much as for that of the callers. A thorough support system exists for those volunteers who do make it through. Sex calls remain a problem, but volunteers are trained to bring the inappropriate calls to a swift end. Preferably not the end the caller was after.


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No like you fell onto the fence. I don't even know how you got into the fenced in area.
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Monument Inn right next to the lynchburg ferry and the San Jacinto Monument was great.
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- joedontexan Apr 20, 2009 03:19 PM
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Get the all you can eat for $27.95 includes, oysters on the half shell, cold boiled shrimp, fried shrimp, fried oysters, fried catfish, stuffed crab, french fries, and rolls. And for three dollars extra you can add the ribeye steak. Go on a weekend and watch the ships on the channel you will really enoy yourself at this awesome old school place. The Oysters on the half shell were fantastic hey it was all good. This place is a jewel.


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of 82,051 Bands/Musicians
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... more on Wikipedia


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2009 Chevrolet Traverse in San Diego, CA
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2009 Chevrolet Traverse LT2 AWD Review
by Denny |
"good family commuting car"
It's a 6 cyclinder Gas milage is okay not great roomy interior third row bench seat power everything awd 18" wheels bid tires looks good can only tow small loads 5400lbs max climate control for the driver, pass, and rear
Featured Listings
2009 Chevrolet Traverse LT1 4WD Used Cars in San Diego, CA 92108
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Price: $16,997
Mileage: 67,572
Location: San Diego, CA 92108
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35 days
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Transmission: 6-Speed Automatic
Color: Dark Blue Exterior Color
Used 2009 Chevrolet Traverse LT1 4WD for sale
- $16,997, 67,572 miles
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(6 reviews)
"very prompt response, friendly helpful sales people. Unfortunately
we did not quite make a deal but I felt they did their best and
continued to follow up with us. Would go there again."
2010 Chevrolet Traverse LT2 Used Cars in San Diego, CA 92108
Price: Negotiable
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Transmission: 6-Speed Automatic
Used 2010 Chevrolet Traverse LT2 for sale
, 90,913 miles with Navigation System,
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"I called about a car, and the dealer responded right away, but the car
sold that evening."
2009 Chevrolet Traverse LS Used Cars in El Cajon, CA 92020
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Location: El Cajon, CA 92020
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Transmission: 6-Speed Automatic Overdrive
Color: Silver Ice Metallic
Used 2009 Chevrolet Traverse LS for sale
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April 8th, 2008, 03:29 PM
just posing
rikerloopoo April 8th, 2008, 03:29 PM just posing SARAH April 8th, 2008, 03:36 PM Great shots, you did him justice there :thumbs up a really handsome boy! aslan April 8th, 2008, 03:40 PM nothing better than a golden face, how come mine is so floppy looking yours in nice and smooth. loopoo April 8th, 2008, 03:49 PM :laughing: oh he definitely has the squishy jowl face/poses too down pat... the best are when he is lying down, and he crinkles up almost like a sharpei aslan April 8th, 2008, 03:52 PM lol, yup know that look well. Riker is very handsome boy. Amee April 8th, 2008, 05:10 PM What a handsome guy:lovestruck: Frenchy April 8th, 2008, 09:01 PM You don't post enough of him !!! The second pic begs for a kiss on the nose :lovestruck: growler~GateKeeper April 9th, 2008, 01:13 AM Riker :lovestruck: love the first pic awesome w/the sunshine You don't post enough of him !!! The second pic begs for a kiss on the nose :lovestruck: Exactly we need more Riker pics :dog: On the nose & right between the eyes :cloud9: breeze April 9th, 2008, 08:49 AM Riker is a very handsome boy!!:cloud9: diandpat April 9th, 2008, 09:29 AM He is gorgeous...I love the greying muzzle. So distinguished. How old is he? In the second pic is he waiting for a treat???? luckypenny April 9th, 2008, 09:43 AM What a handsome boy :lovestruck: . rainbow April 10th, 2008, 03:48 AM Definitely need more pics of your gorgeous boy. :lovestruck: loopoo April 11th, 2008, 02:18 AM thx again... we think riker is about 4 years old give or take... was a rescue, they think due to stress he is a bit prematurely gray.. so we dont know for sure but most vets think he is younger.. ancientgirl April 11th, 2008, 10:10 AM I love that first picture, with his tongue sticking out. He's a very handsome boy. |


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Central Park, 30842 La Miranda
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13 teams and 33 participants have raised $1,636
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The American Cancer Society Relay For Life is the world's largest and most impactful fundraising event to end cancer. It unites communities across the globe to celebrate people who have battled cancer, remember loved ones lost, and take action to finish the fight once and for all. Today, with the support of thousands of volunteers like you, the American Cancer Society is helping save more than 400 lives a day. And we won't stop until we finish the fight against cancer! Please join us at our KICKOFF PARTY this Thursday (2/26) night at BJs Restaurant in RSM (6pm). We will serve appetizers and drinks while we explain new event information. We look forward to having fun with you.
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Pronunciation: Giovanni Vilati
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Can someone help me because my phone hates me because when I use music junk app in my phone I download songs and after reboot or usbis removed from my phone all my music gets deleted and my photos also. Can someone help me with this I think there is something wrong with my sd card
I use doubletwist you should try and see if that is better the app is free like most others and if you use(d) itunes it can copy the entire playlist and everything very nice.
Apps even badly programmed would have trouble deleting everything. This is something bigger than a MIUI problem. I think your SD card is having some problems, or that this "3rd party" app just sucks :/
It sometimes says that y sd card is unmounted but is already mounted and whenever that happeens all my music getse


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The 4A's acknowledges the passing of former 4A's Chairman Paul C. Harper, Jr., who was the former chairman of Needham Harper Worldwide. Mr. Harper began his career as a copywriter at Chicago-based Needham, Louis & Brorby, Inc. in 1946. He rose through the ranks and in 1960 was named president of the agency.
Following a merger with Doherty, Clifford, Steers and Shenfield in 1965, Mr. Harper became president and CEO of Needham, Harper & Steers, which later became Needham Harper Worldwide, a predecessor of DDB Worldwide. During Mr. Harper's leadership at Needham, the agency's clients included McDonald's Xerox, Honda and Anheuser-Busch. In a poll conducted by U.S. News & World Report, Mr. Harper was named one of the five most influential executives in the advertising community.
Mr. Harper was involved in a wide variety of activities, with a special interest in the arts. He created fellowships at the Vermont Studio Center, where he was a board member, and Lyme Academy of College Arts where he later became chairman. He served as a trustee of the Rhode Island School of Design and was a board member of the Museum of Modern Art, the Brooklyn Museum and The New School.
We invite you to read Advertising Age's tribute to Mr. Harper.
Issue Date12/19/2013
Bulletin #7587
SubjectAbout the AAAA
4A's TransformationMarch 22-25 | Conference Sign up for the annual 4A's leadership and media event of the year, hosted in Austin, TX. This year's theme is creativity + collaboration across agencies, media and marketing. Hollywood film director Robert Rodriguez will deliver a keynote address. > Learn More


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Read more in this section
Our Work
Our Work
Our teams work in over 40 countries worldwide to carry out innovative, lifesaving programmes in nutrition, food security, water, sanitation and hygiene. Find out more about Action Against Hunger's work.
Where we work
Crisis in South Sudan
The world's youngest nation faces the world's worst food crisis. If urgent action is not taken, the humanitarian situation risks turning catastrophic
A year after Typhoon Haiyan, we are still helping families to rebuild their lives, repair water and sanitation networks, issue cash grants and provide psychological support
Iraqi Kurdistan
Hundreds of thousands of people have fled their homes since fighting began in June 2014. We are providing food and water to families in need


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Roofing Contractors:
"Why Is Your Phone Still Not Ringing – Even After Hiring An SEO Expert?"
If you've hired SEO companies in the past and your phone still doesn't ring very much, download this simple and FREE plan for roofing contractor marketing that will fix your online marketing, guaranteed!
Stories involving contractors who hired someone to help them with online marketing are everywhere – and most of their efforts ended in failure…
One contractor recently sent me a note to say: "My website is a bust. I might as well have thrown my money into the toilet. I did not generate a single lead!"
At the same time I have clients telling me that after hiring me, they're in the top 3 spots on Google for important, money-making keywords, their phone rings every day with quality leads and they enjoy a great ROI on the work we do together.
But why? Why are some contractors doing so well while so many are gasping for air? I'm sure if I looked at your site, I could figure it out quickly. Chances are there's a lot about ranking your roofing business website that your SEO expert doesn't know.
But there is hope:
- If you've tried Google AdWords (pay-per-click ads) and quickly decided it doesn't work because after dumping a ton of cash on it – your phone didn't ring…
- If you've seen other contractors getting a ton of business from Google search engines (mostly through SEO), but you found it to be complicated or confusing. Still, you understand that without people finding your business in search engines, your phone isn't going to be ringing very much…
- If you've spent thousands of marketing dollars on a phone book ad, Valpak ads, billboards, bus benches and the occasional newspaper ad – and your phone still didn't ring…
There is good news! There is help for you here.
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It's an easy, 10-minute read that will give you hope and prove to you that it's possible to make your phone ring all day, every day and get your roofing business really growing, so you can accomplish your business growth goals.


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To the Editor As a large number of America-loving Americans will tell you....guns don't kill people, people do. These red, white and blue clad patriots... lovers of truly great documents like our country's Constitution... have an undeniable understanding of the force that has taken the lives of so many of our citizens. And that force is irrefutably people. So naturally, when talking about the forces that actually save lives, one would think this same group of fellow Americans will undoubtedly credit the positive side of humanity... those great human beings that dedicate or risk their lives to battle the evils that endanger the innocent. Sadly, that theory seems to be incorrect.
Local endorsements for candidates in the 2013 Newtown elections.
To the Editor: I want to thank John Kortze for having organized the Open Forum on senior property taxes on October15 and his observation that there was over 300 residents at the meeting. I believe The Bee reporter who wrote that there were about 100 people must not have not taken the time to actually count heads, as I and others did. The League of Senior Voters as a coalition was started by a number of senior residents from different communities out of frustration and after failed attempts with meetings with top town officials.
To the Editor: After moving to Newtown 20 years ago, we were delighted to discover the Friends of Music concerts at Edmond Town Hall. World-class classical music, right here on Main Street, and very affordable. This Sunday afternoon at 3, come enjoy the performance of Trio Con Brio Copenhagen, along with Ettore Causa, who is on the faculty of the Yale School of Music.
To the Editor: I would like to compliment the feature writer, Nancy K. Crevier, for The Newtown Bee. The interview with me, the interview with my friend Dr Thomas Gaskin, and the photographs that were on the front page were excellent. My interview with her was like talking with my best friend. I was able to express myself like I never though I could to tell her the story of the deaths of the four little girls killed in the Birmingham church bombing in 1963. Ms Crevier certainly has the talent for the job that she does so well.
To the Editor: As a Newtown taxpayer, who continues to see his taxes go up, I was dismayed when I learned that my child is not as important to the town as the kids going to the public school. It is my understanding that St Rose, and other private schools in Newtown, will not be given the same security measures due to it being a private school.
To the Editor: President Obama's claims and rhetoric regarding the government's partial shutdown is pure "Deception and Demagoguery" says Peter Morici, an economist and professor at the University of Maryland. The president has accused the House GOP majority of refusing to pay bills that Congress has racked up, and defying the outcome of the 2012 election. "Our $17 trillion national debt funded past spending. And raising the debt ceiling is all about the government spending more than it taxes going forward, thus creating even debt. The US Constitution (The First Law of the land), requires that revenue (tax) bills originate in the "House," not the President's desk. If President Obama wants to spend more than the country can afford, our constitution requires him to negotiate with the House — "That's where the framers put the money," says Professor Morici.
To the Editor: On November 22, 1963, the United States of America was involved in what was known as "The Cold War." The term, first used by George Orwell in a post-World War II essay about the atomic bomb, referred to the relationship between the two emerging "superpowers," the United States and the Soviet Union. With Hitler removed as a common enemy, former allies – then US President Harry Truman and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin – began jockeying for position as a global power.
To the Editor: On behalf of the Sandy Hook Organization for Prosperity (S.H.O.P.), and the Passport Committee, I would like to thank everyone who attended our third annual Passport to Sandy Hook. This year we had the largest crowd ever.
To the Editor: On Monday night approximately 100 police officers from 20 departments around the state had the opportunity to play a game of touch football on the field at MetLife Stadium. It was a wonderful way for our union to say thanks to our fellow officers for all the assistance given to us after 12/14.


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A reader is on the fence about paint vs. stain. Umbra offers a quick primer.
What does a "blue city" look like, anyway? For starters, take a look at Rotterdam and Wellington.
The $8 billion complex would send electricity from Wyoming to the city of Los Angeles, making the Hoover Dam look like a middle school science project.
How Walrus and Carpenter Oysters is building a better food system.
The agribusiness giant signs a pledge to stop contributing to deforestation worldwide -- if they're successful, the reductions in carbon pollution are on par with taking all the cars in the world off the road.
More abundant natural gas is unlikely to cut greenhouse gas emissions much on its own, a new study finds.
The fingerprint of climate change is as visible here as the big letters on an eye chart.
If nothing else, when the climate crisis bubbles into the mainstream, it's a great time to remember how much better-looking our side is.
Recent stories use bicycling as either a proxy for white privilege, or a metaphor for explaining it to other white people. It's not working.


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Breaking Ground: Tech upgrade at Amway Daytona: Concessionaire space expands Upgrades launching Daytona into new era What's trending with concessions? Concessionaires go deep with analytics Breaking Ground: PNC Park hangouts Samsung names Sun Life preview center Levi's Stadium numbers don't lie A's, Daktronics upgrading displays Breaking Ground: Collective solar
Upcoming Conferences and Events
SBJ/May 7-13, 2012/Facilities
With lounge, Players Championship gets hip
Published May 7, 2012, Page 7
One obvious missing element will be the loud, thumping music. "Well, think New York lounge … on a golf course," Rapp said.
Few will ever confuse the sleepy retirement area around Ponte Vedra, Fla., where the tour and its flagship tournament are based, with New York, but Nolet's Silver Lounge is hoping to provide fans at The Players this week with a completely different feel than what they're used to on a golf course. Only ticket holders 21 and older are allowed inside.
The new Nolet's Silver Lounge at The Players Championship |
Since the tournament moved out of its March date, when the weather in north Florida was far less predictable, to the warmer days of May, the PGA Tour has been challenged to keep fans cool in temperatures that often approach or exceed 90.
Rapp's team created seven new fan areas last year, including the 10,000-square-foot, fully enclosed Stadium Village near the 18th green, the first climate-controlled space for spectators carrying regular tickets at The Players. Those types of air-conditioned giant tents are fairly rare on tour for fans without an upgraded pass.
The new Nolet-sponsored space will be the second air-conditioned space on the course that doesn't require a premium ticket. Nolet's lounge will be next to the covered, open-air Oasis at the par-3 17th hole. The concession areas around the 17th are always the busiest during the week, Rapp said.
These new areas are intended to be premium spaces without a premium cost. Any ticket holder of legal drinking age is permitted into Nolet's.
The massive Stadium Village, near the 18th green, opened last year with Jeld-Wen, a tournament "proud"-partner, serving as title sponsor of the space. Jeld-Wen, however, didn't return as the village's title sponsor, or a tournament partner for that matter.
Jeld-Wen reached a mutual agreement with The Players Championship to end its status as a partner of the tournament a year early. The end of The Players Championship deal, however, does not affect Jeld-Wen's position as a corporate partner of the PGA Tour.
But the loss of funding for the Stadium Village left the tournament with a need.
Instead of having one overall sponsor of the space, the tour found multiple sponsors, including Ketel One, Verizon, Charles Schwab, Nature Valley and Toyota to collectively cover the $400,000 price tag for construction of the tent and its operation.
Ketel One's vodka bar will be a centerpiece of the area, along with Verizon's social lounge that will include charging stations for mobile phones and Wi-Fi.
Ketel One vodka and Nolet gin are both produced in the Netherlands by the Nolet Distillery, and both brands are marketing partners with the tour.