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Explore Kongregate & earn 10 kreds Here are your 10 free kreds Explore Kongregate & earn a trophy Here's a shiny trophy for you 15% XComments for Rogue SoulThis game does not have any comments yet. Be the first person to share your thoughts!
Oct. 2, 2012
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I think the fact that there are different enemies, obstacles, and the such in later zones is enough in the upgrade department. The main reason I find upgrades of some sort important is so that the game doesn't get stale. Some visual variation would be welcomed. Love the game, it's super fun!
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They should make upgrades for the Character... He should have like super stars or something like that.. also even though this game is fun, after you get really far and die, you have to start over, and that is annoying. So to fix that you should just make it where you move faster in the rounds you passed and for the ones you didn't keep them regular speed.
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bug: before you jump over the long distance (with sometimes the archer beneath) with the parachute you can collect two parachutes at the tower where you jump off. But occcasionally, only one additional parachute is added to the inventory. Esp. when I collect them fast.
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Before complaining you wanted to skip earlier zones think about this:
1. The daggers and double jumps from zone 1 are ESSENTIAL for a good score.
2. The record is about zone 30 currently, if passed zones coul be skipped, that wouldn't be worth anything anymore.
3. You NEED the score from earlier zones, don't believe me? You can Actually get up to about 8000Soulons until ZONE 3, so starting at Z4 effectively costs you 8K soulons and ALL the daggers, parachuches and doublejumps, you would've found.
Dec. 20, 2012
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Hello every one. I'm completed hooked by rogue soul! Great game. I have a 100% loot, done everything I can, according to the prices I'm a legend, but when I look at other players on youtube the i see that they're able to change their suits. I want to do that as well! but no matter how hard I'm looking for it within all the menus, I can't find it! Do i need to get to a certain zone before that unlocks or are the players I'm looking at on youtube all cheaters or otherwise players of hacked games? I'm hoping somebody has got an answer. I spend hours of playing on the last percent of my loots, achieving a platinum medal for Daggers master, and now i want to change my suit! Thank you for your help! :) PS.: Fantastic game, developer, amazing job!
Oct. 26, 2012
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In an age where the formula for most casual games is "grind, upgrade, repeat", you've crafted a game that's fun every time it's played. Fantastic mechanics, balancing, and design. Listen to the comments calling for improvements, or don't - just do what you think should be done, and I've no doubt you'll keep impressing in the future!
Oct. 19, 2012
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I hate upgrades and am glad this game doesn't have them. Upgrades turn a skill game into a grinding game, I like my progress to be from my personal skill increasing. I would like to be able to choose the level I start on since the beginning is quite slow once your better at the game. The challenges are great btw, love the deadly path. Please DON'T add upgrades to the sequel.
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In a future update, could you maybe include classes that change the way the game is played (but not the difficulty)? Examples:
Warrior- better suited for combat and can wear two layers of armor, but collects fewer double jumps and can't throw daggers
Thief- Very agile, collects more double jumps and gets more soulons from stealing stuff, but can't wear armor and must slide tackle enemies or attack from above/below
Assassin- Collects twice as many daggers and can move backwards quickly. However, he cannot slide tackle enemies or confront them head-on (but walking into them backwards is fine.)
Rogue- stays the same
Thanks for reading such a long post. I know that this would be very hard to balance and maintain the same level of difficulty throughout, but if you pull it off that would be pretty cool.
Oct. 2, 2012
Oct. 28, 2012
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I think this game is a bit underrated...
The developer took extreme attention to details: The scenario art is impressive, and some scenario interactions (such as birds flying away) really add up to the the game sensations. Also, things such as the appearence of armors and Soulies conditioned to their usefulness give the gameplay a clean aspect, and demonstrate great attention to detail from the dev! Besides, I felt the missions bring extra objectives that help endure the back-to-start sequences. Of course there are always things to improve (maybe some gameplay interfering rewards for missions to compensate partial effords while you advance towards the final objective, for example), but what game doesn't? All and all, I felt this was a game created with greate care and attention to details, and I was really impressed with the results!
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A good Golf Course with 18 Greens. A '19th Hole' in close vicinity! Practice range facility available. The course is closed on Mondays.
FACILITY EXISTS FOR DEPOSITING CASH/CHEQUE IN US CLUB ACCOUNT OF MEMBERS THROUGH ICICI BANK BRANCH IN INDIA. MEMBERS MAY DOWNLOAD 'PAY IN SLIP' FORM. CLICK HERE FOR DOWNLOAD. OLD CARDS ARE NO MORE VALID IN THE CLUB. MEMBERS NOT IN POSSESSION OF NEW CARDS TO APPROACH CARD SECTION IN MAIN CLUB FOR NECESSARY ACTION. PLEASE AVOID EMBRACEMENT TO ALL CONCERNED DURING CLUB VISITS. Members may view personal information regarding billing, correspondence etc after login. To login , enter user name (eg: A-2222 AF, B-3333 AFP, C-3333 CIVILIAN, SOC-4444). The default password is 123. Members are requested to change their password after first login. To receive Emails and SMS alerts all members are requested to Log In and using the 'Update Profile' option send us your latest contact details. Please see Newsletter for February 2015 Reiterating Some Ground Rules Members are informed that the club emphatically prohibits the presence of personal security / bodyguards, ayahs and attendants anywhere in the club premises. Signing them in as 'guests' is strictly not permitted. Drivers are permitted only till the parking area. Dog attendants, inpossession of a valid security pass are permitted, only in the area earmarked for exercising dogs. Feeding of strays within the club premises is strictly prohibited. They can be fed at the 'dog feeding point' near the Golf workshop. Music and use of PA equipment, when permitted, for all private parties in the club is to stop at 10 pm sharp. Members who have booked parties earlier may kindly note this. The volume is not to exceed 80db as it disturbs other members as also residents staying in the proximity of the club. Golfers play till 6.30 p.m. on all days except Tuesdays. Walkers are cautioned not to enter and walk on the fairways before 6.30 pm as it is dangerous. When you are driving in the Annexe please stop and check if a golfer is teeing off before you proceed. This is in your own interest. Members are requested to strictly adhere to this rule. Violation of above rules on the first occasion will invite a warning letter from the Secretary. On the next occasion, membership will be suspended for six months. All Club Facilities For Weekly Off Will Be Closed On Days Mentioned Against Each:- Main Club : Monday Golf And Annexe : Tuesday Any Armed Force Member Who on Retirement Does Not Convert His Membership Category From Service To Retired (AF To AFP) Within 90 Days of Receipt of P.P.O. Will Be Charged Interest of 2 ½ Percent Per Month on The Balance Amount. Thereafter Till Date of Application. FOLLOWING CLASSES ARE CONDUCTED BY WELL RENOWNED TRAINERS IN CLUB. AEROBIC - MRS JESICA RANA MOBILE NO. 09869660472. YOGA - MRS MANISHA SONI MOBILE NO. 07506076165. MUSIC - MR. LAWRANCE MOBILE NO. 09821464246

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Pronunciation: אַרְבָּעָה
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Someone, for the love of every video game ever made into a movie, PLEASE stop Uwe Boll. We mean physically stop the guy. Find out where he's shooting, go out there, and take the camera away from him. Be sure to destroy any writing utensils or anything he might use to draw with as well.
Why? Because he's recently announced that he's making BloodRayne 2. That's right, a sequel to what people have been calling one of the worst films of the past few years. Don't forget, Star Wars III: Revenge of the Sith came out in the last few years and so did Aeon Flux, Elektra, Son of the Mask, and The Pacifier.
The movie, like the first one, will no doubt have nothing to do with the game, but will have everything to do with sucking. That's despite the presence of Kristanna Loken, who really needs to take Uwe's number out of her cell phone.
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Demonstrates scheduling and expected output for good prototyping, from wireframing to storyboarding to creating multi-page mockups for design feedback.
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Greenlit! Also 1.1 Minor Update!
Feb 6, 2015 Siege of Turtle Enclave News 0 commentsAs you may have noticed, Siege of Turtle Enclave has been Greenlit for distribution on Steam!
For us folks who like to stay Free and use the Blender 3d program over every other costly options!
As you may have noticed, Siege of Turtle Enclave has been Greenlit for distribution on Steam!
A milestone for the project was achieved, now all which remains is the real gameplay development.
I'm trying to get the first alpha demo of Hoverbike Joust done by Saturday, January 3. But there's still a lot to do in just two weeks.
Results of the latest questionnaire, miniature tests, the game chosen music artist and a title change.
Action shoot'em up, featuring dwarves in space! And bees with unicorn heads that breathe deadly rainbows!
i am thinking about making a indie first person shooter with the blender game engine if you are interested you can PM me
if you head to the news you can find a developing back story
i need talented people please PM me
the biggest media spam in about 25 minutes i have ever seen.. oh well gonna check them all
is there a ALO. and ALA. file import export application for blender 2.5 beta
blender 2.55 out, gee would you look at the speed of them fixing bugs and implementing stuff? 2.6 is coming up fast :D
check out the downloads
MinecraftBlenderRig linked to here, thanks for me...
Guys i will realy appreciate it i have a game called JTF its from sierra an RTS game and i have blender and im not a moddeler so if i wanted models to create units what has to be done i would really be thankfull for any help:)
Am I the only one that DOESN'T like 2.5's interface? It took away the workflow I loved from Blender, all just to please a mimicing UI for industry pros that complain about the unique UI it once had. :(
And don't say 2.5 can be styled to have the UI of earlier versions - you really can't. Opening old .blend files with 2.5 will just give you screwed up panels.
Fork this man.
its because we've been using 2.4 for so long
they should have done more of a transition into the new ui nearing the end of 2.4
but now that they just jumped in its glitchy and unfamiliar :(
Promote Blenderheads on your homepage or blog by selecting a button and using the embed code provided (more).


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1st place: ScoodleDaddle and Buckshot
Runner up: Coldblood-6 and FourPower
Special mention for Mind and Chediablo's story, which we actually thought was the coolest story of the bunch. It was a hard choice this time. We're also looking into an extra "thanks for playing" prize for all six of you cuz I thought everyone did a cool job.
Thanks to all the contestants. This was an interesting experiment for a contest. I think next one I'll make a little easier to understand, lol, as I think quite a few people got confused by the rules. Look for something like and breezy in the coming month.
Winners. Please PM me your real name, email and contact info and we'll get those Amazon gift certificates out to you.
Scoodle and Buckshot, please give LAMP and I an idea about what you'd like to see us add to the site. You're welcome to ask for ideas on the boards, but remember, it still has to be something that we can build over a weekend, so don't go to crazy on us :)


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- Product Information
Product Description
Be a sleek ninja assassin on Halloween with our G.I. Joe Retaliation Storm Shadow Light Up Deluxe Muscle Chest Child's Costume. Our polyester and polyurethane foam children's costume comes with the jumpsuit and hood. It does not include the socks or sword. This is an officially licensed G.I. Joe product. - Questions & Answers
- Reviews
Heat up Your Winter with a Luau Party!
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Title 115 $
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Title 325 $
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Title 430 $
Description 4
NEW PRICING TABLE MODULE v2 - VIEW DEMO
RESPONSIVE PRICING TABLE MODULE v2 - VIEW DEMO
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I spent a lot of time reading reviews to find a beautiful hotel(that was affordable but still special) for our annual weekend away from the three little monkeys at home! To be honest, I went with norton house and spa because it seemed nice enough and I booked through secret escapes for a great price! I am so glad I did!! And I will choose it again!! The hotel has easy access to Edinburgh, but you still feel remote and away from the hustle and bustle of the city! We were charmed by the staff and the beautiful foyer. My husband was cheeky and asked for an upgraded room and we were offered the kingdom suit for a very reasonable price. The room was a fabulous size, with a huge roll top bath and a tv...along with a good size shower! We had a large wrap around porch with beautiful views! I did get a look at one of the classic rooms, which we originally booked, and it was very nice aswell and not too small. The room and hotel are very nicely decorated, however, the furniture and walls have seen better days...nothing I would complain about but you won't feel like everything is brand new. Again, the staff is so lovely and accommodating. We were given a late check out aswell since we arrived late Friday night and there was no one in our room for Sunday night. The food was delicious! I loved the goats cheese mouse salad!! And the breakfast that was included was perfect...I have never had a better hot chocolate! The pool and spa were a wonderful treat, too. A bit busy Sunday, but we really enjoyed it Saturday night after a long day out in Edinburgh and before dinner!! We would like to go back and bring the kids with us next time!!!
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I like to hang out with friends and meet new people I'm very social
I like the way of life I live I'm very care free and caring at the
same time
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23 • Tulsa, OK • Man
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- Drugs
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- Christianity, but not too serious about it
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- Cancer, but it doesn't matter
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- Graduated from two-year college
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- Military
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- $30,000–$40,000
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- Has dogs and dislikes cats
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I like Alex cross books my favorite movie is avengers I love that
song "snap back and tattoos"
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Think outside the box. Sometimes the little things can say a lot.
My phone, swimming, girls, sex, music, and chicken and dumping
I spend a lot of time thinking about
Global warming, lunch, or your next vacation… it's all fair game.
Everything I over think everything I do
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Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
Either I'm chilling with my boys catching a movie or out on a date
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Is that I'm scared of heights and needles
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Your single a girl and like to have fun


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MTS Allstream
MTS Allstream Reviews
MTS Allstream 69-
"Its been a mixed bag. The Telecom industry is very competitive so the focus becomes too short term. "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at MTS Allstream full-time (more than 10 years)
ProsThe teleworking option is great.
There are a lot of very great people here wiling to go the extra mile to deliver customized solutions for clients. It can be very exciting to deliver such unique products.ConsTeleworking has sometimes been used as a lever for performance management, this approach seems to come more from paranoia than reality.
Advice to ManagementAdviceFocus on the long term. I think they have started on that path recently but we have changed direction often in the past so hopefully we stick to this.
There is still a sense of privilege with the level of management. Make sure you empower the right people to make customer affecting decisions otherwise you are just like the big Telcos.RecommendsPositive OutlookApproves of CEO -
MTS Allstream Interviews
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
- Application Details
I applied through other source. The process took 4+ weeks – interviewed at MTS Allstream.
Interview DetailsInterviewer was under the impression I was applying for Customer Service rep. Wrong! His colleague made a mistake. Adapted the interview for Technical Support Rep role. Interviewer was willing to share his personal experience with the company, describe opportunities for advancement and development, open door policy, etc. Very nice and welcoming, not a standard job interview pattern.
Accepted OfferPositive ExperienceEasy Interview
MTS Allstream Awards & Accolades
Additional Info
Unlock ProfileMTS Allstream goes with the flow of communications. The company is the leading telecom carrier in the province of Manitoba and among the top providers in the country, serving about 2 million residential and business accounts across Canada. It provides enterprise telecom services businesses and government agencies nationwide under the Allstream brand, while providing consumer services, including wireline and wireless voice, Internet access, and digital TV in Manitoba through its MTS segment. Top commercial clients have included Carlson Wagonlit and Best Western, as well as... More


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Dynamic Hymn Introductions for Organ
Jason Payne
- Lorenz Corporation
These twenty major hymn tunes receive energizing introductions that are designed to uplift congregations in singing with renewed spirit and vigor. The first role of any church organist is to serve as an effective worship leader, and these gems of inspiration are guaranteed to heighten that corporate experience. Contents: CORONATION; DIADEMATA; ELLECOMB; FOREST GREEN; OLD HUNDRETH; ST. DENIO and more!
Full Song List


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Booking.com Affiliates : this plugin allows you to add a booking.com searchbox on your wordpress site in 2 clicks.
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Archive - Sep 21, 2013Teen shot and killed riding moped on Forest Hills DriveSubmitted by WWAY on Sat, 09/21/2013 - 10:59pm.READ MORE:
A Wilmington teenager is dead after police say he was shot and killed during a drive-by shooting in Forest Hills late this afternoon.
Full story... » Disney Channel seeks talent in WilmingtonSubmitted by Christina Anthony on Sat, 09/21/2013 - 7:27pm.READ MORE:
The Disney Channel is looking for new, fresh faces right here in Wilmington this weekend.
Full story... » Volunteers 'sweep' Wrightsville BeachSubmitted by Christina Anthony on Sat, 09/21/2013 - 6:44pm.READ MORE:
As the busy beach season comes to an end and tourists return home, locals recruit forces for some fall cleaning.
Full story... » Humorous speaking contest is no laughing matterSubmitted by Christina Anthony on Sat, 09/21/2013 - 5:24pm.READ MORE:
The competition was cooking this weekend at Wilmington Toastmasters' Humorous Speaking and Evaluation contest, and Toastmasters say perfecting speaking skills is no laughing matter.
Full story... » |


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Rated : 4.20 based on 5 votes.
Keyhacks: Press [1] - for Toggle Ammo [2] - To Win
Shoot the Daltons 2 is a fun shooting physics game where you have to Shoot all the Dalton cowboys using as few of your bouncing bullets as possible.
If you have any problems viewing this game please fill out the details below. Before reporting a broken link / game please make sure of the following:
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Plazma Burst: Forward to the past
Plays: 980720


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FDA: 2 More NECC Drugs Contaminated »
"Nov. 1, 2012 -- Two more drugs made by the New England Compounding Center (NECC) are crawling with various kinds of bacteria, FDA tests reveal.
The NECC is the Massachusetts compounding pharmacy whose drugs are the likely source of th"...
Clinical Symptoms
Acute overdosage of methadone is manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, maximally constricted pupils, skeletal-muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, and sometimes, bradycardia and hypotension. In severe overdosage, particularly by the intravenous route, apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and death may occur.
Treatment of Overdose
In case of overdose, priorities are the re-establishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen, vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life support techniques.
The opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to methadone overdose. Such agents should be administered cautiously to patients who are known, or suspected to be, physically dependent on Methadose. In such cases, an abrupt or complete reversal of opioid effects may precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome.
Because the duration of reversal would be expected to be less than the duration of action of methadone in Methadose, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. If the response to opioid antagonists is suboptimal or not sustained, additional antagonist should be given as directed in the product's prescribing information.
In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of an opioid receptor antagonist may precipitate an acute withdrawal. The severity of the withdrawal produced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.
Methadose is contraindicated in patients with:
- Significant respiratory depression
- Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment
- Known or suspected paralytic ileus
- Hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis) to methadone [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]
Last reviewed on RxList: 7/26/2012
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Methadose FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Methadose Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Chronic Pain/Back Pain
Find tips and advances in treatment.


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Stockland industrial sale stirs interest
PUBLISHED: 23 Aug 2012 00:09:27 | UPDATED: 23 Aug 2012 10:03:13PUBLISHED: 23 Aug 2012 PRINT EDITION: 23 Aug 2012Stockland has invited real estate agents to pitch for the marketing campaign of part or all of its $800 million industrial portfolio, even as the developer is in the throes of selecting a new managing director.
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Companies | Stockland, Goodman Group, GPT Group, Dexus Property Group |
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Topics | Property - Commercial /Commercial Property , Property - Commercial /Property Trusts |


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Watch back the highlights of the Blues' trip to the Emirates from midnight UK.
Stones, Besic and Barkley recalled by Martinez.
Up-to-the-minute updates from the Club's official social channels.
Everything you need to know about securing your seat for 2015/16.
Get your hands on the 2014/15 strip.
Take advantage of reductions on Everton bedroom merchandise.
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Catch up with the very latest press briefing from the boss.
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Details on our forthcoming coaching camps for youngsters.
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Learn all you need to know about the men who have sat in the managerial hotseat.
Learn more about the charity that supports former Blues.
Information, meeting notes and contact details of supporter group.
Find the nearest Supporters' Club to you on our interactive map.
Everton's array of partners deliver a plethora of offers and benefits for our fans.
Stoke City (A) Wed 4 Mar 2015, 19:45, Barclays Premier League
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by Adam Clark @efc_adamclark 30 November 2012 11:19
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David Moyes is hoping history can repeat itself when Everton travel to Premier League champions Manchester City on Saturday. Under Moyes, Everton have won 11 of 20 meetings with the Citizens, including eight of the last 10 - and four of the last five at Eastlands. However, Roberto Mancini's side haven't lost at home since suffering a 2-1 reverse against the Toffees in December 2010 – a run of 36 games. And, speaking exclusively to evertontv, the Blue boss said: "They're up at the top of the league just behind Manchester United. I think by their standards, they've maybe not played as well as they can but I think their points total has been very good. "I think we've had some good performances [against City]. I don't know if they're up there with the best in my time here but I think we've done quite well when we've played them and we'll try to do that again." Meanwhile, Moyes was delighted to welcome back midfielder Darron Gibson, admitting Everton missed the former Manchester United star. Gibson sat out almost three months with a troublesome thigh problem before making his first-team comeback in Wednesday's 1-1 draw with Arsenal. And while the 25-year-old has only been at the Club since January, Moyes believes he has already emerged as an integral cog in the side. "We were pleased to have him back," he said. "We've been short of numbers and we've missed him. He did fine [against Arsenal]. We just hope he's fine with his injury and he's recovered well enough." Right-back Tony Hibbert was another to return against the Gunners, but Kevin Mirallas, Victor Anichebe (both hamstring), Seamus Coleman and Phil Neville (knee) were all absentees. And with just 72 hours between games, Moyes admits his primary concern is getting players ready for the challenge ahead. "We're just really getting the players through recovery as quick as we can," he said. "They put in a big effort against Arsenal and we know we have to put in another big effort on Saturday." Free LIVE commentary of Saturday's game will be available on evertontv. Log in from 2.55pm to hear all the action from the Etihad with Alan Irwin and Blues legend Graeme Sharp.
Join Darren and Graham for an unashamedly bias view of Everton's clash with Arsenal.
Gibson on his overcoming his injury and Martinez discusses Arsenal.
BAINES: Meanwhile, Martinez gives update on defender Leighton Baines evertonfc.com/news/2015/03/0…
ROBERTO'S REACTION: Boss frustrated Blues didn't leave the Emirates with anything after positive second half evertonfc.com/news/2015/03/0…
Martinez: "Leighton got a knock on his left quad on Friday. We don't yet know if he will be okay for Wednesday." #ARSvEFC
Martinez: "We have 11 games to try and get as many points as we can and the best position possible in the table." #ARSvEFC


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Currently serving more than 20,000 customers in the western part of Wilson County, Tennesseesince 1959.
Our offices are located at: West Wilson Utility District 10960 Lebanon Road Mt. Juliet, TN 37122 Tel: 615-758-5682 Fax: 615-758-4957 After hours Emergency: 615-758-2840 Our mailing address is: West Wilson Utility District P.O. Box 97 Mt. Juliet, TN 37121
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Season 3 (Revision 4251)
Game of Thrones was renewed for Season 3 on April 10th, 2012. (Source: IGN). The first episode of Season 3 will air on March 31, 2013.
The producers have indicated that Season 3 will again likely consist of 10 episodes and that the events of the third book in the Song of Ice and Fire series, A Storm of Swords, will be split between Season 3 and 4.
Producer David Benioff confirmed that beyond the current cast, the following characters will appear in Season 3:
- Mance Rayder
- Daario Naharis
- Jojen Reed
- Meera Reed
- Edmure Tully
- Brynden Tully (The Blackfish)
- Selyse Baratheon
- Shireen Baratheon
- Olenna Redwyne
- Beric Dondarrion
- Thoros of Myr
- Tormund Giantsbane
Other characters cast/known to appear so far:
Game of Thrones Season 3: First Look
First production video teasing new filming locations, costumes, and characters (Source: HBO)
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Go to Admin » Appearance » Widgets » and move Gabfire Widget: Social into that MastheadOverlay zone
House Speaker Dennis Hastert met Tuesday with an evangelist who hoped to persuade the Illinois Republican to step down because of the congressional page sex scandal.
Hastert had no comment after the meeting at his home in Plano, Illinois, with Christian evangelist K.A. Paul, founder of the Global Peace Initiative who is best known as a spiritual adviser to Charles Taylor, the former Liberian president in jail awaiting trial before a war crimes tribunal.
Paul told The Associated Press he met alone with Hastert for about 30 minutes and prayed with him. He said he told Hastert that he should resign.
"You need to for the sake of the country and for the sake of your future," Paul said he told Hastert. "You pray within your heart and you do it."
Hastert has resisted calls for his resignation over his handling of the situation involving former Rep. Mark Foley of Florida, who stepped down after he was confronted with sexually explicit electronic messages he sent to teenage male pages. Foley is under investigation by federal and Florida authorities.
Hastert has insisted he was not aware of the charges until more recently but has accepted responsibility for the matter.
Paul said the scandal is distracting the country from other issues. He said, "We don't want the Foley scandal when we have 100 more important things to do."
Paul's Global Peace Initiative is a nonprofit group that focuses on causes aimed at peace and humanitarian aid.
Dan Busby, an executive of an accrediting group that found problems with one of Paul's charities, said the meeting was "more shocking than surprising."
In 2005, the more than 1,200-member Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability terminated the membership of Paul's Gospel to the Unreached Millions for failing to meet financial accountability and governance standards.
Hastert spokesman Brad Hahn would not comment on how or why the meeting with Paul was arranged. Hahn said, "The speaker had a cordial discussion (with Paul), but disagrees with his point of view."
Paul said he believes Hastert met with him because of Paul's connections with prominent Republicans and donors to the evangelical movement.
Paul's name is unknown to most people in the American evangelical community, said Billy Graham biographer William Martin of Rice University in Houston.
"As an evangelistic figure in the United States, (Paul) has virtually no visibility," Martin said.
Associated Press writer Carla K. Johnson in Chicago contributed to this report.
© 2006 The Associated Press
This is somewhat tangiential to the article, but I had to quote this:
"Christian evangelist K.A. Paul, founder of the Global Peace Initiative who is best known as a spiritual adviser to Charles Taylor, the former Liberian president in jail awaiting trial before a war crimes tribunal."
Y'know, with that as a record, I'd say that as a spiritual advisor, he's not doing real well.
Although I'm sure the Bush administration could find a job for him.
Possibly more revealing would be what relation this " Global Peace Initiative " has in relation to the Bush Administration. I would bet that it is some kind of Political Cover and has no relation to anything even remotely Religious. It appears that Bush has already found some use for K.A. Paul that we are not aware of. Things are never as they are presented by this Administration. Never !


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Mumbai: A local court today remanded Javed
Rehman Shaikh (19), arrested in connection with the rape and
murder of an eight-year-old girl in suburban Kurla, to
judicial custody till July 28.
Javed, working with a local cable operator, was arrested
from his residence in Kurla on July 1 when the court sent him
to police custody for 14 days.
The Nehru Nagar police, investigating the case, today
sought further custody of Javed.
The Vikhroli metropolitan magistrate, however, observed
that there are no reasonable grounds to grant further custody
and remanded Javed to judicial custody.
Javed has been accused of raping and murdering a minor
girl, whose body was recovered in an abandoned room of a
dilapidated building in Vatsalatai Nagar slums of Kurla on
June 19.
Earlier on February 9, the body of a five-year-old girl
was found in a drain in Nehru Nagar. One March 7, a
nine-year-old girl`s body was recovered from the terrace of a
building in Nehru Nagar police quarters. Both the girls were
raped and murdered.
The culprit involved in these two cases are yet to be


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- 299Promote
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Beijing Railway Station Hotels
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Location: Beijing Railway Station(957M), WangFujing Shopping Street, Tiananmen Square


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Long the province of generic frank and falafel vendors, food trucks and sidewalk carts are being adopted by a new generation of chefs energized by the culinary revolution but daunted by the high cost of real estate. A handful of these young entrepreneurs have spruced up workaday vehicles, often with the help of professional design firms, bringing bright colors and punchy graphics to city streets. Here are nine of the most eye-catching mobile food vendors in the country; check out their websites to discover where to find them. And tell us your favorite fashionable food truck.
Design—and Dining—On the Go
Amazing food trucks bring tempting meals and high style to streets all across America
10 Buy-It-for-Yourself Wedding Registry Items for the Unapologetically Single
If marriage isn't on your agenda, there's only one thing to do: Treat yo' self.
DIY Sneak Peek: Brit Morin's Gadget-Charging Nightstand
Charge your phone overnight without any cords with this genius DIY from Brit Morin's upcoming book, Homemakers.
DIY Sneak Peek: Brit Morin's Jersey-Knit Macramé Hanging Planters
In a sneak peek from Brit Morin's upcoming book Homemakers, she shows us how to make these simple macramé planters.
Brit Morin Talks DIY, Tech, and Following Your Passions
Brit Morin discusses her new book, her inspirations, and the future of DIY.
More From Life + Culture


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Pronunciation: /ˈpɑːlak/
Definition of palak in English:
Indian Spinach: lamb palak
More example sentences
- Well known ones are the masala puri stuffed with potato and spices, palak puri made with spinach, kadak puri made with atta, gram flour and seasonings and the snack, bhel puri.
- In India spinach or palak has always been a favourite.
- The menu covers a range of tasty dishes including chicken palak palay with fresh spinach leaves.
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Find out more about the evolving cyber risks and the devastating impact; and what it means for your tech company.
3:45 pm - ACE Speaker Series with Airbnb's Nathan BlecharczykDon't miss this chance to find out how Nathan recognized his first entrepreneurship opportunity and what it takes to uphold Airbnb at the forefront of the industry.
Coders, which include software developers and designers, have become the worlds new artisans
TechnoConf Singapore is a premier event for IT professionals and enterprise developers.
How to design apps for non-designers but remember, remember the mistakes of Myspace :)
A summit geared towards increasing visibility, community and resources for women in technology. Events will feature panel discussions with female technology leaders, technical workshops, networking opportunities and more.
Mar 28th - Battlehack SingaporeBattleHacks are full of 24+ hours of awesome stuff.
May 6th - Tech in Asia Singapore 2015Tech in Asia's signature event featuring a night crawl, investor dating and a main stage interviews with Asia's most successful entrepreneurs and investors.


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Darren Urban and Kyle Odegard continue to look at free agents by position. Today's focus is the wide receiver position.
NFL Media Insider Ian Rapoport breaks down the Arizona Cardinals decision to cut defensive tackle Darnell Dockett, and whether he could quickly be brought back for less money in 2015.
Darren Urban and Kyle Odegard discuss the running back position going into free agency.
UCLA quarterback Brett Hundley talks about his experience at the NFL Scouting Combine, the difference between the combine and his pro day and his desire to play for the Arizona Cardinals.
The two llamas that got loose in Arizona Thursday took social media by storm and even managed to catch the eye of at least one NFL team.
Darren Urban and Kyle Odegard break down the quarterback position for the Cardinals and look at the free agent class.
NFL Media's Bucky Brooks joins Colleen Wolfe to give out grades to the NFC West rookies for their performances in the 2014 season.
General Manager Steve Keim and Head Coach Bruce Arians discuss their contract extensions with the Cardinals through 2018.
The future stars of the NFL audition for teams in this Remix of Combine week action.
NFL Media's Daniel Jeremiah and Charles Davis discuss what prospects rose up the draft board after the 2015 NFL Scouting Combine.
Check out which prospects at the 2015 NFL Scouting Combine improved their draft stock with stellar performances.
Lisa Blanco chats with award-winning Indianapolis sportswriter, Mike Chappell, to discuss the career and legacy of Bruce Arians.
CBS NFL Insider, Jason La Canfora comments on GM Steve Keim and Bruce Arians at the 2015 NFL Combine.
Watch the best highlights from Larry Fitzgerald's illustrious career with the Arizona Cardinals.
Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson is intercepted in the end zone by New England Patriots cornerback Malcolm Butler.
Seahawks receiver Jermaine Kearse makes insane catch late in the 4th quarter.
Arizona Cardinals cornerbacks Antonio Cromartie and Patrick Peterson drop an easy interception from Atlanta Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan in the Pro Bowl


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#887 to #879
cscamper **User deleted account** (04/08/2012) [-]
actually it also depends on your spoon, it is a real wood or synthetic. And second (based on own experience) it can't hold for a long time, It seems that the wood spoon absorb the 'bubbles'. And when the spoon get too wet, it won't work anymore. Does this help?


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Esse Enterprises ESF202HCE TheraPure 2-Person Sauna with Ceramic Heater
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TheraPure 2-Person Sauna with Ceramic Heater
The affordable, convenient way to improve your health, relieve stress, and relax in your own home.
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TWOdW Billion View Campaign update with comedian Tim Washer
Freelance humorist and former IBMer, Tim Washer , joins developerWorks
podcast host Scott Laningham for some light-hearted fun reporting on the
progress of This Week on developerWorks' Billion Viewer Campaign.
MP3 Download (9:27) | Transcript...
from Blog: Scott Laningham
Podcast: Cisco's Tim Washer on business humor
I met Tim Washer when he was a podcaster and corporate communications guy at IBM where he produced the now legendary spoof video series, Mainframe: The Art of the Sale . Now a social media guy at Cisco, Tim's comedy moonlighting has included appearances on The...
from Blog: Scott Laningham


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Alexandre Lemaire
Game Credits
Art/Graphics | ||||
The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night (2007) | (2D Artists) | |||
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Call us on 2516 7944
Gift Finder
Combining two of the most successful promotional gifts around. Stylish high quality promotional pens encasing USB memory sticks.
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united states steel corp
(X:New York Consolidated)
Executive Profile*
Graham B. SpanierFormer Independent Director, Member of Audit Committee and Member of Corporate Governance & Public Policy Committee, United States Steel Corp. |
Age | Total Calculated Compensation | This person is connected to 0 board members in 0 different organizations across 3 different industries. |
65 | -- |
Mr. Graham B. Spanier has been President of Pennsylvania State University - University Park since 1995. Dr. Spanier served as Chancellor at University of Nebraska-Lincoln from 1991 to 1995 and Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs at Oregon State University from 1986 to 1991. He served as Vice Provost for Undergraduate Studies at the State University of New York-Stony Brook. Dr. Spanier serves as Director of Citizens Bank - Pennsylvania, a subsidiary of RBS ...
Corporate Headquarters*600 Grant Street Phone: 412-433-1121Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 United States Fax: -- Board Members Memberships*Director Former Director 2008-2011 Former Independent Director, Member of Audit Committee and Member of Corporate Governance & Public Policy Committee 2010-2012 Former Director
Education*PhD Northwestern University MS Iowa State University BS Iowa State University
Other Affiliations* |
Annual Compensation*There is no Annual Compensation data available.Stock Options*There is no Stock Options data available.Total Compensation*There is no Total Compensation data available. |
Recently Viewed | |||
Name | Position/ Company | Compensation |
Gregory H. Boyce | Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Executive Committee Peabody Energy Corp. | $1.2M |
Mark D. Millett | Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer, President and Executive Director Steel Dynamics Inc. | $930.0K |
David H. Hannah | Executive Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. | $1.0M |
Philippe Crouzet | Chairman of Management Board and Chief Executive Officer Vallourec SA | €1.3M |
Neville Power BE (Mech) MBA FIEAust FIMMAust, CP Eng | Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director Fortescue Metals Group Limited | A$1.8M | Compensation as of Fiscal Year 2013. |
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To contact UNITED STATES STEEL CORP, please visit . Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.
Our data partners will research the update request and update the information on this page if necessary. Research and follow-up could take several weeks. If you have questions, you can contact them at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the return shipping when you choose our FREE Pre-Paid Return Shipping Label. Learn more about our return policy.
Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
Mitchell Plastics is in high demand and additionally have been made to resist the rigors of skilled professional use; such as in a research laboratory, clinical setting, or educational locations. We really are proud to provide Mitchell Plastics line of products including Mitchell Plastics Storage racks or shelves, Mitchell Plastics Labware, Mitchell Plastics Pipets & Liquid Handling. Mitchell Plastics products tend to be not simply applied to technological environments but they are in addition used in various sectors. Mitchell Plastics products have been manufactured to improve efficiency within laboratories while lowering the long run research operating cost. Mitchell Plastics has been doing business providing high quality goods for a long time and has devoted their resources to designing and manufacturing products with top quality. We at Labplanet are right here to help support your usage of Mitchell Plastics Storage racks or shelves as well as reply to your science lab product concerns. We have knowledgeable products specialists who show the passion and know-how about Mitchell Plastics. Our experts currently have decades of laboratory expertise along with years of experience in the research supply sector. Remember to not be reluctant to contact us along with your questions related to Mitchell Plastics or any one of our other research laboratory products.


text:
eMac converted to self-tweeting cat bed
What do you do with an obsolete computer the size of a huge, plastic canned ham? Let your cat use it to tweet her naps, of course.
The eMac was a behemoth of a computer, released by Apple in 2002. Originally meant for the education market, Apple eventually made them available to all consumers. It looked like the runner up in a "Re-design the iMac" contest and was very heavy.
Now discontinued, it makes a sweet cat bed.
The "eSleeper" by Samuel Cox is an eMac shell that's been tricked out with lights and cozy blankies. But that's not all. An infrared beam is monitored by an ethernet-connected Arduino. When the cat breaks the beam to enter the eSleeper, its lights come on, the startup chime sounds and the cat's entry time is recorded. When it breaks the beam again to leave, the lights switch off and a random phrase is tweeted to @eSleeper1.
I imagine this is how Auntie TUAW's cats sleep.
Pretty neat, Samuel, but we're afraid you weren't the first. I was going to end with a Mac OS X naming convention house cat joke, but decided against it. You're welcome. Here's a video of the eSleeper in action.
eSleeper from Sam Cox on Vimeo.
Source: http://samuelcox.net/esleeper/
Software Updates
more updates- Apple Remote Desktop updated with Yosemite support
- OS X Yosemite 10.10.2, iOS 8.1.3 updates now available
- Sports Illustrated 120 SPORTS channel comes to Apple TV
- Logic Pro X update brings AirDrop support, new effects, tools, and more
- Parallels Access 2.5 released, adds file manager, computer-to-computer remote access
- The Google Translate iOS app is about to get a lot smarter


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What does SUIT stand for?
What does SUIT mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: SUIT.
We've found a total of 6 definitions for SUIT:
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SUIT | Mens Wearhouse, Inc. | ||||
SUIT | Space Utility Instruments Tactical | ||||
SUIT | Simple User Interface Toolkit | ||||
SUIT | Shut Up Immature Teenager | ||||
SUIT | Sight Unit Infantry Trilux | ||||
SUIT | Sysman User Interface Toolkit |
What does SUIT mean?
- suit, suit of clothes(noun)
- a set of garments (usually including a jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all of the same fabric and color
Still can't find the acronym definition you were looking for? Use our Power Search technology to look for more unique definitions from across the web!
"SUIT." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/SUIT>.


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Djokovic Ends Murray's Miami Reign
Miami, U.S.A.
by ATP Staff
Novak Djokovic kept alive his hopes of winning the Sony Open Tennis title for a fourth time on Wednesday afternoon.
Second seed Djokovic beat sixth seed Andy Murray, the 2009 and 2013 champion, 7-5, 6-3 in the quarter-finals and will now play No. 20 seed Kei Nishikori.
Djokovic is bidding to win the Indian Wells-Miami title double for a second time. He achieved the feat in 2011. Two weeks ago, he captured the 42nd trophy of his career at the BNP Paribas Open (d. Federer), his 17th ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title.
"That tournament win is very special for me from a mental point of view, because I struggled throughout the whole tournament, did not play on a very high level, had to fight back in many matches from set down," he said. "I managed to win that tournament knowing that I haven't played my best tennis.
"That gives me even more confidence and self belief that I need in this moment, and I feel that here in Miami I'm playing better. But still it's not on the level that I want it to be, but it's progressing and developing as the tournament goes on."
Watch Wednesday's Highlights
Watch Live Online | TV Schedule | Buy Tickets
Second seed Djokovic settled into the match quickly and put Murray under pressure in the fourth game. But clever forehand placement and a degree of patience in long baseline rallies helped Murray save two break points at 30/40 and advantage. Sixth seed Murray, who uses Crandon Park — venue of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament — as one of his training bases during the year, appeared to struggle for consistency on his backhand early on in the breezy conditions, but his movement up the court kept Djokovic on the back foot.
Djokovic experienced a brief lapse in concentration at 5-5, gifting Murray his first break opportunity, however three strong serves got him out of trouble. With little separating the pair, the 53-minute opener looked set for a tie-break. but Murray lost his serve to love – with Djokovic winning the last seven points.
Disappointed to have lost the first set, Murray refocused and his game, temporarily, reached new heights. In the fifth game of the second set, he drew Djokovic to the net at 30/40 and anticipated the server's response to strike a backhand volley for a crosscourt winner. He ran to his chair with a 3-2 lead.
However, his renaissance was short lived. Two double faults, when serving at 3-2, cost him dear as Djokovic went on to four games in a row to wrap up his ninth straight victory. The pair's 20th meeting lasted just over 90 minutes.
"In the second, even when I was broken, I felt like I still have chances and I still believe that I could win in straight sets," said Djokovic. "I think I was calmer in the important moments where he wasn't. He lost his composure, I think, and made unforced errors and allowed me to win."
Murray's last win over a player in the Top 10 of the Emirates ATP Rankings came in July 2013, when he beat Djokovic for his historic Wimbledon title. He underwent minor back surgery last September and recently split up with Ivan Lendl, his coach of two years.
"I had many opportunities today like 30-all games and love/30s on his serve, and I didn't serve so well when I went ahead in the second set," said Murray. "I would have liked to have done that better, but I was hitting the ball better from the back of the court. I was playing aggressive. I was taking the ball early. I was trying to come forward a bit. My game is not far from where I want it to be."
Murray has won nine ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles.
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Carrie Turner ('09) Presented with the 2014 Distinguished Legal Writing Award
The Burton Awards, in associaton with the Library of Congress, honor BU Law grad.
Carrie Turner ('09) cut her teeth in legal writing while serving as editor-in-chief of the Boston University School of Law Public Interest Law Journal. She fine-tuned those skills the following year serving as a judicial law clerk to the Honorable Boyce F. Martin, Jr., of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Now an associate with Mound Cotton Wollan & Greengrass in New York, she has been awarded the 2014 Distinguished Legal Writing Award, presented by the Burton Awards in association with the Library of Congress, placing her among "the finest law firm writers of 2014."
While she was a student at BU Law, Turner was mentored by Professor Tracey Maclin and Professor Alan Feld, for whom she worked as a research assistant. "They, along with Judge Martin, were instrumental in teaching me critical analysis and how to write a legal argument," says Turner.
Turner is one of only 30 authors per year to receive a Burton Award, selected from among nominations from the nation's 1,000 largest law firms. The submissions were reviewed by an academic board led by Virginia Wise of Harvard Law School, which included William C. Burton, author of Burton's Legal Thesaurus. Also on the board were legal writing experts from Stanford Law School, Columbia Law School, California's Superior Court, and the White House Plain Language Committee.
The article, co-authored by Turner, Michael Koblenz, and Kenneth Labbatte, is entitled "LIBOR: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know But Were Afraid to Ask" and was published in The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law. It aims to familiarize the reader with the genesis and development of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) as well as to explain how and why London bankers manipulated the LIBOR, the liability of implicated parties, criminal penalties, the impact of criminal penalties on director and officer insurance carriers, and what the future holds for the LIBOR.
Turner researched the LIBOR rigging scandal extensively, reviewing several years' worth of news coverage, reports generated by regulatory agencies, economic studies, and court filings related to LIBOR-based litigation. "The scandal was unfolding as we worked," Turner says, "and we had to rewrite the article several times prior to publication to try to incorporate the news that was coming out." Even now, government investigations and litigation springing from the scandal are ongoing, and Turner says that she and her coauthors may publish a second LIBOR article picking up where the last left one off.
The Burton Awards were presented on June 9 at a ceremony followed by a gala and performance by comedian, actor, and former television host Jay Leno. Also honored at the event were Chief Judge Robert A. Katzmann of the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, who was presented with the "Reform in Law Award" for his work with the Immigrant Justice Corps Project, and retired Justice John Paul Stevens, who was presented with the "Book of the Year in Law" award for his book Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the Constitution.
Turner looks forward to publishing additional articles focused on the banking industry. In addition to her legal career, she also is a fiction writer and painter involved in several ongoing creative ventures.
Reported by Sara Womble
Reported July 9, 2014
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Everett Rogers, a professor of communication studies, popularized the theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations; the book was first published in 1962, and is now in its fifth edition (2003).[1] Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the participants in a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines. Rogers proposes that four main elements influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation itself, communication channels, time, and a social system. This process relies heavily on human capital. The innovation must be widely adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass. The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.[2] Diffusion manifests itself in different ways in various cultures and fields and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process.
The concept of diffusion was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde in late 19th century[3] and by German and Austrian anthropologists such as Friedrich Ratzel and Leo Frobenius.[4] The study of diffusion of innovations took off in the subfield of rural sociology in the midwestern United States midwest in the 1920s and 1930s. Agriculture technology was advancing rapidly, and researchers started to examine how independent farmers were adopting hybrid seeds, equipment, and techniques.[5] A study of the adoption of hybrid corn seed in Iowa by Ryan and Gross (1943) solidified the prior work on diffusion into a distinct paradigm that would be cited consistently in the future.[5][6] Since its start in rural sociology, Diffusion of Innovations has been applied to numerous contexts, including medical sociology, communications, marketing, development studies, health promotion, organizational studies, knowledge management, and complexity studies,[7] with a particularly large impact on the use of medicines, medical techniques, and health communications.[8] In organizational studies, its basic epidemiological or internal-influence form was formulated by H. Earl Pemberton,[9] who provided examples of institutional diffusion[10] such as postage stamps and standardized school ethics codes.
In 1962 Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology, published his seminal work: Diffusion of Innovations. Rogers synthesized research from over 508 diffusion studies across the fields that initially influenced the theory: anthropology, early sociology, rural sociology, education, industrial sociology and medical sociology. Using his synthesis, Rogers produced a theory of the adoption of innovations among individuals and organizations.[11] Diffusion of Innovations and Rogers' later books are among the most often cited in diffusion research. His methodologies are closely followed in recent diffusion research, even as the field has expanded into, and been influenced by, other methodological disciplines such as social network analysis and communication.[12][13]
The key elements in diffusion research are:
Element | Definition |
Innovation | Innovations are a broad category, relative to the current knowledge of the analyzed unit. Any idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption could be considered an innovation available for study.[14] |
Adopters | Adopters are the minimal unit of analysis. In most studies, adopters are individuals, but can also be organizations (businesses, schools, hospitals, etc.), clusters within social networks, or countries.[15] |
Communication channels | Diffusion, by definition, takes place among people or organizations. Communication channels allow the transfer of information from one unit to the other.[16] Communication patterns or capabilities must be established between parties as a minimum for diffusion to occur.[17] |
Time | The passage of time is necessary for innovations to be adopted; they are rarely adopted instantaneously. In fact, in the Ryan and Gross (1943) study on hybrid corn adoption, adoption occurred over more than ten years, and most farmers only dedicated a fraction on their fields to the new corn in the first years after adoption.[6][18] |
Social system | The social system is the combination of external influences (mass media, organizational or governmental mandates) and internal influences (strong and weak social relationships, distance from opinion leaders.[19] There are many roles in a social system, and their combination represents the total influences on a potential adopter.[20] |
Studies have explored many characteristics of innovations. Meta-reviews have identified several characteristics that are common among most studies.[21] These are in line with the characteristics that Rogers initially cited in his reviews.[22]
Potential adopters evaluate an innovation on its relative advantage (the perceived efficiencies gained by the innovation relative to current tools or procedures), its compatibility with the pre-existing system, its complexity or difficulty to learn, its trialability or testability, its potential for reinvention (using the tool for initially unintended purposes), and its observed effects. These qualities interact and are judged as a whole. For example, an innovation might be extremely complex, reducing its likelihood to be adopted and diffused, but it might be very compatible with a large advantage relative to current tools. Even with this high learning curve, potential adopters might adopt the innovation anyway.[22]
Studies also identify other characteristics of innovations, but these are not as common as the ones that Rogers lists above.[23] The fuzziness of the boundaries of the innovation can impact its adoption. Specifically, innovations with a small core and large periphery are easier to adopt.[24] Innovations that are less risky are easier to adopt as the potential loss from failed integration is lower.[25] Innovations that are disruptive to routine tasks, even when they bring a large relative advantage, might not be adopted because of added instability. Likewise, innovations that make tasks easier are likely to be adopted.[26] Closely related to relative complexity, knowledge requirements are the ability barrier to use presented by the difficulty to use the innovation. Even when there are high knowledge requirements, support from prior adopters or other sources can increase the chances for adoption.[27]
Like innovations, adopters have been determined to have traits that affect their likelihood to adopt an innovation. A bevy of individual personality traits have been explored for their impacts on adoption, but with little agreement.[28] Ability and motivation, which vary on situation unlike personality traits, have a large impact on a potential adopter's likelihood to adopt an innovation. Unsurprisingly, potential adopters who have are motivated to adopt an innovation are likely to make the adjustments needed to adopt it.[29] Motivation can be impacted by the meaning that an innovation holds; innovations can have symbolic value that encourage (or discourage) adoption.[30] First proposed by Ryan and Gross (1943), the overall connectedness of a potential adopter to the broad community represented by a city.[6] Potential adopters who frequent metropolitan areas are more likely to adopt an innovation. Finally, potential adopters who have the power or agency to create change, particularly in organizations, are more likely to adopt an innovation than someone with less power over his choices.[31]
Organizations face more complex adoption possibilities because organizations are both the aggregate of its individuals and its own system with a set of procedures and norms.[32] Three organizational characteristics match well with the individual characteristics above: tension for change (motivation and ability), innovation-system fit (compatibility), and assessment of implications (observability). Organizations can feel pressured by a tension for change. If the organization's situation is untenable, it will be motivated to adopt an innovation to change its fortunes. This tension often plays out among its individual members. Innovations that match the organization's pre-existing system require fewer coincidental changes and are easy to assess are more likely to be adopted.[33] The wider environment of the organization, often an industry, community, or economy, exerts pressures on the organization, too. Where an innovation is diffusing through the organization's environment for any reason, the organization is more likely to adopt it.[34] Innovations that are intentionally spread, including by political mandate or directive, are also likely to diffuse quickly.[35][36]
Diffusion occurs through a five–step decision-making process. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period of time among the members of a similar social system. Ryan and Gross first identified adoption as a process in 1943.[37] Rogers' five stages (steps): awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption are integral to this theory. An individual might reject an innovation at any time during or after the adoption process. Abrahamson examined this process critically by posing questions such as: How do technically inefficient innovations diffuse and what impedes technically efficient innovations from catching on? Abrahamson makes suggestions for how organizational scientists can more comprehensively evaluate the spread of innovations.[38] In later editions of Diffusion of Innovation, Rogers changes his terminology of the five stages to: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. However, the descriptions of the categories have remained similar throughout the editions.
Stage | Definition |
Knowledge | The individual is first exposed to an innovation, but lacks information about the innovation. During this stage the individual has not yet been inspired to find out more information about the innovation. |
Persuasion | The individual is interested in the innovation and actively seeks related information/details. |
Decision | The individual takes the concept of the change and weighs the advantages/disadvantages of using the innovation and decides whether to adopt or reject the innovation. Due to the individualistic nature of this stage, Rogers notes that it is the most difficult stage on which to acquire empirical evidence.[11] |
Implementation | The individual employs the innovation to a varying degree depending on the situation. During this stage the individual also determines the usefulness of the innovation and may search for further information about it. |
Confirmation | The individual finalizes his/her decision to continue using the innovation. This stage is both intrapersonal (may cause cognitive dissonance) and interpersonal, confirmation the group has made the right decision. |
Two factors determine what type a particular decision is:
Based on these considerations, three types of innovation-decisions have been identified.[citation needed]
Type | Definition |
Optional Innovation-Decision | made by an individual who is in some way distinguished from others. |
Collective Innovation-Decision | made collectively by all participants. |
Authority Innovation-Decision | made for the entire social system by individuals in positions of influence or power. |
The rate of adoption is defined as the relative speed at which participants adopt an innovation. Rate is usually measured by the length of time required for a certain percentage of the members of a social system to adopt an innovation.[39] The rates of adoption for innovations are determined by an individual's adopter category. In general, individuals who first adopt an innovation require a shorter adoption period (adoption process) when compared to late adopters.
Within the adoption curve at some point the innovation reaches critical mass. This is when the number of individual adopters ensures that the innovation is self-sustaining. Illustrating how an innovation reaches critical mass,
Rogers outlines several strategies in order to help an innovation reach this stage, including when an innovation adopted by a highly respected individual within a social network and creating an instinctive desire for a specific innovation. Another strategy includes injecting an innovation into a group of individuals who would readily use said technology, as well as providing positive reactions and benefits for early adopters.
Adoption is an individual process detailing the series of stages one undergoes from first hearing about a product to finally adopting it. Diffusion signifies a group phenomena, which suggests how an innovation spreads.
Rogers defines an adopter category as a classification of individuals within a social system on the basis of innovativeness. In the book Diffusion of Innovations, Rogers suggests a total of five categories of adopters in order to standardize the usage of adopter categories in diffusion research. The adoption of an innovation follows an S curve when plotted over a length of time.[40] The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards [2] In addition to the gatekeepers and opinion leaders who exist within a given community, change agents may come from outside the community. Change agents bring innovations to new communities– first through the gatekeepers, then through the opinion leaders, and so on through the community.
Adopter category | Definition |
Innovators | Innovators are willing to take risks, have the highest social status, have financial liquidity, are social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction with other innovators. Their risk tolerance allows them to adopt technologies that may ultimately fail. Financial resources help absorb these failures. [41] |
Early adopters | These individuals have the highest degree of opinion leadership among the adopter categories. Early adopters have a higher social status, financial liquidity, advanced education and are more socially forward than late adopters. They are more discreet in adoption choices than innovators. They use judicious choice of adoption to help them maintain a central communication position.[42] |
Early Majority | They adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time that is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Early Majority have above average social status, contact with early adopters and seldom hold positions of opinion leadership in a system (Rogers 1962, p. 283) |
Late Majority | They adopt an innovation after the average participant. These individuals approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted the innovation. Late Majority are typically skeptical about an innovation, have below average social status, little financial liquidity, in contact with others in late majority and early majority and little opinion leadership. |
Laggards | They are the last to adopt an innovation. Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents. Laggards typically tend to be focused on "traditions", lowest social status, lowest financial liquidity, oldest among adopters, and in contact with only family and close friends. |
Leapfroggers | When resistors upgrade they often skip several generations in order to reach the most recent technologies. |
Failed diffusion does not mean that the technology was adopted by no one. Rather, failed diffusion often refers to diffusion that does not reach or approach 100% adoption due to its own weaknesses, competition from other innovations, or simply a lack of awareness. From a social networks perspective, a failed diffusion might be widely adopted within certain clusters but fail to make an impact on more distantly related people. Networks that are over-connected might suffer from a rigidity that prevents the changes an innovation might bring, as well.[43][44]
For example, Rogers discussed a situation in Peru involving the implementation of boiling drinking water to improve health and wellness levels in the village of Los Molinas. The residents had no knowledge of the link between sanitation and illness. The campaign worked with the villagers to try to teach them to boil water, burn their garbage, install latrines and report cases of illness to local health agencies. In Los Molinas, a stigma was linked to boiled water as something that only the "unwell" consumed, and thus, the idea of healthy residents boiling water prior to consumption was frowned upon. The two-year educational campaign was considered to be largely unsuccessful. This failure exemplified the importance of the roles of the communication channels that are involved in such a campaign for social change. An examination of diffusion in El Salvador determined that there can be more than one social network at play as innovations are communicated. One network carries information and the other carries influence. While people might hear of an innovation's uses, in Rogers' Los Molinas sanitation case, a network of influence and status prevented adoption.[45][46]
Lazarsfeld and Merton first called attention to the principles of homophily and its opposite, heterophily. Using their definition, Rogers defines homophily as "the degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are similar in certain attributes, such as beliefs, education, social status, and the like".[47] When given the choice, individuals usually choose to interact with someone similar to themselves. Homophilous individuals engage in more effective communication because their similarities lead to greater knowledge gain as well as attitude or behavior change. As a result, homophilous people tend to promote diffusion among each other.[48] However, diffusion requires a certain degree of heterophily to introduce new ideas into a relationship; if two individuals are identical, no diffusion occurs because there is no new information to exchange. Therefore, an ideal situation would involve potential adopters who are homophilous in every way, except in knowledge of the innovation.[49]
Promotion of healthy behavior provides an example of the balance required of homophily and heterophily. People tend to be close to others of similar health status.[50] As a result, people with unhealthy behaviors like smoking and obesity are less likely to encounter information and behaviors that encourage good health. This presents a critical challenge for health communications, as ties between heterophilous people are relatively weaker, harder to create, and harder to maintain.[51] Developing heterophilous ties to unhealthy communities can increase the effectiveness of the diffusion of good health behaviors. Once one previously homophilous tie adopts the behavior or innovation, the other members of that group are more likely to adopt it, too.[52]
Not all individuals exert an equal amount of influence over others. In this sense opinion leaders are influential in spreading either positive or negative information about an innovation. Rogers relies on the ideas of Katz & Lazarsfeld and the two-step flow theory in developing his ideas on the influence of opinion leaders.[53]
Opinion leaders have the most influence during the evaluation stage of the innovation-decision process and on late adopters.[54] In addition opinion leaders typically have greater exposure to the mass media, more cosmopolitan, greater contact with change agents, more social experience and exposure, higher socioeconomic status, and are more innovative than others.
Research was done in the early 1950s at the University of Chicago attempting to assess the cost-effectiveness of broadcast advertising on the diffusion of new products and services.[55] The findings were that opinion leadership tended to be organized into a hierarchy within a society, with each level in the hierarchy having most influence over other members in the same level, and on those in the next level below it. The lowest levels were generally larger in numbers and tended to coincide with various demographic attributes that might be targeted by mass advertising. However, it found that direct word of mouth and example were far more influential than broadcast messages, which were only effective if they reinforced the direct influences. This led to the conclusion that advertising was best targeted, if possible, on those next in line to adopt, and not on those not yet reached by the chain of influence.
Other research relating the concept to public choice theory finds that the hierarchy of influence for innovations need not, and likely does not, coincide with hierarchies of official, political, or economic status.[56] Elites are often not innovators, and innovations may have to be introduced by outsiders and propagated up a hierarchy to the top decision makers.
Prior to the introduction of the Internet, it was argued that social networks had a crucial role in the diffusion of innovation particularly tacit knowledge in the book The IRG Solution – hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it.[57] The book argued that the widespread adoption of computer networks of individuals would lead to much better diffusion of innovations, with greater understanding of their possible shortcomings and the identification of needed innovations that would not have otherwise occurred – the relevance paradox. The social model proposed by Ryan and Gross[37] is expanded by Valente who uses social networks as a basis for adopter categorization instead of solely relying on the system-level analysis used by Ryan and Gross. Valente also looks at an individual's personal network, which is a different application than the organizational perspective espoused by many other scholars.[58]
Recent research by Wear shows, that particularly in regional and rural areas, significantly more innovation takes place in communities which have stronger inter-personal networks.[59]
Innovations are often adopted by organizations through two types of innovation-decisions: collective innovation decisions and authority innovation decisions. The collective decision occurs when adoption is by consensus. The authority decision occurs by adoption among very few individuals with high positions of power within an organization.[60] Unlike the optional innovation decision process, these decision processes only occur within an organization or hierarchical group. Within an organization certain individuals are termed "champions" who stand behind an innovation and break through opposition. The champion plays a very similar role as the champion used within the efficiency business model Six Sigma. The process contains five stages that are slightly similar to the innovation-decision process that individuals undertake. These stages are: agenda-setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying and routinizing.
Diffusion of Innovations has been applied beyond its original domains. In the case of political science and administration, policy diffusion focuses on how institutional innovations are adopted by other institutions, at the local, state, or country level. An alternative term is 'policy transfer' where the focus is more on the agents of diffusion and the diffusion of policy knowledge, such as in the work of Diane Stone.[61] Specifically, policy transfer can be defined as "knowledge about how policies administrative arrangements, institutions, and ideas in one political setting (past or present) is used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements, institutions, and ideas in another political setting".[62]
The first interests with regards to policy diffusion were focused in time variation or state lottery adoption,[63] but more recently interest has shifted towards mechanisms (emulation, learning and coercion)[64][65] or in channels of diffusion [66] where researchers find that regulatory agency creation is transmitted by country and sector channels. At the local level, examining popular city-level policies make it easy to find patterns in diffusion through measuring public awareness.[67] At the international level, economic policies have been thought to transfer among countries according to local politicians' learning of successes and failures elsewhere and outside mandates made by global financial organizations.[68] As a group of countries succeed with a set of policies, others follow, as exemplified by the deregulation and liberalization across the developing world after the successes of the Asian Tigers. The reintroduction of regulations in the early 2000s also shows this learning process, which would fit under the stages of knowledge and decision, can be seen as lessons learned by following China's successful growth.[69]
Peres, Muller and Mahajan suggested that diffusion is "the process of the market penetration of new products and services that is driven by social influences, which include all interdependencies among consumers that affect various market players with or without their explicit knowledge".[70]
Eveland evaluated diffusion from a phenomenological view, stating, "Technology is information, and exists only to the degree that people can put it into practice and use it to achieve values"[71]
Diffusion of existing technologies has been measured using "S curves". These technologies include radio, television, VCR, cable, flush toilet, clothes washer, refrigerator, home ownership, air conditioning, dishwasher, electrified households, telephone, cordless phone, cellular phone, per capita airline miles, personal computer and the Internet. This data[72] can act as a predictor for future innovations.
Diffusion curves for infrastructure[73] reveal contrasts in the diffusion process of personal technologies versus infrastructure.
Both positive and negative outcomes are possible when an individual or organization chooses to adopt a particular innovation. Rogers states that this area needs further research because of the biased positive attitude that is associated with innovation.[74] Rogers lists three categories for consequences: desirable vs. undesirable, direct vs. indirect, and anticipated vs. unanticipated.
In contrast Wejnert details two categories: public vs. private and benefits vs. costs.[75]
Public consequences comprise the impact of an innovation on those other than the actor, while private consequences refer to the impact on the actor. Public consequences usually involve collective actors, such as countries, states, organizations or social movements. The results are usually concerned with issues of societal well-being. Private consequences usually involve individuals or small collective entities, such as a community. The innovations are usually concerned with the improvement of quality of life or the reform of organizational or social structures.[76]
The benefits of an innovation obviously are the positive consequences, while the costs are the negative. Costs may be monetary or nonmonetary, direct or indirect. Direct costs are usually related to financial uncertainty and the economic state of the actor. Indirect costs are more difficult to identify. An example would be the need to buy a new kind of pesticide to use innovative seeds. Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by innovation.[76] Marketers are particularly interested in the diffusion process as it determines the success or failure of a new product. It is quite important for a marketer to understand the diffusion process so as to ensure proper management of the spread of a new product or service.
The diffusion of an innovation typically follows an S shaped curve which often resembles a logistic function. Mathematical programming models such as the S-D model apply the diffusion of innovations theory to real data problems.[77]
Complex network models can also be used to investigate the spread of innovations among individuals connected to each other by a network of peer-to-peer influences, such as in a physical community or neighborhood.[78]
Such models represent a system of individuals as nodes in a network (or graph). The interactions that link these individuals are represented by the edges of the network and can be based on the probability or strength of social connections. In the dynamics of such models, each node is assigned a current state, indicating whether or not the individual has adopted the innovation, and model equations describe the evolution of these states over time.[79]
In threshold models[80] the uptake of technologies is determined by the balance of two factors: the (perceived) usefulness (sometimes called utility) of the innovation to the individual as well as barriers to adoption, such as cost. The multiple parameters that influence decisions to adopt, both individual and socially motivated, can be represented by such models as a series of nodes and connections that represent real relationships. Borrowing from social network analysis, each node is an innovator, an adopter, or a potential adopter. Potential adopters have a threshold, which is a fraction of his neighbors who adopt the innovation that must be reached before he will adopt. Over time, each potential adopter views his neighbors and decides whether he should adopt based on the technologies they are using. When the effect of each individual node is analyzed along with its influence over the entire network, the expected level of adoption was seen to depend on the number of initial adopters and the network's structure and properties. Two factors emerge as important to successful spread of the innovation: the number of connections of nodes with their neighbors and the presence of a high degree of common connections in the network (quantified by the clustering coefficient). These models are particularly good at showing at showing the impact of opinion leaders relative to others.[81] Computer models are often used to investigate this balance between the social aspects of diffusion and perceived intrinsic benefit to the individuals.[82]
Because there are more than four thousand articles across many disciplines published on Diffusion of Innovations, with a vast majority written after Rogers created a systematic theory, there have been few widely adopted changes to the theory.[7] Although each study applies the theory in slightly different ways, this lack of cohesion has left the theory stagnant and difficult to apply with consistency to new problems.[83][84]
Diffusion is difficult to quantify because humans and human networks are complex. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to measure what exactly causes adoption of an innovation.[85] This is important, particularly in healthcare. Those encouraging adoption of health behaviors or new medical technologies need to be aware of the many forces acting on an individual and his or her decision to adopt a new behavior or technology. Diffusion theories can never account for all variables, and therefore might miss critical predictors of adoption.[86] This variety of variables has also led to inconsistent results in research, reducing heuristic value.[87]
Rogers placed the contributions and criticisms of diffusion research into four categories: pro-innovation bias, individual-blame bias, recall problem, and issues of equality. The pro-innovation bias, in particular, implies that all innovation is positive and that all innovations should be adopted.[1] Cultural traditions and beliefs can be consumer by another culture's through diffusion, which can impose significant costs on a group of people.[87] The one-way information flow, from sender to receiver, is another weakness of this theory. The message sender has a goal to persuade the receiver, and there is little to no reverse flow. The person implementing the change controls the direction and outcome of the campaign. In some cases, this is the best approach, but other cases require a more participatory approach.[88] In complex environments where the adopter is receiving information from many sources and is returning feedback to the sender, a one-way model is insufficient and multiple communication flows need to be examined.[89]