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Last updated Mar 5, 2013
Mar 4, 2013
Orthodox leaders to meet in Istanbul
Leading Orthodox parliament members from various countries will meet in Istanbul on March 3 and 4 for a conference entitled The Social Dimension of Monotheistic Religion. Organized by The Inter-parliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy (IAO), established upon the initiative of the Hellenic Parliament, the conference will be held at the Hotel Renaissance Istanbul Bosphorus. Representatives from (all the commie ethnics)Greece (gayreece), Russia(swine), Armenia(godless muts with odor), Kazakhstan (aren't they muslims?), Poland (must be some super minoirity there), Egypt (wannabe christians), Georgia (not really), Cyprus (gayreeks of another name), Sudan (yeah sure), and Romania (beggars delight) will be present. Parliament Speaker Cemil Çiçek and Fener Greek Patriarch Bartholomew will open the meeting and the Russian President of the General Assembly will make the opening speech. Bartholomew to hold ritual The delegation will also attend a ritual held by Bartholomew on March 2. Speaking to the Hürriyet Daily News regarding the meeting, Heybeliada Halki Seminarys archpriest and Metropolitan of Bursa Elpidophoros Lambriniadis said organizing this meeting in Istanbul had great importance. [Istanbul] is the center of the Orthodox world since the Fener Greek Patriarchate is located here (that is why the Turks kicked their gay arses). The Patriarchate comes in first place both in protocol order and in the Orthodox world, Lambriniadis said. The Fener Greek Patriarchate is accepted as an ecumenical and universal entity by Orthodoxies all around the world; however, Turkey does not recognize its ecumenical title (nor should it, this is gay christianity, real christianitys arch rival). Russias presence in such a meeting is a clear sign of the value given to the Fener Greek Patriarchate, Lambriniadis said.(in other words they are planning godless acts) Holding a meeting on monotheistic religions in a Muslim country has great importance in terms of dialogue between religions (wouldn't it be despicable if Islam came to peaceful terms with the crap version of christianity, but many arab nations remaing at war with isreal?). Also, orthodox parliament members interest toward such a significant subject is very important, Lambriniadis said, adding that Heybeliada Halki Seminary will host the clergymen of the Athens (gay capital of the world) Archbishopric along with a series of conferences until March 6. |
Mar 4, 2013
The new pope should destroy this garbage religion
Mar 4, 2013
Slew is planning a trip this moment, but can't leave the country do to his upcoming court dates
Saint Paul, MN |
Mar 4, 2013
DSM Loco lives in the 1960's. He honestly believes that the cold war is still on.
It's amazing what Alzheimer's can do to a man. |
Mar 4, 2013
You are a Eastern Orthodox Bolo! |
Saint Paul, MN |
Mar 4, 2013
See what I mean!
DSM Loco lives in the 1960's. He honestly believes that the cold war is still on. It's amazing what Alzheimer's can do to a man. |
Since: Jul 10 4,863 |
Mar 4, 2013
time to go back and learn some history. . 1. Orthodox Christianity is younger than Catholicism by only about a few centuries. was created by a schism between various church leaders. . 2. due to that it is at least about a thousand years older than Protestantism. which was also created by a schism from the Catholic Church. . 3. you don't realize that the Catholic Church already TRIED to deal with the effects of the first schism? then centuries later did not learn from the first time when the second one came about that created the Protestant sect of the Christian religion. . in many ways, both of the oldest Christian sects are in many ways alike. just like Orthodox and Protestants share some similarities. |
Mar 5, 2013
I had my neighbor from Haiti make me a voodoo doll of Sangelia. I'm about to put it in the oven. |
Mar 5, 2013
More annoying crap from Crassus, who will say or do anything to get attention.
Since: Jul 10 4,863 |
Mar 5, 2013
very true. . plus the troll would need a few items from me. including at least one item has to be from my body. be it hair, teeth, etc..... which means the poppet is useless. since I have nothing missing from me. this includes my blood. and they would have to have been taken with my consent if they had been taken from me. |
Mar 5, 2013
Did you loose a tooth? I bought some of your pubic hair and a tooth from a Somali guy on the bus. He charged me 5 bucks. I used the pubes to duplicate your mustache on your Voodoo Doll. It still has your DNA on it. If you don't apologize for your mean post, I'm going to stick some pins in your doll, while I hold it over a hot flame. If that doesn't work, I will utilize the tooth as well. |
Since: Jul 10 4,863 |
Mar 5, 2013
and yet again the troll assumes things about me. . even when I pointed out several times I do not ride the bus. have not done so for over eight years. the troll thinks that I supposedly still do. why should I? when I can have my husband drive me about in our car. I don't need to be traveling. unless it is to get groceries, to deal with my daughter's schooling, or family related stuff. I see no reason for me to waste my husband's cash on a bus ride when we have a working car here. . and I pointed out in this thread that I have not lost anything. I have my teeth and everything else that belongs to me as body parts. the only thing that I do not have. is what his aunt has. and that is a mustache. . if he thinks that stuff belonged to me. he better check his aunts out before he uses the poppet he claims to have. unless he hates his own family. |
Mar 5, 2013
I'm holding your Voodoo Doll over the open flame. Is your arse getting warm yet? Maybe you're getting a fever. http://thumbs.imagekind.com/member/df9b4914-7... |
Mar 5, 2013
The patriarch of Constantinople is the highest ecclesiastical official of the Eastern Orthodox Church. This is like a pope. There are no popes in the Church in the Bible. For example, there is a partriarch of the whole continent of Africa. You just don't find this in the Bible.
The next level down are the patriarchs. There should be no patriarchs (13 of them) in their Church, because there were none in the Bible. There were apostles and elders only. There should not be ecumenical patriarchs nor should there be patriarchs. Metropolitans are the next level down: one who is a bishop who is head of an ecclesiastical province and ranks next below the patriarch (this is also the wrong meaning of a Bishop since a Bishop is always an Elder of Biblical locality, not a region of church-cities). There should not be patriarchs. Below them, the Metropolitans are suppose to be considered regional Apostles (they should not be called bishops) if they were directly chosen by God, but they are not. This is proven by testing the Apostles: "hast tried them which say they are apostles" (Rev. 2.2). They are just men in a denomination who rise to power in a pastoral system of struggle like corporations in the world. It was the system devised by Constantine in bed together with state to change the operations of the Church which placed the Church in ruin. This is described as th Pergamum church period which means "high tower" as all denoms try to do. You might be wondering by now, what is wrong with people that they don't read the Bible properly? The only answer I have is the flesh wars against the Spirit and makes a mess of things. It sure has made a mess of the church and makes the body of Christ look like a laughing stalk to non-believers. Have faith though all these problems will get fixed with Biblocality. Bishops in the Eastern church are over a district of churches. Yet, there is not suppose to be diocese districts for bishops in the New Testament. Biblically speaking and by the Holy Spirit, there are just Apostles of region of churches (e.g. Macodenia, Judea, Syria, Asia Minor) and Elders (Bishops) of a Biblical locality (e.g. Jerusalem, Antioch, Corinth, Philippi). God does not need all these extra levels of men operating like in bureacracies in corporations, so why does man? It is because of the corporation-like structure man thinks is needed because of increases in population, but it is not necessary at all. Such ideas are born out of the marriage of state and church in the Pergamum church period. Parishes/Priests in the Eatern Church: The priest teaches and may or may not be an Elder, so again the Eastern Orthodox system is wrong, because Priests do not head up a locality unless they are also Elders. Elders are the ones who take care of a Biblical locality, not the priests for heavens sakes! Priests operate locally. Apostles operate regionally. Evangelists operate locally. Prophets are local too. Pastors or priests (Shepherds, teachers) operate locally. This is the proper ordering we see in the Scriptures. EOC does so much wrong! Wrong teaching (non-OSAS and historicalism)! And wrong structure for the Work for the Church! |
Mar 5, 2013
By the way, the reason a system teaches non-OSAS is so you give them more money or work for them more. They want to make you feel guilty that you could lose eternal life if you don't work for them enough. Historicalism is a heresy because it teaches now today is a time of a millennial peace despite wars and rumors of wars. This lowers one's standard of conscience. Rev. 20.3 says the nations will no longer be deceived in the millennium so the the 1000 years has not started yet, nor has Christ returned to reign with an iron rod during the 1000 years (Rev. 20.2-7). Christ is not reigning now with an iron rod, but indwells believers by the Holy Spirit. Overcomers in Christ could not be martyred if we were reigning with an iron rod today.
http://biblocality.com/forums/showthread.php... |
Mar 5, 2013
The EOC is evil and its members are enemies of America. The church functions as if it were a communist nation. They battled with the bolsheviks and supported the white army towards the end seeing their heavy losses thus enemy of my enemy yadda yadda. The White Army and thus the EOC also supported the wholesale slaughter of Jews. Look up General Denikin. The white army supported the oppresion of many ethnics in occupied nations then part of the soviet union and some still occupied by Russia. The sad fact is the west supported the bolsheviks because they were the BETTER option (imagine something worse than a genocidal monster that killed 60 million people and you have the White Army and EOC). There are 2 evils from the godless russians one is communism and all its variations and the other is the nationalist world destruction order to which the EOC was a member (yet it function is communist so evil combo?) Do you understand? |
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US 3402074 A Abstract available in Claims available in Description (OCR text may contain errors) Sept. 17, 1968 R CHAPMAN ET AL 3,402,074 I ENERGY CONVERTER v Filed March 25, 1964 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 HEAT EJECTED HEAT ENCLOSURE COLLECTOR FERM! LEVEL o EMITTER i FERMI LEVEL D|sTANcE. EMITTER AT COLLECTOR AT TEMP. TE TEMRTC C COLLECTOR v FERMI LEVEL I EMITTER i FERMI LEVEL EMITTERAT COLLECTOR AT TEMP. TE TEMP. T IE 4'? POINT OF MAXIMUM Sept; 17, Filed March 23, 1964 T ENERGY f X RELATi E ENERGY R. A. CHAPMAN ET AL ENERGY CONVERTER 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 1M L'A i L- EK L L'EBEL -i NEGATIVE ION ALKALI ION RECIPRICAL OF INTERATOMIC SPACING 7" e is 6o\\\ 2f {44 7 68 flcw wvzzk w 74 72 7Mq ATTORNEY United States Patent 3,402,074 ENERGY CONVERTER Richard A. Chapman, Richardson, Tern, and John J. Connelly, Jr., Chevy Chase, Md., asslgnors to 'lexas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Tex., a corporation of Delaware 79. O n l a llcatlon Mar. 22 1963, Ser. No. 267,1 iiiviiiea fna this applicatioii Mar. 23, 1964, Ser. No. 3 Claims. (Cl. 117 224 This application is a division of application Ser. No. 267,179, filed Mar. 22, 1963, in the name of Richard A. Chapman and entitled, Energy Converter. V The present invention relates to a thermionic converter for converting heat energy to electrical energy. Moreparticularly, it relates to a thermionic converter contaming cesium vapor in the interelectrode spacing and having an improved, low thermionic work function electron collector that is stable in the cesium vapor. A thermionic converter consists of a hot electron emitter and a cooler electron collector in spaced opposing relation to the emitter, and the two are sealed 1n a vacuum or a gas-filled enclosure. An electron 1n the emltter material can escape if it has a velocity component normal to the emitting surface with a thermal energy relative to the Fermi level greater than the thermionic work function of the particular emitter materlal. As the emitter temperature is increased, the number of electrons which can escape the emitter is increased according to the well-known Richardson equation. When the electrons are collected by the collector electrode, they lose an amount of energy as heat which is equal to the work function of the collector material. If the work function of the emitter is greater than that of the collector, there will be an excess potential energy available whlch, at maximum power, is equal to the difference 1n work functions. This excess potential energy can be used to provide an electrical output voltage to a load across the collector and emitter. The maximum power output of the converter 18 equal to the difference in the work functions times the Richardson electron current from the emitter. Thus two ways are suggested for increasing the maximum power output, which are to increase the difference between the emitter and collector work functions or to increase the Richardson current. One way in which the former can be accomplished is by increasing the emitter work function, but at the same time, the disadvantage of a decrease in the Richardson current may result. One way in which the latter can be accomplished is by decreasing the emitter work function to increase the Richardson current, although the disadvantage of reducing the magnitude of the difference between the emitter and collector work functions results. Other consequences of choosing the former is that the selection of an emitter material of very high work function necessitates a correspondingly high emitter operating temperature. At least two dlsadvantages result from this approach; one is that some materials of high work function decompose at the temperature required to cause substantial electron emission, and the other is that such an elevated operating temperature is undesirable in that a thermal source at this temperature may not be available, special fabrication of the device is required to withstand the temperature involved, etc. On the other hand, a suitable electron collector material that has a very low work function makes possible the 3,402,074 Patented Sept. 17, 1968 ice use of an emitter material of intermediate work function, yet at the same time a reasonable emitter temperature can be used to produce a high power output. Up until the time of this invention however, no material had been found suitable for use as an electron collector that was characterized by a work function less than that of cesium-coated metals, which have a work function of about 1.6 electron-volts, with the exception of silver-oxide which had been reacted with cesium. The latter material is characterized by cesium reacting with the silver-oxide to form cesium-oxide doped with silver, and this material possesses a work function of about 1.0 electron-volt (e.v.') at a temperature of about 400 K. However, it also decomposes rapidly and has a short operating lifetime in the continued presence of cesium vapor. As will be explained hereinafter, thermionic converters are often provided with cesium vapor in the interelectrode spacing to neutralize the space charge barrier caused by the electron flow, and the emitter current is thus increased. The present invention has as its primary object the provision of compositions for use as the collector of a thermionic converter containing cesium in the interelectrode spacing, where the collector is stable in the cesium vapor and the work function of which is lower than heretofore obtainable. Each of the compositions of this invention contains cesium as a major constituent thereof to contribute to its stability in cesium vapor, Thus the converter can be operated at a much lower temperature than previous devices and yet provide as much or more useful power output. Another object is to provide a thermionic diode having a stable, low work function collector composition where cesium gas is used in the interelectrode spacing of the diode and one of the major constituents of the anode composition is cesium. A feature of this invention is the use of cesium in conjunction with a semiconductor element to provide the improved collector hereinbefore referred to. Other objects, features, and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, including preferred embodiments thereof, when taken in conjunction with the appended claims and the attached drawing wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several figures, and in which: FIGURE 1 is a simplified schematic view of a thermionic converter illustrating the principle of operation involved; FIGURE 2 is a graphical illustration of the potential distribution between the emitter and collector of the converter of FIGURE 1 and shows the relative magnitudes of the work functions of the emitter and collector; FIGURE 3 is a graphical illustration of the potential distribution between the emitter and collector of the converter of FIGURE 1 when the electron-space charge potential barrier has been completely neutralized by positive cesium ions interjected in the region between the emitter and collector; FIGURE 4 is a graphical illustration of the volt-ampere characteristics of a converter having a potential distribution as shown in FIGURE 3; FIGURE 5 is a graphical illustration of the electron energy levels of the positive and negative ions of an alkalihalide compound as a function of interionic spacing, used for the purpose of a model for the collector compositions of this invention; FIGURE 6 is a side elevational view in section of one embodiment of a thermionic converter; and FIGURE 7 is a side elevational view in section of another embodiment of a thermionic converter. To better understand the invention, a brief discussion of a conventional thermionic converter is given where reference is had to FIGURE 1 which is a simplified schematic view of a thermionic converter. The converter comprises a first electrode or emitter, the material of which is a good electron emitter at an elevated temperature and a spaced, opposing second electrode or collector for collecting the electrons from the emitter. The emitter and collector are sealed under vacuum or a low-pressure gas by a. suitable enclosure. The emitter is heated by any suitable means to a temperature sufficientto provide sufficient electrons with energies greater than the work function of the material, thus causing many electrons to boil off the emitter. The residual kinetic energy of the electrons causes them to travel to the surface of the collector, where they lose potential energy in an amount equal to the work function of the collector material. Since the electrons originally had potential energy in an amount equal to the work function of the emitter material, the maximum power available for useful work through a load connected externally across the emitter and collector is equal to the difference in the work functions of the emitter and collector material times the Richardson current from the emitter. The potential distribution of the electrons between the emitter and collector of a vacuum sealed, thermionic converter is shown graphically in FIGURE 2, where the emitter is illustrated at the left. In order for the electrons to escape the emitter, they must have velocity components normal to the emitting surface which represent an energy relative to the Fermi level greater in amount than the Work function 111;; of that material, which is the difference in energy between a zero kinetic energy electron just outside the surface of the emitter and the energy of an electron at the Fermi level energy of the material. In a vacuum diode. an electron-cloud or potential barrier V hereinafter referred to as a space charge barrier is created between the emitter and collector when an electron flow is established. If the electron has sufiicient kinetic energy, it will overcome this barrier and travel to the collector. Thus the electrons in the emitter must have sufficient energy to overcome this potential barrier in addition to the work function. In FIGURE 2 the total potential required for an electron to reach the collector is represented by V which is equal to the work function plus the additional potential barrier due to the space charge. Thus at a given temperature, the electron current will be reduced much below the Richardson current from the emitter, and thus the maximum power is reduced. For a more complete discussion of the thermionic diode in this respect, reference is had to Kaye and Welsh, Direct Conversion of Heat to Electricity, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1960, chap. 7. It has long been known that the space charge can be reduced or completely neutralized by the addition of positive ions in the space between the emitter and collector. Reference is again had to chapter 7 of the Kaye and Welsh publication, supra, for a discussion of this topic. The best substance for neutralizing the space charge is cesium gas. in which a reservoir of cesium is included within the diode enclosure and is heated sufiiciently to convert it to a vapor. The neutral cesium atoms in contact with the hot emitter become ionized and drift into the diode space as positive ions, thus neutralizing the space charge. Cesium absorbs on the cooler collector surface in the form of a film of ions, which as indicated earlier provide in effect a co1- lector of low work function, viz, about 1.6 e.v. Thus the cesium serves to two purposes, one of which is to neutralize the space charge and the other of which is to re duce the work function of the collector. All of this is well known in the art. A graphical illustration showing the potential distribution in the diode space for a completely neutralized space charge using cesium ions is shown in FIGURE 3, where the electrons leave the emitter surface with a potential equal to the work function and travel to the collector without losing or gaining potential. In FIGURE 4 there is illustrated in graphical form the theoretical volt-ampere characteristics of a thermionic diode, which acts as a constant current generator. The ordinate represents collector current, or current flowing in an external load, and the abscissa represents the output voltage across the external load connected across the emitter and collector. Assuming the diode to be operating under the Richardson saturation current I the collector I flowing in the external load will equal I if the output voltage is less than This condition prevails when the load impedance is less than the internal impedance of the diode. As the load impedance is increased to where the output voltage is equal to maximum efficiency will have been achieved. Application of a positive external voltage in an attempt to further increase the collector current I results in a decrease in efficiency as shown by the curve of FIGURE 4. Thus it is seen that the maximum efficiency is achieved when the output voltage is equal to and by increasing the magnitude of this quantity, more power output can be gained. According to the present invention, a stable cesium compound semiconductor material collector is provided that is suitable for use as very low work function collectors in a thermionic converter containing cesium vapor between the electrodes, thus maximizing the quantity without reducing the Richardson current. To illustrate the effectiveness of decreasing the collector work function, a converter, the emitter of which is to emit 5 amps/cm. at an operating temperature of 1300 C., must have an average effective work function of 2.42 e.v. Ideally, the maximum power density that can be delivered by the converter is equal to the emitter Richardson current (5 amps/0111. multiplied by the quantity Conventional collectors in which cesium coated refractory metals are used have a work function of about 1.6 e.v. Thus the maximum power density is 5 amps/cm. times the difference in work functions (2.42 e.v.-1.6 e.v.), or is equal to 4.1 watts/cm A collector material of work function of 1.3 e.v. (a decrease of about 18% from the higher work function of 1.6 e.v.) gives a power of 5.6 watts/cmP, or an increase in power of about 36%. A further decrease of the collector work function to 1.0 e.v. (a decrease of about 35% from the higher work function of 1.6 e.v.) gives a power of 7.1 watts/cm or an increase in power of about 73%. On the other hand the absolute percent increase in power due to decreasing the collector work function is not nearly as great when the emitter has a much higher Work function and is operated at a correspondingly higher temperature. This follows from the fact that the ratio of the difference in work functions between 1.6 e.v. and the new lower value to the quantity is relatively small. Thus the very low Work function collector material provided by this invention is primarily useful for obtaining :a high power output from a converter whose emitter work function and its temperature of operation are relatively low. As Will be described hereinafter, the collector is comprised of a composition of cesium and a semiconductor material so that a low work function results. However, it is important to consider another requirement of the Collector material, which is its stability against evaporation and decomposition. The converter of the present invention is designed to operate with a given amount of cesium vapor in the emitter-collector electrode spacing so that the above-mentioned neutralizing effect can be achieved, and because cesium constitutes one element of the low work function collector composition. The fact that thermionic converters are operated at elevated temperatures necessitates the stability requirement, and it is important that the collector composition does not decompose or evaporate readily during operation. Since a certain cesium vapor pressure is present at the surface of the collector, this will prevent or retard the evaporation of cesium from the collector if the collector composition tends to decompose and evaporate in its elemental states. Likewise, the vapor pressure of the elemental constituents of the composition other than cesium will be lowered by the cesium pressure maintained at the collector surface, thus preventing or retarding the evaporation of these constituents. That is, due to the cesium vapor pressure, the partial pressures just off the surface of the collector of the constituent elements of the collector composition other than cesium, whether the composition be a chemical compound or a mixture, will be less than the vapor pressures of the same constituents in a vacuum at the same temperature. In essence, the cesium vapor pressure suppresses evaporation of the collector constituents. If the collector composition is considered as a chemical compound and evaporation can only take place in the compound state, it is true, in general, that the heat of vaporization of the compound is greater than that for any of its constituent elements. As a result of one or more of the foregoing reasons, the collector compositions of this invention possess the degree of stability required for use in a converter of the type described. The low work function composition of this invention is generally classified for purposes of explanation as semiconductor compounds, although this designation is for the purpose of what is believed to be an accurate theory for predicting these compositions for the objects hereinbefore stated, and it is to be understood that the term composition is used in its broadest sense including an aggregation on mixture or elements not necessarily forming a chemical compound. Moreover, specific chemical compounds mentioned hereinafter as collector compositions may vary in their constituents from the true stoichiometric ratio expressed by the chemical formula, as where, for example, a particular compound contains an excess amount of one of the constituents as a donor impurity. It has been found that collectors formed of compositions of cesium and a semiconductor material, particularly, for example, silicon and germanium have very low thermionic work functions and are stable in the presence of cesium vapor at the temperature of operation of the collector of the converter. While we do not wish to be bound by any theories, it is thought that the best explanation of the low thermionic work functions of the compound cesium semiconductor-collector composition of the invention is based on the theory of a compound with a strong ionic binding similar to the alkali-halide compounds, in which sodiumchloride is a good example. An ionic compound is one in which the metal atom, such as sodium, gives up an electron to the non-metal atom, such as the chlorine, and the atoms exist in the compound or molecule state as positive and negative ions. For a more complete description of ionic compounds,'their theory and characteristics, see Deker, A. J., Solid State Physics, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959, chapters 5, 7, and 15. A general rule-of-thumb that indicates whether a compound is ionic in nature is when the two components have greatly different electronegativities such as is usually the case when the two components are from two greatly different chemical groups and valences. Here, cesium has a valence of unity and silicon and germanium elements, for example, each have valences of four. Using the ionic compound as a model, the thermionic work function can be theorized in terms of the Fermi energy and the electron affinity of the compound. Referring to FIGURE 5 there is shown a graphical illustration of the electron energy levels of an ionic compound versus the reciprocal of the interionic spacing between the positive and negative ions constituting the compound. The electronic energy levels of the alkali-halide compound sodium-chloride is generally explained on the basis of such a curve. When the ions of the compound are separated by a large distance there is no interaction between them, and the lowest unoccupied level of the metal atom is the ionization energy I, which is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from this level to the free state to ionize the alkali atom. The highest occupied level of the halide ion is the electron afiinity x which is the amount of energy required to remove the extra electron from the halide ion and thus neutralize the halide atom. As the interionic distance becomes smaller, the interaction therebetween causes the electronic levels to shift as shown in the graph, and as explained in Deker, supra, pp. 369- 371. Actually, the electronic levels broaden into bands of energy as the interionic distance becomes smaller as indicated on the graph, and at the lattice parameter a, which is the interionic separation of the ions in the compound state, the distance between the above electronic levels, now bands of energy rather than discrete energy levels, are determined. (Moreover, at the separation a, the widths of the bands can be determined.) The energy between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band is the band gap energy E and the energy between the bottom of the conduction band and the energy of a free electron in a vacuum is the electron alfinity of the compound. The Fermi level of the pure ionic compound is located somewhere between the conduction and valence bands. And the thermionic work function b which is the amount of thermal energy required to remove an electron from the compound, is equal to the sum of the Fermi energy E and the electron affinity of the compound. As was mentioned earlier, one of the primary reasons that the collector composition includes cesium as a major constituent was the fact that cesium vapor is used in the interelectrode spacing of the converter to neutralize the potential barrier to current flow, and that cesium semiconductor compositions are found to be stable in a cesium vapor. Thus by providing a collector material or compound, the metal constituent of which is the same element as that which is used to perform the above-noted neutralization effect, the vapor can be used to perform yet another function, viz. excess metal is incorporated into the mate-rial to lower the thermionic work function. The amount of excess metal incorporated in the collector is governed by the temperature of the collector and the pressure of cesium vapor surrounding it. It is believed that the thermionic work function of each of the cesium composition or semiconductor compounds of this invention is predicted in at least some degree by the model and theory alluded to above in connection with alkali-halides. Moreover, it is believed that the better explanation of these compositions is based on the theory that each is a compound, where the chemical formulae are in the silicon and germanium examples, Cs Si and Cs Ge. The use of the compound semiconductor composition as a collector in the presence of cesium vapor causes an excess amount of cesium to go into the composition. The ratio of the constituents of the compound therefore varies from the true stoichiometric ratio of the compound, and the excess cesium metal acts as a donor impurity which decreases the thermionic work function. The preferred method of fabricating the collector which is to be doped with cesium metal is to deposit by evaporation, sputtering, electroplating, or any other suitable method, onto a chemically stable (high temperature) electrical conductor, such as nickel, a semiconductor element, for example germanium or silicon, in thickness of from several hundred to several thousand angstrom units. The deposited surface is then incorporated in a converter as the collector by forming a vacuum tight enclosure or being situated therein. The collector is then heated, say from C. to 200 C., for example, to drive off any gas as the enclosure is evacuated. Subsequently, cesium vapor is introduced in the enclosure, and the converter is then operated by heating the emitter to its operating temperature, for example, in excess of 1200 C. During the initial period of the operation, the cesium reacts with the semiconductor element deposited on the collector surface to form the cesium compound semiconductor composition. A time of about one hour is usually sufficient to substantially complete the reaction between the semiconductor collector element and the cesium. Because of the cesium vapor present at the surface of the collector, the collector composition is essentially saturated with cesium in that an excess of cesium is essentially saturated with cesium in that an excess of cesium is incorporated in the composition or compound as a donor impurity. Representative of operating conditions for any one of the aboveenumerated collector compositions are an emitter temperature in excess of 1200 C. to 1300 C., and a collector temperature of less than 300 C., the latter being controlled by its physical spacing from the emitter and/ or by an independent heat source or heat sink. A cesium reservoir is incorporated in the converter, as will be seen below with references to FIGURES and 6, to supply the cesium vapor in the interelectrode spacing, and the temperature of this reservoir is usually maintained at a temperature slighlty less than that of the collector. In this way the cesium pressure in the converter is, to a large extent, governed by the coldest part of the converter, which is the cesium reservoir. Representative of the cesium vapor pressure for the collector compositions aboveenumerated is from about 1O mm. of Hg to about 2.0 mm. of Hg, where the corresponding cesium reservoir temperatures are from about 25 C. to about 300 C. All of the above representative times, temperatures, pressures, etc., are not critical and are given for illustrative purposes only. Within wide limitations the work functions of the various cesium collector compositions have been found to be less than that of pure cesium and to be stable against evaporation and decomposition. Representative of the range of work functions for the compositions is from about 1.1 e.v. to about 1.7 e.v. For example, the work function of Cs Si ranges between about 1.5 e.v. about 1.7 e.v. In general, the lowest thermionic work function compositions are those containing a large amount of cesium donor impurity concentration. However, it is not to be understood that no limit exists as to the amount of excess cesium dopant used. On the contrary, the amount of excess cesium should not be so great that it no longer acts as an impurity and tends to raise the work function back to that of pure cesium. Such changes and excesses can easily be detected by measuring the work function by the commonly used contact-potential method. Two examples of thermionic converters are shown in FIGURES 6 and 7 where the first embodiment has planar emitter and'collector surfaces in parallel, opposing relation, and the second embodiment has cylindrical emitter and collector surfaces, with the collector surface surrounding the emitter. In particular, there is shown in FIGURE 6 a converter designed to operate at a relatively low emitter temperature, say 1300 C., to provide a power output of 5 watts at maximum efiiciency. To obtain the necessary emitter current at the relatively low temperature, a material whose work function is from about 2.0-2.5 e.v. must be used. This intermediate work function emitter can either be a refractory metal partially covered with cesium or a dispenser cathode which comprises a high temperature metal, such as tungsten or tantalum, which has been impregnated by a lower work function element, such as barium or strontium. The dispenser cathode is well known and will not be elaborated on here. The converter is comprised of a first electrode 28 of one of the materials named above wtih a planar surface 29, and a second electrode 20 having a planar surface 24 in spaced, opposing relation to the emitter surface and onto which has been deposited one of the collector compositions of this invention. The first or emitter electrode has the active emitter portion extended toward the collector, .as shown, so that the emitter and collector surfaces are in close proximity. The second or collector electrode is made with suitable metal substrate, such as nickel, and has an aperture 27 therethrough as shown, into which is sealed a reservoir 36 for containing a small amount of cesium 40. The electrodes are supported in their respective positions by cylindrical metallic sealing flanges 31 and 33 sealed to the peripheries of the first and second electrodes, respectively, and the outer edges of the flanges are sealed to a cylindrical ceramic member 32. The flanges act as bellows in the sense that they are able to expand with thermal stresses to allow for the large temperature gradient between the emitter and collector. The flanges have small cross-sectional areas to limit the heat flow by conduction from emitter to collector to a minimum, and also serve as an enclosure for the interelectrode spacing. A load is connected across the emitter and collector electrode by leads 44 and 44, respectively. The converter is operated by heating the emitter by any suitable means, such as by direct thermal contact with a hot reservoir, or by a solar collector, as examples, and the collector is heated to about C. to about 300 C,. normally by radiation from the emitter. Since the coldest surface within the enclosure determines, to a large extent, the cesium vapor pressure in the space between the emitter and collector, the pressure can be easily regulated by controlling the temperature of the cesium reservoir. The cesium reservoir is heated to a slightly elevated temperature, say from 25 C., to about 300 C., to establish the desired amount of cesium vapor pressure within the enclosure, such as by heat conduction from the collector. Under normal operating conditions the collector is operated at a slightly higher temperature than the cesium reservoir to prevent an undue amount of cesium from condensing on the collector surface. A cylindrical configuration of a converter is shown in FIGURE 7 that is primarily adapted to a nuclear heat source. A cylindrical ceramic member 64 supports both the emitter and collector electrodes 60 and 62, respectively. The emitter electrode is feathered or thinned out at its upper end 66 and sealed to the inner surface of the ceramic member, and thus when the emitter electrode is heated, the thinned portion allows flexibility in response to thermal stresses. The emitter electrode consists of a cylindrical can closed at its bottom end and into the interior 70 of which can be inserted a heat source, such as a nuclear fuel element. The collector electrode comprises a cylindrical can having an aperture through its lower end and into which is sealed a reservoir 72 for containing a small amount of cesium 74. This electrode, like that of FIGURE 6, has .an extended portion onto the surface 68 of which is deposited one of the compositions of the invention. The materials comprising the electrodes and the operating conditions for the converter are essentially the same as those for the converter of FIG- URE 6. The foregoing descriptions of converters with reference to FIGURES 6 and 7 are for illustrative purposes only and .are in no way to be construed in .a limiting sense. Rather, the invention constitutes a new collector composition for use in combination with a thermionic converter and is to be limited only as defined in the appended claims. What is claimed is: 1. A collector for a thermionic converter of the type having an emitter and a collector with cesium vapor disposed in the closed space between the emitter and the collector, said collector consisting essentially of an electrically conductive substrate chemically stable at high temperatures coated with a composition of cesium and an element selected from the group consisting of silicon and germanium and containing a donor impurity from Group I-A of the Periodic Table of Elements in an amount sufficient to lower the thermionic work function of said composition. I 9 2. A collector according to claim 1 wherein said substrate is nickel. 3. A collector according to claim 1 wherein said donor impurity is cesium. References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 10 3,002,116 9/1961 Fisher 310-4 3,121,048 2/1964 Haas 3104 FOREIGN PATENTS 854,036 11/1960 Great Britain. OSCAR R. VERTIZ, Primary Examiner. H. S. MILLER, Assistant Examiner. Patent Citations
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Raptor Pharmaceutical Obtains Tissue Fibrotic Disease Intellectual Property Related To Cysteamine
Daryl Okamura, M.D., Principal Investigator at SCRI and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Washington School of Medicine, said, "Kidney dysfunction is a recognized risk factor for poor outcome in a variety of disease states, yet there are few therapies to stop the relentless progression of CKD and alleviate the ongoing oxidative stress within the kidney. We believe that our preclinical results support further development with cysteamine for this indication. We hope to see the study of this potential cysteamine treatment move into a clinical trial."
About Chronic Kidney Disease
CKD affects approximately 26 million Americans and is characterized by the progressive loss of renal function over a protracted period of time. If the progression of CKD is not halted, CKD can develop into end stage renal disease, or chronic renal failure where the kidney no longer functions and the patient requires dialysis or a kidney transplant. There is no cure for CKD. The goals of treatment are to slow disease progression, treat the underlying causes, treat complications of the disease and when necessary, replace lost kidney function. The most common causes of CKD are diabetes mellitus, hypertension and glomerulonephritis. CKD is also caused by genetic disorders, including nephropathic cystinosis.
About Cysteamine and RP103
RP103 is Raptor's proprietary delayed release oral medication currently being investigated in several indications. RP103 is an enteric coated, microbead formulation of cysteamine bitartrate. In December 2007, Raptor obtained an exclusive, worldwide license from the University of California, San Diego for the development of RP103 and other forms of cysteamine for the potential treatment of: Huntington's Disease, currently in a Phase 2/3 clinical trial in France; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ("NASH"), currently in a Phase 2b clinical trial in the U.S.; and for the development of RP103 for the potential treatment of nephropathic cystinosis, which Raptor has recently filed for marketing approval in the U.S. and E.U. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") has accepted for filing Raptor's New Drug Application ("NDA") for RP103 for the potential treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and assigned the user fee goal date of January 30, 2013. Raptor's E.U. marketing application of RP103 for the potential treatment of nephropathic cystinosis is under review by the EMA, and Raptor expects a decision in the first half of calendar 2013. Raptor has licensed issued patents related to the potential treatment of Huntington's Disease and other neurodegenerative diseases with cysteamine and related compounds from Niigata University and Weizmann Institute and patent applications for the use of cysteamine and related compounds for the potential treatment of Parkinson's Disease from Laval University, for the use of cysteamine and related compounds for the potential treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases from McGill University and for the potential treatment of tissue fibrosis from the Seattle Children's Research Institute. Raptor has been granted orphan product designation for RP103 for the potential treatment of nephropathic cystinosis by the EMA and the FDA, and for the potential treatment of Huntington's Disease by the FDA.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Unbiased Reviews by Real People
Summary: INTRODUCTION: This year, I have decided to take a guitar class in high school. The class is really easy but i needed to fill another slot with an elective. The teacher recently bought some Jasmine S35's. I thought it would have been since it was payed ... read more
Summary: If you are looking for a beginners guitar, then consider purchasing the Takamine S35. The main reason is the price-it can be had for around $100. Many people dream about playing the guitar, and it takes a lot of dedication to learn how to. A lot of the ... read more
Summary: I obtained this guitar from a friend at work for $30. I had to spend a little money for some decent strings and tuner adjustment, but I LOVE the sound! I've played a few guitars, other Takamines, my dad's Martin and a couple others, and this guitar beats ... read more
Summary: I've been playing guitar for only 8 months now, so I'm no pro by any means. I bought a very slightly damaged Crafter D7 acoustic guitar when I began (Korean, not well known in the U.S.). I love my guitar but it has been hell on my fingers for a ... read more
Summary: All these reviews are helpful thank you, Ive played many nice decent acoustics but never played any better than a takamine, this is just my opinion, but the sound is good overall, sometimes buzzing alot on strings. This i know from experience with other ... read more
Summary: I'm studying to become a Luthier. One of my first trial repairs is on a Jasmine S35 and as I have looked at this guitar from a construction and materials standpoint you can do much better than this in the same price range. From neck warping ... read more
Summary: I bought this guitar at least 6 years ago, and I couldn't be happier with it. I own seven guitars ranging in price from $89(the Jasmine) to $2200. Every time I look for a guitar to play I grab the Jasmine. The sound truly is amazing and it is ... read more
Summary: Teaching music in the store, I had to get ahold of a guitar that I would be working with for quite sometime. I bought this guitar brand new and didn't pay a lot of money for it. Then came the test. After teaching for over a week, i noticed that this ... read more
Summary: I got the Takamine S35 over a year ago at my local music shop. I was just learning how to play, and a employee at the store recomended it for beginers. After I took many lessons and learned how to play well enough to judge the guitar's sound, I loved ... read more


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The Complete Guide To Buying A Used Car: Introduction
When it comes to buying a new car, someone else's trade-in could very well be your next treasure. Right now, there's a huge demand for used cars in America's auto market. Every day, thousands of vehicles across the country change hands from their first owner to their second – and for good reason. There's never been a better time to invest in a used vehicle. Today's automobiles are being made with high-quality components that allow them to drive hundreds of thousands of miles before suffering a major breakdown. On top of that, new services make it easy to check a used car's history for any undisclosed "fender benders" before you buy. Most importantly, used cars can provide you with all the space, features and performance that you're looking for in your next vehicle at a fraction of the cost of their brand-new counterparts, making them ideal for anyone shopping on a tight budget.
SEE: Car Shopping: New Or Used?
For all of their benefits, though, used cars also carry their fair share of risks. These vehicles will often have tens of thousands of miles under their belt by the time you get your hands on the title. As a result, they're more prone to breakdowns than new cars. This problem is compounded by the fact that pre-owned vehicles don't enjoy the same sort of warranties that new vehicles do. Therefore, buyers need to be very scrutinizing when shopping around the used car lots. That's where this guide comes in. We've outlined all of the major decisions and obstacles you'll face when shopping for a used vehicle, along with some advice on how to handle them. Over the next few pages, we'll teach you how to choose a car, how to inspect it, how to negotiate a buying price and even how to apply for financing when you commit to the sale.
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Genre/Form: | DVD-Video discs Feature films Thrillers (Motion pictures) Detective and mystery films Fiction films Video recordings for the hearing impaired Drama Teatro |
Material Type: | Videorecording |
Document Type: | Visual material |
All Authors / Contributors: |
Anders Anderson; Andy Steinman; Glenn Taranto; Josh Lucas; Jon Hamm; James Van der Beek; Jimmy Bennett; Jessica Chastain; Rhona Mitra; Joanna Cassidy; Morena Baccarin; Beth Grant; IFC Films.; A2 Entertainment (Firm); Code Entertainment (Firm) |
OCLC Number: | 607118051 |
Language Note: | English dialogue; Spanish subtitles; English subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing. |
Notes: | Title from container. Originally produced as a motion picture in 2009. Special features: trailer, behind-the-scenes. |
Credits: | Director of photography, Andy Steinman ; editor, Gary Mau ; music, Trevor Morris. |
Cast: | Josh Lucas, Jon Hamm, James Van der Beek, Jimmy Bennett, Jessica Chastain, Rhona Mitra, Joanna Cassidy, Morena Baccarin, Beth Grant. |
Target Audience: | MPAA rating: R; a scene of sexuality. |
Description: | 1 videodisc (91 min.) : sd., col. ; 4 3/4 in. |
Details: | DVD; Dolby Digital 5.1; region 1, NTSC; anamorphic widescreen (2.35:1). |
Other Titles: | Stolen lives Stolen lives (Motion picture : 2009) |
Responsibility: | IFC Films presents an A2 Entertainment / Code Entertainment production ; produced by Anders Anderson, Andy Steinman ; written by Glenn Taranto ; directed by Anders Anderson. |
More information: |
Detective Tom Adkins is a devoted cop haunted by the unsolved disappearance of his young son eight years earlier. But when Adkins discovers the buried remains of a boy who was brutally murdered more than half a century ago, he becomes obsessed with investigating the long-forgotten crime. Is the 1958 mystery surrounding down-on-his-luck family man Matthew Wakefield and his own abducted son linked in any way to Adkins' tragedy?
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- Missing children -- Drama.
- Detectives -- Drama.
- Murder -- Investigation -- Drama.
- Niños desaparecidos -- Teatro.
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by NCCUcirculation updated 2012-10-08


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SIMPLEX: a simple user check-model for inclusive design
Adams, Ray G. and Langdon, Patrick (2003) SIMPLEX: a simple user check-model for inclusive design. In: Universal access in HCI: inclusive design in the information society. Stephanidis, Constantine, ed. Human factors and ergonomics. . Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J.. ISBN 0805849335
Full text is not in this repository.
Item Type: | Book Section |
Additional Information: | Proceedings of HCI International 2003. |
Research Areas: | A. Middlesex University Schools and Centres > School of Science and Technology > Computer and Communications Engineering |
ID Code: | 2022 |
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Deposited On: | 22 Apr 2009 11:33 |
Last Modified: | 13 May 2014 15:42 |
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Monsanto Company
"A very professional work environement "
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I worked at Monsanto Company full-time (more than 8 years)
Monsanto is doing amazing work, at the cutting edge of science, with the potential to enhance the lives of millions of farmers across the world.
More than a global company, Monsanto is stll an American company with offices in many global locations.
It would be good to work on becoming truly global as well as improving both gender and cultural diversity, especially at headquarters.
"Awesome place to work! "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Monsanto Company full-time (more than a year)
Prosgood staff. freedom to work however you want. No hierarchy
ConsNot enough opportunities to grow. Management should be more involved for helping the growth of employees.
Advice to ManagementAdviceNeed to maintain confidentiality of the reviews given by junior colleagues about senior managers.
RecommendsPositive OutlookNo opinion of CEO -
7 people found this helpful
"Not good and getting worse "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Monsanto Company full-time (more than 8 years)
ProsGood benefits package - Vacation, medical, 401k, holidays. There's also a fitness center, a daycare, and some great walking trails on campus.
ConsMy director polices social networking to tell employees how their political views should be, how wrong they are if they aren't in alignment with him, and then uses this information during reviews. If you're political views align with him, you get a good review. If your views are different than his, you get a bad review.
Cuts corners on the work deliverable, delivers a shoddy product, then works to cover up the mistakes and problems instead of just taking a little more time and doing things right the first time.
Expects employees to work 60-80 hour work weeks while he leaves every day at 4:00PM.
Goes psycho when he finds out an employee might be looking for another job outside of the company.
Brags endlessly about his house, his car, his vacations, blah, blah, blah.
And don't get me started about his good buddy/manager above him. He follows her from department to department as she moves through positions in the company. I have to ask, how many different IT verticals will she get to ruin before senior leadership realizes how bad this is to work for?Advice to ManagementAdviceDon't just listen to what your direct reports tell you. You're not getting the full truth on how things are really going. Get out into the rank and file. Do a random lunch invitation to the team leads and individual contributors and ask pointed questions about what's going on in the organization. It'll help you get the truth and then maybe you can turn things around.
Doesn't RecommendNeutral Outlook -


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April 24, 2002 |
Extra Andrea
Nemerson's Norman
Solomon's nessie's Tom
PG&E and the California energy crisis Arts and Entertainment Electric
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on beat Frequencies
Culture Techsploitation Without
Reservations Cheap
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ATTENTION READERS OF Soldier of Fortune magazine: according to an April 16 Los Angeles Times story, the Pentagon may soon be tapping private military contractors to train the fledgling Afghan national army. Apparently, Defense Department officials have met with several mercenary-type corporations about the training program, which would be funded with taxpayer dollars. Since the end of the cold war, the soldier-schooling business has been a quiet growth industry, with companies like Military Professional Resources (MPRI), Vinnell Corp., BDM International, DynCorp, Armor Holdings, and Science Applications International Corp. winning contracts with governments around the globe and posting fat revenues. Boasting a roster thick with ex-Pentagon brass, MPRI, for example, has trained troops in Nigeria, Colombia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Saudi Arabia and the company is looking for U.S. approval to do business with Equatorial Guinea, an oil-rich dictatorship with a horrendous human rights record. Headquartered in Florida, Armor Holdings which has contracts with the U.S. State Department offers one-stop shopping for foreign militaries and multinational corporations in need of security. Not only does the company provide troop training, "executive protection," armed guards, and "rapid response teams," but it also manufactures body armor, police clubs, and armored cars. "The result," Armor Holdings brags on its Web site, "is peace of mind." So cock your guns and go east, young men. (A.C. Thompson) Workers for hire now under fireFor years the Cesar Chavez Street corridor has been a key spot for day laborers looking for work. Employers can easily pull on and off Highway 101 to hire a few men to help paint a house or landscape a garden. But over the past two weeks, advocates say, more than a dozen laborers and those who recruit them have received tickets from the San Francisco Police Department for interfering with traffic. Elly Kugler, a worker advocate with the San Francisco Day Labor Program, told us the post-Sept. 11 timing isn't coincidental. "It's not as simple as a grand plan to target immigrants," she said. "But it's definitely part of a wave of repression that's been increasing in all sectors of law enforcement and governmental agencies." Kugler said the local crackdown takes on greater significance since the Justice Department cleared the way earlier this month for police departments to share information with the federal Immigration and Naturalization Service. Meanwhile, Congress is poised to pass the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act, cosponsored by Sen. Dianne Feinstein, which would beef up border patrols and create a massive new database to track suspected terrorists. Although the SFPD has vowed not to collaborate with the INS, Kugler is still worried. "We hope that would stick," she said. "But in light of a national initiative, we think that it would probably be a struggle." (Cassi Feldman) |


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Gro Recycling: Feed your brain with this trash game
Gro Recycling is a fun educational game that teaches children about recycling and the process involved in taking a recyclable material and turning it into a new product. Players must "feed" the right recyclable material to the correct bin and then take the bin to the machine that will take that material and turn it into something new. Gro Recycling is compatible with iOS devices running iOS 5.0 or later.
There are six different materials to recycle from plastic to batteries with a matching recycling bin for each one. Each recycling bin character gives a reaction for either liking the material given to them or disliking it. Players learn by trying to give each recycling bin the item and after they get the correct reaction, children will learn what each bin likes the "eat."
When players add an item into each bin, there is a little bubble that floats up with the current amount of items in that bin. Players can use this number to test how much of that type of item will fill up a red bar on the recycling machine. You don't have to fill up the machine completely to make a new item, but it is fun to experiment and see what happens when you put just one item vs what happens when you put 50 items. When players decide on an amount to try, they can use the hook to pick up the recycling bin and take it to the recycling machine.
Each type of material you can recycle has its own unique music and design that is revealed when you take the bin to the machine. This is one of the more entertaining parts of Gro Recycling because players get to add their own melodic twist to the two selections of music per machine by tapping on the machine parts. This also helps the machine make the new product. When players are done having fun with the music at the machine, they can tap the green button to see the new product they helped make transported to a picnic where some cute characters are having a picnic. The characters eat the new product or in the case of the batteries, enjoy some great music, and then the product becomes recyclable material and the process starts all over again.
Gro Recycling is an exciting educational game that does a great job of teaching children about recycling without requiring direction from parents as the characters do all of the work with their reactions to the different materials. Gro Recycling is US$2.99 on the App Store and it is one of the best tools for teaching children about recycling in a fun way.
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King Sombra
this wiki
| |
Full Name
King Sombra
The King, "that thing", "it", Him, King Somber
My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic
King of the Crystal Empire (formerly)
Powers / Skills
Dark magic, curses, conquer, fast regeneration, mastership and intimidation, intelligence, Crystal generation/corruption, illusion, brainwashing, control of emotions
Keep the Crystal Empire under his control, recover the Crystal Heart and spread hatred and fear all over the lands
Type of Villain
Dictator / Knight Of Cerebus
" | My Crystal Slaves... | " |
~ King Sombra as he commands his Crystals Slaves |
King Sombra is a male unicorn who appears as the main antagonist in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic of season 3's premiere The Crystal Empire.
[show]Prior to the actual episode
King Sombra first appeared on Hasbro's Pony Wedding microsite, which has been accessible since July 2012, before any information about the character was released publically. The quiz does not refer to him by name. In the microsite's Wedding Quiz section, the quiz "Your dream wedding location!" includes the question "Who should be the MC?", with Sombra as the choice that steers the quiz's result to the Crystal Empire.
Writer M.A. Larson wrote on Twitter regarding the quiz's image of King Sombra that was presented to him: "Interesting. I read about that in a script but never seen it before.
King Sombra is mentioned by one of the crystal ponies and Twilight Sparkle in the promotional clip for The Crystal Empire shown at Hasbro's My Little Pony panel at the New York Comic Con 2012 and later uploaded to Hasbro's My Little Pony Facebook page. His distinct eyes briefly flash over the crystal pony who mentions his name.
Depiction in the series
King Sombra is a unicorn whose heart is said to be as black as night. He took over the Crystal Empire and enslaved the crystal ponies, before Celestia and Luna overthrew him, turning him to shadow and banishing him to the Arctic North, disappearing into a crevice of ice which closed up, but not before he put a curse on the Crystal Kingdom that caused it to disappear for a thousand years.
Eventually the Crystal Empire reappeared, but the crystal ponies had no memory of their kingdom before Sombra took over, and the mere memory of him causes them pain. Sombra returned along with the Crystal Empire, and tried to attack it again. Princess Cadance cast a protection spell around the Crystal Empire.
When Twilight Sparkle, Rainbow Dash, Fluttershy, Applejack, Pinkie Pie, Rarity, and Spike came to the Crystal Empire to protect it, Sombra chased after them in shadow form, but they got through the barrier, although he attacked Shining Armor he survived, but his horn was cursed so that he could not use magic.
When Cadance began to run out of power to perform the spell, the barrier briefly deactivated. Sombra's horn was broken off as the barrier reactivated, and he transformed it into a dark crystal which began to create more dark crystals in the Crystal Empire.
Twilight and Spike searched for the Crystal Heart, the key to protecting the empire, inside the castle, where nopony would dare to look. They ran into a door enchanted by Sombra to hypnotize them into confronting their worst fears. In Twilight's case, she thought Celestia told her that she failed her test and wouldn't continue her studies, only for Spike to snap her out of the trance. Spike gets brainwashed too he thought Twilight was sending him away, but Twilight saw through the enchanted doors purpose and shuts it, releasing Spike form the spell and comforting him about his fear.
Eventually they reached the Crystal Heart, but Sombra, able to invade once Cadance was no longer able to perform her spell, trapped Twilight in a wall of dark crystals, keeping her from the Crystal Heart. Twilight told Spike to take the Crystal Heart to Cadance. Returning to his physical form, Sombra tried to spear Spike with a dark crystal, but Cadance saved him from the attack. She then returned the Crystal Heart, and together with the crystal ponies used its power to unleash a wave of magic that restored the Crystal Empire and destroyed Sombra, shattering him to pieces.
King Sombra was briefly refrenced in the episode, "Games Ponies Play". Twilight also uses his magic in "Princess Twilight Sparkle Part 1".
Depiction in the comics
King Sombra of a parallel world will appear in the seventh arc (Issues 17-20) comics. He is the polar opposite of the Sombra from the show, as he is a good ruler of the parallel world where Celestia and Luna are evil. He is in love with Celestia of Equestria.
This version of Sombra however would suffer a terrible fate in allowing himself to be taken by evil to protect his beloved Celestia and both their worlds from destruction, becoming just like the King Sombra from Celestia's world. But even after being taken by evil, this Sombra mourns his beloved Celestia, now lost to him, possibly forever.
In Friends Forever #4, it is shown how King Sombra captured a Crystal Bard and enslaved him, making him read books for him, after the Crystal Bard escaped King Sombra with his royal guards trying to recapture him but the Crystal Bard became smarter than him.
Compared to other villains on the show, King Sombra's personality is not too elaborated on. Instead, he is little more than a dark, looming menace for most of the episode. He has very few speaking lines, some of then half-incoherent, and is a very mysterious character, whose backstory is limited to the fact that he enslaved the crystal ponies. The source of his dark powers and his motivations remain an enigma. He is however shown to be extremely cruel, fierce and sadistic, viewing crystal ponies as nothing more than his slaves, using fear on them and other characters, and licking his lips as the prospect of possibly kill Spike (although he may have primarily been after the Crystal Heart).
Sombra appears to be very intelligent, as he seemingly thought ahead of his enemies and placed a curse upon the empire to disappear if he gets defeated, and he cleverly booby-trapped the way to the Crystal Heart. He ended up outsmarting Twilight as she fell for every one of the traps, more than one of which would have defeated Twilight Sparkle if not for the presence of Spike.
King Sombra appears in the show as a being of pure darkness. Due to this, he appears to be virtually impossible to damage via targeted magic, easily dodging Shining Armor's magic beam. However, he cannot penetrate some magical barriers, as he was unable to touch the Princess Cadance's field of love magic without getting harmed. His dark form can spread to immense distances, to the point that he can surround the Crystal Empire all by himself. He can also sink the ground and travel this way, leaving a trail of sharp crystals in his path.
Celestia states that she and Luna were the ones responsible for turning Sombra into shadow. This may imply that, albeit formidable in his present state, he could be even more powerful in his true pony form.
King Sombra's main power seems to be creating dark, jagged crystals. Those can serve as sharp weapons or imprison his enemies. If he engulfs a unicorn pony in his darkness, he can cover their horn with crystal, blocking off their magical abilities.
King Sombra's unicorn magic is unlike any other previously seen on the show. It is inferred by Celestia to be dark magic, powered by hatred and fear. The glow associated with it is a toxic purple bubbling. Though it can be cast by others, Sombra seems to be the main practitioner of it. It is affiliated with corruption, able to taint the Crystal Empire in a matter of minutes. In addition to creating dark crystals, this magic can also be used to show one an illusion of one's greatest fear, or even counter teleportation magic.
As a villain affiliated with hatred, fear, and despair, his greatest weakness appears to be the power of love, joy, and other such positive emotions. He is thus unable to penetrate Princess Cadance's magical love barrier without getting harmed by it, and is destroyed by the Crystal Heart, an artifact powered by positive emotions.
Similarities and possible inspirations
- Sombra is similar to Sauron from Lord of the Rings. Both have a similar appearance, neither has a lot of screentime or dialogue, both lost their physical form in the past (though Sombra is able to regain his form), and both are pure evil.
- Sombra's theme sounds similar to that of Sauron and Mordor in Lord of the Rings.
- The Crystal Empire under Sombra's control also looks similar to Mordor.
- The way he dies looks similar to Sauron's first defeat, and the way the dark crystal that he is standing on shatters looks similar to Barad-dûr's destruction during Sauron's actual death scene.
- His horn looks similar to Sauron's spikes in Legendary Frog's parody One Ring to Rule Them All. Both it and My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic were made with flash animation.
- Meghan McCarthy confirmed in an interview that Sombra was inspired by Sauron, and was only meant to be a dark presence that brings fear to the crystal ponies.
- Interestingly enough, Sauron in Desolation of Smaug, which came out after The Crystal Empire, has more similarities to Sombra: His shadowy form is similar, Gandalf uses a similar light barrier to Cadance to fight him off (which he is only temporarily able to maintain), and there is a similar shaft and staircase in their base.
- Sombra resembles many other shadowy villains as well. His first defeat leaving him as a disembodied shadow also gives him a similarity to Myotismon, who also uses fear while in his Omega form. His shadow form also looks similar to that of Makuta. When he appears before the crystal ponies after the barrier disappears, he looks slightly similar to Shendu's ghost on Jackie Chan Adventures. He also looks similar to Aku, and his curse, which essentially sends the Crystal Empire further in time, has been compared to what Aku does to Samurai Jack.
- Elements of darkness and shadow have occured in several other previous MLP villains - most notably Nightmare Moon and Tirek. Interestingly enough, both Tirek and Sombra (though the former comes from a different generation of My Little Pony) have tried to kill Spike and are the darkest antagonists in their respective generations. Both are also ultimately destroyed. It also shares the untimely death of another G1 antagonist named Lavan, though that specific villain had a motif of fire and hatrid rather than darkness.
- Sombra also shares some similarities to the Shadow Queen from Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door. Both are one of the darkest antagonists in their respective series, are reduced to an invincible shadowy spirit form and then imprisoned, but not before casting an evil curse, and return a thousand years later before they are destroyed the second time around. The Crystal Heart, which was used to defeat Sombra, could act as a counterpart to the Crystal Stars, which negated the Shadow Queen's invincibility. Interestingly enough, the Pure Hearts in Super Paper Mario play a similar role during the final battle.
- He shares some similarities to Mephiles the Dark: Both are one of the darkest villains of their respective series, have a shadow form, were sealed away many years ago, are killed by a princess, and appeared in the part of their series that was disliked by many (Sonic the Hedgehog (2006) and Season 3).
- King Sombra's death scene is nearly identical to that of Agent Smith from The Matrix and Hektore from Spyro. Hektore also bears similarity by his low amount of lines. Himiko's death in the 2013 video game Tomb Raider, which came after, is also extremely similar, as is the death of Ronan the Accuser in Guardians of the Galaxy. It also looks similar to Vaati's supposed death in Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap (though Vaati either survived or was revived).
- King Sombra has also been compared to Ganondorf.
- Some think King Sombra might have been the "outside force" that magnified Luna's jealousy to turn her into Nightmare Moon. He could have sensed Luna's resentment toward her sister during his battle with them, and cast a curse to magnify it before he was banished (his curses are established to survive his banishment). Others suspected it to be the G4 incarnation of Tirek, but he eventually did appear and does not possess the same powers as his G1 counterpart.
- Some suspect that Celestia and Luna actually killed him the first time, and that he was a ghost when Celestia and Luna banished him, and all throughout The Crystal Empire, hence his shadow form.
- Others suspect that Sombra originated as a shadow entity who took pony form, similar to Mephiles the Dark.
Sombra recieved mixed reception from both critics and viewers alike, due the lack of screentime, lines, and character development. The main counter to this is that Sombra was not meant to be a 'talkative' villain but a more Sauron-like looming threat.
King Sombra's design has also been criticised by some fans, many calling it uninspired. However, this is most likely due to the bias against red-and-black Original Characters, as the rest of his design is quite distinct.
Despite his criticism and usually being tagged as the "worst villain", King Sombra has gained significant popularity among the MLP fandom, and these fans often denied his death and speculated that he survived, much like they did with his predecessor Queen Chrysalis and for similar reasons. Unlike Chrysalis, however, Meghan McCarthy confirmed Sombra's death up front, although some fans continue to deny this and some stating that Sombra could appear in the future, either being revived or appearing in a flashback.
- "Yes... crystals..."
- "Crystal Heart..."
- "My crystal slaves..."
- "That is mine!"
- "What? No... No! Stop!"
- Sombra has a few distinctions as being the first major antagonist in the fourth generation who is.
- A male character associated with darkness (Discord is more associated with chaos and based off Q.)
- A pony who isn't an alicorn (Diamond Tiara, Silver Spoon, Trixie, and the Flim Flam brothers were minor antagonists.)
- Inspired by a Lord of the Rings villain (The Diamond Dogs were minor antagonists.)
- The first character in My little Pony: Friendship is Magic to die. (not counting the Windigoes, and although there are theories about Nightmare Moon (as a separate entity) and Queen Chrysalis, Sombra is the first who is actually confirmed).
- Sombra appears to be a blank flank, as he has no visible cutie mark during the scene when he is turned to shadow.
- Prior to the episode "Magic Duel", many fans believed Trixie's Alicorn Amulet to have a connection to him. One common theory is that Sombra was corrupted by it and was so far gone that he gained its power and malevolence permanently, another states he was the creator of it. The Amulet also shares the King's color scheme.
- "Sombra" is a Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician word for "shadow", which comes from the Latin umbra.
- A differently-shaded version of the armor around King Sombra's neck is used for the 2012 Design a My Little Pony Finalists poster, as part of Steel Masquerade's armor.
- When he is destroyed, his horn is shown flying past the screen, giving some the impression that he survived and will regenerate from his horn. However, at Unicon 2013 Meghan McCarthy confirmed that Sombra is dead.
- He has similar evil traits with Darth Sidious.
- He shares traits with the G1 antagonist Tirek, as both are creatures who work in shadow, have a looming, threatening presence, and end up destroyed. His death also almost mirrors that of Lavan, another G1 villain.
- Since he has no known motivation for acts of unspeakable cruelty, he is, along with Tirek, the darkest and most evil villain in Friendship is Magic.
- Sombra is one of two major villains to not be defeated by Twilight Sparkle (and, in all cases except the Plunderseeds, the other Mane 5, pony or human) by means of a rainbow, other being his predecessor, Queen Chrysalis. Both are defeated by Princess Cadance. Also of note, if Chrysalis did not survive her fall, she and Sombra are also the only two main villains to be killed, not counting the Plunderseeds.
- It is possible that King Sombra killed Princess Amore, the Crystal Empire's previous ruler, when he took it over, since she is never seen in the Crystal Empire, which Princess Cadance and Shining Armor take over after Sombra's death.
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A recent ruling by the state Public Service Commission could jeopardize the growth of Monolith Solar and others in the solar energy industry.
Monolith Solar Associates is seeking tax exemptions as part of its plan to become the first technology firm at the Vista Technology Campus in Bethlehem, New York.
Monolith was offered a nearly $800,000 grant and tax-incentive package to pull its headquarters out of New York and move to Kansas City, Missouri.
Monolith Solar will open an office and manufacturing building in Vista Tech Park, the first technology tenant in the park. The company also plans to add jobs.
When South Colonie Central School District installs solar energy systems at 11 district locations later this year, it will join a growing number of schools in the region going solar to stabilize energy costs.
As school boards work to trim budgets because of budget constraints, more districts are turning to solar energy to stabilize utility costs.
The Binghamton location will open this summer and the company is negotiating with both New York and Missouri to determine where it will open its next location. The company also is looking to consolidate its Albany-area locations.
Expansion will allow the company to produce a new manufacturing line; tempered glass, a material that the company previously purchased from suppliers
A solar panel installation at Rensselaer City School District flips the 'on' switch Monday morning.
After graduating from the University at Albany in December 2011, Lindsey McEntire went on more than 13 job interviews that led nowhere.
The cost of going solar has dropped in New York by 44 percent over the past five years, a trend that's playing out across the country.
Monolith Solar Associates is growing its energy-efficient business with additional space in Albany, NY, and hiring new employees daily due to increasi ...
Monolith Solar Associates has installed solar panels at six Schenectady County, NY office buildings that are expected to save up to $25,000 in energy ...
Business at Monolith Solar Associates is so brisk that the company will nearly double its 43-person workforce in the next year.
When he casts his vote today, Jim Connolly will be thinking more about the next two months than about the next four years.


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Have you also tried?
Sugar, Corn Syrup, Artificial Flavor, Salt, Artificial Colors (Yellow 6, Yellow 5). Packaged in the same facility as peanuts, tree nuts, soy, and milk products.
Approximately 80 pieces per pound.
Nutrition Facts
Serving size 15g (~0.5 oz.)
Amount per serving | |
Calories | 60 |
Calories from Fat |
Total Fat | 0g | 0% |
Saturated Fat | 0g | 0% |
Cholesterol | 0mg | 0% |
Sodium | 20mg | 1% |
Total Carbohydrate | 15g | 5% |
Dietary Fiber | 0g | 0% |
Sugars | 12g | |
Protein | 0g |
Vitamin A | 0% |
Vitamin C | 0% |
Calcium | 4% |
Iron | 4% |
Store at room temperature for up to 1 year.
Found In
Wedding Candy (759) Gluten-free (728) Old Time Candy (240) Yellow Candy (44) Vibrant Yellow Candy (4)
Country of origin: United States