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Thursday, July 3, 2014
Call for Papers – 15th Conference of the International Association of Consumer Law
Dates: Monday, 29 June 2015 – Wednesday, 1 July 2015
Location: Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands)
Submission deadline: 15 November 2014
The 15th conference of the International Association of Consumer law is organized on the theme of "Virtues and Consumer Law". We kindly invite participants from all around the world to submit an abstract of a paper they would like to present during the conference addressing one of the virtues and consumer protection issues.
The conference will run from approximately 10:00 AM on Monday, June 29, 2015 to 4:30 PM on Wednesday, July 1, 2015. It will be held at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam.
The goal of this conference is to provide a forum where leading international scholars, practitioners, representatives of consumer organizations, public authorities and business can gather together to present and discuss issues relevant to consumer protection in many sectors (financial law, health law, information law, sales law, etc.) and from various perspectives. We welcome both theoretical and empirical submissions.
TOPICS: While papers on all topics related to consumer protection are welcome, we especially encourage submissions related to the following topic areas:
- Self-realization (in tourism, air travel or entertainment sector);
- Faith (in public and/or private enforcement of consumer law, in collective redress);
- Curiosity (in e-commerce, telecommunication sector or on innovation and consumer law);
- Compassion (towards vulnerable consumers, in medicine or in clinical trials);
- Frugality (in the banking sector or in financial contracts);
- Fairness (against unfair commercial practices and/or misleading advertising, against unfair contract terms, in protection of SMEs, through good faith and fair dealing);
- Trust (through data protection, on privacy and security issues, through product safety and/or product liability, from behavioural economics perspective);
- Forgiveness (through mediation or ADR);
- Self-development (through education, through services, through consumer sale contracts);
- Hope (against overindebtness, through clean-slate doctrine, by way of insurance).
ABSTRACT: All interested should submit an abstract (500 words maximum) of a paper they would like to present and a CV to this address: firstname.lastname@example.com by November 15, 2014. All submissions will be reviewed by the organizers of the conference. All participants will be notified of the organizers' decisions by January, 15, 2015. The timely notification should allow participants to benefit from often announced in January various reductions on flights to Amsterdam (for example, with the Dutch airlines, KLM).
FURTHER DETAILS: The chosen papers will be presented during concurrent workshop sessions with the presentation time being (strictly) limited to max 15 minutes. There will be short discussion time guaranteed in each concurrent workshop session. Authors of best papers will be presented with a possibility of publishing them in a volume, however, all authors will be ultimately free to publish their work in other venues, if they choose so. Please note that ALL participants (including presenters of the chosen papers for each concurrent workshops sessions) are expected to timely register according to the Registration policy as set on our website, which involves timely and full payment of the registration fee. Participants are warmly invited to attend all days of the conference, including the social program (drinks after the closing of the conference on both Monday and Tuesday; two conference dinners, on Monday and Tuesday respectively; canal boat ride).
July 3, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, June 25, 2014
Call for Papers: ALI's Principles of the Law of Liability Insurance
Call for Papers
A Conference on
The ALI's Principles of the Law of Liability Insurance
Rutgers Center for Risk and Responsibility
Rutgers School of Law-Camden
February 27, 2015
The Rutgers Center for Risk and Responsibility is planning a conference on The American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Liability Insurance. The conference will be held Friday, February 27, 2015, at Rutgers Law School‒Camden.
The Principles project aims, as Director Lance Liebman wrote, to draft "coherent doctrinal statements based largely on current state law, but also grounded in economic efficiency and in fairness to both insureds and insurers." The ALI has approved Chapter 1, Basic Liability Insurance Contract Principles, and Chapter 2, Management of Potentially Insured Liability Claims. The project has sparked spirited debate, and this is an appropriate time to assess the work yet still early enough to influence the project. The conference will focus on issues raised in Chapters 1 and 2.
The Principles potentially have significance far beyond the law of liability insurance. Their distinctive approach to interpretation charts a middle ground between formalist and contextualist approaches which may provide a model for the interpretation of other insurance contracts and of other types of contracts, from standard form contracts to commercial contracts. The rules on the duty to defend and the duty to make reasonable settlement decisions will impact tort law and litigation and raise ethical issues. Therefore, the Principles should be of interest of scholars in contracts, torts, litigation, and professional responsibility as well as insurance and insurance law scholars.
The conference will engage academics and practicing lawyers in discussion of the Principles.
The structure of the day is evolving, but likely topics include panels on the Principles' interpretation rules, the duty to defend, and the duty to settle. Confirmed speakers include George Cohen (Virginia); Mark Geistfeld (NYU); Bruce Hay (Harvard); Leo Martinez (UC Hastings); and Jennifer Wriggins (Maine). Reporters Tom Baker (Penn) and Kyle Logue (Michigan) will attend and respond. The Rutgers Law Journal may publish the papers from the conference.
Participation is invited from a broad range of scholars with interests relevant to in these topics. Submit abstracts by August 15, 2014, to Jay Feinman at email@example.com. Papers will be due January 5, 2015.
June 25, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, May 27, 2014
Author Meets Reader Salon on Wrap Contracts
Law and Society Association's Annual Meeting is only a few days away. There will be an Author Meets Reader Salon on my book, WRAP CONTRACTS on Friday, 5/30, 8:15am-10:00am in the Duluth Room. Shubha Ghosh (Wisconsin), Danielle Kie Hart (Southwestern) and Juliet Moringiello (Widener) will be joining me in what promises to be a lively discussion about those pesky clickboxes and pop-ups on your screens. If you are attending the meeting, please stop by and join us!
May 27, 2014 in Books, Conferences, Contract Profs, Miscellaneous, Web/Tech | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, May 21, 2014
Conference on the Future of Legal Education
Join us & help shape
the future of legal education
June 13-15, 2014
in Greensboro, N.C.
• William C. Hubbard, President Elect, American Bar Association; Chair, Board of Directors, World Justice Project; Partner, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough
• Bill Henderson, Professor of Law, Indiana University Maurer School of Law; named the second most influential person in legal education by National Jurist (2012 & 2013)
• Experiential learning leaders from other disciplines including: architecture, business, engineering and medicine
• Change and innovation experts from: Casa Myrna Vazquez, Inc., ExperiencePoint and Legal OnRamp
• Law scholars and teachers from: CUNY School of Law; Elon University School of Law; Hamline School of Law; Indiana University Mauer School of Law; New York Law School; Northeastern University School of Law; Notre Dame Law School; NOVA Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center; University of Denver Sturm College of Law; University of Minnesota School of Law; Vermont Law School; Washington College of Law
ABOUT THE SYMPOSIUM: The symposium will focus innovations to improve legal education and enhance the relevance of lawyers in the rapidly changing 21st century. Presentations and discussions will emphasize effective and integrated experiential education to accommodate financial and structural challenges in law and legal education, addressing the following questions:
• What do we mean by experiential learning?
• What are the → Innovations → Barriers → Successes in producing integrated and effective curricula?
• What ideas have the Alliance Working Groups developed since the Inaugural Symposium?
• What perspective can other disciplines provide regarding our efforts?
The symposium is being hosted by the Alliance for Experiential Learning in Law and Elon University School of Law. Visit law.elon.edu/aell to register and to learn more about the symposium. The registration fee is $100. Contact Jane Law at Elon University School of Law with any questions related to registration: firstname.lastname@example.com or (336) 279-9325.
The Alliance for Experiential Learning in Law Steering Committee
• Cindy Adcock, Charlotte School of Law
• Margaret Barry, Vermont Law School
• Luke Bierman, Dean-Designate, Elon University School of Law
• Susan Brooks, Drexel University School of Law
• Christine Cimini, Vermont Law School
• Roberto Corrada, Sturm College of Law, University of Denver
• Bob Dinerstein, Washington College of Law, American University
• Steve Ellmann, New York Law School
• Deborah Epstein, Georgetown Law
• Bob Jones, Notre Dame Law School
• Kate Kruse, Hamline University School of Law
• Susan Reich Paulsen, University of Minnesota Law School
• Ruthane Robbins, Rutgers University School of Law
• Pat Coughlan Voorhies, Northeastern University School of Law
The Second National Symposium on Experiential Learning in Law Planning Committee
• Steve Friedland, Co-Chair, Elon University School of Law
• Margaret Barry, Co-Chair, Vermont Law School
• Bill Henderson, Co-Chair, Indiana University Maurer School of Law
• Christy Benson, Elon School of Business
• Olympia Duhart, Nova University School of Law
• Jim Exum, Elon University School of Law; Former Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court
• Bill McNichol, Reed Smith; Rutgers University School of Law
• Madeline Obler-Grill, Elon Law Journal
• Gene Pridgen, K&L Gates; Immediate Past President, North Carolina Bar Association
• Vivian Wexler, Bingham McCutchen
• Pat Coughlan Voorhies, Northeastern University School of Law
May 21, 2014 in Conferences, Teaching | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, May 14, 2014
The Costs of Cancellation
Yesterday's New York Times features a story about the costs associated with hotel boycotts when an organization has booked a hotel to host a conference or meeting long in advance. This issue ought to be a familiar to anyone who attended the 2011 annual AALS meeting in San Francisco, for which the conference hotel was a Hilton whose workers were on strike.
The article details the costs involved in cancellations. Often the organization is contractually obligated to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars to the hotel even if the conference ulimately takes place at a different venue. According to the Times, if the cancellation is on short notice, the organization is typically obligated to pay 90% of expected room costs and 90% of expected banqueting services. And then there are, of course, the costs of finding an alternative venue in proxity to the original choice on relatively short notice. Major conferences can be booked years in advance.
Sometimes it is possible to mitigate the harm -- by booking at a related hotel or by promising to return to the original hotel if the policy that causes offenese is revoked. The former is unlikely in cases where the problem is with the entity that owns the hotel. But it is more likely in cases like those that arose in connection with anti-immigrant legislation passed in Arizona. Organizations could punish the state by moving to related hotels in states that did not have similar legislation.
May 14, 2014 in Conferences, In the News, Travel, True Contracts | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, May 5, 2014
Reminder: Emory Conference on Transactional Law Education
Tina L. Stark Gives Kickoff Speech for Emory Law's Conference on Transactional Law Education, June 6-7
REMINDER: If you haven't yet registered for Emory Law's Fourth Biennial Conference on Teaching Transactional Law and Skills, entitled "Educating the Transactional Lawyer of Tomorrow," you should do so now.
Tina L. Stark (pictured) will return to Emory to kick off the Conference by updating the fantasy curriculum that she proposed in her speech at the inaugural conference in 2008. On Day Two, the keynote panel will address the topic, "Skills is Not a Dirty Word: Identifying and Teaching Transactional Law Competencies."
You won't want to miss these or the many other terrific sessions we have planned. You can register for the Conference by clicking here. If you have any questions about registration, please contact the Conference Coordinator, Edna Patterson, at email@example.com.
Please click here to download the 2014 Conference Schedule.
May 5, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Friday, April 18, 2014
Making the Fine Print Fair Symposium
For those of you unable to attend the "Making the Fine Print Fair" Symposium, hosted by the Georgetown Consumer Law Society and Citizen Works -Fair Contracts.org, here is a link to a Livestream of the program. It was an absolutely terrific event with a great mix of academics, consumer advocates, regulators and practitioners. The amazing line-up of speakers, included FTC Chair Edith Ramirez, consumer advocate Ralph Nader and NYT bestselling author Bob Sullivan.
April 18, 2014 in Conferences, Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, April 15, 2014
Call For Papers: AALS Section on Agency, Partnerships LLCs, and Unincorporated Associations
Bringing Numbers into Basic and Advanced Business Associations Courses:
How and Why to Teach Accounting, Finance, and Tax
2015 AALS Annual Meeting
Washington, DC
Business planners and transactional lawyers know just how much the "number-crunching" disciplines overlap with business law. Even when the law does not require unincorporated business associations and closely held corporations to adopt generally accepted accounting principles, lawyers frequently deal with tax implications in choice of entity, the allocation of ownership interests, and the myriad other planning and dispute resolution circumstances in which accounting comes into play. In practice, unincorporated business association law (as contrasted with corporate law) has tended to be the domain of lawyers with tax and accounting orientation. Yet many law professors still struggle with the reality that their students (and sometimes the professors themselves) are not "numerate" enough to make these important connections. While recognizing the importance of numeracy, the basic course cannot in itself be devoted wholly to primers in accounting, tax, and finance.
The Executive Committee will devote the 2015 annual Section meeting in Washington to the critically important, but much-neglected, topic of effectively incorporating accounting, tax, and finance into courses in the law of business associations. In addition to featuring several invited speakers, we seek speakers (and papers) to address this subject. Within the broad topic, we seek papers dealing with any aspect of incorporating accounting, tax, and finance into the pedagogy of basic or advanced business law courses.
Any full-time faculty member of an AALS member school who has written an unpublished paper, is working on a paper, or who is interested in writing a paper in this area is invited to submit a 1 or 2-page proposal by May 1, 2014 (preferably by April 15, 2014). The Executive Committee will review all submissions and select two papers by May 15, 2014. A very polished draft must be submitted by November 1, 2014. The Executive Committee is exploring publication possibilities, but no commitment on that has been made. All submissions and inquiries should be directed to Jeff Lipshaw, Chair.
April 15, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
AALS Section on Commercial and Related Consumer Law Call for Papers
Emerging Scholars in Commercial and Consumer Law
The AALS Section on Commercial and Related Consumer Law is pleased to announce a Call for Papers for its program during the AALS 2015 Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting is currently scheduled to take place in Washington, DC from January 2-6, 2015.
As we all know, no area of the law is ever static. New cases and issues arise that inform and challenge our thinking about existing laws and policies. Such is the case for commercial and consumer law. Whether concerning issues related to financial products, secured lending, arbitration, and the like, commercial and consumer law continue to evolve. Central to this evolution is the emergence of new scholars who contribute their voices and perspectives to these areas of the law. This panel will provide the valuable opportunity for pre-tenured professors to present and discuss their work with others in the field. Panelists are welcome to discuss any topic related to commercial and/or consumer law. Program and eligibility details are below.
Professor Tracie R. Porter, Western State College of Law
Professor Andrea Freeman, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa William S. Richardson School of Law
Professor Dalié Jiménez, University of Connecticut School of Law
Professor David Min, University of California, Irvine School of Law
Two speakers to be selected from a call for papers
Submission requirements:
Format: There is no formal requirement as to the form or length of proposals. Preference will be given to proposals that are substantially complete and to papers that offer novel scholarly insights. A paper may have already been accepted for publication as long as it will not be published prior to the Annual Meeting. The Section does not have plans to publish the papers, so individual presenters are free to seek their own publishing opportunities.
Eligibility: Since the goal of the program is to provide opportunities for pre-tenured professors, panelists selected from the Call for Papers must not have received tenure at their institution by January 15, 2015. Per AALS rules, only full-time faculty members of AALS member law schools are eligible to submit a paper to a Section's call for papers. Fellows from AALS member law schools are also eligible to submit a paper but must include a CV with their proposal. Faculty at fee-paid law schools, visiting faculty with no full time appointment at a member school, international and adjunct faculty members, graduate students, and non-law school faculty are not eligible to submit. All panelists, including speakers selected from this Call for Papers, are responsible for paying their own annual meeting registration fee and travel expenses.
Deadline: AUGUST 15, 2014. Please email submissions, in Word or PDF format, to the Program Committee c/o Eboni Nelson at firstname.lastname@example.com with "CFP Submission" in the subject line.
April 15, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Sunday, April 13, 2014
The AALS Contracts Section has issued its call for papers for the 2015 AALS Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. - please see below:
The AALS Contracts Section solicits proposals for presentations at the Section's Annual Meeting program, Mind the Gap! - Contracts, Technology and Legal Gaps, to be held in Washington, D.C. on January 2-January 5, 2015.
Technological innovation has created new challenges for the law. New technologies often create legal and ethical questions in areas such as privacy, employment, reproduction and intellectual property. Who owns the data collected by embedded medical devices? Can employers wipe departing employees' phone data? To what extent are companies liable for harms created by their inventions, such as driverless cars? Who owns crowd sourced content?
Courts and legislatures are often slow to respond to these issues. To fill this legal gap created by rapid advancements in technology, businesses and individuals attempt to reduce their risk and uncertainty through private ordering. They limit their liability and allocate rights through contractual provisions. Technology affects the way contracts are used as well. Employers may have employees agree to remote phone wiping policies in their employment agreement or through click wrap agreements that pop up when they connect to the network server. Through contracts, businesses establish norms that can be hard to undo. The norm of licensing instead of selling software, for example, was established through contract and has become entrenched as a business practice. The collection of online personal information through online contracts is another example.
The Section seeks two or three speakers to join our panel of invited experts to discuss how technology has affected the use of contracts. How have parties used contracts to address the risks created by technologies? In what ways have contracts been used to privately legislate in the gap created by technological advancements? What concerns are raised when private ordering is used to fill the legal gap created by technology? What are, or should be, the limits of consent and contracting where emerging technologies are involved?
Drafts and completed papers are welcome though not required, and must be accompanied by an abstract. Preference will be given to proposals that are substantially complete. Please indicate whether the paper has been published or accepted for publication (and if so, provide the anticipated or actual date of publication). There is no publication requirement, but preference will be given to papers that will not have been published by the date of the Annual Meeting.
We particularly encourage submissions from contracts scholars who have been active in the field for ten years or less, especially those who are pre-tenured, as well as more senior scholars whose work may not be widely known to members of the Contracts Section. We will give some preference to those who have not recently participated in the Section's annual meeting program.
DEADLINE: August 15, 2014. Please e-mail an abstract or proposal to section chair, Nancy Kim (email@example.com) with "AALS Submission" in the title line by 5:00pm (Pacific Time) August 15, 2014. Submissions must be in Word or PDF format.
April 13, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, March 25, 2014
Making the Fine Print Fair Symposium
The Georgetown Consumer Law Society and Citizen Works are co-hosting an exciting conference, "Making the Fine Print Fair," on Friday, April 4. Notable speakers include consumer advocate Ralph Nader, FTC Chairwoman Edith Ramirez and former Director of the Bureau of Consumer Protection of the FTC and Georgetown Law Prof. David Vladeck as well as blog favorites Margaret Jane Radin and Omri Ben-Shahar. Registration is free but space is limited. More information about speakers and how to register below:
March 25, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, March 12, 2014
KCON9 Is Now Available on YouTube
For those of you who made the wide choice to avoid Miami in February (highs in the 80s, lows in the 70s -- it was hell!), you can still enjoy the experience of hearing the papers presented at last month's conference. The conference organizer, Jennifer Martin, is in the process of making all the sesions availalbe here.
Here's a taste, Robin West's luncheon address:
Ahh, the memories.
March 12, 2014 in Conferences, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, March 6, 2014
Conference at Emory: Teaching Transactional Law and Skills, June 6-7, 2014
Educating the Transactional Lawyer of Tomorrow
Emory University School of Law – June 6-7, 2014
Emory's Center for Transactional Law and Practice is delighted to announce its fourth biennial conference on the teaching of transactional law and skills. The conference, entitled "Educating the Transactional Lawyer of Tomorrow," will be held at Emory Law, beginning at 1:00 p.m. on Friday, June 6th and ending at 3:45 p.m. on Saturday, June 7th.
The registration fee for the Conference is $179.00. It includes a pre-Conference lunch beginning at 11:30 a.m., snacks, and a reception on June 6, and breakfast, lunch, and snacks on June 7. We are planning an optional dinner for attendees on Friday evening, June 6, at an additional cost. Attendees are responsible for their own hotel accommodations and travel arrangements. Registration closes Friday, May 30, 2014.
Special hotel rates for conference participants are available at the Emory Conference Center Hotel, less than one mile from the conference site at Emory Law. Subject to availability, rates are $129 per night.
Free shuttle transportation will be provided between the Emory Conference Center Hotel and Emory Law. To make a reservation, call the Emory Conference Center Hotel at 800.933.6679 and reserve under "The Emory Law Transactional Conference" to obtain the special conference rate.
We are accepting proposals immediately, but in no event later than 5 p.m. on Monday, March 17, 2014. We welcome proposals on any subject of interest to current or potential teachers of transactional law and skills, focusing particularly on our overarching theme: "Educating the Transactional Lawyer of Tomorrow." We expect to address questions like the following:
- What is the shape of the future employment market for transactional lawyers? Will our students be working at law firms (small, medium, large), as solo practitioners, as in-house counsel, as government attorneys, or as degreed attorneys not practicing law?
- Who will be the transactional lawyers' clients? Individuals? Small to mid-sized businesses? Large businesses?
- How do we best educate our students to become transactional attorneys in each kind of practice setting for each kind of client?
- In what particular areas of the law will transactional attorneys be most needed? Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, Health Law, Intellectual Property Law, and International Business Law, to name a few?
- What are the current best practices for teaching students about each area of transactional law?
- What skill sets and competencies do legal employers expect new transactional attorneys to possess?
- What innovative techniques and technology can we use to enhance the teaching of transactional law and skills?
- How can we teach ethics and professionalism within our transactional law and skills courses?
- How can we assess the students' progress toward developing the competencies and professionalism required of effective transactional lawyers?
In addition to proposals addressing the overarching questions listed above, we hope to receive proposals that address and update topics that we have considered in past conferences, such as:
- Teaching doctrinal transactional law courses
- Teaching contract drafting and other critical deal skills
- Teaching transactions in an international setting
- Teaching transactional skills within first-year doctrinal courses
Each session will be approximately 80 minutes long. We invite you to present your topic individually or with a panel of other participants and we encourage you to make your presentation creative and interactive. We look forward to receiving your proposals so that we can finalize the Program.
As in prior years, the proceedings of the Conference as well as the materials distributed by speakers will be recorded and published in Transactions: The Tennessee Journal of Business Law, a publication of the Clayton Center for Entrepreneurial Law of The University of Tennessee. Your remarks will be transcribed and you will have the opportunity to edit them. You will also be asked to sign a release permitting publication and broadcast.
Please submit the attached proposal form electronically via the Emory Law website at https://emorylaw.wufoo.com/forms/2014-conference-proposals/ before 5 p.m. on Monday, March 17, 2014.
Beginning March 1, 2014, you can also register for the Conference at our Emory Law website at https://emorylaw.wufoo.com/forms/2014-emory-law-conference-registration/.
If you encounter any technical difficulties in submitting your proposal or in registering online, please contact Edna Patterson, Conference Coordinator, at email@example.com or 404.727.6506.
March 6, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, March 4, 2014
Hans Kelsen in America Conference
I wish I could say that this were a Kelsen and Contracts Conference, but I can say that there will be some contracts scholars among the participants. And that suffices as a hook for me.
For those readers who are not Kelsen accolytes, if you know people who are (especially if they are philosophers, sociologists, or political scientists), please spread the word.
March 4, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, February 24, 2014
KCON9 Is Over: On to KCON 10 in Vegas
Last weekend's conference was a great success thanks to the efforts of Jennifer Martin and the St. Thomas team.
It has already been determined that Keith Rowley will host KCON 10 in Las Vegas.
February 24, 2014 in Conferences | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
KCON9: Saturday Afternoon Session
We had an all-star afternoon panel on Contract Law and Social Justice. The panel was moderated by Robin West, who gave a killer Keynote Speech over lunch. That speech will be forthcoming in the St. Thomas Law Review, as will Amy Schmitz paper, discussed below, so look out for that.
Danielle Hart started off the panel with a paper on Contracts and Inequality. Her talk took issue with the claim that the state is absent in contract law. In fact, she regards contract law as public law because the state is neither netural nor minimal, and contract law in action helps to create and perpectuate inequality. She illustrated her point with a case of a fairly typical subprime mortgage loan to an African-American women in a predominantly minority neighborhood. The state helped manufacture the desire for homeowneship; the state created the residential housing market through regulation and deregulation of the housing market; and the state decides on enforcement and enforces judgment.
The result is that law promotes inequality. Parties to contracts are not equal, but contract law ignores structural inequality in bargaining power and applies rules "neutrally" without adjusting for structural inequality. Thus the stronger party gets the better end of the bargain. And getting into contracts is much easier than getting out of them, especially with the new hurdles to litigation including the Twombly/Iqbal line of cases, as well as standard contract terms such as binding arbitration clasues and class action waivers. The result is an endless cycle in which those with more power continually can use contracts to extract favorable terms in each successive contractual relationship and those without bargaining power are made worse off through unfavorable bargains.
Returning to her illustration involving the African-American borrower, Professor Hart noted that the banks that made subprime loans before the mortgage meltdown are mostly doing fine, but there is now a remarkable racial disparity in wealth in American households (over $113,000 for White households; about $5-6000 for African American and Hispanic households). The numbers are very low for African-American and Hispanic households because so much of their wealth was tied up in their homes, which they lost in the subprime crisis. This illustrates Professor Hart's cycle of contracts law serving the interests the better off at the expense of the poor.
Hila Keren next presented her paper on Contract Law and the Responsive State, in which she addressed what can be done in light of the very depressing state of things as described in Professor Hart's paper. Professor Keren regards contracts as a mode of social regulation and offered ways in which we can use contracts law to further socially desireable ends. She does so in the context of two patterns of market exploitation. The first is "predatory prenups;" that is, prenups in which a woman is coerced into a marriage relationship because of particular vulnerabilities. Second, in predatory loan agreements, people enter into unfavorable loans because they were vulnreable, low-income, unsophisticated, first-time buyers.
Inequalities are increased if judges refuse to intervene to protect exploited parties. Professor Heren agrees with Professor Hart that judges are increasingly refusing to intervene. Her proposal is to replace our neo-liberal theory with a revamped vulnerability theory to underpin contracts doctrine. Neo-liberal theory associates equality with non-discrimination; vulnerability theory focuses on the right of individuals to participate in society and to have their human dignity recognized and protected. Neo-liberal theory regards the subject as the private, autonomous individual; under vulnerability theory we are all vulnerable and interconnected. Finally, neo-liberal theory regards the state as a threat to individual freedom, while vulnerability theory desires a responsive state that will address human vulnerabilities. In the contractual context, the responsive state simply refuses to enforce exploitative contracts.
Vulnerability theory eanbles us to appreciate that vulnerability is a normal part of life that arises as a product of state policies and politics. Permitting exploitation of such vulnerabilities harms human dignities, and the responsive state ought not to permit such exploitation. Professor Keren supports the recognition of a right not to be exploited through contractual means, and she notes that European law recognizes a norm against contractual exploitation. In the U.S., where that norm is not legislatively enacted (and the prospects are dim), we might be able to make due with a beefed-up version of the doctrine of unconscionability.
Amy Schmitz gave a talk on Acccess to Consumer Remedies in the Squeaky Wheel System. Her talk built on this paper from the Pepperdine Law Review. By "squeaky wheel," Professor Schmitz refers to the fact that only 1/3 of consumers do anything when dissatisfied with a product and few go beyond just calling and complaining. Very wealthy consumers are the most likely to complain about non-conforming consumer goods. Those "squeaky wheels" often get the remedy they wanted and they end up being loyal customers because they are satisfied with customer service.
The same goes with sales. White men are more likely to bargain than women or minority groups. An Ian Ayres study indicated that women paid a 40% mark-up over men in car sales and African Americans and Hispanics paid a 100% mark up over white male consumers. Most people do not bargain or seek to change terms when they enter into contracts, and most people do not read or pay attention to most contractual terms.
So, how do we bring back remedies? How do we compel sellers to stand by their goods? Professor Schmitz suggests that we need a new "handshake" to ignite justice in business-to-consumer contracting. She thinks online dispute resolution (ODR) might be a way to do so in a low-cost, flexible, user-friendly and non-intimidating manner.
Charles Knapp delivered a paper called Unconscionability: Once More Unto the Breach. He has been tracing the progress of unconscionability doctrine in the U.S. in a series of law review articles, including this one and this one. His main argument at this point is that courts have developed a comprehensive body of law on unconscionability. The doctrine comes up a lot in all sorts of contexts, and the courts know how to deal with unconscionability. The doctrine is more pervasive than one might think. Unconscionable behavior also comes up frequently in the interpretation of state and federal statutes. Courts have also recognized unconscionability as a sword as well as a shield, permitting recovery of large claims based on court findings that certain agreements are unconscionable. Judges with conscience should not enforce unconscionable agreements because lots of people and corporations do not have consciences.
Peter Linzer commented on the papers. He noted Chuck Knapp's important contribution in helping us to recognize that unsconscionability is not a doctrine that we embraced in the 60s and 70s and then it ran its course. It is alive and well and continues to permit court to invalidate contracts when "something smells bad." He noted that consumer contracts are far more complex today than they were in the age of face-to-face transactions, because we work through intermediaries (Amazon, Google, credit card companies) each of which has its own terms that we agree to by clicking or using the product.
Professor Linzer expressed some skepticism that merchants will embrace Professor Schmitz's online dispute resolution mechanisms. Doctrinal solutions to the problems of form contracts also fail because consumers don't want to litigate, and if they do, the odds are stacked against them. He therefore prefers the European route of banning certain contractual provisions through blacklists and greylists. So, we could simply ban pre-dispute binding arbitration in consumer contracts or choice of forum clauses that force the world to come to (e.g.) Microsoft when Microsoft already operates globally. The new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau may be the entity that can actually do these things.
Finally, Professor Linzer noted that consumer spending accounted for 71% of the GDP last year. That makes contracts law an issue of public law.
February 24, 2014 in Conferences, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Saturday, February 22, 2014
KCON9: Second Saturday Morning Panel: Contracts & Employment
Our own Meredith Miller started the panel with a paper on Getting Paid: Contracting in the Naked Economy. Professor Miller's paper is in part a reflection on her experience with freelancers who have been doing work in the new economy and have been experiencing a hard time getting paid. The amount due often does not rise to a level that would justify litigation. Professor Miller began by discussing "the rise in independent work," which is a lose category encompassing the "jobless but not workless." These people are often highly skilled, and big companies prefer to have consultants rather than employees because of liabilities and costs attendant to employees that are not associated with contractual relations with constultants.
On the other side, there is a literature promoting the benefits to workers in being independent workers. There are advantages to not having a boss, to not having to commute, not having face-time at work, etc. Why deal with people when you can stay home in the company of your cats? But there are significant problems associated with being an independent worker, including significantly, not getting paid. Professor Miller presented staggering statistics indicating that a very high percentage of independent workers have a hard time getting paid, and a very small percentage of them hire an attorney or actually proceed to court. She illustrated the problem with this video.
Professor Miller suggested simple solutions for independent workers such as clear definitions and expectations in contracts, payments schedules, process payments or payments in advance, terminations fees and attorneys fees in cases of non-payment. She recommended the Shake App as a means for quickly throwing together useable contracts. She also discussed legislative reforms, such as New York's proposed Freelancer Payment Protection Act, and potential private solutions.
Rachel Arnow-Richman next gave her paper on Modifying Employment Contracts. Professor Arnow-Richman began by discussing the abysmal case law on employment law, and by suggesting that modification is just another area in which the law is bad for workers and largely incoherent. Employment is generally at will these days, and so the notion of modification is difficult because it is not entirely clear that there is a contract to modify. The agreements are relational and the obligations are indefinite. Still, where the employer regards the modification as legally binding (e.g., the creation of non-competes, arbitration provisions, or retraction or modification of a previously promulgated employer policy), the doctrine of modification is applicable.
Professor Arnow-Richman noted two general approaches that have been applied to modification. The unilateral approach focuses on the employee's at-will status with the employee's continued employment constituting the consideration for the modifcation. For example, a Colorado case recently upheld the imposition of a non-compete clause on an at-will employmee because the employer can terminate the contract at any point. If the employer can terminate, it can also introduce a new contract with new terms that the employee accepts by continuing employment. This approach is troubling, because the worker obviously derives no benefit, and the notion that the benefit was continued employment is a sort of fiction, since that employment is still terminable at will. Some courts enforce such unilateral modifications only in the case of some additional consideration, such as a raise. In the at-will context, this is not all that helpful, since the additional consideration will not be relevant to the employee if she is sacked the following day.
The second approach, which Professor Arnow-Richman prefers, is to require advance notice as the consideration. This approach relates to a paper she gave at the AALS Section on Contracts meeting in 2013, which is now forthcoming in the Florida Law Review. There have been cases in which courts have upheld modifications based on reasonable notice. Unfortunately, the courts do not seem to know why they are doing so. Still, Professor Arnow-Richman thinks that there is way to make sense of this approach, and it turns on treating even at-will employment as a bilateral contract. If we so understand at-will employment, and we should, since employment begins with a promissory acceptance and the parties generally anticipate a long-term relationship, then reasonable notice is a standard term for modification.
February 22, 2014 in Conferences, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
KCON9: First Saturday Morning Session
I had the pleasure of chairing a panel populated by four young scholars all writing on Behavior, Bargaining, Incentives and Contract.
Kenneth Ching went first with his paper on Justice and Harsh Results: Beyond Individualism and Collectivism in Contracts. His paper focused on Cardozo's celebrated opinion in Jacob & Youngs v. Kent in which Cardozo held that, although Jacob & Youngs had not installed Reading pipes as called for in the contract, it had nonetheless substantially performed the contract by installing pipes of similar quality. Professor Ching maintains that Cardozo was wrong on both the facts and the law in the case. The contract in the case made clear that complete performance was a condition of payment, and the law was clear (then and now) that there can be no substantial performance of a condition. Moreover, even if it were possible to substantially perform conditions, Jacob & Youngs did not do so, as Cardozo would have noted had he actually applied the test to the facts of the case.
The case is but a gateway to Professor Ching's larger point about collectivist and individualist approaches to contracts law. Judge Cardozo's opinion seems to take a collectivist (or parternalist) approach to the doctrinal problems that the case raises. That is, Cardozo thinks we are all better off if people aren't held to unreasonable terms that would require the destruction of a home to replace pipes with virtually identical pipes. Judge McLaughlin's dissent seems to be more individualist, focusing on Kent's perspective and his right to insist on the contracts rights for which he had bargained. Professor Ching's approach rejects both collectivist and individualist approaches. He favors a Thomist approach that tries to resolve conflict in line with reason and with the goal of promoting human flourishing. Cardozo's opinion might be attractive from a Thomist perspective. Responding to a question, Professor Ching acknowledged that James Gordely, whose approach informs Professor Ching's, would find for Jacob & Youngs based on unconscionability. Still, Professor Ching maintains, Judge Cardozo reached the wrong result because of his mischaracterization of the facts and the law.
Next up was Andrew Verstein who gave a (his first ever) Prezi presentation (which was super cool) on Ex Tempore Contracting. His paper takes on a tradition that distinguishes between ex ante and ex post approaches to contracts interpretation. In the former, the parties specify how the contract is to be interpreted ("use Reading pipes"), and in the latter, the parties delegate interpretation to an adjudicator ("use merchantable pipes"). In the ex ante approach, the parties determine the meaning of the terms; in the ex post approach, some neutral third party (court or arbitrator) determines the meaning. Ideally, parties decide between precise (ex ante) terms and vague (ex post) terms based on the costs and benefits of choosing specific terms in particular contexts. Parties should draft to minimize the sum of ex ante and ex post costs.
But Professor Verstein contends that there is middle ground between before performance and after (alleged) breach. Some contracts disputes can be resolved during performance. The parties can specify that a particular third party will resolve disputes that arise during performance (ex tempore), and they can be resolved whether the terms are superficially vague or superficially precise. The aim remains to reduce the costs of dispute resolution, and there are many situations in which it is most efficient for the parties to agree to ex tempore dispute resolution, especially in construction agreements. Professor Verstein illustrates this point with the case of the Chinese Ertan Dam, a huge construction project. All disputes relating to that dam were resolved within six months of the dam's completion. This fact is attributable to the existence of netural expert panels (dipute boards) that addressed disputes as they arose and were able to sort out most disputes before the parties became too aggrieved. Reviewing Florida dispute boards, Professor Verstein finds that 98% of disputes are resolved without further conflict and the cost is 10-50% of arbitration. This is not really dispute resolution, Professor Verstein contends; it is ex tempore contracting. And, it turns out, this happens a lot more often than we realize.
Professor Verstein's paper is forthcoming in the William & Mary Law Review and can be downloaded here.
Wendy Netter Epstein next presented her paper on Public Private Contracting and the Reciprocity Norm. Professor Epstein's thesis is that in some public private contracts it is very difficult for the government to reduce agency costs by writing more detailed contracts. Picking up on Professor Verstein's theme, Professor Epstein contends that in certain circumstances it is better to have less detailed contracts with mechanisms for ongoing dispute resolution during contract performance. This approach is most appropriate where there is a shallow market (i.e., very few private contractors bid), a narrow application (e.g., private prisons) or a disempowered group of third-party beneficiaries (e.g., welfare recipients).
While a lot of scholarship has focused on the need for more detailed contracts in this context so as to provide for strong oversight of private actors working in the public interest. Professor Epstein suggests that the result has been to increase the size and complexity of government contracts. However, this solution does not work well because, where there is no well-functioning market, the government cannot effectively moitor and discipline private contractors. Moreover, one point of outsourcing is to promote innovation and creativity, and excessive government monitoring of private contractors undermines that aim. Professor Epstein drawns on research in the behavioral sciences and contends that reciprocity norm, which rewards people for kind actions, constrains actors more powerfully than models based on rational actors would predict. She thus thinks that strict enforcement mechanisms and sanctions regimes often undermine cooperation in the public private contracting context. Governments might be better served by communicating their positive intentions towards private contractors by entering into looser contracts that would permit the parties to chart the course of the collaboration on an on-going basis as the project proceeds.
Finally, Eric Zacks presented a paper on The Moral Hazard of Contract Drafting. One party to a contract can act opportunistically as an economic agent of the other party. The agency relationship arises when one party asks the other party to draft the agreement. That is a delegation of authority that would then be ratified upon acceptance. The danger of agency costs arises in that there may be a disparity between the contract as conceived and the contact as written.
There may be economic value in having one party be the contract preparer. For example, that party might have greater experience and expertise in contract preparation. But the drafter may write the contract is such a way as to enable it to take advantage of the other party after performance has begun. Then the question arises whether the principal (the non-drafting party) is able to monitor the agent (the drafting party). For example, in consumer contracts, it seems unlikely that non-drafting consumers would be capable of both foreseeing and monitoring the agency costs involved in allowing sellers to draft consumer contracts. One solution is for the principal to hire an agent (e.g., a lawyer) to monitor the contract. Or there might be outside monitoring services to prevent opportunistic behavior, such as regulatory agencies or courts, or statutory requirements that certain transactions be written in plain language.
Courts are less likely to intervene when they think the principal (non-drafting party) is sophisticated and has the means to protect itself against opportunistic behavior by the agent (drafting party). In the contractual context, we have more limited ways to discourage opportunistic behavior through incentives for good behavior.
Those not satisfied with this summary of Professor Zacks' argument can download the entire thing here.
February 22, 2014 in Conferences, Government Contracting, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, February 21, 2014
KCON 9: Friday Afternoon Session: Contract Interpretation
Shawn Bayern presented his work in progress on Meta-contextualist Contract Interpretation. Although Professor Bayern began by suggesting that, non-withstanding his previous presentations at this conference in which he denounced formalism and defended contextualist approaches, he really thinks that if asked in any given context, which interpretive regime should apply to a particular transaction, his answer is, "it depends." In short, the answer to the question of textualism vs. contextualism is contextual. Thus, Professor Bayern is a meta-contextualist. Parties should be able to determine what interpretive regime will apply to them. It might well be textualist, but (ah ha!), the text of the parties' agreement should not be dispositive in determining that issue. Rather, courts should look to the context informing that agreement. Happily, this seems to be what courts do. If the parties make clear that they intend to be bound by their text, then courts should take a textual approach. Otherwise, they should not just rely on the text, regardless how clear it is, but should review the text in the context of the negotiations. After all, a contract negotiated at gunpoint should not be binding regardless of its clarity.
Peter Gerhart then presented his paper co-authored with Juliet Kostritsky, Efficient Contextualism. The main point of the paper, like Professor Bayern's, is that the distinction between contextual and textual approaches is not particularly useful. Our real goal is to get at the parties' obligations, and whether we do that with text or context does not really matter. Both approaches, if pursued one-sidedly, have significant drawbacks. Textualism can lead to literalism and absurd results. Contextualism, if unconstrained, can be terribly inefficient and capricious.
Instead Professor Gerhart proposes "efficient contextualism" through determinate reasoning, which requires each party to identify the facts that must be true in order for their interpretation to succeed. While Professor Bayern thinks that the methodology appropriate to each contract must be determined with specific reference to the context in which that contract was negotiated, Professor Gerhard suggests that there can be a uniform approach to interpretation that would in fact be what unites the law of contracts. He used the facts of Jacob & Youngs v. Kent to illustrate. What does "use Reading Pipe" mean in the context of that agreement and what result is surplus maximizing? The answer depends on what the parties knew or reasonably should have known and intended at the time of the agreement. Determinate reasoning should promote efficiency by narrowing the issues in dispute which can then be settled either through motion practice or by a quick trial to resolve the few factual disputes on which the parties' differing contractual interpretations hinge.
Finally, Amir Pichhadze (pictured left in an image from the Yazigallery), an SJD candidate at the University of Michigan whose recent successes have garnered a lot of attention, presented his paper on Transfer Pricing & Contractual Interpretation. The subject matter of his paper is complex, so I will post an abstract that he has shared with me:
As the OECD's Transfer Pricing Guidelines ("TPG") and US Regulations recognize, the contractual terms of a controlled transaction are a 'relevant circumstance' (i.e. 'comparability factor') that ought to be taken into account when conducting the transfer pricing comparability analysis.
The purpose of this paper is to identify that domestic contractual interpretation law has a critical role in this comparability analysis. Firstly, it makes it possible to ascertain the substance of the terms, as they were intended by the parties. This is essential in order to properly recognized and give effect to the transaction as it was structured by the parties. Second, the parties' contractual intentions make it possible to determine whether the controlled transaction's surrounding circumstances are linked to the transfer price, which would make them a 'relevant circumstance' in the comparability analysis.
In Canada v. GlaxoSmithKline Inc. ("Glaxo case"), for example, if Glaxo Canada intended in the controlled transaction [which was a Supply Agreement with Adechsa, an associated foreign company] to bundle payments for goods received under the expressed terms of the controlled transaction as well as for services received from its parent company [Glaxo Group, which is located in the UK] under a separate Licence Agreement, then that Licence Agreement would have to be taken into account as a 'relevant circumstance' because it is linked to (i.e. it has an impact on) the transfer price.
Part 1 of this paper identifies that in order to properly ascertain Glaxo Canada's contractual intentions, in the Supply Agreement, the courts had to interpret that agreement by applying the relevant principles from Canada's contractual interpretation law. By failing to do so, the courts have risked making an error of law in their analysis. The extent of their error will be explored in part 2 of this paper. The analysis of the courts' approach in this case ought to serve an important function. It ought to alert courts in other countries to recognize the role that their domestic contractual interpretation law has in the transfer pricing comparability analysis, so that they avoid making the same errors as those made by the Canadian courts.
February 21, 2014 in Conferences, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
KCON 9 Lunch Speaker: Kingsley Martin
Kingsley Martin of KM Standards gave a luncheon address on "The Emergence of Contracts Standards and Its Future Impact on Legal Education." He introduced us to some very impressive technology that can greatly increase the efficiency with which practicing attorneys review standard agreements. Here's what it looked like:
This technology enables an attorney to review a new document, say a merger agreement, by comparing it to a database of say 15 similar documents. It immediately identifies the provisions that are similar to those found in the database, those found in the new document and not in the database, and those not found in the new document but common in other, similar agreements. An attorney can then quickly pinpoint what is missing from the document and might need to be added and what unusual provisions might regard careful scrutiny.
More particularly, the technology can also use the database to identify the most common language used in standard provisions and also variations in standard provisions so that one can see the range of how parties work out standard terms and pick out the language that is best suited for a particular deal.
The steps are to identify the unitary elements of standard form agreements, identify the clauses components and then draft clauses in clear, standard English. Ultimately, Martin thinks that such the technology can help attorneys negotiate optimal terms. For example, if you are trying to find optimal compensation in an employment agreement at a public company, you could go on to EDGAR and get all the filings that disclose compensation terms. The parties then should be able to discern from the data an appropriate compensation package.
How might this affect teaching? He thinks his basic contracts clauses could be reduced to playing cards. One might then run various simulations with students (or one could just choose to characterize the exercise as a "game" that they students "play"). The students can then choose and negotiate using the various cards and see if they can work out a satisfactory deal. Or they may not be able to achieve a satisfactory deal through the use of common terms, and then the challenge is to see if they can draft unique language suitable to their ends.
Anyone interested in seeing what the cards might look like can check them out here.
February 21, 2014 in Conferences, Teaching, Web/Tech | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)


text:
Consumer sentiment tops calendar
Mike Yamamoto | email@example.com
The University of Michigan's survey for July will be released at 9:55 a.m. ET and is expected to come in at 84.0, up slightly from the previous 83.9 reading. The final number for June was 84.1.
Corporate earnings will likely continue dominating headlines, but the number of reports will be much lower than yesterday's onslaught. Among those companies reporting quarterly results before the open are Tyco, LyondellBasell, KKR, Lear, Weyerhaeuser, Stanley Black & Decker, and Newell Rubbermaid.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
this is becoming an annual event... sparklers in the kitchen! definitely not a safety hazard, i promise you.
michele_sharik and raychelamarylis added this photo to their favorites.
that is completely fucking awesome
great group working !
happy new year !!!!!! -
Yar! I be a pirate for Indy Pirates, and we be wanting this pirate treasure added to our pool. (Post 1, pirate badge 5 & tag yer favorites in the pool)
*Five badges gets you invited to Arrr! The Indy Pirates' Chest of Faves!*and I agree completely fucking awesome
this is ACE!
Great job! Next time, I'll ask for help =)


text:
Ballys Fitness Offers a Road to a Healthier Lifestyle
Ballys fitness has a mission to improve the health and quality of life of people through professional help and wellness programs. This goal is achievable through a three part area to wellness called the Bally's Total Fitness plan. The program uses exercising, nutrition, and help to build a fitness program to help you get more healthy and stay that way. Bally fitness centers can help you find the right exercise programs that fit your personal needs and requirements.
A Great Place to Exercise
Exercising is the first step in your fitness program and Bally's fitness will help provide you with plenty of workout plans to get you in the shape you want to be in and keep you there. Bally's offers top of line equipment from machines to cardio equipment and strength training options. These centers also offers a variety of classes to teach multiple ways to exercise so it will fit a customers personal needs. You will have the opportunity to create realistic fitness and weight loss goals, and also how to view your progress to meet your goals. Ballys fitness centers provide a great place to exercise.
Support and Help
Support is a crucial step to Bally's total fitness plan, and is accomplished in multiple different ways. You will be able to find a staff of highly trained and qualified personnel to give you information on how to use the equipment, offer workout advice and fitness programs to meet your personal goals. You will have the opportunity to join some group classes filled with other customers who are seeking very similar goals and a chance to meet new people and making your workout program a fun experience so it is enjoyable to you. Support is crucial to a successful Ballys fitness plan, whether you are a beginner or an advanced fitness fanatic.
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Having a healthy lifestyle is a very common and good goal for most of us for multiple different reasons. A membership at Ballys Fitness will help guide you toward your goals and make your life more healthy and enjoyable.
The mission of Crazy About Fitness is to help everyone understand how important fitness is to their life. There are articles on mens fitness as well as womens fitness and so much more. You will love this site if you come and take a look.
Article from articlesbase.com
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text:
I am running Ant to exec another process. This other process has problems with some environment variables that are present. I want these environment variables to be undefined when I exec the other process.
Of course I can undefine the environment variable prior to running Ant. However I am interested in undefining the variable within Ant prior to execing the other process.
So I have at the time of calling Ant an environment with:
And I have in my build.xml:
..<exec exacutable="program.exe>...
And my program.exe chokes on the fact that SOME_VAR
is defined.


text:
We are looking for information on LAYFIELD and CHAPPELL. Our LAYFIELD was known to have lived in Illinois in the 1880s and up to the mid-1890s. We believe the family came to the USA from the North of England. |
Clyde Bertram Layfield 1233 Shadow Creek Drive Stockton, CA 95209-1426 United States (209)474-2207 email@example.com |
Edit Your Page |
Related Links |
The content shown on this page has been submitted by a Genealogy.com customer, and is not subject to verification by Genealogy.com. Neither Genealogy.com nor its affiliates are responsible for the accuracy of any information contained on this page. The opinions expressed on this page are the author's alone and not the opinions of Genealogy.com.
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text:
Nashville Metropolitan Transit Authority
Founded | 1973 |
Headquarters | 400 Charlotte Avenue, Nashville, TN |
Service area | Nashville-Davidson County |
Service type | bus service, bus rapid transit, paratransit, park and ride |
Routes | 55 |
Hubs | Music City Central |
Stations | 6 Music City Star stations |
Fleet | 137 (bus), 40 (AccessRide) |
Chief executive | Stephen G. Bland |
Website | nashvillemta.org |
The Nashville Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) is a public transportation agency based in Nashville, Tennessee. Consisting of city buses and paratransit, the system serves Nashville and Davidson County. Most bus routes serve the downtown transit station, Music City Central. This makes MTA the largest transit agency where most of the bus routes terminate in a Central Business District with no crosstown service. The crosstown services that do not terminate in downtown Nashville are the University Connector (route 21), the Edmondson Pike Connector (route 72), and the Madison Connector (route 76).[1]
The University Connector (route 21) began on Sunday, September 30, 2012. This route provides cross-town service connecting six universities including Tennessee State University, Meharry Medical College, Fisk University, Vanderbilt University, Belmont University and Lipscomb University. Buses travel via the new 28th/31st Avenue Bridge every 30 to 60 minutes on weekdays and hourly on weekends. The route provides transfer points to 10 other MTA bus routes.[2]
In addition, MTA partnered with the Metro Arts Commission, which commissioned six artist-designed transit shelters are placed along the new 28th/31st Avenue Bridge.[3][4]
The MTA was the only transit agency in the country to implement payment with credit card at the fare box. That proof of payment approach has since been discontinued as of March 2009.[5]
The first public transportation in Nashville began in 1860 when the McGavock and Mt. Vernon Horse Railroad Company and the South Nashville Street Railroad Company were joined together to create a public transportation system using steam and mules to power rail cars. The first electric streetcar in Nashville came in 1889. Over the years, several different companies offered transit in Nashville. The first buses came in 1926, as a complement to the preceding rail lines. In 1930, Tennessee Electric Power Company took over the transit system and phased out streetcars 10 years later. In 1953, the company was reorganized and changed its name to Nashville Transit Company. The next 20 years saw the decline of public transportation in Nashville and the rise of the automobile. This led to higher fares and service cutbacks for the transit system. In order to keep public transportation in the city viable, Metro-Nashville government purchased the Nashville Transit Company and created the Metropolitan Transit Authority in 1973.[6]
Due to the flood in May, 2010, Nashville MTA suffered losses to their fleet and their maintenance/administration offices. The total losses amounted to 42 buses, nearly 50 paratransit vans, various other support vehicles and severe damage caused to both the maintenance/administration offices and to the Riverfront Music City Star train station. Service was interrupted for 4 days, with limited service being restored afterwards for the next four weeks. In early June, 2010, Nashville MTA obtained loaner buses and other vehicles from surrounding transit agencies, including Memphis, Cincinnati, Clarksville and others. Regular transit service was restored shortly thereafter.
MTA System[edit]
The MTA bus system serves all of Nashville and Davidson County. While no bus service is directly provided to the autonomous Davidson County incorporated community of Forest Hills, some service is provided, though, to Belle Meade, Berry Hill, Goodlettsville and Oak Hill.[7]
Service to the autonomous Davidson County incorporated community of Lakewood began on Monday, April 30, 2012.[8] Route 27 Old Hickory provides weekday service in Old Hickory via Lakewood. Buses travel to and from downtown Nashville and Madison. New park-n-rides are located at the former City Hall in Lakewood and at the MTA Administrative Offices on Myatt Drive in Madison.[9]
MTA offers a paratransit service operating specialized van services for people with disabilities unable to use regular bus routes. AccessRide provides door-to-door paratransit service in Davidson County within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from a regular bus route. MTA'S AccessRide also provides elderly people with a way to get to doctors appointments and pick up medication.
MTA also has a Park-n-Ride program where riders can park their cars in a designated parking lot and ride the bus into town. Most riders make use of the park-n-ride program to get to places like LP Field and local restaurants
MTA operates four varieties of buses in their normal operations.
- Gillig Low-Floor 40 ft (12 m).
- Neoplan Transliner Articulated Bus
- Nova Rapid Transit Series #2
- North American Bus Industries 60 ft (18 m). Hybrid Articulated Bus
Ticket Cost[edit]
The cost of tickets mainly depends on the riders age and the number of days or rides the ticket permits. An adult ticket allowing 31 days of unlimited rides (31-day pass) will typically cost less than that of a youth. Some riders receive special discounts because of mental or physical disability.
Regional Transportation Authority (RTA)[edit]
Outside of Davidson County, MTA collaborates with the Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) to provide express service to Brentwood, Franklin, Gallatin, Hendersonville, Lavergne, Smyrna, Murfreesboro, Spring Hill, Joelton and Springfield. MTA also provides connecting bus service with the Music City Star at Riverfront Station in downtown Nashville (linked by downtown shuttles), and Donelson and Hermitage stations within Nashville along the system's East Corridor Line.
RTA held two public hearings on April 24, 2012 regarding proposed regional express bus service from Clarksville to Nashville.[10][11]
The new express bus service (94X Clarksville Express) began June 1, 2012. Buses depart weekdays from the Clarksville Rossview Road Park-n-Ride at the Music City Central in downtown Nashville at 6:45 a.m. and 7:45 a.m. The Clarksville Transit System (CTS) provides local bus service to and from the RTA park-n-ride serving the route. CTS fares applies for connecting CTS service.[12] On Monday, April 1, 2013 the 94X Clarksville Express began service to Cheatham County with a stop in Pleasant View. A Park & Ride lot is located at 1502 Substation Road in Pleasant View.[13]
Planning meetings are underway in early 2015 for the launch of the Northwest Corridor Transit Study to identify route alternatives in Montgomery, Cheatham and Davidson counties. A consulting team led by Parsons Brinckerhoff is planning to present five corridors for public consideration and comment at community engagement meetings in Clarksville, Ashland City and Nashville. Current alternatives include rail and dedicated bus rapid transit lanes along existing state routes. The first round of community meetings is tentatively planned for March 2015.[14]
Three RTA bus routes (Routes 84X Murfreesboro Express, 86X Smyrna/La Vergne Express and 87X Gallatin Express) began on Monday, October 1, 2012.
New Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funding provides resources for a separate express bus route from Murfreesboro to Nashville. Route 84X Murfreesboro Express begins service at Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), continue to a new Park-n-Ride at the North Boulevard Church of Christ on North Rutherford Boulevard, and then continue on Rutherford and Northfield to NW Broad Street where it travels to Nashville via I-840W and ultimately I-24W.
In addition to the express buses from Murfreesboro, RTA CMAQ funding also provides for a separate express bus route from Smyrna and La Vergne. Buses for Route 86X Smyrna/La Vergne Express begin service at the Smyrna Kmart Park-n-Ride, continue to La Vergne and to I-24 via Waldron Road.
New Route 87X Gallatin Express provides additional service to Gallatin, including a portion previously served by Route 92X. A second Park-n-Ride lot in Gallatin is located at the Gallatin Farmers' Market.[15]
Dickson's Planning Commission recently endorsed a plan to establish Park & Ride locations within Dickson, TN that will support express bus service expected to begin in the summer 2014. The express is expected to make a stop in Cheatham County.[16] Dickson County Mayor Bob Rial said that the idea is to have a stop in Dickson, Burns and/or White Bluff where residents could catch a commuter bus that would take them to a landport in the West End area. From there a shuttle bus will run through the heart of downtown and into East Nashville with several stops along the way.[17] On Monday, April 28, 2014, bus service between Nashville and Dickson began as a two-week pilot project. RTA operated the pilot project to gauge the interest of commuters in Dickson.[18] On Monday, July 21, 2014, The Dickson County Commission agreed to help fund an express commuter bus service to Nashville. The service was expected to officially launch in September 2014, composing of two buses that would depart from Dickson each morning and two that would return from Nashville on weeknights, [19] but the local site for a Park and Ride had not yet been identified, caused a delay in the start of the express bus service until a location was found.[20] With a Park & Ride lot location founded at the Dickson Walmart (located off Highway 46 and Beasley Drive), bus service from Dickson to Nashville began on Monday, January 5, 2015 as the 88X Dickson Express. [21]
Bus Route List[edit]
- 1 100 Oaks
- 2 Belmont
- 3 West End/White Bridge Road
- 4 Shelby
- 5 West End/Belluve
- 6 Lebanon Road
- 7 Hillsboro
- 8 8th Avenue South
- 9 MetroCenter
- 10 Charlotte Tardy
- 12 Nolensville Road
- 14 Whites Creek
- 15 Murfreesboro Road
- 17 12th Avenue South
- 18 Airport/Elm Hill Pike
- 19 Herman
- 20 Scott
- 21 University Connector
- 22 Bordeaux
- 23 Dickerson Road
- 24X Bellevue Express
- 25 Midtown
- 26 Gallatin Road
- 27 Old Hickory
- 28 Meridian
- 30 McFerrin
- 33X Hickory Hollow Mall/Old Hickory Express
- 34 Opry Mills
- 35X Rivergate Express
- 36X Madison Express
- 37X Tusculum/McMurray Express
- 38X Antioch Express
- 41 Golden Valley
- 42 St. Cecilia/Cumberland
- 43 Hickory Hills
- 44 MTA Shuttle
- 55 Murfreesboro Pike BRT Lite
- 56 Gallatin Road BRT Lite
- 60 Music City Blue Circuit
- 61 Music City Green Circuit
- 62 Music City Purple Circuit
- 72 Edmondson Pike Connector
- 76 Madison Connector
- 84X Murfreesboro Express
- 86X Smyrna/La Vergne Express
- 87X Gallatin Express
- 88X Dickson Express
- 89X Springfield/Joelton Express
- 91X Franklin/Brentwood Express
- 92X Gallatin/Hendersonville Express
- 93 Music City Star West End Shuttle
- 94X Clarksville Express
- 95X Spring Hill Express
- 96X Nashville/Murfreesboro Relax & Ride
Current and Upcoming Projects[edit]
Music City Star[edit]
The MTA took over operation of the Music City Star commuter train in 2008 after initial service began in 2006.
Clarksville, TN is one step closer to having commuter rail to Nashville, after a firm was selected to conduct a study. The Regional Transportation Authority has hired the firm of Parsons Brinkerhoff to conduct a study to provide consensus among the RTA, the Nashville Area MPO, the Clarksville Urbanized Area MPO and community stakeholders on cost-effective transit improvements to serve the northwest area of Middle Tennessee. [22][23]
Music City Central[edit]
In May 2007, MTA began construction of Music City Central at a cost of $54,000,000,[24] a downtown transfer station that replaced the outdoor Downtown Transit Mall on Deaderick Street. The facility opened to the public on Oct. 26, 2008. Music City Central is a two-story facility with climate-controlled waiting areas. Riders can buy tickets, check bus schedules, and shop at a convenience store or Dunkin' Donuts located at the facility. A multi-story public parking garage is located above the transfer portion of the facility.
BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) Lite[edit]
After years of study, MTA secured taxpayer funding to purchase the vehicles necessary for a bus rapid transit (BRT) light line. On September 27, 2009, MTA implemented the first phase of its new BRT service on the Gallatin Road corridor, designated as route 56 Gallatin Road BRT Lite. Covering 12 miles (19 km), this BRT service operates from Music City Central to the edge of Sumner County just north of RiverGate Mall. Passengers experience fewer stops and more frequent buses as they travel along one of Nashville's busiest corridors on all new 60-foot (18 m), articulated, fuel-efficient hybrid buses. BRT buses stop at designated stops that are marked with a green "BRT stop" sign.
During the second phase of BRT in spring 2010, more customer amenities were added. Gallatin Road intersections have Green Light Extenders that allow the traffic signals to stay green longer as a bus approaches. In addition, each station stop features new enhanced passenger waiting areas.
A second high use corridor was identified for implementation and funding goes along Murfreesboro Pike. The 55 Murfreesboro Pike BRT Lite, which began service on Monday, April 1, 2013, comes three years after the 56 Gallatin Road BRT Lite, a 12-mile stretch from downtown's Music City Central to RiverGate Mall, began service. The Murfreesboro Pike BRT Lite stretches from downtown to the Antioch area near the Global Mall at the Crossings, formerly Hickory Hollow Mall.[25][26] The 55 Murfreesboro Pike BRT lite will be available beginning April 1.[27]
Nashville Mayor Karl Dean hopes to start running "lite" bus rapid transit service on Charlotte and Nolensville pikes in 2014.[28]
Plans for the Charlotte BRT Lite will be discussed at several public meetings scheduled for late January 2015 and early February 2015.[29]
Music City Circuit[edit]
The Music City Circuit is a free circulator bus service in downtown Nashville, began March 29, 2010. It operates three lines- the Blue Circuit, serving Bicentennial Mall, the Green Circuit, serving the Gulch, and the Purple Circuit, serving Richard H. Fulton Complex. The Blue Circuit operates 6:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on weekdays, and 11:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on Saturdays. Likewise, the Green Circuit operates 6:30 a.m. to midnight on weekdays and 11:00 a.m. to midnight Saturdays. The Purple Circuit operates 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. on weekdays. The introduction of the Music City Circuit replaced Route 94 Music City Star Downtown Shuttle.
Cancelled Projects[edit]
The Amp (formally known as the East-West Connector)[edit]
Mayor Karl Dean had his eyes set on a full-fledged bus rapid transit system taking passengers from West End Avenue down Broadway, across the river to East Nashville's Five Points district. The Amp (formally known as the East-West Connector) would have begun at Five Points in East Nashville and extends down Broadway, West End and Harding Road to White Bridge Road.
The difference between the AMP and the BRT Lite (currently in operation along Gallatin Road and Murfreesboro Pike) is that the former would have been a full-fledged bus rapid transit system, with buses occupying exclusive lanes of traffic.[30][31]
On the afternoon of January 22, 2014, Nashville Metropolitan Transit Authority announced that it will "cease work on the Amp," though strategic planning for mass transit in the region will continue.[32]
- ^ "Nashville MTA System Map". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
- ^ "2013 January-February MTA Newsletter". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
- ^ "Summary of Changes effective September 30". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
- ^ "2013 January-February MTA Newsletter". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
- ^ "MTA Makes Big Changes". WTVF-TV. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "A History of Transit in Nashville". Nashville MTA.
- ^ "Nashville MTA System Map". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Summary of Changes Brochure (Spring 2012)". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ "Summary of Changes Brochure (Spring 2012)". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
- ^ "RTA public meetings scheduled for April 24)". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ^ "Proposed new RTA express bus service to Clarksville)". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ "RTA Board approves service to Clarksville and July 4th special event train)". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
- ^ "Summary of Changes for spring 2013". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
- ^ "Nashville to Clarksville service focus of NW Corridor Study". Music City Star: RTA 2014/2015 Winter Newsletter.
- ^ "Summary of Changes effective September 30". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
- ^ "Dickson Park & Ride to Nashville moves forward". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
- ^ "County joins RTA with hope of opening commuter bus service to Nashville". WDKN: 1260 AM. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- ^ "RTA offers pilot project for bus route from Dickson to Nashville". WSMV. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
- ^ "Dickson Co. Commission approved funding for bus service to Nashville". WSMV. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
- ^ "Start of Dickson-to-Nashville bus service delayed". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
- ^ "RTA commuter bus route will connect Dickson, Nashville". Nashville Post. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
- ^ "Tennessee transportation agency hires firm to study proposed commuter-rail line)". Progressive Railroading. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "Clarksville closer to getting rail service to Nashville)". The Leaf Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "MTA looks to save Music City Star". Nashville City Paper. Oct 24, 2008.
- ^ "Bus rapid transit 'lite' planned for Murfreesboro Pike". Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ "Proposed service changes for spring 2013". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
- ^ "Summary of Changes for spring 2013". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
- ^ "'Lite' BRT in the works for Charlotte, Nolensville pikes". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
- ^ "Public meetings scheduled for January 27, 29 and February 3, 5". Nashville MTA. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
- ^ "Nashville MTA—Broadway/West End Corridor Study". Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ "Dean, consultants favor bus rapid transit — not streetcar — for east-west connector". Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ "It's official: MTA to stop work on the Amp". Nashville Business Journal. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
External links[edit]
- Nashville MTA Web site
- Music City Central
- "Nashville Wants BRT Plan" from The City Paper (April 25, 2006)
- From Bus Explorer
- Nova Bus
- Music City Circuit


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Bath Rugby prop Nathan Catt promoted to senior England squad for tour to New Zealand
Posted: May 27, 2014
|Bath Rugby prop Nathan Catt has been promoted to the senior England squad for their tour to New Zealand.
Loosehead Catt had initially been included in the Red Rose camp to face the Barbarians at Twickenham on Sunday but he will instead fly to Auckland with the England tour party this evening.
England head coach Stuart Lancaster said: "In light of Mako Vunipola's ongoing treatment for a knee injury ahead of the Aviva Premiership final and Joe Marler suffering a slight hip strain we have decided to take Nathan out with us now to ensure that he is up to speed with our systems and structures in the lead up to next week."
Leicester Tigers prop Fraser Balmain will replace Catt in the England XV squad to prepare for the game against the Barbarians.


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Major Airports near Addison
Distance (mi.) | |
Albany International Airport | 96.0map |
Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau Airport | 97.9map |
Ottawa International Airport | 144.0map |
Other Smaller Airports near Addison
Distance (mi.) | |
Burlington International Airport | 27.2map |
Plattsburgh Clinton County Airport | 43.4map |
Saranac Lake Adirondack Airport | 49.4map |
Map of Airports in Addison
- Addison, VT Hotel Prices Made Easy
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Hotels Near Addison
Courtyard by Marriott Middlebury - Hotel
309 Court Street, US Route 7 / Historic Ethan Alle
Middlebury, VT05753
Distance: 9.0 mi.
(from destination center)
Hotel Class:
Middlebury, VT05753
Distance: 9.0 mi.
(from destination center)
Hotel Class:


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Jewelry for You! How to Make Handmade Beaded Bracelets and Necklaces from Consumer Crafts and Crafts Unleashed
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Two Step Flower Necklace
By: Karen Benvenuti for Laliberi
With two easy steps, you can create this Two Step Flower Necklace from Laliberi in under 30 minutes! You're sure to love this pearl flower necklace, and it's so easy to wear with an evening dress or just jeans and a tee. Make one for all your girlfriends!
- Purple Ready to Wear Flower
- Pearl Fashion Strands
- Attach a ready to wear Flower to a strand or two of ready to wear pearls.
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- Overview
- Rooms & Availability
- Location
The quiet Sunshine Garden Resort Hotel is a 3-star property set next to Koh Laan, Pattaya Water Park and Wong Amat Beach.
There are 120 large rooms, which are fitted with IDD telephone, a safe and a personal safe. Guests can make use of private bathrooms with a hairdryer, a bathtub and a shower available in all guestrooms.
The restaurant offers light Thai meals and a relaxing atmosphere. Refreshing drinks are offered in the poolside bar.
At the hotel Sunshine Garden Resort guests are invited to a buffet breakfast served for free. A american breakfast is served at the price of THB 236 per person per night.
Business facilities at Sunshine Garden Resort Hotel include internet access, conference facilities.
Leisure facilities include an outdoor swimming pool, a sundeck.
Wireless internet is available in public areas and the rate is THB 100 per hour
Guest Parking
Free Private hotel parking is possible on site.
Number of rooms 120.
The hotel is well situated in a quiet area, close to a landscaped garden, a tropical garden. You can see Health Land Spa & Massage, Tiffany's Show and Gem Factory Shop, Museum and Tour only 200m from the hotel.
Distance to:
- City Center - 300 m
- Airport: Pattaya - 14.9km, Utapao - 32.8km
General |
Activities |
Services |
Dining facilities |
Business facilities |
Leisure and relaxation facilities |
Room facilities |
Check-In | from 14:00-23:00 hours |
Check-Out | until 06:00-12:00 hours |
Pets | Pets are not allowed |
Children and extra beds |
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Sunshine Garden Resort Hotel LocationWhat's nearby
- Current hotel
- Hotels nearby
- Airports
- Underground Railway Stations
- Train Stations
- Parks
- Attractions for Tourists
- Museums
- Convention Centers
- Stadiums
- Food and meals
- General
Hover above the icons to see hotel photo and details.
Click the hotel to go to the main hotel page.
What's nearby
Attractions for Tourists |
Popular areas |
Shopping Areas |
Theaters |
Marina |
Local Attractions
Wong Amat Beach1.7kmPattayaThailand
Pattaya Beach1.8kmPattayaThailand
Easy Kart Pattaya2.1kmBali Hai Pier, Pattaya
Koh Laan2.2kmA little way off Pattaya PattayaThailand
Dolly's Harrods Tailor2.2km179/89 Pattaya Naklua Road, Pattaya
Near the hotel
Tiffany's Show190 m464 M.9 Pattaya 2 Road, Pattaya
Gem Factory Shop, Museum and Tour1.1km555 Mo 6 North Pattaya Road, Pattaya
Health Land Spa & Massage (Pattaya)1.1km159/555 Moo 5, Pattaya Nua Rd Naklua, Bang Lamung
Restaurants Nearby
Mantra Restaurant & Bar
73% likes this, based on 278 reviews
Food: Mediterranean, Indian, Chinese, Japanese
Price Range: USD 25 - USD 100360 mPattaya Beach RoadPhone: +66 (0) 38429591
Copacabana Italian Restaurant
70% likes this, based on 36 reviews
610 m305/1 Moo 10, Soi 15, Pattaya 2nd RoadPhone: +66 (0) 38 723 607
Cherry's Restaurant
69% likes this, based on 69 reviews
Food: Italian, French, Thai
Price Range: USD 27 - USD 102680 m394/122 Moo 9, Pattaya 3rd RoadPhone: +66 (0)38 05 24 30
Moom Aroi Restaurant
72% likes this, based on 43 reviews
Food: Thai680 m15/15 Pattaya Third Road (Pattaya Sai Sam), Naklua Subdistrict, Bang Lamung District.Phone: 38414802
Why book with us?
- Low prices
- Enjoy our best price guarantee and special offers.
- Free cancellations
- Usually cancellations can be made without charge close to your arrival date (check policies).
- Guaranteed room
- You get instant confirmation directly from the hotel's reservation database.
Hotel Awards 2014
ThaiHOTEL AWARDSRecommendedPattayaAccording to guest reviews, the hotel has been rated asBest Family Hotels in Thailand


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Welcome to cmbdesignz WeddingWire Storefront! I design custom wedding invitations, table numbers, wedding menus and favor tags. My style has been called many things: refined, professional, moving, elegant and simple in the best of ways. If the project allows for it, I have also been known to be a bit quirky and narrative also.
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Can you name all the championships Audi has claimed in its history?
The Rally Driver No. 1 is Sebastien Ogier and the Rally Codriver No. 1 is Julien Ingrassia.
The German marque took top honors in their rookie season.
Ott Tänak and his co-driver Raigo Mõlder will do nine rounds in brand new team Drive DMACK with Ford Fiesta R5.
Robert Kubica says fear is not why Massa's results have declined.
Citroën Racing presented details of its 2014 sporting programmes today at its technical centre in Versailles.
The Pole will contest all 13 rounds of next season's championship with a Lotos-supported Ford Fiesta RS WRC.
Both crews will take to the Cumbrian firm's Ford Fiesta RS WRC for all 13 rounds of next season's championship.
Atkinson, Sordo, Hanninen, Neuville announced as drivers.
Kris Meeke, Mads Østberg and Khalid Al Qassimi to compete for Citroën Racing in 2014
Great honour, grand celebration: World Championship trophies presented to Volkswagen
Complete list of the 2013 FIA Champions.
Re-elected for a second term at today's AGA, FIA President Jean Todt outlined his plans for the coming years.
For the first time in 10 years, the FIA World Rally Championship trophy has two new names engraved on it.
Driver lineups at Hyundai WRC are taking shape.
Both the Fiesta R5+ and the new Fiesta R200 are not FIA homologated and thus intended for national championships.
The media selected the top-10 for the Personality inaugural award. The fans will select the Moment of the Year Award.
The WRC season finale has just one day remaining to determine the final points. Ogier earned his crown early; however he wants the final victory of 2013!
The Citroen factory team had a rough day in Wales Rally GB as both Kubica and Hirvonen crashed out.
Sebastien Ogier elects to start second after setting fastest qualifying time. His Volkswagen teammate Jari-Matti Latvala will start first on the road.
Robert Kubica and Michele Ferrara will undoubtedly be the main attraction at the thirteenth and final round of the season.
Local star hoping to shine on refreshed Wales Rally GB.
2013 World Rally Champion Ogier came from behind to snag his eighth win of the season; handing Volkswagen the Manufacturers' title in their debut season.
Former Formula One driver Robert Kubica takes his fifth victory in his debut season with Citroen, and claims the 2013 WRC 2 championship.
Latvala holds a slender lead ahead of Sordo after today's runs on asphalt; however Sordo wanted the Finn to be first on the gravel roads for the final day of action.
The loss of Sebastien Loeb has not been easy for the Citroen World Rally Championship team.
The first opening stages of Rally de Espana were on asphalt and once again the 2013 champion, Sebastien Ogier, was unstoppable.
World Rally Championship teams are taking on Rally de Espana this weekend with a mixture of asphalt and gravel roads,
David Ward pulled out to support Mohammad Bin Sulayem who recently decided to not run.
Robert Kubica to compete in top-flight WRC category, for the first time, at the final round of the 2013 FIA World Rally Championship.
WRC2 driver Robert Kubica and co-driver Maciek Baran moved up to one of the Abu Dhabi Citroën World Rally DS3s for the Wales Rally Great Britain
Sebastien Ogier had an up and down World Rally race in his home country but in the end, the Frenchman took the victory; he notched the crown on day one!
The Finn holds a slim lead in his VW Polo over Sordo, Ogier and Loeb on Saturday of Rallye de France! However in WRC 2, Kubica is on track for the victory.


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My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
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See a simple beginner-friendly method for roasting a moist, beautiful turkey.
Watch a very simple method for prepping and roasting turkey.
A flavorful wet rub creates a gorgeous crust that locks in juices.


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What does DNIS mean in Companies & Firms?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand DNIS in the Business field in general and in the Companies & Firms terminology in particular.
Dynamic Network Insurance System
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