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US 7578910 B2 Abstract Improved deep well grounding systems of the kind used for cathodic protection of ground installations according to the invention employ a combination of materials for the casing of the central metallic anode and the backfill in the well which exhibit a degree of permeability sufficient to allow by-product gases develop in ordinary use of this system to escape, avoiding unwanted cavitation, while minimizing the migration of ground water and the attendant undesirable environmental pollution.
Claims(15) 1. In a deep well grounding system of the kind including an anode lowered into a bore hole which is subsequently backfilled for cathodic protection, the improvement which comprises providing:
(i) a metal conductive anode encased in a first conductive composition; and
(ii) a backfill material consisting essentially of a second conductive composition,
wherein the permeability of said first conductive composition and the permeability of said second conductive composition are such that said grounding system allows free venting of by-product gases generated during operation of the system, while limiting undesired migration of groundwater.
2. A deep well grounding system according to
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12. A deep well grounding system according to
13. An electrically conductive composition for use as a protective sheath for the ground anode or as the backfill material in a deep well grounding system, comprising from 20 to 60% by weight of Portland cement, from 40 to 80% by weight of particulate carbon, between 50 and 200 mesh and an additive for adjusting the water permeability of the composition to 10−6 and 10−8 cm/sec.
14. A composition according to
15. A composition according to
Description This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/124,406 filed May 9, 2005 now abandoned and entitled DEEP WELL ANODES FOR ELECTRICAL GROUNDING, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/643,149 filed on Aug. 19, 2003 now abandoned and entitled CONDUCTIVE CONCRETE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING SAME, which claims priority based on U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/404,129, filed on Aug. 19, 2002, all of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety, by reference. Electrical Grounding Techniques Various electrical grounding techniques are utilized throughout the world for the prevention of electrical damage to buildings and equipment. Such grounding techniques find numerous applications in such diversified areas as power and telecommunication systems, electronic equipment, fuel storage tanks, industrial installations, commercial and residential buildings as well as buried equipment such as pipelines. Two distinct types of grounding techniques are commonly employed. The first involves the protection of personnel, buildings or equipment from any of a number of rapid and/or intense electrical hazards, such as a lightning strike. The second technique, known as �cathodic protection� employs activated grounding to reduce the slow degradation of metallic installations by electrochemical corrosion. The established grounding techniques commonly involve the use of wires or rods of copper or other electrically conductive metals being attached to the installation requiring protection, after which the metallic rod or conductor is buried in a narrow trench or driven into the earth. In the cathodic protection technique, an electrical circuit is established such that a direct electrical current flows into buried electrodes. The electrical circuit is designed such that the metallic structures (such as pipes etc.) which require protection become the cathode, while the conductive material which forms the anodes is imbedded in the earth some distance away. The art of electrical grounding may also be conveniently divided into two classes: �shallow trench� and �deep well� applications, with the latter technology being primarily used for cathodic protection. This shallow trench grounding method is described in greater detail in our co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/124,243 filed May 9, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, as are the disclosures of the prior U.S. patents of others specifically identified in the present specification. One particularly valuable material used in both shallow and deep well applications consists of various forms of carbon. Carbon is allotropic and is found widely in its crystalline and amorphous forms. It is found in coke in its amorphous form, while graphite and diamond provide examples of the crystalline form. Graphite, carbon black and coke breeze are all allotropes of carbon that conduct electricity, �breeze� being defined as small cinders or spherical particles which are formed as a by-product of the processing of coal or petroleum. While such forms of carbon are sometimes used in shallow trench and deep well applications as backfill material without further processing, it is also known to modify carbon by means of various cementitious materials to improve its strength and structural integrity. The various types of materials which have been used to improve the properties of the carbon include hydraulic cements such as Portland cement, blast furnace slag, fly ash etc. Concrete and other cementitious compositions are normally prepared by mixing required amounts of hydraulic cement with fine and coarse aggregates and other additives known to the art, with required amounts of water. The terms �paste�, �mortar�, slurry and �concrete� are used in the art: pastes are mixtures composed of an hydraulic cement binder, usually, but not exclusively Portland cement, which itself is a mixture of calcium, aluminum and ferrous silicates. In the conductive concretes relevant to the present invention, the sand, stones and other minerals normally employed as aggregate are replaced by carbon in one of its forms. Optionally the various forms of carbon can be admixed with the aggregates and other additives commonly known in the art, provided that the concentration of carbonaceous material is sufficient to impart the necessary electrical conductivity. Such carbonaceous cements may be formed in place, or attached to the electrodes in the deep well cathodic process. U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,543 (Hallmark) describes a groundbed electrode comprising a horizontally-oriented copper, or other electrically-conductive metal conductor, embedded in a cementitious sheath containing approximately equal parts of Portland cement and powdered crystalline carbon. The cementitious sheath may contain from approximately from 45 parts to 55 parts crystalline carbon powder, with the balance being Portland cement. U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,918 (Nigol) discloses a conductive cement for use with electrical insulators in which graphite fibers are used to form a conducting network within a combination of Portland cement, graphite fibers and high structure carbon black to provide an electrically conductive cement with high compressive strength. Related applications of carbonaceous materials in a concrete matrix for use on various surfaces walkways, floors roadways and the like are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,573,427 and 3,962,142, while U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,584 (Bennett) has described an electrically conductive building material comprising a mixture of graphite, amorphous carbon, sand, and a cement binder to shield building materials against electromagnetic radiation. Deep Well Grounding Technique for Cathodic Protection Deep well beds provide an effective method of increasing the life of subsurface metallic structures and the use of metallic anodes in combination with various carbon and graphite electrodes is now widespread. In this procedure the cost of electrode replacement is an important consideration, the rate of anodic consumption being dependent on the current density at the interface of the anode and soil medium. It has been found that a more uniform flow of current can be achieved if the anode is completely surrounded by a uniformly conductive carbonaceous backfill material. According to the deep well technique a hole is drilled in the soil near the structure to be protected to an approximate depth of 150 to 450 feet, with a diameter of six or more inches. Typically the central anodes are composed of expensive materials such as mixed metal oxides or silicon-iron alloys, and under normal working conditions they may last from 5 to 10 years before suffering erosive failure. An anodic chain is then lowered into this hole and the hole is then filled with the backfill material, either in the dry form or optionally as an aqueous slurry. It is well known to those skilled in the art that appropriate use of a suitable carbonaceous backfill material can double the lifetime of the system. The mechanism by which this is accomplished involves the sacrificial oxidation of the carbon in the backfill by the electrical current in preference to the central anode. The rate of loss of the carbon can be quantitatively estimated from known rate of oxidation during the electrolytic process. Existing procedures for deep well electrical grounding, as described above, suffer from a number of shortcomings, one of the most serious being environmental contamination. An unavoidable by-product of the electrolytic reaction is the generation of gas, since, under the moist conditions commonly present in a deep well environment, the passage of one joule of electrical current results in the formation of one mole of gas. The most prevalent gas formed at the anode is oxygen, but if chlorides are present in the ground water, highly corrosive chlorine is also generated. If these gases are not able to escape from the system, cavitation and ultimately interruption of the circuit can result. It is therefore important that the construction of a deep well anode be such that the anodic gases are able to escape. This is usually accomplished by utilizing a conductive backfill material to close the gap between the anode and the wall of the well. Utilization of backfill also allows the dimension of the hole to be large enough for easy emplacement of the central anode. There is however a serious problem associated with this common practice. Since coke breeze is very permeable to water, as well as to the anodic gases, its presence in deep well installations results in large quantities of water migrating between geological layers with unacceptable environmental consequences. The high water permeability of coke breeze is of such concern that legislation in various States to ban the use of this material for this application is either pending or has already been enacted. It is therefore essential that any material used for backfill purposes have both acceptable impermeability to water and the requisite degree of electrical conductivity. In recent years various disclosures have attempted to solve the problem associated with the vertical migration of ground water in deep well installations. One approach has involved covering the central metallic anode with some kind of sheathing material, or for example, by use of pre-packaged anodes emplaced in special containers or rigid cartridges (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,725,699 and 4,400,259), or a more flexible construction which retains its shape and is thus more readily transported and installed. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,464 (Bianchi) uses a perforated disk filled with coke, to facilitate the flow of electric current between the central anode and the external casing, and backfill, composed of graphite and coke such that the anode is homogeneously surrounded by backfill in order to provide consistent current flow as the corrosion continues. U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,388 (Tatum) discloses a low resistance non-permeable backfill for cathodic protection of subsurface metallic structures consisting of a mixture of carbonaceous materials, lubricants, Portland cement and water. In that process the slurry is pumped into an anode bed. To this end Tatum describes a method of pumping an electrically conductive cementitious backfill into the well in such a way as to produce a groundbed construction with a non-permeable concrete annulus in contact with the earthen bore, an improvement is said to avoid water quality degradation while at the same time achieving a low resistance ground contact. U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,773 (Tatum) describes an electrical ground installed in the earth comprising an electrical conductor, a bore hole and a conductive non-porous carbonaceous cement composition surrounding said conductor and in contact with said rod by means of earth. These compositions are said to have enhanced conductivity, decreased porosity and a rate of set similar to that of conventional concrete. �Watertightness� in the present context refers to the ability of a cementitious material such as concrete to hold back or retain water without visible leakage under given conditions of use or testing. �Permeability� refers to the amount of water migration through a material substance when the water is under pressure and is quantitatively determined according to ASTM D5084. The two properties are closely related, and both are conventionally measured in units of cm/sec, but will generally not be numerically identical because of differences between the prevailing conditions of use and the ASTM D5084 test conditions When a mature good quality concrete is tested for permeability according to ASTM D5084 in which the length of sample is 4″ and the water pressure is 20 psi, the measured permeability is approximately 1�10−10 cm per second (reference: S. H. Kosmatka et al. 1995. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Ottawa: Canadian Portland Cement Association, pp. 8-9). For use in a cathode protection system, such a low degree of permeability does prevent the vertical transmission of ground water, but gases are also substantially prevented from escaping creating problems at cavitation, etc. referred to earlier. Such materials will hereinafter be referred to as �impermeable�. By contrast, with a permeability of about 0.05 cm/second, coke breeze backfill not only allows gases to escape but permits vertical migration of groundwater vertically through the system. A third example is bentonite which is regarded as a watertight product and exhibits a permeability of 10−7 cm/sec. Although various conductive sheath compositions consisting of carbon in combination with cementitious binders have been directed to the problem of vertical water flow between aquifers, none has yet proved to be technically or economically suitable. One significant problem is the high cost of manufacture and installation. More importantly, none of these known systems provides a composition or method which simultaneously allows the gases to safely escape, while preventing the ground water from migrating. Porous carbonaceous backfill such as coke breeze is still widely used in deep well cathodic systems, however, problems arising from the vertical transmission of groundwater have become so serious that consideration is being given to banning the procedure. In short, there has not been available to date any simple and inexpensive method for controlling the relative permeability of water and gases in deep well anodic installations. It is a principal objective of the present invention to provide a deep well anode for electrical grounding in which the central metallic anode is encased and protected by a cementitious sheath and by a backfill which cooperatively produce a degree of permeability that allows by-product gases developed in use to escape at a rate that permits long-term operation of a cathodic protection system, while minimizing the migration of groundwater. It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a deep well anode for electrical grounding as aforesaid which exhibits the following attributes:
With a view to achieving these objectives and overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages of known deep well anodic installations discussed above, the present invention provides a first conductive composition for forming the sheath of a metal conductive anode for use in a deep well grounding system of the kind which includes an anode lowered into a bore hole which is subsequently backfilled for cathodic protection and a second conductive composition for use as the backfill material in the deep well grounding system, the relative permeabilities of the first and second conductive compositions being such that the grounding system allows free venting of by-product gases generated during operation of the system, while limiting undesired migration of ground water. According to a first embodiment, the invention provides carbonaceous cementitious materials for forming a sheath for the central metallic anode in a deep well anode system characterized by:
Preferred cementitious anode sheathing materials in this first embodiment of the invention are conductive cement compositions comprising Type 10 Portland cement at a concentration of 20 to 60% by weight and from 80 to 40% of carbon having particle sizes between 50 and 150 mesh, and exhibiting a permeability between 10−6 and 10−8 cm/sec. The carbon additive can be, for example, coke dust or carbon black. Alternatively or in addition to finely divided carbon, a number of other materials may be used to reduce the permeability of the cement to the desired level. According to a second embodiment of the invention, the central metallic anode is encased in an impermeable conductive sheath, but a conductive backfill material is provided which possesses the required degree of permeability to allow the bi-product gases to migrate to the surrounding soil or the surface of the well, while minimizing or eliminating the vertical flow of ground water. Preferred backfill materials in this second embodiment of the invention are conductive siliceous cement compositions of the kind used to prepare the sheath for the central metallic anode in the first embodiment as described above or compositions of a flowable granulated carbon admixed with a selected amount of Type F fly ash to adjust the water permeability of the backfill. Compositions according to the invention include carbonaceous cements in which the permeability of the composition is brought down to the desired level by the incorporation of small quantities of alkali soaps of oleic acid, stearic acid or distilled tall oil and mixtures thereof. With the novel anode sheathing and backfill materials of the invention, the installation in a deep well grounding system and use are substantially the same as for conductive materials already known to those skilled in the art of cathodic protection and referred to above. Carbonaceous concrete sheathing compositions of this general kind may be mixed with water and the resulting slurry pumped or poured into the well, or else pre-cast in an offsite operation, using techniques and procedures known in the art of pre-cast concrete manufacturing, then placed within the well in a second step. If the latter, two-step procedure is followed, any gap between the sheath and the outer wall filled in with backfill. In this process the backfill is prepared as a slurry above ground and pumped into the deep well after placement of the central anode and sheath. The product then cures to the desired final properties in situ over the course of several days. The first and second embodiments of the invention are by no means mutually exclusive. The relative roles played by the conductive anode sheath composition and the conductive backfill composition are complementary in attaining the desired operating characteristics, in particular the overall level of permeability of the system of the deep well grounding system. Thus, it is possible to combine the first and second embodiments of the invention by using a conductive cement together with a backfill material, both of which are permeable to by-product gases, but substantially watertight. The Portland Cement based carbonaceous compositions described above may be specifically modified to withstand and function in particular soil conditions. Owing to the facts (i) that Portland Cement has a high concentration (60-70%) of CaO and (ii) that these compositions require a certain quantity of internal water to conduct electricity, problems in effective operation may arise in sections of the well which are so dry that there is insufficient moisture to allow the material to conduct an electrical current. Another local environmental situation which can impair the operation of deep well anode systems using Portland cement based carbonaceous compositions arises where the ground water contains high levels of sodium chloride brine. This presents the risk that chlorine gas generated during the electrolytic process might dissolve excess quantities of the calcium in the cement, thereby weakening the structure and increasing its permeability to water to an unacceptable level. To address these different soil chemistries or environments, both the sheath surrounding the central anode and the backfill material can be composed of a granular electrically conductive form of carbon, compounded with a binding/sealing agent that contains low levels of calcium oxide. The two compositions need not be the same, and are selected to suit the actual conditions. Such sheathing and backfill materials are sufficiently conductive in dry situations and less sensitive to calcium loss when exposed to saline conditions. Deep Well Anodes with Conductive Cement Casing Permeable to Gases. All embodiments of this invention take advantage of the discovery of a series of compositions with desirable permeability properties that are capable of being formed into a conductive sheath around the central anode. The compositions are such that permeability of the system can be adjusted as required so that the by-product gases are allowed to migrate to surrounding soil in the wells, or to the surface of the well, while vertical flow of the groundwater is minimized or eliminated. This process is now believed to be practicable owing to the fact that when a carbonaceous cementitious sheath is employed, the by-product gases form on the surface of the individual carbon particles which are an integral part of that composition. They are therefore generated at sufficient distance from each other that the build up is widely distributed, such that a suitably designed material will allow the gases to escape. It will be appreciated that because of the many different variables encountered in the field no single composition according to the invention will meet the requirements of the many different deep well applications used today. This is because the quantity of gas produced, and the rate of migration of the water depends on many different factors such as current density, depth of the anode, conditions of the water table etc. Thus although a number of compositions which provide this result are here described as different examples, these are not to be considered as limiting the invention. In the course of this research a large number of promising avenues were explored before being abandoned. We discovered that the requirements described above may be obtained by means of carbonaceous concretes of which several ranges of composition are here described. Permeability appears to be a function of a number of factors including the type of cement, type of carbon, and utilization of different additives, and so it can be reduced by utilizing finely divided carbon, such as coke dust or carbon black, or by higher concentrations of Portland cement. Very low permeability can also be attained by cross-linking soluble alkali silicates with suitable di- or tri-valent metal such as calcium, zinc or aluminum. Another important aspect of this invention is the discovery that the permeability of Portland cement based compositions can be significantly reduced by incorporation of the alkali metal soaps of long chain fatty acids. The preferred concentration of cement and carbon to be used in the Portland based compositions is determined by a number of constraints which are set by the performance requirements. Optimum properties are obtained if Type 10 Portland cement is used between a concentration of 20 to 60% by weight, and from 80 to 40% of carbon having a particle size between about 50 and 150 mesh. If less than about 20% cement is used, the composition has unacceptable strength, as an anode sheathing material, whereas if less than 40% carbon is employed the final product has insufficient electrical conductivity. The preferred permeability is believed to be between about 10−6 and 10−8 cm/sec. The preferred strength is greater than about 300 pounds per square inch (psi). The variation in strength, permeability and conductivity of some typical compositions are provided in the Examples. The application here described is, however, not limited to the ingredients shown in the examples, because it is anticipated that various additives known to those skilled in the art of Portland cement based concrete may also be used in this system. Thus it is anticipated that similar results might be obtained if such well known additional materials as blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume, aggregates, water reducing superplasticizers, accelerators, retarders, defoamers or air entraining agents could all be employed in these systems. In addition under certain circumstances it might be deemed valuable to partially or completely replace the Type 10 Portland cement by other grades such as Type 30 or S. Certain additives not previously known for use in this application have been found to be particularly useful for modifying the permeability of these systems. It is known that waterproof Portland cement based concrete can be manufactured by means of addition of small quantities of the calcium or aluminum soaps of long chain organic compounds such as stearic or oleic acids, esters such as butyl stearate, and such proprietary formulations such as those containing silicones. Our research determined that most of these known cement waterproofing agents are of marginal usefulness when dealing with carbonaceous cements. This is likely due to the fact that the carbon particles are so porous as to render these additives generally ineffective. Surprisingly, it was found that the soluble alkali metal soaps of long chain fatty acids are efficacious in modifying the permeability of the carbonaceous cements here described. The permeability of the carbonaceous concrete may be greatly reduced if a fatty acid was introduced to the uncured composition in the form of its soluble alkaline soap. Although the specific mechanism giving rise to these results is not fully understood, it is conjectured that these soluble soaps react with the lime produced during the cement curing process so as to form a uniform dispersion of water insoluble calcium soaps. We discovered that the alkali soaps of both oleic and stearic acid and distilled tall oil, are all effective in this process, and it may reasonably be expected that numerous other fatty acids might also be so employed. As illustrated in the examples, the reduction in permeability is directly proportional to the concentration of soap, up to an 80% reduction being realized. Since this reduction in permeability does not totally prevent the migration of gases through the composition, it is thus possible to control the permeability of water and gas by manipulation of the quantity of fatty acid soap which is added. From this description of the process it will be evident that the semi-permeable compositions here described may be utilized either as a protective sheath or as an advantageous semi-permeable conductive backfill. Optionally a metallic central anode may be protected with the pre-cast conductive sheath which after a sufficient curing time, may be placed in the well, such process providing protection and optimal positioning of the metallic anode in the centre of the well. After this installation, the remaining void in the well may be filled with a slurry of the same composition in water which is then allowed to cure in situ. It will however also be appreciated that the composition of the anodic sheath and the backfill composition need not be identical, and indeed as will be described below, situations do exist where it is desirable that the composition of the anodic sheath and the backfill material differ from each other. The examples given below are meant to illustrate the discovery which is embodied by the present invention namely, that by correct choice of the sheathing and backfill material it is possible to design a deep well anodic system which will allow the gases to escape, while greatly reducing the migration of the ground water. As will be appreciated, the compositions described above can be used both for the manufacture of a protective sheath and of a backfill composition as required. As illustrated in Example 8 below, such performance has now been demonstrated in a field installation that has been in continuous operation for a period of three years. Deep Well Anodes Encased in Impermeable Conductive Cement The second embodiment describes utilization of a substantially impermeable conductive cement in combination with a semi-permeable conductive backfill material permeable to gases but not groundwater. This aspect of the invention functions substantially from the previous embodiment, in that the electrochemical reactions take place at the surface of the conductive sheath, and in the volume occupied by the backfill material, whereas in the first embodiment the by-product gases formed within the semi-permeable conductive cement. The advantage of this second approach is that the sheath completely prevents migration of water, and is very much less expensive than the central anode. Another possible advantage is that the compositions disclosed in this embodiment are more resistant to corrosive gases such as chlorine or hydrochloric acid, which may form in certain saline ground waters. As is well known, concrete derived from Portland cement can be corroded by such acids. It will be appreciated that because the sheaths in this embodiment are essentially impermeable to both gases and water, it is necessary to combine them with a backfill material which itself is -permeable to gases, to permit the free flow of by-product gases, while eliminating the migration of groundwater. It was found that an impermeable, conducting sheath suitable for this embodiment of this invention can be prepared by binding carbon with different types of water resistant binders other than Portland cement. Indeed. Portland cement was found to be unsuitable for this application because the water resistant additives described in the first embodiment do not sufficiently reduce the flow of water to prevent acidolysis of the cement by high salinity groundwater. This goal can be achieved with various types of thermosetting binding agents widely used as industrial grouts and adhesives such as urethanes, urea-or melamine-formaldehyde resins, epoxies and the like. While such products were investigated in the course of this research, all were rejected either because they were considered too expensive for this application, or because of difficulties involved in their utilization, or concerns about environmental leaching. Hot melt adhesives based on such thermoplastic polymers as polyolefins, asphalts and the like were similarly considered and eliminated, both for reasons of cost and difficulty of production. Novel compositions discovered to be of particular value were formulated by combining particulate carbon with various combinations of long chain fatty acids and metallic cross linking agents such as the oxides or hydroxides or silicates of di- or tri-valent metals. As illustrated in the Examples, we have found that compositions with acceptable electrical conductivity in the absence of water and physical properties suitable for downhole pre-cast may be prepared by admixing between 50 and 90% carbon with 10-40% long chain fatty acid and 1-10% metal oxide or hydroxide and/or from 1-10% by weight of Portland Cement (consisting primarily of tri-calcium silicates). The preferred carbon is coke breeze with a particle size of 30-70 mesh, the preferred fatty acids consist of distilled tall oil or crude tall oil, and the preferred metallic crosslinking agent is calcium oxide, either in the anhydrous form (quicklime) or as the hydrate (slaked lime). Formulations so prepared are suitable for manufacturing pre-cast anodes for placement in the well. However the high viscosity of these mixes makes them unsuitable for use as backfill material. For soil conditions requiring low calcium levels, we have developed conductive materials which are both electrically conductive and of sufficiently low viscosity for use as a backfill material by admixing combinations of particulate carbon with various combinations of long chain fatty acids and metallic crosslinking agents with a small amount of water. The physical properties suitable for down hole back fill utilization, may be prepared by admixing 100 parts of a composition containing between 50-90% carbon, 10-40% long chain fatty acid and 1-10% metal oxide, hydroxide or silicate, with 30-50 parts water. The preferred carbon is coke breeze with a particle size of 30-70 mesh, and the preferred fatty acids consist of distilled tall oil or crude tall oil, and the preferred metallic cross-linking agent is Type 10 Portland Cement. To obtain these results carbon and cement of a combined weight of 200 grams were dry blended and sufficient water admixed to obtain a smooth paste. This paste was then packed into standard 2″�4″ test cylinders. The different compositions were allowed to cure under moist conditions for 28 days after which they were removed and tested. The table below illustrates some typical results that may be obtained by using various types and ratios of carbon with siliceous cements. The strength shown refers to compressive crush in lbs per square inch (psi). Water tightness was determined by immersing the samples in cold water and measuring the weight increase. These particular examples were obtained using two grades of coke breeze supplied by Hickman Williams, Canada in which the particle size distribution varied from 100 to 30 mesh. The siliceous cement used in these examples was Type 10 Portland (Large, Woodstock Ontario Canada). As shown in Table 1 the water tightness (expressed as the rate of penetration in cm/second), product strength and electrical are directly related to the ratio of cement to coke breeze. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the optimal ratio of cement to carbon is between 60/35 and 20/80. Below about 20% cement binder the compositions have insufficient strength, while above about 65% the electrical conductivity is inadequate. As shown however, within these limits a wide range of permeability to water may be obtained.
Cement compositions prepared and compacted into a 2″�4″ test cylinder as described in Example 1. A seven-strand, 8 gauge copper wire was then positioned in the centre of the cylinder such that the lower end of the wire was 1″ from the bottom of the cements, and held in that position until the samples were hard. In each case the upper exposed portion of the wire was then coated with a water resistant rubber composition, and after curing for 28 days, each sample was placed within a 5 liter container containing a solution of 1% sodium sulfate. An electrical circuit was then completed by using a Topward Model 3306 variable current power supply, in such a manner that the test sample was the anode, and a 24″″ steel rod was the cathode. Sufficient voltage was then applied such that a direct current of 0.5 amps would flow through the circuit. It was found that suitable current could be generated with all samples containing more than about 40% by weight of carbon, but below this level the electrical resistance was unacceptably high. The current was allowed to flow and results observed. As set forth in Table 2 below.
In this experiment samples were prepared and cured as described above for 28 days. The results shown here were obtained using the sodium soaps of Pamak C4 [trademark], a distilled tall oil fraction manufactured by Hercules Canada (Burlington, Ontario). In this experiment a 25% solution of soap was admixed with the water used to prepare different slurries of the carbonaceous cement. These were then transferred to standard 2″�4″ cylinders for curing. The test cylinders were then removed from the moulds, dried under ambient conditions for 7 days and weighted. Each was then immersed from water for four hours after which it was removed from the water, dried with a paper towel and weighted again. The results tabulated below show the increase in weight due to absorption of water for samples containing different quantities of soap. In each case the soap content is expressed on a dry basis. The results demonstrate that the uptake of water is inversely proportional to the concentration of soap in the concrete.
To 210 grams (70% w/w) petroleum coke breeze was added 30.0 grams (10% w/w) slaked lime and the two powders were mixed well at room temperature. To this mixture was added 60 grams (20% w/w) distilled tall oil, and the components were mixed well. The resulting paste was compressed into a 2″�4″ cylinder and allowed to cure for 48 hours. After removal from the cylinder the product was tested for electrical conductivity, water absorption and compressive strength. The resistance of the cylinder was 150 Ω, and the compressive strength was 300 psi. The water permeability as determined by ASTM D5084 was found to be 2.29�10−7 cm/sec. Different variations of this formula were then prepared using various long chain fatty acids, and the oxides and hydroxides of the Group IIA alkali earth metals magnesium and calcium, as well as, zinc and aluminum. As illustrated below the best strength results were obtained with either calcium oxide (quicklime) or slaked lime in the range of 3 to 6% by weight. Although acceptable results were obtained with various long chain fatty acids, for reason of cost the preferred acids derive from crude or distilled tall oil fractions. Of the various types of carbon that were used, the best mixing properties were obtained using petroleum coke breeze such as Loresco Type SC-3 which are typically used as deep well backfill. These materials have a particle size larger than 100 mesh and spherical particles. As illustrated in the Table below, the optimum concentration range of coke breeze is between about 50 and 80%, beyond which range the conductivity is either poor or the mix is difficult to work. The examples shown below were prepared using a distilled tall oil containing 4% resin acids purchased from Hercules Chemicals under the trade name Pamak C4. As illustrated here the preferred range of fatty acid concentration is between about 15 and 30% w/w. The preferred metal oxide cross-linking agents are quicklime or slaked lime between the range of about 3 and 10% w/w.
As illustrated in the test samples shown in the Table below, valuable compositions may also be prepared by blending petroleum coke breeze with various combinations of Portland cement, alkali earth metal oxides, alkaline hydroxides, tall oil fatty acids and water. Such materials may either be precast or discharged into the deep well using a pump as described above.
The composition described in Example 4, Test #4, was prepared and set aside. A 7 strand, 8 gauge copper wire 6″ in length was positioned vertically in 2″�4″ plastic forming cylinder such that the wire was in the centre of the cylinder, with the lower end 1″ above the bottom of the cylinder. The composition was then compacted around the wire and allowed to cure for 48 hours. The sample was then removed from the plastic form and the copper wire protruding from the top of the formed cylinder was coated with a water resistant silicone grout and allowed to cure for 24 hours. This test cylinder was then positioned in a 5 gallon container filled with water containing 0.5% sodium sulphate in such a manner that the test sample was fully submerged, but the copper wire extended to the air. The exposed end of the wire was then connected to a rectifier so that it became an anode. A steel rod introduced into the filled 20 liter pail was connected to the rectifier as the cathode. The rectifier was adjusted to supply current at the rate of 0.25 amps, for which a voltage of 0.8V was required. As electrolysis continued bubble formation was observed only at the outer shell of the test cylinder. The anodes are constructed in a cylindrical shape with a diameter of approximately 3-4″ and a length of 4-5 feet. Embedded in the center of the anode is a conductive component that is bonded to an insulated conductor, which in turn is connected to the rectifier. In this application a 3�″ i.d. thin wall PVC conduit is used to form the anode. The lead wire is connected to titanium mixed metal oxide mesh by means of an exothermic weld, and placed in the form. The form is then filled with the cementitious concrete described and allowed to cure in a moist environment. Once hardened the conduit is removed from the form and placed in position. A long term field trial utilizing the principles here disclosed commenced in January 2002 and continues. The results here presented reveal that when evaluated in January 2005, after three years of continuous operation the system continues to performing extremely well in comparison to a traditional cathodic protection system. There is moreover no evidence of a deleterious affects caused by gas formation. [Refer to example 7] In preparation for this trial, two holes 10″ in diameter were excavated to a depth of 366 feet. The first hole was used to prepare a �traditional� anodic bed, while the second hole was used for evaluation of the novel semi-permeable cementitious composition. The traditional bed was prepared by installing 20 graphite rods of 4″ diameter and 80″ long. After placement of these electrodes the void space was then backfilled with 5320 pounds of metallurgical coke breeze. In this trial, which did not involve the manufacture of a pre-cast sheath, the test bed was prepared by introducing 12 mixed metal oxide mesh anodes 1″�40″ in size, followed by a water based slurry of 3850 pounds of one of the novel gas-permeable conductive compositions as backfill. The specific composition of the conductive composition employed in this test utilized the composition described in Example 1, Table 1, Test #1. Sufficient backfill material to fill the hole was prepared by dry blending Type 10 Portland cement and Loresco Type SC-3 coke breeze in a cement mixer in the ratio of 70:30 parts by weight, with sufficient water (50 parts by weight per 100 parts of dry mix) so that the composition was converted to a paste of such consistency that it could be pumped into the cavity. After 3 weeks during which the cement was sufficiently cured, both the control and test beds were energized by means of an external direct current power source in which the electrodes in the test holes were anodic, while the cathode consisted of a steel pipe buried in the soil at a distance of 100 feet from the anodes. In this trial the efficiency of the two systems may be determined by comparing the resistance of the two circuits, the lower the value the better. As shown in Table 6 below, the resistance of the traditional bed increased with time, while the novel composition declined. By year three the resistance of the novel composition as described in 0054 was about 24% lower than the control bed. Most importantly the test bed revealed no evidence of problems related to gas formation, which might have been manifest either visually or as exceptional fluctuations in current flow.
As emphasized throughout the foregoing disclosure, the invention in its broadest terms is directed to controlling the relative permeability of groundwater and gases in a deep well anode system through the use of a conductive sheathing material of adjusted permeability for the anode or alternatively an impermeable conductive anode in conjunction and cooperation with a quasi-permeable, conductive backfill in the well bore. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that many materials might be used equivalently to achieve such control, beyond the formulations specifically exemplified above. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalents. Patent Citations
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Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs (HMRC) saved about £74m on IT costs between 2011 and 2012, according to the National Audit Office (NAO).
In its report, the NAO found that HMRC had saved a total of £296m over the period, with £145.9m coming from corporate support functions.
IT is one of these corporate support functions, and HMRC made savings to the tune of £111m in 2011-2012 but only £74m counted towards its spending review savings target as the remaining £37m related to reductions in capital expenditure and were thus not applicable.
HMRC outsources its IT support and development to a consortium of suppliers through its 13-year contract with Aspire, signed in 2004.
The NAO said that HMRC had renegotiated the contract to reduce running costs by £161m a year from 2011 to 2012 by reducing service charges, prices paid for laptops and hardware and "managing the IT contract more efficiently".
Before the spending review, it had made £47m of savings, leaving it with a target of £114m in 2011-12, but it has missed that target by £3m.
HMRC's savings come despite spending £22m more in 2011-12 on IT administration. This was because credits from its contractors totalling £48m in 2010-11 either did not recur or were for a lower value. HMRC also received £10m less income than expected from other government departments that use its IT services.
Amyas Morse, head of the NAO said: "HMRC is moving from making tactical efficiency savings and quick wins towards a more strategic approach to managing its resources. We recognise the importance of this change and note that HMRC is addressing PAC and NAO recommendations in the process. The big challenge ahead will be to make more and deeper spending reductions without impairing its performance."
This paper seeks to provide education and technical insight to beacons, in addition to providing insight to Apple's iBeacon specification
This Dummies white paper will help you better understand business process management (BPM)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Yasiel Puig, Kevin Durant, Lindsey Vonn: The New Ratings Gods of Sports (Photos)
Robert Griffin III
Quarterback, Washington Redskins
It was clear from the start of the 2012 football season that it would be the Year of RGIII.
While at Texas' Copperas Cove High School, he was the best 400-meter hurdler in the country, so fans knew he was fast. In his final season at Baylor University -- from which he graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science, having made the dean's list twice -- he set records for passing yards and passing efficiency, so it was clear he could throw.
PHOTOS: ESPN's New 'Monday Night Football' Opening to Feature Darth Vader, Ronald Reagan
He also won the Heisman Trophy in 2011. And while the NFL had seen "dual threat" quarterbacks -- who are dangerous whether passing the ball or running it -- it never had seen a package quite like RGIII. Almost single-handedly, the first-round draft pick transformed the Redskins from an East Coast punching bag into a legitimate contender (eventually derailed by Griffin's knee injury during a playoff loss in January).
His megawatt smile has made the 23-year-old an endorsement magnet: He has deals with Gatorade, Adidas, EA Sports and Nissan, among others, worth a combined $4 million to $6 million annually, on top of his four-year, $21 million contract. Griffin's No. 10 jersey set a single-season sales record. Basically, he is one of the most popular players in the country's most popular sport.
"Robert's intelligence, creativity and charisma create a dynamic personality that fans have fallen in love with, and his corporate partners value tremendously," says Mark Heligman, his agent at CAA. And last October, while on the campaign trail, President Obama taped an intro for a Redskins game in which he said, "It's tough to unite this city around anything -- believe me, I know … but RGIII makes it look easy."
-- Marc Bernardin


text:
20 years later, woman's death no longer ruled accidental
Debbie Lang, 34, found in Patterson Township pool in 1993
UPDATED 7:05 PM EST Nov 09, 2012Nearly 20 years after a Beaver County woman was found dead in her swimming pool, a jury has decided her death wasn't an accident.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Crazy Third World Intersection Without Taffic Lights I wonder how many accidents occur at this intersection in Ethiopia every... 4/23/2014 10:49:25 AM 8,580 37
Mustang Driving With a Missing Wheel Because having 4 wheels is overrated! 4/17/2014 12:28:53 PM 12,822 21
Arabs Change Wheels While Driving That could surely go horribly wrong pretty quickly. 4/17/2014 12:28:52 PM 9,553 47
Ultimate Car Crash Compilation Put together this comp of some of your favorite car crash clips from the... 4/12/2014 10:42:36 AM 14,276 32
Parking Ticket Officer Gets Owned He's writing tickets while blocking a driveway. 4/11/2014 11:56:47 AM 21,136 45
Cop Refuses To Let Driver Pass Not very often you see a cop initiating road rage! 4/9/2014 11:59:18 AM 20,635 43
Security Cam Catches Fed Ex Guy Having a Bad Day Some days just don't go your way especially when you lose your delivery... 4/4/2014 10:44:21 AM 14,816 33
Guy Crashes Lamborghini Into Two Cars Guy Crashes Lamborghini Into Two Cars, Who's at fault? 4/1/2014 10:13:32 AM 15,794 34
Driver Panics, Crosses Into Other Lane Without Looking That's how deadly accidents occur. 4/1/2014 10:13:31 AM 11,741 20


text:
Knox School Board to Consider Balanced Calendar
The Knox Community School Board will consider the adoption of a balanced calendar when they meet this evening. It still features 180 instructional days. School starts the first of August and ends the first of June. Students get longer fall and spring breaks which can be used for remediation or enrichment activities. Continue reading
Knox School Renovation Plans Move Forward
The Knox Middle School Building Corporation Committee, at a public hearing last night, reviewed, approved, and sent to the School Board, a number of resolutions to move along the construction and renovation of a portion of the elementary building. No citizens attended the hearing.
Later at the School Board meeting, a public hearing was held on details of the project. Again, no member of the public appeared to comment. Continue reading
Knox High School Students Plan Community Project
Forty Knox High School senior English students have decided to pool their dreams in a unique project using the skills learned in their classrooms, such as research, writing, construction, marketing, and computer knowledge to develop a vacant Knox downtown lot into an inviting, landscaped, park-like area.
Hoping to coordinate those dreams with the Knox City Council and the Park Board, the enterprising kids are planning a gazebo, maybe a pergola, benches, a picnic table or two, and other improvements.
Knox School Board Approves Budget, Discusses Balanced Calendar
Superintendent A.J. Gappa reported that balanced calendar discussions for the 2015-16 school year continue with other area schools, many of whom have expressed interest in a coordinated calendar. That schedule would feature four nine week sessions and
two-week breaks at Christmas and in the Spring, with the school year ending around Memorial Day. Continue reading
Knox School Board to Hold Budget Hearing Tonight
The Knox Community School Board will meet in special session tonight to discuss regular business and to hold a public hearing regarding the all funds budget.
If anyone has any comments on the published budget, the board will take them under consideration during the hearing. A budget adoption will occur in October.
The board will also consider an authorization for a project hearing and approve a teacher document of agreement.
Knox Homework ICU Curing School Blues
A newly developed "intensive care unit," for helping Knox Middle School students complete unfinished homework, received unanimous accolades from Knox School Board members when they met Monday evening.
Principal Josh Pugh reported that some 583 pieces of once incomplete homework have been fully completed by students so far this year.
Knox School Board Receives Update on First Week of School
The Knox Community School Board received an update on the first week of school when they met this week.
Superintendent A.J. Gappa said the principals gave building reports and said it was a smooth opening week of school.
"Other than some minor bus on the first day getting the elementary students on board and then getting to the middle school, which is now the last school dismissed this year and is a change from last year, everything else has gone very smoothly," said Gappa.
Knox School Board Updates Firearms Policy
School board members in the area have been implementing a new policy that pertains to firearms on school property.
The Knox Community School Superintendent A.J. Gappa said the school board on Monday night approved a policy that reflects state law.
Knox Community School Board to Meet Tonight
The Knox School Board members have a healthy agenda tonight after having to cancel their prior meeting.
The board will have several hires and resignations to discuss as well as reductions in force.
The elementary assistant principal salary will be under discussion. Rebecca Despot has moved from the Eastern Pulaski School Corporation to the Knox Community School Corporation in that administrative position.
Knox School Board to Discuss Assistant Principal's Salary
The Knox Community School Board will discuss the salary for new elementary school assistant Principal Rebecca Despot when they meet this evening. Continue reading
School Board Candidates Can Now Submit Petitions for General Election
Candidates looking to sign up to run in the November 4th General Election for seats on the Knox Community School Board, Culver Community School Board or the Oregon-Davis School Board can do so now in the Starke County Clerk's office.
Three seats are open on all of the school boards. Each candidate must file a petition with Starke County Clerk Evelyn Skronski by noon on Aug. 22 to be considered for placement on the ballot.
Knox School Board Approves Administrative Changes
Back to school season is upon us.
Teachers are prepping their lessons and classrooms for their incoming students, students are choosing new school ensembles as well as the best supplies to buy and administrators are settling in to their new positions. The Knox Community School Corporation has shuffled around their principals and added on a new member.
Knox Community School Corporation Board Meeting Preview
School registration dates for the upcoming school year are on the agenda for The Knox Community School Board of Trustees' first bi-monthly meeting tonight. The regular session begins at 6:30 p.m. and is open to the public. Continue reading
Knox Community School Board to Meet Tonight
Summer school staff and bus drivers, plus the discussion of field-trips and fundraisers are on the agenda for tonight's Knox Community School board meeting in the administrative office at the elementary school.
Also on the itinerary is handbook updates and credit activities.
The meeting is open to the public and begins at 6:30 p.m.
Summer Maintenance Scheduled at Knox Schools
Since students are finished with classes, summer is the perfect time for renovations at the schools. Particular projects on the agenda for Knox Community Schools are the track repairs and the air conditioners at the middle school. Next week, weather permitting, the Knox High School track will be resurfaced and repainted. During the Monday evening Knox Community School Board meeting the the renewal of the Trane five-year service agreement was unanimously approved. Three air conditioning companies had bids submitted but Trane was the only company that allowed payments to be made over time instead of all at once. The agreement starts June 15. The middle school air conditioners will be shut down for a week in July in order for the compressors for the chillers to be replaced. The board assures this will not interfere with summer school courses.
Knox School Board to Discuss Lunch Prices
The Knox Community School Board will discuss breakfast and lunch prices for the 2014-15 school year when they meet this evening. The North Judson-San Pierre School Corporation has raised prices for next year. It is possible Knox will follow suit. Another agenda item is discussion of the Trane service agreement for air conditioning systems. The meeting starts at 6:30 p.m. in the board room at Knox Elementary School.
Reading Challenge Captivates Knox Third Graders
Knox Community Elementary School third graders are Wild about Reading! This year a competitive reading initiative called Battle of the Books premiered that challenged students to read in order to win.
The program ran year-long and required kids to read anywhere from 6 to 12 different books from an official reading list. Children involved acquired the desire to read as well as developed essential team-work skills.
Knox Community School Board to Meet in Work Session Tonight
The Knox Community School Board will not have a regular school board meeting tonight. Instead, the board members will have a work session to talk about the elementary facility study.
According to Superintendent A.J. Gappa, the board is expected to discuss different options that the board can move forward with after receiving information in the facility study that was done on the elementary school prior to the referendum.


text:
Rest in peace, Dan Snyder
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vCash: 500
I can't believe this. My heart actually sank when I saw this on ESPN. I thought he would pull through. Such a shame that a promising young carrer and life could end like this. I hate to say it, but I don't see how Heatley can possibly get back on track with his own career. I can't imagine trying to play hockey, and look people in the eyes on the ice after this, because you know they are thinking about it. I don't see how any form of pasion for hockey can be regained by him. The article on ESPN had a Sgt in charge of the situation down there, saying that the charges will be updated, and will most likely be vehicular homicide. I just hope this situation can become a little less terrrible by hearing that they found out that it wasn't actually Heatley's fault somehow, so that two lives aren't ruined by this, but I think we would have heard about it by now. I can't imagine what is going through Heaqtley's mind right now. What a terrible situation. My heart goes out to the Snydor family. R.I.P. Dan Snydor, you have no worries now.
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Stay@MillBayHaven19 Silver Egg Drive Mangonui 0442 Northland New Zealand Ph. +649 406 1113 Fax. +649 406 1130.
Your hosts, Anette and Tony Norman, are well travelled themselves and understand what it takes to ensure your stay at Mill Bay Haven is a pleasant one. They are happy to pick you up from the airport at Keri Keri or Kaitaia if you need a lift! Tony grew up in NZ and spent 30 years living overseas before returning home to New Zealand in 2001. He speaks English, French and Swedish. Mill Bay Haven in Mangonui is his dream and he's happy to be able to share it with guests with similar values. Tony is also the skipper and tour guide on the yacht Hinemoana II. Anette, Tony's wife, has a big heart and a flair for people after working in hospitality her whole life. Anette will use her creativity and charm to assist you with whatever you need during your stay. Anette speaks fluent Swedish and English. Tony and Anette welcome you to join them at Mill Bay Haven.


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Keep on waaiting for an update. Where are they?
Posted On: Sep 18, 2012
October 05, 2012
Lisle, IL
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It's shoe dilema time. Open-toe, no open-toe, how high a heel, what color? Crap..... stupid shoe. Barefoot is an option, right?
Posted On: Jun 17, 2012
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NPR Legal Affairs Correspondent Nina Totenberg reports that today the Supreme Court is hearing a challenge to a law that could limit adult access to sexually explicit material on the Internet.
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Watch "Diedre In Danger (1990)" Movie Online
A murder victims girlfriend is pursued by a police detective and an ominous stranger, for different reasons.
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The price to repair the oil leak depends on the problem. I suggest to have a shop clean all the oil under your Xterra first and then inspect where the leak is coming from. Once you know the source you can get an idea how to repair it and how much it will cost.
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REG - Central Asia Metals - Transaction in Own Shares
17 July 2012
Central Asia Metals plc
("CAML" or "the Company")
Transaction in Own Shares
Central Asia Metals plc (AIM:CAML), announces that on 16 July 2012 it purchased 32,000 of its ordinary shares at an average price of 88.1753 pence per ordinary share. The highest price and the lowest price paid for these shares was 88.25 and 88.00 pence respectively. All the purchased shares will be held as Treasury shares.
Following the above purchase, the Company holds 167,500 ordinary shares as Treasury shares. The total number of ordinary shares in issue is 85,998,434 (excluding ordinary shares held as treasury shares).
Central Asia Metals plc Nick Clarke +44 (0) 20 7898 9001
Nigel Robinson
Canaccord Genuity Limited Andrew Chubb +44 (0)20 7253 8000
Rob Collins
Mirabaud Securities LLP Peter Krens +44 (0)20 7878 3362
Pelham Bell Pottinger Charles Vivian +44 (0)20 7861 3232
Lorna Spears
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Fairlawn city officials honor former Councilman
Former Fairlawn City Councilman James Butler returned for Council's March 24 meeting to hear the reading of a resolution in gratitude for his service to the city.
Council unanimously passed a resolution honoring the former Ward 1 Councilman March 10, but Butler was unable to attend that meeting. On March 24, the resolution was reread and a number of city officials fondly recalled their time working with Butler, who served on Council from 1996 through the end of 2013.
Council President Russ Sharnsky (at large) read the resolution, which extends "the gratitude and best wishes of the city of Fairlawn on the retirement of James Butler as Ward 1 Councilman."
"I had no idea I was so popular in the city of Fairlawn," Butler joked. "Thank you for this generous award. I appreciate it very much."
Butler said he has a lot of fond memories of his time on City Council.
"I truly enjoyed my 18 years sitting in one of those chairs. It's a great town, and I've enjoyed my 38 years living here," he said. "You will always be in my thoughts, and I will come to visit you every once in a while to make sure you are doing OK."
Also at the meeting, Council unanimously passed an ordinance establishing an annual budget for 2014 following a third reading.
Assistant Finance Director Patricia Bertsch said the 2014 permanent budget for the General Fund is $105,000 less than the final 2013 budget.
"The General Fund pays for police, fire, service, parks and pretty much all of the administrative services," she stated. "That's basically our operating budget."
The total net budget passed by Council amounts to about $18.3 million.
"We're passing a very conservative budget," said Mayor William Roth. "The personnel we've hired is to fill in vacancies; it's not additional personnel."
Council also unanimously approved a resolution authorizing the city engineer to prepare plans, specifications, cost estimates and obtain bids for Fairlawn's 2014 concrete slab replacement and storm water inlet repairs project.
"This is in addition to our normal street repair program," Roth said. "This is for broken water lines and things like that."
Sharnsky said passage of the resolution does not commit the city to spend any money, but gives city officials the ability to seek bids for the work.
In his report, Zoning, Housing & Residential Building Commissioner Chris Randles said the city's Community Improvement Corporation recently purchased two vacant houses and his department has been working with the organization to have the buildings demolished.
"I found a pair of charitable organizations that we can donate some building materials to," he said. "Paws & Prayers, an animal shelter, came in, and they were able to take some building materials out last week. And this week, Habitat for Humanity's going to be coming in, and they will take down the remainder of the usable building materials to build houses."
In addition, Randles noted, the Fairlawn Fire Department will be able to do some training in the houses.
"They'll be setting up some smoke machines and cutting holes in the roofs and ceilings," he said. "They will be able to utilize those houses for training before they are demolished."
According to Randles, one of structures is located on Ridgewood Road and the other is on Erie Drive.
Fire Chief Russ Hose reported his department has purchased and put into service new gas meters.
"They actually detect five different gases," he said. "It's time that we finally got these. And the best part is that I had budgeted $14,000 for two meters and they came in at $9,000, saving us $5,000. We're happy to have them. They're simple to use, and the cost to operate them is less than what we've had before."
The next Fairlawn City Council meeting is set for April 7 at 6:30 p.m. at Fairlawn City Hall, 3487 S. Smith Road. The next Committee-of-the-Whole meeting is scheduled for March 31 at 6 p.m. in City Hall.
More Community News
- Akron proposes city construction company
- Flowers herald coming spring
- County joining fight against mail sorting office closure
- Woodridge big loser in proposed state budget
- New Revere superintendent ready for challenge
- West Side News & Notes
- Summit County marking 175 years
- Womens Endowment Fund awards grants
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- Peninsula library offering March classes
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Calendar of Events
- Creative Writing for Homeschoolers - 3/5/2015
- University of Akron Symphony Orchestra - 3/5/2015
- The Boxtrolls - 3/5/2015
- Paws and Prayers Paws Vegas - 3/6/2015
- Homeschoolers: Green Thumbs - 3/6/2015
...More Events


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Tyres play a key role for the safety and comfort of a vehicle. Under the guise of a black circle of rubber hides a true concentration of technology comprising several different elements, the most important of which are the carcass, the rubber compound and the tread. Tyres may belong to different categories, have a different positioning and consequently may provide different benefits. Here are a few rules to help you make your choice. Buy the right dimensions Each car is approved for one (or more) specific dimension(s). Load indexes and speed ratings may be changed in accordance with clearly defined rules: => Speed rating: In terms of legislation and from a technical standpoint, it is possible to increase the speed rating (for example, from H to Y). But, it is prohibited to fit tyres with a speed rating below that of the original tyre (for example, from V to Q). However, winter tyres are a specific case: The speed rating can be lowered to Q. Please refer to the European Union legislation, Appendix II, paragraph 4.2.2 at: EUR-Lex - - EN =>Load index: Like the speed rating, it is possible to increase the load index (for example, from 79 to 83). However, for safety and legislation reasons, it is prohibited to fit tyres with an index below that of the original tyres (for example, change from 101 to 95). Concerning tyre dimensions, we recommend you fit the dimensions approved by the manufacturer. As for everything to do with tuning and preparation, we suggest you contact the relevant authorities for the equivalent dimensions. Check the age of tyres The DOT code provides information on the manufacturer, the plant where the tyre was produced and the date of manufacture. To find the manufacturing date, look at the last 4 digits of the DOT code. The first 2 digits indicate the week of manufacture and the last two digits indicate the year. For example, 1013 means that the tyre was manufactured in the 10th week of 2013. We recommend that tyres over 5 years old should be checked by a tyre professional once a year. Tyres over 10 years old should be changed. A tyre designed with you in mind Selecting a tyre can quickly become a real headache. Here are 3 questions to help you choose the right tyre for you. - What is my driving style? - What is my budget? - For me, which tyre performance criteria are the most important? Braking, energy efficiency, longevity... Use ratings to compare performances Rezulteo provides a unique rating system that includes the various results taken from the International Motor Press. Scores are given for several criteria. These criteria allow tyres to be compared and above all, assess those that best meet your needs. Happy driving
Hi all, i'm a new member to the site and i have enjoyed reading many of the items threads . I'm now in the position to ask for some advice. i have just purchased a set of original 19' inch RS4 wheels for my Audi A4 2008 convertible DTI. The new wheels have no tyres on them what do you suggest i put on them? I wont to avoid the ride been to hard. And concious the the RS4 wheels i have bought were original made for the larger flared arches Regards Otto.
Hi, Sorry for the late answer, but it seems that your vehicle can only fit 16, 17 or 18" tyres. So, we can't recommand you 19" tyres as they do not comply with the manufacturer's recommandations.


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What does CYF mean in Non-Profit Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand CYF in the Community field in general and in the Non-Profit Organizations terminology in particular.
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Massachusetts |
76 Main - a Nantucket Boutique Hotel Nantucket, MA |
76 Main - a Nantucket Boutique Hotel offers one of the finest locations for enjoying Nantucket Island. The hotel is regally set in the company of other mansions along the cobblestoned portion of Nantucket's Main Street. Just a few steps away is the delightful town center with its many shops and attractions. |


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Early Look: Má Pêche Beef Seven Ways
© Ben Leventhal
Má Pêche's cote de bouef extravaganza.
Course 1: Tongue salad with spinach, basil and a sweet-tangy plum vinaigrette, plus just-seared wagyu with a version of Momofuku's signature ginger-scallion dressing.
Course 2: An over-the-top platter of ridiculous côte de boeuf and chunks of lemongrass-and-Thai-basil beef sausage. (Here's where you'll see Momofuku's first-ever steak knives.) There's a circus of accompaniments, including lettuce leaves, pickled vegetables, fried garlic and shallots and a key bottle of fish-sauce vinaigrette.
Course 3: A monster beef shank braised with crab paste and chiles, served with soy- and sherry-infused oxtails. The accompaniments stay on the table, so you can eat a hunk of beef shank by itself or wrap it up in lettuce with whatever else you want.
Course 4: A dainty cup of full-flavor beef bouillon with herbs and lime.
Super-Bonus Course 5: A round of perfectly ripe Époisses cheese, which is served dripping off spoons with a perfectly warm baguette.
NBC's Feast has even more details and photos.


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Home > News > Community
Published: Friday January 10, 2014 MYT 12:00:00 AM Updated: Friday January 10, 2014 MYT 8:14:16 AM
by edward rajendra
Beautiful purple flowers add to the ambience.
BALCONIES can be a challenging site to create a garden.
However, when done successfully, this small location can add a touch of home.
This is the place to relax while sipping a cup of hot tea in the evenings and looking out into the neighbourhood.
Homemaker V. Thanalakshmy had a vision of creating a green forest within the concrete jungle of the Klang Valley.
She managed to transform her previously dull first floor balcony in her double-storey terraced house into a beautiful garden with flowering and leafy plants.
Thanalakshmy built a pergola on her balcony to allow green vines and shrubs to climb and provide natural shade.
Being ecologically conscious, she took a step further by placing environment-friendly pavers, made from rice husk, on the balcony floor as suggested by her husband P. Moorthy.
Thanalakshmy said the pavers created an interesting sensory experience for the feet and they kept the floor cool on hot days.
"I extended the upper tier of the house and turned the balcony into an outdoor room and an extension from our master bedroom. Simple plants in terracotta pots give this space a calm and soothing visual experience," she said.
Thanalakshmy added that the one thing she would love to have was a full-length garden but urban living prevented this.
"But with a balcony, I am free from having to mow lawns and ignore the convention of putting up fences.
"Now, the master bedroom that links to the garden feels bigger and less restricted. I am able to look out at the flowers and foliage as opposed to bricks," she said.
She added that the terracotta pavers and a textured surface gave a soft natural feel that heightened the experience of being in the garden.
"I love it. With the green foliage and bright flowers, it has attracted birds, butterflies and squirrels. It is just delightful, even on hot afternoons the garden absorbs the heat keeping the master bedroom cool," she said.
This little green haven is a space that exudes tranquility and enjoyed by the whole family.
Thanalakshmy and Moorthy use this place to share their thoughts and this has contributed to their harmonious relationship.
Tags / Keywords: Central Region, Family Community, MY Garden
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Top local sports stories of '07
Top local sports stories of '07
By staff and wire reports Tuesday, January 1, 2008 The top 10 local sports stories of 2007: 1. BILL COWHER RESIGNS AS STEELERS COACH Jan 5: After leading the Steelers to the fifth Super Bowl title in franchise history, Bill Cowher steps down as head coach to spend more time with his family. Replacing Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll after the 1991 season, Cowher spends 15 years with the Steelers and leads them to 10 playoff appearances, eight division titles and six appearances in the AFC title game. He later surfaces as an NFL studio analyst for CBS Sports. 2. PENGUINS SECURE NEW ARENA DEAL March 14: They were lured by Kansas City and rumored to be relocating to other points in the United States and Canada. But with a swipe of a pen, the Penguins reach a deal with city, county and state officials that will keep the team in Pittsburgh for 30 years. The agreement comes after years of haggling for a new arena and one week after the Penguins declare an impasse and renew discussions with officials from AEG, the company hired to operate Kansas City's Sprint Center. 3. STEELERS SELECT MIKE TOMLIN Jan. 22: The Steelers hand the coaching duties to Mike Tomlin, a relatively unknown, first-year defensive coordinator with the Minnesota Vikings. A long shot at the start of the interview process, Tomlin, 34, is so impressive that he beats out Russ Grimm and Ron Rivera for the job. 4. PITT STUNS WEST VIRGINIA Dec. 1: All No. 2 West Virginia has to do to reach the BCS national championship game is defeat unranked Pitt, a 28-point underdog. No problem, right? Pitt has other ideas and scores arguably the biggest upset in the 100-year history of the Backyard Brawl, sneaking past West Virginia, 13-9. WVU quarterback Pat White spends much of the game on the sideline, watching Pitt freshman running back LeSean McCoy run for a game-high 148 yards on 38 carries. 5. PIRATES FIRE DAVE LITTLEFIELD Sept. 7: With the Pirates careening toward its 15th consecutive losing season, new owner Bob Nutting pulls the plug on the Dave Littlefield regime, firing the seventh-year general manager. Littlefield is let go with one year remaining on his contract. Littlefield oversaw operations of a franchise with a 442-581 record under his watch, which was marred by bad spending decisions and questionable roster management. 6. KEVIN McCLATCHY YIELDS CONTROL OF THE PIRATES July 6: Six months after giving way to Bob Nutting as principal owner of the Pirates, Kevin McClatchy announces he will step down as the team's chief executive officer at season's end. McClatchy kept baseball in Pittsburgh, successfully pushed for PNC Park to be built on the North Shore and brought the 2006 All-Star Game to the city. But he was unable to pull the Pirates out of their long stretch of losing seasons. "I'll never be completely at peace with that," McClatchy said. 7. PITT BRINGS BACK STEVE PEDERSON Nov. 30: Proving that you can, indeed, go home again, Steve Pederson agrees to return as Pitt athletic director, a position he held from 1996-2002. Fired as AD at his alma mater, Nebraska, in October, Pederson is the first choice of Pitt Chancellor Mark Nordenberg. The day he is hired, Pederson offers a contract extension to football coach Dave Wannstedt. 8. PENGUINS RETURN TO PLAYOFFS March 27: With a victory over the Washington Capitals, the Penguins clinch a spot in the NHL playoffs for the first time since 2001. The team would finish with 105 points, a 47-point improvement over the previous season and harbors high expectations for a long playoff run. But the Ottawa Senators eliminate the Penguins in a five-game, first-round series. 9. ANGEL CABRERA WINS U.S. OPEN AT OAKMONT June 17: Nobody gave Angel Cabrera much of a chance to contend for the U.S. Open, not with Tiger Woods in the field. Not only does the pudgy Argentine golfer tame Tiger, he also conquers a difficult Oakmont Country Club layout to claim one of golf's major championships. Cabrera shoots a 1-under 69 on the final day and holds on for the win when Woods is unable to make a birdie down the stretch and Jim Furyk is unable to make a par. 10. CROSBY WINS MVP, SIGNS EXTENSION July 10: Fresh from winning the scoring title, being named league most valuable player and becoming the youngest team captain in NHL history, hockey superstar Sidney Crosby is rewarded with a $43.5 million contract extension that will keep him with the Penguins through 2012-13. The deal is structured in a way that leaves room for the Penguins to re-sign Evgeni Malkin, Jordan Staal and Marc-Andre Fleury in coming seasons. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pitt.../s_545201.html
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After the failure of her marriage many years ago, Christie Hanuman started over and vowed to remain single… until her ex-husband walked back into her life. Patrick had also changed, and was now raising his three-year-old son while also caring for his ailing father. Even more amazing to Christie, he had discovered a profound faith in God. Was this transformation a sign from above? And with so much history and love between them, could Christie dig deep into her soul and uncover the truth— that she' d never stopped loving Patrick… and that this was a new chance at happiness?
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Six Nations 2015: Survival of the fittest
- International
- February 3, 2015, 20:00
"Two hours each morning, two hours each evening, 'three on, one off, double splits'. The gym was the one place I had control. I didn't have to spea(...)
BJ Botha still relishing hard road with Munster
- European Cup
- January 17, 2015, 01:01
It was a slightly different festive period for BJ Botha. He had his mum and dad over, albeit flight complications ensured them of a first and last Chr(...)
Robin Copeland to miss Munster's Pro 12 clash against Connacht
- Pro12
- December 30, 2014, 01:00
Irish international Robin Copeland has been ruled out of Munster's trip to Galway on Thursday and is doubtful for their crucial Champions Cup showdown(...)
Jerry Flannery: Munster still have X factor and are ready for Clermont challenge
- Soccer
- December 6, 2014, 01:00
Jerry Flannery loved being a player. Best job in the world. At 36 he could still be doing it but for the calf injuries that eventually forced him to r(...)
Derval O'Rourke: 'You see sportspeople on Twitter showing off the healthy food they've made'
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- November 10, 2014, 10:08
More than a decade ago British rower Steve Redgrave and his band of merry men were training one morning when they were visited by a journalist from(...)
Patient Duncan Casey's solid progress a major plus for Munster
- Pro12
- October 4, 2014, 01:00
The case history of Duncan Casey is a classic one of both steady progress and then sudden elevation. This time last year the 23-year-old product of Gl(...)
Local hero Anthony Foley ready to make Munster more consistent
- Pro12
- August 30, 2014, 05:00
Munster rarely do dull, but this season may be more interesting than usual. Not only has Anthony Foley been promoted to head coach, he has assembled a(...)
Press pack crouch pause and engage with scrum coach Feeky
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Editor leaves voicemail Monday afternoon. Greg Feek is giving a scrum clinic at the Aviva stadium tomorrow. Go do a colour piece about being a prop. M(...)
Foley adds Walsh and O'Driscoll to make an all-Munster coaching team
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- May 21, 2014, 01:00
An all-Munster born and bred coaching group was confirmed last night but not all of them hail from Limerick as Brian Walsh and Mick O'Driscoll bring a(...)
Munster confirm coaching staff for next season
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- May 20, 2014, 18:07
Munster have confirmed Brian Walsh, Ian Costello and Jerry Flannery as the latest members of Anthony Foley's management team ahead of the 2014/15 seas(...)


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Nous sommes un couple tres sympa qui aimons recevoir et faire partager, nous aimons voyager et decouvrir de nouvelles choses.
Vivre sur un bateau est tres enrichissant et peu commun.
Sandrine has completed online and offline ID verification.
My wife and I stay a night on this lovely boat while attending a tennis tournament in Miami. Our hosts were very accommodating, and our room was very comfortable. I would definitely stay again! The breakfast in the morning was cooked to order and we had great conversation before heading back out to watch more tennis. Their day cruises also sounded quite fun and affordable. Norman and Jan
Sandrine and Chris were great hosts. I had sent email asking for a 1 day stay the day before my trip and they answered very fast and helped me with all the information needed for my trip. The room was comfortable and clean. The boat is located in a nice, quiet and safe area. Parking is just a few meters away. Stay also included breakfast and they were nice enough to ask and make things I liked.They got to share photos/videos from their trips on the boat. Overall a great time and experience with the hosts. I would go back again for longer time to join them out at sea. I would recommend them to all.


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Ergon Energy (Ergon or the company) is a Queensland Government-owned company engaged in providing electricity related services. The company distributes electricity to residential and business customers. Ergon primarily operates in Australia. It is headquartered in Queensland, Australia and employed 4,614 people as on June 30, 2013.
Edit my basket | xe.com


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Autopilot OffYour Rating:Average Rating:Hometown: Monroe, NY (USA) Reviewsshow moreInterviewsRelated NewsAutopilot Off recording new material According to Autopilot Off's Facebook page the band is working on some new material. We are working on a handful of new songs, with… June 22, 2011 Autopilot off gets Regenerated Autopilot Off has released the Regenerator EP - it features four cover songs and will be free with the purchase of the self-titled EP. The songs they cover are "Shovel" by Quicksand, "Generator" by Bad Religion, "Rejoice" by U2, and "Raise Your Glass" by Guns 'n' Wankers. It should be in stores in September, but it is available with purchase of the EP at any of the shows on their current tour with Yellowcard. You can hear clips of the… August 13, 2003 |
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Oxherding Tale: A NovelPosted in Books, Media Archive, Novels, Passing, Slavery, United States on 2015-01-22 00:04Z by Steven |
Scribner (an imprint of Simon & Schuster)
208 pages
Paperback ISBN: 9780743264495
eBook ISBN: 9780743277419
Charles Johnson, Pollock Professor of English
University of Washington, Seattle
One night in the antebellum South, a slave owner and his African-American butler stay up to all hours until, too drunk to face their wives, they switch places in each other's beds. The result is a hilarious imbroglio and an offspring — Andrew Hawkins, whose life becomes Oxherding Tale.
Through sexual escapades, picaresque adventures, and philosophical inquiry, Hawkins navigates white and black worlds and comments wryly on human nature along the way. Told with pure genius, Oxherding Tale is a deliciously funny, bitterly ironic account of slavery, racism, and the human spirit; and it reveals the author as a great talent with even greater humanity.


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American Craft Beer Fest returns to Boston on May 29 & 30, featuring 640+ beers from 140+ brewers. Tickets are on sale now.
Tube Socks - 18th Street Brewery
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