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US 7251607 B1 Abstract In a first embodiment according to the invention, a method of resolving a dispute includes the step of at least one of a plurality of parties to the dispute providing, via an on-line connection, an input relating to the dispute. Information related to resolution of the dispute is provided, via the on-line connection, to at least one of the parties. The method may further include the step of providing at least a portion of the input from the at least one party in a publicly accessible on-line form that may include an advertising field. In one embodiment, the advertising may be related to the dispute. In one alternative, the method allows at least some people who access the on-line form to interact therewith, such as by voting on the outcome or querying the parties. This method may further include a step of determining which people that access the on-line form are permitted to interact therewith, based, for example, on an assessment of the person's knowledge of the law and/or the facts.
Claims(24) 1. A method of resolving a dispute, comprising:
at least one of a plurality of parties to the dispute providing, via an on-line connection, an input relating to the dispute;
information related to resolution of the dispute being provided, via the on-line connection, to at least one of the parties;
providing at least a portion of the input in a publicly accessible on-line form and allowing at least some people who access the on-line form to interact therewith in substantially real-time; and determining which people that access the on-line form are permitted to interact therewith based on an assessment of at least one of the person's knowledge of the law and the person's knowledge of the facts,
wherein the determining step includes assessing the person's knowledge by providing the person a set of one or more questions and evaluating the person's responses to the questions,
wherein the person is provided another set of questions from the larger set of questions if the person does not answer a predetermined number of the questions correctly, and
wherein the dispute is resolved based at least in part on input from the person.
2. A method as recited in
3. A method of resolving a dispute, comprising:
at least one of a plurality of parties to the dispute providing, via an on-line connection, an input relating to the dispute; and
interaction directed towards resolving the dispute occurring in substantially real-time between at least one of the parties to the dispute and another person, wherein the substantial real-time interaction is displayed on at least a display and wherein the dispute is resolved based at least in part on the interaction.
4. A method as recited in
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13. A method as recited in
14. A method as recited in
15. A method of resolving a dispute as recited in
16. A method as recited in
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18. A method as recited in
determining which people that access the on-line form are permitted to interact therewith based on an assessment of at least one of the person's knowledge of the law and the person's knowledge of the facts, wherein the determining step includes assessing the person's knowledge by providing the person a set of one or more questions and evaluating the person's responses to the questions.
19. A method as recited in
20. A method as recited in
21. A method of resolving a dispute, comprising:
(a) at least one of a plurality of parties to the dispute providing, via an on-line connection, an input relating to the dispute; and
(b) interaction, directed towards resolving the dispute occurring in substantially real-time, between a third party and at least one of the parties to the dispute,
wherein the dispute is resolved based at least in part on the interaction.
22. The method of
23. The method of
24. A system for fostering the resolution of a dispute, comprising:
a computer adapted to receive from at least one of a plurality of parties to the dispute, via an on-line connection, an input relating to the dispute;
the computer further adapted to receive an interaction directed towards resolving the dispute in substantially real-time between at least one of the parties to the dispute and a third party,
wherein the dispute is resolved based at least in part on the interaction.
Description This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/142,641, filed on Jul. 6, 1999, and incorporated herein by reference. This invention is related to the field of dispute resolution, and in particular to an improved method of resolving disputes without the logistical overhead and cost associated with obtaining a lawyer and appearing in court. The invention is also related to the field of entertainment, as it provides a novel approach to dispute resolution that, while providing a vehicle for parties to a dispute to obtain resolution, also provides a vehicle for others to get involved in resolving the dispute or to be entertained. It is common knowledge that lawsuits are expensive, time-consuming, and nerve-wracking. For many people, being involved in a lawsuit is one of the worst experiences of their lives. It is often difficult to find a good lawyer, and often equally or more difficult to be able to afford to pay the lawyer. The legal process is complex and often overwhelming to those not educated in the law, and can include intimidating experiences, such as depositions and appearances as a witness in court. Because of the logistical, emotional, and monetary expense associated with resolving a dispute via the legal system, many people try to resolve a dispute on their own, by coming to some form of agreement between the parties to the dispute. Alternatively, one party may simply learn to live with a problem, or modify his or her behavior, in an attempt to avoid a confrontation by suppressing the issue. This alternative may lead to poor emotional health, and may also lead to a disproportionate ultimate result as a �last straw� incident that causes the suppressing party to reach an anxiety threshold. There is a need for a simplified dispute resolution method that allows for relatively fast and inexpensive resolution. Further, there is a need for a simplified process of educating parties to a dispute about the rules regarding their dispute�and about resolutions to similar disputes. Also, there is a constant need for educational, interactive, and/or enjoyable entertainment experiences, such as via the Internet. In a first embodiment according to the invention, a method of resolving a dispute includes the step of at least one of a plurality of parties to the dispute providing, via an on-line connection, an input relating to the dispute. Information related to resolution of the dispute is provided, via the on-line connection, to at least one of the parties. The method may further include the step of providing at least a portion of the input from the at least one party in a publicly accessible on-line form that may include an advertising field. In one embodiment, the advertising may be related to the dispute. In one alternative, the method allows at least some people who access the on-line form to interact therewith, such as by voting on the outcome or querying the parties. This method may further include a step of determining which people that access the on-line form are permitted to interact therewith, based, for example, on an assessment of the person's knowledge of the law and/or the facts. In a further alternative embodiment, the method provides a dispute resolution process where one or more of the parties to the dispute, an audience viewing the dispute (�the gallery�), and the person adjudicating or resolving the dispute (�the resolver�), are remote from each other. The information necessary to resolve the dispute is provided via a communication medium to a dispute system that gathers, organizes, and provides the organized information to at least the parties, the gallery, or the resolver, via the communication medium. In a first variation of this embodiment, two or more of the parties to the dispute, the gallery, or the resolver are remote from each other. In a second variation of this embodiment, the resolver is remote from the dispute system. In a third variation of this embodiment, there are at least two resolvers each remote from the dispute system. The dispute system may be implemented in hardware or software or a combination thereof. Objects and advantages of the many embodiments of the invention will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following detailed description in light of the drawing, wherein: In one embodiment, the invention comprises a web site, or other form of Internet or networked site, that is used for dispute resolution purposes. The site may provide a confidential dispute resolution service, for a fee, with the focus of the business model being that the fee is sufficiently low, and the fact that using the site eliminates the hassle of finding a lawyer and going to court, so that people may elect to turn to this site to resolve disputes. Physically, the invention thus comprises a computer system with a sophisticated web page and is collectively referred herein as the dispute system. The mechanics of creating and maintaining a web page are well known, and will not be described herein, given that once the method of the invention is understood, a proficient software engineer can readily create a web site to practice the methods of the invention. In other words, the illustrative embodiment of the invention provides a process to resolve a dispute where one or more of the participants in resolving the dispute are remote from each other and communicate via a communication medium. The communication medium is coupled to a dispute system that gathers, organizes, and returns communications provided by the participants in an organized format to the participants via the communication medium. The dispute resolver, according to this embodiment, may be, for example, an attorney, a retired judge, a law school professor, or a law school student. According to one model, a law school clinic comprises a professor and a plurality of students, wherein the students provide dispute resolution services, covering most of the routine issues, and turn to the professor, or to more senior students, for assistance in resolving more complex disputes. Thus, the students obtain training and exposure to real world issues. A variation of this model calls for a portion of a student's tuition to be paid for by a portion of the fee provided by the parties to the dispute. In an alternative business model, the dispute resolution service is provided for free or for a very low fee, in exchange for the parties' willingness to make their dispute open to the public. Here, the business model depends on advertising revenue based on the view that many people would be interested in seeing what other people are arguing about. The resolver here may be the same as above (i.e., law students). Alternatively, people visiting the site may be permitted to interact therewith in order to ask questions of the parties or to vote on who should prevail in the dispute. The ability to interact may be limited to certain visitors. For example, a person may only be allowed to interact (i.e., vote or ask questions) if the person has demonstrated sufficient knowledge of the relevant law, or of the facts of the present case. The web site according to the invention may thus be more sophisticated than most in that it includes the ability to keep track of votes, to insure that a person only votes once (or that if a person changes his/her vote, the previous vote is deleted) and the ability to confer voting status on particular individuals. For example, a possible moniker for a person approved to vote and/or query the parties is �Squire��. To become a Squire (also known as an �E-Squire��), in one embodiment, a person may be required to demonstrate proficiency in the relevant law. For example, presume a dispute involves next door neighbors, and one party has a tree that overhangs the property of the other, such that the dispute arose when the party that doesn't own the tree cut part of the tree (or built a fort in the tree, or hung a hammock from part of the tree, or attached a clothesline from part of the tree, or picked fruit from part of the tree, etc.). To be a Squire, a visitor to the site may be required to demonstrate sufficient knowledge of property law, such as the law of real property. According to one business model, this proficiency is demonstrated by taking and passing a short multiple-choice question quiz. For example, the quiz may include 10 questions out of a universe of 500 real property questions. If the user answers at least a predetermined number correctly (e.g., 8 or 9), then the user is a Squire, and can now interact. If the user fails to answer the predetermined number correctly, the user may be permitted to take the quiz again (with another set of 10 questions, presumably randomly selected). However, the ability to take the quiz again may be deferred, either by user choice or by the choice of the dispute system, until the user has reviewed some basic information about the relevant law. This functionality may be implemented in the dispute system where the dispute system presents the questions to the user, receives the responses from the user, determines whether the user's questions are correct, and whether the user has answered sufficient ones of the questions correctly to become a Squire. The user communicates with the dispute system via the communication medium (e.g., the Internet) The aforementioned cadre of law students may be valuable in this embodiment to develop the universe of questions associated with each area of law, as well as to create the tutorials reviewed by the aspiring Squires. Similarly, a quiz related to the facts of a dispute may be required in order to become a Squire, and may be created by one or more of the law students. The various business models discussed above include different ways that a site according to the invention may be profitable. In the first embodiment, the site obtains revenue from the parties to the dispute. One model here is that each party puts up a fee, for example, $100.00, and provides the party's side of the story by, for example, completing an application form. Thus, the site receives $200.00 from the parties, pays a law student $25.00 to read the input and provide a decision, allocates much of the remaining money to maintain the site and advertise, etc., and realizes a profit from the remainder. This �parties pay� model may be modified to provide a �loser pays� embodiment; similar to the British model often recommended by law reform advocates. Here, each party may put a fee in escrow, such as $200.00, with the fee actually being charged only to the loser. Although the above described exemplary fees may appear to be too high, they should be contrasted with the hassle and expense typically associated with hiring a lawyer and appearing in court. Given the alternatives, this service may be attractive to parties involved in a dispute who are simply looking for an impartial and educated third party to help them move on. Alternatively, many people may be unwilling to pay, or may be unwilling to pay a lot, for the dispute resolution service, but would be very willing to have their dispute open to the public. According to this business model, the entertainment value of voyeuristically snooping in on other peoples' problems, and maybe even obtaining Squire status to be able to ask questions and/or vote, may be sufficiently alluring to enough users to attract advertising revenue. The advertisers may be attorneys looking to snag parties involved in similar disputes, or may be people who can provide a service related to the facts of the dispute. For example, a tree pruning service may have an advertisement that appears whenever there is a dispute involving parties in a particular geographic area, and the facts include a tree. Similarly, a marriage counselor may target family disputes for advertising, an automotive repair service may target disputes involving cars, a veterinarian may target disputes involving animals, etc. Of course, the advertising need not be related to the dispute, and may merely be provided by a company looking to get a message to the demographic group interested in visiting the dispute resolution site. In this embodiment, the dispute system could include a database of keywords and advertisements to be displayed when those keywords are presented in a dispute. In addition, the dispute system could include information relative to the parties, the Squires, or the Gallery (those viewing the dispute) and selectively display advertisements based on that information. For example, if one of the parties mentions �tree� during the dispute and is located in zip code 19087, the dispute system determines which advertisements should be displayed when �tree� is mentioned and further narrows that list of advertisements to ones associated with the 19087 zip code. Therefore, an advertisement for a tree service located in the 19087 zip code may be transmitted from the dispute resolution system to the party that mentioned �tree�. Alternative revenue sources may include people visiting the site. For example, there may be a fee associated with becoming a Squire, or asking a question, or voting on the prevailing party. Further, some of these fees may be allocated to help a losing party to the dispute to compensate the winning party, or to appeal a decision that the losing party disagrees with. Accordingly, a visitor to the site may be afforded the opportunity to provide a donation for these purposes. The site may provide links to chat rooms to allow people who have an interest in a dispute, or in a family of related disputes, to discuss the disputes, argue about who should prevail, argue about the state of the law, etc. In some embodiments, a chat room may be open only to Squires, for example, during deliberations (e.g. after the question and answer period, if any, has expired). In one embodiment according to the invention, the site provides an archive of previous cases, organized in a meaningful way, so that parties to a new dispute can review any previous similar disputes, and, of course, be exposed to any related advertising. Another useful link that may be provided by the site according to the invention is a legislative link. Here, for example, if a visitor to the site learns that the law in the visitor's state is different, for example, from the law in another state, or from some proposed or pending legislation, and the visitor wants to let the visitor's representatives know the visitor's preferences, the site can provide the visitor information regarding the visitor's representatives and links to the representatives. This may be provided, for example, based on a zip code of the visitor. Resolution element 111, according to one embodiment, is an attorney, counselor, law student, social worker, or other form of professional or credentialed individual who can help the parties resolve the dispute. For example, such an individual may ask questions of the parties, may come to a conclusion regarding the dispute and inform the parties of the conclusion. Such an individual may also provide information to the parties, such as in the form of links to relevant statutes, tutorials, case summaries, etc. to help the parties better understand the underlying law related to their dispute. Although the activities described above are described as being carried out by �an individual,� it is also possible for multiple individuals to participate as the resolution element, or for some of the tasks of the resolution element, such as the links to the relevant information, to be carried out automatically, such as by a computer. In another embodiment, resolution element 111 comprises one or more �Squires�. The Squires may be �regular� people who have been elevated to Squire status, for example, by demonstrating some proficiency or knowledge of the relevant law or facts. The Squires may be located at various locations throughout the world, interconnected to the network 109, and connected to a dispute system via the network 109. Also, one or more visitors or observers, collectively referred to as the �gallery� 115, may be coupled to the dispute system 116 via the network 109. Each member of The gallery may, for example, be logged in to the dispute system 116 via the network 109 from a different location, such as the gallery member's home or office. The gallery members may also have the ability to interact, but the interaction of a gallery member may be different from that of a Squire. For example, the gallery members may be permitted to chat amongst themselves, to provide suggestions to the Squires, to vote on whom should be the prevailing party, etc. However, the activities of the gallery members may be kept track of separately from those of the Squires, and corresponding information may be provided to the parties, the Squires and the gallery members. At step 408 a determination is made as to whether all of the parties have responded to the query. This determination may be made by the dispute system. This determination can be made, for example, based on a temporal threshold. For example, the query at step 406 may give the missing party or parties a certain amount of time to respond, such as one hour, eight hours, one day, two days, etc. When the selected amount of time has passed and the missing party or parties have not elected to participate, the decision at step 408 is to proceed to step 410 and offer an advisory opinion. If, on the other hand, the parties are all electing to participate, then at step 412 the Squires are assigned and the dispute proceeds. There are various alternative mechanisms for selecting and assigning the Squires, and these will be discussed in more detail below. One or more of the steps shown The dispute may unfold in many alternative ways, one of which is for the Squires to ask questions of the parties and the parties to provide responses to these questions. This question and answer process is depicted as step 414. The process of step 414 may take many forms. For example, in one embodiment, the Squires are allowed to question the parties in a free flowing format, wherein whichever Squire gets his or her question in first is the one whose question is displayed to the parties (and the Squires and gallery). After the queried party responds to the query, the other party or parties may be given an opportunity to reply, or the other Squires may be given an opportunity to ask another question. This format may be modified by stacking the Squire questions up in a queue and/or by limiting the ability of the non-queried parties to interrupt or contribute until queried directly. Alternatively, each Squire may be provided an opportunity to ask one or more questions of the parties according to a token ring format. According to this approach, each of the assigned Squires is assigned a Squire number for this particular dispute. Thus, if there are six Squires assigned to the dispute, one will be Squire #1, one will be Squire #2, and so on. The Squires can then take turns asking questions, may be able to converse with each other regarding suggested questions, may be able to take suggestions from the gallery, etc. The manner in which the Squires take turns may be controlled based on the number of questions or on the amount of time allotted to each Squire. For example, in one embodiment, Squire #1 gets to ask the first question. After Squire #1's question is answered, Squire #2 can ask a question. This will continue until each Squire has asked a question and received an answer. The process may be set up so that there is one such round of questions, at which point step 414 is complete. There may, instead, be multiple rounds of questions, such that after Squire #6 asks a question, the token passes to Squire #1, and this process continues until all of the Squires have completed asking their questions, indicated by each Squire �passing� when his or her turn arrives and the Squire has no further questions. The questioning period may alternatively be controlled by giving each Squire a predetermined amount of time, such as ten minutes, to ask the parties as many questions as the Squire wishes to. According to this example, each Squire will enter into a dialog with one or more of the parties until either the Squire's time has run out or the Squire has run out of questions, at which time the next Squire will be given the token. This process may also be limited to just one round, or may be a multi-round process. Further, the time allotted to each Squire may change from round to round. For example, in the first round each Squire may get ten minutes, in the second round five, and in the third round two. Alternatively, each Squire may be permitted to save extra time not used from one round and add it to the Squire's allotted time for a future round. In this process, the dispute system 116 may store appropriate data to control the question and answer process 414. For example, the number of minutes allotted each Squire, which Squire is next to ask questions, whether a Squire has passed on questioning, etc. Of course, the question and answer period 414 may be a combination of these two methods, having some rounds controlled by time and others controlled by number of questions. The �ready for decision� step 416 demonstrates the potential multi-round nature of the question and answer process. It is also possible to have the determination at step 416 be based on a consensus of the Squires. For example, if four of the six Squires want to have another round of questioning, then it will occur, and if not, then the answer at step 416 is YES and the process proceeds to step 418 where the Squires vote on which party should prevail. After the vote at step 418, a determination may be made regarding whether to appeal at step 420. If there is no appeal, then the process proceeds to step 422 where some or all of the transcript of the dispute is placed in an archive. Alternatively, if the decision is to appeal, then the appeal process 424 is initiated. The decision to appeal at step 420 may be made by the losing party, perhaps by paying an appeal fee (depending on the selected appeal process). The appeal fee may also be provided by others, such as by members of the gallery. The decision to appeal may alternatively be automatic, such as if the Squires are deadlocked or close to deadlocked in their vote. For example, if there are six Squires, it could be established that a consensus among five of the six Squires is required, and if the Squires come out 4-2 then an appeal is automatically granted to the losing party, presumably for free. Similarly, if the decision is 3-3, then an appeal is automatically initiated (e.g., by the dispute system), although neither party is characterized as the �losing� and hence appealing party. Alternative appeal processes will be discussed in more detail below. As mentioned earlier, there are alternative methods to select and/or assign the Squires as shown at step 412. One way to select the Squires is to select a time for the dispute to occur and send an email to all of the Squires in the subject area asking for volunteers. An alternative way is to send the email to a selected subset of the relevant Squires. A further way to select Squires is to identify which Squires are currently logged in or viewing information from the dispute system and determining if they are willing to participate in a dispute that will proceed immediately or within a specified period of time. The subset may be selected, for example, in a random or pseudorandom fashion, or may be based on one or more criteria. Exemplary criteria include how many times an individual has served as a Squire, how long it has been since an individual has served as a Squire, information about the individual Squire such as days and times that are generally convenient for the individual, and how responsive the individual has been to previous Squire Calls. This information may be stored in a data record in the dispute system and accessed by the dispute system for processing. The dispute system may also query the Squires to determine their availability. The preliminary selection may also be based on one or more of the aforementioned criteria. For example, it may be desirable to balance �new� Squires with experienced ones, and thus some of the Squires may be selected because they have a lot of experience, while others will be selected because they have little experience. Also, it may be desirable to try to equitably share the opportunity to be an active Squire amongst the members of the Squirearchy. Thus, how long it has been since a Squire was last active in resolving a dispute may be considered, with the priority going to those who have the longest time since the last active service. These criteria may be modulated with a �Squire Profile� indicating the best time for the individual Squire, such that the Squire will not be selected, even though it should be his or her turn, if the Squire's profile indicates they will not be available at the appointed time. Similarly, if the Squire has not been very responsive in the past, this information may be collected, and the Squire considered for removal from the Squirearchy. In any event, the preliminary selection is made at step 505, and a Squire Call (email) is issued to the selected Squires at step 507. Steps 501, 503, and 505 may be performed by the dispute system. The Squires respond at step 509 indicating if they will be available at the appointed time. After a predetermined period of time, a determination is made at step 511 as to whether enough Squires are available. If so, then the dispute is scheduled at step 513, for example, by issuing an email to each of the parties and the Squires identifying the time, the location (i.e. chamber) at the site for the dispute if more than one dispute will be going on at a time, and providing a password for use in entering the chamber through the appropriate portal. If, on the other hand, the determination at step 511 is that there are not enough responses, then at step 515 an additional Squire selection occurs. This process continues until the appropriate number of Squires is confirmed. Steps 511, 513, and 515 may be performed by the dispute system. Given the information regarding time, place and password, the parties and Squires subsequently check in at the appropriate portal of the appropriate chamber within a window of time prior to the initiation of the dispute resolution process. For example, if the dispute is set to be heard at 6:50 PM, the parties and Squires may be instructed to check in between 6:45 PM and 6:50 PM. When they are assembled, the questioning of the parties (step 414� In one alternative embodiment, the disputes are scheduled so that one or more is always in process. Thus, for example, if one dispute is ending, a member of the gallery may be allowed to immediately enter another chamber to observe a dispute that is already in progress. To facilitate the movement of gallery members between disputes, a status board may be provided. An exemplary status board is shown in Under each of the headings, one or more columns will provide information regarding one or more dispute. Some of this information may be linked to allow a gallery member to jump directly to the dispute. In the simplified example of As mentioned earlier, when a dispute is concluded an appeal process may occur, either for a fee or for free if the Squires were relatively split on the outcome. A free appeal may also be provided if the gallery for a dispute was particularly large and it is perceived as advantageous to keep the dispute going. The appeal process may look similar to the dispute process, except that the Squires selected to participate in the question and answer session may be at a higher level. For example, so called �Higher Squires� may be selected from the Squirearchy based on length of service, based on batting average (i.e., percent of the time the Squire voted with the majority of the other Squires hearing a dispute), based on an election amongst the Squirearchy, based on particular credentials (e.g., attorney, law student), based on a combination of these or based on other criteria. This information may be stored in a data record in the dispute system. If a reward is associative with serving as a Squire in a dispute, such as a fixed number of �Frequent Squire� points, the reward can be proportionately greater for Higher Squires. The �Frequent Squire� points may be points towards prizes, clothes, frequent flier miles, promotional items, etc. There may also be more than one level of appeal, such as to Higher Squires for one fee, and then to Supreme Squires for a different, presumably higher, fee. When a Squire is active in a dispute, the Squire may like to ask the parties one or more regular or routine questions. To make it easier on the Squire, an individual question bank may be established. The Squire then need only identify the question, for example by alphanumerical designation, and the party the question is intended for, and the system will output the question to the intended party. A global question bank or set of sample questions may also be provided for use by the Squires. The aforementioned process presumes that the flow of the hearing is predominantly in the form of questions and answers to the parties. It is, of course, also possible, but more complicated, to have questions directed to witnesses. Similarly, it is also possible to have parties or witnesses provide �evidence� in the form of particular types of files, such as word files, spreadsheets, JPEG files or WAV files. In one embodiment, these files are collected in a folder that is available for perusal by the assigned Squires before the dispute is active. When a dispute is completed, it is archived for subsequent search. Thus, if a person is interested in researching an area of the law, in addition to looking at statutes or case law tutorials, the person can try to find a case that is similar to the one the person is interested in, and then review the transcript to see how one exemplary case played out. This is, of course, no guarantee to the person that a similar resolution would result in the person's case, as the law is different in each jurisdiction and no two fact patterns are identical. When reviewing the archives, or at any other time, a person, party, Squire, etc. may come to the realization that a particular statute (state, federal or local) can be improved. The person can then use a service of the site to find the name and email address of the person's legislator, for example based on zip code, and can then send an email to the legislator providing input as to why the law should be changed. The person could also send email to his/her friends suggesting that they look up their legislators and send a similar message. Each of the cases may be rated reflecting the subject matter of the dispute or in response to the language, graphics, or other materials that has been or will be presented during the dispute. For example, the subject matter of the dispute may be directed to a family matter between a husband and a wife where the dispute centers on one spouse's failure to participate in sexual relations with the other spouse. While this may be a matter that many married couples are interested in viewing, the content may be inappropriate for a person under a certain age. The rating 815 may be included on the interface. In addition to providing information relating to the dispute, advertising information 820 may be included on the interface during the dispute. While the advertising information 820 is shown in the upper half of the screen, the advertising information 820 may be displayed in other areas of the interface or multiple advertisements may be placed on the interface. The advertising information may be modified on a periodic basis or in response to certain actions. For example, the advertising information 820 may be updated each time a Squire asks a question. Further, links 825 to other sites or information may be provided. These could include links to similar disputes whether active or from an archive. In this case, a list of disputes (active and/or from an archive of past disputes) in the same category may be displayed. Alternatively, the listing of disputes could be identified using a search algorithm that identifies disputes to be listed by searching, for example, by party or key words or phrases from the current dispute. A link to the law relating to the dispute may also be provided. This may include tutorials about the specific area of the law at issue, legislative materials, cases, news articles, law review articles, etc. A link may also be provided to become a Squire. The process of becoming a Squire is discussed above. The interface is updated to reflect the interaction between the Squires and the parties by providing indicators of what is occurring during the dispute. First, a timer 827 indicating the approximate time remaining in the dispute may be provided. In addition, one or more indicators 830 may be provided to identify which Squire is addressing the parties or that it is a particular Squire's turn to ask questions. Illustratively, Squire 2 is highlighted indicating that it is Squire 2's turn to ask the parties one or more questions. The opportunity to ask questions may be passed from one Squire to another Squire after the first Squire asks a question or each Squire may be allowed a period of time to ask the parties a question or series of questions. In the latter case, a timer 835 may be provided to indicate the time remaining for the Squire to ask questions. A timely resolution of the dispute may be achieved by limiting the Squires' time to ask questions. These two different methods may also be combined where the opportunity to ask questions passes from Squire to Squire and each Squire has a limited period of time to ask questions. In addition, a Squire may pass 840, skip 845, or extend 850 during their time to ask questions. If the Squire selects pass, a Squire's turn to ask questions is bypassed until the Squire turns off the pass 840. If the Squire selects skip 845, the Squire skips her current turn but will automatically be given the opportunity to ask questions in a subsequent turn unless the she again selects skip 845 or pass 840. During a current turn to ask questions, a Squire may select to ask more questions of the parties by extending 850. The Squire may be granted an automatic extension or the other Squires may vote on whether to extend the Squire's turn. Alternatively, another Squire may pass his allotted time to ask questions to the Squire that is requesting the extension. The transcript area 860 displays the interaction between each party and the Squires. The parties and the Squires submit information such as questions and answers via the entry block 855 that is subsequently displayed in the transcript area 860. In order to maintain control over the dispute, a Squire may limit one or more of the party's ability to respond to the Squire's question in order to allow the other party or a witness to respond to the Squire's question. In this case, Plaintiff disable 865 and Defendant disable 870 indicate whether one or both of the parties ability to respond to a question has been limited. The Squires, parties, and gallery may view the same interface except that certain buttons will be activated or used to indicate what has been implemented by one of the people who can select those actions. For example, Squires may select pass 840, skip 845, or extend 850 to indicate that they are taking one of those actions whereas the interface for the parties and gallery reflects what the Squire has selected. Similarly, the Squires may have the opportunity to limit a party's ability to respond by selecting Plaintiff Disable 865 and Defendant Disable 870, whereas the interface for the parties and the gallery display what has happened but do not provide the opportunity for the parties or the gallery to select those actions. In addition, when a party or a Squire submits information via submission block 855, the submitted information is displayed in the transcript area 860. In the case of the gallery, submitted information via the submission block 855 is displayed in the gallery comment area 890. The dispute system maintains a database to track the parties, Squires, and gallery. When one of the parties, a Squire, or a person of the gallery submit information via the submission block, the dispute system determines who submitted the information and where is the appropriate position in the interface to display the submitted information, if at all. Once this has been done, the dispute system forwards information to refresh the interface for the Squires, parties, and the Gallery. In addition to questions being directed to the parties, questions may be directed to the gallery by the Squires in gallery question section 875. In this case, a Squire would indicate, using a unique send button or select block 857, that the question is to be displayed in the gallery question section 875. The unique send button simply indicates to the dispute system that the question is directed to the gallery and that during the refresh operation the question is to be displayed in the gallery question section 875 instead of the transcript section 860. The gallery then may have an opportunity to vote by selecting NO or YES 880 or to comment via submission block 855 which is displayed in gallery comment area 890. The votes are tallied by the dispute system, which updates the interface during a refresh operation. This may be a running tally or a total tally after a specified period of time, for example, one or two minutes or thirty seconds. In this way, the Squires may obtain the gallery's opinion. This interaction between the Squires and the Gallery may be hidden from the parties. In addition, the gallery may vote using send buttons 897 throughout the trial on their opinion of who should win in the dispute. The results of this vote may be displayed as a running tally 895. A person from the gallery may change their vote during the dispute. The dispute system may track the gallery's votes during this process. The dispute system maintains information to determine how each gallery member has voted to prevent a gallery member's votes from being counted twice or to reflect that one of the gallery members has changed their vote. For the latter case, for example, a gallery member may have voted for Sonny but has submitted a new vote for Dad. In this case, the dispute system subtracts a vote from Sonny's tally and adds a vote to Dad's tally. Based on an understanding of the foregoing examples and illustrations, obvious variations will suggest themselves to one of skill in the art. These variations are, of course, intended be covered within the scope of the invention, as recited in the following claims. Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
A Family at War: Season 2, Episode 9We Could Be a Lot Worse Off (6 Jan. 1971)
(awaiting 5 votes)
Reviews: write review January 1942. Two security officers visit Edwin to gain information about John Porter. Some weeks ago they traced a transmitter in Belgium. When asking for name, rank and number of the ... See full summary » Director:Richard MartinWriter:John Finch |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Member Since May 2007
Cooking Level Intermediate
Cooking Interests Baking, Grilling & BBQ, Frying, Asian, Mexican, Italian, Southern, Healthy, Vegetarian, Quick & Easy
Hobbies Scrapbooking, Gardening, Hiking/Camping, Camping, Walking, Fishing, Hunting, Photography, Reading Books, Genealogy
Profile Link http://allrecipes.com/cook/fujiq/
The best wintertime meals need a long, slow simmer while you're doing something else.
Our big collection of budget recipes will leave some jingle in your pocket.
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text:
"Great for the person who wants to go big online!"
Yes, I love hear the books come to life
I love hearing all the different success stories. I found them all helpful
No I have not, but I will be listen to more soon.
I felt that the book as a whole was inspiring.
I wish I would have been learning about this 20 years ago, my life would be much different now. A great Read that opens the door to a world of many possibilities.The most useful part of the book was just hearing about the possibilities that are out there. I will go back a re-listen to get the specifics. This is a great read!


text:
-> ''Yeah, we TTC (Turned The Corner)''\\
''Had an RHG (Red Hot Go)''\\
''We OTFG (Opened the Flood Gates))''\\
''We got BIT (Back in Town)''\\
''Yeah, we LOG (Lifted Our Game)''\\
''Took a good hard look at ourselves''
-->-- '''Greg Champion''', [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNASVPZ-tQE "Red Hot Go"]]
Fan communities create their own acronyms and abbreviations, to make it easier to speak about the works they love. An [=AaAO=] is when this is taken so far that it is [[AcronymConfusion downright confusing]].
For example, if you have visited online gaming communities, you've likely seen it already many times. You're simply SIL against the [[BigBad BBEG]], so you [[TheInternet GFGI]] to find a [[GuideDangIt FAQ]] for how to get to the [[PeninsulaOfPowerLeveling PoPL]] so you can [[LevelGrinding LG]] your [[MagikarpPower MP]] to godly levels and [[CurbStompBattle render him FUBAR]]. And the FAQ is composed entirely of shorthand, rendering it illegible.
When used in media (as opposed to being used in talking about media), it tends to feature in an ExpospeakGag or aiding the resident [[MotorMouth MM]]. Or both.
Not to be confused with FunWithAcronyms, because that trope is about acronyms that are humorous rather than accurate, as opposed to simply having too many acronyms to remember, or acronyms that you'd have to be an insider of the community to know.
When writers include an overload of acronyms, they usually do so in the hope that you'll end up R.O.T.F.L.O.L.Y.F.A.O. Occasionally they'll throw in some acronyms that refer to {{Deadly Euphemism}}s along with more benign euphemisms in the hopes that you'll do a mental DoubleTake and think [[BigOMG O.M.F.G.]]!
* Balaclavaed soldiers armed with a bottle of HP sauce crash through the window in front of a startled general at his dinner table because "an SOS from HQ said that a VIP with an OBE was tucking into a baked potato with no HP!" Everything's better with HP.
* From ''Film/GoodMorningVietnam'':
-->'''Adrian Cronauer:''' Excuse me, sir. Seeing as how the V.P. is such a V.I.P., shouldn't we keep the P.C. on the Q.T.? 'Cause if it leaks to the V.C. he could end up M.I.A., and then we'd all be put out in K.P.[[note]] Translation: Seeing as the Vice President is a Very Important Person, shouldn't we keep information about the Press Conference confidential? Because if it leaks to the Viet Cong he could end up Missing In Action, and then we'd all be put to work in the kitchens, or worse.[[/note]]
* In ''Film/RenaissanceMan'', Danny [=DeVito=]'s character, who is teaching a class at a military base, is first very confused when a serviceman gives him directions like this, eventually asking if he can "[[Series/WheelOfFortune buy a vowel]]". Later in the movie, once he's gotten used to being on the base, the situation is reversed when a civilian asks him for directions and he gives the same acronym-filled one he received earlier.
* In the opening scenes of ''I Was a Male War Bride'' (1949) -- one of the earliest American films to address this trope -- French army captain Henri Rochard (Creator/CaryGrant) approaches the guard post at an Allied armed forces office building in post-war Germany. He asks the guard for directions to the "OICAMGWAC". (Being Cary Grant, [[VerbalTic he reads it rhythmically and deliberately]] so it sounds like "O.I.C. - A.M.G. - W.A.C.") Directed to the first floor, he finds office doors labeled "WAIRCO" (which he reads as "War Administration Industrial Relations Coordinator's Office") and "SOSDPPDD" ("Service of Supplies Displaced Persons Property Disposal Department") before finding the ladies restroom. He begins to misinterpret this as "Labor Administration Department Inter..." when a WAC ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps Women's Army Corps]]) tech corporal exits. She directs him across the hall to yet another door labeled "CDMTWR". The meanings of the first and last acronyms are not explained.
* From ''Film/LoadedWeapon1'':
--> '''Luger''': There's something between you and this General Morters.
--> '''Colt''': He was my C.O. in 'Nam. CIA listed him as M.I.A., but the V.A. ID'd him and so we put out an APB.
-->'''Luger''': Oh, I see.
* From ''Film/SpyHard'':
--> '''Dick Steele''': You carry a UB-21 Schnauzer with a Gnab silencer. That's KGB. You prefer an H&K over an A.K. Your surveillance technique is NSA. Your ID is CIA. You received your Ph.D. at NYU. Traded in your GTO for a BMV. You listen to [=CDs=] by R.E.M. and STP. And you'd like to see J.F.K. in his [=BVDs=], getting down with O.P.P. And you probably put the toilet paper back on the roll with the paper on the inside.
* In ''Film/DieHard2'', [=McClane=] uses this technique to create confusion while he illicitly fingerprints a corpse:
--> '''Morgue Worker''': Hey! You're supposed to do that at the morgue.
--> '''John [=McClane=]''': Not anymore. Got a new SOP for DOA's from the FAA.
* The ''Literature/WarriorCats'' fandom is fond of this. Acronyms include:
** the series titles (TNP, TPOT, OOTS)
** book titles (TDH, FQ, BP, NW, [=BotC=], [=T4A=], [=SotC=], to name a few... This created a slight issue when ''Code of the Clans'' came along, because there was already a [=CotC=] from ''Cats of the Clans''. There were even forum threads debating on what to call it - the most common form is [=C2otC=].)
** some characters, places, etc (HF, DF, [=PoNS=])
** related websites (Ww, OF)
* The team of ''Literature/{{Discworld}}'' wizards who work on [[AIIsACrapshoot Hex]] do this a bunch -- Hex is a computer [[BambooTechnology made out of an ant farm and some common household implements]], including an FTB (fuzzy teddy bear), a CWL (clothes wringer from the laundry), and the like. A number of these acronyms are references to real-life ones, generally from computing (such as "FTB", a play on "[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP FTP]]", an Internet protocol). At one point they admit that "initialise the GBL" just sounds more impressive than "pull the great big lever".
* ''TheDilbertPrinciple'' advises employees to use lots of acronyms in describing their accomplishments because "they sound impressive while conveying no information":
-->'''Boss''': "What was your contribution to the project?"\\
'''You''': "Mostly QA. I was also an SME for the [=BUs=]."\\
'''Boss''': "Um... okay. Excellent work."
* Every Literature/SherlockHolmes story has its own four-letter acronym. ''Hound of the Baskervilles'', for example, is shortened to HOUN.
* ''[[Creator/DaveBarry Dave Barry In Cyberspace]]'' contains the huge acronym "OJIOGBUOLSWMRTJVAIFWNTMITSIHDHGCOAC", which is short for "O.J. Is Obviously Guilty, But Under Our Legal System We Must Respect The Jury's Verdict, Although It Frankly Would Not Trouble Me In The Slightest If He Drove His Golf Cart Off A Cliff".
* ''Literature/{{Modelland}}'' is positively full of acronyms, strange portmanteaux, and Letters2Numbers, to such an extent that if you don't find at least three on a page, you're reading the wrong book.
* [[Literature/CiaphasCain Inquisitor Vail]] thinks [[Characters/Warhammer40000ImperialGuard Imperial Guard]] lingo has so many acronyms and abbreviations (FNG: [[NewMeat Frakking New Guys]], el-tee: Lieutenant, LZ: Landing Zone, TLA: Three Letter Acronym...) it should be reclassified as its own language.
* ''Literature/TheHitchhikersGuideToTheGalaxy'': "h2g2" is the fan-accepted abbreviation for ''The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy'' in all its incarnations: radio series, books, TV series, LP record, computer games and film. (two "h"'s, two "g"'s). This is a lot simpler and easier than typing ''The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy'' on each and every occurrence.
* All over ''Literature/WizBiz'' series. Programmers love them, everybody else frown.
-->"Not Lord," Wiz corrected as he dug his fingers into the scaly hide. "LRD." The dragon stretched his neck out luxuriously to expose a spot behind his right ear.
-->"It's a TLA for Little Red Dragon," Jerry put in from where he was building a triple-decker sandwich.
-->"What is a TLA?"
-->"Three-letter acronym."
-->Shauna looked puzzled and Moira chuckled. "Never ask them for an explanation. You will only end up worse confused."
* ''Series/MontyPythonsFlyingCircus'': An MPFC LP had this as the basis for a sketch [=IIRC=].
-->'''Creator/JohnCleese:''' Gentlemen, our MP saw the PM this AM and the PM wants more LSD from the PIB by tomorrow AM or PM at the latest. I told the PM's PPS that AM was NBG so tomorrow PM it is for the PM nem. con.
* The dialogue in ''Series/TheSandbaggers'' uses so many acronyms that the [=DVDs=] have an acronym glossary as a bonus feature.
* ''Series/OnlyFoolsAndHorses'': At one point Del Boy insists that "Modern businesspeople only speak in initials!" He initializes everything -- examples include the GLC: "General 'Lectric Company" and PMA: "Positive Mental Attitude". He also tries to initialize "'''T'''rotter's '''I'''ndependent '''T'''rader's" and Rodney's "'''D'''iploma '''I'''n '''C'''omputerization", the results of which are duly [[LampshadeHanging pointed out]].
* ''Series/{{JAG}}'' uses lots of military terminology. Often played straight, but sometimes used for laughs.
-->'''Lt. Cmdr. Harmon Rabb:''' You grounded Lieutenant Isaacs after a substandard landing. The LSO log indicates: OSCB, EGAR, DNKH.
-->'''Capt. Thomas Boone:''' That's correct.
-->'''Maj. Sarah Mackenzie:''' Can you tell me what those initials stand for, sir?
-->'''Capt. Boone:''' OSCB, Over Shot Came Back. EGAR, Eased Gun At Ramp.
-->'''Maj. Mackenzie:''' What about, uh... DNKH?
-->'''Capt. Boone:''' Well, that's the technical one, Major. Damn Near Killed Herself.
* In the ''Series/{{Leverage}}'' episode "The Boiler Room Job", Hardison, posing as a fake stockbroker, claims to be a member of several alphabetic organizations, including the [[Franchise/JusticeLeagueOfAmerica JLA]].
* A ''Series/{{MASH}}'' episode has Hawkeye and Trapper trying to procure an incubator for the 4077. At one point they're summoned to Henry Blake's office and, after turning down his offer of a drink, are introduced to an ObstructiveBureaucrat sent from headquarters:
--> '''Henry:''' Captain Sloan here is with supply.
--> '''Sloan:''' More accurately, I'm with the 375th Q.M.H.Q., COMSEAPAC, SEOULSEC REPDEP.
-->'''Hawkeye:''' Maybe I'll have that drink.
* ''Series/LondonsBurning'' is littered with Fire Brigade jargon, like ADO, DO, ACO, FIT, FRU, EVAC, BA, DSU, RTA and ALP. Likewise, its counterparts ''{{Series/Casualty}}'', ''Series/HolbyCity'' and ''Series/TheBill''.
* ''Series/{{Awkward}}'''s Tamara's way of talking comprises both this and an overload of BuffySpeak.
* Vernon from ''Series/YoureTheWorst'' talks mostly like that:
-->'''Becca''': Vernon left to go do his rotation, or as he calls it, his "rotaish."
* The song [="MfG"=] by the German rap band Die Fantastischen Vier is [[http://german.about.com/library/blmus_fanta4mfg.htm composed almost entirely]] of acronyms and abbreviations.
* Greg Champion's "Red Hot Go" is another example, with an acronym almost every line, as well as explaining what they stand for. Some lines invert this, such as "My game had been bad (B-A-D)", and "The coach pulled me out (O-U-T)".
* "Alphabetical Order" by Joe Walsh.
* This is common on {{pinball}} forums and websites, where regulars will use acronyms to refer to any game with more than one word in its title. If you're new to the hobby, you're sure to have a hard time deciphering what TOTAN[[note]]''Pinball/TalesOfTheArabianNights''[[/note]], NBAFB[[note]]''NBA Fastbreak''[[/note]], RBION[[note]]''[[Pinball/RipleysBelieveItOrNot Ripley's Believe It Or Not]]''[[/note]], WOZ[[note]]''Pinball/TheWizardOfOz''[[/note]], METLE[[note]]''[[Pinball/{{Metallica}} Metallica,]]'' Limited Edition[[/note]], CFTBL[[note]]''Pinball/CreatureFromTheBlackLagoon''[[/note]], or [=WH20=][[note]]''Pinball/WhiteWater''[[/note]] refer to. And that's before getting into non-title acronyms, such as HUO (home-use only) or VUK (vertical up-kicker)...
* ''Pinball/ThePartyZone'' does this with two of its target sets -- "WOOC" is "Way Out Of Control", while "EDBM" is "Eat, Drink, & B. Merry".
* ''TabletopGame/DungeonsAndDragons'': DND tends to suffer from this, because of the number of precise terms; AC, DR, CL (this one's even context-sensitive), DC, etc. etc. Oddly enough, there's no way to abbreviate "Denied your dex bonus to AC" any further.
* ''TabletopGame/{{Warhammer 40000}}: VideoGame/DawnOfWar'' wiki has many acronyms made up by players. The Dakkadakka Forum even has tooltips for the most commonly used initialisms. Which isn't to say that the tabletop game itself doesn't have its own crunchers. The best is probably AP -- standing for Armor Piercing, the mechanic and rating that counters personal armor, although you could be forgiven for thinking that it meant Armor ''Penetration'', the mechanic that affects ''vehicle'' armor. When talking about statlines, expect to see the terms GEQ ([[RedshirtArmy Guardsman EQuivalent]]), MEQ ([[SpaceMarine Marine EQuivalent]]), and TEQ ([[EliteMooks Terminator EQuivalent]]) a lot.
* And if you think that's bad, you should see ''TabletopGame/{{Exalted}}''. Acronyms like [[GameBreaker VAP]][[note]]Void Avatar Prana[[/note]], [=PoCB=][[note]]Protection of Celestial Bliss[[/note]], SSE[[note]]Seven Shadow Evasion[[/note]], GSNF[[note]]Green Sun Nimbus Flare[[/note]] and SCS[[note]]Solar Circle Sorcery[[/note]] are all thrown around. ''Exalted'' terminology is so flowery that typing all the Charms out in full could take weeks.
* And then you realize none of these hold a candle to ''[[TabletopGame/{{Champions}} HERO System]]'', [=FREd=] (itself an acronym). Not only are the 11 some-odd ability scores abbreviated, but then there's the OCV, the DCV, OSL, DSL, RSL, HKA, RKA, OAF, OIF, etc.
* The song "Arse End of the Earth" from ''Keating! The Musical''.
* ''Theatre/{{Hair}}'' uses a lot of acronyms in the lyrics of "Hashish" and "Initials." Appearing in both are "L.S.D." and [[UsefulNotes/NewYorkSubway "I.R.T."]]
* ''VideoGame/AncientDomainsOfMystery'': (ADOM) The guidebook has all kinds of abbreviations that make it downright illegible unless you read the compiled list of acronyms and abbreviations. And the equipment pages in said guidebook have their own specific abbreviations that aren't in the list of abbreviations. One of the biggest offenders is the [[InfinityPlusOneSword TotRR]], which has tags like [[AmplifierArtifact Ma+24]], [[NoSell =Elec]], [[SuperNotDrowningSkills +WBre]], [[SeeTheInvisible +SeeI]], -Deth, and [[HolyBurnsEvil !Demo]]. Oh, and it increases your [[SelfDemonstratingArticle DV/PV]] by 12.
* The original NES ''VideoGame/FinalFantasyI'' contains hundreds of these due to space issues. Enemy varieties often have their special adjectives cut down to two or three letters, meaning that instead of Grey Imps and Green Ogres, you have to face down armies of much funnier-sounding [=GrIMPs=] and [=GrOGREs=].
* ''VideoGame/SuperSmashBros'': (SSB) guides will have all kinds of acronyms, sometimes making the simplest things hard to read; for instance, [=DI=], or Directional Influence; your ability to move left or right a little bit in midair, etc.
* ''VideoGame/DwarfFortress'': [[InvokedTrope Done deliberately]] by the DF community; talk of the [[GiantSpider GCS]]'s, [[EldritchAbomination FB]]'s, and the [[DugTooDeep HFS]] prevents spoilers. Also overlaps with InsistentTerminology. The {{succession|Game}} [[LetsPlay LP]]'s also have lots of [[FunWithAcronyms FWA]] just [[RuleOfCool FTW]].
* ''VideoGame/{{Nethack}}'': The IRC channel often combines this with the in-game symbols used to represent the various items; so a late game ascension kit might contain (among other things) [oMR, "oLS, a cursed !oGL and plenty of /oD.
* The Website/GameFAQs ''Naruto'' boards has [=JnJ, PnJ, ET, SST, CT, FRS, 0TK, 3TK, 4TK, 8TK, nTK, MS, EMS=]
* ''VideoGame/MegaManBattleNetwork'': InUniverse, actually. Mostly to preserve memory space, but also has a nice futuristic look. Its SpiritualSuccessor series, ''[[VideoGame/MegaManStarforce Starforce]]'', does this on the NintendoDS, [[RuleOfCool simply for the latter reason]]. It also forces this on the player, due to little paragraph space for the parts you have to write yourself, such as naming your "Best Combos".
* ''VideoGame/StarCraftI'': Most of the Goliath's StopPokingMe quotes. The Goliath in ''VideoGame/StarCraftII'' has many quotes reused, but also has the previous quote from G''oodMorningVietnam''.
-->'''Goliath:''' Go ahead, TACCOM. Milspec [[Franchise/{{Robocop}} ED 209]] on. USDA selected. FDIC approved. Checklist complete... SOB.
* The ''VideoGame/BattleForWesnoth'' community has a lot of this. [=HttT, TSG, AoI, SoF, THoT, DA, HI, WM, ZoC, CtH, HAPMA=]... almost all campaigns, units and gameplay elements are abbreviated; [[http://wiki.wesnoth.org/Glossary see also here]].
* The ''VideoGame/RockBand'' fan community reduces song names to acronyms, such as [=GGaHT=] (that's Green Grass and High Tides).
* ''VideoGame/WorldOfWarcraft'' has its own horde of acronyms and abbreviations, [=Dal, Org, TB, Oc, pat, spriest, Demolock, ToT, ToC, LF5MDPS, H25LK, TG vs SMF=]... to the point that some instances had similar acronyms that one of them had to be acronymed after its final boss. [=DM (Dire Maul) and VC (Deadmines, after the last boss)=]. [[http://www.wowpedia.org/Acronyms More information here]]
* The {{Web Game|s}} ''{{VideoGame/Sryth}}'' has a lot of acronyms, most of them fan-made. There's a [[http://www.srythforum.com/showthread.php?t=1314 forum thread]] that provides a complete list.
* The English-speaking ''Touhou'' fan community tend to use these for the titles of the games. The only exception so far is the fighting spin-off Hisoutensoku, which is usually shortened to Soku.
* In the ''VideoGame/{{Dota 2}}'' and ''VideoGame/TheStanleyParable'' crossover, the narrator of TSP opens dota games with this on occasion.
--> '''Stanley Parable Narrator:''' GL, HF, [=L2P=], VD, MP3, OBGYN, 3DPDB1D9G [[note]]Good luck; have fun; learn to play; and the rest well, your guess is as good as mine.[[/note]]
* The Creator/ParadoxInteractive community has this for most of its games and expansions, as well as popular [[GameMod mods]]. For example, one might say that you're playing [=HoI=] with TFH and BLICE [[note]]HeartsOfIron with the Their Fines Hour expansion and the Black Ice mod.[[/note]]. The only game to escape this is ''VideoGame/{{Victoria|AnEmpireUnderTheSun}}''. Instead its [[UsefulNotes/QueenVictoria namesake's]] nickname is used, Vicky. But it still applies to the expansions and mods.
* Ryotaro Dojima, from [[Webcomic/HiimDaisy Peachi]]'s ''VideoGame/{{Persona 4}}'' comic:
-->'''Ryotaro Dojima''': We've got no clues about the perp. We don't even have a sus because the sec with a mo's got a perf al.
-->'''Adachi''': Sir, what are you even-
-->'''Dojima''': Shut UP, Adachi.
* ''Webcomic/MSPaintAdventures'' from ''Webcomic/ProblemSleuth'' onwards, so much that the wiki has an [[http://mspaintadventures.wikia.com/wiki/Acronym_Cheatsheet Acronym Cheatsheet]].
* ''Webcomic/TerminalLance'': is drawn by a Marine, for Marines. Non-Marines are strongly advised to have the Wiki/{{Wikipedia}} page on [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_acronyms_and_expressions USMC acronyms and expressions]] open and ready for reference.
* ''WesternAnimation/ABugsLife'' has Flik shouting out random abbreviations to Atta in order to make his meeting with the "warriors" sound official and top-secret. His choices? "F.Y.I.", "[[GettingCrapPastTheRadar B.Y.O.B.]]"...
* In one episode of ''WesternAnimation/YogisTreasureHunt'', WesternAnimation/TopCat calls the treasure hunters this way:
-->'''Top Cat''': Attention! This is T.C. calling with an A.P.B.. Report to the treasure room A.S.A.P..
* An episode of ''WesternAnimation/HongKongPhooey'' had Sgt. Flint asking for a criminal's M.O. on an A.P.B., and Rosemary said "A.O.K. I'll get right on it P.D.Q.!"
* The ''WesternAnimation/DangerMouse'' episode "Journey To The Earth's 'Cor!" had our heroes in the center of the earth with DM's car frozen in mid-air. They come to a door marked "C.H.M.F.F.G." (which Penfold phonetically pronounces as "Chimuffguh"). It stands for "'''C'''ar '''H'''olding '''M'''agnetic '''F'''orce '''F'''ield '''G'''enerator."
-->'''Penfold:''' Ooh...how'd you know that?
-->'''DM:''' [[FourthWallObserver I read the script!]]
* According to [[WesternAnimation/TheSimpsons Homer Simpson]], [[Music/BachmanTurnerOverdrive BTO]] are Canada's answer to [[Music/EmersonLakeAndPalmer ELP]], and their big hit was TCB[[note]]Takin' Care Of Business[[/note]]. Also, according to him, that's how they talked in TheSeventies.
* Blythe Baxter from ''WesternAnimation/LittlestPetShop2012'' often uses acronyms in place of short sentences, such as G.M.M.T. ("Good morning, Mrs. Twombly"), or D.W.A.A.T. ("Don't worry about a thing"), claiming it's a "way more efficient way" of saying things. Mrs. Twombly, the elderly owner of Littlest Pet Shop, even lampshades this at one point.
-->'''Mrs. Twombly:''' Don't these youngsters realize it takes twice as long to decipher their silly abbreviations as it does to state them normally in the first place?
* Wiki/TVTropes itself. Those new to the community might have to have [[CrowningMomentOfAwesome CMoA's]], [[YMMV.HomePage YMMV]], and YKTTW explained to them.
* TruthInTelevision: The United States armed forces do this, to the point where two members of the same branch (say an artilleryman and a tanker, both Army) can't understand each other. Much worse if it's members of two different branches: especially if it's Army and Navy. They abbreviate in different ways: the Navy likes to use entire syllables. (thus, Commander IN Chief [=PACific FLeeT=]--> CINCPACFLT. [=SUBmarine SAFEty=] program -->SUBSAFE. [=NAVal SPECial WARfare GRoUp=]-->NAVSPECWARGRU. Feed those abbreviations to an Army soldier to watch him try to separate it letter by letter.)
* The Armed Services see this extensively. "Private Bob! Gimme a SITREP on the PMCS of that APC ASAP!".
** A lot of personnel use this for FunWithAcronyms. A radar operator might call in "An unidentified B-1-R-Delta (bird) possible hostile G-U-Eleven (gull) class" Or a technician might report an "ID-ten-T (id10t) user error" or "Equipment inoperable in O-F-F Mode"
*** The latter is taken from a supposedly real maintenance discrepancy log in which a pilot reported a device did not work while in the O-F-F position. The corrective action is said to have stated that no actions taken because it is not supposed to work in that position.
** It is said (somewhat tongue-in-cheek) that the American armed forces run on [=TLAs=][[note]]Three-Letter Acronyms[[/note]], [=ETLAs=][[note]]Extended Three-Letter Acronyms[[/note]], and [=MTTLAs=][[note]]More-Than-Three-Letter Acronyms[[/note]].
** One ''very'' common military acronym that often confuses civilians is "POV", which stands for "Personally/Privately-Owned Vehicle" (or "POC", swapping "Vehicle" for "Conveyance"). It's used to distinguished private vehicles from Government-Owned Vehicles ("GOV"), tactical vehicles, rental vehicles, public transportation, etc.[[note]]The term is mostly only used in two situations: To denote which types of vehicles may be used in a given situation (such as a government installation where [=POVs=] are not permitted), or to denote a type of expense (such as official travel where a soldier is authorized to take a GOV and fuel it up on the government's dime, but if they drive their POV or take a taxi, they'll have to pay for it out of pocket.)[[/note]]
* Civilian aviation inherited this from the military for the same reason they us it: brevity is important over crowded radio channels and there are lot of technical terms in use. For example: "I'm gonna study the [=SOP=], refer to the [=FAR/AIM=] and the [=POH=], then go up and practice an [=ILS=], [=VOR=], [=NDB=] and [=GPS=] approach out of [=EVB=]. Oh, not [=GPS=], cause [=RAIM=] is inop."
** Or: "I am going to study the standard operating procedure, refer to the federal air regulations aeronautical information manual and the pilots operating handbook, then go up and practice an instrument landing system, very high frequency omnidirectional range, non directional beacon and global positioning system approach out of New Smyrna Beach municipal airport. Oh, not global positioning system, because the receiver autonomous integrity monitoring is inoperable." Suddenly the acronyms seem godsend instead of an annoyance.
* Also related to the military's use of acronyms is the unique language of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Given that the organization's staff was originally largely military, it should come as no surprise that just about everything anyone at NASA might refer to has an acronym - which frequently is a disguise for a needlessly-wordy description. Extra points are apparently given if one makes an acronym that is pronounceable as a word.
** Even more points if an acronym refers to another acronym. The government contractor that had the contract to test the liquid-fueled rocket engines for the Space Shuttle had several other government contracts too. There was a separate name for the division that performed each contract. This one was officially known as NTOG, which stood for NASA Test Operations Group.
* Laptop computers used to use a type of expansion slot known as PCMCIA, an acronym for the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, the group of companies that got together to develop the hardware standard. Owing to what a mouthful the acronym was (not to mention how non-descriptive it proved to be once you bothered to unroll it), the acronym is jokingly said to mean "'''[[FunWithAcronyms P]]'''[[FunWithAcronyms eople]] '''[[FunWithAcronyms C]]'''[[FunWithAcronyms an't]] '''[[FunWithAcronyms M]]'''[[FunWithAcronyms emorize]] '''[[FunWithAcronyms C]]'''[[FunWithAcronyms omputer]] '''[[FunWithAcronyms I]]'''[[FunWithAcronyms ndustry]] '''[[FunWithAcronyms A]]'''[[FunWithAcronyms cronyms]]".\\
The name was eventually changed to the much shorter "PC Card", before the format was replaced entirely by Express Card.
* Old [[http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/T/TLA.html hacker anecdote]]: When asked what "the biggest problem in computing in the '90s" would be, one hacker is said to have quipped, "there are only 17,000 three-letter acronyms". When you have [[FunWithAcronyms joke acronyms]] [[HypocriticalHumor bemoaning the plethora of acronyms]] in your profession, it's pretty bad.
* There's an old song by Creator/AllanSherman ''[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roAWodrsZXI Harvey and Sheila]]'' that celebrates the acronyms of life in the USA.
* Anybody who studies biology for long enough, particularly metabolism or genetics, quickly finds the acronyms getting out of hand. We have acronyms made of acronyms.
* In Chemistry, abbreviation is necessary to use the completely-descriptive but incredibly long formal names of most chemicals. Or they're simply referred to by some kind of informal or brand name. At the extreme end of this scale is [[http://othyr.com/titin.html Titin]], the largest known protein, which has an ''incredibly'' lengthy chemical name.
** How lengthy? Titin's full name has ''189,819 letters.''
* Many Mormons know what RM, BYU, PEC, BYC, YM, YW, and many others mean.
* A lot of work places (especially corporate ones), have company-specific acronyms and abbreviations
** Target has elaborate titles for employees, such as the Guest-Service Team Leader (a sort of PoliticalCorrectnessGoneMad), abbreviated to G.S.T.L.
** Pizza Hut has C.H.A.M.P.S. (Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product, Speed) for a guide to their food service
* Wiki/{{Wikipedia}} has several lists of acronyms. '''Be forewarned:''' A person can easily get lost on a WikiWalk through these pages. Good starting points include:
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym_and_initialism Their main article on acronyms and initialism]]
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acronyms Their list of acronyms and initialism]]
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_government_and_military_acronyms Their list of U.S. government and military acronyms]]
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_initialism Their article on orphan initialism]]
** The project's [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations guideline on abbreviation use in articles]] and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WTF essay against overuse of abbreviations in project pages]]
* ''Augustine's Laws'', a satirical yet serious book on how NOT to run a military research and development program, has a chapter on this topic. It includes a graph of acronym activity index listing government papers that have acronyms for over 10% of their words, and declares an "acronym gap" between the West (26 letters in the Roman alphabet), the East (32 letters in the Cyrillic) and Far East (14,000 characters in the Chinese).
* The Soviet/Russian bureaucracy ran on abbreviations and acronyms. The secret police in particular were at times the Cheka (from the abbreviation [=ChK=], or Che-Ka for the "Special Committee"), the GPU, OGPU, NKVD, MVD and KGB, not to mention the modern FSB (all Russian-language abbreviations). GULAG was another abbreviation - note that many abbreviated names in Russian are formed of the first syllables of individual words; ''lager'' means a prison camp. A lot of them were "State" (Gosudarstvo)-Something, so they ended up with the [=GosKino=] studios (State Cinema) as well as [="MosFilm"=] and the infamous post-Soviet gas company [=GazProm=]. Immediately after the revolution, popular names for children were even abbreviations of revolutionary concepts or the names of dignitaries, for instance Vladilen (Vladimir Lenin). In Solzhenitsyn's ''First Circle'' novel, there is a female character sporting the name Datoma, which is short for "Daughter of the Toiling Masses" [[TranslationConvention as rendered into English]] (though the Russian version would still have a similar sound to it). Solzhenitsyn's famous word "zek", meaning gulag inmate, was formed from the abbreviation "Z/K", denoting ''zakluchenniy'' or prisoner. A Russian/Soviet poet, writer and translator Korney Chukovsky devoted a whole chapter to Soviet bureauspeak in general and misuse/overuse of abbreviations in particular in his book on Russian language "Alive as Life Itself".
* Anyone who's ever tried text messaging with anyone under the age of 25 has probably run into this. Anybody older that that probably needs to look up things like: IDK, SMH, MHM, ROTFL, LMAO, NP, WU, TY, etc. Some aren't too difficult to figure out, but then they throw in emoticons and half words, and the messages are so far from English that you need a decoder.
* In Germany acronyms and abbreviations had been largely a preserve of the military and academia, but after the First World War they spilled over into everyday life, partly under the additional influence of the names of commercial enterprises etc. (for instance ''Degussa'', which stands for "'''De'''utsche '''G'''old- '''u'''nd '''S'''ilber'''s'''cheide'''a'''nstalt - "German gold and silver refining facility"). This tendency became mocked in a few jokes and is still sometimes referred to as ''Aküfi'' ('''A'''b'''kü'''rzungs'''fi'''mmel, "abbreviation craze").
** ThoseWackyNazis were infamous about it, some of their acronyms and abbreviations like SS and Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei, secret state police) even entering other languages. On the other hand, they were also mocked with abbreviations, indeed the very word ''Nazi'' (short for ''Nationalsozialist'') has negative connotations as before it was applied to Hitler's party it had been a diminutive form of the Catholic given name ''Ignaz'' (German form of Ignatius) and carried similar implications as the name ''Rube'' in America. Another well known example was the acronym ''Gröfaz'' (also spelled ''[=GröFaZ=]'') for "Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten" (greatest commander of all time), which sounds like the name of a mean little gremlin. This spread among Germans after the battle of Stalingrad and mocked both the Nazi proclivity for abbreviations and acronyms as well as the way Hitler had been hailed as the greatest military commander of all times after the fall of France in 1940.
* The common names of birds are standardized, and each is given a four-letter code. For example, American Crow is AMCR.
* If you have been speaking Indonesian language for some time, you'd notice that Indonesians '''love''' to abbreviate just about anything. Notable examples include:
** Puskesmas= Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Community Health Center, think of clinics)
** Kopaska= Kommando Pasukan Katak (Frog-Diver Command, think Indonesian equivalent to Navy [=SEALs=])
** DPR= Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (People's Representative Council, one of the legislative houses).
** TNI= Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Military Forces).
** KPK= Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (Anti-Corruption Agency)
** And many others
* The Church of Scientology has seldom met an abbreviation it didn't like. Examples include [=OTs=] (Operating Thetans, people enlightened through Scientology), Orgs ('Organisations', Scientology buildings and departments), [=SPs=] ('Suppressive Persons', enemies of Scientology), and the GO ('Guardian's Office', the Church's intelligence department, later renamed to the OSA or 'Office of Special Affairs').
* Computers in general. You can count the number of hardware that isn't commonly referred to by an acronym or abbreviation with one hand.
** Similarly early programming languages and assembly language is made up of really short words. Assembly in particular is usually restricted to 4 letters.
* Electronic musical instruments are similar. Not only do they naturally require the use of technical terms, no matter on which tech level they are, but using synthesizer terminology in full would inevitably border on SesquipedalianLoquaciousness, so using abbreviations like BPF[[note]]band-pass filter[[/note]], LFO[[note]]low-frequency oscillator[[/note]], FM[[note]]frequency modulation[[/note]], VA[[note]]virtual analog[[/note]] and of course MIDI[[note]]Musical Instrument Digital Interface[[/note]] is a lot easier. Also, space on front panels and displays is limited, and the writing has to be large enough to be readable on gloomy live stages, so the instruments themselves are overusing abbreviations even more JustForFun/{{egregious}}ly.
* UsefulNotes/FranklinDRoosevelt created roughly 100 government agencies in order to help jumpstart the economy during TheGreatDepression. They ''all'' had acronyms, and were derisively referred to as "alphabet soup."
* Modern medicine is ''loaded'' with acronyms and abbreviations. It's actually important that this is done, as it allows medical professionals to rapidly give short but extremely detailed descriptions in emergency situations where seconds literally count.
* The Dutch are very keen to use acronyms wherever they can (a.u.b. or s.v.p. for "please", i.v.m. for "due to", a.s. for "next" as in "next Sunday", or b.b.h.h. for "currently not at home"), and are especially notorious for their countless abbreviations (Bi.Za. for the Ministry of the Interior, B&W for the Mayor and Aldermen, GGD for the municipal health agency, KNGMG for the Royal Dutch Geological Mining Trust). The most telling is probably the abbreviation used for dictionaries that list abbreviations: afk. w.b.


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Honey bees as carriers of lychee erinose miteEriophyes litchii (Acari: Eriophyiidae)
- G. K. Waite,
- J. D. McAlpine
- … show all 2 hide
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Up to 23% of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) collected from flowering lychee trees, severely infested with the lychee erinose mite (Eriophyes litchii Keifer), were found to be carrying live mites which were picked up as the bees foraged. This method of lychee erinose mite dispersal is discussed in the context of periodic records of "spontaneous infestation" of lychee flower panicles from previously uninfested orchards.
- Alum, Z.M. and Wadud, M.A., 1963. On the biology of litchi erinose mite,Aceria litchii Keifer (Eriophyiidae: Acarina) in East Pakistan. Pakistan J. Sci., 18 (5): 232–240.
- Butani, D.K., 1977. Pests of litchi in India and their control. Fruits, 32 (4): 269–273.
- Huang, B.K., 1985. Lychee gall mite-Aceria litchii Keifer. In: Control and a Collection of Illustrative Plates of Diseases and Pests of Fruit Crops. Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House, Fuzhou (in Chinese).
- Lall, B.S. and Rahman, M.F., 1975. Studies on the bionomics and control of the erinose miteEriophyes litchii Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyiidae). Pesticides, 9 (11): 49–54.
- Mishra, C.S., 1912. Litchi leafcurl. Agric. J. India, 7: 286–923.
- Nishida, T. and Holdaway, F.G., 1945. The erinose mite of lychee. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 48.
- Pinese, B., 1981. Erinose mite — a serious litchi pest. Queensland Agric. J., 107: 79–81.
- Shvanderov, F.A., 1975. The role of phoresy in the transference of Eriophyoidea. Zool. Zh., 54 (3): 458–461.
- Waite, G.K., 1986. Pests of lychees in Australia. In: C.M. Menzel and G.N. Greer (Editors), The Potential of Lychee in Australia. Proceedings of the First National Lychee Seminar, 14 and 15 February 1986, at Sunshine Plantation, Woombye, Qld., Australia. Sunshine Coast Subtropical Fruits Association, pp. 42–48.
- Title
- Honey bees as carriers of lychee erinose miteEriophyes litchii (Acari: Eriophyiidae)
- Journal
Experimental & Applied Acarology
Volume 15, Issue 4 , pp 299-302
- Cover Date
- 1992-10-01
- Print ISSN
- 0168-8162
- Online ISSN
- 1572-9702
- Publisher
- Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- G. K. Waite (1)
- J. D. McAlpine (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Maroochy Horticultural Research Station, Sunshine Coast Mail Centre, P.O. Box 5083, 4560, Nambour, Qld., Australia


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Pronunciation: /biːsiːˈiː/
Definition of BCE in English:
Before the Common Era (used of dates before the Christian era, especially by non-Christians).
Definition of BCE in:
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The First Round of the 2013 NFL Draft had plenty of surprises and headline stories, one pick that didn't generate much buzz though was the Green Bay Packers selection of UCLA defensive end Datone Jones. Yet, despite the lack of hype surrounding the pick, general manager Ted Thompson hit a home run with the 26th pick, getting a player that will add to an already potent pass rush but also brings the physicality, which the Packers have coveted throughout the offseason.
At 6-3, 283 pounds, Jones may not have the athleticism to be a 4-3 defensive end but should fit perfectly in Green Bay as a five-technique in Dom Capers 3-4 defense. At that spot, Jones will be able to use his disruptive ability to set the edge and penetrate into the backfield, which should help improve a run defense that ranked 17th in total rushing yards allowed and 26th in yards per carry given to opposing runners.
Over the course of his four-year career with UCLA, Jones was highly productive, totaling 148 career tac...
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Charges: Minnesota man assaulted two women while high on mushrooms
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Two women say an Austin, Minn., man assaulted them while he was high on hallucinogenic mushrooms.
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