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for my simulation I have to calculate several gradients and jacobian matrices. The equations are quite complex and with my current setup hard to read.
Here is some exampel code:
restart;with(VectorCalculus);SetCoordinates(cartesian[x, y, z]);alias(u = u(t, x, y, z), v = v(t, x, y, z), w = w(t, x, y, z)); alias(eta = eta(t, x, y, z));U := VectorField(`<,>`(u, v, w));Divergence(U);Jacobian(U);Diff(U, t);
The Divergence operator gives me a very compact result:
But Jaobian and Diff look like:
To achive a better readability I want to do two things (if possible):
1) hide the independet variables (t,x,y,z) in the result of Jacobian, Diff
2) display the result of Diff in a row vector (3x1) instead
Is this possible?
Thanks in advance for your help
I am trying to learn the <> notation to enter matrices and vectors. But I find this page very confusing
it says:
but we see clearly the vertical bars are used to separate columns.
Isn't a column the thing that goes from the top to bottom and not from left to right in Maple LinearAlgebra?
Hi all
Can anybody suggest an algorithm allowing to detect, that two matrices of the same size can be obtained each from other by permutations of rows and columns? Maybe, such an algorithm there exists in LinearAlgebra package?
is it possible to assume element of matrix 0 or 1
how to write?
after write this, is it possible to display possible matrices which each element is 0 or 1
with(LinearAlgebra):GetRing := proc(sol)ringequation := 0;mono1 := 0;for j from 1 to 3 domono1 := 1;for i from 1 to nops(sol[1][j]) domono1 := mono1*op(i, sol[1][j]);od:ringequation := ringequation + mono1;od:return ringequation;end proc;M := Matrix([[a1,a2,a3],[a4,a5,a6],[a7,a8,a9]]);sys := a*b+a = GetRing(MatrixMatrixMultiply(Matrix([[a,b,c]]), M));solve(sys);
This application creates DNG matrices by optimizing Delta E from a raw photo of x-rites color checker. The color temperature for the photograph is also estimated. Inputs are raw data from RawDigger and generic camera color response from DXO Mark.
XYZoptical to RGB to XYZdata
Sr,g,b is the relative spectral transmittance of the filter array not selectivity for XY or Z of a given color.
Pulling Sr,g,b out of the integral assumes they are scalars. For example Sr attenuates X, Y and Z by the same amount.
Raw Balance is not White Point Adaptation.
The transmission loss of Red and Blue pixels relative to green is compensated by D=inverse(S). The relation to incident chromaticity, xy is unchanged as S.D=1.
(See Bruce Lindbloom; "Spectrum to XYZ" and "RGB/XYZ Matrices" also, Marcel Patek; "Transformation of RGB Primaries")
XYZ to RGB
RGB to XYZ (The extra step of adaptation to D50 is included below)
Input Data
Solve for Camera to XYZ D50 and T
Download Camera_to_XYZ_Tcorr.mw
Hey I have a list of matrices and I want to define a proc that will search through the first matrices entries looking for zeroes, and if it finds one to move on to the next matrix in the list and look for zeroes and so on. if for some reason all matrices in the list have zeroes i would like the proc to answer with 0. otherwise I would like it to answer with the ndex of the first matrix wth all non-zero entries. I've played with things and occasionally made things work. But in general I do not have a solution. This is what I'e tried:Things like this:
recu:=proc(y,n,q)options trace;local f,j,t,k;t[y]:=y:k:=y:for f from 1 to n while y<=q do;for j from 1 to n do;if evalb(C[k](f,j)=0) then;t[y+1]:=t[y]+1;recu(t[y+1],n,q);else next;end if;end do;end do;end proc;like this:
recu:=proc(y,n,q) local f,j,t,k; global S; options trace;S:=0; if y=q then return "no"; end if; for f from 1 to n do; for j from 1 to n do; if evalb(C[y](f,j)=0) then; recu(y+1,n,q);S:=S+1; end if; end do;end do;end proc;And I think I understand well why these are not workinging however I wondered what I can do that will be syntactically (sp?) correct.Thanks
Say if I need a^T * b * a, I will do this:
VectorMatrixMultiply(Transpose(a), b);VectorMatrixMultiply(%, a);
But this seems too long for such a simple matrix (and vector) computation. I am sure there must be an short way.
What if I need more computation, like
a^T * b * c*d*f*g* a, where c,d,f,g are other 2x2 matrices. If I were to use the above command, that'll take a long time to input.
Hi there
I have have a 18*18 matrix which almost each of its element are in symbolic form. Now I need to have all of its eigenvectors. Unfortunately when I use the "Eigenvalues()" function in maple i got nothing. In fact I got the error which comes below.
Error, (in content/polynom) general case of floats not handled
I need to know if there's a solution to eliminate the error? If not, what can I do to determine the eigenvectors and eigenvalues in symbolic form?
I'll be appreciated your help
Hi everyone,
I have a question regarding the derivation of tensors/matrices.Let's assume for simplicity, that I have a vector (6x1) s and a matrix A (6x6)defining Transpose(s)*Inverse(A)*s. From this function I want to calculate the derivative w.r.t. s. My approach would be
restartwith(Physics):with(LinearAlgebra):Define(s,A)Diff(Transpose(s)*Inverse(A)*s, s)
As a result I get
though I'd rather expect something like Inverse(A)*s + Transpose(s)*Inverse(A)
Now as I'm pretty new to Maple, I can imagine that my approach is wrong, but I don't know any better and can't seem to get any information out of the help documents.
Thanks in advance for any of your suggestions!
how to calculate the first step
(2,0) -> (1,1,1) and (1,4) -> (1,2,0)
how to use maple command to get (1,1,1) and (1,2,0)
how to use maple command to calculate rep(h)
to get (0,-1/2,1) and (1,-1,0)
I have two 6x1 Matrices which are the results of a calculation process in Maple. One with a set of equations and the other one with a set of variables:
A := [0, f(x6), f(x6), 0, 0, f(x6)];
b := [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6];
I'd like to solve the following system:
for i from 1 to 6 do
eq[i] := A[i] = b[i]:
which is
eq[1] := 0 = x1;
eq[2] := f(x6) = x2;
eq[3] := f(x6) = x3;
If I type in the eqations manually, and execute "s := solve({eq[1],..,eq[6]},{x1,..,x6})" everything solves fine.
If I use the "for i from..." - structure, and execute "s := solve({eq[1],..,eq[6]},{x1,..,x6})" I get an empty space as solution.
I've tried to convert both matrices into lists, but it doesn't work.
Could it be that Maple doesnt know that x6 has to be the x6 in the function f(x6) ?
Can anyone tell me how to solve this please?
Hey GuysI'm designing some stuff for controll theory
There I met following problem:
I want calculate the matrix A which is the product of X and G.
A is 6x6 matrix and all values in the diagonal are ones, the rest is undefined and should be calculated
X is 6x6 diagonal matrix with the values X1...X6
and G is also 6x6 and have all these values.
now I'm stuck 'cause I haven't used Maple frequently (only some simple stuff up to now, nothing with matrices)
I'd really appreciate it, if someone can tell how to tackle this problem
Let A and B be matrices of dimensions 3,2 and 2,3 corresondingly. It isknown Multiply(A,B)=Matrix([[8, 2, -2], [2, 5, 4], [-2, 4, 5]])
What is Multiply(B,A)?
I want to introduce a matrix of order M by M as for any m, M, pl help as show in file
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subset: commoncrawl


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Beach rankings are out, Louisiana not looking so good
LOUISIANA (FOX44) - A new report says Louisiana beaches are some of the dirtiest in the country.
It comes after a study by the National Resource Defense Council. The group since the crisis on the coast, many of the state's beaches just haven't been safe to go to.
Across the state, more than two thousand closing days were issued at 11 beaches.
The news isn't all bad, Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne's office says the beaches keep improving every day.
Here's a quick look at other beaches close to home.
Out of five possible stars, beaches in Grand Isle earned one star.
Gulf Shores has the cleanest beaches in our region with a ranking of four stars.
Beaches in Florida fared well also, with Pensacola Beach earning three stars, and Fort Walton Beach earning four stars.
The rankings are based on water quality, cleanliness over the last three years, water testing, and advisories.


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I am trying to find out the best way to Assert, Should i be creating an object with what i should return and check that it has equal to the expected result ?
Or should I be running a method against a mock to ensure that the method was actually called.
I have seen this done both ways, I wondered if anyone has any best practices for this.
Of course its quicker and easier to write a unit test to assert that a method was called on the mock but quicker and easier is not always the best way - although sometimes it can be.
What does everyone assert on, that a method has been called or assert the results that were returned ?
Of course its not best practice to do more than 1 assert in a unit test so maybe the answer is to actually assert the results and that the method was called ? So I would create 2 unit tests, 1 to check the results and 1 to check that the method was called.
But now thinking about this, maybe this is going too far, if i get a result that i suppose I can assume that my mock method was called.
I would really appreciate some feedback on this area.
Thanks in advance.


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Online Only. To redeem enter STOCKUP into "promo code" field at checkout. Valid only on items sold by Sears. Excludes baby hardlines, Clearance, Everyday Great Price, Hot Buy and Unilateral Pricing Policy items, Insane Deals, all Levis, Lee, Haggar, Dockers, Dickies, Jansport, Lamaze, Valmont, and Julie France Body Shapers brands. Discount will apply as 10% if 1-3 qualifying items are in cart at checkout and at 20% if 4 or more qualifying items are in cart at checkout. No se permite la igualación de precios en las tiendas en esta oferta. Límite de un cupón por compra de artículos que califiquen. Se pueden aplicar otras exclusiones. La oferta de cupones no se puede combinar con otro descuento asociado.
First impressions make a difference and that's why it's important to choose clothing and shoes that make you feel like you're at the top of your game every day. Everything from dresses in the latest styles to name-brand accessories say something about you to anyone you meet, so make sure you're sending the right message with fashions from Sears.
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Final Score: Phoenix 4, Atlanta 3
Glendale, AZ (Sports Network) - Keith Yandle collected three assists and Ilya Bryzgalov made 33 saves to lift the Phoenix Coyotes to a 4-3 win over the Atlanta Thrashers.
Eric Belanger, Shane Doan, Lauri Korpikoski and Martin Hanzal lit the lamp for the Pacific Division-leading Coyotes, who have won six games in a row.
"It was kind of an ugly game," Doan said. "The last two games haven't been exactly the way we want to play at home, but we found ways to win."
Rich Peverley registered a goal and two assists for Atlanta, which has dropped six of seven. Ondrej Pavelec stopped 28 shots in defeat.
"We're putting the puck towards the net. Sooner or later good things are going to happen and we're going to keep them out of our net," said Atlanta head coach Craig Ramsay.
The Thrashers remain winless in eight all-time trips to Phoenix, with seven losses and a tie.
A short-handed goal by Belanger staked Phoenix to a 1-0 lead 3:41 into the contest. Still on the power play, Chris Thorburn banked the puck off Bryzgalov at 5:03 of the first period.
The Coyotes regained the lead when Doan fired a shot between the pads of Pavelec with 8:23 to play in the opening frame, but Atlanta pulled even on Andrew Ladd's power-play marker at 4:10 of the second period.
Peverley snapped a wrister from the left circle that beat Bryzgalov high on the short side, giving the Thrashers a 3-2 lead a little over five minutes later.
Phoenix, though, got goals from Korpikoski and Hanzal to take a 4-3 lead into the second intermission.
Korpikoski tipped Yandle's shot from the point with 4:16 remaining. The goal stood following a video review to determine if the puck was touched with a high stick. Hanzal lit the lamp inside the final minute off a pass from Ray Whitney.
Bryzgalov turned aside 11 shots in the third period to preserve his 25th win of the season.
Game Notes
The Coyotes are now 12-1-0 with a tie in the 14 all-time meetings since the Thrashers joined the league in 1999...Phoenix has won five straight at home...Atlanta has lost six of its last seven on the road.


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Replacement of roofs can be a big expense for homeowners. Today there are many various roofing options available on the market and it's a good idea to estimate the cost of roof replacement to save your budgets. It's easy to estimate the cost of replace roof. |


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Lyrics Depot | |
Lyrics » Ryan Adams Lyrics » The Sadness Lyrics |
Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to The Sadness by Ryan Adams. Please check back for more Ryan Adams lyrics. |
The Sadness LyricsArtist: Ryan AdamsAlbum: 29 In the oceans of ink Long black ribbons of cars And in the taxi You ask me how I'm doing But you already know Beyond, beyond is not through Its only a reflection of you And something at the window It motions with its fingers Calling me beyond The sadness is mine The sadness is mine Its why you're not healing me And whatever has come for me Oh I can give you whatever you're wanting Just take it and spare me spare me Please oh tell me this is only a warning/no Please have mercy let me go If only a day to let her know Without her love I'm nothing at all The change is happening and I'm almost gone In her heart is my faith And it wins against the sadness The train it moves through the desert The horses they will challenge its stride And into the boxcar she leaps And is my hero And penetrates the demons inside The clouds they pass But they're moving so fast As I watch them collide Collide and collapse in her arms like a newborn child I am at one reborn The fog in the mote As he grabs me by the throat It lifts as she comes She opens her cloak and the color of blood It is the sign of what now must come Deny deny me my destiny I am not ready to go I am the horror that brings us to the morning
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In German history, Lebensraum ("living space") listen (help·info) was an ideology that proposed the aggressive territorial expansion of Germany and of the German people. Originally a biology term for "habitat", the publicists for the German Empire (1871–1918), introduced Lebensraum as a concept of nationalism that became one of Imperial Germany's goals in the First World War (1914–1918). In the post-war Weimar Republic (1919–1933) the concept and the term were features of German ultra-nationalism, and later, during the Third Reich (1933–1945), Lebensraum, was an ideological element of Nazism, which advocated Germany's territorial expansion into Eastern Europe, justified by the need for agricultural land in order to maintain the town-and-country balance upon which depended the moral health of the German people.[1] Nazism justified Lebensraum by claiming that it is a natural law of which all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races, possessed an inherent right to displace people of inferior races; especially when the superior race were facing overpopulation in their native territories.[2]
In practice, the Nazi policy of Lebensraum was to kill, deport, or enslave the Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, and other Slavic populations considered racially inferior to the Germans, and to repopulate said eastern lands with Germanic people.[3][4][5] The populations of cities were to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus that would feed Germany, and thereby allow political replacement by and re-population with a German upper class.[3] The eugenics of Lebensraum implicitly assumed the racial superiority of Germans, because they are an Aryan race; a master race, who, by virtue of their superiority (physical, mental, genetic) had the right to displace any people they deemed to be of an inferior race.[4] Sociologically, the Nazis insisted that the Lebensraum lands be developed as racially-homogeneous societies, by avoiding the intermixing of Germans with native peoples of an inferior race.[4] Therefore, in a territory designated as German Lebensraum, the native people, of inferior races, by law, were subject either to expulsion or to destruction by the Nazis.[4] In the course of the Second World War in Europe (1939–1945), Nazi Germany supported the Lebensraum politics of officially racist régimes, such as Fascist Italy (1922–43), the Slovak Republic (1939–45), and the Independent State of Croatia (1941–45).[6]
Historically, the concept of a Germanic people with insufficient living space predated Adolf Hitler's ideological application of Lebensraum in the politics of Germany, in which the Nazi Party said that German territorial expansion was inevitable, because of the crisis-level overpopulation of the Versailles-designed boundaries of the post–WWI Germany, the Weimar Republic; about which Adolf Hitler said: "We are overpopulated and cannot feed ourselves from our own resources".[7] Hence, Nazism proposed and justified territorial expansion as an inevitable necessity for Germany, in order to end the crisis of overpopulation of the extant national territory, and so provide resources necessary to the well-being of the German people.[7]
Since the 1920s, the Nazi Party had espoused and advocated the eventual necessity of expanding Germany into the territory of the Soviet Union.[8] In that vein, Hitler and the Nazi Party also had espoused acquiring Lebensraum territories in Poland.[9] Given the improved Russo–German political relations consequent to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), during its three-year period (1939–41), the Nazis told the Russians that Germany had discarded plans to annex Soviet territories, and that central Africa was where Germany would seek Lebensraum.[10] About the international politics of Lebensraum, Hitler said that Germany sought a diplomatic settlement to claims for living space in Europe — which settlement required that the European powers cede territories to Germany.[11]
Despite the façade of seeking a diplomatic settlement of living-space claims, the Third Reich prepared war for Lebensraum; by the late 1930s, Hitler had realised the militarisation of German society in preparation for the eventual and necessary war between the peoples of Germany and of Russia, Operation Barbarossa (22 June 1941).[12] In planning the destruction of Poland, by partition and annexation, Nazi Germany told the Polish Government that if war between Germany and the Soviet Union resulted in Germany taking Lebensraum from the Soviet Union, then Germany would allow Poland the right to annex parts of the Ukraine, while Germany annexed more Soviet territory — if Poland were to subordinate herself to Germany, and allow the German annexation of Polish territories. Aware that the proposal would immediately be rejected, the Reich Chancellor, Adolf Hitler, nonetheless proposed that territorial-annexation settlement to the the Polish diplomats who sought to forestall the Nazi invasion of Poland (1 September 1939).[13][14][15]
The Third Reich invoked precedents — historical, geopolitical, cultural — to legalistically justify the pursuit of Lebensraum beyond the borders of Germany'.[16] One historical example justifying Nazi territorial expansion was Manifest Destiny (1845), which ideologically justified the white colonization, by the United States, of the "American frontier", the inhabited North-American lands south of Canada and north of Mexico.[4] Hitler said that the geographic size of the European nation-states was "absurdly small in comparison to their weight of colonies, foreign trade, etc.", which he contrasted to "the American Union, which possesses, at its base, its own continent, and touches the rest of the Earth only with its summit"; and that colonization of the continental U.S., by the Nordic peoples of Europe, would create a nation possessed of a great, internal market, of a great capacity for material reproduction, and a fertile land fit for great biological reproduction; hence was North America the ideal Lebensraum proposed by Nazism.[4]
Through the Middle Ages, German population pressures led to settlement in Eastern Europe, a practice termed Ostsiedlung. The term Lebensraum in this sense was coined by Friedrich Ratzel in 1901, and was used as a slogan in Germany referring to the unification of the country and the acquisition of colonies, based on the British and French models and the westward expansion of the United States.[17] Ratzel believed that the development of a people was primarily influenced by their geographical situation and that a people that successfully adapted to one location would proceed naturally to another. These thoughts can be seen in his studies of zoology and the study of adaptation.[18] This expansion to fill available space, he claimed, was a natural and necessary feature of any healthy species.[19]
Ratzel himself emphasised the need for overseas colonies, to which Germans ought to migrate, not for expansion inside Europe. Wanklyn (1961) argues that Ratzel's theory was designed to advance science, and that politicians distorted it for political goals.[20] Thus the concept of Lebensraum was picked up and expanded by publicists of the day, including Karl Haushofer and General Friedrich von Bernhardi. In von Bernhardi's 1912 book Germany and the Next War, he expanded upon Ratzel's hypotheses and, for the first time, explicitly identified Eastern Europe as a source of new space. According to him, war, with the express purpose of achieving Lebensraum, was a distinct "biological necessity." As he explained with regard to the Latin and Slavic races, "Without war, inferior or decaying races would easily choke the growth of healthy budding elements." The quest for Lebensraum was more than just an attempt to resolve potential demographic problems: it was a necessary means of defending the German race against stagnation and degeneration.[21]
Southwest Africa (1884–1915)[edit]
During the first decade of the 20th century Imperial Germany colonised Southwest Africa and committed genocide against the local Herero and Nama peoples. Madley (2005) argues that the German experience in German South-West Africa was a crucial precursor to Nazi colonialism and genocide and that personal connections, literature and public debates served as conduits for communicating colonialist and genocidal ideas and methods from the colony to Germany.[22]
The First World War (1914–18)[edit]
In September 1914, when victory in the Great War seemed at hand, Berlin introduced a Lebensraum plan for postwar peace terms. The concept of Lebensraum was endorsed secretly by the Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg and the rest of the German government as a war aim in World War I. Documents discovered by the German historian Fritz Fischer have suggested that in the event of a German victory, the policy under discussion by the German government as part of its Septemberprogramm was to annex a strip of Poland, and replace the population with Germans to set up a defensive barrier in the east. Similar proposals were made towards Lithuanians and settlement of Germans in Ukraine; the overall idea of German rule in Central and Eastern Europe during the First World War was to annex large areas and engage in ethnic cleansing (an idea which would later be adopted by Nazis).[23] As the German Empire lost the war, the population policy wasn't enacted.[24] The significance of Fischer's discovery, as the Australian historian John Moses has noted, is that the goal of winning Lebensraum was already in German thinking long before 1933 and thus cannot be seen, as some German historians have argued, as solely Adolf Hitler's personal brain-child.[25] The "September plan" was a proposal that was under discussion but was never adopted and no movement of people was ever ordered. As historian Raffael Scheck concluded, "The government, finally, never committed itself to anything. It had ordered the September Programme as an informal hearing in order to learn about the opinion of the economic and military elites."[26] In contrast the idea of annexing Polish territory and removing Polish population was officially discussed by all elements of German politics, military and industrial circles and widely supported; even members of SDP in general agreed with the idea[27]
As the British historian A. J. P. Taylor noted in his 1963 foreword "Second Thoughts" to his 1961 book The Origins of the Second World War:
It is equally obvious that Lebensraum always appeared as one element in these blueprints. This was not an original idea of Hitler's. It was commonplace at the time. Volk ohne Raum (People Without Space) for instance, by Hans Grimm sold much better than Mein Kampf when it was published in 1928. For that matter, plans for acquiring new territory were much aired in Germany during the First World War. It used to be thought that these were the plans of a few crack-pot theorisers or of extremist organisations. Now we know better. In 1961 a German professor [Fritz Fischer] reported the results of his investigations into German war aims. These were indeed a "blueprint for aggression" or as the professor called them "a grasp at world power": Belgium under German control, the French iron fields annexed to Germany, and, what is more, Poland and the Ukraine to be cleared of their inhabitants and resettled with Germans. These plans were not merely the work of the German General Staff. They were endorsed by the German Foreign Office and by the "good German", Bethmann Hollweg.[28]
The German Empire planned to annex territory in both Lithuania and Poland for direct colonisation by German colonists after the forcible removal of the Polish and Lithuanian population. As early as April 1915, the Polish Border Strip plan against Poland, which was first suggested by General Erich Ludendorff in 1914, was approved as a German war aim by the Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg. The German historian Andreas Hillgruber argued that the foreign policy of General Ludendorff, with its demand for lebensraum to be seized for Germany in Eastern Europe during World War I, was the prototype for German policy in World War II.[29] Lebensraum almost became a reality in 1918 during World War I. The new Communist regime of Russia concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, ending Russian participation in the war in exchange for the surrender of huge swathes of land, including the Baltic territories, Belarus, Ukraine and the Caucasus.[30] However, unrest at home and defeat on the Western Front forced Germany to abandon these favourable terms in favour of the Treaty of Versailles, by which the newly acquired eastern territories were agreed to sacrifice the land to Lithuania, Poland and new nations such as Estonia or Latvia, and a series of short-lived independent states in Ukraine.
The German historian Andreas Hillgruber said that the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1939) was the prototype for Hitler's vision of a Greater German Empire in Eastern Europe:
To understand later German history, one must pay special attention to a consequence of the Eastern situation, in the autumn of 1918, that has often been overlooked: the widely-shared and strangely irrational misconceptions concerning the end of the War that found such currency in the Weimar period. These ideas were not informed, as they should have been, by an appreciation of the enemy's superiority in the West, and the inevitable, step-by-step retreat of the German Western Front before the massive influx of the Americans. Nor did they indicate any understanding of the catastrophic consequences for the Central Powers, following the collapse of the Balkan front, after Bulgaria's withdrawal from the war. They were, instead, largely determined by the fact that German troops, as "victors" held vast strategically and economically important areas of Russia.
At the moment of the November 1918 ceasefire in the West, newspaper maps of the military situation showed German troops in Finland, holding a line from the Finnish fjords near Narva, down through Pskov-Orsha-Mogilev and the area south of Kursk, to the Don east of Rostov. Germany had thus secured the Ukraine. The Russian recognition of the Ukraine's separation, exacted at Brest-Litovsk, represented the key element in German efforts to keep Russia perpetually subservient. In addition, German troops held the Crimea, and were stationed, in smaller numbers, in Transcaucasia. Even the unoccupied "rump" Russia appeared—with the conclusion of the German–Soviet Supplementary Treaty on 28 August 1918—to be in firm, though indirect, dependency on the Reich. Thus, Hitler's long-range aim, fixed in the 1920s, of erecting a German Eastern Imperium on the ruins of the Soviet Union was not simply a vision emanating from an abstract wish. In the Eastern sphere established in 1918, this goal had a concrete point of departure. The German Eastern Imperium had already been—if only for a short time—a reality.[31]
Lebensraum as Nazi ideology[edit]
The inter-war period (1919–39)[edit]
The feeling that Germans were people without space (Volk ohne Raum) was greatly exploited among German nationalists who felt that the Treaty of Versailles were harsh on Germans, especially with the loss of German territories.[32] Even German Eugenicists took up the nationalist slogan and came to believe that Germany was a Volk ohne Jugend (a people without youth).[33] The desire for Lebensraum was a key tenet of several German nationalist and extremist groups in post-World War I Germany, most notably the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler. As the American historian Gerhard Weinberg noted, German demands for territorial revision went beyond merely regaining land lost under the Treaty of Versailles, and instead embraced calls for the German conquest and colonization of all Eastern Europe, regardless of whether the land in question had belonged to Germany before 1918 or not[34] Likewise, the British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper argued that the goal of overthrowing Versailles was only a prelude to seizing Lebensraum in Eastern Europe for Germany with no regard as to where Germany's 1914 frontiers had been.[35] In Mein Kampf, Hitler was to write:
Without consideration of traditions and prejudices, Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil, and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation.
The National Socialist Movement must strive to eliminate the disproportion between our population and our area—viewing this latter as a source of food as well as a basis for power politics—between our historical past and the hopelessness of our present impotence.[36]
This was to be the unvarying aim of foreign policy.[37]
Even the decline in the birthrate from the 1880s, contradicting claims of a vigorous and growing race, could not damp down demands for Lebensraum.[38]
Hitler rejected other nationalist parties emphasis on merely restoring the borders of 1914, saying:
The German borders of 1914 were borders that represented something as unfinished as peoples' borders always are. The division of territory on earth is always the momentary result of a struggle and an evolution that is in no way finished, but that naturally continues to progress. It is dumb to simply take borders from any given year in the history of a people and establish it as a political goal.
—Adolf Hitler, 1928[39]
The Second World War (1939–45)[edit]
The official German history of World War II was to conclude that the conquest of Lebensraum was for Hitler and the rest of the National Socialists the most important German foreign policy goal.[40] At his first meeting with all of the leading Generals and Admirals of the Reich ("Empire") on February 3, 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest of Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanization" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives.[41] For Hitler, the land which would provide sufficient Lebensraum for Germany was the Soviet Union, which for Hitler was both a nation that possessed vast and rich agricultural land and was inhabited by what Hitler saw as Slavic Untermenschen (sub-humans) ruled over by what he regarded as a gang of blood-thirsty, but grossly incompetent Jewish revolutionaries.[42] These people were not Germanizable in his eyes; only the soil was.[43]
In Mein Kampf, Hitler rejected the "Germanization" of a non-German people, of an inferior race:
Not only in Austria, however, but also in the Reich, these so-called national circles were, and still are, under the influence of similar erroneous ideas. Unfortunately, a policy towards Poland, whereby the East was to be Germanized, was demanded by many, and was based on the same false reasoning. Here, again, it was believed that the Polish people could be Germanized, by being compelled to use the German language. The result would have been fatal. A people of foreign race would have had to use the German language to express modes of thought that were foreign to the German, thus compromising, by its own inferiority, the dignity and nobility of our nation.[44]
Total extermination of the conquered peoples was not required, because Nazism considered that Eastern Europe did possess some peoples of Aryan-Nordic descent, especially among the ruling classes.[45] Himmler declared that no drop of German blood would be lost or left behind to mingle with any "alien races".[46] The Nazi leadership believed that the conquest of Eastern Europe was historically justified: in fact, it was the Slavs who took these lands from the native Goths by force, and thus Germany had the right to take them back.[47]
In accordance with Nazi blood and soil beliefs, it was to be turned into an agricultural breadbasket for Germany, and its cities destroyed as hotbeds of Russianness and Communism.[48] Even during the war itself, Hitler gave orders that Leningrad was to be razed with no consideration given for the survival and feeding of its population.[49] This would also ensure that blockades, unlike those of World War I, would not produce starvation in Germany.[50] The use of it to feed Germany was to help eliminate Slavs by starving millions to death.[51] Industry would also die off in this region.[51] The Wehrbauer, or soldier-peasants, settled there would maintain a fortified line that would prevent civilization from arising outside their settlements to threaten Germany.[52] Plans for western Europe were less severe, as the Nazis needed local cooperation and the local industry with its workers; furthermore, the countries were regarded as more racially acceptable, the assortment of racial categories being boiled down by the average German to mean "East is bad and West is acceptable."[53] Nevertheless, plans for the future included the annexation of the Scandinavian countries, and also Alsace and Lorraine; Belgium and northern France would follow, while Great Britain might be annexed or kept as a puppet state.[54] Italy's withdrawal from the war led to the addition of northern Italy as part of the territory to be annexed.[55]
In Hitler's view, the idea of restoring the 1914 borders of the Reich was absurd as those borders did not provide sufficient Lebensraum; only a foreign policy that aimed at the conquest of the proper quantity of Lebensraum would justify the necessary sacrifices that war entailed.[56] In Hitler's view, history was dominated by a merciless struggle between different "races" for survival, and "races" that possessed large amounts of territory were innately stronger than those that did not.[57] Eberhard Jäckel has expressed a Primat der Außenpolitik ("primacy of foreign policy") interpretation of German foreign policy as opposed to the Primat der Innenpolitik ("primacy of domestic politics") thesis favored by some left-wing historians such as Timothy Mason. Jäckel wrote that since Hitler regarded the conquest of Lebensraum as his most important project, and since that could only be accomplished through war, domestic policy comprised simply preparing the nation for the inevitable struggle for Lebensraum.[58] The demand for Lebensraum was not just a Nazi dream. At the London Economic Conference of 1933, the head of the German delegation, the Economics Minister Dr. Alfred Hugenberg of the German National People's Party, put forth a programme of German colonial expansion in both Africa and Eastern Europe as the best way of ending the Great Depression, which created a major storm at the conference.[59] For being indiscreet enough to advance the claim to Germany's lebensraum at a time when Germany was still more or less disarmed, Hugenberg was sacked from the German cabinet by Hitler.[59]
There are, however, many historians such as Martin Broszat and Hans Mommsen who dismiss this "intentionalist" approach, and argue that the concept was actually an "ideological metaphor" in the early days of Nazism.[60]
Nazi stances on the nature of Lebensraum adjusted and changed over time. Hitler in his early years as Nazi leader had claimed that he would be willing to accept friendly relations with Russia on the tactical condition that Russia agree to return to the borders established by the German-Russian peace agreement of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by Vladimir Lenin of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic in 1918 which gave large territories held by Russia to German control in exchange for peace.[8] Hitler in 1921 had commended the Brest Litovsk treaty as opening the possibility for restoration of relations between Germany and Russia.[8] Hitler from 1921 to 1922 evoked rhetoric of both the achievement of Lebensraum involving the acceptance of a territorially reduced Russia as well as supporting Russian nationals in overthrowing the Bolshevik government and establishing a new Russian government.[8] However Hitler's attitudes changed by the end of 1922, in which he then supported an alliance of Germany with Britain to destroy Russia.[8] After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Nazi regime's stance towards an independent, territorially-reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the German Army on Hitler to endorse a Russian national liberation army led by Andrey Vlasov that officially sought to overthrow Josef Stalin and the communist regime and establish a new Russian state.[61] Initially the proposal to support an anti-communist Russian army was met with outright rejection by Hitler, however by 1944 as Germany faced mounting losses on the Eastern Front, Vlasov's forces were recognized by Germany as an ally, particularly by Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler.[62]
The practical implementation of the Lebensraum concept began in 1939 with Germany's occupation of Poland. The forcible displacement of Polish nationals from Reichsgau Wartheland was conducted from mid 1940, first across the border to the colonial district of General Government (see: Action Saybusch), and after the attack on the USSR, to Polenlager camps and other ghettoized villages. Between 1940 and 1944, around 50,000 Poles were forcibly removed from annexed territories.[63][64] In 1941, the German leadership decided that in ten to 20 years, the Polish territories under German occupation were to be cleared entirely of ethnic Poles and resettled by German-speaking colonists from Bukovina, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia.[65] Ethnic Poles were being evicted so abruptly that when colonists arrived, they found half-eaten meals on tables and unmade beds vacated by small children.[66] Ethnic Germans from the Baltic States were racially evaluated, with the highest rating being O Ost-Falle, the best classification, to be settled in the Eastern Wall.[67] Colonisation incorporated 350,000 such "ethnic Germans" and 1.7 million Poles deemed Germanizable, including between one and two hundred thousand children who had been taken from their parents, plus about 400,000 German settlers from the "Old Reich".[68]
Later, the ideology was also a major factor in Hitler's launching of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. The Nazis hoped to turn large areas of Soviet territory into German settlement areas as part of Generalplan Ost.[69] Developing these ideas, Nazi theorist Alfred Rosenberg proposed that the Nazi administrative organization in lands to be conquered from the Soviets be based upon the following Reichskommissariate:
Name | Area |
Ostland | The Baltic States, Belarus and adjacent parts of Western Russia. |
Ukraine | The Ukraine, minus East Galicia and Romanian-controlled Transnistria, but extended eastward up to the Volga river. |
Moskowien | The Moscow metropolitan area and most of adjacent European Russia, with the exclusion of Karelia and the Kola peninsula, promised to Finland in 1941. |
Kaukasus | The Caucasus region. |
The Reichskommissariat territories would extend up to the European frontier at the Urals. They were to have been early stages in the displacement and dispossession of Russian and other Slav people and their replacement with German settlers, following the Nazi Lebensraum im Osten plans. When German forces entered Soviet territory, they promptly organized occupation regimes in the first two territories—the Reichskomissariats of Ostland and Ukraine. The defeat of the Sixth Army at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942, followed by defeat in the Battle of Kursk in July 1943 and the Allied landings in Sicily put an end to the plans' implementation.
Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan divide Asia[edit]
In December 1941, Japan proposed a territorial arrangement concerning how the Axis powers would divide the Asian continent after a complete defeat of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany: a north-south demarcation line at 70° east longitude, running southwards through the Ob River's Arctic estuary, southwards to just east of Khost in Afghanistan and heading into the Indian Ocean just west of Rajkot in India, splitting Germany's Lebensraum and Italy's spazio vitale areas to the west of it, and Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere to the east of it. Hitler found this proposal acceptable and approved it in full.[70]
Fascist Italy's Spazio vitale[edit]
In Italian fascist thought, a similar concept was used to justify territorial expansion.[71] However, the spazio vitale of Mussolini was not based on the genocide of the subjugated nations, but presented the Italian race as a "custodian and bearer of superior civilization", whose mission was to export the fascist revolution and "civilize" the territories conquered.[71] The defeated nations would be subjected to Roman rule and protection, but were to keep their own languages and cultures.[71] Fascist ideologist Giuseppe Bottai likened this historic mission to the deeds of the ancient Romans, stating that the new Italians will "illuminate the world with their art, educate it with their knowledge, and give robust structure to their new territories with their administrative technique and ability".[71]
The territorial extent of the Italian spazio vitale was to cover the Mediterranean as a whole (Mare Nostrum) and Northern Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean.[72] It was to be divided into piccolo spazio ("small space"), which was to be inhabited only by Italians, and grande spazio ("large space") inhabited by other nations under Italian domination.[73]
Historical retroperspective[edit]
- The scale of Lebensraum
Historians of the Second World war (1939–45) disagree about Adolf Hitler's conception of Lebensraum, whether or not it was part of an ambitious program of world domination, the "globalist" approach, or part of of a modest program of European domination, the "continentalist" approach that would have been satisfied with the conquest of Eastern Europe. The interpretations are not exclusive or contradictory, given the existence of the broad Stufenplan ("Plan in Stages"), which the German historians Klaus Hildebrand and Andreas Hillgruber said was behind the conquests of Nazi Germany.[74] The British historian Ian Kershaw said that such a compromise, originally conceptual and undeveloped, assumed new, practical meaning when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in summer 1941.[75] That within the régime proper, the Nazis held different definitions of Lebensraum, as indicated by Rainer Zitelmann, who distinguishes between the near-mystical fascination with an idyllic, agrarian German society, which required arable land, advocated by Richard Walther Darré and Heinrich Himmler, and the industrialised, urban state, advocated by Adolf Hitler, which required raw materials and slaves.[76] Previous, lost opportunities for territorial expansion in Europe, such as the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1939), were important in Adolf Hitler's vision for the future; thus, his insistence upon European Lebensraum for Germany:
The acquisition of new soil for the settlement of the excess population possesses an infinite number of advantages, particularly if we turn from the present to the future . . . It must be said that such a territorial policy cannot be fulfilled in the Cameroons, but today, almost exclusively, in Europe.[77]
- The substance of Lebensraum
Generally, racism is not ideologically necessary or integral to the politics of territorial expansionism, nor to the original meaning of the term Lebensraum. Yet, in the Third Reich (1933–45) headed by Adolf Hitler, the Nazi ideology established racism (specifically anti-Semitism) as elementary to the territorial expansionism of Lebensraum. The academic Karl Haushofer, an acquaintance of Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess, exerted some influence upon the ideas supporting Hitler's conception of Lebensraum; as such, "Haushofer primarily provided the academic and scientific support for the expansion of the Third Reich."[78] Haushofer's adaptation of Ratzel's 19th-century conception of Lebensraum comprised national expansion into heavily-populated countries, by way of Germany's right to expand and gain land from less populated countries.[78] In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained the territorial needs of Germany:
In an era when the Earth is gradually being divided up among states, some of which embrace almost entire continents, we cannot speak of a world power in connection with a formation whose political mother country is limited to the absurd area of five hundred thousand square kilometers.[79] Without consideration of traditions and prejudices, Germany must find the courage to gather our people, and their strength, for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present, restricted living space to new land and soil, and, hence, also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth, or of serving others as a slave nation.[80] For it is not in colonial acquisitions that we must see the solution of this problem, but exclusively in the acquisition of a territory for settlement, which will enhance the area of the mother country, and hence not only keep the new settlers in the most intimate community with the land of their origin, but secure for the entire area those advantages which lie in its unified magnitude.[81]
Contemporary usages[edit]
The term "Lebensraum" has been applied to many post-war nations. The spread of global capitalism by the United States has been called an "American Lebensraum," and has been criticized as a form of economic and cultural imperialism.[82][83] Tsering Shakya has written that the People's Republic of China's policies in Tibet have also been compared with lebensraum.[84][85] In 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Arab nationalism were linked with domestic circumstances that necessitated rulers seeking "lebensraum" beyond the Egyptian borders. Radical nationalism in Egyptian writings has been attributed to the influence of historical Germany, and Italy, with the concept of lebensraum affecting writings on Egyptian-Sudanese relations.[86][87] The term has also been linked to Israel, both in its actions during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war[88][89] and later to its settlement policies in the Palestinian territories.[90][91][92][93][94] Efraim Eitam, an Israeli government minister under Prime minister Ariel Sharon, explicitly used the concept of Lebensraum as the basis for his arguments that all Israeli Arabs and Palestinians should be persuaded or forced to leave Israel and the Palestinian Territories.[95]
In a different context, the idea of living space has been invoked by the architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner when analysing Baroque architecture. In a BBC radio talk in 1973 ("Is there an English Baroque?") Pevsner spoke of "mighty forms which don't allow each other enough living space" at St John's, Smith Square, in Westminster, and of "King Charles's Block at Greenwich, with giant pilasters rising right from the ground and windows deprived of living space by the pilasters".[96]
See also[edit]
- Expansionism for expansionist ideas in other countries
- Imperialism
- Manifest Destiny
- Nam tiến
- Near abroad
Third Reich:
- Generalplan Ost
- Greater Germany
- Greater Germanic Reich
- Hunger Plan
- Anschluss
- Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939–1944)
- Volk ohne Raum
- New Order (Nazism)
- Hegewald
- Zamość Uprising
Empire of Japan:
- Hakko ichiu
- An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of the Empire of Japan
Fascist Italy
- Fourth Shore
- Imperial Italy
- Mare Nostrum
- Manifesto of Race
- Spazio vitale, the equivalent of lebensraum in Fascist Italy
- ^ Lebensraum. The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (1999), Allan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, editors. p. 473.
- ^ Stephen J. Lee. Europe, 1890–1945. p. 237.
- ^ a b Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics against Human Dignity, by André Mineau, (Rodopi, 2004) page 180
- ^ a b c d e f Shelley Baranowski. Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 141.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_lebensraum_01.shtml
- ^ Mark Mazower. Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe. Allen Lane, 2008. P. 63.
- ^ a b Stephen J. Lee. Europe, 1890-1945. P. 237.
- ^ a b c d e Peter D. Stachura. The Shaping of the Nazi State. p. 31.
- ^ Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum, 3. PL ISSN 0137-5377. Mirosław Gliński Geneza obozu koncentracyjnego Stutthof na tle hitlerowskich przygotowan w Gdansku do wojny z Polsk
- ^ John Stoessinger. Why Nations Go to War. Cengage Learning, 2010. P38.
- ^ Richard Weikart. Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. p. 167.
- ^ Richard Weikart. Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. p. 168.
- ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933-1939: The Road to World War II. Enigma Books, 2013. p. 152.
- ^ The Third Reich: Charisma and Community Martin Kitchen page 296
- ^ The French Yellow Book No. 124:M. Coulondre, French Ambassador in Berlin, to M. Georges Bonnet, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, May 7, 1939.
- ^ Shelley Baranowski. Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge University Press. P. 141.
- ^ Woodruff D. Smith, "Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum," German Studies Review, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Feb., 1980), pp. 51-68 in JSTOR
- ^ Wanklyn, Harriet. Friedrich Ratzel: A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography. London: Cambridge University Press, 1961.
- ^ For an overview of Ratzel's views, see Harriet Wanklyn, Friedrich Ratzel: A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography. Cambridge University Press: 1961. ASIN B000KT4J8K. Their impact on Nazi ideology, and their intersection with colonialism and economic imperialism in the Imperial German era is described by Smith, Woodruff, D., The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-504741-9.
- ^ Wanklyn, (1961) pp 36-40
- ^ See Evans, Richard J., The Coming of the Third Reich, Penguin Press, 2004, p. 35. ISBN 1-59420-004-1.
- ^ Benjamin Madley, "From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe," European History Quarterly 2005 35(3): 429-464
- ^ A Companion to World War I (Blackwell Companions to World History) von John Horne von John Wiley & Son page 436
- ^ Carsten, F.L Review of Griff nach der Weltmacht pages 751-753 from English Historical Review, Volume 78, Issue #309, October 1963 of pages 752-753
- ^ Moses, John "The Fischer Controversy" pages 328-329 from Modern Germany An Encyclopedia of History, People and Culture, 1871-1990, Volume 1, edited by Dieter Buse and Juergen Doerr, Garland Publishing: New York, 1998 page 328
- ^ See Raffael Scheck, Germany 1871-1945: A Concise History (2008)
- ^ Immanuel Geiss Tzw. polski pas graniczny 1914-1918. Warszawa (1964).
- ^ Taylor, A.J.P. The Origins of the Second World War, London: Hamish Hamiltion, 1976 page 23.
- ^ Hillgruber, Andreas Germany and the Two World Wars, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981 pages 41-47
- ^ Spartacus Educational: Treaty of Brest Litovsk.
- ^ Hillgruber, Andreas Germany and the Two World Wars, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981 pages 46-47.
- ^ Lisa Pine (2010). Education in Nazi Germany. Berg. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-84520-265-1.
- ^ Paul Weindling (1993). Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-42397-7.
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1970 pages 166–168
- ^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh "Hitler's War Aims" pages 235-250 from Aspects of the Third Reich edited by H.W. Koch, Macmillan Press: London, United Kingdom, 1985 pages 242-245
- ^ Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Houghton Mifflin, 1971, p. 646. ISBN 0-385-07801-6.
- ^ Andrew Roberts The Storm of War, p 144 ISBN 978-0-06-122859-9
- ^ Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p69 ISBN 0-396-06577-5
- ^ Shelley Baranowski. Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge University Press, 2011. P151.
- ^ Messerschmidt, Manfred "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War" from Germany and the Second World War, Volume I, Clarendon Press: Oxford, United Kingdom, 1990 pages 551–554
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1970 pages 26–27
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970 pages 12-13
- ^ Richard Bessel, Nazism and War, p 36 ISBN 0-679-64094-0
- ^ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Volume Two - The National Socialist Movement, Chapter II: The State
- ^ Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p 543 ISBN 0-393-02030-4
- ^ Poprzeczny, J. (2004), Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's man in the East, pp. 42–43, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-1625-4
- ^ Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule p 35-36 ISBN 0-674-01313-1
- ^ Edwin P. Hoyt, Hitler's War p 187 ISBN 0-07-030622-2
- ^ Richard Bessel, Nazism and War, p 60 ISBN 0-679-64094-0
- ^ a b Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule p 45 ISBN 0-674-01313-1
- ^ Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p 190 ISBN 0-396-06577-5
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 263 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders p 11 ISBN 0-521-85254-4
- ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders p 11 ISBN 0-521-85254-4
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970 pages 6–7
- ^ Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler's World View A Blueprint for Power Harvard University Press: Cambridge, United States of America, 1981 pages 34–35
- ^ Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler's World View, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, United States of America, 1981 pages 94–95
- ^ a b Hildebrand, Klaus The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich London: Batsford 1973 pages 31–32.
- ^ See, for instance, Kershaw, Ian, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 76–79. ISBN 0-340-76028-1.
- ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking. Rulers And Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union. Harvard University Press, 2006 P. 213.
- ^ Catherine Andreyev. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Emigré Theories. First paperback edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. 53, 61.
- ^ Anna Machcewicz (16 February 2010). "Mama wzięła ino chleb". Historia. Tygodnik Powszechny. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- ^ Mirosław Sikora (20 September 2011). "Saybusch Aktion - jak Hitler budował raj dla swoich chłopów". OBEP Institute of National Remembrance, Katowice (in Polish). Redakcja Fronda.pl. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- ^ Volker R. Berghahn "Germans and Poles 1871–1945" in "Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences", Rodopi 1999
- ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 213-4 ISBN 0-679-77663-X
- ^ Nicholas, p. 213.
- ^ Pierre Aycoberry, The Social History of the Third Reich, 1933-1945, p 228, ISBN 1-56584-549-8
- ^ Madajczyk, Czesław. "Die Besatzungssysteme der Achsenmächte. Versuch einer komparatistischen Analyse." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae vol. 14 (1980): pp. 105-122, quoted in Uerbesch, Gerd R. and Rolf-Dieter Müller, Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment Berghahn Books, 2008 (review ed.). ISBN 1-84545-501-0.
- ^ Norman, Rich (1973). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 235.
- ^ a b c d *Rodogno, Davide (2006). Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0521845151.
- ^ Rodogno (2006), p.47
- ^ Rodogno (2006), p.48
- ^ Kershaw, pp. 134–137.
- ^ Kershaw, pp. 154–155.
- ^ Kershaw, pp. 244–245.
- ^ Hitler, p. 138.
- ^ a b Rosenberg, Matt. "Geopolitics." About.com. 2008. About.com. 1 November 2008 <http://geography.about.com/od/politicalgeography/a/geopolitics.htm>.
- ^ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971, page 644
- ^ Hitler, p. 646.
- ^ Hitler, p. 653.
- ^ Neil Smith (19 March 2003). American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization. University of California Press. p. 426. ISBN 978-0-520-23027-9. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ^ Murray Low; Kevin R Cox; Jennifer Robinson (27 December 2007). The SAGE Handbook of Political Geography. SAGE. pp. 462–463. ISBN 978-0-7619-4327-3. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ^ Ian G. Cook; Geoffrey Murray (2001). China's Third Revolution: Tensions in the Transition Towards a Post-Communist China. Psychology Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780700713073.
- ^ Orville Schell; David L. Shambaugh (1999). The China Reader: The Reform Era. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 607–8. ISBN 9780307766229.
- ^ Gabriel R. Warburg, Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1983). "ISLAM, NATIONALISM, AND RADICALISM IN EGYPT AND THE SUDAN". Praeger. p. 217.
- ^ John Marlowe (1961). "Arab Nationalism and British Imperialism". Praeger. p. 78.
- ^ Krämer, Gudrun (2011). A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel. Princeton University Press (22 Feb 2011). p. 322. ISBN 0691150079.
- ^ Finkelstein, Norman (1995). Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Verso Books. pp. xxix. ISBN 1859844421.
- ^ Kapitan, Tomis (1997). Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. M.E. Sharpe. p. 29. ISBN 1563248786.
- ^ Yossi Sarid (26 August 2012). "Lebensraum as a justification for Israeli settlements". Haaretz. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ Nafaa, Hassan (9–15 May 2002). "Sharon's own lebensraum". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
- ^ Bidwell (1998). Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Routledge. p. 441. ISBN 0710305052.
The Israeli government began to expropriate more Arab land as Lebensraum for Jewish agricultural rather than strategic settlements and to take water traditionally used by local farmers. A particularly unjust example led to the Land Day Riots of March 1976 but in 1977 Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon stated that there was a long term plan to settle 2 million Jews in the occupied Territories by 2000: this was an ideological pursuit of Greater Israel.
- ^ El-Din El-Din Haseeb, Khair (2012). The Future of the Arab Nation: Challenges and Options: Volume 2. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 9781136251856.
In light of Israel's international relations and its broad regional concept of Lebensraum, it will retain and even improve the degree of its military superiority.
- ^ Graham, Stephen (2004). Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics (Studies in Urban and Social Change). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 204. ISBN 1405115750.
Eitam argues that, ultimately, Israel should strive to force or 'persuade' all Arabs and Palestinians to leave Israel and the occupied territories -- to be accommodated in Jordan and the Sinai (Egypt).....Eitam has even explicitly used the German concept of Lebensraum (living space) – a cornerstone of the Holocaust -- to − underpin his arguments.
- ^ 'Is there an English Baroque?', BBC Radio Three, Friday 9 February 1973, 8.40–9.00 pm, Producer: Leonie Cohn. See Pevsner, Nikolaus (2014). Pevsner: the Complete Broadcast Talks. Ashgate.
External links[edit]
- The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Beginnings of Mass Murder on the Yad Vashem website
- Utopia: The Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation — map of Nazi plans
- Hitler and 'Lebensraum' in the East By Jeremy Noakes
- Encyclopedia.com: Grossraum


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A draft of the official new U.S. recommendations for Americans' diets is out. For the first time the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee has advocated for strong conside...
The majority of the ranking's top performers have a history of forward-thinking behavior. Apple, Google and Berkshire Hathaway are the world's most highly regarded compani...
Here are four examples of smaller sustainability all-stars meeting and developing rigorous social, environmental and health best practices. It is no secret that activewear...
Newly appointed CEO of Interface, Rob Boogaard talks about the company's plans post-2020, and the innovative products it's got up its sleeve. Last year marked the 20th yea...
If you're like many of the world's top companies the answer is to reposition your sustainability stories as innovation. In the course of researching our new annual Social ...1 comment
Unum UK, a leading income protection insurance provider, approached Brite Green to review their existing CSR strategy. They had an excellent CSR programme in place, focusse...2 comments
By 2025 solar power in sunny regions of the world will be cheaper than power from coal or gas concludes a new study. The report by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energ...
An energy management program at the UK's University of Law has identified energy savings of 15% and cost savings of 19%, with a payback of just under two-and-a-half years. ...5 comments
Mail and parcel distribution company, Asendia, has signed up to a carbon offsetting scheme in a bid to meet its corporate sustainability goals. Asendia, which is a joint ve...
I'm currently looking for an ethical wedding dress, and this has made me intrigued by what the market is like for sustainable occasional wear. Who makes it – and who buys it?2 comments


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Thread: 1st Edition PH Excerpts: Bard
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ø Ignore Wizards of the Coast1st Edition PH Excerpts: Bard
In this preview of the 1st Edition re-release of the Player's Handbook, we venture into the appendixes of the book to rediscover the bard!
Read 1st Edition PH Excerpts: Bard on D&D Insider here!Last edited by Morrus; Tuesday, 12th June, 2012 at 07:36 AM.
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Check out GIRLTalk's revised rules & regulations now! http://www.femalenetwork.com/girltalk/index.php/board,181.0.html
sissies, need suggestions pls..planning for my baby's baptism on nov at santuario..can you suggest nice restaurants, preferably fort and makati area..tia!!
Hi. I need help. Im planning my son's binyag for this first week of september na. Kailangan na niya mabinyagan kasi may big wedding brother ko sa sept25, e since buong angkan nandun guato ko sana nabinyagan na siya by that time. May alam ba kayong events place na may sariling caterer near quezon ave/timog/tomas? Yung tipong buffet type? Ayoko na kasi ng usual Kamayan/Dads na eat all you can. Haay..panic mode na! TIA!
Sis ssm_0411, yun caterer na nakuha ko may 20K package good for 100 pax with setup na. All in na yun. Sya talaga caterer ng relative namin. My baby's baptism is on aug 14. Excited na ako.


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Major Airports near Pachaug State Forest
Distance (mi.) | |
Bradley International Airport | 47.2map |
Boston Logan International Airport | 69.6map |
New York La Guardia Airport | 118.1map |
Other Smaller Airports near Pachaug State Forest
Distance (mi.) | |
Westerly State Airport | 19.6map |
Providence Theodore Francis Airport | 25.1map |
Bedford/Hanscom Hanscom Field | 67.4map |
Map of Airports in Pachaug State Forest
- Pachaug State Forest, CT Hotel Prices Made Easy
Orbitz.com - Just Orbitz and go! - Hotel Deals in Pachaug State Forest, CT
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Kayak.com - Life's a trip.
Hotels Near Pachaug State Forest
Holiday Inn Express & Suites PLAINFIELD - Hotel
Quality Inn Plainfield - Hotel
AmericInn Griswold - Hotel


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THE MILITARY PHILOSOPHERS by Anthony Powell. 244 pages. Little, Brown. $4.95.
Anthony Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time, a serial novel issued in fairly regular installments for more than 18 years, can now be seen for what it is: a great prose composition in which the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Powell invites his dedicated (though still small) readership to think of his work in musical terms. The descriptive form that suggests itself for his nine novels is a series of piano concertos with variations on a single...
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Female visitor dies after snorkel cruise off Lanai
A female visitor has died after a snorkel cruise off Lanai Monday morning.
A female visitor has died after a snorkel cruise off Lanai Monday morning.
HECO addresses some power issues after advising its customers to conserve electricity Monday evening.
IRVINE, Calif. – The 22nd ranked University of Hawai'i Rainbow Wahine Volleyball team's middle blocker Olivia Magill set a school record en …
The city is looking for private-public partnerships to create more parking spots for bikes.
A woman who embezzled money from the Oahu Transit Service Employees Federal Credit Union was sentenced Monday.
The Make-A-Wish Foundation has been granting wishes for more than 30 years, but Monday's wish from a little girl from Georgia may have been …
Honolulu police are getting a lot of calls about the latest scheme to steal money from our elderly.
(CNN) Storm chaser Mike Olbinski shot a timelapse Saturday as a massive dust storm moved over Phoenix.
A man accused of killing his wife in San Diego will head to the mainland to face a murder charge.
June Jones resigned as SMU's coach Monday after the Mustangs scored only one touchdown in losing their first games.
Hundreds of children in the Midwest and Southeast are being rushed to the hospital because of a powerful respiratory virus.
Sheraton Waikiki's new million-dollar attraction for visitors and locals made its debut, and it's free for all to enjoy.
How can stimulating the face help with other parts of your body? Learn about facial reflexology with medical aesthetician Linda Shafie from …
Hawaiian Electric crews will be performing utility work in the vicinity of Wilson Tunnel from 8:30 a.m.-2:30 p.m. Wednesday. Due to the natu…
Ray Rice was let go by the Baltimore Ravens on Monday.
(CNN) — Move over Amazon, another cyber giant wants to become a retailer. Twitter has announced it will test a new "buy" button that will le…
Who was Jack the Ripper? An author and "Armchair Detective" is claiming to have solved what is perhaps the most notorious murder mystery of …


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Mapping / GIS
Walk in the footsteps of Jane Goodall with Google Maps
Explore Gombe National Park, Tanzania in Street View, forest home of Jane Goodall's chimpanzee research: http://goo.gl/2EnwtQ
Top Five Views from New Gombe Street View with Google Maps
JGI Teams Up With NASA To Monitor Chimpanzee Habitat Health
Informing Collective Management of Private Forests in Uganda using GFW and Mobile Mapping Technologies
Global Forest Watch: New Eyes on Chimpanzee Habitats in Africa
Global Forest Watch: Dynamic New Platform to Protect Forests Worldwide
More than 40 partners launch near-real time forest monitoring system
Live Stream Archive: Dr. Jane Goodall & Dr. Richard Wrangham - Great Apes Summit
Watch a livestream conversation with Dr. Jane Goodall and Professor Richard Wrangham -- and the world premiere of the Jane Goodall Institute's film with Google Earth Outreach: "From the Ground to the Cloud: Transforming Chimpanzee Conservation With High-Tech Tools." 2013 Great Apes Conservation Summit at Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival. For more information about Google Earth Outreach visit google.com/earth/outreach.
From the Ground to the Cloud: Transforming Chimpanzee Conservation with High-Tech Tools
Watch how the Jane Goodall Institute uses mapping technology on mobile devices for forest monitoring and chimpanzee conservation.


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What does MAIC mean in Laboratory?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand MAIC in the Medical field in general and in the Laboratory terminology in particular.
Find a translation for MAIC in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this MAIC abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"MAIC." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 2 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/554827>.
MAIC also stands for:
- Maine Aquaculture Innovation Center
- Massachusetts Adult Immunization Coalition
- Medical Aid for Iraqi Children
- Medical Alliance Insurance Company
- Michigan Avenue Immediate Care
... and 10 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Major Analytical Instrumentation Center on Amazon
- Search Major Analytical Instrumentation Center on Google


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EDiM 05 Something Sweet
Well, the ultimate opportunity to draw something for this today. 3 hours (yes, we were shocked it was 3 hours and not 2!) in Sweet Belem café with a special friend - 2 rounds of pasteis da nata – known here as Sweet Belem Tarts – first round with a coffee (drawn after I had drunk it...hmmm, am not that experienced at drawing coffees from memory) and then with an earl grey tea. Lovely to see the owners again (and have my photo taken!!)
Oh! Love these cakes so much!!!! Having one (or two) of them today and seeing the pictures on the wall of this café made me get a touch emotional thinking back to my trip to Lisbon last year!!
Combination of ink and no ink... Wasn't concentrating on my drawing that much as I was trying to concentrate on my friend! I do feel like I am being rude but I AM listening and am thankful that my dear friend understands! - thanks V for a lovely morning!!!
Guess who got a wee box of goodies to takeaway???
The Perpective issue again...
Musings further to sketching Lambton Rotunda - sketching it myself and
instructing others during my travel sketching workshop last month for
Newcastle Ar...
4 months ago


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Man faces charges after allegedly putting fist in child's mouth
PARK RAPIDS, Minn. - A Benedict, Minn., surgeon is accused of attempted murder after allegedly putting his fist into a child's mouth.
Dennis James Sullivan, 52, was arrested Tuesday in Grand Forks on an outstanding warrant.
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Company Blog
VIDEO BLOG: solving scalability for the consumer web
Krux's own Jos Boumans hosts this virtual whiteboard session. Everything you wanted to know about web scalability, but were afraid to ask.
The secret? It's all about scaling, as it turns out. That, and a lot of clever thinking and good old fashioned hard work.
And he teaches us that Krux is bigger than Twitter! Smarter than Netflix! Not exactly, but watch on anyway...
Hungry for more? Tap into the Krux and Krux engineering Twitter streams -- follow along @kruxengineering + @kruxdigital
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Gulf Coast MakerCon 2015
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Category Archives: Education
Makers of Maker Spaces at Gulf Coast MakerCon 2015!
The year we held Tampa Bay's first ever maker festival, Tampa Bay Mini Maker Faire, in 2012, the concept of "makerspaces" in the Tampa Bay area was just a fledgling idea. The Faulhaber FabLab , then at the GWIZ Science … Continue reading
Posted in 3d printing, DIY, Education, Gaming, Gulf Coast MakerCon, Gulf Coast Makers Festival, MakerCon, Makers, Makers Festival, Science, Young Makers
Tagged Eureka Factory, Faulhaber Fab Lab, Gulf Coast MakerCon, Gulf Coast Makers Festival, Innovation House, Innovation Lab, makers festival, St. Pete Makers, St. Petersburg College, Stetson University, Suncoast Science Center, The Hive
A Makers Thanksgiving
Hope you're off to a lovely holiday season – a perfect time to be a maker, with opportunities to make everything from food to gifts, as well plans for the new year. We hope one of those plans you make will … Continue reading
Thank You, Hillsborough County!
It with great gratitude that we recognize Hillsborough County for their generous support of Gulf Coast MakerCon 2015, through an EDI2 Economic Development grant. Hillsborough County recognizes direct added value to our community of supporting and celebrating our vital maker community … Continue reading
Gulf Coast MakerCon 2014 Fun & Successful!
Gulf coast MakerCon, Tampa Bay's 3rd Annual Celebration of the DIY Inventive Spirit brought everything from Blacksmith Artists, to Electric Race Cars and fighting robots to the Florida Fairgrounds Special Events Center West, at 4800 Highway 301 North in Tampa, on … Continue reading
Day One, Awesome Fun!
We had a terrific first day at Gulf Coast MakerCon 2014! The weather was gorgeous, making for picture perfect runs of the Electrathon racers, breezes under the trees where the blacksmith artists worked, and generally a perfect Florida spring day … Continue reading
Meet the Makerspace Makers and Attend our 3rd Annual Makerspace UnConference
It's an exciting time in Tampa Bay! When we held our first "Makerspace UnConference" at our first Maker festival in 2012, there were no full scale makerspaces in Tampa Bay. The Faulhaber FabLab at the GWIZ Science Museum in Sarasota … Continue reading
Posted in 3d printing, Art, DIY, Education, Gulf Coast Makers Festival, inventors, MakerCon, Makers, Makers Festival, Robotics, Science, Young Makers
Tagged Edgar Allan Ohms, Faulhaber Fab Lab, FIRST, Gulf Coast Makers Festival, inventors, makers festival, Pasco County Library System, Tampa Hackerspace
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Meet the Maker: Ellie Willingham, of Frontier Furs
This year we have a Heritage Craft area, highlighting Makers of a different kind: People with traditional skills and expertise in fields that at one time were the cutting edge of technology, expanding trade and exploration, and improving life in … Continue reading


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Despite the fact that the UK will almost certainly get an itiration of 4G later this year, Apple has taken the decision to avoid all confusion over its New iPad
Apple changes New iPad name to iPad WiFi + Cellular in UK
The UK has jumped on the iPad 4G bashing bandwagon with regulator, the Advertising Standards Authority set to investigate the Cupertino based company following a number of complaints. While it's not confirmed that the two are linked, it was reported that the ASA were investigating the naming of the iPad after a number of complaints mentioned the use of the phrase '4G' on Apple's website. |


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Could this be the Alfred you need? Do you know where he lived when he got older? Not all counties recorded early births so it might not be in the county clerks office. Try the USgenweb for Vermillion co, In and see if there is a look up there. Social Security Death Index Name: Alfred L. Houston SSN: 299-18-2988 Last Residence: 41042 Florence, Boone, Kentucky, United States of America Born: 12 May 1906 Died: 17 Jan 1995 State (Year) SSN issued: Ohio (Before 1951) Notify Administrator about this message?
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For new questions please post at magento.stackexchange.com, the community-run support site for the Magento community. We will be providing updates on the new forum solution soon. For questions or concerns please email email@example.com.
hi, newbie..totally newborn in Magento. so be nice ok? I made a virtuemart shop but something went wrong and I dcide to use Magento because a frind told its the BEST of then ALL. ) Now, since Magento does not reconizes the xls files where my products are I wonder if I can import the files Googl made from my original virtuemart/joomla site that is in xml. Site which I'm remaking using Magento at this very moment. thanks C


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Matthew Stevens
Santos, Origin LNG alliance is rationality at its best
PUBLISHED: 25 Oct 2013 11:57:00 | UPDATED: 25 Oct 2013 14:44:23PRINT EDITION: 25 Oct 2013It has been a long time baking, but the alliance of resources and infrastructure confirmed between two of Gladstone's future LNG exporters is productive commercial rationality at its best.
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Companies | Santos Ltd, Origin Energy |
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- Final0BUF
3 - Final1MTL
5 - Final2NYI
7 - Final SOSO3OTT
4 - Final4NJ
3 - Final SOSO5ANA
3 - Final SOSO6MIN
1 - Final SOSO7ARI
2 - Final8VAN
Pittsburgh leads 5-1
Game 1: Saturday, October 3rd | ||
Penguins | 4 | Final SO |
Islanders | 3 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 2: Friday, November 27th | ||
Penguins | 2 | Final |
Islanders | 3 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 3: Tuesday, January 19th | ||
Islanders | 4 | Final |
Penguins | 6 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 4: Wednesday, February 10th | ||
Islanders | 1 | Final |
Penguins | 3 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 5: Thursday, April 8th | ||
Islanders | 3 | Final |
Penguins | 7 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 6: Sunday, April 11th | ||
Penguins | 6 | Final OT |
Islanders | 5 | |
Preview »Recap »Boxscore » |
Coverage: NHL
7:30 PM ET, April 8, 2010
Mellon Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Penguins stomp Islanders in final regular-season game at Mellon Arena
PITTSBURGH -- Sidney Crosby made certain the last regular-season game in the NHL's oldest arena would be remembered for more than a pregame celebration and a whole lot of nostalgic flashbacks.
Crosby took the NHL lead with his 49th goal -- losing his 50th after the game -- and became the third-youngest player in NHL history to reach the 500-point mark, leading the Pittsburgh Penguins to a 7-3 rout of the New York Islanders on Thursday in the final regular-season game in Mellon Arena.
Fast Facts
• The Penguins' all-time regular-season record at the Igloo is 858-576-233.
• Pittsburgh has won eight straight home games vs. the Islanders.
• New York has lost 12 of its last 14 road games and last won two consecutive road games in December.
• Evgeni Malkin has scored a point in 20 of his last 23 games.
-- ESPN Stats & Information
Leave it to Crosby to create a few more highlights before the building affectionately known as the Igloo shuts down.
This wasn't the final Penguins game there -- the playoffs await the Stanley Cup champions -- but it was one of the last in a building constructed six years before Pittsburgh was awarded an NHL expansion franchise.
The Penguins were visibly motivated by all the trappings of the evening, as Brooks Orpik scored only 23 seconds into the game, following a 20-minute pregame ceremony in which 50 former players, coaches and executives took to the ice under spotlights.
"Shaking hands with all those guys, it's a bit surreal to be on that bench and see the last home game, the last regular season game in the building," coach Dan Bylsma said. "Those guys and those memories, it was a special night."
Especially for Crosby.
"He kind of lives up to the moment, it seems like all the time," Orpik said. "It was just one of those nights where it seemed like he had that extra jump and he was going."
More From ESPNNewYork.com
ESPNNewYork.com has all the latest from the world of Big Apple hockey.
Rangers » Islanders » Devils »
Crosby finished with four points, also assisting on a goal by Alex Goligoski and two by Bill Guerin, giving him 104 points for the season and 501 in his five-season career. The only players younger than Crosby (22 years, 244 days) to hit the 500-point mark faster were Wayne Gretzky (21 years, 52 days) and former Penguins star Mario Lemieux (22 years, 172 days).
"It's one of those numbers," Crosby said. "It's a nice accomplishment. You don't think about those things a lot."
As for the goal-scoring race, Alex Ovechkin of Washington and Steven Stamkos of Tampa Bay have 48 goals each.
Crosby put the Penguins up 4-2 with a wrist shot from the right circle with 58 seconds left in a first period that led the Islanders to replace goalie Martin Biron with Dwayne Roloson. Biron gave up four goals on 10 shots.
"Four goals in the first period is a pretty hard road to come back on," Islanders coach Scott Gordon said.
The Penguins, coming off three consecutive sub-par performances in which they lost to Tampa Bay and Washington and beat Atlanta in overtime, added two more goals in the second by Tyler Kennedy and Guerin.
Crosby appeared to reach the 50-goal mark on a slap shot from the right point during a Penguins power play at 14:34 of the second. The Penguins delayed announcing the goal until play was stopped so Crosby could receive a louder ovation -- and, in the interim, Kennedy scored 1:07 later to make it 6-3.
However, the goal was credited instead to Guerin following a post-game review, meaning Crosby must try for his 50th this weekend. Crosby did get his 500th career point on the play, an assist.
"I thought right away when I shot it, I thought it hit Billy's [Guerin] leg or hand. Obviously, I asked him right after and he said it did go off his pants," Crosby said. "It would have been great to be able to get it here, but at the end of the day goals go to guys that deserve them and he deserved that one."
Crosby and his teammates couldn't help but get caught up in the moment, meeting many of the former players during the morning skate. On the bench, the current players enjoyed watching videos of past highlights -- and old team commercials -- on the arena scoreboard during breaks in play.
"A lot of them [former players] were so excited to be here, it's kind of an excited family," Crosby said. "We've all played for this team and to share this night together and get a big win like we did, that's special, that's the way you want to remember it."
Oh, and there's a playoff race, too.
The Penguins have 99 points with two games remaining, the same as second-place New Jersey in the Eastern Conference, although the Devils own the tiebreaker. The Devils lost 3-2 to Florida. Pittsburgh plays Saturday at Atlanta and Sunday at the Islanders, while the Devils are at home Saturday against the Islanders and Sunday against the third-place Sabres.
Evgeni Malkin, returning after missing six of the previous seven games with a bruised right foot and an undisclosed illness, scored unassisted on a breakaway after intercepting a pass, putting Pittsburgh up 3-1 late in the first.
The Islanders, improved this season but still not playoff-ready, had won three in a row and five of six, but were fighting too much history and a revved-up Penguins team that is trying to build some momentum before the playoffs begin. Unlike last season, when they were 18-3-4 from mid-February on, the Penguins had lost five of eight and 12 of 22.
During the 20-minute pregame ceremony, Lemieux got the loudest ovation -- of course -- of all the former players, putting on his No. 66 jersey for one of the few times since his 2006 retirement. Among the other former players taking part were original Penguins Andy Bathgate and Les Binkley, former 50-goal scorer Pierre Larouche and Hall of Famers Bryan Trottier and Paul Coffey.
The team's first coach, Red Sullivan, and general manager, Jack Riley, also attended -- Riley, at age 90, rarely misses a game.
Game notes
Pittsburgh scored the opening goal for the first time in nine games. ... Pittsburgh is 10-1-1 in its last 12 against the Islanders. ... Biron is 4-9-2 against Pittsburgh. ... Penguins G Marc-Andre Fleury has won his last six starts at home against the Islanders. He made three stops in 3 seconds during a short-handed flurry in front of the net during the second period. ... Malkin has six goals against the Islanders this season.
Game Information
Arena: Mellon Arena Location: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
Referees: Eric Furlatt, Dean Morton Linesmen: Jay Sharrers, Andy McElman |
Attendance: 17,132 (101.0% full) |
Team Stat Comparison
New York | Pittsburgh | ||
3 | Goals | 7 | |
1 | Power Play Goals | 2 | |
6 | Power Play Opportunities | 6 | |
0 | Shorthanded Goals | 0 | |
8 | Penalties | 10 | |
19 | Penalty Minutes | 34 | |
35 | Shots on Goal | 35 | |
20 | Hits | 23 | |
32 | Faceoffs Won | 39 |
Scoring Summary
1st Period | NYI | PIT | ||
0:23 | Brooks Orpik (2)
Assists: Tyler Kennedy, Matt Cooke |
0 | 1 | |
5:01 | Alex Goligoski (8)
(Power Play) Assists: Sidney Crosby, Sergei Gonchar |
0 | 2 | |
8:29 | Matt Moulson (28)
(Power Play) Assists: Mark Streit, John Tavares |
1 | 2 | |
15:15 | Evgeni Malkin (26)
Unassisted |
1 | 3 | |
17:08 | Kyle Okposo (18)
Assists: Jeff Tambellini, Freddy Meyer |
2 | 3 | |
19:02 | Sidney Crosby (49)
Assists: Pascal Dupuis, Bill Guerin |
2 | 4 | |
2nd Period | NYI | PIT | ||
6:49 | Josh Bailey (16)
Assists: Mark Streit, Andrew MacDonald |
3 | 4 | |
14:34 | Bill Guerin (20)
(Power Play) Assists: Sidney Crosby, Sergei Gonchar |
3 | 5 | |
16:41 | Tyler Kennedy (13)
Assists: Jordan Staal, Mark Eaton |
3 | 6 | |
3rd Period | NYI | PIT | ||
1:46 | Bill Guerin (21)
Assists: Pascal Dupuis, Sidney Crosby |
3 | 7 |


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Date: 6 years ago
Runtime: 3:00
Views: 36,410
All Comments
Beautiful! Would love to be on a camp-out with you - tenting my mouth. You are one beautiful man.
your body is fiercely hot .. what a perfect, perfect build, and a big beautiful cock to go with it .. damn, some dudes got it all!


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Título: | alpha(2)-adrenoceptors control the release of noradrenaline but not neuropeptide Y from perivascular nerve terminals |
Autor: | Donoso, M. V.; Carvajal, A.; Paredes, Alfonso; Tomic, A.; Koenig, Cecilia S.; Huidobro Toro, Juan Pablo |
Resumen: | Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and noradrenaline (NA) are co-transmitters at many sympathetic synapses, but it is not yet clear if their release is independently regulated. To address this question, we quantified the electrically evoked release of these co-transmitters from perivascular nerve terminals to the mesenteric circulation in control and drug-treated rats. 6-Hydroxydopamine reduced the tissue content and the electrically evoked release of ir-NPY and NA as well as the rise in perfusion pressure. A 0.001 mg/kg reserpine reduced the content of ir-NPY and NA, but did not modify their release nor altered the rise in perfusion pressure elicited by the electrical stimuli. However, 0.1 mg/kg reserpine reduced both the content and release of NA but decreased only the content but not the release of ir-NPY; the rise in perfusion pressure was halved. Clonidine did not affect the release of ir-NPY while it lowered the outflow of NA, not altering the rise in perfusion pressure elicited by the electrical stimuli. Yohimbine, did not modify the release of ir-NPY but increased the NA outflow, it antagonized the clonidine effect. Therefore, presynaptic alpha(2)-adrenoceptors modulate the release of NA but not NPY, implying separate regulatory mechanisms. |
URI: | http://www.captura.uchile.cl/handle/2250/6307 |
Fecha: | 2002-09 |
Cita del item: | PEPTIDES 23(9):1663-1671 |
Formato: | Nombre: | Tamaño: | Descripción: | Ver |
Alpha DONOSO, 2002.pdf
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Tomb Raider | 6a | ||
A good two-pitch sport route. Start left of the main slab, just to the right of a concrete slab. 1) 5+, 25m. Climb directly up the slab to where it meets an overlap. A hard move right past this gains the main wall. A series of mantelshelves leads past four bolts to a ledge (possible belay). Traverse right along Dandelion Ledge to a bolt belay. 2) 6a, 15m. Climb the corner to below the roof. Either climb directly over the roof (hard) or move out left round the bulge. Continue up the corner to a good stance and bolt belay. © ROCKFAX Start:- To the left of the impressive main slab lies a huge complex wall rising over 100ft. This route starts below the middle of the wall at a short concrete-coated slab. L1 15m F6a:- Climb directly up this slab past 2 bolts to where the slab meets a ramp-like arete abutting the wall above. Climb over or around the nose to gain a series of mantleshelves leading past 4 bolts to a ledge with bolt belays L2 8m F3a:- Traverse right along Dandelion Ledge to gain another airy perch on the far arete. Bolt belays. L3 12m F6a/6a+:- Climb directly up the corner to below the roof (2 bolts). Either climb directly over the roof (6a+) or move out left and up to rejoin the corner (6a). Continue delightfully up the corner crack (3 bolts) to a good stance and bolt belays. Colin Goodey, Sue Goodey and Bryn Williams 19/Oct/2007
Ticklists: Dinorwic Slate - Multi Pitch Sport Climbs, All the Llanberis SLATE sport @ 6a & 6a+, Slate Sport.
Submit a new photo of this climb. | |||


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H.R.3680 - Breast Cancer Awareness Commemorative Coin Act113th Congress (2013-2014)
Sponsor: | Rep. Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY-12] (Introduced 12/09/2013) |
Committees: | House - Financial Services |
Latest Action: | 12/09/2013 Referred to the House Committee on Financial Services. |
This bill has the status Introduced
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Subject — Policy Area:
- Finance and Financial Sector
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Summary: H.R.3680 — 113th Congress (2013-2014)All Bill Information (Except Text)
There is one summary for this bill. Bill summaries are authored by CRS.
Shown Here:
Introduced in House (12/09/2013)
Breast Cancer Awareness Commemorative Coin Act - Directs the Secretary of the Treasury to mint and issue up to 500,000 $1 silver coins emblematic of the fight against breast cancer.
Instructs the Secretary to select the design for the coins based upon the winning design from a juried, compensated design competition following certain specifications.
Restricts the period of coin issuance to the one-year period beginning on January 1, 2018.
Requires all sales of such coins to include a surcharge of $10 per coin. Prescribes a surcharge distribution formula.


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Product ID: 5019 Chenille / Mesh Lace 50" ~ 52" 280gm . 10gm 24% Nylon + 70% Rayon + 6% Spandex
*Chenille letters for jackets, jeans, bags, and many other materials. *Having stock items for refer
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