text:
Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: validation of a self-report measure of decentering.
ABSTRACT Decentering is defined as the ability to observe one's thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind, as opposed to reflections of the self that are necessarily true. The Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) was designed to measure both decentering and rumination but has not been empirically validated. The current study investigated the factor structure of the EQ in both undergraduate and clinical populations. A single, unifactorial decentering construct emerged using 2 undergraduate samples. The convergent and discriminant validity of this decentering factor was demonstrated in negative relationships with measures of depression symptoms, depressive rumination, experiential avoidance, and emotion regulation. Finally, the factor structure of the EQ was replicated in a clinical sample of individuals in remission from depression, and the decentering factor evidenced a negative relationship to concurrent levels of depression symptoms. Findings from this series of studies offer initial support for the EQ as a measure of decentering.
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ABSTRACT: The immediate outcomes of mindfulness meditation (MM) and loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on experimental measures of explicit and implicit self- and other-referential processing (SRP-ORP) have not been investigated previously. In this study, undergraduate students (n = 104) were randomized to a single-session practice of MM, LKM, or reading control and completed self-report measures of decentering and positive affect directed toward self and other. Participants also completed an experimental measure of valenced SRP-ORP. Practice of both meditations was associated with increased decentering and positive affect relative to reading control, although self-reported response to MM and LKM did not significantly differ. Following the meditation, whereas participants randomized to MM evidenced an expected self-positivity bias in positive affective response and reaction time during an experimental SRP-ORP task, participants randomized to LKM did not. LKM, as uniquely involving the intentional cultivation of positive emotion toward both self and other, may be associated with a relative normalization of the self-positivity bias. Individual differences in response to SRP-ORP were also examined as a function of traits related to mindfulness and loving-kindness, in addition to as a function of variability in experiential response to MM and LKM. Study limitations and future research directions are also discussed.Mindfulness 01/2014; - [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Meditation has a long tradition with substantial implications for many psychotherapies. It has been postulated that meditation may cultivate therapeutic processes similar to various psychotherapies. A previous study used joint factor analysis to identify five common factors of items of scales purported to capture psychological states cultivated by meditation, focusing, and cognitive behavioral therapy, namely, refraining from catastrophic thinking, logical objectivity, self-observation, acceptance, and detached coping. The present study aimed to extend previous research on these five factors by examining their longitudinal relationship to symptoms of depression, obsession and compulsion, and worrying, with two correlational surveys without intervention. Potential mediators of their effect on worrying were also explored. Longitudinal questionnaire studies from two student samples (n = 157 and 232, respectively) found that (a) detached coping was inversely related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms about 5 weeks later; (b) detached coping was inversely related to depressive symptoms about 5 weeks later; (c) refraining from catastrophic thinking was inversely related to worrying, while self-observation was positively related to worrying about 2 months later; and (d) the relation of refraining from catastrophic thinking to worrying was mediated by negative beliefs about worrying, while the relation of self-observation to worrying was mediated by negative beliefs about worrying and monitoring of one's cognitive processes. As refraining from catastrophic thinking involves being detached from one's negative thinking and detached coping involves distancing oneself from external circumstances and problems, the results suggest that distancing attitudes are useful for long-term reduction of various psychological symptoms.Mindfulness 01/2014; - SourceAvailable from: Alessandra Romano
Conference Paper: MINDFULNESS IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION: A PILOT STUDY
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ABSTRACT: Background: Among professional psychologists distress and burnout are commonly reported and have implications for the quality of patient care. Already in the course of university studies, psychology students relate to mental distress and lower life satisfaction. The clinical efficacy of mindfulness has consistently been proved over the last two decades. A lot of studies, however, have been undertaken on its possible use in the adults training in a formal learning context. Methods: This pilot study aims to describe, through self-assessment tests with an assessment before and after the educational experience, the path of a group of young university Psychology Students, at University of Naples "Federico II". The workshop was an inspired by the ACT structured program, and consisted of 6 sessions of two-hour as part of the course in the pedagogy of learning processes of the degree course in Psychology: among 50 students who participated in the workshops, 31 students completed the assessment, both the pre-test and post-test. Conclusions: The analysis of self-assessment questionnaires shows an improvement in all surveyed areas. The possible implications of the findings of this study regard the ability to use and promote the use of the techniques of mindfulness beyond the clinical setting as valuable tools for growth and development and above all within learning contexts. Particularly, the proposal to include a mindfulness protocol reflective practice in training programs in psychology is designed to provide skills to deal with the stressors of training, and through this experience of structured effective self-care, also improve long-term clinical skills of the future psychologists.7th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation; 11/2014
Page 1
Initial Psychometric Properties of the Experiences Questionnaire:
Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Decentering
David M. Fresco, Michael T. Moore, Manfred H.M. van Dulmen
Kent State University
Zindel V. Segal
University of Toronto
S. Helen Ma, John D. Teasdale
Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
J. Mark G. Williams
Oxford University
Decentering is defined as the ability to observe one's
thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the
mind, as opposed to reflections of the self that are
necessarily true. The Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) was
designed to measure both decentering and rumination but
has not been empirically validated. The current study
investigated the factor structure of the EQ in both under-
graduate and clinical populations. A single, unifactorial
decentering construct emerged using 2 undergraduate
samples. The convergent and discriminant validity of this
decentering factor was demonstrated in negative relation-
ships with measures of depression symptoms, depressive
rumination, experiential avoidance, andemotion regulation.
Finally, the factor structure of the EQ was replicated in a
clinical sample of individuals in remission from depression,
and the decentering factor evidenced a negative relationship
to concurrent levels of depression symptoms. Findings from
this series of studies offer initial support for the EQ as a
measure of decentering.
S A F R A N A N D S E G A L (1 990) define decentering as
the ability to observe one's thoughts and feelings as
temporary, objective events in the mind, as opposed
to reflections of the self that are necessarily true. In
a decentered perspective, "…the reality of the
moment is not absolute, immutable, or unalter-
able…" (Safran & Segal, 1990, p. 117). For exam-
ple, an individual engaged in decentering would
say, "I am thinking that I feel depressed right now"
instead of "I am depressed." Decentering is present-
focused and involves taking a nonjudgmental and
accepting stance regarding thoughts and feelings.
Decentering, or the capacity to take adetached view
of one's thoughts and emotions, is a concept that
has held some importance early on within the
cognitive-behavioral tradition. Ingram and Hollon
(1986, p. 272) posit that "cognitive therapy relies
on helping individuals switch to a controlled,
effortful mode of processing that is metacognitive
in nature and focuses on depression-related cogni-
tion" and that "the long-term effectiveness of cog-
nitive therapy may lie in teaching patients to initiate
this process in the face of future stress." Safran and
Segal (1990) emphasize decentering as an effortful
activity as well as an important potential mechan-
ism of change in cognitive therapy, proposing that
interpersonal processes in the course of psychother-
apy provide the opportunity to experientially dis-
confirm dysfunctional interpersonal schema. By
identifying how their beliefs influence their interac-
tions with other people, clients recognize how they
Behavior Therapy 38 (2007) 234–246
Address correspondence to David M. Fresco, Department of
Psychology, 226 Kent Hall Annex, Kent State University, Kent, OH
44242, USA; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
© 2007 Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Published by
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 2
actively shape their reality and therefore how their
thoughts and feelings do not necessarily reflect
objective reality.
Insofar as the ability to decenter is thought to be
necessary for healthy cognitive, psychological, and
social development, the lack of this ability is
thought to be a general vulnerability factor for
psychological and social dysfunction. Research into
depression, in particular, has illustrated that de-
pressed individuals are characterized by a bias for
attending to their own experiences (Lyubormirsky
& Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995; Lyubormirsky, Tucker,
Caldwell, & Berg, 1999; Morrow & Nolen-
Hoeksema, 1990). This egocentric preoccupation
with their own experiences also seems to impair
depressed individuals' ability to function socially
(Evans, Williams, O'Loughlin, & Howells, 1992;
Sidley,Whitaker, Calam, & Wells, 1997). Clinically,
gains in decentering correspond with reductions in
this bias in depressed individuals (Watkins, Teas-
dale, & Williams, 2000), suggesting that decenter-
ing is a concept of importance in maintaining
mental health.
Initial efforts to reliably measure decentering
arose within the assessment of a related construct,
megacognitive awareness, which is operationalized
as "the process of experiencing negative thoughts
and feelings within a decentered perspective…"
(Teasdale et al., 2002, p. 276). Metacognitive
awareness is assessed using the Measure of
Awareness and Coping in Autobiographical Mem-
ory (MACAM; Moore, Hayhurst, & Teasdale,
1996). In the MACAM, participants are presented
with descriptions of eight mildly depressing situa-
tions via tape recording and asked to imagine
themselves in these situations. Interviewers then
utilize a semistructured interview to elicit specific
memories that have been brought to mind by the
taped vignette. The participant rates the feelings
associated with each of the eight memories (one for
each vignette) on a 0-to-100 scale, and the
interviewer rates the degree of metacognitive
awareness on a 1-to-5 scale. Teasdale et al.
(2002) conducted a comprehensive study to estab-
lish the construct validity of this measure of meta-
cognitive awareness by first comparing 40 patients
in partial remission from major depression to 20
never-depressed healthy controls. The never-
depressed group possessed higher metacognitive
awareness (Cohen's (1988) d=1.08), even after
controlling for individual differences in levels of
depressive symptoms.
Teasdale and his colleagues (2002) also evaluated
the degree to which metacognitive awareness might
mediate the reduction in relapse that results from
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for depres-
sion (MBCT; Segal et al., 2002). MBCT is group
psychotherapy for the prevention of relapse in
which formerly depressed patients are provided
with specific training in mindfulness skills, which,
in part "… teach individuals to become more aware
of thoughts and feelings and to relate to them in a
wider, decentered perspective…" (Teasdale et al.,
2000, p. 618). In the Teasdale et al. (2002) study,
100 participants currently in remission or recovery
from major depression were randomized to receive
MBCT or treatment as usual (TAU). As predicted,
MBCT training resulted in larger increases in
decentering than TAU, highlighting its potential as
a possible mediator. Previous findings have indi-
cated that MBCT reduces risk of relapse or
recurrence of major depressive disorder-particu-
larly for patients with a history of depressive
episodes (Ma & Teasdale, 2004; Teasdale et al.,
2000). In the first study to evaluate the efficacy of
MBCT (Teasdale et al., 2000), MBCT significantly
reduced rates of relapse for participants who had
experienced three or more prior episodes of
depression (40% of patients relapsed in this
group) when compared to TAU (66% relapse rate
in this group). Ma and Teasdale (2004) replicated
the finding that MBCT reduced rates of relapse for
individuals with a history of depression when
compared to TAU using an identical methodology
(36% of patients relapsed in MBCT versus 78%
relapse rate in a group receiving TAU).
Teasdale and colleagues (2002) also examined
158 patients from two treatment sites. All partici-
pants, who had recently suffered from major
depression, were partially remitted following treat-
ment with antidepressant medication and rando-
mized to first receive antidepressant medication and
clinical management alone or together with cogni-
tive therapy for 20 weeks, and then receive follow-
up continuation and maintenance medication for
48 weeks. Findings indicated that lower levels of
baseline metacognitive awareness predicted earlier
relapse across both treatment groups. There was
also a larger increase in metacognitive awareness in
the cognitive therapy group as compared to the
clinical management group.
The measure of metacognitive awareness used
by Teasdale et al. (2002) was specifically designed
to assess decentering. However, it is time-consum-
ing and requires participants to listen to eight
taped vignettes and a trained individual to admin-
ister a semistructured interview to the participant.
Despite the strengths of such a thorough metho-
dology, it would be prohibitive to use such a
measure in more practice-oriented settings. Thus,
as an alternative to this more time-consuming
assessment, the Experiences Questionnaire (EQ)
experiences questionnaire
Page 3
was developed by Teasdale as a means of
operationalizing the changes assumed to occur
during MBCT. One predicted change was the
ability to adopt a decentered perspective, which, in
turn, may be applicable to other psychological
treatments of depression. Insofar as an important
aspect of mindfulness training was believed to be
teaching patients how to "decenter" from depres-
sive thinking patterns, it would be important to
have a measure of the extent to which patients
actually did so. The EQ items were generated by
Teasdale, in consultation with Segal and Williams,
to assess, in a face-valid way, three facets of
decentering (Z. V. Segal, personal communication,
July 14, 2006). These facets are the ability to view
one's self as not synonymous with one's thoughts
(e.g., "I can separate myself from my thoughts and
feelings"), the ability not to habitually react to
one's negative experiences (e.g., "I can observe
unpleasant feelings without being drawn into
them"), and the capacity for self-compassion
(e.g., "I am better able to accept myself as I
am"). The full scale was constructed to have two
subscales, one measuring the changes assumed to
occur in MBCT, including decentering, and a
second measuring rumination. The EQ rumination
subscale was included as a control against response
bias. The purpose of the current investigation was
to study the factor structure of the EQ and refine
its psychometric properties in a manner consistent
with the theory that guided its creation.
In summary, decentering is a construct singled
out early in the history of cognitive therapy as
an active ingredient in producing lasting treat-
ment effects, but which has gained greater
currency in our field during the recent explosion
of interest in mindfulness and acceptance. In this
paper, we present the findings of three studies
that aim to provide support for the initial
psychometric properties and construct validity
of the EQ, a self-report measure of decentering.
Using exploratory and confirmatory factor ana-
lysis in two consecutive samples of college
students, the first study sought to establish the
factor structure of the EQ. Given that decenter-
ing is believed to be a capacity present in healthy
individuals, a relatively healthy sample of college
students was deemed a suitable starting point for
scale construction. The second study sought to
establish the concurrent and discriminant validity
of the decentering measure derived from the EQ
by examining its relationship to theoretically
related constructs, such as depressive rumination,
experiential avoidance, and emotion regulation,
in a sample of college students who received
extensive clinician assessment of their current
and lifetime psychopathology. Finally, Study 3
sought to replicate and extend the findings of
Study 1 by examining the factor structure of the
EQ initially derived in the college student
samples within a sample of patients with
remitted major depressive disorder. Study 3 also
sought to further examine the concurrent validity
of the decentering factor in relation to measures
of depression symptoms.
Study 1: Initial Factor Structure of the EQ
Participants and Procedures. Data were obtained
from two samples (Sample 1 and 2) of students
enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses at a
large, midwestern United States university and
involved in that university's mass testing procedure.
All students received course credit in return for their
participation. Sample 1 (n=1,150) was composed
of 765 females (66.5%) and 385 males (33.5%),
with a mean age of 19.1 years (SD=4.1). Sample 2
(n=519) was composed of 335 females (64.5%)
and 184 males (35.5%), with a mean age of 19.3
years (SD=2.4).
Measure. The EQ is a 20-item self-report
inventory designed to measure a decentering or
disidentification with content of negative thinking,
which is hypothesized to be a process of change in
MBCT. Helping patients learn how to decenter, or
take a step back from their negative thoughts, is one
of the core goals of mindfulness-based clinical
interventions, but can also occur following success-
ful cognitive therapy. The EQ was originally
designed to possess two rationally derived sub-
scales: rumination (6 items) and wider perspective
(14 items). Rumination items (e.g., "I think over
and over again about what others have said to me")
were included in the EQ to help rule out the
possibility that any increases in wider perspective
might be explained by an acquiescent response bias.
Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=never,
5=all the time).
We first attempted to confirm the presence of the
rationally derived factor structure initially pro-
posed for the EQ. Confirmatory factor analysis
(CFA) was utilized in Sample 1 with maximum
likelihood (ML) estimation using the EQS 6.1
software (Bentler & Wu, 1995). ML estimation is
the most widely used estimation method in CFA
and provides robust results even in light of small
violations of normality (Chou & Bentler, 1995;
Hoyle & Panter, 1995). However, this rationally
derived structure did not fit the data well, even
fresco et al.
Page 4
after modifications were made to improve fit based
upon the LaGrange Multiplier Test: χ2[166]=
1224.96; χ2/df=7.38; CFI=.76; RMSEA=.08;
SRMR=.09.Therefore, exploratory factor analysis
(EFA) using ML estimation and promax rotation
was undertaken in this same sample to provide an
initial evaluation of the factor structure for the 20
EQ items. EFA was also conducted using ML
estimation and promax rotation using the PRELIS
(Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1988) software package to
obtain additional fit indices for these various
models. Promax rotation was utilized for its ability
to represent correlations between latent variables
(Fabrigar et al., 1999). Although this method
identified four factors with eigenvalues greater
than 1, inspection of the scree plot revealed that
two primary factors accounted for a significant
portion of the total variance (35.87%), whereas
the other two factors contributed relatively little
(12.48%). In addition, the content of Factor 3 and
4 was uninterpretable. Factor 3 contained only 3
items that did not substantially cross-load onto
other factors (4 items in total), and Factor 4 was
not represented by any items. Floyd and Widaman
1.0 as a criterion for factor retention tends to
overestimate the number of factors and that inspec-
tion of the scree plot is a more valid method. The
additional fit indices obtained using PRELIS indi-
cated the superiority of a three- (χ2[133]= 408.46;
χ2/df=3.07; RMSEA=.05) or four-factor solution
(χ2[116]=270.58; χ2/df=2.33; RMSEA=.04) to a
two-factor model (χ2[151]= 742.22; χ2/df=4.92;
suffered from the problems of low item representa-
tion and interpretability mentioned above. There-
fore, the EFAwas rerun, again using ML estimation
and promax rotation, but with the additional
constraint of only extracting two factors (see Table
1foralistingoffactorloadings).The content of the
items essentially replicated the original, rationally
derived two-factor structure, with the exception of
Item 4, which loaded more highly onto Rumina-
tion than Decentering; Item 2, which did not load
significantly on any factor (higher than .32;
Comrey & Lee, 1992); and Item 20, which was
a cross-loading item (loadings on both factors
were greater than .32; Tabachnick & Fidell,
2001). The Decentering factor evidenced good
internal consistency in Sample 1 (α=.83). How-
ever, the Rumination factor was in the lower
range of "adequate" in terms of its internal
consistency (α=.70; Hunsley & Mash, in press;
Nunnally, 1967).
To confirm the presence of a two-factor solution,
CFA was utilized in a second sample of college
students (Sample 2) using EQS 6.1 (Bentler & Wu,
1995). ML estimation was again used; however,
poor fit resulted when testing the two-factor
solution obtained using EFA: χ2[147]=558.06;
χ2/df=3.80; CFI=.81, RMSEA=.08; SRMR=.09.
The LaGrange Multiplier Test, an atheoretical
psychometric means of improving fit, indicated
that allowing items to cross-load was the most
effective way to improve fit (representing 6 of the
10 parameters which, if added, would improve fit
the most). However, cross-loading items would
make interpretation of the constructs measured by
these factors difficult. Therefore, a unifactorial
model was tested with all of the items from the
two-factor model obtained from the EFA con-
strained on a single factor. By doing so, the
problem of item cross-loadings might be
addressed without having to delete items from
the model. Unfortunately, this model also evi-
denced poor fit (χ2[148]=741.12; χ2/df=5.01;
CFI=.73, RMSEA=.09; SRMR=.10), due primar-
ily to poor loadings from items originally placed
onto the Rumination factor (7 items had standar-
dized loadings <.40). Therefore, the model was
rerun using only the decentering items. The
decentering factor that emerged was identical to
the one identified in EFA with three exceptions:
two items which the initial CFA indicated did not
load significantly were omitted, and Item 20 was
added as it was the single item determined
theoretically to best represent the factor. Error
terms from scale items theoretically determined to
share substantial item content were allowed to
intercorrelate, with the assumption that these items
would share measurement error (Bollen, 1989;
Rozeboom, 1966; Rubio & Gillespie, 1995). Items
3 ("I am better able to accept myself as I am") and
14 ("I can treat myself kindly"), 9 ("I notice that I
don't take difficulties so personally") and 10 ("I
can separate myself from my thoughts and
feelings"), and 16 ("I have the sense that I am
fully aware of what is going on around me and
inside me") and 18 ("I am consciously aware of a
sense of my body as a whole") were allowed to
intercorrelate in the present study, owing to the
similarity of their item content (these items were
also allowed to intercorrelate in the two-factor
solution). Research has shown that if correlated
measurement error is not accounted for, biased
estimators can result, and this bias can have both
general and random effects (Biddle & Marlin,
1987; Bollen, 1989; MacCallum & Tucker, 1991).
However, methodologists have also critiqued the
use of atheoretical, statistically determined corre-
lated measurement error (Cortina, 2002). The use
of theoretically guided correlated measurement
experiences questionnaire
Page 5
both of these concerns. The model indicated
good fit (χ2[41]=103.79; χ2/df=2.53; CFI=.95,
RMSEA=.06; SRMR=.04; see Table 1 for factor
loadings and Table 2 for item-level descriptive
statistics for Sample 2) and adequate internal
consistency (α=.83).
Multi-Group CFA (MGCFA) was utilized to
determine if this model represented the data well
in both males and females. We sought to evaluate
if the loadings of the various items composing the
decentering factor were equal across gender and
possessed what is known as metric invariance
(Bollen, 1989). Testing metric invariance involves
first estimating a model where all factor loadings
are constrained to be equal across the two groups
being compared (in this case, males and females).
This model is then compared to several alternative
models where the factor loading of each item is
unconstrained, and allowed to be freely estimated.
Differences in goodness-of-fit between the con-
strained and the unconstrained models indicate a
lack of metric invariance, or that the item-factor
loadings are unequal across groups. Cheung and
Rensvold (2002) suggest that a difference in CFI
(ΔCFI) greater than .01 is indicative of an item not
loading equally between groups. None of the
values of ΔCFI exceeded this cutoff in our
Table 1
Experiences questionnaire item-factor and factor-scale loadings
ItemStudy 1: Sample 1 Study 1: Sample 2
Study 3
Factor 1 Factor 2 Standardized Unstandardized
Standardized Unstandardized
Factor 1 (Decentering)
EQ03 I am better able to accept myself as I am.
EQ15 I can observe unpleasant feelings
without being drawn into them.
EQ09 I notice that I don't take difficulties
so personally.
EQ14 I can treat myself kindly.
EQ10 I can separate myself from my thoughts
and feelings.
EQ16 I have the sense that I am fully aware of
what is going on around me and inside me.
EQ06 I can slow my thinking at times of stress.
EQ08 I am not so easily carried away by my
thoughts and feelings.
EQ17 I can actually see that I am not my
EQ18 I am consciously aware of a sense of my
body as a whole.
EQ05 I am kinder to myself when things
go wrong.
EQ12 I can take time to respond to difficulties.
EQ20 I view things from a wider perspective.
1.000 (.00)
1.063 (.11)
1.000 (.00)
.754 (.11)
.512.942 (.11) .731 1.076 (.13)
.978 (.09)
.907 (.11)
.906 (.10)
.979 (.13)
.6291.083 (.11).483.673 (.12)
.958 (.11)
1.052 (.13)
.529.862 (.10).6671.047 (.14)
.560 .874 (.10).516.879 (.15)
.699 (.09)
.917 (.10)
.859 (.11)
.843 (.11)
Factor 2 (Rumination)
EQ13 I think over and over again about what
others have said to me.
EQ11 I analyze why things turn out the way
they do.
EQ19 I think about the ways in which I
am different from other people.
EQ04 I notice all sorts of little things and details
in the world around me.
EQ01 I think about what will happen in the future.
EQ07 I wonder what kind of person I really am.
Items not loading on a factor or double-loading
EQ20 I view things from a wider perspective.
EQ02 I remind myself that thoughts aren't facts.
Note. Standardized factor loadings in bold face represent an item loading on that factor. "NA" indicates that an item was dropped and
therefore was not included for analysis.
fresco et al.
Page 6
MGCFA of gender, indicating that the unifactorial,
decentering model fit both males and females
equally well.
An initial attempt to replicate the rationally derived
factor structure of the EQ proposed originally by
Teasdale indicated that this model failed to fit the
data in a sample of college students. A subsequent
exploratory factor analysis revealed the presence of
two factors that essentially mimicked the original,
rationally derived structure. However, this two-
factor model for the EQ was not found to fit the
data when a confirmatory factor analysis was
undertaken on a second sample of college students.
Subsequent adjustments to the model indicated the
presence of a unifactorial decentering construct that
was found to fit the second college-student sample
well. MGCFA also indicated that this construct fit
both males and females in this sample equally well.
Although this replication was encouraging, the fact
that a convenience sample was used implies that
additional work is needed to further replicate this
factor structure in community and clinical samples
to ensure broader generalizability. In addition, the
small number of males and females calls into
question the replicability and validity of the multi-
group analyses. Another limitation of Study 1 was
the lack of concurrent and discriminant validity
measures by which to evaluate the derived decen-
tering factor.
Study 2: Examining the Concurrent Validity of
Decentering to Related Constructs
Study 2 sought to examine the concurrent and
discriminant validity of the decentering scale in
relation to four theoretically meaningful constructs
in a nonpatient sample where participants also
underwent clinician assessment for current and
lifetime psychopathology. The four concurrent
validity measures selected were depressive rumina-
tion, which emerges from the response styles
theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998); experiential
avoidance, which emerges from Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, &
Wilson, 1999), a contemporary theoretical model
within behavior therapy; and cognitive reappraisal
and emotion suppression, which emerged from
Gross' (1998a, 1998b,1999) model of emotion
As noted above, decentering is conceptually anti-
thetical to depressive rumination, which Nolen--
Hoeksema (1998; p. 216) defines as "focusing
passively and repetitively on one's symptoms of
taking action to correct the problems one identi-
fies." Following recommendations of Treynor,
depressive rumination with the five-item brooding
A central tenet of the ACT model of psycho-
pathology is that much human suffering can be
accounted for by experiential avoidance, which is
defined as the tendency to attempt to suppress or
inhibit the frequency or severity of emotions,
thoughts, and memories (Hayes et al., 1999).
ACT, as a therapy approach, strives to lessen indivi-
duals' efforts at escaping or avoiding this painful
psychological content in favor of engaging in acti-
vities likely to promote positive reinforcement and
purposeful outcomes. Given this conceptual rele-
vance, the present study sought to examine the
association of decentering to experiential avoid-
ance, which is assessed with the Acceptance and
Action Questionnaire (Hayes et al., 2004).
Decentering also shows some conceptual rela-
tionship to the model of emotion regulation posited
by Gross and colleagues (Gross, 1998a,1998b,
1999; Gross & Muñoz, 1995). Gross and John
(2003) have developed and validated a self-report
measure called the Emotion Regulation Question-
naire (ERQ), which consists of reappraisal and
suppression subscales. Reappraisal involves cogni-
tively transforming a situation so as to alter its
emotional impact, and has shown to help indivi-
duals attenuate negative emotion experiences
(Gross, 1998a). Emotional suppression refers to
attempts to suppress overt emotional responses, a
response that has been linked to greater cardiovas-
cular reactivity to emotional stimuli (Gross &
Levenson, 1993). Relative to these constructs,
decentering would be expected to be positively
associated with cognitive reappraisal and nega-
tively associated with emotion suppression.
Table 2
Experiences Questionnaire decentering items descriptive
statistics by sample
ItemMean (Standard Deviation)
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
3.59 (1.10)
2.95 (1.14)
2.92 (1.14)
3.04 (1.13)
3.47 (.96)
4.02 (1.01)
3.35 (1.05)
3.67 (1.05)
3.17 (1.01)
3.63 (.95)
3.88 (1.03)
3.59 (1.11)
2.94 (1.18)
2.89 (1.16)
2.98 (1.16)
3.48 (.95)
4.03 (1.02)
3.27 (1.08)
3.66 (1.09)
3.12 (1.03)
3.65 (.99)
3.90 (1.07)
3.48 (.93)
3.01 (.89)
3.11 (1.00)
3.03 (.90)
3.47 (.82)
3.34 (.78)
3.20 (.70)
3.49 (.94)
3.22 (1.05)
3.19 (1.12)
3.44 (.83)
Note. EQ=Experiences Questionnaire.
experiences questionnaire
Page 7
The primary goal of Study 2 was to examine the
relationship of decentering to depressive rumina-
tion, experiential avoidance, reappraisal, and emo-
tion suppression. A secondary goal of the study was
to examine the association of decentering to current
or lifetime major depressive disorder. The first
hypothesis (Hypothesis 1) was that decentering
would demonstrate a significant positive correla-
tion with cognitive reappraisal, and significant
negative correlations with depressive rumination,
experiential avoidance, emotion suppression, and
concurrent levels of depression symptoms. The
second hypothesis (Hypothesis 2) was that a history
of major depressive disorder would be associated
with lower levels of decentering as compared to no
history of psychopathology.
Participants. Participants were 61 college stu-
dents (34 women) who were primarily Caucasian
(88%); the remaining participants were African
American (7%), Hispanic (3%), or Native Amer-
ican (2%). The participants had an average age of
19.81 years (SD=2.87). Participants received par-
tial course credit for participating in the study.
Measures. Experiences Questionnaire—Decenter-
ing factor.
This study utilized the 11-item decen-
tering factor that was derived in Study 1. Scores on
this factor can range from 11 to 55, with higher
scores indicating greater decentering. Also, despite
the complexity of the concept described by the
decentering factor, the reading level for the items
evidencedaFlesch-Kincaid gradelevel of4.3,which
compares favorably to the 6th grade level of the
items in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory-2 (Graham, 2005).
Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ;
Hayes et al., 2004).
The AAQ is a 16-item self-
report measure of experiential avoidance. Partici-
pants rate each statement on Likert-type scales
ranging from 1 (never true) to 7 (always true), with
higher scores reflecting an increasing degree of
experiential avoidance. Sample items include "I am
able to take action on a problem even if I am
uncertain what is the right thing to do" (reverse
scored) and "If I could magically remove all the
painful experiences I've had in my life, I would do
so." The 16-item version of the AAQ was obtained
from its authors prior to their settling on the 9-item
version. Still, preliminary analyses support the
reliability and validity of the 16-item version as
well as the final 9-item version. The two versions
are highly correlated with one another (r=.89;
Hayes et al., 2004) and assess experiential avoid-
ance and control, negative evaluations of internal
experience, psychological acceptance, and the
tendency to act regardless of emotional distress. In
the current study, the AAQ demonstrated accep-
table internal consistency (α=.72).
Ruminative Responses Subscale of the Response
Styles Questionnaire (RSQ; Nolen-Hoeksema &
Morrow, 1991).
The RSQ, a 22-item self-report
instrument, is designed to assess an individual's
characteristic tendency to engage in ruminative be-
havior when feeling depressed. In the current study,
a 25-item version was utilized consisting of the
original 22-item RRS items plus the 3 additional
expanded rumination items used by Treynor et al.
(2003) to derive their brooding and pondering
solution. In the current study, reliability for the five-
item brooding rumination subscale was good
Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross
& John, 2003).
The ERQ is a 10-item rationally
derived measure of two aspects of emotion regula-
tion: reappraisal and suppression. The reappraisal
subscale, consistingof 6items, assessesthe abilityto
modify or change the emotions one experiences
(e.g., "I control my emotions by changing the way I
think about the situation I'm in"). The suppression
subscale, consistingof 4items, assessesthe abilityto
avoid or prevent the expression of emotions (e.g., "I
control my emotions by not expressing them"). In
this sample, the internal consistency was good for
both the reappraisal subscale (α=.84) and the
suppression subscale (α=.82).
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer,
& Brown, 1996).
The BDI-II is a 21-item self-
report measure that assesses the severity of depres-
sive symptomatology, including the affective, cog-
nitive, behavioral, somatic, and motivational
components of depression as well as suicidal
wishes. Items are rated on a 0-to-3 scale and reflect
a 2-week time period. The BDI-II has strong
internal consistency in both student and clinical
samples (Beck et al., 1996), and excellent test-retest
reliability (Sprinkle et al., 2002). In the current
study, the BDI-II achieved strong internal consis-
tency (α=.90).
Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire-Short
Form (MASQ; Watson & Clark, 1991).
MASQ is a 62-item instrument designed to assess
symptoms commonly occurring in the mood and
5 (extremely) Likert-type scale. These 62 items are
subdivided into four subscales: General Distress
Anxious Symptoms (GDA), General Distress
Depressive Symptoms (GDD), Anxious Arousal
(AA), and Anhedonic Depression (AD). The GDA
subscale is comprised of 11 items indicative of
fresco et al.
Page 8
anxious mood, but provides little discrimination
12 items indicative of depressed mood, but provides
little discrimination from anxious mood (e.g., "Felt
sad"; "Felt like crying"). The AA subscale contains
17 items detailing symptoms of somatic tension and
hyperarousal (e.g., "Startled easily"; "Was trem-
specifically assessing symptoms related to depres-
and low energy (e.g., "Felt like nothing was very
enjoyable") and 14 reverse-coded items assessing
positive emotional experiences (e.g., "Felt cheer-
ful"). In the present sample, reliability for these sub-
scales was good to excellent (GDA: α=.82; GDD:
α=.90; AA: α=.85; AD: α=.84).
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR,
Research Version (SCID; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, &
Williams, 2002).
The SCID is a widely used
semistructured interview that allows for current
and lifetime diagnoses of Axis I disorders. For the
DSM-IV version of the SCID, Ventura et al. (1998)
reported high interrater agreement (kappas) for
current diagnosis, with an overall weighted kappa
of .82 and a range between .71 and .90 for specific
diagnoses. In the current study, the SCID mood,
anxiety, eating disorder, and substance abuse/
dependence modules were administered by four
doctoral students trained in the SCID as part of
their programmatic clinical training. Doctoral stu-
dents receive formal training in the SCID prior to
the start of their second year of graduate school and
then receive weekly SCID supervision by the first
author as they serve as intake interviewers in the
department's training clinic.
Procedure. After providing informed consent,
participants completed a battery of self-report
measures that assessed decentering, experiential
avoidance, emotion regulation strategies, depres-
sion and anxiety symptoms, as well as measures not
relevant to the current study. Participants also
underwent a SCID conducted by a graduate
research assistant.
Rates of current/lifetime major depression. Find-
ings from the SCID interviews revealed that 7
participants met diagnostic criteria for current
major depressive disorder (MDD) and an addi-
tional 7 participants met criteria for past MDD, as
well as other current diagnoses (e.g., generalized
anxiety disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic
stress disorder, alcohol abuse). The remaining 47
participants had no current or lifetime history of
Association of decentering to experiential avoid-
ance, emotion regulation, and depression and
anxiety symptoms. Table 3 presents sample
means, standard deviations, and zero-order corre-
lations among study measures. Consistent with
Hypothesis 1, decentering evidenced a significant
positive correlation with cognitive reappraisal and
significant negative correlations with experiential
avoidance, brooding rumination, emotion suppres-
sion, and self-report measures of current depression
and anxiety symptoms.
Association of decentering to current/lifetime
history of depression. To evaluate Hypothesis 2, the
14 participants with current or lifetime MDD were
grouped together and compared to the 47 partici-
pants with no current or lifetime psychopathology.
Consistent with Hypothesis 2, participants with
current or lifetime MDD (M=3.09; SD=0.57)
endorsed significantly lower levels of decentering,
F(1, 59)=5.77, p=.02, d=0.68, as compared to the
Table 3
Means, (standard deviations), and zero-order correlations among decentering, experiential avoidance, brooding rumination, emotion
regulation, and depression and anxiety symptoms
Experiential Avoidance
(Standard Deviation)
Note. Experiential Avoidance=Acceptance and Action Questionnaire total score; Brooding=Response Styles Questionnaire Brooding
Subscale; Reappraisal=Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) Reappraisal subscale; Suppression=ERQ Suppression subscale; BDI-
II=Beck Depression Inventory-II; MASQ-AD=Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire Anhedonic Depression subscale; MASQ-
AA=Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire Anxious Arousal subscale; ⁎Correlation significantly different from zero (p<.05).
experiences questionnaire
Page 9
participants with no current or lifetime psycho-
pathology (M=3.44; SD=0.44). This difference
exceeded conventions for a medium effect size.
Consistent with expectations, the EQ decentering
factor was found to correlate positively and
significantly with cognitive reappraisal and signifi-
cantly and negatively with depressive rumination,
experiential avoidance, emotion suppression, and
symptoms of depression. In addition, individuals
with no lifetime history of psychopathology were
found to endorse significantly higher mean levels of
decentering than individuals with MDD. In sum,
these findings add confidence to the assertion that
the factor derived in Study 1 from the EQ measures
decentering. However, Studies 1 and 2 both utilized
samples of college students, and further replication
in a treatment-seeking sample is still necessary, a
shortcoming that is addressed in Study 3.
Study 3: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the
Experiences Questionnaire in a Clinical Sample
Study 3 sought to replicate and extend previous
findings by evaluating both the factor structure and
the clinical validity of the EQ in a sample of patients
with remitted MDD. The factor solution derived
following CFA in the second student sample was
evaluated in a sample of patients with remitted
MDD who were participants in, but had not yet
commenced, a trial of MBCT. The clinical validity
of the factor solution in the patient sample was
assessed in two ways. First, levels of decentering in
the remitted-MDD patients were comparedto levels
of decentering in a sample of healthy control
participants. Hypothesis 1 posited that remitted
MDD patients would endorse lower levels of
decentering as compared to healthy control parti-
cipants. Second, the relationship of decentering to
concurrent levels of self-report and clinician-
assessed depression symptoms was evaluated.
Hypothesis 2 posited a significant and negative
relationship between decentering and the two
measures of concurrent depression symptoms.
Participants. Participants consisted of two clin-
ical subsamples recruited to evaluate the efficacy of
MBCT. Pre-MBCT data from 145 depressed parti-
cipants in remission or recovery at the time of
assessment were obtained from Teasdale et al.
(2000). The participants were recruited from
media advertisements and community health care
facilities at three sites: one in Cambridge, England,
and sampled from its surrounding rural towns and
villages; one in a rural area of north Wales, centered
on Bangor; and one in the metropolitan area of
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. These data were com-
bined with pre-MBCT data from 75 previously
depressed participants who participated in an
MBCT trial conducted by Ma and Teasdale (2004)
in Cambridge, England. In total, the remitted MDD
sample (n=220) was composed of 165 females
(75.0%) and 55 males (25.0%), with a mean age of
43.7 years (SD=9.6). In addition, Ma and Teasdale
(2004) also obtained data from 50 healthy controls
recruited from a volunteer panel and who received
TAU both prior to and during the period of data
collection. These control participants were similar
in age (M=44.5, SD=8.9) and gender (37 women,
74%) to the total clinical sample. In addition,
MGCFA was utilized to determine the metric
invariance of the decentering factor structure in
the two clinical samples and the suitability of
aggregating them. Results indicated that all items
loaded equally well onto the decentering factor in
both samples (all values of ΔCFI<.01, average
Measures. Experiences Questionnaire-Decentering
This study utilized the 11-item decentering
factor that was derived in Study 1.
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD;
Hamilton, 1960).
The HRSD is a 17-item inter-
view-administered measure of the severity of symp-
toms of depression. It covers a range of affective,
behavioral, and somatic symptoms and has accep-
table psychometric properties (Rabkin & Klein,
1987). Scores can range from 0 to 52, with higher
scores indicating a larger number of symptoms of
depression. Only participants in Sample 3 com-
pleted the HRSD.
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Rush,
Shaw, & Emery, 1979).
measure of the severity of affective, cognitive,
behavioral, and somatic symptoms of depression,
BDI item scores can range from 0 to 3, and total
scores can range from 0 to 63, with higher scores
indicating a larger number of symptoms of depres-
sion. It has been shown to possess adequate
reliability and validity in both psychiatric and
undergraduate populations (Beck, Steer, & Garbin,
1988). Only participants in Sample 3 completed the
A 21-item self-report
Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a Patient
Sample. To both extend the generalizability of the
unifactorial model to a patient sample and improve
confidence in its reliability, CFA was used again in
Sample 3. ML estimation was again used with EQS
6.1 software. The model fit the data reasonably well
fresco et al.
Page 10
(χ2[41]=61.87; χ2/df=1.51; CFI=.97, RMSEA=
.06; SRMR=.05; see Table 1 for factor loadings
and Table 2 for item-level descriptive statistics) and
possessed good internal consistency (Sample 3:
Clinical Validity. Hypothesis 1 posited that
remitted MDD patients would endorse lower levels
of decentering as compared to healthy controls. In
support of Hypothesis 1, remitted MDD patients
(M=1.81, SD=0.54) scored significantly lower
than the healthy control participants (M=2.47,
SD=0.42), with an effect size exceeding conven-
tions for a large effect: F(1, 117)=50.32, p<.0001,
d=1.31. In support of Hypothesis 2, levels of
decentering among remitted MDD patients were
significantly and negatively correlated with con-
current self-report (r=−.46) and clinician-assessed
(r=−.31) levels of depression symptoms.
The results of Study 3 provide further support for
the unifactorial decentering solution of the EQ.
CFA in a treatment-seeking sample indicated
acceptable fit of the decentering factor. As ex-
pected, participants with remitted MDD endorsed
lower levels of decentering than healthy control
participants and decentering was significantly and
negatively correlated with self-report and clini-
cian-assessed measures of depression symptoms.
general discussion
The results of the present set of studies indicate that
the EQ measures a unifactorial construct that
performs in a manner that would be consistent
with the construct of decentering in relation to
theoretically meaningful concurrent validity mea-
sures. This one-factor model, thought to represent
the construct of decentering, was extracted from
both a student as well as a composite, multi-
national, clinical sample, illustrating the general-
izability of the model. This decentering factor
possessed adequate to good internal consistency in
both undergraduate and clinical samples. The EQ
was conceived as a measure of decentering that
would generalize across gender, race, and ethnicity.
Although the current study provides preliminary
evidence for generalizability across males and
females, further research will need to be done to
illustrate that the decentering factor found here is
robust across differences in both race and ethnicity.
In addition, preliminary convergent and discrimi-
nant validity was established in the theoretically
consistent correlations found between decentering
and measures of depressive rumination, experien-
tial avoidance, and emotion regulation in an under-
graduate sample. Similarly, decentering evidenced
theoretically meaningful patterns of correlation
with concurrent measures of depression in both
undergraduate and patient samples. Taken toge-
ther, findings from this series of studies provide
initial confidence that the EQ is a reliable and
valid measure of decentering. However, future
research is needed before this claim can be made
more definitively.
Within the cognitive-behavioral tradition, decen-
tering has long been regarded as a possible
mechanism of change in the context of cognitive
therapy of depression (Beck et al., 1979; Ingram &
Hollon, 1986; Safran & Segal, 1990) and predates
mindfulness and acceptance approaches within
psychology (cf. Hayes et al., 1999; Segal et al.,
2002; Teasdale et al., 2002). Still, one of the
motivations for generating the initial items of the
EQ, and submitting them to psychometric scrutiny,
in the context of MBCT, a cognitive-behavioral
that is enriched with mindfulness exercises. Draw-
the capacity for decentering to increase over the
duals suffering from emotional disorders evidence
deficits in the capacity for metacognition. Accord-
ingly, we view decentering as an individual differ-
ence variable that is naturally malleable, that is
likely to be impaired in individuals suffering from
emotional disorders, and which may represent the
mark of a durable treatment response when indivi-
duals evidence gains in decentering (cf. Fresco,
Segal, Buis, & Kennedy, in press; Teasdale et al.,
2002). However, our measure of decentering was
never intended to be synonymous with mindfulness.
Bishop and colleagues (2004), following a consen-
sus conference, arrived at a two-faceted operational
definition of mindfulness. The first facet of this
definition of mindfulness is the capacity for the
sustained self-regulation of attention so that an
individual can remain engaged in the present
moment. The second facet of the consensus defini-
tion of mindfulness is the capacity to maintain an
acceptance and curiosity regarding all of one's
thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Our definition
of decentering is certainly complementary to Bishop
et al.'s definition of mindfulness, but it is in no way
synonymous with it. Interestingly, Bishop et al. (p.
235) describe decentering and mindfulness as fall-
ing within a "general domain of constructs that
describe the ability to observe the temporal stream
of thoughts and feelings."
Our decentering scale joins a burgeoning field of
self-report indices with relevance to mindfulness
experiences questionnaire
Page 11
and acceptance. Findings from the current study
provideaninitial glimpse into how the EQrelates to
one already established construct in this field.
Specifically, decentering evidenced a strong nega-
tive correlation with experiential avoidance, which
emerges from the acceptance-based treatment
approach (cf. Hayes et al., 1999). However, an
important area for future research is to evaluate the
relationship of the EQ to other measures of
mindfulness (cf. Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004;
Brown & Ryan, 2003; Feldman, Hayes, Kumar,
& Greeson, 2003) as well as to general measures of
quality of life and well-being (cf. Frisch, 1994;
Frisch, Cornell, Villanueva, & Retzlaff, 1992).
Although the findings from the current set of
studies support the factor structure of the EQ and
present some initial concurrent validity data, the
relationship of decentering to the process of
protecting against relapse of major depression has
not yet been assessed. However, Fresco et al.
(submitted for publication) provide some initial
evidence for the role of decentering, as assessed by
the EQ, in the course of acute treatment of major
depression. Findings revealed that CBT patients
treated to remission evidenced increases in decen-
tering whereas patients treated to remission with
antidepressant medication did not. The difference
between CBT and antidepressant medication in
decentering gains corresponded to a medium effect
size (d=.58). The second major finding of this study
was that high posttreatment decentering was
associated with a more durable treatment response
in the subsequent 18 months, especially for CBT
In conclusion, findings from the current series of
studies offer initial enthusiasm for the EQ as a
measure that assesses a construct corresponding to
a protective or resilience factor. The decentering
scale of the EQ shows significant negative relation-
ships with concurrent levels of depression and
anxiety symptoms and theoretically meaningful
associations with constructs including depressive
rumination, experiential avoidance, and emotion
regulation. Greater confidence in proclaiming that
the EQ assesses decentering awaits further investi-
gations with a broader selection of measures within
the mindfulness and acceptance field. However, the
findings to this point warrant sufficient interest in
the EQ to pursue these important issues of con-
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text:
[50 Cent:]
Uh huh... yea*
[Verse 1:]
Shorty the henny got me feeling right
Ya heard me?
My momma gone you could spend the night
Ya heard me?
I'm not playing I'm trying to fuck tonight
Ya heard me?
Clothes off face down ass up c'mon
Shorty you roll with the winners right
Ya heard me?
You see now me I got my money right
Ya heard me?
I'm tryin to teach you how to play, how the big boys play
When you come around my way
Ya heard me?
You see the bentley got the 20 inch crome
Ya heard me?
You could get in but don't touch the phone
Ya heard me?
Money come money go I know
But everytime I flow it's mo money fa sho
Ya heard me?
In the street niggas sayin I'm nice
Ya heard me?
Watch flooded no more room for ice
Ya heard me?
Niggas be on tv struttin' hard
And in the hood the same niggas that be gettin' robbed
Ya heard me?
You might hear I get shot but I don't get robbed
Cause me, I be on my jog
Ya heard me?
You like it when I back that ass up on you?
[50 Cent:]
Ooh, baby I like it, I like it
When I work that ass, that ass
[50 Cent:]
Baby I like it, I like it when you put it on me I got a kool-aid smile
And baby I like it, I like it
[50 Cent:]
Everytime we dance you make it worth my while
And I like it, I like it
[Verse 2:]
Shorty if you wanna roll with some ballers you should call us
I wanna make sure you hear me
Ya heard me?
We rap now we rollin and I'm holdin'
And I'm gonna make sure you hear me
Ya heard me?
I freak off with the video chicks
Ya heard me?
Sweatin' tracks out in back of the 6
Ya heard me?
Mtv they gonna play my hits
Ya heard me?
Even though I'm real ghetto and shit
Ya heard me?
I got a g niggas shoot that ace
Ya heard me?
Your ass bettin' I'm gonna cut your face
Ya heard me?
Last thing I need is to catch a new case
I don't know nothing about them high heads but I sell base
Ya heard me?
The city boys trying to kill a kid
Ya heard me?
Shot me up in front of my crib
Ya heard me?
He had the drop I couldn't run from him
Shot in the hand trying to take the fucking gun from him
Ya heard me?
{50 you tough}
Ya heard me?
9 shots just wasn't enough
Ya heard me?
[Verse 3:]
Nigga you best be commin' up with my cash
Ya heard me?
Don't make me go and get the gat out the stash
Ya heard me?
I'll come back and pop one in your ass
Ya heard me?
Don't play with the money, no not with the money
Niggas get knocked when they start playing games
Ya heard me?
Stop telling the police my name
Ya heard me?
I don't mind givin chicks them tips
Ya heard me?
They let me play with then tits and hips
Ya heard me?
When I come through they know I'm a thug
Out in atlanta in the gentlemen's club
Ya heard me?
I rap but I'm still selling them o's
Ya heard me?
My man mike still pimpin' them hoes
Ya heard me?
He said if the hoe knew better she'd come do better
And make a pimp more chedder
Ya heard me?
[50 Cent:]
50 make it crazy in the club
I'm speaking clearly so you can hear me
I come through niggas always show me love
I'm speaking clearly so y'all can hear me
Niggas want beef, y'all could see me in the street
I'm speaking clearly so you can hear me
But you better come correct, cause we move around with heat
I'm speaking clearly so y'all can hear me
Lyrics powered by www.musiXmatch.com
1 | Love Me |
2 | Places to Go |
3 | Rap Game |
4 | Fuck You |
5 | Not Like Me |
6 | Green Lantern |
7 | Be A Gentleman |
8 | Doo Wop Freestyle |
9 | Get Out The Club |
10 | Rotten Apple |
11 | You Heard Me |
12 | Bodegas |
13 | Ghetto Qu Ran (Forgive Me Pt. 1) |
14 | Gun Runners |
15 | I'm A Hustler |
16 | That Ain't Gangsta |
17 | The Good Die Young |
18 | You Ain't No Gangsta |
19 | Funk Flex |
20 | G-Unit Soliders |
21 | Many Men |
22 | That's What's Up |
23 | As The World Turns |
24 | Whoo Kid Freestyle |
25 | You Should Be Dead |
26 | Banks Victory |
27 | Fuck Dat Bitch |
28 | How To Rob An Industry Nigga |
29 | Rowdy Rowdy |
30 | Thug Love |
More Albums |
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50 CENT - Miscellaneous Album Lyrics | |
1. | Love Me |
2. | Places to Go |
3. | Rap Game |
4. | Fuck You |
5. | Not Like Me |
6. | Green Lantern |
7. | Be A Gentleman |
8. | Doo Wop Freestyle |
9. | Get Out The Club |
10. | Rotten Apple |
11. | You Heard Me |
12. | Bodegas |
13. | Ghetto Qu Ran (Forgive Me Pt. 1) |
14. | Gun Runners |
15. | I'm A Hustler |
16. | That Ain't Gangsta |
17. | The Good Die Young |
18. | You Ain't No Gangsta |
19. | Funk Flex |
20. | G-Unit Soliders |
21. | Many Men |
22. | That's What's Up |
23. | As The World Turns |
24. | Whoo Kid Freestyle |
25. | You Should Be Dead |
26. | Banks Victory |
27. | Fuck Dat Bitch |
28. | How To Rob An Industry Nigga |
29. | Rowdy Rowdy |
30. | Thug Love |
50 CENT Lyrics provided by SongLyrics.com
1 | Flip On You |
2 | You Know |
3 | The Funeral |
4 | Chase the Paper |
5 | Winner Circle |
6 | Twisted |
Genres |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Click to expand
What do you think? Give us your opinion. Anonymous comments allowed.
#27 to #2
tabarzins (07/09/2013) [-]
Yea man I agree. They should let the birds and other creatures feast on them so that only a couple of the them make it into the water. Or maybe some of them flip over and die of starvation because they can't get back on their feet. Then more of them get eaten by fish when the get into the water. That's the way it should work.
#30 to #17
skubasteve (07/09/2013) [-]
Interesting point, but consider this scenario: The weak offspring that would of died on the beach are now being introduced into the water. The weak off spring are eaten by a predator that normally can't feed on them. That predators food chain becomes stronger effecting other species / also possibly causing that predator to focus soley on this one.
#42 to #41
skubasteve (07/09/2013) [-]
Relatively decent understanding. Just because you increase a population doesn't guarantee it will benefit that species more so than harming it. A large variety of factors come into play including disease, competition for natural resources, increased predation, mating aggression, and territory. It's not always a case where increasing a population is healthy for it.
#46 to #45
skubasteve (07/09/2013) [-]
Not when taking into account disease though. It could take simply just one turtle infected with lets say a parasite that would of died on the beach to be eaten by a predator that normally would not feed on said turtle. We have no idea what that parasite could possibly do to the now infested predator, to its enviroment, and the organisms that feed on it.
The point being is the less human influence the better, unless we are controlling our own factor in play.
The point being is the less human influence the better, unless we are controlling our own factor in play.
#10 to #4
largeheadphones (07/09/2013) [-]
But it's nature, we don't have the right to interfere with it.
#11 to #3
largeheadphones (07/09/2013) [-]
BUT WE SHOULDN'T BE AFFECTING THE COURSE OF NATURE ANYMORE THAN WE ALREADY HAVE! If we keep doing this, then the birds that live in the area might no get the food that they usually get that they have been relying on for years, this is probably just some tourist attraction, which we have no right allowing.
#12 to #11
trolololel ONLINE (07/09/2013) [-] Human beings evolved on earth. WE ARE NATURE. We do as we please.


text:
Totaling Practice
It's time for back-to-school shopping! Have your child practice totaling by summing up how much should be paid for each group of goods? She'll do so by multiplying the number of items by the price for each. This worksheet shows her how to practice real world multiplication!
For more Money Math worksheets, check out the rest of the series.
Updated on Nov 18, 2014
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text:
The Gems & Jewellery Export Promotion Council has formed a separate skill council for overall enhancement of skills in factory workers across the industry.
President Barack Obama today said the US is ready to lay foundation for a new future and the country's economy has added jobs at the fastest pace since the 1990s.
Human life has a tendency to get complicated, and this can happen with your finances too. There are a few things you can do to get smarter about it.
The Mediterranean island suffered a 14th successive quarterly economic contraction, according to a flash estimate from the state statistical service.
Investment by Russian cos, fell sharper than expected last month, underlining pressure from Western sanction imposed on Moscow for its role in the Ukraine crisis.
Economic woes in Russia are tempering prospects of bailed-out Cyprus returning to growth in 2015 and mean the island nation risks a fifth year of recession, analysts say.
Long-term unemployment remains a problem in many regions recovering from the Great Recession, the report says.
Russia's problems could also pose problems for the global economic recovery. It is one of the major uncertainties heading into 2015, particularly for the 18-country eurozone.


text:
Zalman is 'not going bankrupt' Rumors of Zalman's demise have been, it seems, greatly exaggerated. AnandTech received a statement from the Korean company yesterday, and the statement makes... Type: News story Tags: Cases Power Cooling |
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24 |
Gigabyte, EK Water Blocks want to liquid-cool your X99 mobo If you've ever lamented about not being able to liquid-cool every single component in your PC, then good news: Gigabyte and EK Water Blocks have... Type: News story Tags: Motherboards Cooling |
22 |
Gigabyte's Waterforce cooler chills three GTX 980s Gigabyte's GeForce GTX 980 lineup starts like one might expect, with a stock-clocked reference card. One step above that sits an amped-up version with a... Type: News story Tags: Graphics Cooling |
42 |
Cooling firm Zalman has filed for bankruptcy We haven't heard much from Zalman lately, but the Korean company was one of the early... Type: News story Tags: Cooling |
86 |
Cooler Master's Nepton 240M liquid cooler reviewed Cooler Master's Nepton 240M is a big liquid cooler with a price to match. I strapped it to TR's Casewarmer to see whether it... Type: Feature article Tags: Cooling |
44 |
Samsung prepping 60GHz Wi-Fi with 4.6Gbps data rate Make way for much faster Wi-Fi. Samsung has announced the development of 60GHz wireless technology that's purportedly capable of speeds up to 4.6Gbps, or... Type: News story Tags: Networking |
22 |
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25 |
Skylake reference designs have wireless charging, WiGig networking During yesterday's IDF keynote, Intel demoed mobile systems with wireless charging and WiGig networking. Scott surmised that those features could be integrated into the... Type: News story Tags: Power Mobile computing Networking |
40 |
Tomorrow's laptops could dock and charge without a single wired connection IDF — We now take wireless networking for granted, but at IDF San Francisco today, Intel previewed a future in which laptops and other devices... Type: News story Tags: Displays Mobile computing Networking |
47 |
Netgear's quad-stream 802.11ac router lifts off There's a new quad-stream 802.11ac router out, and this one may be the most powerful yet. Known as the Netgear Nighthawk X4 AC2350, this... Type: News story Tags: Networking |
26 |
Steam's in-home streaming accelerated by GeForce GPUs Steam's in-home streaming feature has been in open beta since May. The scheme streams PC games from one machine to another on a local... Type: News story Tags: Gaming Software Networking |
27 |
Deal of the week: Devil's Canyon for $194.99 It's that time of year again. Students are preparing for another term, and e-tailers have rolled out their back-to-school sales. Here are some of the... Type: News story Tags: CPUs Cooling Storage |
7 |
New Corsair contraption controls fans, temps, LEDs There's a new product out from Corsair today, and it's something a little unusual for the company. The Commander Mini isn't a slick-looking case... Type: News story Tags: Cooling |
12 |
Cooler Master's Elite 110 mini-ITX case reviewed Cooler Master's Elite 110 is a tiny case with a price to match. Is it a good value? We loaded it up with parts and... Type: Feature article Tags: Cases Cooling |
48 |
Silent Power PC is cooled by copper foam TR member willyolio posted this in our forums earlier today, and I'm still not quite sure what to make of it. Those crafty Germans... Type: News story Tags: Cooling Systems |
36 |
Deal of the week: Corsair's 750D case and four fans for $100 We've got a little of everything in this week's deal post, starting with a sizable discount on a nice Corsair case bundle: TigerDirect has a... Type: News story Tags: Graphics Cases Cooling Storage Displays |
22 |
Triple-wide radiator defines Thermaltake's new water cooler Have you ever looked at a double-wide liquid cooling radiator and thought: "that's just not big enough." If so, Thermaltake might have just the thing.... Type: News story Tags: Cooling |
53 |
Nvidia demos new Titan X graphics card at GDC | 80 |
And Samsung makes new phone with no sd slot lol whaw whaw whaw | +55 |


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I have this anger deep inside of me
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Anonymous Coward
Post Content
OP I can relate. I went thru something like this. It really comes down to loving yourself. It goes deeper than most may think. I used to be fed up emotionally with all the nonsense out in the world, but i have come to understand that's the matrix/the game that I/we chose to come into. Detach from all that does not serve you. Is it beneficial or detrimental? Ask yourself these questions as you go thru your day. That will help you find what you really want and what doesn't work for you. By seeing what you don't like it allows you to see what you would like. Master your mind and emotions. Dive into your past conditioning, habits, and belief systems. Do a "defrag" on your brain.
Eating vegan most definitely helps with clarity and gets rid of the impulsitivity and all the toxins stored up from all the bad food, meats, dairy, and other things with 50+ INgredients..
The key is to OVERstand this reality. Love yourself which allows you to do so, and be at peace and content with living. Look at the animals and the birds, they aren't fed up with mcdonalds and materials.. they just BE, and are content with simply LIVING and BEING. Look at all the good things you have RIGHT NOW at this given moment, your unique personality and looks, your preferences and hobbies. Will you rise up and wise up or fall to be a servant of these lowly energies? I used to get pissed too, still can of course, but don't take it too seriously either. Your floating on a planet, its just one short scene of your whole soul's life where you and 7 billion others signed up to be on Planet Earth at the time, to experience and learn. Our ego always wants to be distracted, its the child, and is always reaching and looking externally for DISTRACTIONS. The inner world creates the outer world. Everything is subjective and up to perception. Love yourself, and no its not narcissistic, it's only so when one is in a low state of awareness/common sense.
Anonymous Coward 4241633
thats funny because i was meditating and being inclined to consider being a vegan, i have recently turned vegetarian over last 2 years.. (on and off)... but i went to eat today and thought no, no cheese .. but alas, i made coffee and put milk in it :(
but alas... i must move forward. put away childish things.. etc..
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Found: Early Black Hole 12 Billion Times More Massive Than Our Sun
Chemicals From Beauty Products Have Migrated To Antarctica
New Mysterious Craters Found In Siberia
Human Head Transplants Will Not Be Possible By 2017
How Many Constitutional Rights Have We Lost?
North Carolina Legalizes Prostitutes For Politicians
KFC to Serve Edible Coffee Cups
Google wants to rank websites based on facts not links
Eleventh Hour Drama For Net Neutrality
Cyber Bullying Legislation Passes PA House. House Bill 229 would make cyber harassment of a child a punishable offense
DNA Activation for the Golden Age
Are We Living In A Holographic Universe?
Scientists Fear CIA Funding Geoengineering to Control 'Weaponized Weather'
IBM Watson Dehumanizing Veterans Care
Max Keiser: Welcome to the New World Order
Forced Adult Vaccinations at Federal Levels
The Media Is "Run By A Tiny Group Of Politically Motivated Moguls", And "Controlled By The CIA"
Inside The Food Industry: The Surprising Truth About What You Eat
Monday Feb 23 Will Be GLPVCs TheRawFeedLive's Last Show
Hollywood Studio Caught Producing ISIS Videos
A meteor going 45,000 MPH lit up the sky in western PA. You could see it from Ohio and New York!
America : Freedom to Fascism
Rapper Afroman Caught On Video Punching Woman At Nightclub
USDA Approves First GMO Apple For Planting
US Senator used old photos of Russian troops to push Ukraine war propaganda


text:
Both Versions of s-thetic² are now available. You can order it - here - at the shop. You get the CD-Hardcase for 11,99 Euro (plus shipping) The digital version is downloadable for 7,29 Euro as a 8 Track MP3 320 kbit zip-package. Total Playing 75:55. Come on... get your copy!
Download Version € 7.29 CD Version € 11,99
Yes, after the CD is before the next. The last baltes/erbe-production is only a few days on the way to the cd-manufacturer, i´ve starting the new one. It was a little postponed, but now it gets the needed priority. Club Genetica 2!
But why Genitca? Why it needs to make a sequel? Why not something complete new?
Genetica2 will be not a copy of the first, but a continuation of the basic-idea. Tradition meets modern. analog elements connects with current technic of my composition, surreal 8bit-drinks spin synthetical shapes. biooscilated....colormanipulated.....chemicalized. Genetical continued!
After 20 Years making music, concerts and events, erbe will come back to observatory hagen. He will celebrate his 20Years aniversary and will take a live look to the best tracks, the awesome visuals and the memories of the past. Juli seems to be the best month to do it, so have a look of the upcoming infos. But, only 60 seats, no ticketsale at the evening...and maybe with a new CD at this day?!
Sum total: | 0.00 EUR |
Go to cart |
it´s Spring...sunny! (mar 2014)
Joomla gallery by joomlashine.com
Club Genetica
kostenloses Downloadalbum
- click to Download-
We are Generation Electronic
kostenloses Downloadalbum
Querbeat de Luxe
kostenloses Downloadalbum
kostenloses Downloadalbum


text:
iOS 9 wish-list
What we want to see!
iMore roundtable
Watch Event
Your weekly Apple Watch
FUD busting
Battle of the bands
Photography tips!
Make mine a Spinner
Through the Lens
The 2010 TiPb Awards are underway and it's time to vote on all your favorite social iPhone/iPad game of the year. You know what we're talking about. The ones where you pwn -- er, share with -- your friends. Where you try to oust them, out grow them, out shoot them, out build them, or just out spell them.
More →
YouTube Link
Lego Harry Potter Years 1-4 for iPhone and iPad is definitely a game any Harry Potter fan should check out. From the very beginning you'll be completely immersed in the magical world of Harry we've all come to know and love. You'll start the game off playing as Harry. As you progress, you'll unlock more characters to play as. The controls are easy to learn and before you know it you'll be casting spells, brewing potions, and zooming around on a broomstick!
Lego Harry Potter Years 1-4 is now available in the App Store for $4.99. It's a universal binary but they do warn that iPad owners will need to wait for iOS 4.2.
The game features most of the scenes from the first four installments of the epic series including the Triwizard Tournament, the Quidditch World Cup, the basilisk in the Chamber of Secrets and much more. Aside from that you can also play as over 100 different characters while completing tasks and flying around on brooms! The game also takes advantage of the iPhone 4's retina display for an even better gaming experience.
Your votes have been counted, your voices have been heard, and we're proud to announce the 2010 TiPb Readers Choice Award for Favorite Addictive iPhone/iPad Game goes to... Angry Birds!
From the creator of the classic first person shooters Wolfenstein, Doom, and Quake comes RAGE for iPhone and iPad. John Carmack and id Software have just released their first game designed solely for iOS. This gory FPS has all the blood, mayhem, and edge-of-your seat action that fans have come to expect from Carmack. The game has been designed with jaw dropping graphics and has a special HD version specifically made for the iPhone 4's retina display.
RAGE comes to your mobile device with the hit of the wastelands, Mutant Bash TV! This intense first-person rail shooter casts you in the starring role of a post-apocalyptic game show where you'll be stalked by hungry mutants while you scour pulse-pounding levels for ammo and cash pick-ups. Make a deal with J.K Stiles, the show's menacing host, and see if you have what it takes to survive this carnage-filled carnival of death!
A universal binary for the iPhone, iPod touch and the iPad, RAGE can be had in SD (standard definition) for $0.99 or HD (high definition) for only $1.99!! Will this be the killer iOS game of 2010? Check out the pictures and let us know what you think after the break!
[$0.99 - RAGE SD iTunes link | $1.99 - RAGE HD iTunes link]
The highly popular game Angry Birds has a sequel on the way. This isn't simply Angry Birds 2, however. Rovio CEO Peter Vesterbacka announced that it would be from the pigs point of view. Angry Pigs, perhaps?
In addition, Vesterbacka announced that they are working on a multiplayer version of Angry Birds.
Multiplayer Angry Birds will be like old school Worms games. Multiplayer is a priority, but we have not determined the best way for our players to experience it yet.
If you are a fan of anything Harry Potter then you should be happy to know that LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4 for iPhone and iPad will be hitting the App Store soon.
Unless you're a true Muggle, you already know this game will focus on Harry's first four years at Hogwarts and his struggle against you-know-who, but here are the details:
LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4 will bring the world of LEGO Harry Potter to life on the iPhone, iPod touch and iPad, giving gamers the power to play with LEGO characters and models in a brand new way. Based on the first four Harry Potter books and movies, LEGO Harry Potter builds on the foundations of previous LEGO videogames by offering a mix of fun, accessible gameplay and light-hearted humour – which appeals to all ages. Players will explore and feel as though they are 'at Hogwarts'.
Are you excited to see not only a LEGO game but a LEGO Harry Potter game hit the App Store? Tell us if you will soon have a new addicting game that you will be practicing your magic on in the comments below!
Check out a few sneak peek screenshots after the break!
We've seen iPhones used to control iPad games before but now it looks li Looks like our dreams of using our iPhones as a controller while playing iPad games on our TV are coming true. Big Bucket Software is the first to make it happen.
The Incident is a retro-style action game available on the iPhone and iPad that has a controller mode which allows use of your iPhone as a controller for the iPad. In their next update, you will be able to use your iPad as a console (with video out) so that you can play the game on your TV. This is very exciting and we can't wait to try it out.
Now it's time to dream further. Sure, using AirPlay to stream the game directly to Apple TV would be awesome, but it'd be even more awesome and much more elegant for Apple to open up the SDK of Apple TV and allow developers to make games that can be purchased directly with Apple TV. Pair this with Game Center, and Apple could make a decent competitor in the console business.
To see a video of The Incident in action, follow us after the break!
The 2010 TiPb Awards have begun and it's time to vote on all your favorites. This time it's for your favorite addictive iPhone/iPad game of the year. You know the type, you get it, you download it, you start to play it, you can't stop. You don't eat. You don't sleep. You. Just. Can't. Stop.
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Don't Let the Pigeon Stay up Late!
From Library Staff
A pigeon comes up with many reasons why he should not go to bed.
From the critics
Community Activity
Add a CommentI search for books to read with my grandchildren (most of whom enjoy my reading to them). This is a good book for that purpose (along with "Don't Let The Pigeon Drive The Bus). The kids, when asked if the pigeon should stay up, cry out with great glee, "NO!" The language is appropriate for preschool, and my grandkids want to join in the reading, as well. Very good book.
my 5 & 6 yr old kids love the pigeon books. Mo Willems is a great writer. Her also has books on the piggie and elephant.
Not nearly as funny as "Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus." Still very cute, and an excellent choice for read-alouds.
Loved the book as I knew I would, but also got a huge kick out of the background getting slowly darker as the story progressed. Genius!
Ever had a child who wanted to stay up late, here is all there excuses put into one lol.
Pigeon is back, and this time he wants to stay up late. And he goes through every excuse you ever gave your parents, or that your kids give you to achieve that goal. He even comes up with a few new ones.
A hilarious follow up to Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus. Funny, clever, and one parents will enjoy re-reading the million times they will be asked to.


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Getty Realty Corp. Announces Regular Quarterly Cash Dividend And Date For Annual Meeting Of Shareholders
Getty Realty Corp. (NYSE:GTY) announced today that its Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.20 per common share payable on April 10, 2014 to holders of record on March 28, 2014.
The Company also announced today that its annual meeting of shareholders will be held on Tuesday, May 13, 2014 at 3:30pm ET at the offices of JPMorgan Chase and Co., located at 277 Park Avenue, 17th Floor Conference Center, New York, NY. The record date for determining shareholders entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the annual meeting will be the close of business on Friday, March 28, 2014.
About Getty Realty Corp .
Getty Realty Corp. is the leading publicly traded real estate investment trust in the United States specializing in ownership, leasing and financing of convenience store/gas station properties. The Company owns and leases approximately 940 properties nationwide.
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Photo Gallery 107 BROOKHAVEN LANEHarvest, AL 35749 $169,500 Single Family Bed:3 Bath:3 Sqft:2,179 Lot:106X190X68X76 MLS#: 375613 This spacious 2 story brick colonial is clean like new, ready for you to move in. Three bedroom with 2 and 1/2 bath rooms with spacious formal living and dining rooms. Kitchen is open to the family ...Read More Courtesy Of Kier Real Estate More Featured Properties
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