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US 20070253495 A1 Abstract A communications channel may radiate energy undesirably, for example in the form of electromagnetic radiation, when a communication signal transmits over the communications channel. Processing the signal before and after transmission on the communications channel can reduce the level of radiated energy. Signal processing in advance of transmission over the communications channel can transform the communication signal into a waveform that has a reduced propensity to emit radiated energy during transmission over the communications channel. Exemplary signal transformations can involve applying either frequency-selective or broadband attenuation to the communication signal. Following transmission of the waveform over the communications channel, the original communication signal can be restored via reversing the signal transformation. The reverse transformation can comprise applying frequency-selective gain or broadband gain to the transmitted waveform.
Claims(67) 1. A method for reducing electromagnetic emissions associated with transmission of a signal from a first end of a communications channel to a second end of the communications channel, comprising the steps of:
attenuating components of the signal at the first end of the communications channel; and restoring the attenuated components of the signal at the second end of the communications channel. 2. The method of
wherein restoring the attenuated components comprises processing the transmitted signal at the second end of the communications channel. 3. The method of
4. The method of
wherein the step of attenuating components of the signal comprises attenuating a full range of the signal spectrum. 5. The method of
wherein the attenuating step comprises attenuating essentially all of the signal frequencies. 6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
wherein the method further comprises the step of transmitting the second signal over the communications channel, and wherein the restoring step comprises processing the transmitted second signal. 12. The method of
wherein the restoring step comprises countering signal distortion induced by the low-pass filter via processing the signal at the second end of the communications channel with a high-pass filter or an equalizer. 13. The method of
wherein the method further comprises the step of transmitting the second signal over the communications channel to the second end, and wherein the restoring step comprises reducing the intersymbol interference in response to amplifying the attenuated signal frequencies above the threshold frequency. 14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
wherein the attenuating step comprises attenuating components of a respective signal for each of the communications lines at the first end, and wherein the restoring step comprises restoring the attenuated components of the respective signal for each of the communications lines at the second end. 17. A method for upgrading a communications channel to provide a reduction in radiated emissions, comprising the steps of:
disposing a transmitter at a first end of the communications channel and a receiver at a second end of the communications channel; coupling a signal attenuator between an output of the transmitter and the first end of the communications channel; and coupling a signal amplifier between the second end of the communications channel and the receiver. 18. The method of
the transmitter feeding a communication signal to the signal attenuator; the signal attenuator attenuating frequencies of the communication signal that are above a threshold frequency and passing frequencies of the communication signal that are below the threshold frequency; coupling the attenuated and passed frequencies to the first end of the communications channel; the communications channel carrying the attenuated and passed frequencies to the signal amplifier; the signal amplifier amplifying the attenuated frequencies; and the receiver decoding the communication signal in response to receiving the amplified frequencies and the passed frequencies. 19. The method of
20. The method of
wherein the communications channel has a physical state that remains essentially constant before and after the upgrade. 21. The method of
wherein the first physical state and the second physical state are essentially uniform with respect to one another. 22. The method of
23. A communication method, comprising the steps of:
providing a first communication signal having a first eye diagram; providing a second communication signal, having a second eye diagram, in response to attenuating a selected frequency of the first communication signal; transmitting the second communication signal from a first end of a signal path to a second end of the signal path; and providing a third communication signal, having a third eye diagram, in response to amplifying the selected frequency of the transmitted second communication signal. 24. The communication method of
25. The communication method of
26. The communication method of
27. The communication method of
wherein amplifying the selected frequency of the transmitted second communication signal comprises applying gain to the selected frequency at the second end of the signal path. 28. A communication system comprising:
a first signal processor for coupling between an output of a transmitter and an first end of a transmission line; and a second signal processor for coupling between a second end of the transmission line and a receiver, wherein the first signal processor is operative to:
receive a first signal from the transmitter; and
produce a second signal, in response to attenuating frequencies of the first signal, for transmission on the transmission line, and
wherein the second signal processor is operative to:
receive the second signal from the transmission line; and
reproduce the first signal, in response to amplifying the attenuated frequencies, for reception by the receiver.
29. The communication method of
30. The communication method of
31. The communication method of
32. The communication method of
33. The communication method of
wherein reproducing the first signal comprises generating a third signal that carries the information payload with acceptable signal integrity. 34. A communication method, comprising the steps of:
providing a digital signal having a propensity to emit electromagnetic radiation in connection with transmission on a communication path; reducing the propensity to emit electromagnetic radiation in response to transforming the digital signal; and following transmission of the transformed digital signal on the communication path, essentially restoring the digital signal in response to reversing the transformation. 35. The communication method of
36. The communication method of
37. The communication method of
38. A signal processing method, comprising the steps of:
receiving a first signal that conveys information and that has a propensity to emit radiation during transmission over a communications channel; and in preparation for conveying the information over the communications channel, transforming the first signal into a second signal having a reduced propensity to emit radiation during transmission over the communications channel. 39. The signal processing method of
wherein the method further comprises the step of identifying the signal transformation to support reversing the signal transformation following transmission of the second signal over the communications channel. 40. The signal processing method of
wherein the method further comprises the step of noting the signal processing parameter to facilitate transforming the second signal to a facsimile of the first signal following transmission of the second signal over the communications channel. 41. The signal processing method of
42. The signal processing method of
43. The signal processing method of
wherein transforming the first signal into the second signal comprises smoothing a transition between the first discrete signal level and the second discrete signal level. 44. A signal processing system comprising an operable to:
receive from a signal source a communication signal that has a tendency to produce emissions of electromagnetic radiation from a communications channel during transmission of the communication signal over the communications channel; reduce the tendency in response to attenuating a selected frequency range of the received communication signal; and output the attenuated communication signal for transmission over the communications channel. 45. The signal processing system of
46. The signal processing system of
47. The signal processing system of
wherein the signal processing system further comprises an operability to pass the another frequency range. 48. The signal processing system of
wherein the signal processing system is further operable to pass the another frequency range. 49. The signal processing system of
process the output communication signal; and amplify the attenuated selected frequency range. 50. The signal processing system of
wherein the signal processing system further comprises an operability to amplify the attenuated frequency range at the second end. 51. The signal processing system of
wherein outputting the attenuated communication signal for transmission over the communications channel comprises feeding the attenuated communications signal to the first end, and wherein the signal processing system is further operable to receive a second communication signal arriving at the first end and to restore at least one attenuated frequency of the received second communication signal. 52. A method for reducing a radiated emission profile of a communication signal that comprises a first signal component and a second signal component, the method comprising the steps of:
determining that the first signal component contributes more to the radiated emission profile than does the second signal component; and removing the first signal component from the communication signal in preparation for transmitting the communication signal along a signal path. 53. The method of
54. The method of
wherein the method further comprising the step of
in response to the removing step, feeding the communication signal onto the first end of the signal path towards a integrated circuit that is disposed at the second end of the signal path and that is operative to restore the removed first signal component.
55. The method of
56. The method of
57. A signal processing method, comprising the steps of:
receiving a communication signal that has undergone a transformation to reduce radiated emissions during transmission over a communications channel; and processing the received communication signal to reverse the transformation. 58. The signal processing method of
wherein processing the received communication signal comprises amplifying the selected component. 59. The signal processing method of
wherein processing the received communication signal comprises amplifying the selected frequency band. 60. A communication method, comprising the steps of:
receiving a communication signal from which a signal component has been attenuated in advance of transmitting the communication signal over a communications channel; and amplifying the attenuated signal component. 61. The communication method of
62. The communication method of
63. The communication method of
wherein amplifying the attenuated signal component comprises enhancing sensitivity of a detector to the communication signal. 64. A communication system comprising an integrated circuit,
the integrated circuit operable to amplify a component of a communication signal that has been attenuated in advance of transmission of the communication signal over a communications channel, wherein the component of the communication signal is operable to induce radiated emissions associated with transmission over the communications channel. 65. The communication system of
66. The communication system of
67. The communication system of
Description This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/795,136, entitled �Method and System for Reducing Radiated Emissions from a Communications Channel� and filed Apr. 26, 2006, the entire contents which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to the field of communications, and more specifically to reducing radiated emissions from signals transmitting on a communications channel, such as a signal conductor, via processing the signals before and after transmission on the channel. Modern communication typically involves transmitting signals from one point to another point over, on, or through a communications channel or a signal path. The signals are encoded or imprinted with data (or analog information) so that transmission of the signals conveys data or information between the two points. The communications channel can comprise a wire, a cable, a conductive medium of copper or some metal that is embedded in or attached to an insulator or dielectric material, a transmission line, a trace on a printed circuit board or a ceramic substrate, a signal path, etc. The communications channel may carry digital or analog information between two points that are within a single enclosure or housing, that are on a common substrate, that are disposed across a room from one another, that may exist on a back plane, or that are remote with respect to one another, to list a few possibilities. For example, the communications channel can comprise a serial or parallel data bus in applications such as memory interfaces, video or display interfaces, or some other communications or computing context. Many conventional communications channels undesirably radiate a portion of the signal energy that transmits thereon. As signals flow along the communications channel, some signal energy may escape or spill out of the channel, typically transverse to or distinct from the intended direction of signal propagation. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to signals having high-frequency components. For example, digital signals often comprise high frequencies associated with transitions between digital states, e.g. �digital one� and �digital zero�. The high frequency signal components provide sharp (or short) �rise times� that help detector systems distinguish between the digital states to read or decode the information that the signals carry. As the frequency content of the communicated signal increases, the power or intensity of the associated electromagnetic (�EM�) radiation emitted from the channel also increases. As communication equipment and services evolve and become more sophisticated, communications channels are called upon to provide increased bandwidth or to carry more data. Increasing the communication speed to achieve expanded bandwidth typically involves transmitting higher signal frequencies. As discussed above, those higher frequencies are prone to causing the communications channel to emit radiation undesirably. Accordingly, as the bandwidth of the communicated signal is increased, typically for communicating data at a faster rate or for providing sharper rise times, the amount of EM radiation increases. For example, a conventional communications channel transmitting data at a rate on the order of 10 Giga bits per second (Gbps) or higher may emit a detrimental level of EM radiation. The increased radiation can be problematic for multiple reasons. First, the radiation can be received as noise by other electrical channels and circuits within the same device or operating in some proximity thereof. This noise can be severe enough to cause data errors in digital systems or to produce noticeable degradation in audio or video signal quality of an analog audio or video device. As a second problem, radiation emitted by a communications channel of a first device can be severe enough to be received as noise by a nearby second device. Devices having antennas are especially susceptible, as antennas are designed to pick up radio signals, which are a form of EM radiation. Exemplary second devices so impacted include mobile phones, global positioning sensor (�GPS�) receivers, televisions and radios receiving over-the-air signals through antennas, and wireless network communications devices (such as based on IEEE 802.11 standards). In such applications, the EM radiation emitted from the first device can cause a degraded signal or, in more severe cases, a loss of signal in the second device. A third problem associated with radiated emissions concerns compliance with communication regulations. To help prevent one communication device interfering with operation of another device, government entities such as the Federal Communication Commission (�FCC�) often impose limits on the EM power that a device is allowed to emit. Achieving product design initiatives while ensuring compliance with FCC regulations is often challenging for designs that rely on conventional technologies. Moreover, allowing EM power to radiate from a communications channel poses a risk of violating a government imposed limit. One conventional technology for confining EM radiation emitted from a channel involves physically shielding the channel via surrounding or encasing the channel in conductive material that blocks the emitted radiation. One disadvantage of such conventional shields is the physical space that the encasing and associated materials occupy. With a trend towards increasingly compact communication systems, for example in connection with handheld applications, the occupied space of such conventional shielding technologies can present a significant disadvantage. Another conventional approach to addressing radiated emissions involves differential signaling. In differential signaling, a pair of conductors (rather than just a single conductor and an associated ground) typically carry the electrical signal. The pair of conductors communicate a single signal by carrying both the intended signal and its negated (or antipodal or complementary) version. Each of the paired conductors emits radiation that is opposite of (or out of phase with respect to) its companion conductor. Consequently, the total radiation that the pair emits is relatively low, as the emitted radiation waves tend to cancel one another. While frequently effective in reducing EM radiation, differential signaling generally doubles the number of conductors (and associated electrical contacts) in a communications system. The resulting increase in components, costs, and complexity is often undesirable. Moreover, in many circumstances involving high-speed signals, differential signaling provides a less than adequate level of radiation suppression. To address these representative deficiencies in the art, what is needed is a capability for reducing radiated emissions from a communications channel or signal path. A further need exists for a capability to adapt or shape communication signals to provide signal waveforms that avoid emitting problematic radiation during transmission over a communications channel. Yet another need exists for a technology that can transform adapted or shaped communication signals back to their original state following transmission over a communications channel, thereby facilitating robust or low-error-rate detection. One more need exists for a system and/or method that can process a signal at the input and the output ends of a communications channel to reduce radiated emissions without adversely impacting reception, detection, encoding, or interpretation of the signal at the output end. Addressing or more of these needs (or some related deficit in the art) would facilitate higher data rates, more robust communications, smaller or more cost-effective communication or computing appliances, less interference, and/or a general advance in the communication and computing arts. The present invention supports reducing the amount of radiation that a communications channel emits in connection with transmitting communication signals over the channel. Reducing radiated emissions can facilitate enhanced bandwidth or data carrying capabilities, higher communication speed, less interference, and/or more robust operation, to mention just a few potential benefits. In one aspect of the present invention, a communications channel may have a propensity to radiate unwanted energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, when a communication signal transmits over, on, through, or in the communications channel. Among other possibilities, the communications channel can be a medium or a conductor that provides a signal path. For example, a communications channel can comprise one or more signal lines of a circuit board, backplane, wire, cable, computing device, or communication system (not an exhaustive list), wherein each signal line carries one or more signals. Processing a signal applied before and after transmitting the signal on the communications channel can reduce the level of energy radiated from the communications channel. Signal processing in advance of transmission over the communications channel can comprise transforming, modifying, shaping, adapting, altering, or distorting the communication signal to provide a changed signal. Among other possibilities, such signal processing can comprise attenuating, suppressing, or removing energy from one or more (or essentially all) frequencies of the communication signal. The changed signal can have a reduced propensity to produce radiated electromagnetic energy during propagation over the communications channel. Following transmission of the changed signal over the communications channel, the changed signal can be processed in manner that restores the communication signal, for example back to its original state or to some derivative thereof. The signal processing that occurs following transmission over the communications channel can comprise amplifying or adding energy to one or more (or essentially all) frequencies of the changed signal or otherwise reversing the signal transformation that was implemented at the input end of the communications channel. Accordingly, a digital or analog signal can be processed at an input end of a communication path so that the processed signal emits a reduced level of radiated emissions during propagation from the input end of the communication path to an output end of the communication path. At the output end of the communication path, a second application of signal processing can recreate or reproduce (in whole or in part) the digital or analog signal that existed prior to the signal processing implemented at the input end of the communication path. The discussion of reducing radiated emissions presented in this summary is for illustrative purposes only. Various aspects of the present invention may be more clearly understood and appreciated from a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and by reference to the drawings and the claims that follow. Moreover, other aspects, systems, methods, features, advantages, and objects of the present invention will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such aspects, systems, methods, features, advantages, and objects are to be included within this description, are to be within the scope of the present invention, and are to be protected by the accompanying claims. Many aspects of the invention can be better understood with reference to the above drawings. The elements and features shown in the drawings are not to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Moreover, certain dimensional aspects may be exaggerated to help visually convey such principles. In the drawings, reference numerals designate like or corresponding, but not necessarily identical, elements throughout the several views. The present invention supports managing, controlling, reducing, or addressing radiated emissions on one or more communication paths or channels of a communication system while avoiding communication errors. An exemplary embodiment of the present invention processes signals at each end of a communication path to promote low-emission signal transmission on one hand and low-error signal detection on the other hand. Such an embodiment can be viewed as providing a �virtual shield� that uses signal processing and/or electronics to reduce radiated emissions as an alternative to (or as a supplement to) to shrouding a conductor with a metallic shield. A device stationed at the input end of the channel can process signals flowing into the channel to promote signal transmission in the channel. More specifically, that input device can shape or transform the signals to provide a waveform that avoids radiating or spilling energy out of the channel while the signals propagate in the channel. A device at the opposite or output end of the channel can provide complementary signal processing that readies the output signal for reception. The output device can reverse or undo the signal shaping that occurred at the input end of the channel, thereby restoring the signal to its original form or quality. A communication signal can have features, such as sharp rise times, that support bandwidth via facilitating extraction of data or information from the signal at a detector. However, the signal features that are beneficial from a detection and decoding perspective can be detrimental from a transmission perspective. During transmission along a communication path, those signal features can cause energy to emanate undesirably from the communication path. To achieve low-emission transmission, one signal processing device can remove the signal features in preparation for transmitting the signal through the communication path. After the signal transmits through the communication path and in preparation for signal detection, another signal processing device can add the signal features back in to the signal. In other words, a device at an input end of a communication path can adapt a signal to improve the signal's transmission in the communication path. The signal adaptation can comprise removing signal features that induce radiation to emanate from the communication path. Since absence of the features could impair a receiver's ability to interpret the signal, a complementary device at the opposite end of the communication path can restore the removed signal features prior to signal reception. A method and apparatus for avoiding unwanted radiation of signal energy from a communications channel will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to The invention can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those having ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, all �examples� or �exemplary embodiments� given herein are intended to be non-limiting and among others supported by representations of the present invention. Turning now to In one exemplary embodiment, a single wire or conductor can provide a transmission medium for two or more communications channels 150, each communicating digital or analog information. Alternatively, multiple communications channels 150 can each have a dedicated transmission medium. For example, a circuit board can have multiple conductors in the form of circuit traces, with each trace providing a dedicated communications channel 150. Two integrated circuits (�IC�s) 120, 130 process the signals to reduce the amount of radiant energy that the communications channel 150 emits as a result of the signals flowing therein (or thereon). Each of the ICs 120, 130 can comprise a multichip module (�MCM�), a monolithic system that comprises a semiconductor material such as silicon or indium phosphide, a hybrid, or a semiconductor substrate having transistors attached or integrated thereto, for example. The ICs 120, 130 can comprise analog components, digital components, digital logic, microcontrollers, digital signal processing (�DSP�) capabilities, or analog signal processing capabilities, or some combination thereof, for example. In some exemplary embodiments, the system 100 can comprise a circuit board or a system or network of signal processing components for each of the ICs 120, 130. Accordingly, the exemplary system 150 comprises two signal processing devices or means 120, 130, one at each end of the communications channel 150, and those devices 120, 130 can be ICs (as illustrated) or other signal processing systems. In an exemplary embodiment, the IC 120, at the transmit end of the channel 150, reduces the high-frequency energy of the transmitted signal that is flowing into (or onto) the communications channel 150. Reducing the high-frequency content provides a proportional reduction in the amount or level of radiation emitted by the channel 150. While desirably reducing the amount of undesirable radiation emitted from the channel 150, a wholesale reduction of the high-frequency content can have an undesirable impact on signal reception, detection, and/or decoding. More specifically, the receiver 140 may struggle to reliably detect the resulting signal (with high frequency components suppressed or removed). To address and overcome this situation, the IC 130 counters, undoes, or reverses the distortions introduced by the IC 120. That is, the IC 130 reinserts the high-frequency content that the IC 120 removed. In other words, the IC 120 transforms the signal from the transmitter 110 to facilitate transmission with reduced emission of EM radiation. Following transmission over the communications channel 150, the IC 130 transforms the signal back into its original form (typically within some reasonable tolerance) to facilitate robust or error-free detection by the receiver 140. Thus, the output of the IC 130 is a high-fidelity signal that has carried information over the channel 150 with reduced EM emissions. In one exemplary embodiment that output is a digital signal. Alternatively, the output can be an analog signal. As the distortion or signal-processing transformation introduced by the IC 120 is known, the IC 130 is designed to counter or undo the distortion or transformation. In an exemplary embodiment, the IC 120 suppresses or attenuates certain high-frequency components of the signal, and the IC 130 amplifies those same high-frequency components. More specifically, the high-frequency suppression and the high-frequency amplification are implemented in the same (or similar) proportions so that the signal incident upon the receiver 140 has essentially the same shape (and/or frequency content) as the signal that the transmitter 110 emitted. Thus, the transformations on each end of the communications channel can be viewed as matched reciprocals, complements, or inverses of one another. The signal processing that the ICs 120, 130 implement can provide reduced EM emissions without physically modifying the communications channel 150. Thus, reduced emissions can be achieved without necessarily encasing the channel 150 in a conductive shield, such as a metallic tube, film, or tape, and without using complementary differential signals. However, in some instances, the signal processing discussed above can be applied to communication systems that comprise electrically conductive shields or that operate with differential signals. In one exemplary embodiment, the illustrated communications channel 150 comprises metallic shielding that covers at least some portion of the channel's conductors. In one exemplary embodiment, the communication system 100 operates with differential signals as discussed above. In such embodiments, the ICs 120, 130 can provide an enhanced level of performance, for example. In one exemplary embodiment, the communications channel 150 is unshielded or open, and the addition of the ICs 120, 130 expands the data carrying capabilities of that channel 150 (and the system 100 as a whole). Thus, an existing system can be upgraded from operating at a data rate less than 1 Gbps to operating at 2.5 Gbps, 5 Gbps, 10 Gbps, or some other expanded data rate. Turning now to The IC 120A at the transmitter end of the communications channel 150 attenuates the data signal output by the transmitter 110 via an application of broadband loss or broadband attenuation. That is, the attenuator 220 applies attenuation or scaling that is approximately constant or uniform over the frequency band of the data signal. Accordingly, the IC 120A outputs a signal onto the communications channel 150 that largely preserves the shape of the data signal, notwithstanding a scaling of the amplitude. In other words, the signal transmitting on the communications channel 150 has a reduced intensity relative to the signal output by the transmitter 110, and the intensity reduction is more-or-less uniform across that signal's range of frequencies. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such a broadband attenuation can be accomplished in a variety of means, including a passive resistive network or an active attenuator, for example an amplifier with less than unity gain. In other words, the attenuator 220 can be one or more commercially available components, chips, or elements (or features integrated to an IC substrate). One having ordinary skill in the art and the benefit of the present disclosure, including the text and the appended drawings, would be able to make, use, and implement the attenuator 120 based on that skill and that disclosure. Moreover, one of ordinary skill in the art would be able to readily make and use the other systems, devices, methods, steps, and technologies disclosed herein based on the present teachings, descriptions, and disclosure. Accordingly, production of any additional circuit schematics (beyond those already described as examples in the text and accompanying figures) is not considered necessary to make and use the present invention. Referring now to In another exemplary embodiment, the amplifier 230 comprises a limiting amplifier, such as an amplifier whose output swings from rail-to-rail. In the case of being a limiting amplifier, the amplifier 230 amplifies or applies gain to the transmitted signal while preventing the amplified signal from exceeding a predetermined signal level. That is, the limiting amplifier limits the intensity of the amplified signal to a predetermined level. The limiting amplifier embodiment can provide signal integrity benefits via reducing noise and signal ringing on the output of the IC 130A. Turning now to To obtain more high-frequency attenuation, the communication system 300 of In an exemplary embodiment, the low-pass filter 320 has a cutoff frequency sufficiently low that the output of the IC 120B is distorted in shape and exhibits intersymbol interference or increased data dependent jitter. The cutoff frequency can describe a transition frequency below which signal frequencies pass and above which signal frequencies are significantly suppressed. The eye diagram 450 of To restore the data signal at the receiver 140, the IC 130B removes intersymbol interference or data dependent jitter by countering or equalizing the effect of the low-pass filter 320 in the IC 120B. Specifically, the IC 130B comprises an equalizer 330 that boosts the high-frequencies in the data frequency band in a manner commensurate with the frequency dependent attenuation introduced by the IC 120B. Thus, the IC 130B reinserts the frequency content that the IC 120B removed or suppressed. In an exemplary embodiment, the composite response of the low-pass filter 320 and equalizer 330 provides an all-pass function over the frequency band of the data signal. In other words, the IC 130B removes the distortion introduced by the IC 120B via transforming the signal back into the original signal (with some deviation acceptable) that was output from the transmitter 110. Accordingly, an eye diagram of the signal output by the IC 130B could generally resemble the eye diagram 400 that In one exemplary embodiment, the IC 130B further comprises an optional limiting-amplifier (not explicitly illustrated in In one exemplary embodiment, the IC 130B comprises a high-pass filter as a substitute for the equalizer 330. Further, the equalizer 330 may comprise a high-pass filter. Such a high-pass filter can attenuate frequencies that are below a threshold frequency and amplify frequencies that are above the threshold frequency. The high-pass filter can also be viewed as providing frequency selective gain, wherein gain increases as a function of frequency. Turning now to With the communications channel 550 comprising a plurality of data lines, a set of first ICs 520 at the transmitter 510 can have a corresponding plurality of attenuators, each as discussed above with respect to In one exemplary embodiment, the system 500 comprises multiple instances of the system 200, disposed adjacent on another. In one exemplary embodiment, the transmitter 510 comprises multiple instances (or copies) of the transmitter 110, for example integrated in a common housing, chip module, package, or substrate. Likewise, the IC 520 can comprise multiple instances of the IC 120A; the IC 530 can comprise multiple instances of the IC 130A; and the receiver 540 can comprise multiple instances of the receiver 140. In such embodiments of the elements 510, 520, 530, and 540, the multiple instances can be collocated, commonly housed or packaged, or disposed on a common substrate. In many situations, the multiple instances can share circuitry elements, such as power supplies, ground lines, etc. Thus, the IC 520 can comprise multiple attenuators 220 or a single attenuation system that operates similar to multiple attenuators. Likewise, the IC 530 can comprise either multiple amplifiers 230 (which may be limiting amplifiers) or an amplification capability that amplifies multiple signals. Accordingly, the IC 520 and the IC 530 can each provide a combined or integrated functionality that compactly and efficiently operates like multiple ones of the respective ICs 120A, 130A. In one exemplary embodiment, the system 500 comprises multiple instances of the system 300 (see Similarly, the IC 530 can comprise multiple equalizers 330 that each processes signals from a respective line of the communications channel 550 and feeds processed signals to the receiver 540. The IC 530 can comprise multiple equalizers 330 in the form of a hybrid, a monolithic chip, an integrated circuit, an MCM, a system of discrete elements, a network of transistor-type devices embedded or integrated on a silicon substrate via semiconductor processing based on photolithography, etc. For many applications, implementing multiple equalizers 330 on a single substrate or in a single integrated circuit package, rather than as discrete elements mounted on a circuit board, can provide a size and cost reduction and can simplify system design and testing. Turning now to Connecting additional instances or copies of the system 600 can provide a wide variety of network topologies. For example, a plurality of the communication systems 600 can be linked together to form a ring, a hub-and-spokes architecture, or a mesh network. In the illustrated configuration, the system 600 can comprise two of the systems 200 illustrated in The IC 620 can comprise a low-pass filter 320 to process outgoing signals from the associated (nearby) transmitter 110 and an equalizer 330 to process incoming signals from the communications channel 650 that originated at the far transmitter 110. Similarly, the IC 630 can comprise a low-pass filter 320 and an equalizer 330 for processing incoming and outgoing signals. The ICs 620, 630 can comprise a monolithic integration, a hybrid integration, an MCM, discrete components attached to a common ceramic substrate or multilayer circuit board, or a traditional integrated circuit, for example. In one embodiment, the system 600 is based on the underlying architecture of the system 200. In this situation, the IC 620 and the IC 630 each comprises an attenuator 220 for attenuating outgoing signals to the channel 650 and an amplifier 230 for amplifying signals received from the channel 650. The IC 620 and the IC 630 can be essentially identical to one another, within manufacturing tolerances or specifications. In one exemplary embodiment (as illustrated), the communications channel 650 comprises a separate line for each communication direction. Alternatively, one communication medium can transmit signals in both directions (e.g. forward and backward). In such an embodiment, the communications channel 650 can be periodically dedicated to each transmission direction so that for any particular point in time, the channel 650 is actively transmitting in one direction only. However, in one embodiment, the communications channel 650 transmits in both directions concurrently so that incoming and outgoing signals may cross one another during transmission. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, two of the systems 500 are combined in back-to-back (or side-by-side) configuration to yield a bidirectional, multi-signal system. Thus, the system 600 of A process for managing or reducing radiated emissions of a communications channel will now be described. Certain steps in the processes described herein may naturally need to precede others for the present invention to function as described. However, the present invention is not limited to the order of the described steps if such order or sequence does not alter the functionality of the present invention. That is, it is recognized that some steps may be performed before or after other steps or in parallel with other steps without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Turning now to At step 705, the transmitter 110 outputs, generates, or otherwise provides a digital or an analog communication signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the transmitter 110 can be a system, device, circuit, or apparatus that produces, outputs, generates, or provides communication signals, typically having information or data encoded or imprinted thereon. At step 710, the IC 120B receives the communication signal from the transmitter 110. As discussed above, the communication signal typically has a desirable or open eye diagram and exhibits an acceptably or desirably low level of intersymbol interference. The IC 120B applies signal processing to the communication signal to create a transformed signal that is prone to providing reduced radiated emissions when propagating on the communications channel 150. At step 715, the transformed signal transmits over the communications channel 150, and radiated emissions are low during transmission. In an exemplary embodiment, emissions may be sufficiently controlled to support high data rates, for example in excess of 2.5 Gbps or 10 Gbps, with an unshielded or open embodiment of the communications channel 150. Such data rates can be sustained without violating applicable FCC regulations, for example. At step 720, the IC 130B processes the transformed signal that has transmitted over the communications channel 150, typically from end-to-end. The processing can comprise recreating or reproducing the communication signal that the transmitter 110 produced at step 705 above (or some facsimile or representation of that original signal). At step 725, the receiver 140 receives the recreated or reproduced communication signal from the IC 130B. The receiver 140 typically extracts information or data via decoding the recreated or reproduced communication signal. In one exemplary embodiment, process 700 ends following step 725. Alternatively, process 700 can loop back to step 705 to iterate steps 705-725. Accordingly, process 700 can support sustained or ongoing operation. The transmitter 110 can continue providing communication signals; the communications channel 150 can continue transmitting communication signals with decreased emissions; and the receiver 140 can continue decoding signals to provide transmitted data or information. Although a system in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention can comprise a circuit, integrated or otherwise, that reduces radiated emissions of a communication signal transmitting over a communications channel, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is not limited to this application and that the embodiments described herein are illustrative and not restrictive. Furthermore, it should be understood that various other alternatives to the exemplary embodiments of the invention described here may be employed in practicing the invention. Moreover, from the description, it will be appreciated that an embodiment of the present invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art. From the description of the exemplary embodiments, equivalents of the elements shown therein will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and ways of constructing other embodiments of the present invention will appear to practitioners of the art. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the claims that follow. Patent Citations
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Is Your Password Strong Enough? Check with Microsoft
The digital key for your online locker is not like physical key, which is hard to grab and duplicate. Whatever be your password, it can be copied out, no matter how long it is.
If you think your password is strong enough, and use the same everywhere, it is not a good practice. Cyber criminals steal passwords on websites that have very little security, and then they use that same password and user name in more secure environments, such as banking websites.
These are general guidelines, but you should not be casual while creating a password. Some sites provide you the strongness meter while typing, but not all. Desktop software lack in this.
Microsoft has an online password checker tool, that tell you its strength. It can classified as weak, medium, strong or best. The tool is available under Microsoft Safety & Security Center.
Password strength is determined using several signals. These may be
- Complexity of different characters used.
- String length.
- Occurrence in dictionary.
- Any sequences or general set of characters like 1234, QWERTY, asdfgh.
- A calendar date.
- Common words like admin, pass, pass123, etc.
Try a combination of them to have a great key. It may save you when you have no other way then to type the password in front of friends.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Benny Schnoodle
April 4th, 2007, 11:25 PM
Benny by the poolBenny Schnoodle April 4th, 2007, 11:25 PM 24188 24189 rainbow April 4th, 2007, 11:30 PM What a good looking boy Benny is. :lovestruck: TeriM April 5th, 2007, 12:30 AM What a cutie :lovestruck: . AliSam April 5th, 2007, 12:52 AM OMG! That tail is so cute. Dog Dancer April 5th, 2007, 12:54 PM Benny is quite the poser eh! He's very handsome. Will he go in the pool?? Benny Schnoodle April 5th, 2007, 01:16 PM Thanks for all the comments everyone and he will only swim inthe pool if me or my wife is in the pool but he otherwise likes the water baths and so on are ok with benny . |


text:
Tap Here to view the Mobile Optimized TFLN
After the sixth shot I started to slur my pauses.
You must be Logged in to post a comment
today is apparently the day for old, used jokes to make it on tfln. awesome?
Yay, this is from Houston bitches!!!
It's way better being a lightweight Less drinks to get you drunk means less money to spend on drinks I hate being a heavyweight...
It's sad some of you people are so religious with this fucking site you know what the repeats or 'rip offs' are.
Rip-off, sorry, not repeat.
In soviet russia, pause slurs you!
Real men don't use shot glasses.
Charles Rutherford says: u should put ur paws on my cock slurping my knob
Okay Stephen Wright, I can steal jokes too.
"(440): you were so drunk you slurred your pauses" from August.
This is a Steven Wright (the guy on the couch) quote from his standup
Goony goo goo. What the fuck is goony goo goo Gus?
Oh God. This sounds like me, I'm such a lightweight...it's pathetic.
pussy lightweight or that was 151 consumed..
Balls McLongcock says: Real men do shots of everclear
To 5:09(3) everclear is the shit
4:54 fucking awful, actually.
This one was on here already
That anonymous guy is right. Steven Wright coined this phrase. Fuck whoever submitted this or the one from before.
This is a repeat of one of the first texts I read here (august).
Oh I get it! It's funny because you can actually slur a pause! He is just exaggerating! -Jeff
Follow @tfln


text:
Edited By Kerry A. Dolan and Luisa Kroll
The Mellons. The Kennedys. The Rockefellers. You know the names already. Now Forbes has compiled the first comprehensive ranking of the richest families in America: 185 dynasties with fortunes of at least $1 billion. They're collectively worth $1.2 trillion. Many are working at increasing their fortunes. Others are merely sleepy heirs, several generations removed from their families' heydays. Nearly all have ties to some of the most storied businesses and brands in American history, including Jack Daniel's, L.L. Bean, Getty Oil, Hallmark and Budweiser Budweiser.
The wealthiest family in America, and also the world, is the Walton family, which includes the three living children of Wal-Mart Stores Wal-Mart Stores founder Sam Walton; the wife of his son John, who died in 2005 in a plane crash; and the two daughters of his brother James "Bud" Walton, who helped found the Arkansas retailer in 1962. They are worth $152 billion, $63 billion more than the second richest family, headed by the politically active and often controversial Koch brothers. The three richest families are worth $301 billion, one fourth of cumulative net worth of all the wealthiest families.
Unlike our flagship Forbes 400 list of America's richest and our World Billionaires ranks, which focus on individual or nuclear-family wealth, America's Richest Families includes multigenerational families of all sizes, ranging from just 2 brothers to the 3,500 members of the Du Pont clan. Families needed a combined net worth of $1 billion to make the cut. To compile this first list we looked at members of The Forbes 400, descendants of past or deceased Forbes 400 members, families behind the country's biggest private companies and dynasties that had fallen out of our ranks because the fortunes were too dispersed, for starters. (Note: We left out self-made entrepreneurs who founded their companies and already appear with their nuclear family on our Forbes 400. That includes Jack Taylor of Enterprise Rent-A-Car. Also absent are married couples like Tom & Judy Love).
To value their fortunes we added up their assets, including stakes in public and private companies, real estate, art and cash, and took into account estimates of debt. For those with publicly traded holdings, we used stock prices from the close of trading on June 20, 2014. We excluded any assets irrevocably pledged to charitable foundations. In cases where a company had been sold years ago, we applied a conservative rate of appreciation for the cash, after deducting for capital gains taxes. We attempted to vet these numbers with all the families or their representatives. Some cooperated; others didn't. Think we missed a clan? E-mail email@example.com, and we'll investigate.
Full List: The Richest Families In America
How To Blow $9 Billion: The Fallen Stroh Family
175 Years Later, The Mellons Have Never Been Richer. How'd They Do It?
For Savvy Durst Family, World Trade Center Deal Is A Pinnacle
The Gilded Age Family To Give It All Away: Why The Carnegies Aren't On Our List
How The $1 Billion Kennedy Family Fortune Defies Death And Taxes
Family Misfortunes: 8 Of America's Richest Clans And Their Bitter Fights Over Billions
Edited by: Kerry A. Dolan & Luisa Kroll with Abram Brown
Reported by: Dan Alexander, Emily Canal, Erin Carlyle , Liyan Chen, Agustino Fontevecchia , Chris Helman, Ryan Mac, Alex Morrell, Joann Muller, Andrea Murphy, Clare O'Connor, Carl O'Donnell, Natalie Robehmed, Katia Savchuk , Hollie Slade, Chloe Sorvino & Sandhya Subbarao
Research: Sue Radlauer


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Trainspotting | |
UK release poster | |
Directed by | Danny Boyle |
Produced by | Andrew Macdonald |
Screenplay by | John Hodge |
Based on | Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh |
Starring | Ewan McGregor Ewen Bremner Jonny Lee Miller Kevin McKidd Robert Carlyle Kelly Macdonald |
Narrated by | Ewan McGregor |
Cinematography | Brian Tufano |
Edited by | Masahiro Hirakubo |
Production company | |
Distributed by | PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (UK) Miramax Films (US) |
Release dates |
Running time | 93 minutes[1] |
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
Budget | £1,550,000[2] |
Box office | $72,000,000[citation needed] |
Trainspotting | |
UK release poster | |
Directed by | Danny Boyle |
Produced by | Andrew Macdonald |
Screenplay by | John Hodge |
Based on | Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh |
Starring | Ewan McGregor Ewen Bremner Jonny Lee Miller Kevin McKidd Robert Carlyle Kelly Macdonald |
Narrated by | Ewan McGregor |
Cinematography | Brian Tufano |
Edited by | Masahiro Hirakubo |
Production company | |
Distributed by | PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (UK) Miramax Films (US) |
Release dates |
Running time | 93 minutes[1] |
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
Budget | £1,550,000[2] |
Box office | $72,000,000[citation needed] |
Trainspotting is a 1996 British crime comedy drama film directed by Danny Boyle, and starring Ewan McGregor, Ewen Bremner, Jonny Lee Miller, Kevin McKidd, Robert Carlyle, and Kelly Macdonald. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Irvine Welsh. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 23 February 1996.
The Academy Award nominated screenplay, by John Hodge, follows a group of heroin addicts in a late 1980s economically depressed area of Edinburgh and their passage through life. Beyond drug addiction, other themes in the film are exploration of the urban poverty and squalor in "culturally rich" Edinburgh.[3]
The film has been ranked 10th by the British Film Institute (BFI) in its list of Top 100 British films of all time. In 2004 the film was voted the best Scottish film of all time in a general public poll.[4]
Heroin addicts Mark Renton and Daniel "Spud" Murphy are running down Edinburgh's Princes Street pursued by store security guards. Renton's circle of friends are introduced: amoral con artist Simon "Sick Boy" Williamson (also an addict), simple-minded, good-natured Daniel "Spud" Murphy, clean-cut athlete Tommy MacKenzie, and sociopath Francis "Franco" Begbie, who picks extremely violent fights with people who get in his way.
Renton decides to quit heroin and buys opium rectal suppositories from Mikey Forrester to ease the transition. After this final hit (and a violent spell of diarrhea caused by cessation of heroin) he locks himself into a cheap hotel room to endure withdrawal. He later goes with his friends to a club, finding that his sex drive has returned, and eventually leaves with a young woman named Diane. In the morning, he realises that Diane is a fifteen-year-old schoolgirl and that her "flatmates" are actually her parents. Horrified, Renton tries to shake the incident, but is forced to remain in touch after Diane blackmails him.
Sick Boy, Spud and Renton start using heroin again. Tommy, whose girlfriend dumped him after a chain of events initiated by Renton, begins using as well. One day the group's heroin-induced stupor is violently interrupted when Allison, their friend and fellow addict, discovers that her infant daughter Dawn has died from neglect without any of the group noticing. All are horrified, especially Sick Boy, who is implied to have secretly been Dawn's father.
Renton and Spud are caught stealing from a bookshop and arrested. Spud goes to prison, but Renton avoids punishment by entering a Drug Interventions Programme, where he is given methadone. Despite support from his family, Renton is depressed and bored, and escapes to his drug dealer's flat, where he nearly dies of an overdose. Renton's parents take him home and lock him in his old bedroom to force him through withdrawal. As Renton goes through severe withdrawal symptoms, he has nightmares of Diane singing on the bed, his friends giving him advice, Allison's dead baby crawling on the ceiling, and an imagined TV game show in which host Dale Winton asks Renton's parents questions about HIV.
Renton is finally roused from his nightmares and hallucinations by his parents, who tell him he needs to get tested. Despite years of sharing syringes with other addicts, Renton tests negative. Bored and depressed, he visits Tommy, who has succumbed to addiction and is now severely ill and HIV-positive. Renton moves to London and takes a job as a property letting agent. He begins to enjoy his new life of sobriety and saves up money on the side while corresponding with Diane. However, Begbie, who has committed an armed robbery, and Sick Boy, now a pimp and drug dealer, move into Renton's bedsit unannounced, to Renton's irritation.
In Edinburgh, Tommy dies from HIV-related toxoplasmosis and the three travel back to Scotland for his funeral. They meet Spud, who has been released from prison. Sick Boy suggests a lucrative but dangerous heroin transaction, but needs Renton to supply half of the initial £4,000. Renton injects himself with a sample to test the heroin's purity. The four sell the heroin to a dealer for £16,000. During their celebration at a pub, Renton secretly suggests to Spud that they steal the money, but Spud is too frightened of Begbie to consider it. Renton finally has enough of Begbie after witnessing him glass and then beat a man who accidentally spilt beer over him. Early in the morning as the others sleep, Renton quietly takes the money. Spud sees him leave but does not tell the others. When Begbie awakens, he destroys the hotel room in a violent rampage which attracts the police while Spud and Sick Boy flee. Renton vows to live a stable, traditional life, and leaves Spud £2,000.
The last scene of the film shows Spud discovering the £2,000 that Renton left him, and he smiles.
Producer Andrew Macdonald read Irvine Welsh's book on a plane in December 1993 and felt that it could be made into a film.[5] He turned it on to director Danny Boyle and writer John Hodge in February 1994.[6][7] Boyle was excited by its potential to be the "most energetic film you've ever seen – about something that ultimately ends up in purgatory or worse".[6] Hodge read it and made it his goal to "produce a screenplay which would seem to have a beginning, a middle and an end, would last 90 minutes and would convey at least some of the spirit and the content of the book".[7] Boyle convinced Welsh to let them option the rights to his book by writing him a letter stating that Hodge and Macdonald were "the two most important Scotsmen since Kenny Dalglish and Alex Ferguson".[5] Welsh remembered that originally the people wanting to option his book "wanted to make a po-faced piece of social realism like Christiane F or The Basketball Diaries".[5] He was impressed that Boyle, Hodge and Macdonald wanted everyone to see the film and "not just the arthouse audience".[5] In October 1994, Hodge, Boyle and Macdonald spent a lot of time discussing which chapters of the book would and would not translate into film. Hodge finished the first draft by December.[5] Macdonald secured financing from Channel 4, a British television station known for funding independent films.[6]
Pre-production began in April 1995 with Ewan McGregor cast in advance after impressing Boyle and Macdonald with his work on their previous film, Shallow Grave.[5] According to Boyle, for the role of Renton, they wanted somebody who had the quality "Michael Caine's got in Alfie and Malcolm McDowell's got in A Clockwork Orange" – a repulsive character with charm "that makes you feel deeply ambiguous about what he's doing".[6] McGregor shaved his head and lost 2 stone (almost 30 pounds) for the film.[6] Ewen Bremner had played Renton in the stage adaptation of Trainspotting and agreed to play the role of Spud. He said, "I felt that these characters were part of my heritage".[5] Boyle had heard about Jonny Lee Miller playing an American in the film Hackers and was impressed when he auditioned by doing a Sean Connery accent.[8] For the role of Begbie, Boyle thought about casting Christopher Eccleston because he resembled how the director imagined the character in the book, but decided to go a different route and asked Robert Carlyle instead. Carlyle said, "I've met loads of Begbies in my time. Wander round Glasgow on Saturday night and you've a good chance of running into Begbie".[8] For the role of Diane, Boyle wanted an actress with no previous experience "so no-one would twig that a 19-year-old was playing the part" of a 14-year-old.[8] The filmmakers sent flyers to nightclubs and boutiques and even approached people on the street, eventually hiring Kelly Macdonald.[8]
McGregor read books about crack and heroin to prepare for the role. He also went to Glasgow and met people from the Calton Athletic Recovery Group, an organisation of recovering heroin addicts. He was taught how to cook up heroin with a spoon using glucose powder.[9] McGregor considered injecting heroin to better understand the character, but eventually decided against it.[8]
Many of the book's stories and characters were dropped to create a cohesive script of adequate length. Danny Boyle had his actors prepare by making them watch older movies about rebellious youths like The Hustler, and A Clockwork Orange.[citation needed] and films with stylised cinematic such as 2001 A Space Odyssey and The Exorcist
Trainspotting was shot in mid-1995 over seven weeks on a budget of $2.5 million with the cast and crew working out of an abandoned cigarette factory in Glasgow. Due to a lack of budget and time constraints, most scenes were done in one take, which contributed to the grungy look of the film. For example, when Renton sinks into the floor after overdosing on heroin, the crew built a platform above a trap door and lowered the actor down.[6] The scene where Renton (McGregor) dives in a toilet is a reference to Thomas Pynchon's 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow. The faeces in the 'Worst Toilet in Scotland' scene were made from chocolate. For the look of the film, Boyle was influenced by the colours of Francis Bacon's paintings, which represented "a sort of in-between land – part reality, part fantasy".[8]
Macdonald worked with Miramax Films to sell the film as a British Pulp Fiction, flooding the market with postcards, posters, books, soundtrack albums, and a revamped music video for "Lust for Life" by Iggy Pop directed by Boyle.[6]
Upon its initial release in the United States, the first 20 minutes of Trainspotting were re-edited with alternative dialogue to allow the American audience to comprehend the strong Scottish accents and slang. In addition, to ensure that the film received an R rating, Boyle trimmed two scenes: a graphic display of a syringe filled with heroin being inserted into a vein and Kelly Macdonald straddling McGregor during an orgasm.[6] The original dialogue was later restored on the Criterion Collection laserdisc in 1997 and then on the re-release of the "Director's Cut (The Collector's Edition)" DVD in 2004.
Despite being set in Edinburgh, almost all of the film was shot in Glasgow, apart from the opening scenes, which were shot in Edinburgh, and the final scenes which were shot in London.[10]
Notable locations in the film include:
The Trainspotting soundtracks were two best-selling albums of music centred around the film. The first is a collection of songs featured in the film, while the second includes those left out from the first soundtrack and extra songs that inspired the filmmakers during production.
Trainspotting was screened at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival but was shown out of competition,[11] according to the filmmakers, due to its subject.[12] It went on to become the festival's one unqualified critical and popular hit.[13] The film made £12 million in the domestic market and $72 million internationally.[14] By the time it opened in North America, on 19 July 1996, the film had made more than $18 million in Britain. It initially opened in eight theatres and on its first weekend grossed $33,000 per screen.[6] The film finally made $16.4 million in North America.[15] Trainspotting was the highest-grossing British film of 1996, and at the time it was the fourth highest grossing British film in history.[16]
In Britain, Trainspotting garnered almost universal praise from critics. In his review for The Guardian, Derek Malcolm gave the film credit for tapping into the youth subculture of the time and felt that it was "acted out with a freedom of expression that's often astonishing."[17] Empire magazine gave the film five out of five stars and described the film as "something Britain can be proud of and Hollywood must be afraid of. If we Brits can make movies this good about subjects this horrific, what chance does Tinseltown have?"[18]
American film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and praised its portrayal of addicts' experiences with each other.[19] In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan wrote, "in McGregor ... the film has an actor whose magnetism monopolizes our attention no matter what".[20] Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Like Scorsese and Tarantino, Boyle uses pop songs as rhapsodic mood enhancers, though in his own ravey-hypnotic style. Whether he's staging a fumbly sex montage to Sleeper's version of Atomic or having Renton go cold turkey to the ominous slow build of Underworld's Dark and Long ... Trainspotting keeps us wired to the pulse of its characters' passions".[21] In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Trainspotting doesn't have much narrative holding it together. Nor does it really have the dramatic range to cope with such wild extremes. Most of it sticks to the same moderate pitch, with entertainment value enhanced by Mr. Boyle's savvy use of wide angles, bright colours, attractively clean compositions and a dynamic pop score".[22]
Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers wrote, "the film's flash can't disguise the emptiness of these blasted lives. Trainspotting is 90 minutes of raw power that Boyle and a bang-on cast inject right into the vein".[23] In his review for the Washington Post, Desson Howe wrote, "Without a doubt, this is the most provocative, enjoyable pop-cultural experience since Pulp Fiction".[24] Jonathan Rosenbaum, in his review for the Chicago Reader, wrote, "Like Twister and Independence Day, this movie is a theme-park ride – though it's a much better one, basically a series of youthful thrills, spills, chills, and swerves rather than a story intended to say very much".[25] Trainspotting has an 89% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes and an 83 metascore on Metacritic.
Its release sparked some controversy in some countries, including Britain, Australia and the United States, as to whether it promoted drug use or not. US Senator Bob Dole accused it of moral depravity and glorifying drug use during the 1996 US presidential campaign, although he later admitted that he had not seen the film.[26] Despite the controversy, it was widely praised and received a nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay in that year's Academy Awards. Time magazine ranked Trainspotting as the third best film of 1996.[27]
The film had an immediate impact on popular culture. In 1999, Trainspotting was ranked in the 10th spot by the British Film Institute (BFI) in its list of Top 100 British films of all time,[28] while in 2004 the magazine Total Film named it the fourth greatest British film of all time. The Observer polled several filmmakers and film critics who voted it the best British film in the last 25 years.[29] In 2004, the film was voted the best Scottish film of all time by the public in a poll for The List magazine.[30] Trainspotting has since developed a cult following.[31] It has also been recognised as an important piece of culture and film during the 1990s British cultural tour de force known as Cool Britannia. It was featured in the documentary Live Forever: The Rise and Fall of Brit Pop as well.
The cryptic film title is a reference to a scene (not included in the film) in the original book, where Begbie and Renton meet 'an auld drunkard' who turns out to be Begbie's estranged father, in the disused Leith Central railway station, which they are using as a toilet. He asks them if they are "trainspottin'."[32]
Irvine Welsh himself has explained in a Q&A that the title is also a reference to people thinking that the hobby of trainspotting makes no sense to non-participants. Likewise, the same applies to heroin addiction: to non-addicts the act seems completely pointless whereas, to someone hooked on heroin, it makes absolute sense.
Trainspotting was nominated for three British Academy Film Awards in 1995, including John Hodge for Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Film and Best British Film. Hodge won in his category.[33] Hodge also won Best Screenplay from the Evening Standard British Film Awards. The film won the Golden Space Needle (the award for Best Film) at the 1996 Seattle International Film Festival. Ewan McGregor was named Best Actor from the London Film Critics Circle, BAFTA Scotland Awards, and Empire magazine.[33] Hodge was also nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay but lost to Billy Bob Thornton's Sling Blade.
Boyle has declared his wish to make a sequel to Trainspotting which would take place nine years after the original film, based on Irvine Welsh's sequel, Porno. He was reportedly waiting until the original actors themselves aged visibly enough to portray the same characters, ravaged by time; Boyle joked that the natural vanity of actors would make it a long wait. Ewan McGregor stated in an interview that he would return for a sequel, saying "I'm totally up for it. I'd be so chuffed to be back on set with everybody and I think it would be an extraordinary experience.".[34]
In 2013, Boyle said he wants to make a sequel that would be loosely based on Porno which he has described as "not a great book in the way that Trainspotting, the original novel, is genuinely a masterpiece". Boyle says that if the sequel happens 2016 would be the release.[35]
In July 2013 at the San Diego Comic-Con, Carlyle confirmed that the sequel will happen.
In an interview for Detail magazine, McGregor said the following regarding the sequel: "It looks like it might happen. The idea is that we shoot it in 2016, which would be 20 years after the original came out."
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Trainspotting (film) |


text:
We are the San Francisco Hash House Harriers, a drinking club with a running problem. We have been regularly terrorizing tourists and traipsing trails since 1982, and have no intention of cooling our heels anytime soon.
We meet rain or shine on Monday nights at 6:15 pm for a bit of running and beer (The running starts between 6:30 pm and 6:45 pm), so lace up those old running shoes and join us!
Check the Hareline for upcumming runs or look below for our next event. Or, call our hotline: 415-ON-BEERS (415-662-3377).
New to hashing? Click here for more information and what to expect.
Questions? Send an e-mail to our GMs.
Basically, what happened was ... we mistakenly got the vindaloo and jalfrezi when we knew we wanted the tikka masala and paneer. And so, without regret, return we must, and this time surely we will get the order correct. Maybe they will still have that marvelous Simtra on tap ...
On On!


text:
The Tao of Linux Security: the Five Phases of a Secure Deployment
Using the phases of the tao in your builds is the first step. This simple, ordered strategy will get you to a more secure place with your systems; however, each system is unique. Make sure your security goals match your system. Security is not difficult. Use simple and repeatable processes, stay informed of best practices and common vulnerabilities, exercise least privilege wherever possible, regularly review your logs, and you will find yourself on the Path.
Debian Security Manual: www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto
Fedora 7 Security Wiki: fedoraproject.org/wiki/Security
Bastille-Linux: bastille-linux.sourceforge.net
Center for Internet Security: www.cisecurity.org
Splunk: www.splunk.com
Jeramiah Bowling has been a systems administrator and network engineer for more than ten years. He works for an accounting and auditing firm in Hunt Valley, Maryland, and holds numerous industry certifications, including CISSP and Linux+. Your comments are welcome at email@example.com.
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Thank a lot, i thing this is wonderfull
As Linux continues to play an ever increasing role in corporate data centers and institutions, ensuring the integrity and protection of these systems must be a priority. With 60% of the world's websites and an increasing share of organization's mission-critical workloads running on Linux, failing to stop malware and other advanced threats on Linux can increasingly impact an organization's reputation and bottom line.
Sponsored by Bit9
Most companies incorporate backup procedures for critical data, which can be restored quickly if a loss occurs. However, fewer companies are prepared for catastrophic system failures, in which they lose all data, the entire operating system, applications, settings, patches and more, reducing their system(s) to "bare metal." After all, before data can be restored to a system, there must be a system to restore it to.
In this one hour webinar, learn how to enhance your existing backup strategies for better disaster recovery preparedness using Storix System Backup Administrator (SBAdmin), a highly flexible bare-metal recovery solution for UNIX and Linux systems.
Sponsored by Storix
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text:
The Maui project have released a completely new Wayland powered desktop named Hawaii 0.2, which promises to bring a new generation of desktop experience for GNU/Linux users. This desktop promises to bring a completely new out of box experience GNU experience for users and ships the latest and greatest open source software out there. The desktop environment uses Qt 5.2 as the toolkit backed by qtwayland module. Some other striking features of this release are:
- Wayland 1.3 and Weston 1.3
- Dconf
- Polkit-Qt-1 with Qt 5 support
The desktop has an interactive app launcher, a brand new shell, panels and aims to provide all important services to make the desktop usable. Users will be amazed by the responsive user interface, multi-screen support, notification bubbles, click through notifications, lock screen and custom theming support.
There are no ISOs available yet, but if you are impatient enough, you can build it directly from source. Much unlike other desktop environments which rely on age old X Windows System, Hawaii is fully capable of running in Wayland. Popular desktop environments like Gnome, KDE etc have been planned to be ported soon in Wayland, but significant work hasn't been done yet.


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Extremely fast & FREE shipping, the best prices I have found on the net. All that AND great customer service, fast communication and order...Read More ->
I was looking all over for spider thread and everyone was out of stock. I decided to order from MJM after hearing about them on Penguin Magic. They...Read More ->


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Movies, TV & Showtimes
Celebs, Events & Photos
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Over 200,000 Hollywood insiders
Enhance your IMDb Page
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at Amazon
Apart from the fact that the picture of the R-Rated version was changed to 4:3, there are missing some explicit shots and two further story extensions. In total the Unrated Version runs approx. 3 minutes longer than the R-Rated cut. A detailed comparison between both versions with pictures can be found here.


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Article Preview
Northwestern golfers shine at regions
Published 10/03/2013, Duluth News Tribune
Molly Lattery and Reggie Semanko went 1-2 to lead Northwestern to the Wisconsin Division 2 region team title Wednesday at Cumberland (Wis.) Golf Club.
Word count: 73Log In
The full article is available to newspaper subscribers. If you are a subscriber please log in to continue reading.


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Room 3 - NAQT - Sunday - Game 21 - Cistercian-A vs. LASA-A
May 27, 2012
CONTENTSMEDIAHeadlinesLive BroadcastsArchived BroadcastsVideo ClipsPhoto GalleriesAnnouncementsTournamentsContent PagesDocumentsForumsPollsScoreboardContact UsRSS FeedIHIGH LINKS |
Archived BroadcastsRoom 3 - NAQT - Sunday - Game 21 - Cistercian-A vs. LASA-AMay 27, 2012
7:00 AM EDT NAQT- Match #19- Sunday Elimination Round( LASA A vs. Ladue A)May 27, 2012
6:00 AM EDT NAQT-Match #9- Room 1- High School National Championships ( Dorman A vs. LASA A)May 26, 2012
10:30 AM EDT Room 3 - NAQT - Day 1 - Game 8 - Torrey Pines vs. LASA - AMay 26, 2012
10:00 AM EDT NAQT Awards Ceremony- National Championships High School DivisionMay 29, 2011
4:00 PM EDT NAQT National Championships- Atlanta, GA Sunday QTR FINAL MATCH- LASA (A )vs BellarmineMay 29, 2011
2:40 PM EDT School News���
Recent Stories Courtesy of Google NewsMaryland and New Jersey High School Scientists Win Regional Siemens ...
Nov 15, 2014 •
Business Wire (press release)
Molly Zhang is the individual category winner of the Siemens Competition regional event held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She advances to the National Finals in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Business Wire) ... More
Area high schools receive top rankings
Nov 20, 2014 •
AUSTIN -- New rankings released by Niche rank three Central Texas high schools among the top schools in the state, with two taking top honors nationally. The rankings have Westlake High School as the best high school in Texas, and seventh best in the ... More
Dallas-Fort Worth dominates list of best public high schools in Texas
Nov 21, 2014 •
CultureMap Dallas
Dallas' School for the Talented & Gifted ranked third in the state behind Westlake High School and Austin's Liberal Arts & Science Academy, and it landed at No. 15 nationally thanks to A+ marks in academics, teachers, and student culture and diversity. More
Growing Pains: Emily Hagins became a household Austin name for her work as ...
Oct 31, 2013 •
Austin Chronicle
As a student at the Liberal Arts & Science Academy at LBJ High School, Hagins received a proper film education – and found resources – which benefited her third movie, the Twilight-influenced vampire horror/comedy My Sucky Teen Romance. .... She gushes ... More
Hughes @ Juniata H+ Conference
Sep 18, 2013 •
Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
Alison Earnhart, Liberal Arts & Science Academy of Austin, Texas "Welcome to Our Transhuman Futures". Anind Dey, Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie-Mellon University "Social Consequences of Life-logging and other Forms of Ubicomp". More
Austin Youth Council gives local students a voice
Dec 14, 2012 •
Community Impact Newspaper
Austin Mayor Lee Leffingwell and the City of Austin established the youth council in 2011 to give youth opportunities to be heard. The group held its first general assembly meeting in September, elected council members and sought input on discussion ... More
Six Houston high schools among top 100 in the U.S.
Apr 24, 2013 •
Houston Chronicle
U.S. News & World Report has come out with its 2013 list of best public high schools, and Texas claims 15 spots among the top 100. No. 1 among more ... Austin's single listing in the top 100 is No. 68, Liberal Arts & Science Academy. There are a bunch ... More
Enrollment Stalling, IDEA Gets Magnetic: IDEA begins recruiting districtwide ...
Apr 12, 2012 •
Austin Chronicle
Last fall, when the Austin Independent School District first proposed handing campuses over to IDEA Public Schools, it was sold to parents and trustees as a way to save the Eastside Memorial Vertical Team. Now the district argues that the IDEA Allan ... More
Photo Galleries |
PartnerLocal Weather |


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UCLA Administrative Assistant Interview Questions
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
Interviews for Top Jobs at UCLA
- Graduate Student Researcher (8)
- Research Assistant (5)
- Administrative Specialist (4)
- Administrative Assistant (3)
- Assistant Researcher (3)
- Graduate Student (3)
- Resident Assistant (3)
- Postdoctoral Researcher (3)
- Postdoctoral Scholar (2)
- Technician (2)
- Postdoctoral Research Associate (2)
- Administrative Analyst (2)
- Graduate Research Assistant (2)
- Ph D Student (2)
- Administrative Assistant III (2)
- Marketing (2)
- Student Assistant (2)
- Student Consultant (1)
- Scientific Research Associate III (1)
- Specialist (1)
- Faculty Assistant (1)
- Research Scientist (1)
- Human Resources (1)
- Program Representative (1)
- Programming Assistant (1)
- Project Director (1)
- Director (1)
- Desktop Analyst (1)
- Desktop Support Analyst (1)
Administrative Assistant Interview
Found it on the listing. Just behavioral questions and it was actually mostly conversational
- How do you manage your time? Answer Question
Other Interview Reviews for UCLA
Administrative Assistant Interview
Application DetailsI applied through college or university – interviewed at UCLA in September 2013.
Interview DetailsI applied through the UCLA job portal website for students and was contacted through email about 1.5 weeks later asking to come in for an in-person interview. The interview was pretty simple and straight forward, and the supervisor was very friendly! A week after I interviewed, I was offered the position via email.
Interview Questions- How will your past job experience allow you to succeed in this roll? Answer Question
Negotiation DetailsNo negotiation since the salary was pretty high.Accepted OfferPositive ExperienceAverage Interview -
Administrative Assistant Interview
Application DetailsI applied online. The process took a day – interviewed at UCLA in January 2008.
Interview DetailsThis was an assistant position in the UCLA School of Theatre Television and Film. Was told I was overqualified but to my background as a TV news producer and public relations manager. Although the University is huge, the department is rather small relatively speaking and seemed very underfunded and behind the times as far as office equipment, administration, and processes.
Interview Questions- What can you bring to the position? View Answer
- What are your professional goals for the future. View Answer
No OfferNeutral ExperienceAverage Interview


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Advanced Search
Project Cargo Bi-Annual
Georgia Ports
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Message: Europe ash cloud dents Gulf Arab luxury food supply A Gulf Arab airline ditched a massive cargo of fresh fish and the desert region's supermarkets are fretting over fruit and vegetable imports trapped in a backlog of flights created by Europe's ash cloud. As European air space reopens to fligh Read Full Article: http://www.ajot.com/news/europe-ash-cloud-dents-gulf-arab-luxury-food-supply


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What does FTFW mean in Telecom?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand FTFW in the Computing field in general and in the Telecom terminology in particular.
Find a translation for FTFW in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this FTFW abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"FTFW." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/509486>.
FTFW also stands for:
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Berkeley's great record of show experience includes everything from a win at Young Jumper Finals in Kentucky to Junior Hunter appearances at Indoors and trips to the Maclay Regional Medal Finals. She is educated and dependable and puts her heart into every outing. She is available for lease and seller will consider a short-term arrangement.
Berkeley is a beautiful horse with style for any ring. She has the education and rideability for equitation and the quiet appeal of a trusted jr/am hunter. She is very brave to the fences, will jump around in any ring, and is the same reliable competitor both indoors & out. She lives to please her rider and does exactly what she is told to do. She goes best for those that are quiet with their aids and generally correct in their decisions.
Berkeley is a kind and intelligent horse that loves her people and likes to connect with them. She is even-tempered, gentle, and easy to work with. She is well-schooled and should not require much professional riding if in a good lesson program. She likes to trail ride and loves her free time in turnout.
Leslie Carter, Highland Farm
501-772-3131, email@example.com
(Click show to view other sale horses in attendance)
The advertising copy has been created by The Exchange and approved by the seller. It has not been verified and The Exchange is not responsible for any erroneous or misleading information.
Horses listed with The Exchange are offered for sale by their owners, trainers and/or agents, and not by The Exchange. Advertising copy is created by The Exchange from descriptions given by sellers: It is not verified by The Exchange nor is The Exchange responsible for any erroneous or misleading information. As with any equine purchase the Buyer is ultimately responsible for verifying claims made by the Seller, determining suitability of the animal for their needs, and ensuring proper health & soundness. A PrePurchase Veterinary Exam is strongly recommended for all equine purchases.
Someone will be in contact with you shortly. Be sure to let us know if you have any trouble reaching a seller.
The Exchange produces multimedia marketing campaigns for quality Hunter-Jumper sale horses. We specialize in show horses suitable for competition on USEF "A" and "AA" rated circuits in the Hunter, Jumper, Equitation, & Pony rings. Our listings range from Short Stirrup veterans & quality green prospects to Grand Prix Jumpers & Regular Working Hunters, with a large selection of proven junior & amateur mounts.
View our Privacy Policy ~ All Content Copyright Eohippus, LLC 2015
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Dictionarywa•ter•fowlPronunciation: (wô'tur-foul", wot'ur-), Strict Standards: Non-static method FenSites::linkTo() should not be called statically in /site/html/dictionary/waterfowl.html on line 75 [key] —n., —pl. -fowls, (esp. collectively) -fowl. 1. a water bird, esp. a swimming bird. 2. such birds taken collectively, esp. the swans, geese, and ducks. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
See also:


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This is a great spot for the different burger. They offer over 10 different kinds of filling, with many more "relishes" for toppings. It is on the expensive side for a nice lunch, but the food is solid. I enjoyed the turkey burger and my wife had the salad, which for 13 bucks was enormous. But again, it was mostly lettuce. We'd also recommend the mac and cheese bites. Very good!
If you own or manage Relish, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


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sports and b2c company needs telemarketers
Closed - This job posting has been filled and work has been completed.
Job Description
two long term campaigns
each with 5 callers
each caller is expected to generate 50 leads per day
a lead is anyone who says 'yes' to our offer to send them a free ebook about the industry. yes this is simple
this is a long term, 40 hour per week job.


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... DIAB combines stunning 3D effects with key server performance counters to enable Database Managers to easily resolve problems. ...
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text:
Find a copy online
Links to this item
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Finding libraries that hold this item...
Material Type: | Document, Internet resource |
Document Type: | Internet Resource, Computer File |
All Authors / Contributors: |
Dennis Nicholson; Research Support Libraries Programme.; Scottish Collections Network Extension (Project); Consortium of University Research Libraries.; University of Strathclyde. Centre for Digital Library Research. |
OCLC Number: | 52216036 |
Notes: | At head of each page: "Extending the Scottish collections network: final report of the RSLP SCONE project, Annexe A.3." Title from title screen. |
Details: | Mode of access: World Wide Web.; System requirements: Plug-in viewer for Adobe Acrobat PDF documents. |
Other Titles: | Extending the Scottish collections network. |
Responsibility: | Dennis Nicholson. |
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Comment: Re:The answer is 42, er...I mean, encryption. (Score 1) 239
In end to end encryption, my end point is my computing device, not my provider.
I guess it would be nice if they also encrypted everything within their network (would maybe hide some routing information from listeners?), but that would not be sufficient.


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Name of product | IPOP0102 | ||
Color | A (Zorro) B (Sanji) C (chopper) D (ACE) E (white beard) F (Shanks) G (Hancock) H (low) I (Blackbeard) |
Material | Marker (iron) and stone (acrylic) | ||
Remarks | This product is a green marker. Another clip Please note will be up for sale. |
Credit Card | We accept credit and debit cards. The following credit and debit cards can be used: •Visa •MasterCard •American Express •JCB •others |
PayPal | We accept PayPal. After receiving the order confirmation e-mail, please proceed with the PayPal payment. Note *Please note that if payment through PayPal is not confirmed by the date indicated in the e-mail, your order will be automatically cancelled. |
Our shop is NOT duty-free shop, the price is include consumption tax in Japan.
Start Date: 01/02/2015 00:00 JST
End Date: 30/04/2015 23:59 JST
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


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Shop our Pop-In collab with Topshop and Topman.
Exclusive finds with a new theme each month.
Shop: Pop-In
Our director of creative projects shares what she's into.
Read More
Stay updated with a steady stream of new info.
A satiny underlay highlights the shadowy, cap-sleeve lace yoke atop a rich sheath styled with a crisp peplum waist for architectural dimension.
Watch the video: Dress Fit Fundamentals
Learn More: The Best Dress for Your Body Type


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Portland in Three Centuries
The Place and the People
From Library Staff
Brief but nonetheless information-rich history of Portland, with illustrations on nearly every page (and with a helpful bibliographic essay pointing to further Portland history reading).
A breezy but cogent overview of our city's history -- a little more than 200 years of Portland stories in less than 200 pages.
A compact and comprehensive history of Portland from first European contact to the twenty-first century, Portland in Three Centuries/ introduces the women and men who have shaped Oregon's largest city.