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US 5552076 A Abstract An electrorheological fluid that includes a dispersed particulate phase of anhydrous amorphous ceramic particles. The anhydrous amorphous ceramic particles can be of a very precisely tailored composition that is unavailable in crystalline form, for obtaining enhanced electrorheological response. The amorphous particles are substantially free of water when used, and have reduced tendency to absorb water in use. Accordingly, the electrorheological fluid containing anhydrous amorphous electrorheologically responsive ceramic particles has wide applicability for use, and enhanced durability in such use.
Claims(5) 1. An electrorheological fluid comprising:
an electrically nonconductive non-polar liquid phase; and a dispersed particulate phase of amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic particles of a sodium-aluminosilicophosphate having the following chemical composition: A.sub.(a/n) D.sub.(d/m)[(FOi)x (GOj)y ROk) z ]wH2 O where: A is principally sodium of valence charge n; D is an anion of valence charge m; or is a mixture of anions of average valence charge m; F is essentially aluminum; G is essentially silicon; R is essentially phosphorus; O is essentially oxygen; a and d are respective real number multipliers of A and D, provided that a cannot be zero; and i, j, k, x, y, and z each is any real number, not including zero and w is any low number resulting from two heat treatments of the amorphous material at a temperature of about 400 to 600 degrees Celsius for at least about five hours in each heat treatment. 2. An electrorheological fluid comprising: an electrically nonconductive non-polar phase; and a dispersed particulate phase of amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic particles of silver-aluminosilicate.
3. An electrorheological fluid comprising: an electrically nonconductive non-polar phase; and a dispersed particulate phase of amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic particles of potassium yttriumilicate.
4. An electrorheological fluid comprising: an electrically nonconductive non-polar phase; and a dispersed particulate phase of amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic particles of potassium boroaluminosilicate.
5. An electrorheological fluid as defined in claim 1 wherein:
O includes minor proportions of at least one element selected from the class consisting of nitrogen and sulfur. Description Present invention relates to fluid compositions which demonstrate significant changes in viscosity under the influence of an electric field. It more particularly relates to improvements in a dispersed phase of an electrorheological fluid. A fluid that exhibits changes in viscosity under the influence of an electric field is referred to herein as "an electrorheological fluid". An "electrorheological response" is a phenomenon in which the rheology of a fluid is modified by the imposition of an electrical field. Electrorheological fluids have been known for several decades. A wide variety of such fluids are known in the art. They are also sometimes referred to as electroviscous fluids. It is generally known that electrorheological, or electroviscous, fluids exhibit pronounced resistance to shear, due to the changes in viscosity, in response to application of an electrical field. Electrorheological fluids generally comprise suspensions of finely divided particles, often crystalline particles, that intentionally contain a certain amount of absorbed water. The suspensions are dispersions of such particles in an electrically non-conductive and non-polar liquid. The presence of the water in or on the dispersed particles has been generally acknowledged to be very important in achieving a significant change in viscosity under the influence of the applied electric field. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,047,507 Winslow teaches the addition of excess or absorbed water. In explaining mechanistically the role of the absorbed water, it is postulated that the presence of the absorbed water in or on the particulate material is necessary. It is described as necessary to promote ionization, and thus allow charges to move freely on the surface of the particles when an electric field is imposed. Except for silica gels, and the like, prior ceramic particle dispersions were of finely divided crystalline particles. Silica gels can be considered to be an amorphous ceramic but they are highly hydrated. As indicated above, water in or on the ceramic particles, whether amorphous or crystalline, has been considered by many to be an important factor that influences magnitude of electrorheological effect. In other words, electroviscosity has been considered by many to be dependent upon water content in or on the dispersed finely divided ceramic particles. Various techniques have been proposed for controlling water content in prior art crystalline particulate materials. One exception to the foregoing is the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,914 Filisko et al. Filisko et al. teach that water content in a crystalline material varies with temperature, and that this variability can provide a variable electrorheological response. Filisko et al. propose an electrorheological fluid having a dispersed phase of a particular crystalline zeolite that is substantially free of adsorbed water. The suspending dielectric fluid is dry, as well as the suspended particles. Hence, little or no water can be lost when the suspension is used above room temperature. Accordingly, the Filisko et al. electrorheological fluid is more stable during use at elevated temperatures. This is particularly important in the automobile industry, which generally requires products to be stable over a temperature range of about -40� to +140� C. Zeolites are a particular crystalline form of aluminosilicates. However, heretofore, the electrorheological advantages of using anhydrous amorphous ceramic particles as the dispersed phase in an electrorheological fluid have not been recognized. It appears that there may even be special advantages to be obtained with anhydrous amorphous particles produced from a gel or solgel that is rapidly dried. Amorphous materials are not limited to only those compositions which will precipitate or solidify into a crystalline form. Amorphous materials can thus have virtually any composition. This opens the door to the investigation of a wide variety of synthetic ceramic compositions for enhanced electrorheological effects. Even though this recognition is new, enhanced electrorheological effects have already been found. However, it is believed that the work done in this connection is only beginning. This invention makes available the opportunity to very precisely "tailor" the composition of the dispersed particles. Results obtained to date indicate that even more electrorheologically effective anhydrous amorphous materials, and/or anhydrous amorphous material/dielectric fluid combinations, may be found in the future. As indicated, we have found that dispersed particles of many amorphous ceramic compositions exhibit significant electrorheological response even when substantially free of water. Thus, like the crystalline zeolites disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,914 Filisko et al., anhydrous amorphous ceramics can be used in electrorheological fluids at elevated temperatures. This makes them useful in a significant wide variety of applications. Still further, it is to be recognized that dry materials have a natural tendency to eventually absorb, or re-absorb, water to some extent. However, we have found that anhydrous amorphous ceramic compositions have a decidedly lesser tendency to adsorb, or re-absorb, water than their crystalline counterparts. This can be a very important attribute. Absorption of water by the dispersed particles in an electrorheological fluid can cause the fluid to change its electrorheological response. In other words, the response of the fluid is not stable over time. This is a durability problem. In some applications, as for example automotive applications, long durability is of significant concern. In that sense, this invention can be considered to be a specific improvement on the concepts taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,914 Filisko et al. A wide variety of substantially dry amorphous ceramic compositions will apparently exhibit a significant electrorheological response. This makes them inherently more useful in a wider variety of applications, including automotive applications and other elevated temperature applications. Still another attribute of this invention may be realized in a particular method of recovering amorphous particles from a gel or solgel in which they are formed. Tests made thus far indicate that selected compositions of pyrolytically dried gel or solgels provide amorphous ceramic particles of significantly enhanced electrorheological response. It is an object of this invention to provide an improved electrorheological fluid. It is another object of this invention to provide an electrorheological fluid having a substantially dry amorphous ceramic particulate phase. It is still another object of this invention to provide a method of making amorphous particles for an electrorheological fluid. It is a further object to provide improved compositions for use as either amorphous or crystalline particles in an electrorheological fluid. These and other objects, features, and advantages of this invention are obtained with an electrorheological fluid containing a substantially water-free amorphous ceramic particulate phase dispersed in a substantially non-polar and electrically nonconducting fluid. Preferably, the amorphous ceramic has the following chemical composition: A.sub.(a/n) D.sub.(d/m) [(FOi)x (GOj)y ROk) z ]wH2 O where A, D, F, G and R are as hereinafter defined; a is any real number excluding zero; and d, i, j, k, x, y, and z each is any real number including 0, provided that i, j, and k, cannot concurrently all be 0, and further provided that if i, j, or k is not 0, then x, y, or z, respectfully, is also not 0. In a preferred embodiment fine particles of the above composition, are produced by pyrolytic drying of a gel or solgel. Other objects, features and advantages of this invention will become more apparent from the following description of preferred examples thereof and from the drawing. FIGS. 1-10 represent plots of shear stress at various applied electric fields and various shear rates and temperatures. FIGS. 1A-1D represent plots for an electrorheological fluid containing a crystalline dispersed phase of various compositions. FIGS. 2-10 represent plots of an electrorheological fluid containing an amorphous dispersed phase of various compositions. As indicated above, this invention involves dispersing particles of a substantially water-free amorphous ceramic composition in a dielectric fluid to form a electrorheological fluid. Such particles may be referred to herein as the dispersed phase. Amorphous connotes that a material has no regular structure; that it is non-crystalline. On the other hand, it should be recognized that microcrystals can exist, or give some evidence that they exist, in materials accepted as amorphous materials. We recognize that this may be true in our amorphous materials as well. However, the microcrystals are so small as to not be readily discernable. Accordingly, by the term "amorphous" as used in this invention, we mean that no significant order can be discerned by x-ray spectroscopy. Accordingly, if any order is present, it is only on an extremely small scale. One can refer to such materials as "x-ray amorphous". Accordingly, by the term "amorphous", we mean to include materials that might be semi-ordered but not on a scale that is readily discernable by x-ray spectroscopy. Reference is now made to the size of the amorphous ceramic particles used in the electrorheological fluid of this invention. It appears that the same particle sizes that would be traditionally used for crystalline particles can also be used for the amorphous particles of our invention. It does not appear that there is any significant differences one needs to observe in terms of particle size, when one uses an anhydrous amorphous ceramic particle, as opposed to a crystalline or hydrated amorphous ceramic particle. By way of example, one could use particles having an average particle size from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns. Traditionally, they will have a particle size distribution in which the maximum particle size will be less than about 50 microns. In general, particle size should not be so small, i.e, less than about 0.1 micron, that attractive forces between particles tend to mask electrorheological results. On the other hand, they should not be so large as not stay dispersed in the dielectric fluid. As for composition, we believe that any substantially water-free amorphous ceramic of the following formula can be used: A.sub.(a/n) D.sub.(d/m) [(FOi)x (GOj)y ROk)z ]wH2 O Where A, D, F, G, R, H and O, as well as i, j, k, x, y and z are as hereinafter described. The letter n refers to the average valence charge of A. The letter a is a multiplier of A that relates to n, and cannot be zero. The letter m refers to the average valance charge of D. The letter d is a multiplier for D, and relates to m. The multiplier a can be a different number from that of the multiplier d. A can be a single metal cation of valence charge n but not sodium if (1) D and R is absent, (2) if F is present and is aluminum, and (3) if G is present and is silicon. In the alternative, A can be a mixture of metal cations of various valences, which mixture has an average valence charge n. In many examples of this invention, A is an alkaline metal such as lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium. A could also be a metal such as silver or could be a mixture of metals, as for example sodium and potassium. D is an anion of valence charge m, as for example chloride. On the other hand, it could be a mixture anions of average valence charge m, as for example chloride and fluoride, nitride or sulfide. F is a trivalent element, most commonly boron or aluminum, or is a mixture of trivalent elements. G is a tetravalent element most commonly silicon, or is a mixture of tetravalent elements. R is a pentavalent element, most commonly phosphorous but also possibly antimony, arsenic or bismuth. However, it can also be a mixture of such pentavalent elements. O ordinarily would be oxygen. However, it could also be sulphur or nitrogen. It could also be a mixture of such elements, or the sulfur and nitrogen could be present in only surface portions of the particles. The sulphur or nitrogen could be present as the composition as originally formed, or introduced into the composition by substitution for oxygen in a sulphidation or nitridation process. The quantities i, j, k, x, y and z each is any real number including 0. However, i, j and k cannot concurrently all be 0. Moreover, if i is not 0, then x is not 0. Similarly, if j is not 0, y is not 0. Also similarly, if k is not 0 then z is not 0. One of the more important advantages of the foregoing is the virtual infinite variability in composition that is possible when one uses an amorphous composition as opposed to a crystalline composition. The reason for this is that in a crystalline composition, one is limited to the particular molecular ratios that will precipitate in a crystalline form. Accordingly, if one precipitates or solidifies a composition in crystalline form, one will only obtain those compositions which happen to have a crystalline form. In amorphous materials, on the other hand, one is not limited merely to the molecular compositions that can precipitate or solidify in crystalline form. Accordingly one can "tailor" a ceramic composition in a new way. Its composition can be extremely precisely "tailored" to obtain the maximum enhanced rheological and/or durability effect. Hence, amorphous materials give one a mechanism by which non-naturally occurring, i.e., synthetic, ceramic compositions can be explored. It is believed that the amorphous compositions tried so far as amorphous materials in this invention are not necessarily the best compositions that one will find. However, what has been tried thus far, and the examples of it described herein, give rise to the expectation that still better amorphous electrorheological particles, or particle/dielectric fluid combinations, will be found. They may exhibit still more improved electrorheological response and/or durability. In the above formula H2 O indicates water, and refers to water of hydration. The lowercase letter w is a multiplier of the molecules of water of hydration. As previously indicated, w preferentially is a small number. It is not yet clear if w can be zero or not. It may be that some minimal amount of water of hydration or some other form is actually needed for the composition to exhibit any significant electrorheological response. In any event, w is any low number resulting from two heat treatments of the amorphous material at a temperature of about 400-600� C. for at least about five hours in each heat treatment. Accordingly, in this invention, by an amorphous ceramic that is "anhydrous" or "substantially water-free" or "substantially dry", we mean an amorphous ceramic having a water content not substantially greater than that which would result from two heat treatments at a temperature of at least about 400� C. for at least about 5 hours each. It was mentioned above that many ceramic particles may eventually absorb, or re-absorb, water to some extent after they have been heated to dry them. One may think that the rate at which water is absorbed or re-absorbed by crystalline ceramic materials is quite slow. However, for applications where stability over periods of years is desired, even slow re-absorption of water would be undesirable. It could adversely affect long term durability of an electrorheological fluid. In automotive applications, durability of at least five years might be required, and perhaps even ten years. In this invention, we have found that amorphous ceramic compositions re-absorb water at a noticeably lesser rate than crystalline ceramic compositions. Accordingly, electrorheological fluids made with amorphous ceramic compositions can provide a noticeable improvement in durability, if not electrorheological response. The non-polar electrically nonconductive fluid used to disperse the amorphous ceramic particles in our electrorheological fluid, can be the same as is used in any other electrorheological fluid. In other words, the non-polar nonconductive fluid can be a paraffin oil, silicone oil, hydrocarbon oil, chlorinated hydrocarbon oil, etc. The hydrocarbon oil need not be just a paraffin oil but could be an aromatic oil as for example decahydronaphthalene. We note that particles of some amorphous ceramic compositions provide a greater enhancement in electrorheological response in some dielectric fluids than others. A convenient technique for making small particles of amorphous ceramic is to form a liquid mixture of metal alkoxides, and then dry the mixture and pyrolyze it. However, the electrorheological fluids reported on herein were made with amorphous powders made by first forming a gel or solgel of the metal alkoxide mixture, and then rapidly drying it. More specifically, in the gel or solgel technique, metal alkoxides are mixed together in appropriate proportions that represent an intended amorphous composition. This mixture is liquid and is heated to a suitable temperature that is below the boiling point of water. It is then rapidly mixed with water that is also at an elevated temperature. Water displaces the alcohol from the metals and other elements of the alkoxides, to form a gel or solgel. The gel or solgel thus contains organics and water, as well as elements that will comprise the amorphous ceramic composition. Enough water is added to provide a gel or solgel containing about 0.5-15% solids. We believe that enhanced electrorheological response in amorphous particles can be obtained if the gel or solgel is rapidly heated to drive off the water. We refer to the rapid heating as "pyrolytic drying". By "pyrolytic drying", we mean heating the precursor of the amorphous ceramic composition fast enough to preserve homogeneity in the resultant amorphous ceramic. In other words, fast enough to prevent separate phases of oxides from separating out in the amorphous material. When one uses the gel or solgel technique, "pyrolytic drying" is performed by placing the gel or solgel in an oven preheated to 400� F., and leaving the gel or solgel in the oven while it is maintained at that temperature for at least 5-6 hours. During this "pyrolytic drying", the organics in the gel or solgel, principally alcohols, are rapidly driven off and may even combust. However, not all of the carbon in these organic compounds is necessarily removed during this "pyrolytic drying". As a result, the gel or solgel collapses into a black mass of agglomerated particles. The agglomerated black mass is then put into an oven at 400-600� C., and held at that temperature for at least about 5-6 hours, perhaps even 12 hours. If desired and practical, this second heating can be done in the same furnace as the pyrolytic drying and immediately at the conclusion of the pyrolytic drying. However, the agglomerated mass could be cooled to room temperature and then heated the second time by placing the room temperature agglomerated mass into an oven preheated to 400-600�. During this second heat treatment for 5-6 hours, the mass whitens measurably. Following this second heating, the mass is ground, resulting in a powder having an average particle size of about 5 microns. The powder is then heated again to about 400-600� C. for at least about five hours, and perhaps 8 to 12 hours. Neither heat treatment requires any particular heating schedule. Room temperature powder can be placed directly into the preheated oven for treatment. When heat treatment is concluded, the powder can be removed from the hot oven directly into room temperature air, and allowed to cool naturally there. After the second heat treatment at 400-600� C., the amorphous ceramic particles may be ready for use. On the other hand if they do not appear to be completely white one may choose to reheat them to 400-600� C. for the same amount of time as used for the initial second heat treatment but in this latter instance, blow pure oxygen onto the powder during the heat treatment. One may prefer to blow pure oxygen onto the powder as a standard practice in the second heat treatment, and avoid need for a third heat treatment. Results obtained thus far indicate that the "pyrolytic drying" hereinbefore described may provide a special effect on the gel or solgel, and/or the resulting powder, during the first heat treatment. It may be the principal basis upon which enhanced electrorheological response is obtained with at least some of the anhydrous amorphous particles. It is possible that a special collapse of the gel or solgel is produced by our special "pyrolytic drying" technique, and that it in some way produces amorphous particles having enhanced electrorheological response. More testing is being done to confirm this. If true, then this invention not only provides a means for obtaining compositions that were heretofore not available, but also provides a means for enhancing electrorheological effect of anhydrous amorphous ceramic particles of given compositions. In another sense, "pyrolytic drying" is a modification to a known technique for making amorphous ceramic powder that provides a distinctive amorphous ceramic powder. Reference is now made to the Drawing in which each FIGS. 1 through 10 are plots of shear stress versus applied electric field at various shear rates and testing temperatures for a variety of ceramic materials. Shear stress is plotted in pounds per square inch as the ordinate, and applied electric field is plotted as kilovolts per millimeter as the abscissa. All of the tests represented in the plots of the Drawing were conducted under similar conditions except for the differences stated. The testing technique used is referred to in the publication Filisko, F. E. and Radziowski, L., "Intrinsic Mechanism For Activity of Aluminosilicate--Based Rheological Fluids", Journal of Rheology, v. 34, n 4 pp. 539-552. It should also be mentioned that, as hereinbefore indicated, many electrorheological fluids in the past have shown decreased electrorheological response at elevated temperatures, perhaps through loss of water. It can be seen that many of our electrorheological fluids were tested at elevated temperatures, and provided significant effects at elevated temperatures, even enhanced effects. Reference is now specifically made to FIGS. 1a-1d. The electrorheological fluids represented in FIGS. 1a-1d each have a crystalline ceramic dispersed phase. For comparison, all of FIGS. 2-10 represent tests of fluids containing an anhydrous amorphous ceramic dispersed phase. All of the tests represented in FIGS. 1A-1D were conducted at room temperature. FIG. 1A represents rheological testing of a fluid made of 14 grams of crystalline sodium/potassium aluminosilicate [K9 Na3 (AlO2)12 (SiO2)12 ], which is a UOP-3A zeolite, that is dispersed in 20 ml of silicone oil. The sample powder was washed in potassium chloride for two days before testing. The sample represented in FIG. 1B was 14 grams of crystalline sodium aluminosilicate [Na12 (AlO2)12 (SiO2)12 ], which is a UOP-4A zeolite, that was dispersed in 20 ml paraffin oil. The sample was tested as received. FIG. 1C represents testing of a fluid made from dispersing 14 grams of crystalline sodium/potassium aluminosilicate [K9 Na3 (AlO2)12 (SiO2)12 ], which is a UOP-3A zeolite, dispersed in 20 ml of decahydronaphthalene. The sample was tested as received. The sample shown in FIG. 1D had a higher particulate concentration. This sample had 200 grams of crystalline potassium aluminosilicate [K9 Na3 (AlO2)12 (SiO2)12 ], which is a UOP-3A zeolite, dispersed in 145 ml of paraffin oil. The sample was tested as received. Reference is now made to FIGS. 2 through 10 for comparison purposes. However, it should be noted that FIGS. 1a-1d are not purported to be the best electrorheological crystalline materials available. They are reported here because they were available, and not considered to be unduly poor samples of electrorheological fluids having dispersed crystalline ceramic particles. Further, it should be noted that all of the amorphous particles used in the fluids of FIGS. 2-10 were prepared by the aforementioned "pyrolytic drying" technique, and oxygen was blown on the powder during the second heat treatment. Also, when we refer to the testing temperature as being at given temperature, we mean that the fluid being tested is at that temperature. Specific reference is now made to FIGS. 2A-2D. They each show results of testing a sample fluid made of 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, sodium aluminosilicophosphate [Na4 (AlO2)6 (SiO2)8 (PO2)2 ] wH2 O immersed in 30 ml of a non-polar dielectric fluid. In FIG. 2A the fluid is silicone oil, and the rheological study was conducted at 25� C. FIG. 2B shows test results for the same composition as tested in FIG. 2A but the rheological tests were conducted at 80� C. In FIG. 2C, the dielectric fluid in the sample tested was decahydronaphthalene, with the test temperature being 25� C. The sample tested in FIG. 2D was the same composition as the sample represented in FIG. 2C but the testing temperature was 80�. The electrorheological fluid represented in FIGS. 3A-3D was 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, (lithium, chloride )-aluminosilicophosphate powder dispersed in 30 ml of silicone oil. In FIGS. 3A and 3B the chemical formula of the powder was [LiCl(AlO2)(SiO2)2 (PO2)] wH2 O, with the test temperature being 25� C. for the tests of FIG. 3A and 80� C. for the tests of FIG. 3B. In FIGS. 3C and 3D, the composition was [LiCl(AlO2)3 (SiO2)4 (PO2)] wH2 O with the testing temperature being 25� C. for the tests represented in FIG. 3C and 80� C. for the tests represented in FIG. 3D. Aluminosilicophosphates may be new per se as dispersants in an electrorheological fluid, and at least (lithium, chloride)-aluminosilicophosphate, whether such compositions are in crystalline or amorphous form. FIGS. 4A-4D represent the results of testing an electrorheological fluids made of 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, lithium aluminosilicate [Li(AlO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O powder dispersed in a non-polar dielectric fluid. For FIG. 4A, the dielectric fluid is 20 ml of paraffin oil, and the testing temperature is 25�. For FIG. 4B, the dielectric fluid is 30ml of silicone oil, and the testing temperature is 25� C. For FIG. 4C, the dielectric fluid is 20 ml of paraffin oil, with the testing temperature being 80� C. For FIG. 4D, the dielectric fluid is 30 ml of silicon oil, and 80� C. is the testing temperature. The electrorheological fluids represented in FIGS. 5A-5D are made of 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, potassium aluminosilicate [K(AlO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O, powder. In FIG. 5A the amorphous ceramic powder was dispersed in 20 ml of paraffin oil, with the rheological study being conducted at 25� C. In FIG. 5B the amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic powder was dispersed in 20 ml of paraffin oil, with the rheological study being conducted at 80� C. In FIG. 5C the amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic powder was dispersed in 30 ml of paraffin oil, with the rheological study being conducted at 25� C. In FIG. 5D the amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic powder was dispersed in 30 ml of silicone oil, with the rheological study being conducted at 25� C. The electrorheological fluid of FIGS. 6A-6F was made of 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, potassium aluminosilicate powder of various compositions dispersed in 30 ml of paraffin oil. In FIGS. 6A and 6B the composition was [Na0.25 K0.75 (AlO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O, with the rheological test being conducted at 25� C. for the results shown in FIG. 6A, and at 80� C. for the results shown in FIG. 6B. In FIGS. 6C and 6D, the composition was [Na0.50 K0.50 (AlO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O, with the rheological study being conducted at 25� C. for the results shown in FIG. 6C and at 80� C. for the results shown in FIG. 6D. In FIGS. 6E and 6F, the composition was [Na0.75 K0.25 (AlO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O, with the rheological study being conducted at 25� C. for the results shown in FIG. 6E and at 80� C. for the results shown in FIG. 6F. FIGS. 7A and 7B report the results of testing of an electrorheological fluid comprising 16 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, cesium aluminosilicate [Cs(AlO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O powder dispersed in 30 ml of paraffin oil. For the results shown in FIG. 7A, the rheological study was conducted at 25� C. For the results shown in FIG. 7B the rheological study was conducted at 80� C. FIG. 8 represents the results of the testing of still another electrorheological fluid. It contained 11.8 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, silver aluminosilicate, [Ag(AlO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O powder dispersed in 20 ml of paraffin oil. The study was conducted at 25� C. FIG. 9A represents the results of electrorheological testing of an electrorheological fluid of a still different composition. It contained 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, sodium borosilicate [Na(BO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O powder dispersed in 30 ml of paraffin oil, with the rheological study being conducted at 25� C. FIG. 9B shows the results of electrorheological testing of a sample related to that of the FIG. 9A tests. However, it differs in that it is a boroaluminosilicate, instead of simply a borosilicate. The fluid providing the FIG. 9B test results was of an electrorheological fluid containing 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, sodium boroaluminosilicate [Na4 (BO2)(AlO2)3 (SiO2)4 ] wH2 O powder dispersed in 30 ml of paraffin oil. The rheological testing was conducted at 25� C. FIG. 10 shows the results of electrorheological testing of an electrorheological fluid comprising 14 grams of amorphous, substantially water-free, potassium yttriumsilicate [K(YO2)(SiO2)] wH2 O powder dispersed in 30 ml of paraffin oil. The rheological study was conducted at 25� C. It is recognized that the shear stress increase provided by some of our fluids under a given field, are not as high as those provided by others. For example, the fluids of FIGS. 8-10 are not particularly noteworthy in this latter respect when compared to the enhanced results shown in the FIG. 3A. On the other hand the compositions of FIGS. 7-10 are noteworthy in that they demonstrate the wide applicability of this invention. Also, we note that it appears that amorphous materials of all compositions appear to have a lesser tendency to absorb water than their crystalline counterparts, if they have one. Further, we believe that the examples provided herein amply demonstrate that many other amorphous, substantially water-free, ceramic powders can be used as a dispersed phase in an electrorheological fluid. It is believed that this invention opens the door to a wide variety of anhydrous amorphous ceramic powder/non-polar dielectric fluid combinations, many of which combinations may not even have been contemplated yet. The foregoing detailed description shows that the preferred embodiments of the present invention are well suited to fulfill the objects above stated. It is recognized that those skilled in the art may make various modifications or additions to the preferred embodiments chosen to illustrate the present invention, without departing from the spirit and proper scope of the invention. For example, anhydrous amorphous ceramic materials of other compositions than disclosed herein made be found, as well as other techniques for producing the anhydrous amorphous ceramic particles. Accordingly to be understood that the protection sought and to be afforded hereby should be deemed to extend to the subject matter defined by the appended claims, including all fair equivalents thereof. Patent Citations
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MusicTiles app lets you remix Peter Gabriel's music
English singer, musician and songwriter Peter Gabriel expanded his music repertioire to include an iOS app called MusicTiles. Gabriel follows in the footsteps of other musicians like Neil Young and David Gilmour who have embraced Apple's platform as a way to promote their music.
MusicTiles is a music-mixing app filled with tracks from Gabriel's So album. The app lets you remix these songs using a simple tile-based interface. Each tile represents a different track (guitar, vocal, etc.) in the song and it lets you add and remove them at will. The latest version of the app adds support for the iPad.
You can check out a demo of the app in the video below. MusicTiles is available for US$2.99 from the iOS App Store.
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- Parallels Access 2.5 released, adds file manager, computer-to-computer remote access
- The Google Translate iOS app is about to get a lot smarter

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These high-quality eight-inch, 24-tooth blades with 5/8-inch arbors cut dadoes and grooves that are clean, flat, and virtually splinter free. Cuts made by these blades are accurate the first time, saving you from making repeated passes over the same workpiece.
Flexibility for Cutting Hardwoods, Veneers, and More
The Freud SD508 fits all table saws and radial-arm saws and accommodates a wide range of materials, so you can keep it on hand from project to project. Use it to create dadoes and grooves in hardwood, softwood, chip board, plywood, and laminate (not recommended for non-ferrous materials).
Adjustable Dado and Shim Set for Achieving Perfect Width
Producing the perfect dado is often reliant upon finding the perfect blade width. Designed with that mind, this set virtually doubles the number of slot widths available. First, its adjustable dado allows exceptionally fine-tuned adjustments in 1/32-inch increments. It also features a handy shim set for those jobs that call for even finer blade-width adjustments.
And for greater versatility, the set's six chippers include a unique 3/32-inch chipper along with four 1/8-inch chippers and one 1/16-inch chipper. These chippers' four-wing design is a step above the common two-wing design of most chippers. This means your chippers will work efficiently to remove waste material and smooth the edges of your work pieces.
Anti-Kickback Design for Safe Operation
The quality of this dado set is enhanced by its anti-kickback design, which gives you an added margin of safety while you work.
MicroGrain Carbide Tips for Long-Lasting Performance
So you can get maximum performance out of this set, the blade components are constructed with Freud's TiCo Hi-Density Carbide. This means the blades can withstand numerous sharpenings and still retain their superior precision. And a Tri-metal Brazing process gives the blades impact resistance, so they last for the long term without dulling (a condition that can cause torn wood and uneven cuts).
About Freud: A History of Innovative Manufacturing
An industry leader for more than 50 years, Freud America, Inc. is a manufacturer and marketer of superior carbide cutting tools for the woodworking industry. Freud is the only manufacturer of woodworking tools in the world that produces its own MicroGrain Carbide with Titanium, called TiCo, a high-density combination of Titanium and Cobalt.
By producing its own carbide, Freud has the unique ability to formulate each tool for each specific application, thereby maximizing the cutting life and performance of the tool. Freud's full line of high-quality woodworking tools includes saw blades, router bits, shaper cutters, power tools, and more.
This product is covered by Freud's Limited Lifetime Warranty.
What's in the Box
Freud SD508 Eight-Inch Super Dado Set with Anti-Kickback Design, including two eight-inch blades (with 5/8-inch arbors), shim set, four 1/8-inch chippers, one 3/32-inch chipper, and one 1/16-inch chipper.
Chip Free Dadoes in Veneered Plywoods and Laminates


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Orphans (1998)
Critics Consensus: No consensus yet.
No Top Critics Tomatometer score yet...
Movie Info
Four grown up children come together the night before the funeral of their mother in Glasgow. While Thomas sings a tribute in the local pub, a fight breaks out and Michael is stabbed. John wants to avenge his brother, while Thomas goes to chapel with his sister Sheila for an all-night vigil. Even here, though, is not safe, as a storm tears the roof from the church. After an emotional and traumatic night, the siblings eventually reunite in grief.
- Rating:
- Unrated
- Genre:
- Drama , Comedy
- Directed By:
- Peter Mullan
- Written By:
- Peter Mullan
- In Theaters:
- Jan 1, 1998 Wide
- On DVD:
- Feb 27, 2001
- Runtime:
as Michael
as Thomas
as Sheila
as John
as John
as Mother
as Frank
as Sandra
as Julian
as Duncan
as Mona
as Lenny
as Evelyn
as Tanga
as Hanson
as Carole
as Uncle Ian
as Ed
as Alison
as Melissa
as Anne Marie
as Bernadette
as Father Fitzgerald
as Young Michael
as Young Thomas
as Henry
as Minnie
as Seamus
as Bullet Boy Mum
as Alastair
as Amanda
as Mr. Bell
as Mrs. Bell
as Mrs. Finch
as Mr. Leitch
as Fraser
as Angela
as Alice
as Liam
as Neil
as Margaret
as Alistair
as Moira
as Jessica
as Maria
Friend Ratings
No Friends? Inconceivable! Log in to see what your friends have to say.
LoginCritic Reviews for Orphans
All Critics (33) | Top Critics (8) | Fresh (9) | Rotten (10) | DVD (2)
...a kitchen-sink drama that's full of old dishwater.
Writer-director Peter Mullan never seems clued in as to how hilariously atrocious Orphans is.
Arguably one of the funnier and more heartfelt of the [crime movie] genre to come along of late.
Worthwhile, even if the getting there isn't always easy.
My guess is that Mullan never decided what tone his film should aim for; he fell in love with individual sequences without asking how they fit together.
Audience Reviews for Orphans
There are no featured audience reviews yet. Click the link below to see what others say about Orphans!
Discussion Forum
Discuss Orphans on our Movie forum!


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Printed flower skirt
Item No.62575_U1830013
Flared skirts are under the style spotlight this season, so Uttam Kids floral-print design is a wise investment. Featuring textured contrast trims and iridescent sequins, this feminine piece will make a welcome addition to her everyday wardrobe.
This item is available for
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7 days a week between 6pm - 10pm
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Collect from store the next day - FREE
Order before 7pm for next day collection after 12pm midday
Show participating stores
Full Delivery details
- 100% Cotton
- Wash at 30 degrees


text:
TextbookXpres Reviews and Ratings
Seller rating: (459) 78% *Seller since August 2011
- Ships From
- Multiple Locations
- Shipping Method
- Standard, Expedited
TextbookXpres Ratings & Buyer Feedback
Horrible!!!! DO NOT BUY FROM THIS COMPANY!!!! They use ISBN # and sent you the international book (different ISBN) Found many different SCAM sites on them. DO NOT BUY FROM THEM!!!!!!!!!!
I received on time, fast and in really good condition.
Thank you for a prompt delivery. I saved over $200 on the text by ordering the international copy. I highly recommend the International Copy.. they are the exact same (besides the cover).
I'm having a hard time communicating with you. I need the 8th edition of the book, Health, Safety and Nutrition for the Young. I do not have the book.
I got the book but the international edition, so some things are on different pages, but luckily everything I need to know is still in the book I received. It was a fast delivery too.
I did not order this. I returned this order for a refund.
*This is the seller's all-time positive feedback score, calculated by the number of positive ratings / (positives + negatives)


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VIEWS: 49 PAGES: 1 CATEGORY: Stocks and Bonds POSTED ON: 10/24/2008
The President Bush declared that the US economy has a firm foundation, but that there are areas of real concern. The economy is still generating jobs, however, at a condensed velocity Bush added that customer expenditure is still increasing, but the housing market is turning down. Although business investment and exports are still growing, but the cost of imported oil has increased. Bush assured that the administration has been examining the economy vigilantly. Though at a lower rate but the economy is expected to grow over the coming years. Constant volatility in the housing and financial markets could lead further damage to the overall economy, and put the growth and job creation in danger. In the current months, steps have been taken to shore up the housing market, including actions to help stressed homeowners avoid foreclosure and to keep their homes. To keep the economy budding and creating jobs, Congress and the administration needs to work to pass an economic growth package as soon as possible. To be successful, a growth package will have to comprise tax incentives for American businesses, including small businesses, to make major investments in their enterprises. Offering them an inducement to invest will promote business owners to expand their operations, create new jobs, and inject new energy into the economy in the process. Bush further added that passing a new growth package is the most imperative economic precedence. A growth package will help to build a fundamentally strong and healthy economy. And it will help in keeping economic sectors that are going through adjustments, such as the housing market, from adversely affecting other parts of our economy


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A complete list of Spring 2015 events is listed below. Please check back regularly for updates.
Spring Transfer Day
Interested in transferring to the University of San Diego? Join us for Spring Transfer Day on Friday, February 13, 2015 at 9:00 a.m. PST!
This event will showcase USD's academic programs and resources while also providing you with helpful insight on navigating the transfer process. This is your chance to hear firsthand from USD faculty and current transfer students, as well as representatives from the offices of Undergraduate Admissions, Financial Aid, and Career Services. Register now to confirm your spot!
Friday, February 13th 2015 | |
Warren Auditorium, Mother Rosalie Hill Hall | |
8:30am – 9:00am | Check-In and Continental Breakfast |
Meet USD Faculty & Students | |
Resource Fair | |
9:00 am – 9:15 am | Welcome Address |
9:15 am – 9:40 am | Admissions Overview & Path to Graduation |
9:40 am – 10:15 am | Financial Aid Presentation |
10:15 am – 10:30 am | Break |
10:30 am – 11:15 am | Residential Life & Campus Support |
11:15 am – 12:00 pm | Transfer Student Panel |
12:10 pm – 1:00 pm | Lunch with Faculty |
1:00 pm – 2:00 pm | Campus Tour (Optional - Includes Transfer Housing) |
Click here to register for Spring Transfer Day!
CollegeWeekLive Virtual Events
We invite you to join us for our upcoming live chats on CollegeWeekLive. During each event, you will have the opportunity to chat live with current students and the USD Admission Team. From academics and campus life to the application process and financial aid, this is your chance to ask any questions you may have about becoming a Torero.
To register, please visit www.collegeweeklive.com to create an account. Once you have an account, simply log-in to CollegeWeekLive and visit the USD booth. Check out our CWL Registration Guide for step-by-step instructions on the registration and log-in processes.
International Students Day | Wednesday, February 11, 2015 |
All Access | Thursday, February 19, 2015 |
All Access | Thursday, March 19, 2015 |
There are currently no upcoming events, please continue to check back for any updates.


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- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
"Don't let the title of this collection fool you. These plays are not yesteryear's news. They are vivid, important pieces, as relevant, readable, and stageworthy today as they were two-plus years ago, when first produced. They include plays that dramatize problems tearing at our social fabric, such as Tim Dowlin's fine, powerful, if sometimes melodramatic Corner Wars, which chronicles the world of street-corner hustling in the inner city, as well as work written in a much more entertaining key, such as David Epstein's Midnight, a witty period comedy set in the 1950s. Though none of the playwrights in this collection are household names yet, or close to it, all of them write the kind of vivid, well-crafted work that deserves attention. Dowlin's pitch-perfect ear for street slang, alone, makes his play worth a look. "—August 2005


text:
$1,399.00 | See It |
Product Details
Shop for Outdoors at The Home Depot. This 25-Ton Cub Cadet Log Splitter saves you time, effort and money with 25-Ton of ram force to split a 25 in. log every 19 seconds. With hydraulic fluid already included and tested at the factory this is one hardworking machine. The 160 cc Honda OHV/OHC engine provides plenty of power to split the toughest wood while operating more efficiently and providing better performance. No need to lift heavy logs with vertical or horizontal operation you can pick what's right for your job.
Quick Glance
Product Type: Chippers & Shredders
Product Title: Cub Cadet Chippers, Grinders & Shredders 25-Ton 160 cc Honda Powered Gas Log Splitter 24BF552B756
Manufacturer: Cub Cadet
Lowest Price: $1,399.00 from Home Depot
Power Score: 4.4 | 15 Reviews


text:
Rihanna And Drake Dating Again? Two Spotted Together Before And After The 2013 VMAs
By Staff Writer | August 27, 2013 01:16 PM EDT
Like Us on Facebook
Rumors about Rihanna and Drake dating again have resurfaced after the two were spotting hanging out together before and after the 2013 MTV VMAs.
Last Friday night, prior to the Sunday night award show at the Barclay Center, the Bajan babe and Canadian rapper were seen having a good time over dinner and drinks at the infamous Beauty and Essex in New York.
An insider told the New York Post that they seemed to be really enjoying the company of one another.
"They were in very good spirits and were dancing and singing. Drake and Rihanna seemed to be just friends enjoying a fun night out," said the source according to IBT.
However, the two entertainers just might be friends since it was also reported that a third party of the female sex was present. Additionally, Drizzy and RiRi left separately.
Then again, following their attendance at a VMA's after party hosted by Beyonce and Jay-Z at PDH Rooftop, Drake was caught leaving within minutes of Rihanna's departure.
Back in July, another insider told UK magazine that the singer and emcee were rekindling a relationship.
"She really missed him in that time - yes, they went out years before but he was also a good friend to her - so calling him was one of the first things she did when she realized she was over Chris."
According to belfasttelegraph.co.uk, a friend close to Drake said the rapper preconceived the break up.
"[Drake's been] waiting patiently on the sidelines," the insider said.
The source also mention how Rihanna has now been wondering whether she made the wrong decision by picking Chris over Drake. However does she deserve a second chance and should Drake settle for rebound?
Who knows, but this close source is leaving the perception that the two are rapidly rekindling a romance.
"Since that first phone call they've been talking again a lot and have such a connection."
© 2015 KpopStarz. All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
Tagged : world news, Rihanna, Drake, 2013 MTV VMAs, Barclay Center, Beauty and Essex, new york, Beyonce, jay z, PDH Rooftop, uk
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Subclass of:
446 - Amusement devices: toys
Patent class list (only not empty are listed)
Deeper subclasses:
Class / Patent application number | Description | Number of patent applications / Date published |
20120171922 | RAMP FOR A RIDE-ON TOY - A ramp for a ride-on toy includes a base adapted to be positioned on a surface. The base has a top, sidewalls and an interior space. An end ramp section is also adapted to be positioned on the surface. A middle ramp section is removably connected between the base and the end ramp section. The end ramp section and the middle ramp section are sized to be removably positioned within the interior space of the base for storage. The ramp sections include a track formed on their top surfaces sized for miniature toy vehicles. The base features a roller wheel and a handle for pulling the base along the surface when the ramp sections and ride-on toy are stored in the base. | 07-05-2012 |
20120108139 | Track Segments Providing A Convoluted Path - A series of spaced apart track segments provide a path for the rolling of a marble from beginning to end. The track segments have a magnetic strip attached to one outer surface so that they can be mounted on a ferromagnetic wall such as a door or sidewalls or refrigerator. This provides for a user the ability to configure a wide variety of pathways for a rolling marble and to include on that pathway certain gaps. | 05-03-2012 |
20110070803 | MARBLE TRACK AMUSEMENT DEVICE - An entertainment device including a track for rolling marbles. The track may be configured onto at least one vertical or horizontal planar support surface, such as walls, tables, doors, floors, and vertically or horizontally oriented rod-like structures, such as the branches of a tree. In one embodiment, the three-dimensional track configurations may include at least one interconnected substantially vertical and substantially horizontal support surface. | 03-24-2011 |
20130065477 | Playset with Dynamic Transfer - The present invention is directed toward an interactive playset with a slide/ramp including an entrance area at the top of the slide and an exit area at the bottom of the slide. The playset further includes a dynamic transfer system that transfers the accessory from the slide exit back to the slide entrance. The dynamic transfer system includes a plurality of stepped platforms, each platform having a piston that is selectively engaged to drive the accessory from a lower platform to an upper platform. | 03-14-2013 |
20140038488 | PIVOTING FRAME ADJUSTABLY SUPPORTING A FLEXIBLE RAMP AND METHODS THEREOF - A toy which simply yet uniquely varies the height and curvature of a flexible ramp uniquely supported on a pivoting ramp frame. The toy includes a frame for resting on a horizontal surface, spaced apart horizontally and extending upwardly from the frame defining an open area therebetween above the frame, and first and second pivoting assemblies at the frame engaging first and second arm members for adjustably pivoting the arm members between varying angles with respect to the frame. A bendable ramp is adjustably supported at the frame, secured to the arm members and sitting in the open area defined by the arm members. | 02-06-2014 |
20100178840 | Marble Track Amusement Device - An entertainment device consisting of a track for rolling marbles. The track may be configured onto at least one support surface, such as walls, tables, doors, floors, and vertically or horizontally oriented rod-like structures, such as the branches of a tree. The three dimensional track configurations may consist of at least one interconnected substantially vertical and substantially horizontal support surface. | 07-15-2010 |
20100124866 | Intellectual Training Toy - The invention provides an intellectual training toy with more elaborate idea which comprises disks | 05-20-2010 |
20140017970 | ACCESSORIES TO A MODULAR PATHWAY APPARATUS - An accessory, such as a trampoline, for a toy or game may include a base, a rebounding portion configured to rebound an impacting object, and an adjustment portion coupled to the base and the rebounding portion, supporting the rebounding portion relative to the base, and configured for at least two degrees of rotational freedom relative to the base. | 01-16-2014 |
20130252506 | Marble Race Game - A marble race game is made such that tracks for marbles to roll along are formed by a V-groove between flexible tubes that are held side-by-side. The racetrack starts at a higher elevation and transverses downward sloping such that gravity accelerates the marbles along the racetrack. Since the racetrack is made of flexible tubes it may be bent into any form that the imagination can conjure such as curves, loops, hills, figure eights and other convoluted shapes, as well as over, around and through objects. The fun for the game player is in designing a convoluted track where a marble will reach the end of the track successfully. If three or more tubes are placed and held side-by-side, a racetrack is formed where two or more marbles can be raced together. This racing action increases the enjoyment and allows for multiple players. | 09-26-2013 |
446170000 | Hand-supported or-manipulated runway | 2 |
20120244778 | SLOTTED COIN TOY - A toy for playing various coin-based games includes a polyhedral block having a slot for inserting a card and a channel for rolling a coin. | 09-27-2012 |
20080254709 | Toy motocross track - A toy track. A contoured track having simulated jumps, mounds and banks is mounted in a frame. Course marking devices are preferably used to mark the route of the track. Preferably, the track is made by the following method: first, a rough approximation of a track is fabricated. A hardening putty is then applied over the rough approximation and track features such as tire tracks and tire ruts are molded into the putty. A release agent to prevent sticking is then applied over the putty. A fiberglass mold is formed over the release agent and around the putty and then separated from the putty. A thin plastic sheet is placed over the fiberglass mold and heated. Also, vacuum suction is applied to the plastic sheet so that it forms around the fiberglass mold. The plastic is allowed to cool and it is then attached to the frame. Preferably, the frame is a table. In a preferred embodiment, the track is a motocross track. Also, preferably foldable legs are attached to the table. Also, preferable toy hay bales are used to mark to route of the track. | 10-16-2008 |
446173000 | For moving element-supporting device | 2 |
446174000 | Wheeled element carrier | 2 |
20100056015 | Vehicle Track Set - A toy vehicle track set. The track set includes toy roads sized for toy vehicles. The track set allows a toy vehicle to be raised and lowered to different elevations using one or more different mechanisms. | 03-04-2010 |
20120064797 | Track Assembly for Toy Vehicles - A track assembly for toy vehicles includes a base, a concave track section coupled to the base, and an outer track section coupled to the base. The concave track section is rotatable about an axis relative to the base. The outer track section extends around at least a portion of a perimeter of the concave track section. The outer track section has an inlet through which a toy vehicle can travel and an outlet through which a toy vehicle can travel. | 03-15-2012 |


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Publications from WRAC-Sponsored Projects
Research and Outreach Projects funded by WRAC are listed below. Please click on the project title for a list of publications for that particular project.
Title | Lead PI | Dates of Funding |
Optimizing the larval nutrition of marine finfish aquaculture species along the West Coast | Dr. Mark Drawbridge Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute |
2011-2014 |
Environmental and endogenous factors affecting egg quality and caviar yield in farmed sturgeon | Dr. Serge Doroshov University of California, Davis | 2011-2015 |
Optimizing dietary protein and energy utilization to improve production efficiency of tilapia in the Western United States | Dr. Wendy Sealey U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman Fish Technology Center |
2009-2012 |
Cost-effective, alternative protein diets for rainbow trout that support optimal growth, health, and product quality | Dr. Wendy Sealey U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman Fish Technology Center |
2009-2012 |
Aquarius 3.0 | Dr. Fred S. Conte University of California, Davis |
2010-2011 |
Coldwater disease prevention and control through vaccine development and diagnostic improvements | Dr. Ken Cain University of Idaho |
2008-2009 |
Economic impacts of private sector aquaculture-based recreational fishing in the Western USA | Dr. Craig Bond Colorado State University |
2007-2008 |
Determining ripeness in white sturgeon females to maximize yield and quality of caviar | Dr. Molly Webb Montana State University |
2007-2011 |
Potential threat of Great Lakes VHS virus in the Western United States | Dr. Gael Kurath USGS Western Fisheries Research Center |
2008-2009 |
Physiological changes associated with live haul | Dr. John Colt National Marine Fisheries Service |
2005-2009 |
Development and evaluation of starter diets and culture conditions for 3 subspecies of cutthroat trout and Gila trout | Dr. Chris Myrick Colorado State University |
2005-2008 |
An evaluation of the effectiveness of various florfenicol treatment regimens to control mortality caused by Streptococcus iniaei in cultured hybrid striped bass | Dr. James Bowker US Fish & Wildlife Service |
2005-2008 |
AQUARIUS: Shellfish sanitation simulator, rainfall and water quality closure rule evaluator, version 2.0 | Dr. Fred S. Conte University of California, Davis |
2005-2006 |
Immunological mechanisms of intensively-reared warmwater and coolwater finfish | Dr. Vaughn Ostland Kent Sea Tech Corporation |
2003-2007 |
Scale-dependent and indirect effects of filter feeders on eelgrass: Understanding complex ecological interactions to improve environmental imapcts of aquaculture | Dr. Jennifer Ruesink University of Washington |
2003-2007 |
Optimizing quality and shelf-life of sturgeon caviar | Dr. Barbara Rasco Washington State University |
2002-2006 |
Investigation into the solution of critcal problems of the recirculation aquaculture industry in the western region | Dr. Raul Piedrahita University of California, Davis |
2001-2006 |
Crossbreeding Pacific oysters for high yield |
Dr. Dennis Hedgecock University of Southern California |
2001-2003 |
Reducing phosphorous discharge from high density, flow-through aquaculture facilities |
Dr. Shulin Chen Washington State University |
2000-2004 |
Enhancing breeding and health of sturgeon broodstock | Dr. Serge Doroshov University of California, Davis | 2001-2002 |
The ecological role and potential impacts of molluscan shellfish culture in the estuarine environment |
Dr. Brett Dumbauld USDA Agricultural Research Service |
1999-2003 |
Disease interactions between wild and cultured salmonids |
Dr. Christine Moffitt University of Idaho |
1998-2001 |
Development of economical, high-performance, low-polluting feeds and feeding strategies |
Dr. Faye Dong University of Washington |
1997-2001 |
Improving Pacific oyster broodstocks | Dr. Dennis Hedgecock University of California, Davis and Bodega Bay Marine Lab | 1997-2001 |
White sturgeon domestic broodstock management |
Dr. Serge Doroshov University of California, Davis |
1997-2001 |
Control of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in commercially reared salmonid fishes |
Dr. James Winton USGS, Western Fisheries Research Center |
1997-1999 |
Evaluation and improvement of solids removal systems used in aquaculture production | Dr. Walter Zachritz, II New Mexico State University, Las Cruces |
1995-1998 |
Pollutant reduction in salmonid aquaculture by diet modification | Dr. Frederic Barrows US Fish and Wildlife Service |
1993-1997 |
Improving the quality of intertidal substrate for oysters and other bivalves: a strategy for managing burrowing shrimp and enhancing habitat | Dr. David Armstrong University of Washington | 1993-1997 |
Development of methods for control of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in commercially reared salmonid fishes | Dr. James Winton USGS, Western Fisheries Research Center |
1993-1997 |
Extension computer subject matter, information retrieval system (EIRS) | Dr. Fred S. Conte University of California, Davis |
1993-1995 |
Development of Pacific oyster broodstock | Dr. Dennis Hedgecock University of California, Davis | 1992-1996 |
Etiology and control of bacterial kidney disease | Dr. James Congleton University of Idaho |
1990-1993 |
Noxious phytoplankton blooms and salmon aquaculture: biology and distribution of the flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo, in Pacific northwest waters |
Dr. Karl Banse University of Washington |
1990 |
Improved production of salmonids through sex control and chromosome set manipulation | Dr. Carl Schreck Oregon State University |
1988-1993 |
Development and Improvement of Fish and Shellfish Broodstocks | Dr. William Hershberger University of Washington | 1987-1994 |
The nutritive value of alternate protein sources in the diets of cultured salmonids | Dr. Ron Hardy University of Washington |
1987-1992 |


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LauraP wrote a new post, Snow Peas with Caramelized Onions 1 year, 5 months ago
Melt a generous portion of butter (or oil) in a skillet. Add salt and pepper to taste and any additional seasonings. Cook the onions and carrots on medium low heat until they're mushy soft and browning.
When […]
Sharon wrote a new post, Chickweed Tincture 1 year, 7 months ago
Sharon commented on the post, Chickweed Tincture 1 year, 7 months ago
Chickweed tincture for your eye is made differently- and I should have noted that- you take chickweed and pour boiling water over it- let stand for 24 hours and then you take an eye dropper to put it in the eye. […]
fowlers and Darlene are now friends 1 year, 7 months ago
fowlers and Dede ~ wvhomecanner are now friends 1 year, 9 months ago
puglover and Dede ~ wvhomecanner are now friends 1 year, 9 months ago
JoJo wrote a new post, Chocolate Covered Easter Eggs 1 year, 10 months ago
Combine all ingredients. Form into egg shapes, chill in fridge on tray lined with wax paper until firm.
Use your choice of dipping chocolate (you can use white or milk chocolate, I prefer dark chocolate) and […]
oneoldgoat commented on the post, Memories 2 years, 2 months ago
You are right – these are the Christmases we remember Perfection is highly overrated and catastrophes (as long as no one gets hurt) make for much more memorable stories!
Merry Christmas!
SuzieQ commented on the post, Making Real Vanilla Extract 2 years, 2 months ago
If I taste test it every few weeks, there might not be any left after 2-3 months…should I make an extra bottle for cooking..
WolfWalker posted a tweet: 2 years, 3 months ago
How to save Earth's most threatened tribe #savetheawa #uncontacted http://t.co/FqL4CLTP via @Survival
grammieearth commented on the post, Birdi's Veggie Soup 2 years, 3 months ago
MMMM Yummy! My first time making soup with hamburger. I halved the recipe with variations. I used some canned veggies, added fresh zucchini, carrots, cauliflower, Clamato instead of tomato juice. I sort of […]
oneoldgoat commented on the post, Veggie Soup for the Soul 2 years, 4 months ago
I just have to add that I made a huge pot of this soup Thursday night and it is the best!! I'll definitely be canning some too! Thanks again for sharing……
oneoldgoat commented on the post, Veggie Soup for the Soul 2 years, 4 months ago
What a very nice post! I've printed out the recipe and can you guess what is on the menu for us this weekend????
Thank you!
grammieearth commented on the post, Retreat 2012 Pork Jerky! 2 years, 4 months ago
I make jerky often, usually beef but sometimes I get lucky and am gifted with a cut of deer or moose. I usually soak my meat in my marinade for 24 hours before dehydrating. It's delicious but now I […]
mmhoney wrote a new post, Aunt Gladys' Applesauce Cake 2 years, 5 months ago
Mix applesauce, margarine, and baking soda together. Add cherry preserves and mix well.
Mix together sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, flour, raisins, and pecans.
Combine the two mixtures and bake in a […]
Kate S wrote a new post, Grandma's Apple Cake 2 years, 5 months ago
Core, peel and cut into small slices 4 cups of apples. Mix with 2 cups of sugar and let set 30 minutes. Add 1/2 cup oil and 2 eggs. Mix then add 2 cups flour, 2 teaspoons cinnamon, 2 teaspoons baking soda, 1/2 […]
rileysmom commented on the post, My Chicken Stir-Fry 2 years, 5 months ago
Hi AspenFlower!
I love the spices you've added. I'm looking forward to trying them in my next stir fry.
Thank you! -
Sue commented on the post, I Think I Can, I Think I Can 2 years, 5 months ago
That is so inspiring to read your post. I cannot imagine what it must be like to live so far from all the conveniences that we take for granted every day. I wish you the best of luck on filling your canning […]
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93-96 points Robert Parker: "The 2007 Chateauneuf du Pape Les Origines may turn out to be one of this estate-s finest cuvees, although one should not overlook the 2006 Les Origines. A luxury cuvee sold at a reasonable price, the 2007 boasts a dense blue/purple color as well as a sweet perfume of blueberries, charcoal, creme de cassis, graphite, smoked meats, and herbs. Dense, full-bodied, and exceptionally pure, with a multilayered texture, moderate tannin, and a stunning finish, it will benefit from 2-4 years of cellaring, and should drink well for 20-25." (10/08) 90-93 points Stephen Tanzer's International Wine Cellar: "Opaque purple. Pungent aromas of blackberry, blueberry, incense and potpourri. Offers brighter red fruits on the palate, with sweet floral pastille and smoky mineral qualities adding complexity. Becomes more energetic on the sappy, precise, very long finish." (Jan/Feb '09) ETA Fall of 2009.
Below is a listing of the wine review scores we frequently reference in our notes. While these sources remain an excellent source of information, we always recommend that you trust your own palate. Scores in these publications often represent the personal taste of an individual critic, which may not always coincide with your own. We have a huge team of excellent wine professionals that can match wines you've had in the past with new arrivals that meet your flavor profile.
The item you have chosen is not in stock in our retail stores or within our main warehouse.
2010 Château de Beaucastel Châteauneuf-du-Pape (Pre-Arrival, Elsewhere $100+) $69.99
2012 M. Chapoutier "La Mordorée" Côte-Rôtie (Pre-Arrival) $99.99
2012 Château de Beaucastel Châteauneuf-du-Pape (Pre-Arrival) $79.99
2011 Xavier Vins "Cuvée Anonyme" Châteauneuf-du-Pape (Pre-Arrival) $44.99
2012 M. Chapoutier "Les Greffieux" Ermitage Vieilles Vignes (Pre-Arrival) $99.99


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From the Publisher
"Railroad names such as Nickel Plate, New York Central, and Sante Fe live on in railroading lore long after the demise of their namesake companies. Prolific railroad historian Solomon (Classic Locomotives: Steam and Diesel Power in 700 Photographs) tasks himself with bringing clarity to the bankruptcies, mergers, and acquisitions that over the last 150 years consolidated hundreds of American railroads into the handful of megasystems surviving today. His primary tool is a set of charts consisting of parallel, converging, and sometimes diverging color-coded lines showing the changing relationships among sets of railroads over time. Solomon concedes that the charts, which he supplements with time lines and route maps, are simplifications of events. His text is necessarily quite concise and serves mainly to place the charts in historical context. A sprinkling of colorful period maps and other illustrations with detailed captions provide additional interest. He concludes with a speculative chapter on possible future mergers or breakups.Verdict Lay readers will enjoy thumbing through the illustrations and should find the overall work an adequate introduction. Savvy railroad enthusiasts would probably only use it as a quick reference." — Library Journal


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Eaton Canyon Golf Club
last updated: 02/19/15 | Total Club Page Views:209,966 |
~ The Hookie Lau was a great success . . . The 2014 Club Champion
Chris Bohler & Presidents Cup Champion Larry Thigpen Congratulations to Both, Well Done! Maurice Mischook & President's Cup Champion Robert Shirai Congratulations to Both, Well Done! IT'S OUR LITTLE SECRET IN THE FOOTHILLS COME MAKE NEW FRIENDS & HAVE A GREAT TIME! SIMPLY THE BEST SOCIAL CLUB IN THE SAN GABRIEL VALLEY IT'S A PLACE WHERE YOU CAN COME AND BE YOURSELF . . . Did you know Eaton Canyon Golf Club is on Facebook? Come on by & check us out!! ~ Share with others that have not joined us yet and show them what a great Club we are! ~ Just type 'Eaton Canyon Golf Club' in your facebook "search for people" search bar ~ Obvious Changes to The #2 Hole At Eaton Canyon . . . |
Upcoming Tournaments |


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Machu Picchu Climate
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The Climate Guide for Machu Picchu, Peru is perfect for planning your holiday. Monthly weather averages give the best indication of what the weather is usually like for every month of the year including figures for temperature, rainfall and sunshine.
Machu Picchu Climate Zone
Machu Picchu has a warm temperate climate with cool summers and some rainfall in all months.
Machu Picchu Weather |
Peru Overview |
Machu Picchu Climate |
Machu Picchu Today |
Machu Picchu Forecast |
Machu Picchu When Best |
Machu Picchu Holidays |
Machu Picchu Flights |
Machu Picchu Hotels |
Machu Picchu Hire Cars |
Machu Picchu Villas |
Machu Picchu Transfers |
Map of Peru
Select a destination from the Peru Map to view the climate guide. Alternatively, select from the list of destinations below the map. Can't find the Peru weather destination you are after? Try the Destination Search.
Arequipa Cajamarca Chiclayo Cuzco Huaraz Iquitos Lima Mancora Nazca Paracas Puno Trujillo
Machu Picchu weather by month
Check the weather for a particular month in Machu Picchu by selecting a month from the list below. Alternatively check which month usually has the Best Weather in Machu Picchu. If you are not sure where to go, why not try our Holiday Planner.
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4 dance moves to master before the spring fling
This sweetie sure knows how to make a girl swoon
Dear Carol: Help! I'm the annoying friend
The 2015 RDMA Nonimations are here
February Sleepover Giveaway: Week 4 winners!
How to wear 2015's hottest spring colors
The best BB creams for your end-of-winter skin woes
10 thoughts that go through your head during a workout
Thoughts on our Feb/March issue? We wanna hear 'em!
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Character Voices
More Friends = More Fun
GL Tweets !
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12 Comments | Add Yours
Mod mod So I'm having a friend over for a teen beach movie premiere sleepover! I think that it'll be super fun but I don't know what kind of decorations and activities to fit the theme? Any advice? THANKS!!
Hey girlie,
That sounds like a super fun time with your friend! If it's only one person, you probably don't need to get too crazy with the decorations, but maybe you could have some beach-themed snacks or décor, like putting out seashells as table decorations or having smoothies in beach-style glasses. You could also do activities to fit with the movie, like playing a movie trivia game (even if it's not specific to what you're watching) or dressing up like your favorite character. Have a great time!
by webbi99 on 7/4/2013 9:44:07 PM
This sounds sooooo fun!!!!! I'm def doing this with my bestie!!!
by Nialler_4_ever on 7/2/2013 6:03:23 PM
I can def do the 5 balloons one
by ssglgirl on 6/30/2013 10:39:14 PM
I have gotten 732 on wii fit hula hooping.
by galegirl on 6/29/2013 7:42:58 PM
Also, my mom beat the Wii Fit recored with 467 hoops! She dose better than me!:-(
by Mavertishboydrama on 6/29/2013 5:20:12 PM
I held the world record for Bejewiled Blitz in February 2010!I was only 9
by Mavertishboydrama on 6/29/2013 5:18:31 PM
Me too!!! I know I have more hula hoops than that or at least close!!! I am sooo trying that one today
by poetpower on 6/29/2013 12:43:07 PM
ok just saying idk how thats the world record for hulahooping on wii fit because i swear i got farther than that.
by itsjustgz on 6/29/2013 10:03:01 AM
Hula hoop challenge; here I come!!
by chocolateworld12 on 6/29/2013 6:37:01 AM
Hey girls! Need help finding outfits for your first day of school or your first date? Just finished cramming the night before and look terrible? Check out Fashion ASAP and get advice on your skin, body, hair, nail how-to's, makeup and awesome outfits here that fit your taste and style! I will help you with your problems ASAP (usually within 24 hours) and you'll receive fabulous answers.
by Emilicious on 6/29/2013 3:50:09 AM
Book Club: Win an *exclusive* copy of The Isle of the Lost !
Win, read and review an advanced reading copy of The Isle of the Lost by Melissa de la Cruz...and you might be featured in the next issue of GL! CLICK HERE to enter.


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Jim Gilmore has fewer than 1,500 friends. Jim Gilmore should get off MySpace. And the campaign trail.
Presidential Candidates on MySpace
Many Americans will decide whom to vote for based on their MySpace pages. To save you the time of researching their sites yourself, we reviewed all 18 of the candidates from both major parties ranked from lamest to coolest. In less than a year, you can tell people that the leader of the free world thanked you for the add


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Check Out the World's First Hotel For Pet Fish!
Check Out the World's First Hotel For Pet Fish!
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Check Out the World's First Hotel For Pet Fish!
Hotel, motel, Holiday Inn for these fishes getting a special vacay spot while their owners are off on holiday. Dive into a slideshow of the world's first fish-only resort — I hope it catches on for all our swimmy friends stateside!
5 years
I like the idea but I have too many questions to ask in order to be able to give you my opinion on this in detail.
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