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James Darrow (1814-1884), born in Hebron, NY, graduated from Union College and went on to the University of Wisconsin, obtaining a law degree in 1847. The 1850 U.S. Census lists James as a lawyer in Black River Falls, Wisconsin. He married Nellie Cheney, and the couple raised three children in Wisconsin: Florence (1864-1947), Nellie (1868-1903), and Herbert (1872-1917). Nellie and Herbert died in their 30s and 40s, respectively. Florence lived to 83, and had five children, all born in Wisconsin. One of them, James Darrow Cummings, had five children during the 1920s, some of whom, I believe, still live in Wisconsin. A nephew of James Darrow also moved to Black River Falls, WI around 1848: William S. Darrow, born 1838-1917). By the time he was 21 William S. he was in Black River Falls where his Uncle James had settled. William was a Civil War veteran and was wounded in battle. After time in military hospitals William returned to Wisconsin and married Canadian-born Margaret LNU. The couple had one son, Bertie. The 1870 and 1880 Censuses list the family in Albion, Wisconsin. William S. died at a veterans home in Los Angeles in 1917. Notify Administrator about this message?
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Download Office Depot® iPhone iPad iOS
iOS Office Depot® 3.2 Mobile
Customer Reviews Not-so-smart reviewer:@twsolano: The "easy button" is Staples, & your end statement makes no sense either: "I still got OfficeMax @ officedepot without FAIL! Oh well that was NOT EASY." You`re leaving a review for Office Depot app. You need to figure out whether it`s the Staples or Office Depot app that isn`t working... My review: AT&T, iPhone 4s, 64gb, OS 5.1.1, latest app update: App works perfectly fine for me! I do not have the issues others are having and have complete use of the app. 5 stars from me. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Related - Lifestyle - Office Depot® 3.2
More in Lifestyle - for Office Depot® iPhone
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subset: commoncrawl


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First off, how about usingSubmitted by Internet Police (not verified) on Sat, 04/26/2008 - 9:26am.
First off, how about using *Spell Check*.
Secondly, prove you are Tressa :-)
See, internet proof means nothing in some cases. Anyone can write that they are a family member into this forum as you did...and some call it entertainment. Same goes for...is this story about losing $4000 really true??? (15 minutes of fame?)........
Seems evidence of this event is on the side lines/back burner/on the hill/etc.
What was the IP address at Craigslist for this vehicle so the rest of us readers can follow up?
Was the IP address put into your "My Favorites"?
Surely it was for quick retrieval purposes.
So....On to other things now WWAY News........
Reply |


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MMO MMORPG Games » MMORPG Games News » Jagex To Free Up Millions Of Runescape Character Names
Jagex To Free Up Millions Of Runescape Character Names
The award-winning free-to-play no download MMORPG game, RuneScape, will be entering a new era as millions of inactive player names will be made available. 66 million character names, out of 220 million player accounts, will once again be made available for us for the first time in over 10 years. Names such as Lord_Mage, King_Elf and the Fonz are now available, previously held up but inactive accounts that haven't seen any activity in years. Jagex, the developers of Runescape, are making account names available on a batch by batch basis. When a new batch is released the names will first be offered to players with over 1,000 total levels, giving more loyal and dedicated members the chance to snatch up these new names, as opposed to brand new accounts that will likely sit dormant again.Leave a comment
Featured MMORPG / MMO
- ROSE Online Welcomes Introduction Of Sikuku Underground March 2, 2015
- World Of Tanks Xbox 360 Edition Welcomes Japanese Vehicles March 2, 2015
- League Of Angels – Fire Raiders Coming Soon For Mobile February 27, 2015
- Echo Of Soul Class Line Up Is Without A Healer February 27, 2015


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Lismore couple celebrates champion horse
LISMORE — After 13 years of showing quarter horses and nearly 30 years in the horse business, Marv and Pearl Wieneke of Lismore are celebrating their first American Quarter Horse Association World Champion.
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I have the DroiD Eris and have a message pop up from a "firstname.lastname@example.com" that is not an email or a message. It will NOT go away no matter what I do. So...what Can I do??? Probably a virus I'm sure and I am NOT opening it. And also, the notification sound keeps going off. SICK of it. Thank you in advance.
Could be a virus. Install an antivirus app. Could also be a push notification from some app you installed recently. Any "fishy" apps? Sent from my DROID RAZR HD using Xparent Cyan Tapatalk 2
Try the antivirus. Worse comes to worst you may have to factory reset. Sent from my DROID RAZR HD using Xparent Cyan Tapatalk 2
It sounds like it may be Google Talk. Go into the Talk app and sign out. Also, while in there, go into menu->settings and turn off any notifications for friend requests, etc.


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{{ title }}
{{ link.name }}EXPLORE THE NEW ISTOCK EXPERIENCE
Grooms who are employees of the Sanaa Municipality wear traditional... News PhotoBridegroom,Carrying,Ceremony,Horizontal,Sanaa,Social Issues,Sword,Wedding,Wedding Ceremony,YemenPhotographer MOHAMMED HUWAISCollection: AFP Grooms, who are employees of the Sanaa Municipality, wear traditional costumes and carry swords, during a mass wedding ceremony on June 14, 2014, in the capital Sanaa. The ceremony was organized by the municipality for 350 members of its staff. AFP PHOTO / MOHAMMED HUWAIS (Photo credit should read MOHAMMED HUWAIS/AFP/Getty Images)


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HONOLULU — The AP reported that a court-ordered rail project shutdown will cost the city of Honolulu more than $114 million. The Honolulu Star Advertiser reported that Daniel Grabauskas, executive director/CEO of the Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation (HART), told the City Council that HART bases the figure on contractor delay claims, change orders and new expenses tied to the court-ordered construction shutdown of the rail project. For the full story, click here.
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Showing 193-205 of 205 items found in Shopping
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Tranquility Skin & Body Care Center
Salon specializing in customized skin care, manicures, pedicures and waxing.
CITY: St. Charles
21 - 20
Girl's Night Out
Girls Night Out is a monthly shopping event in Downtown DeKalb! Every third Thursday of the month from 5 - 8 pm downtown will host a themed Girls Night Out shopping event! July's theme is Sizzling Sidewalk Sales. Come downtown to see all the sidewalk sales, specials, and entertainment! Free Admission (815)751-4734 / email@example.com / https://www.facebook.com/downtowndekalb
CITY: DeKalb
Glitter has over 100,000 different items in stock and new items added weekly. Choose from a wide selection of jewelry, cosmetics and clothing in sizes from youth girl to 3X. Hours: Mon. - Sat. 10am - 8pm and Sun. 11am - 5pm
CITY: DeKalb
Bend General Store
They are exclusively owned & managed by lifelong St. Charles residents. They have endeavored to embrace St. Charles past, and bring uniquely old world small town experience to our fellow residents.
CITY: St. Charles
Urban Grace
Urban Grace, located in downtown DeKalb, Illinois, sells CeCe Caldwell's Paints, provides monthly workshops catered to individual techniques using CeCe Caldwell's products, and will also custom paint furniture.
CITY: DeKalb
Specializing in all dog care. Dog training; doggie day care; overnight dog boarding; pet sitting; dog grooming; pooch parties.
CITY: St. Charles
Hy-Vee operates more than 230 retail stores in eight Midwestern states, including Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin.
CITY: Sycamore
Sep 24
DeKalb Farmer's Market
The DeKalb Farmers Market features locally-grown produce, wine, baked goods, flowers and artisan crafts. Every Thursday (June 4th - Sept 24th) 10am - 2pm Van Buer Plaza on the corner of North Second & Locust St. in DeKalb. For more information call 815-756-6306 or visit http://www.dekalb.org
CITY: DeKalb
24 - 25
Geneva City-Wide Garage Sale
The Geneva Chamber of Commerce will be welcoming thousands of shoppers to Geneva by offering the convenience of a city-wide Geneva garage sale. it will be held April 24th and 25th, 2015 from 8 am – 4 pm both days.
CITY: Geneva
Whiskey Acres
Meet farmcrafted spirits. Grown from the finest grain, handcrafted and distilled on our fifth generation family farm. From us to you. From Seed to Spirit. Production Underway! • Tasting room & cocktail patio opens Summer 2015 Bourbon, Corn Whiskeys, Rye Whiskey & Vodka
CITY: DeKalb


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Things to see and do - Oisterwijk
Leaving for the Netherlands
Nearby hotels
Beukenhaeghe from90 €
Book -
Fletcher Hotel Restaurant Boschoord from64 €
Book -
Mansion Hotel Bos & Ven from82 €
Nearby Restaurants
SEC eten & drinken
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : modern -
Bos en Ven
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : classic -
Stille Wilde
Cotation :
Type de cuisine : modern
Hotel de Leijhof
Hotel de Leijhof
Address : Heusdensebaan 7 NL - 5061 PM Oisterwijk
from : 59 EUR
Century old Oisterwijk – known as the Pearl of Brabant – is home to this charming hotel, conveniently located at walking distance from De Lind; the Burgundian heart of town. Guests benefit from free WiFi throughout. The monumental building, surrounded by a beautiful garden lined with old trees, has 55 hotel rooms and 9 meeting rooms, suitable for all party requirements and/or business meetings. The on-site restaurant offers an a la carte menu and a 3-course dinner that varies daily. The hotel is a short stroll away from the bus stop, the train station and various local leisure facilities.
Useful Information
- Address : Heusdensebaan 7 NL - 5061 PM Oisterwijk5061 PMOisterwijk


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Exports of Australia wine soared to record heights in 1999-2000 with 287.6 million litres (ml), worth $A1.3 billion, being shipped.The volume increase of 33% for the year and the value increase of 36.4% were both records, despite coming from much higher bases than in past years.Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation (AWBC) figures released today show that exports volumes have increased in the past 13 years at a compound annual growth rate of 18%, compared with about 4% by all wine exporting countries. Australia's exports have leapt from 103ml worth $A288.9m in the past seven years.In the past five years, exports of bottled wine have increased from 75% of the total volume to 85% with red wine's share of bottled exports increasing from 40% to 50%.The UK easily remains the major market, taking 139.7ml worth $590.4m in 1999-2000, with sales of white at 71m litres exceeding sales of red by 8ml.The US remained the second biggest market, taking 50ml worth $A316.9m, NZ taking 20.1ml worth $A65.3m and Canada 12.6ml worth $A73.7m.The fastest growing markets were all in Europe: sales to France being up 150.4% to 3.1ml followed by the Netherlands (105.4% increase to 8.6ml), Belgium-Luxembourg (98% to 2.7ml), Germany (60% to 9.4ml) and Sweden (51% to 6ml).The AWBC is predicting that on present growth rates, sales of $A1.5 billion will be achieved by the end of 2000.
AUSTRALIA: More records broken for Australian wine exports
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Narrow your search
March was made for marathoning. Find out what's going online and offline right here.
Alfa's undistilled little 4C isn't quite like anything else on the market, a look at the little-known bible that rules all cars in the U.S. and the top 5 ways electronics have made cars better.
The most important things to know when shopping for a cell phone.
HTC's latest flagship smartphone has an all-new rear camera, but is that a good thing? We tried an early version out in Barcelona with very mixed results.
Samsung says it's made its new metal-and-glass smartphones easier to use. We investigate the new interface features.
The Galaxy S5 and earlier Galaxy smartphones had replaceable batteries and storage expansion slots. But the new GS6 says goodbye to that flexibility in favor of a sleeker design.
In a 3-2 vote, the agency decides to apply the same rules that govern telephone service to broadband, with the hope that it ensures the fair and equal treatment of all traffic on the Internet.
Samsung, battling to hold on to its lead in the smartphone market, needs to win back consumers from Apple with its next big thing. But will the new Galaxy S6 be big enough?
Megatron is set to take over the Earth, and it's up to the superheroes from Marvel and DC Comics to stop him. Watch the action play out in this short fan-made mega trailer.
Clouds over Sidra is a wrenching look at a real life across the world, and it shows how emotional virtual experiences could become.


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Goldman, Deutsche fail to end US mortgage lawsuits
PUBLISHED: 13 Nov 2012 10:59:24 | UPDATED: 13 Nov 2012 10:59:24PRINT EDITION: 13 Nov 2012A US judge rejected bids by Goldman Sachs Group Inc and Deutsche Bank AG to dismiss a federal regulator's lawsuits accusing them of misleading Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into buying billions of dollars of risky mortgage debt.
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New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
Can anyone identify what font is used in this composition?
Hmm not sure why the image isn't showing up.
This is an ornamented ITC Busorama.
I think this may be the work of Justin Kay, who we featured in a FontShop newsletter last year.
Or it might be the work of Si Scott - what is the context you found it in?
You can tell it's not Si Scott because the ornamentation looks tacked on, not drawn.
It's actually the work of a the talented motion and graphic designer, Mitch Paone.


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What does TRB mean in NYSE Symbols?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand TRB in the Business field in general and in the NYSE Symbols terminology in particular.
Find a translation for TRB in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this TRB abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"TRB." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/35759>.
TRB also stands for:
- Tactical Reconnaissance Brigade
- Tamper Resistant Button
- TDR Review Board
- Teachers Requirement Board
- Technical Review Board
... and 18 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Tribune Company on Amazon
- Search Tribune Company on Google


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Tags: 10, ap, attachment, baby, mama, parenting, questions, survey, wearing
There has been a lot of talk about cyberbullying. It seems to be getting worse every year. Do you think social media has become too mean?
Join the conversation to win a free Starbucks gift card. And, see yesterday's winner!
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Gophers miss out on Henderson
By Dave Campbell, AP Sports Writer
MINNEAPOLIS -- Minnesota missed out on the biggest -- literally -- recruit in the state and arguably the most sought-after high school football player in the nation.
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We stayed for just over 2 weeks, and found the staff very helpful. The housemaids are very obliging, and service the rooms every day. The hotel is in need of some refurbishing, but is very comfortable. Rooms are a reasonable size, but do require a wardrobe for the clothes. The hotel is ideally located for our needs. Prices are appropriate... More
China >
Shanghai Region >
> Xujiahui
Hotel Class:3 star — Kailun Hotel 3*
Number of rooms: 106
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- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Despegar.com, Travelocity and Tingo so you can book your Kailun Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Current Exhibit
Jeep-A Favorite of Liberators & Adventurers
Exhibit Runs: December 28 - March 30, 2015
The Jeep design was so basic that even a child's crayon picture of a car is more complicated than a Jeep. Maybe that's why we love them. Our first quarter exhibit for 2015 will be honoring this great American invention. We will be displaying some wonderful examples from the basic World War II and Korean War Jeeps to the more modern and luxurious Wagoneer.
So, what's the origin of the Jeep name? In the military, ʻGP' stands for General Purpose (vehicle). When slurred it sounds like ʻjeep'. This caught on and the little military vehicle formally became ʻJeep.' Now you know!
1944 Ford Navy Jeep
1944 Willys Overland Army Jeep
1946 Willys Jeep CJ-2A
1949 Willys Overland Jeepster
1959 Jeep FC-150
1964 Jeep Wagoneer
1976 Jeep J10
1985 Jeep Grand Wagoneer
1988 Jeep Wrangler Laredo
We had a big turn-out for our Special Event Jeep Show Jan. 18th. The parking lot was packed with local Jeep enthusiasts from the Low Range 4x4 Club. Thanks to all!
Jeep Exhibit Sponsored by Shaver Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM


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Latest Santa Clara County, California Stories
International law firm, Osborne Clarke is expanding its presence on the West Coast with the launch of a new office in San Francisco's SoMa neighborhood.
China Fortune Land Development Gives Boost to Chinese Industry with Technological Innovation SILICON VALLEY, Calif., Feb.
Aerospace and Defense Technology World Leader Recognized for Local Impact SUNNYVALE, Calif., Feb.
Recently named one of the five best places to work in the country by Glassdoor, Paycom joins other prominent technology companies already located in Silicon Valley. Sunnyvale,
Annual economic study by Joint Venture Silicon Valley and Silicon Valley Community Foundation shows jobs, income, tech, investment all spiking SAN JOSE and MOUNTAIN
AmericanHouseCleaning.com, a house cleaning service in Redwood City, CA is making the residents of Santa Clara, CA happier and healthier by expanding their house cleaning services into Santa Clara.
Smith's new California office location will offer local customers increased support in the rich Silicon Valley market. Houston, TX (PRWEB) November 21, 2013
- In medieval musical notation, a sign or neume denoting a shake or trill.


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The Crew Limited Edition - Only at GAME Xbox One
The store has encountered a problem processing the last request. Try again later. If the problem persists, contact your site administrator.
- Xbox One Your selected format is Xbox One
- Also available on …
- PC Games
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- The Crew is a revolutionary action-driving mmo game that sees you partner up to take down rival crews on Xbox One.
- Never drive alone in The Crew as your friends jump in and out of your game seamlessly.
- Experience the United States as your playground, all roads and everything in between.
- Prepare for the next job with an extensive tuning system, combining depth and symplicity to suit your style.
- Take The Crew with you wherever you are with an experience tailored for iOS, Android and on the web.
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Take part in a relentless ride to infiltrate and overtake the 510s, a gang grown around Detroit's illegal street racing scene. Your plan? Get a rep on the underground-racing scene and sabotage their activities city-by-city all across the United States. Maneuver through the bustling streets of New York City and Los Angeles, cruise down sunny Miami Beach or trek through the breathtaking plateaus of Monument Valley. Each locale comes with its own set of surprises and driving challenges to master. On your journey you will encounter other players on the road – all potentially worthy companions to crew up with, or future rivals to compete against. This is driving at its most exciting, varied and open.
The Crew on Xbox One Features
- NEVER DRIVE ALONE - Jump in and out seamlessly and build your crew of four through bonding or intense rivalry. Whether your objective is to takedown a convoy or to escape the police, achieving it with friends ensures a fresh experience each time you join in.
- A PLAYGROUND OF UNPRECEDENTED SCOPE AND VARIETY - The entire United States is your driving playground – all roads and everything in between. Every type of terrain imaginable is yours to master – from downtown city streets to suburbs, hillsides, cornfields, canyons, desert dunes or even race tracks.
- THE EXPERIENCE GOES ON, WHEREVER YOU ARE - Continue the experience on iOS, Android tablets, and on the web. Keep track of your friends' performances and tinker with your ride before playing it live to set new records, or send your crew on jobs on-the-go to gain more XP and parts.
- PREPARE FOR THE NEXT JOB - An extensive tuning system combining depth and simplicity allows you to collect cosmetic and performance parts and customize your licensed cars, according to your style and driving preferences.


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Steve Austin and Botchamania
14 2039 2I've peaked again. Audio recorded from his Summerslam 2014 panel.Cameras weren't allowed but steve0ftw managed to get the audio, much love sir!
AEPodcast: King of the Ring 1999
1 1263 1IT'S ME, AUSTIN!!! Oh boy, the fellas have a lot on their plate in this one. Vince is the Higher Power, Austin is the CEO and Billy Gunn is the most illustrious King of the Ring of all time!
AEPodcast: Royal Rumble 1999
0 860 0Join the AEPodcast as they delve into one of the most famous and memorable PPV offerings of the Attitude Era, The 1999 Royal Rumble.
THE RAW RANT: 5th November 2012
11 629 0CM Punk and Ryback face each other within a tag match, the British lads get more screen time than usual and Vickie Guerrero is still sniffing John Cena's fingers for clues. ————————————————————————————————————
The Raw Rant: October 15th 2012
16 367 0Ryback or John Cena? Who will face CM Punk for the WWE Title at Hell in a Cell? Sheamus and The Big Show try to get under each other's skin and Daniel Bryan and Kane's love/hate relationship finally takes a


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Thursday, March 7, 2013
REVIEW: Maybelline "The Rocket" Volum' Express Mascara
16 comments:
I prefer a clumpier lash when I do my mascara. It takes about 4 coats of this mascara for me to be satisfied. But besides having to do 4 coats, I absolutely ADORE this mascara. Unlike you, though, I like most Maybelline mascaras. Buaha. I'm glad you finally like a Maybelline mascara, though. I was starting to think I was crazy for liking them. <3
ReplyDeletei have the waterproof, and i wish i would have gotten the regular non-waterproof version because mine is impossible to get off. When i rub and scrub with my makeup remover hard enough to actually get the stuff off, it makes my lashes fall out. Other than that, it makes my lashes look great!
ReplyDeleteI literally bought this last night at Ulta and was like, "But Rachel hated the last Maybelline mascara she tried oh goood" but YA KNOW I kind of like it too. I haven't taken it off yet but I am also pretty impressed with the lasting power!
Also good to know I'm not the only plastic wand lover! I JUST LOVE 'EM OK.Love the rocket mascara. It really does work great. I do suggest however, using a waterproof eye makeup remover. It really doesn't want to come off unless i use waterproff. Living in Arizona heat, I can tell you my mascara looks the same the next morning from the day before. I don't remove mascara, bad habit, but wow it lasts


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This is Chapter 18: Web Services and Flows (WSFL) from the book Java Web Services Unleashed (ISBN:0-672-32363-X) written by Robert Brunner, Frank Cohen, Francisco Curbera, Darren Govoni, Steve Haines, Matthias Kloppmann, Ben Marchal, Scott Morrison, Arthur Ryman, Joe Weber, and Mark Wutka, published by Sams Publishing.
By Francisco Curbera and Matthias Kloppmann In This Chapter The overall aim of Web services is to provide a standards-based
framework to enable application-to-application interaction. Simple interactions,
in particular stateless ones, can be modeled as single operation invocations or
message exchanges with a service; WSDL and SOAP provide convenient support for
this type of basic interaction. Richer interactions typically involve multiple
invocations flowing between two or more services in a peer-to-peer
settingthat is, a scenario in which all participants potentially act as
both clients and servers. This is the model of interaction prevalent even in
simple business transactions, both in the business-to-consumer and (especially)
in the business-to-business scenarios. Even a process as simple as ordering
merchandise online involves at least three partiesa customer, an
e-commerce retailer, and a shipperas well as direct interactions between
the three of them. The full potential of the Web services framework will not be realized until
complex interactions of this kind are properly supported. Although no single
standard has yet emerged, Web services flow (or process) languages, such as the
Web Services Flow Language (WSFL) and XLANG), provide the means to deal with
them. This chapter reviews the basic concepts underlying these languages,
drawing mainly from WSFL. Complete representations of complex service interactions rely on two basic
concepts: service flow and service composition. The service flow is a description
of how the service operates. In business environments, the service flow is a
representation of the business process that it implements. By revealing the
internal operation of the service, the flow lets users and possible business
partners know how the service should be used. In particular, the flow describes
the order in which the operations the service provides should be used, and the
logic the service follows to process requests. Following a long-standing tradition
in the field of business process modeling, WSFL uses a flow model to represent
service flows. The flow model itself is presented in the section Flow
Modeling Concepts. A flow's individual steps can be realized through a multitude of possible
implementations, from manual realizations performed by people to automatic implementations
performed by software. The usage of Web services as particular realizations
of the individual steps of a flow is described in the section Flows
as Compositions of Web Services. Flows themselves are of course services, too, though more complex ones. It
must therefore be possible to make them available as Web services. The section
Exposing Flows as Web Services; shows how
this can be done. Flows can provide different levels of description of the business process followed
by a Web service. The complete description allows a flow language interpreter
(a flow engine) to actually implement all the service functionality with
no other input than the service flow specification itself. Typically, this level
of description is not published, because it may reveal details of the hosting
enterprise's operation or its trade secrets. The complete flow is in this
case referred to as the private flow of the service. A simplified flow
is published instead, containing just the information partners need to interact
with the service. This public flow differs from the private one only
in the level of detail provided, not in the underlying representation model.
The section Public and Private Flows; deals
with public flows. Service composition is the second fundamental concept that is required to represent
complex service interactions. Composition refers to the act of putting
together two or more existing services to provide new functionality not present
in the original ones, either in the form of a new service or in the form of
a distributed service interaction. A flow typically accesses other Web services
in the course of its operation, thus becoming a composition of services itself:
It defines a usage pattern for existing services and optionally offers the composed
functionality as a new service. A second type of composition occurs when multiple
services interact following a certain interaction pattern to achieve some business
goal. The nature of this composition is intrinsically distributed: Unlike the
flow-based composition, these compositions are not orchestrated from a single
point of control or flow engine. Service composition in WSFL is described in
some detail in Flows as Compositions of Web Services;
and Global Models. The rest of this chapter develops the themes outlined here in some detail,
using the flow depicted in Figure 18.1 to
introduce the basic concepts of service process and service composition. You
will notice a significant difference between this and other chapters in the
book: There is no Java code provided here. The reason, obviously, is that there
is no support available yet for any of the proposed Web services flow languages.
The goal of this chapter is thus limited to introducing the fundamental concepts
of service flows and compositions. In WSFL, flow models are used for the specification of complex interactions
of services. A flow model describes a usage pattern of a collection of available
services, so that the composition of those services provides the functionality
needed to achieve a certain business goalthat is, the composition
describes a business process. The flow model specifies precisely how those
services (steps in the flow) are combined, specifying in which order they have
to be performed (including the possibility of concurrent execution), the
conditional logic deciding whether an individual step or a group of steps have
to be performed at all or should be looped, and the passing of data between the
involved steps. Data produced by a certain task in the flow may be used by a subsequent task;
for example, the customer account data is used to send the bill. From the example, you can already see that the key ingredients for the
description of a flow model are the individual business tasks that have to be
executed, the specification of the control flow describing the order of their
execution and the conditional logic, and the specification of the associated
data flow describing the passing of data between them. In WSFL, those three
concepts are described by activities, control links, and data links. An activity is a single step in a flow. It represents a business task
that potentially has to be performed as part of the business process the flow
model describes. Whether it is actually performed during the execution of a
specific flow depends on the conditional logic of the control flow into which it
is embedded. WSFL distinguishes between an activity and its implementation. The
implementation describes an actual operation that is invoked when the
activity is reached during execution of the flow. The activity, on the other
hand, describes how this operation is embedded into the flow. An
operation in this context can be anything needed to realize the
particular business task. The most obvious realization is the invocation of a
piece of code. Another very common realization in existing workflow products is
the involvement of human beings performing a task manually. In the example, the CheckCreditHistory activity is described by the following
WSFL fragment: The fragment specifies that the CheckCreditHistory task expects a
message of type Customer and produces a message of type
CreditWorthiness. Both messages are WSDL messages as described Chapter
11. Note The tns (this name space)
prefix is needed because messages are actually XML-qualified names that are
qualified by associated name spaces. For the example, we assume that the activity is implemented by a certain
EJB's check method. Note that the specification of the actual
implementation is from a different name space, because WSFL addresses this as an
extensibility element outside the WSFL scope. Additional properties of the activity relate to its embedding into the
control and data flow, which is covered in the following section. The control flow of a flow model specifies the execution order of the
individual business tasks to be performed, and the conditional logic specifying
whether they should be performed at all, or possibly looped. The need for
executing two business tasks in a certain order follows from logical
dependencies between them; if no such dependency exists, they can be performed
concurrently, thus speeding up the execution of the flow. In WSFL, a control link is a relationship between two activities,
A1 and A2,that prescribes an execution order:
A1 has to be completed before A2 can be started. In WSFL,
the set of all activities and the set of all control links together describe a
directed, acyclic graph. WSFL doesn't distinguish between alternate branches where one is taken
depending on a certain condition (switch) and parallel branches that are all
taken concurrently (fork). In the WSFL model, multiple control links originating
from the same activity always denote a fork, possibly followed by a dead-path
elimination of some of the parallel branches. In the example, the following lines specify that this path is to be taken
only if the activity ReceiveOrder returned no customer ID, that is, when nothing
is known about the customer: The two control links leading to the ChargeCreditCard activity
specify a control join, stating that this activity can be started only after
both the ReceiveOrder and CreateCustomerAccount activities are
complete. Completion is achieved either by successful execution or by dead path
elimination. When an activity is the target of more than one control link, a
WSFL join element associated with the activity describes how the activity is
dealt with. In the example, the following lines state that the ChargeCreditCard
activity is executed only after all its incoming control links have been
evaluated, synchronizing the parallel paths (deferred evaluation of the join
element, the only option currently offered by WSFL), and only if at least one of
those control links evaluated to true: A flow model's data flow specifies how the output message of a given
business task is used by one or more (subsequent) business tasks. Put the other
way round, the data flow specifies how the input message of a given business
task is created from the results of one or more (preceding) business tasks or
the input message of the flow itself. In that the involved message types
typically don't match, the mapping from an output message to a subsequent
input can involve transformations such as the renaming of message parts. In WSFL, a data link is a relationship between two activities, A1
andA2, that describes that A2 uses the result data of
A1. The following lines specify that the field customerInfo from the
data part of the Order message, which was the result of the
ReceiveOrder activity, is mapped to the record part of the
Customer message that is the input to the ChargeCreditCard
activity: As the example shows, WSFL allows the data flow to be specified independent
from the control flow, as long as the execution order constraints still
guarantee that a message is produced before it is used by another activity.
Generally speaking, the data flow has to be parallel to the control flow. It is possible that an activity receives data from multiple other activities
(a data join). In this situation, WSFL allows for the detailed
specification of the materialization of that activity's input message,
using either an override technique such as "last writer wins," or a
merge technique that can be specified via an XSL transformation with multiple
inputs. This kind of elaborate container materialization is not needed for the
current example, and so it is not detailed further here. If you put the ingredients described in the previous sections together, you
have already completed the specification of a simple flow model involving
activities that are implemented by internal operations, like this: The previous sections introduced the basic building blocks of a flow, without
focusing too much on the actual realizations of the flow's activities.
Although those realizations could be anything from manual realizations by human
beings to an assembler program, the goal of WSFL is obviously not so much the
composition of flows that coordinate internal implementations, but rather the
composition of flows that perform the coordination of Web services, where the
Web services implement individual activities. For that, WSFL first introduces the notion of a service provider as an
abstraction for a business partner that offers one or more WSDL services that
are used within the flow model. Second, a WSFL activity can then refer to a
specific operation that a specific service provider provides, as an alternative
to the internal implementation you already saw in the previous sections. Service providers are abstractions for the concrete business partners with
which a flow model interacts. Service providers are declared in a WSFL flow in
the same way that variables are declared in a Java program. A type
("service provider type") is assigned to each service provider. The
type is essentially nothing but a predefined list of WSDL portTypes, and it
gives a formal representation of the service or services that each service
provider must offer to participate in the flow. The actual binding between a
service provider variable of a given type and a concrete business partner is a
separate step, which is described by the locator element. The distinction between a service provider and a service is an important one:
Flow models specify the usage of a service instance of a given type, rather
than the service itself. Several flows can use a single Web service simultaneously,
whereas a single flow model can use more than one provider of a given service
type. (Whether or not the service type is supported or bound to the same service
is in principle irrelevant; see the section Locators,
however). Coming back to the example, Figure
18.4 shows an updated version of the flow model, where three steps have
been outsourced to business partners. WSFL requires that the business partners with which the flow model
interoperates are declared as service providers (of the appropriate type). In
the example, there are two, which are made available at the flow model level as
follows: This simply declares two global variables at the flow level to be service
providers of the specified service provider type. A service provider type in
WSFL describes the external interface a business partner makes available, which
can consist of multiple port types and multiple operations. The specification of service provider types is also part of the WSFL
definitions, in an element preceding the flow model. In the example, the following lines indicate that the
CreditServicesProvider offers two operations from two port types (and a
similar definition for the LogisticsProvider, which is not shown
here): The declaration of the service providers with which a flow interacts is
separated from binding those service providers to actual business partners that
offer the required services (according to the associated service provider type).
Although it is possible and often desirable to always use the same business
partner as a certain service provider, sometimes more dynamic binding mechanisms
are needed. A foremost example is UDDI lookup: Service providers of a given type
are looked up in a UDDI directory according to some criteria, then the most
suitable service among the retrieved set (according to some quality of service
criterion) is selected and bound. In WSFL, the locator element covers the entire range of possible bindings,
locating the actual business partner that acts as a specific service
providereither statically or dynamically. The example has so far declared two global variables at the flow level that
represent business partners with which the flow is interacting, and has defined
the required interface the partners have to provide, described by their service
provider type. It has not yet specified the concrete partners, that is, how
these variables are bound. A WSFL locator element specified this as part of the
service provider declaration. The simplest kind of locator in WSFL is a static locator, which directly
refers to a WSDL service that provides the required operations. Observe that the
service is then identified by its namespace-qualified name, as defined in the
corresponding WSDL file. It appears in the example as follows: A second possibility is a dynamic locator that uses UDDI (see Chapter 9) to
dynamically find a suitable service provider of the required type: In this example, the flow engine uses UDDI to locate Partner2, the
logistics provider, when an operation this partner provides is needed for the
first time (firstHit). The flow engine executes the specified UDDI
query, which returns a list of possible providers, which the flow engine then
filters using a user-defined routine to return the cheapest provider. This
locator type provides for many more options not detailed here. There are other locator types. Internal activity implementations (as described
in the Flow Modeling Concepts section) are
actually represented as operations a service provider implements with a locator
type of local (The earlier discussion omitted that detail.) Finally,
with a locator of type mobility it is possible to use a data field
from a message to locate a service provider. Note
A more thorough description of locators and their options is in section 4.4.3
of Web Services Flow Language (WSFL) (see the References
section). After the service providers the flow model uses are declared, and given the
definition of their associated service provider types, the implementation of an
outsourced activity simply needs to reference an operation a service provider
offers, as shown in the following example: Thus, the Check operation that is part of partner 1's
CreditHistoryOperations port type implements the flow model's
CheckCreditHistory operation. This is well defined, because partner 1
has been declared to be of type CreditServicesProvider, and thus is
guaranteed to provide that operation. Note
The model WSFL uses for outsourcing an implementation is in fact more complicated
than presented here. The concept, however, is essentially the one that is
presented here. It would not make sense in this short overview to go over
the details of WSFL activity implementations. See Section 4.6 in the Web
Services Flow Language (WSFL) (see the References
section). Having built a flow model implementing the cell phone ordering process, the
next step is to make it available so others can use it. To do this, the flow
model itself is defined as a service provider implementing a particular service
provider type. You can denote the flow's individual activities that implement this
service's operations by "exporting" them, that is, by making them
available for direct interactions with service clients. Still left open is how a
flow's concrete instance actually comes to life and vanishes again after it
is completedthis is addressed by the flow model's life cycle
operations. After you have these ingredients together, it is possible to use WSDL
services and other WSFL flows to recursively compose flows. Figure 18.5 highlights the interface to
which the flow model's client connects. The flow's interface contains
four operations, one inbound and three outbound, depicted as arrows that are
graphically connected to the activities they implement via dashed lines. Initially,
the client using that interface sends a request for a new cell phone, upon which
he receives either a rejection or a bill, which eventually is followed by a
delivery note (and the physical delivery of the phone, which is outside the
scope of a software solution). For this, you can define a port type and service provider type as
follows: Given these definitions, the flow model can be defined to be a service
provider of that service provider type by the actual flow model declaration: You have previously seen (in the section Outsourcing
Activity Implementations: Export) how you can outsource an activity's
implementation to an external service provider by using the internal
element to specify an activity's implementation. The use of the internal
element is necessary when the connection to the external provider is kept private
to the service, in the sense that it is not carried through a public WSDL interface;
that is, it is not mediated by an operation in the service provider type that
the flow declares. Alternatively, an activity's implementation can be provided by exporting
it. Exporting an activity makes it visible to the flow's clients in the
form of an operation on the flow's service interface. In this case, an
export element replaces the internal element used before, and
a nested target element identifies the operation in the flow's own
interface that is mapped to this activity. Detailing the Reject activity to make use of export produces the
following WSFL fragment: When an activity's implementation is exported, the flow engine executes
the activity by either receiving an invocation from a client (if the operation
to which the activity is exported is one-way or request-responsethat is,
an inbound operation), or by invoking an operation on a partner (when the operation
mapped to the activity is an outbound operationthat is, notification or
solicit-response). For example, the reject operation in the preceding example
is a notification operation on the phone ordering service interface, but corresponds
to the invocation of a one-way operation in the customer interface (which is
to say that the customer must be able to receive the rejection, and implies
a peer-to-peer interaction model, see Global Models).
Because of the uniform treatment that WSDL gives to inbound and outbound operations,
WSFL deals with both cases in the same way. Note
In WSFL, a plug link can be provided inside the export element to
indicate the operation in the target provider that is actually being invoked.
You do not need to be concerned with this level of detail at this point. Plug
links are introduced in the section Plug Links;
additional details can be found in sections 4.5 and 4.6 of the WSFL specification
(see the References section). Note that in the example the message types of the activity and the exported
operation don't match. In this case, an additional map element is
required to perform the message transformation. The full specification of the
export element from the preceding example would then be as follows: Many instances of a given flow model can execute at the same time on the
associated run-time infrastructure. In WSFL, a new instance of a flow is created
with either the call or spawn operation. Call is defined as a WSDL request-response operation where the input
message is the input of the flow, and the output message is the result from the
flow. Spawn is defined as a WSDL one-way operation where the input
message is the input of the flow. Both operations can be exported (that is,
exposed to clients) with a different name and signature. Thus, the more precise definition of the sample flow model doesn't
represent the AcquireCellPhone operation as the flow's first
activity, but as an exported spawn operation, creating the flow
instance and passing input data. It also introduces a node representing said
flow input data (a flow source), replacing the previously present
ReceiveOrder activity: Additional life cycle operations are available: A flow can be suspended through the use of the suspend
operation. When suspended, the flow's execution is discontinued, but the
flow still exists in its current state. A suspended flow can be resumed through the use of the resume
operation. Execution of the flow continues from the state where it was
suspended. The current state of a running flow can be queried through the use of the
inquire operation. This enables a business partner to find out
how far a given business process's execution (seen via its public flow
interface, as described in the Public and Private
Flows section) has already progressed. A running flow can be terminated. This aborts the flow's execution
at its current state. All the life cycle operations are offered as WSDL operations taking a flow
instance ID as a parameter. The operations can be exported via an
export element, as in the example in the Exported Activities
section. You have seen that a flow utilizes operations provided by several other
services as the implementation of its activities. Another way to put this is to
say that a flow defines a composition of services by specifying a certain
usage pattern of its service providers' functionality. That is, the flow
combines the operations made available by its providers to achieve a given
compositional goal. You have also seen that a flow model itself can implement a
certain service provider typethat is, it can become a service itself,
offering a set of WSDL interfaces to possible clients. In particular, the flow
could become part of yet another service composition itself. The result is a
mechanism by which services can be recursively composed following a flow
composition model. In general, this form of composition assumes a peer-to-peer interaction model
between services, in which the flow can invoke and be invoked by other services.
However, the compositional model provided by flows is a centralized model, in
which the composition is fully orchestrated from a single control point: the
executing flow engine. Fully distributed compositions of services are introduced
in the section Plug Links. A special case of flow composition is based on hierarchical interactions
between services, as opposed to the more flexible peer-to-peer model. In this
case, an entire flow model can provide the implementation of a single activity
of another flowthat is, it becomes a sub-flow of the invoking flow. You
can achieve this kind of composition by using the flow model's
Call operation to implement the other flow's activity. Input data
from the activity is then passed to the flowSource of the sub-flow, and
data from the sub-flow's flowSink is passed back to become the
output of the activity. The introduction to this chapter mentioned the important fact that flow
languages are used both to provide users of the service with a description of
its behavior, and to actually implement the service. When used to describe
service behavior, the information provided is strictly limited to what partners
need to know to successfully interact with the service; implementations, on the
other hand, must contain all the details that would enable a compatible
interpreter to execute the service on behalf of requesters. This section briefly reviews these two requirements and shows how a
service's public and private behavior are related in a typical case. The behavioral description of a service is the first and most important task
of a flow language in the Web services space. It is intended for the service
customer and provides the information that enables the customer to effectively
use the service and understand how its requests will be processed. In
particular, this includes: The correct order in which the operations of the service need to be
invoked. The alternative paths that the execution of the service may follow based
on the received information. The set of steps that represent the possible states in the execution of
the service, which the requester could possibly need to query in the course
of a long-running interaction (as when using a lifecycle inquire
operation; see the section Life Cycle Operations,
Flow Input, and Output). The data flow between steps, as needed to support the flow of
control. All this information can be easily encoded through the use of the flow model
described in previous sections. A service description based on a flow model, on
the other hand, does not imply anything about the actual implementation of the
service. Implementation independence is a foremost concern in designing the Web
services framework. Many services are likely to be implemented using
technologies that don't rely on flow models, such as traditional object
oriented languages. Regardless of the implementation technology, these services
require a standards-based description of their behavior to facilitate their use
and integration with other services. On the other hand, the language necessary to provide a behavioral description
is fundamentally enough to describe the full execution of that behavior on a
compatible interpreter such as a traditional workflow engine. You just need to
make sure that the language allows the specification of additional
implementation details, such as what program or service to invoke at each
activity in the flow and a set of endpoint and quality-of-service properties
(such as security, transactionality, timing, and so on.) You have already seen
that the WSFL model enables you to do this within the same language that you use
for public flows. There are two advantages to having a single language for both purposes:
First, a common language enables developers to easily transform existing
business processes (which are commonly encoded as flows) into actual Web
services; second, a flow language capable of encoding actual implementations
defines a platform-independent, standard, portable execution language for Web
services. This implementation language relies on Web service standards
(basically, WSDL and related specifications) to provide implementation details,
and can be executed on any vendor's standardized flow engine. A flow that provides the service implementation is usually not suitable as a
public description of service behavior; on one hand, it may reveal information
private to the service provider or even trade secrets, whereas on the other
hand, the actual implementation flow is usually too complex and cluttered with
details that have no relevance to customers. To highlight this difference,
it's common to refer to the actual implementation flow as the private
flow of the service, and to its simplified public description as the
public flow. The difference between a private flow (one with complete implementation
information) and a simplified (or customer-facing) public flow is thus
fundamentally one of authoring style. Consider now the cell phone ordering
service that has served as an example. The original process was depicted in Figure
18.5. A simplified flow is shown in Figure
18.6. Here, only the steps that are relevant to the interaction with the
ordering customer are shown. Note, for instance, that the steps of checking
credit history or creating a new account are not present in the simplified flow.
The service user needs to know only that his request will be either rejected
(resulting in a rejection message being sent back to him), or accepted (resulting
in his credit card being charged and a bill sent). Likewise, if you proceed
downstream through the flow, you will see that the activity AssignPhoneNumber
is missing in the public flow, which is explained by the fact that this operation
has internal relevance to the cell phone company but not to the customer. The simplification of the flow is not limited to revealing fewer internal steps
to the customer. First, observe the modification of the control flow, as the
double control dependencies at SendRejection and ChargeCreditCard
are removed. Note also that the relationship established with a shipper service
in activity ShipPhone is not reflected in the flow of Figure
18.6, because this is a private detail that the service does not want to
reveal to customers or competitors. In terms of the definition of the corresponding
activities, you would have in this case an activity without an implementation
block. Drawing from this example, the typical relationship between the private and
the public flow can be summarized as follows: Public flows have only a subset of all the activities present in the
private flow. The activities present in the public flow are those needed to
support the proper flow of control and to provide users with information on the
execution state. Public flows have simpler flow of data and control, but provide full
information about the sequencing of service operations. The implementation of certain activities is not exposed in public
flows. A private flow and its corresponding public version both support the same
customer-facing interfaces. From the customer perspective, both flows show the
same service provider type. Regardless of the differences between a service's private and public
flows, both should match the observable behavior of the service: The same
external interactions with the customer need to be present in both
representations, and the sequencing and control dependencies between them must
be equivalent, in the sense that the two descriptions should accept as valid the
same sequences of message exchanged between a client and the service. Making
sure that this type of equivalence holds can be hard to show in the case of
complex flows. The important point to keep in mind, however, is that from a
service user's perspective, both flows should behave in exactly the same
way. Up until now you've been dealing with the problem of specifying the
behavior of a single Web service, either in executable form (private flow) or as
a public contract (public flow). In practice, every transaction involves at
least two parties, each of which can be characterized in general as a Web
service. Complex transactions can typically involve three and more participants
directly interacting with each other. Using the flow model described in the
previous sections, you can represent the behavior of each one of the parties
involved in a transaction. This, however, is not enough to fully specify how the
interaction is carried out. What is still missing is a specification of the way
in which all these parties need to interact to carry out a certain transaction.
Global models are used in WSFL to specify the form of multiparty
interactions. To begin, consider the simplest case: an interaction between two services.
A new service must be added to the example, representing an automated cell phone
requester serviceor customerof the ordering service. The customer
service and its interactions with the cell phone order services are shown in
Figure 18.7. Observe that the customer is modeled as a service itself, with a WSDL
interface and a flow representing its behavior, in just the same way as the
phone ordering service. In non-trivial interactions both the provider and the
requester of a service need to send and receive messages at different points in
their interaction; that is, both effectively behave as clients and servers
simultaneously. The Web services interaction paradigm is thus naturally a
peer-to-peer interaction model. In WSDL terms, the customer interface includes one notification operation
(sendOrder) and three in-only operations (getRejection,
getInvoice, and getDelivery). The customer's public flow
specifies the steps that need to follow the sending of the order before the
customer's ordering process can be considered terminated: receiving the
bill and receiving a note informing of the phone delivery. The customer can also
receive a rejection message informing it that the request was not accepted. In addition to the public flows of two services, Figure
18.7 depicts the interactions between the two in the form of connections
between the two services. WSFL refers to these connections as plug links.
Plug links are directional connections that represent the invocation of an operation
of the target service by the source. WSFL models invocations as an ordered pair
consisting of an outbound operation at the source (that is, a WSDL notification
or solicit-response operation) followed by an inbound operation (WSDL one-way
or request-response) at the target. It is important to note here that WSFL makes the assumption that outbound
operations in a WSDL interface represent a service's ability to invoke the
corresponding inbound operationthat is, one whose signature is obtained by
exchanging the input and output elements in the operation definition. Thus, WSFL
interprets outbound operations by as proxies of the corresponding inbound
operation, and a plug link is basically a symbolic representation of connection
that exists between the proxy and the operation that it actually invokes on a
given service. The following is an example of a plug link as specified in WSFL syntax: In this example, the assumption is that sendOrder and
receiveOrder have dual but matching signatures, as in the sample
portTypes below: Provision must be made, however, for the case in which the types of the messages
sent and received by the source and the target do not match, because in practice
the connected services may have not been developed from a common design. WSFL
allows for simple adaptation of the messages exchanged by means of a mapping
mechanism similar to the one used with data links (see the section Data
Flow). Thus, if the message that sendOrder sends has a different
type from the message that receiveOrder accepts, a map specification
can be included in the plug link to provide for the necessary data mapping: To describe a multiparty transaction, WSFL uses a new construct: the global
model. A global model identifies the set of service instances that participate
in the transaction (these are the service providers you saw in the section Flows
as Compositions of Web Services) and uses plug links to define the
interactions between them. The customer-to-phone order service transaction has a very simple global
model with two providers and four plug links: Service providers (or service instances) identify a particular usage of a certain
service, as opposed to the service itself. Service instances are typed according
to a service type (a named set of WSDL interfaces, see Flows
as Compositions of Web Services), and they are assigned a unique name
within the global model. Plug links simply identify the source and target providers
by their names, and the operations within those providers that are involved
in the interaction. Clearly, global models need not be limited to two-party interactions. Figure
18.8 shows a modification of the two-party phone order global model in which
the order service has outsourced all the shipping functions to a third shipping
service. The interaction between the customer and the phone ordering service
is now limited to the initial ordering and billing. Both the phone ordering
service and the customer have direct interactions with the shipping service:
The phone ordering service transmits the phone shipment request to the shipper
and lets it deal with all the shipping-related functions; the customer receives
the delivery information directly from the shipper. In the corresponding global model, there are three providers and three groups
of plug links representing the interactions between them. You can see in the
following example that the three service providers
("customer" on the left of the figure,
"cellPhoneOrderService" in the middle, and
"shipper" on the right) are declared at the top of the XML
coding of the global model. In the rest of the global model, the customer to
phone ordering service, phone ordering service to shipper, and shipper to
customer interactions are defined in the form of sets of plug links connecting
each pair of service providers. All possible pair-wise interactions between the
providers are represented in the global model: This example illustrates the distributed nature of the information that a global
model is designed to capture. Note that in this case no single party has a complete
view of the global interaction. The global transaction is a distributed composition
in which two or more service providers are connected according to a certain
interaction pattern to enable a level of functionality (a business goal) not
provided by any service independently. Compare this form of composition with
the type of compositions created when you use flows to define usage patterns
of services, as described in Flows as Compositions
of Web Services. For more information on the topics discussed in this chapter, see these
references: Frank Leymann. Web Services Flow Language (WSFL). IBM, April 2001.
Available online at
http://www.ibm.com/software/solutions/webservices/pdf/WSFL.pdf. Satish Thatte. XLANG. Web Services for Business Process Design.
Microsoft 2001. Available online at
http://www.gotdotnet.com/team/xml_wsspecs/xlang-c/default.htm. This chapter reviewed the basic concepts of Web services flow languages,
using WSFL as a model. Flow languages, and the fundamental notions of flows and
compositions of Web services, are the basic pieces required to support complex,
multiparty, and long- running service interactions, such as the ones involved in
any realistic business-to-business transaction. Francisco Curbera holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Columbia University, and is currently a Research Staff Member at IBM's T.J. Watson Research Center. He has worked for several years on the use of markup languages for application development and composition of software components, including the definition of the Bean Markup Language (BML), and the design of algorithms for managing XML documents. More recently, he has been involved in the definition and implementation of several Web services specifications. He is one of the authors of the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and of the Web Services Flow Language (WSFL). Matthias Kloppmann is a Senior Software Engineer with IBM Software Group's lab in Bvblingen, Germany. He holds an M.S. in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering from the University of Stuttgart. Matthias has many years of experience with building workflow systems, both in C++ and, more recently, in Java. He has participated in the creation of WSFL, the Web Services Flow Language, and the design of the XML and Web services extensions for MQSeries Workflow. Currently, Matthias is working as a workflow architect on WebSphere, IBM's J2EE application server. To access the full Table of Contents for the book
Web Services and Flows (WSFL)
September 12, 2002
Chapter 18: Web Services and
Flows (WSFL)
Service Flow and Service Composition
Cell phone ordering service sample flow.
Flow Modeling Concepts
<activity name="CheckCreditHistory">
<input name="CustomerData" message="tns:Customer"/>
<output name="Result" message="tns:CreditWorthiness"/>
<!-- Implementation is provided by check method of
an EJB -- outside WSFL scope -->
<ns1:ejbMethod xmlns:ns1="..."
operation="check" />
<!-- Other properties describing embedding into
(control and data) flow -->
Control Flow
Flow model: control links, transition conditions, and join conditions.
<controlLink source="ReceiveOrder" target="CheckCreditHistory"
transitionCondition="customer/id=null" />
<activity name="ChargeCreditCard">
<input name="CreditCardData" message="tns:CreditCard"/>
<output name="Result" message="tns:CreditCardChargeRecord"/>
<join condition="link1 OR link2" when="deferred" />
<controlLink name="link1"
source="ReceiveOrder" target="ChargeCreditCard"
transitionCondition="customer/id != null &&
customer/credit=ok " />
<controlLink name="link2"
source="CreateCustomerAccount" target="ChargeCreditCard" />
Data Flow
<dataLink source="ReceiveOrder" target="ChargeCreditCard">
<map sourceMessage="tns:Order" targetMessage="tns:Customer"
sourcePart="data" sourceField="customerInfo"
Figure 18.3
Flow model: inputs, outputs, and data links.
<flowModel name="cellPhoneOrder">
<activity name="CheckCreditHistory">
<input name="CustomerData" message="tns:Customer"/>
<output name="Result" message="tns:CreditWorthiness"/>
<controlLink source="ReceiveOrder" target="CheckCreditHistory"
transitionCondition="customer/id=null" />
<dataLink source="ReceiveOrder" target="CheckCreditHistory">
<map sourceMessage="Order" targetMessage="Customer"
sourcePart="data" sourceField="customerInfo"
Flows as Compositions of Web Services
Service Providers and Service Provider Types
Flow model using Web services.
<flowModel name="cellPhoneOrder">
<serviceProvider name="Partner1" type="CreditServicesProvider"/>
<serviceProvider name="Partner2" type="LogisticsProvider"/>
<serviceProviderType name="CreditServicesProvider"
<portType name="creditHistoryHandler">
<operation name="check"/>
<portType name="creditCardHandler">
<operation name="charge"/>
<flowModel name="cellPhoneOrder">
<serviceProvider name="Partner1" type="CreditServicesProvider">
<locator type="static" service="abc:qualityCreditServices"/>
<flowModel name="cellPhoneOrder">
<serviceProvider name="Partner2" type="LogisticsProvider">
<locator type="uddi" bindTime="firstHit"
selectionPolicy="user-defined" invoke="leastcost.wsdl">
<uddi-api:find_service businessKey="uuid_key" generic="1.0"
Outsourcing Activity Implementations: Export
<activity name="CheckCreditHistory">
<performedBy serviceProvider="Partner1"/>
<target portType="creditHistoryHandler" operation="check"/>
Exposing Flows as Web Services
Flow Model as Service Provider
Externalizing a flow as a Web service.
<portType name="cellPhoneOrderHandler">
<operation name="acquireCellPhone">
<input name="theOrder" message="tns:Order"/>
<operation name="reject">
<output name="theRejection" message="tns:RejectionNotice" />
<serviceProviderType name="cellPhoneOrderProvider">
<portType name="cellPhoneOrderHandler"/>
<flowModel name="cellPhoneOrder"
Exported Activities
<activity name="Reject">
<input name="orderData" message="tns:Order"/>
<target portType="cellPhoneOrderHandler" operation="reject"/>
<target portType="cellPhoneOrderHandler" operation="reject"/>
<map sourceMessage="tns:Order" targetMessage="tns:RejectionNotice"
sourcePart="data" sourceField="customerInfo"
Life Cycle Operations, Flow Input, and Output
<flowModel name="cellPhoneOrder">
<flowSource name="ReceiveOrder">
<output name="orderData" message="tns:Order"/>
<export lifecycleAction="spawn">
<target portType="cellPhoneOrderHandler" operation="acquireCellPhone"/>
<activity name="CheckCreditHistory">
<controlLink source="ReceiveOrder" target="CheckCreditHistory"
transitionCondition="customer/id=null" />
Recursive Composition
Public and Private Flows
Defining Service Behavior
Implementing a Service as a Flow: Private Versus
Public Flows
Defining a Public Flow
Public flow.
Global Models
Global model involving two parties.
Plug Links
<source serviceProvider="customer" portType="customerPortType"
<target serviceProvider="cellPhoneOrderService" portType="orderPortType"
<portType name="customerPortType">
<operation name="sendOrder">
<output message="tns:phoneOrder"/>
<portType name="orderPortType">
<operation name="receiveOrder">
<input message="tns:phoneOrder"/>
<source serviceProvider="customer" portType="customerPortType"
<target serviceProvider="cellPhoneOrderService" portType="orderPortType"
<map sourceMessage="sendOrderOutput" sourcePart="personalInfo"
targetMessage="receiveOrderInput" targetPart="customerData"/>
Global Models in WSFL
<globalModel name="phoneOrder">
<serviceProvider name="customer"
<serviceProvider name="cellPhoneOrderService"
<source serviceProvider="customer" portType="abc:customerPortType"
<target serviceProvider="cellPhoneOrderService"
portType="cde:orderPortType" operation="receiveOrder"/>
<source serviceProvider="cellPhoneOrderService"
portType="cde:orderPortType" operation="rejectOrder"/>
<target serviceProvider="customer" portType="abc:customerPortType"
<map ... />
<!-- Additional plug links here -->
Global model involving three parties.
<globalModel name="phoneOrder">
<serviceProvider name="customer"
<serviceProvider name="cellPhoneOrderService"
<serviceProvider name="shipper"
<!-- customer to phone order service links -->
<source serviceProvider="customer" portType="abc:customerPortType"
<target serviceProvider="cellPhoneOrderService"
portType="cde:orderPortType" operation="receiveOrder"/>
<!-- phone order service to shipper link -->
<source serviceProvider="cellPhoneOrderService" portType="cde:porderPortType"
<target serviceProvider="shipper"
portType="fgh:shipperPortType" operation="receiveShippingOrder"/>
<!-- shipper to customer link -->
<source serviceProvider="shipper" portType="fgh:shipperPortType"
<target serviceProvider="customer"
portType="abc:customerPortType" operation="getDelivery"/>
Authors of this Chapter
Source of this material
This is Chapter 18: Web Services and Flows (WSFL) from the book Java Web Services Unleashed (ISBN:0-672-32363-X) written by Robert Brunner, Frank Cohen, Francisco Curbera, Darren Govoni, Steve Haines, Matthias Kloppmann, Ben Marchal, Scott Morrison, Arthur Ryman, Joe Weber, and Mark Wutka, published by Sams Publishing.


text:
One Hundred and Forty-First Day:
Wednesday, 29th May, 1946
[Page 127]
A. Will you please tell me where it says that?
Q. On Page 1, the last paragraph:
Q. I mean 054, of course.
A. Which?
Q. It is the first, second, third - paragraph "d" - the
second paragraph.
A. Yes, I have found it.
Q. It says there that the Ukrainians who were being employed
as individual workers in the Reich were "very satisfied with
the conditions."
A. Yes. In my testimony I quoted the passage in which the
author of the letter said that this was the case during the
first few months only, for I immediately had the camps
inspected and improved. I even went so far as to get the
Reich Labour Minister to issue a new camp regulation, all as
a result of this complaint.
Q. Did you personally visit the Eastern Occupied Territories
on several occasions, and speak to the administrative
authorities there, for example in Riga, Kovno, Zhitomir?
A. Not only did I speak to the administrative authorities
there, but I compiled this manifesto in Russia and had it
published there, and everything that is contained in the
manifesto was communicated to these offices in the same way.
Q. Yes. But is it correct that you emphasized the special
urgency of the Fuehrer decree?
A. That was my duty; that was what I was there for.
Q. That is not right from the legal point of view, for your
actual authority came from Goering, as the Plenipotentiary
for the Four-Year Plan?
A. Yes, that is correct. This was the channel: Fuehrer,
Goering, Four-Year Plan, that was the order of procedure.
Q. Then, if you said it was the Fuehrer's order, you did so
to give a certain emphasis?
[Page 128]
Was a written order sent to you?
A. Yes, written orders were also sent.
Q. From Hitler personally?
A. Yes, from Hitler and from Goering from both of them.
Q. Do you recall that you made an agreement with Rosenberg
to the effect that Eastern workers in Germany, after their
return to their own country, were to receive land so that
they would not be at a disadvantage as compared with the
people who had remained?
A. Yes, that was agreed between Rosenberg and myself; that
is correct.
Q. Was this actually carried out?
A. Just how far this was carried out, I am unable to state.
That was a task for the Ministry of Eastern Occupied
Territories. I assume that it was carried out as far as
Q. Do you recall that Rosenberg constantly advocated doing
away with the so-called Eastern emblem?
A. Rosenberg as well as I myself advocated the abolition of
the Eastern emblem. There is a letter from the Reichsfuehrer
SS rejecting this, but, I know for certain that at the end
of 1943 or the beginning of 1944 we succeeded in abolishing
this Eastern emblem and it was replaced by a national
emblem, as worn by the other foreigners.
Q. Why was this Eastern emblem to be done away with?
A. This Eastern emblem was to be done away with for various
reasons, but above all, so that the Eastern workers would
not feel that they were being discriminated against by
having a special distinguishing mark.
Q. I have one last question: You said that you did not
recall having received any complaints, except for those that
you discussed with Rosenberg. Now, numerous complaints were
constantly being investigated by the Central Agency for
Eastern Peoples, together with the DAF (German Labour
Front). Did the DAF report to you on this?
A. The DAF reported that, in accordance with my directives,
it had put a stop to abuses and bad conditions wherever they
were found. That was its duty In order to remedy these
abuses, the DAF had to turn not to me, but to the industrial
supervision branch ("Abteilung Gewerbeaufsicht") of the
Reich Labour Ministry, whose task it was.
Q. Did you make sure whether this agency stopped these
A. I installed my own inspection agencies, as Dr. Servatius
mentioned. However, the industrial supervision branch was
the only authorized agency which had the legal authority to
use compulsory measures and it was supervised by the Reich
Labour Minister.
DR. THOMA: I have no further questions. Thank you.
Q. What is the emblem that you have been speaking about?
A. The Eastern emblem consisted of a blue-bordered square
which had a blue inscription "OST." The Reich Leader SS
first ordered it to be worn on the right side of the chest;
later on, on the sleeve, and still later, I was instrumental
in getting this changed to a national emblem - I believe
blue or something similar, like the Russian colours. The
people themselves wanted it.
DR. NELTE (on behalf of the defendant Keitel):
Q. Herr Sauckel, the defendant Keitel and the OKW are
accused by the prosecution of the "deportation of civilian
people for the purpose of manpower
[Page 129]
A number of things which were not clear and which are
contained in the record have been cleared up by your
testimony, and in answering the last question of my
colleague, Dr. Thoma, you made it clear to us that the
organisational official channel is as follows: GBA (General
Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour), Four-Year
Plan, Goering and Fuehrer. Is that correct?
A. Generally speaking, yes.
Q. I am interested in determining whether, in this official
channel, the OKW was included, or the Fuehrer in another
function as Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht.
A. I myself was not a soldier and I am not familiar with the
detailed organization of the OK W and of the OKH; it was
often difficult for a layman to make the distinction between
these things. It is true that the OKH was competent for the
recruitment of workers in occupied countries controlled by
army groups. Therefore, labour decrees in the occupied
countries, which were under the sovereignty of the Army, had
to be issued by laws or directives of the General Staff of
the Army.
Q. You probably mean General Quartermaster of the Army?
A. The General Quartermaster was, as far as I know, next to
the Commander-in-chief of the Army.
Q. And by this you mean to say that the OKW and the
defendant Keitel had no competence concerning the procuring,
recruitment and drafting of manpower in the occupied
A. He had no competence in this respect. I came into contact
with Fieldmarshal Keitel, because the Fuehrer repeatedly
charged me to ask Fieldmarshal Keitel to transmit his
instructions to the army groups by telephone or through
Q. And what about the question of the engagement of workers?
Did the OKW, and, specifically, the defendant Keitel as
Chief of the OKW, have any competence concerning the
employment of workers at home?
A. No. For the workers were used in those economic branches
for which they were needed and they had nothing at all to do
with the OKW.
DR. NELTE: Thank you very much.
THE PRESIDENT: Do any members of the prosecution wish to
Q. Defendant Sauckel, you joined the National Socialist
Party in 1925, did you not? Is not that correct?
A. I joined the National Socialist Party for the first time
as an ordinary member as early as 1923. When the Party was
reorganised in 1925, I again became a member.
Q. But you supported the policy of National Socialism since
1921, did you not?
A. From 1921 onwards, I supported a German policy. In 1921,
I did not yet belong to the Party. I knew about the Party
and I was in sympathy with its ideas; that is probably the
right way to put it.
Q. Did you not make speeches in favour of National Socialism
from that time on?
A. From about the middle of 1921 I made speeches in favour
of Germany, not expressly for the Party, but only in a very
small way, in small gatherings and in the way my conscience
Q. You have been Gauleiter, member of the Landrat, Minister
of the Interior, and Governor ("Reichsstatthalter") of
Thuringia; is it correct that in this capacity you brought
about the nazification of your Gau?
[Page 130]
Q. I am asking you the question again: Is it correct that in
your capacity as Gauleiter and Governor of Thuringia, you
brought about the nazification of your Gau?
A. Nazification is a concept with which I was not familiar
nor do I consider it correct. I recruited for the National
Socialist Party and I supported it.
Q. You were ObergruppenFuehrer of the Organization of the
SS, were you not?
A. I do not quite understand - of the SS?
Q. You were Obergruppenfuehrer of the Organization of the
A. I have already stated in my preliminary interrogation
that I was an honorary Obergruppenfuehrer of the SS. I
myself never served in the SS nor did I exercise any
functions in the SS.
Q. When did you become Obergruppenfuehrer of the SS?
A. According to my recollection, I became an
Obergruppenfuehrer of the SS in 1934.
Q. And you were that until when?
A. Until the end.
Q. Among the documents which you have presented in your
Document Book, there is Sauckel Document 95; I read the
following passage on Page 252 of the French translation:
THE PRESIDENT: What are you reading from?
M. HERZOG: From Document 95 of the defendant's Document
Book; Sauckel Document 95, which was submitted yesterday by the
learned Counsel for the defence, Page 252 of the French
translation. It is in the third Document Book of the
Q. I put the question again and read:
A. Yes, but I request that I be shown the document in
cross-examination so that I can define my attitude in
Q. This document is taken from your own Document Book which
you yourself submitted.
A. Yes, I remember it well.
Q. Were the Nuremberg laws concerning Jews in accordance
with your convictions?
A. I had no influence upon law-making such as culminated in
the Nuremberg laws. My conviction is that any people and any
race has the right to exist and to demand respect and
protection through itself. What I demand and have demanded
for my own people is exactly the same.
Q. Did you see to it that the Nuremberg laws were strictly
applied in the Gau of Thuringia?
A. The Nuremberg laws could apply to Thuringia only in so
far as my authority to appoint or dismiss employees was
involved, and, of course, according
[Page 131]
Q. Did you approve of Hitler's theory of "living space"?
A. The Fuehrer wrote about "living space" in his book. How
far I agreed or disagreed with him cannot, in my opinion, be
dealt with in this trial, for I had no influence on how the
Fuehrer himself interpreted the word "Lebensraum."
THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal thinks that you must answer the
question, whether or not you approve of the doctrine of
THE WITNESS: Please pardon me, but I am not fully acquainted
with the statements made by the Fuehrer about the concept
"Lebensraum." I should like to emphasize that I never
thought of "Lebensraum" in connection with the carrying out
of wars or wars of aggression; neither did I promote the
idea; but the concept "Lebensraum" is possibly characterised
best by the fact that the population of Europe in the last
hundred years has increased threefold, from one hundred and
fifty million to four hundred and fifty million.
Q. Did you or did you not approve of the theory of
"Lebensraum"? Answer yes or no.
A. I did not agree with the theory of "Lebensraum" if it had
to do with wars of aggression.
Q. Did you approve of Hitler's theory of the "master race"?
A. I could prove abundantly that I personally always
rejected putting emphasis on the idea of a "master race" and
said so in my speeches. I am personally much more interested
in proficiency than in "master race" ideas.
Q. Then you did not think that the foreign policy of Germany
should have been conducted according to these two theories:
the theory of "Lebensraum" on the one hand, and the theory
of the "master race" on the other hand?
A. I have already stated to my Counsel that I did not
concern myself with foreign policy and was not informed
about it as I am not versed in foreign policy matters.
Q. On the contrary, did you not approve of all the measures
of foreign policy, and did you not participate in them?
THE PRESIDENT: Perhaps we had better break off now, and you
can repeat the question tomorrow.
(The Tribunal adjourned until 30th May, 1946, at 1000 hours.)
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(Part 9 of 9)
[DR. THOMA continues his direct examination of Ernst Friedrich Christoph
Sauckel] "Judging from the discussions with the gentlemen and the
reading of the reports it can be said in general ..."
A. Which documents? There are several documents.
"On the other hand the Ukrainians living in community
camps complain a great deal ...."
Is that correct?
"My dear fellow-countrymen, our magnificent SA and SS,
persecuted and insulted during a whole decade as the
scum of the German people, have carried through,
supported, and sustained this revolution with an
unshakeable discipline ...."
Is it correct -
"My dear fellow-countrymen, our magnificent SA and SS,
persecuted and insulted during a whole decade as the scum
of the German people, have carried through, supported,
and sustained this revolution with an unshakeable
discipline ...."
Do you confirm this declaration?


text:
Parasite Helps Ant Colonies Fight 'Zombie' Fungus, Study Finds A fungus that infects the brains of ants, effectively turning them into zombies, is actually vulnerable to a parasite itself, according to new research. The zombie-ant fungus, or Ophiocordyceps, acts like a puppeteer. Once in the brain, it will steer… Permalink
Save Patagonia's Pristine Wilderness Ask the Chilean government to reject HidroAysén's massive mega-dam scheme in Patagonia. Working with our local partners, we've fought for more than three years to keep these unnecessary dams out of wild Patagonia, and this may be our last chance… Permalink


text:
Mark Melnicoff
reviewed 1 month ago
I've not been impressed with Motel 6's in the past. But we knew this was going to be a very short stay with little time in the room. So when I checked on inexpensive hotels near PIT, this one showed
I've not been impressed with Motel 6's in the past. But we knew this was going to be a very short stay with little time in the room. So when I checked on inexpensive hotels near PIT, this one showed a lot of positive comments on Trip Advisor. So I figured we'd take a chance. We were very pleasantly surprised!
1. Front desk staff lady was VERY friendly and a pleasure to deal with.
2. We originally thought we would not have time to check-in after arrival at PIT, and would have to come back after the day's activities, late in the evening, to check in. But our flight arrived very early, we picked up our rental car very quickly, and had some time to kill. So I contacted the hotel to see if it would be possible to check in, even though it was 5 hours before early check in time. The front desk looked up the occupancy and found that she had some rooms available, and graciously offered that we could check in early. And we did so, got unpacked, took a short nap, and then continued with our day's activity - not having to spend time checking in after we arrived back late in the evening. Very nice!
3. For the price we paid we got a very large room! Everything was clean and in order.
4. Next morning it had snowed and my rental car needed to be brushed off. That's when I discovered that the rental car people didn't leave a brush in the car (which is generally expected in the North during the winter). I went to the front desk to see if they had one, and they did, allowing me to brush the snow off with something besides my sleeves!
5. The bathroom had a nice large toiletries laydown area by the sink, and the shower worked well. These areas are usually a source of concern in inexpensive hotels. Bravo! Also, the shower enclosure was a modern solid piece with many cubbyholes for soap, shampoo, etc., as well as having a bow-out shower curtain rail. All very nice.
6. Only comments for improvement (from my wife): the decor on the walls is rather sparse (something I would expect in an inexpensive hotel - costs money to decorate a room), and the bed coverings were really too light for the winter. (I compensated for this by keeping the room warmer than what we would normally set it for.)


text:
13 Hilariously Weird Fortune Cookie Fortunes
Chinese takeout is a classic American staple, and fortune cookies are easily the greatest part of the meal. Why? Surprise fortunes are inside, duh!
Chinese takeout is a classic American staple, and fortune cookies are easily the greatest part of the meal. Why? Surprise fortunes are inside, duh!
Only t-minus four days until the big game, so now is the perfect time to start thinking about the most important part of our Super Bowl party-- food. Nachos, sandwiches, pizza and anything greasy goes, as long as it's hardy and semi-manly. But how the heck are we supposed to choose with so many delicious options out there? Answer: go big.
The Epic Meal Time crew is back with another disgusting display of artery-hating fast food gluttony. This time they brought a (very hesitant friend). Sort of. They kidnapped celebrity chef Jaime Oliver might be a more accurate way of putting it.
Maybe Subway is stepping up their game a tad. They've made it abundantly clear that they now have avocados and sriracha sauce, and they will NOT be putting ketchup on anybody's sandwich. At all. They don't even have ketchup, and one employee was willing to fight to prove it. They don't call them sandwich artists for nothing.
If you love unnecessarily elaborate meals and absolutely hate being in good health, we recommend using the recipes from the self-described "d-bags" in this video.
There are tons of things we love about Thanksgiving, like how it's socially acceptable to dress up as a pilgrim in public. (Other people do that too, right?) Obviously boats full of gravy will trump square-buckled shoes every time though. Unless
When we think of fall, several things come immediately to mind -- cooling temperatures, turning leaves, costumes, candy and turkey dinner. But nothing evokes the season more than pumpkin pie, especially with a generous dollop of waist-expanding whipped cream. With its velvety texture and rich flavor, what's not to love?
Several schools across the country have banned Flamin' Hot Cheetos because they are so unhealthy and dangerous to kids. What about these snacks? They seem *at least* as terrifying as something that promises to be hot as fire. It certainly can't be safe for kids to eat these. Also, we want some.
It's that time of year again when we apologize to our pancreas and then eat until we're sick -- Halloween candy season! Everywhere we turn, we're bombarded with chocolate and gummies and sour things and those peanut butter taffies in the wax paper wrapping that no one ever eats. Somehow those things have survived the ages but our favorites have gone by the wayside. It's bittersweet heaven on earth.


text:
The National Skills Academy for Retail (NSAR) was established in 2009, and has been part of People 1st since 2013.
Through our network of quality-marked skills shops and specialist trainers, we provide access to high quality training for retail business owners, employees and the future workforce.
To find out more about the National Skills Academy for Retail and the services we offer, choose from the options below.
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Support materials and resources for skills shops
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Meet the NSAR board and team
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Get in touch to find out more about our services
Are you a self-employed, qualified apprenticeship assessor in London? Thanks to funding available through the European Social Fund, you could train to deliver the Retail Higher Apprenticeship to independent retail businesses for FREE!
To find out more, download the flyer.


text:
Presentation of the 'Malcolm S. Adishesaiah Prime Awards' and 'Malcolm Heritage Awards' formed the highlight of the annual conference of Tamil Nadu Board of Continuing Education (TNBCE). K. N. Nehru, Transport Minister, presented the awards, instituted by the TNBCE.
The 'Malcolm S. Adishesaiah Prime Awards' was conferred on T. Soundiah, District Collector and E.S. Krishnamoorthy, Secretary, Voluntary Health Services, APAC, Chennai; and P. Rajadurai Michael, Senior Social Scientist and a freedom fighter.
The 'Malcom Heritage Awards' went to Muthuvelazhagan, Drama Director, Karumuhil Kalai Mandram and Sivan Srinivasan, TV Serial Artiste.
Speaking on the occasion, Mr. Nehru said that conferring these awards would not only be indicative of right identification of services being rendered by various individuals in different fields of activity, but also come as a source of encouragement for them.
Mr. Soundiah, in his address, highlighted the role being played by service organisations, especially in supplementing the governmental efforts at times of crisis. He cited a few instances in which individuals and philanthropists in the district had identified and promoted sports talents among the youths.
"But for the efforts by non-governmental organisations, the overall development of the district would be a distant dream. These organisations supplement the assistance being sanctioned on a limited scale through the government-sponsored schemes," he aid.
The Collector commended the role being played by the self-help groups in economic development and poverty alleviation in the district. The banks had sanctioned loans to the tune of Rs.75 crore to the women SHGs last year against the target of Rs. 60 crore.
Mr. Soundiah urged service organisations to launch intensive campaigns on social issues such as AIDS awareness and other topics in rural pockets. "The AIDS-afflicted persons are being given a step-motherly treatment at their residences in villages," he said, urging the non-governmental organisations to take up an intensive campaign to tide over these inhibitions.
Raja Muthirulandi, Secretary, TNBCE, mooted the formation of a separate organisation to take care of the requirements of school drop-outs. K. Govindaraju, president of TNBCE, spoke on the contribution made by the awardees.
Keywords: Acheivement