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Welcome to the wonderful world of club fitting.
Topics Discussed
- categoryClubstagged by System, 6/7/12
- itemPING G15 Ironstagged by System, 6/7/12
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Got fitted...Lie angle...swing speed...I'm confused - Page 3
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- Joined: 10/2012, Posts: 835
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Sorry IMO I do not agree with UFGators unless you have never picked up a club. Although I had played for years, never had a club fitting played off the shelf clubs I see a real value to a good set of clubs fit for you. I took a few good years off my swing changed along with being a bit older. I have a very upright stance and was catching the heal, by having the lie adjusted I got rid of that. I would have never known if I did not have a good fitter. Believe me it took three guys before I found the one I really trusted.
My father in law is a very tall guy and even though he sucks they added a little to the length to his shafts and adjusted the lie, these where his first real set of clubs, the first set where from a second hand sporting goods store.
My son even though he is very average in his swing, height, arm Leigh has bigger then average hands they added 3 wraps.
I agree that your swing will change the more you play and take lesions but there is no reason not to get fitted when you are ready to buy new clubs. If you need to make adjustments to your clubs after a bit take them in for a tune up.
We all know that there are guys that will go into a fitting expecting a different club, shaft because that is what the pros play but you have to be honest with yourself. But it comes down to a good fitter to point you in a direction on what you need you have to trust them.
Again this is just MO.
- rustyredcab
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In my opinion yes but only if your clubs were fitted for correct impact position of the "improved" swing.
The swing you are trying to learn (close to ball like Jim Furyk or farther from ball like Moe Norman), your height, the distance from your wrist to the floor... determine your correct static length and lie at impact. If your game is good enough to try and hit the ball where you want it to go, you will make adjustments/compensations to your impact position to try and make the ball behave -- go straight.
If your clubs fit the "correct" impact position, the ball will do as you wish when your swing is correct. Your reward for a good swing is a good result. If the ball does not go where you wanted, you will adjust and compensate. Those compensations have a chance to move you to your desired swing.
If your clubs do not fit that static position, the ball will not do as you wish with a correct swing. It may fade/slice or draw/hook more than you wish. You may hit it fat or thin. (As an absurd example to make the point, imagine your clubs were two inches too short. A correct impact position would have you miss the ball entirely.) Most of us will adjust our swings and make compensations in order to hit the ball and try and get the ball to fly straight (even if we don't know we are doing it). Thus, if our clubs do not fit our desired swing, we will change good swings to swings that generate the results we want.
So, IMO, one can play good golf with clubs that do not fit just as one can play great golf with a bad swing. One can not make good swings and play good golf at the same time with clubs that do not fit. In order to give yourself the best chance at progressing to the swing you want, get a static fitting for that swing.
I live in Michigan and went to Carl's Golfland to get fitted for new clubs. I came into some money and thought that that justified buying new clubs. Carl's is one of the top 100 fitters in the US according to Golf Digest. I have been playing inconsistently for several years but have not taken any lessons. I hit a 7 iron about 130 yards and the video wasn't pretty. They suggested as did UFGators, that I take lessons to be more consistent before getting fitted for new clubs. That's what I've done this past winter and I believe they made the correct call.
- Joined: 4/2013, Posts: 191
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I just picked up my Ping G25 iron set and got pseudo fitted. I went with an CFS-R shaft, black dot lie, and off the rack at the end of the day. I'm lucky to be average height, at 5'10", and have always felt that anything off the rack feels great and comfortable to hit. I have never been fitted my entire life and my G25 purchase was the first.
I have played since I was 14, competitively in high school, but played on and off since college. Interest level, life and work got too busy and I'd be lucky to get 2-3 rounds of golf in a year. I'm now 37 years old, still in good shape, and my interest in golf is renewed. I was thoroughly embarrassed a month ago when I played for the first time in over 2 years. I lost 8 balls and shot over 100 and basically stopped counting. It was a Johnny Miller course, something no one should play on their first outing in 2+ years, but I basically lost my swing. I was playing with a set of forged Mizuno MX-23, which are considered GI irons, but with my lack of play, they weren't forgiving enough. So the first thing I did to correct this was to sign-up for a series of lessons. I've always had a good looking swing to the naked eye, but to the professional instructor, there were plenty wrong. The facility had cameras that analyzed my swing with data and in slow motion, he was able to point out my problems. He had two simple fixes. First was to adjust my grip, and second is to focus on my swing plane. Once I got those two corrected, I am now more consistent and hitting the ball straighter than ever. With my renewed confidence and performance at the driving range I decided that I should refresh my 5 year old set with something new before heading back out to the course.
So now back on topic around fitting. I went to my local golf shop and had a few irons in mind after reading reviews online. I hit a few of each with a 7 iron and liked the sound and feel of the G25's the most. It felt the most forgiving and trackman indicated the highest consistency amongst all the clubs I tried. Now comes the fitting. Lie angle, length, and grip size was a non-issue. I'm average height with a text book swing, just need to work on impact consistency with practice. So next was swing speed. I was clocked at 93mph with a 7 iron and a distance of 170.2 yards with a +.46 launch direction, so pretty much crushed it dead center. This is on the G25 with CFS-R (regular) flex. I told the fitter, I like it, and he tells me that I should use a stiff flex at that swing speed and distance. So I tried the stiff shaft instead. It felt a little heavier, my swing speed came down a little, and couldn't get the same results without working harder. It felt like I had to work a tad harder but the launch angle was slightly lower by about 1 degree, which is nice. I went back and forth hitting R vs. S and the regular flex felt way better for me. What I realized is that my tempo is more important than my swing speed. I wasn't torquing my club enough for the shaft flex to matter so much. The slightly lighter shaft gave me higher swing speed and a slightly higher launch angle which I don't mind so much. The fitter didn't even tell me this and I simply recalled a discussion I had with my instructor. I basically ignored the fitter, who was leaning me towards stiff, and went with the club that felt better. Luckily, they had one R flex in stock left for me to take home.
The next day, I went out on the course with friends and shot a 79, only my second time out in over 2 years. It was an easier course, but it wasn't because of the new clubs, but the 3 lessons and range practice I had to that point. I'm pretty sure the clubs helped a bit, being more forgiving and the fact that shiny things make me happy, but the lessons were the best investment I've made in the sport.
In summary, you should get a fitting just to be sure. I think if your height and other measurements aren't average, fitting a club will promote better posture and overal swing as you get better. In terms of shaft flex, which is a hot topic everyone likes to argue about, use your judgment and feel for what is better for you. Don't let ego / machismo get in the way thinking that you have to swing fast all the time. At the course, my swings are easier and I'm hitting my 7 iron straight and anywhere between 150-160. According to many charts, stiff flex is still recommended for that kind of distance.
Here is a good video to watch on shaft flex: http://youtu.be/MDaKUHxk0I8 watch his tempo, it's smooth and consistent. If your tempo is fast and jerky, more torque is introduced, and shaft flex become very important.
Tomorrow I'm getting a new driver fitted. Currently hitting an old Ping G5 R-flex and I'm hooking it a lot. Went to the golf shop a few days ago before closing and the fitter said I need to go stiff with an average swing speed of 97mph. I'm going to trust him because I know it's hard for me to make square contact with the ball. I was hitting a couple stiff shaft drivers and I can already tell the difference from trackman's data. With a driver, which is the longest club in your bag, getting it properly fitted for shaft flex is more important imo.
I will say a few random things related to this topic. Take them for what they're worth (and take them to mean what you'd like):
- I can break par with just about any reasonable set of clubs, including my wife's set of clubs, from 6500 yards.
- We fit a guy +2° in his wedges who was having trouble pulling shots. His "new" set of $1000 irons were fit 3° flat not because he swung flat, but because he tended to pull shots slightly. A 30-minute lesson fixed that, so now he's got irons that are way too flat for him.
- Everyone who plays golf even somewhat frequently has a swing that's remarkably similar. Their low point control might vary 18 inches from one swing to the next, but the swings themselves are incredibly similar.
- I used to buy into what an old fitter told me once: that he rarely ever had to change anyone's fitting even over 20 years. I now realize that it was probably more to the fact that the bullet point above was true, as well as another point being true: most golfers don't take lessons from good instructors and just reach a moderate level and stay there the rest of their lives.
- Fitting matters more to low handicappers, but in general, the tools any skilled person uses matter more to them than the unskilled person, but that doesn't mean an unskilled person should use a tool that's bordering on "flat out wrong" for their game, either.
First of all you sir should be on the tour if this is the case and my hat is off to you for being able to break par with just about any reasonable set of clubs. I assume you play by PGA rules strictly?
I believe fitting matters more to high handicappers and here is why. Low handicappers already have a fitted set of clubs. All pros, real-true-pros, have fitted sets and a couple of extra ones sitting in a vault 'just in case' theirs gets lost/stolen. Every year they go back to make adjustments to better their game. For pros it's more mental than reality. Their real improvements come with working with a coach first. He'll find out what they may be doing wrong and then decide if an adjustment is in order. I've seen instructors give the same iron back to a pro and tell him it's been adjusted and to do what we just practiced and you see the difference. The only thing that changed was the pros's mental state and confidence.
High handicappers on the other hand are the ones that buy off the shelf clubs that have the wrong size grip, wrong shaft, wrong style/type of head, wrong lie, wrong clubs in their bag, and wrong length shaft. It's a lose lose from the start. What high handicappers could benefit from is in getting just one club built for them, just one, and then go take some lessons with it from a competent instructor.
Have it, the club, tweaked after feedback from the instructor, and then, and only then, proceed to build a set, one club at a time.
And high handicappers don't need the traditional set of clubs. Their needs can vary greatly. High handicappers don't benefit from multiple wedges, they need one they can use over and over again with success.
Everyone needs a putter.
High handicappers need the lower clubs 6 through 9.
High handicappers don't all need 5 through 3 irons.
Some need hybrids, some need fairway woods, some need a couple of those irons.
Most high handicappers who learn to use a 5 wood near perfectly f or their game can hit it from 160 to 200 by having a swing they have learned to control.
Many high handicappers (and pros) use a fairway wood or hybrids to chip from the deep grass around the green because using a wedge in deep grass is a real surgical shot, even for the pros.
Most high handicappers should not use a driver with loft less than 12 degrees. I teach them to use a 3 wood or even a strong 5 wood till they have found their comfort zone and then to consider buying a driver, but to be very cautious about spending money for no net results. If you can hit a 3 wood 230 down the center of the fairway 10 out of 10 times, does it really benefit you to buy a driver that you end up in the trees 3 out of 10 times, in the deep rough 4 out of 10 times and in the fairway 3 out of ten times, regardless of the distance. The greater the distance the greater the error on a bad shot. You could be in the next fairway over or in the water or out of bounds. Each of these will cost you a stroke.
Golf is an individual game and no two people play the same, plan their shots the same or hit the same. We are all different. There are no cookie cutter approaches that fit all golfers or even the majority of them.
I'm a fitter/builder/repair business owner and I see it all the time.
FORE! Play Golf
- 1badbadger
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I'm new to the forum and started a new topic asking a question about this. Looks like I should ave searched first!!! My bad. Anyway, I'm likely one of the hacks that UFGators is talking about. Using the tape and hitting off boards, I was "fit" to I.5 flat (Ping purple dot). But, I'm 5'9" and using Ping's static fit on its website I measure at 1.5 upright (yellow dot). I have lessons starting in June but, if I'm going to adjust my lie, I'd like to do it before lessons. Do I stick with the purple dot, as measured by my totally inconsistent and crappy swing, do I get them adjusted to yellow dot since fixing my swing with lessons is "easier" based on my static fit measurements, or do I adjust to black dot since I'm a beginner?
Desert, I realize this might be a little late, but if you haven't started your lessons yet and are still undecided about your lie angle situation, I would suggest that you hold off on any adjustments until after you meet with your instructor. He will most likely make some changes in your stance/posture and swing. Then you'll have a better idea which way you need to go. Your instructor will be able to consult with you also on this...it might not be a formal "fitting" or he might not be able to exactly how much your irons need to be adjusted, but he should be able to provide some insight or recommendations.
- Joined: 7/2014, Posts: 14
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UFGators' post makes a lot of sense, although some will take offense. But it's true, unless you can hit the ball fairly consistently, there is no reason to go to the trouble and expense of getting fitted. If you have an inconsistent swing that doesn't allow you to hit the ball semi-decently, any irons you get fit for will only fit that inconsistent swing. If and/or when you improve and somehow develop a better swing, then you will have to go through the fitting process again.
Far better at the early stages of learning the game to take some lessons, to the point that you can return the clubhead to the ball. Until then, any old set of irons will do, even if they are a little too long or a little too short. Sure, ill fit clubs may make your shots go one way or the other, but until they consistently go that way, getting fit is a waste.
I think his only mistake is implying that all bogey golfers have terribly inconsistent swings. It makes good sense that if you can't swing the same way twice, there's no sense trying to fit a club to that inconsistent swing. But when I got fitted for my clubs last year (15 handicap at the time) it showed great consistency as far as lie angle at impact, etc.
Better advice would be to go get fitted, and if it shows you're all over the place, get some lessons before getting fitted again and buying clubs. Because in my case, the clubs turned out to be a big part of what was holding me at that bogey golf level, and now my handicap has been steadily decreasing since then as I'm much more comfortable with an iron in my hands.
- Jeremie Boop
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I think his only mistake is implying that all bogey golfers have terribly inconsistent swings. It makes good sense that if you can't swing the same way twice, there's no sense trying to fit a club to that inconsistent swing. But when I got fitted for my clubs last year (15 handicap at the time) it showed great consistency as far as lie angle at impact, etc.
Better advice would be to go get fitted, and if it shows you're all over the place, get some lessons before getting fitted again and buying clubs. Because in my case, the clubs turned out to be a big part of what was holding me at that bogey golf level, and now my handicap has been steadily decreasing since then as I'm much more comfortable with an iron in my hands.
A good fitter will tell you if getting new clubs won't help you. When I did my flightscope session here the guy said there was no point in buying a new driver until I got more consistent with my swing.
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For me the only thing I noticed that made my clubs feel different was the shaft, not so much flex but the characteristics. When I was fitted some shafts just didn't feel right and it showed in the numbers. The differences weren't huge but the shot pattern and loss of distance on mishits was evident. Mostly noticed it on the downswing and at impact.
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VIEWS: 29 PAGES: 7 CATEGORY: Emerging Technologies POSTED ON: 10/14/2012
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: email@example.com, email@example.com, Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012, ISSN 2319 - 4847
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: email@example.com, email@example.com Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 ISSN 2319 - 4847 The Use of Certainty Factor with Multiple Rules for Diagnosing Internal Disease Tb. Ai Munandar1, Suherman2 and Sumiati3 1,2,3 Informatics Eng. Department, Universitas Serang Raya Jl. KH. Amin Jasuta No. 15 C Serang Banten, Indonesia ABSTRACT Availability of specialists in internal medicine to serve the wider community, especially in the province of Banten is still very low, so as to obtain health care, patients have to queue up at a particular hospital. Expert systems as a branch of artificial intelligence course can be used as a solution to overcome the shortage of specialists in the field of medicine. In this study, we developed an application expert system for diagnosing the disease using inference techniques certainty factor with multiple premise rule, which allows a patient consultations to determine many of the symptoms, in order to obtain the final diagnosis according to the patient's level of conviction entered. Application was developed using the concept of web-based so it can be used at any time by the patient, to be able to detect early symptoms of the disease, prior to further examination by a specialist. Search results for the selected symptoms of the patient showing the value of certainty factor, and shows the percentage of convictions diagnosis performed at 90%. Keywords: Internal disease, expert systems, certainty factor, multiple premises 1. INTRODUCTION An expert system is a branch of artificial intelligence was first developed in mid-1960. As an application of the scientific study of artificial intelligence, expert systems are able to use human knowledge through an inference engine to solve problems that require a person expertise. Because of its ability that can capture knowledge as well as ease of access from anywhere, even able to operate within the dangerous, expert systems are developed for a variety of purposes from all disciplines [1],[2]. In general, the application of expert systems are widely used in the health sector to make the diagnosis of certain diseases, such as HIV disease diagnosis expert system using Fuzzy C-Means [3], Hypotension diagnosis using the concept of Neuro-Fuzzy [4], low back pain in computer users diagnosis using fuzzy sets [5],[6], diabetes disease diagnosis using Mamdani fuzzy inference with fuzzy verdict mechanism [7], and diagnosis of asthma using machine learning methods [8]. In other areas, an expert system was developed to predict the customer satisfaction with a product based on design and color [9], predict tensile behavior of tailor welded blanks using artificial neural network [10], development and improvement of learning concepts using expert system application to create e-learning expert system [11] and mobile learning are combined with the concept of cloud computing [12], application development 'guru' spiritual uses the concept of an expert system to answer various questions about life and soul [13], and classification of types of industrial and home wastes using if-then-rule-based [14]. On the other hand, the use of expert system inference engine aims to form a final conclusion on the basis of knowledge. Some inference engines that can be used are fuzzy logic, neural networks, neuro-fuzzy concept if-then rule based, Bayesians reasoning, genetic algorithms, and even the certainty factor. For the use of certainty factor, at the beginning of its development, much criticized by scientists because they do not fit and are only used for specific needs and could not be used, however, now, the certainty factor began to be used again as an inference engine for its ability who is capable of forming an independent causal assumption [15] and able to handle the appearance of single or multiple rules to the resulting final conclusion [1]. Some expert system application, which uses the inference engine certainty factor among others: the level of water quality monitoring applications [16], similarity of facial expression detection for multimedia applications [17], evaluation of the success rate of teaching system [18], handling of duplicate data on the concept of data mining [19] and safety risk assessment process of enterprise information technology adoption [20]. Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 Page 58 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 ISSN 2319 - 4847 However, some applications are still developed using a combination of if-then rules and inference certainty factor to handle double the premise of connecting conjunctions, where inferences are affected in such patients answer "Yes" or "No" when choosing the symptoms are felt (for if-then-rules), and final value certainty factor combinations, less than optimal because it only take the lowest or the highest value of evidence, and then multiplied by the value of certainty factor rule in the existing knowledge base, so that the final value of the degree of confidence is determined by the size of the value of direct evidence (for certainty factor using connecting conjunctions). This paper will discuss the use of the combined value of certainty factor of multiple rule without seeing the lowest or the highest value, so that the final value is more optimal results without relying on any of the evidence that exists, because all the evidence has the same potential to be able to determine the final decision. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Expert System In the development of expert systems, basically there are several important components that must exist, namely, expertise, experts, transfer of expertise, inference, and the ability to explain the rules of the facts, theories, procedures, and rules of the problem in order to resolve problems [2], [21]. An expert system consists of two main parts (see Figure 1). First, the development environment, which is used by the manufacturer, to build an expert system components, and introduce knowledge into the knowledge base. Secondly, the environmental consultancy, which is used by the user, in order to acquire the knowledge and advice of the expert system, as if it were an actual consultation with experts. Inference engine are the most widely used, is a forward chaining and backward chaining, or a combination of both, however, they are sometimes combined with other methods to be more stable inference engine. Figure 1 Expert System Environment 2.2 Internal Disease Internal disease is kind of a disease that attacks the human internal organs. In medicine, known for some of the common diseases suffered by the patient, such as, liver disease, heart disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, gout, coronary heart disease, anemia, brain abscess, etc [22]. This research will discuss the ten types of internal disease, to include disease information, symptoms and rules into the knowledge base of expert system applications. Each disease has several symptoms different or even the same. In this study, data on symptoms were found in each of these diseases, there is a common symptom of some other disease. This is what underlies the certainty factor used as a method of inference engine to determine the final decision will be. For example, the symptoms with code GJ013, (headaches) are not only found in the brain abscess symptoms, but also felt by people with anemia disease. Likewise with code GJ012 (a fever), is not only felt by people with brain abscess disease but also experienced by kidney disease, or other diseases. Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 Page 59 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 ISSN 2319 - 4847 2.3 Certainty Factor (CF) The concept of certainty factor is proposed to accommodate the uncertainty of an expert who is often thought of analyzing information with phrases such as "May", "likely", "almost certainly" and so on. Notation certainty factor is described as follows: CF[h,e]=M[h,e] – MD[h,e] (1) Where, CF [h, e] depict the certainty factor and MB [h, e] describes the size of the confidence in the hypothesis h, if given evidence e (between 0 and 1), MD [h, e] describes the size of the distrust of hypothesis h, if given evidence e (between 0 and 1). There are three things that might happen to the hypotheses arising from existing evidence. First, the rules with single evidence e and a single hypothesis of h, where the notation certainty factor can be written as follows: CF[h,e]=CF(e) x CF(rule) (2) In practice, CF (rule) is determined by experts, whereas CF (e) is determined by the user, while consulting with the system. Second, rules with multi- evidence e and single hypothesis h. Notation certainty factor is determined by the interface used, could use a disjunction or conjunction. Notation on connective disjunction is written as follows: IF e1 AND e2 ... AND en THEN h (CF rule) (3) So that the calculation of the value of CF combination, defined by the following notation: CF(h,e)=min[CF(e1),CF(e2),...,CF(en)]*CF(rule) (4) Meanwhile, for connecting conjunction, can be written as follows: IF e1 OR e2 ... OR en THEN h (CF rule) (5) So the calculation of the value of CF combination, defined by the following notation: CF[h,e] = max[CF(e1),CF(e2),...,CF(en)]*CF(rule) (6) Third, the combination of two rules with different evidence (e1 and e2) but refers to the same hypothesis. The equations for combining two CF are as follows: (7.a) (7.b) (7.c) In this study, the combination formulation CF calculations, using the formula 7.a, to calculate the value of CF dual premise, while for a single premise, we use the formula 4, the terms entered by the user CF ranges between (0 and 1). 3. RESEARCH METHOD This study is divided into several steps of research, beginning with the stage of data collection and information symptoms of each disease. Once the symptoms of the information obtained, and then classified according to the type of disease. If there are some of the same symptoms for different diseases, the same symptoms are put together and then made a symptom code to be included in the knowledge base and are related to the type of illness. The next stage is the development of a knowledge base using MYSQL database engine and manufacturing expert system application. The next stage is the development of a knowledge base using MYSQL database engine and manufacturing expert system application, and then tested against some users to test the accuracy of the final result. 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Applications developed, designed by interactive condition, in which the user is not exposed to the type of question that requires an answer Yes or No. In the developed application, the user as if faced with a real doctor, with consultation on the page, the system will ask about body parts that feel certain symptoms. For example, if the user typed Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 Page 60 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 ISSN 2319 - 4847 the body "head", it will display some kind of symptoms that can be selected by the user, as well as other body parts. If the user has selected some of the symptoms, then the user is faced with the consultation page to give CF according to their beliefs. This CF value will be calculated according to the value of CF that exists in the knowledge base(see figure 2). Figure 2 Flowchart Expert System Consulting Process Selection of the symptoms can be done repeatedly during the user believes that there are many symptoms felt. If users already feel confident enough, then the user can simply perform a search end result. The system will make the process of inference to symptoms of CF are chosen with the value entered. For example, a user consultation as follows: Table 1: Data of the selected user's symptoms No Symptoms and CF value from user 1 Feeling short of breath with CF value of 0.70 2 Chest tightness and spasms, making breathing so breathless with CF value of 0.60 3 Often feel uncomfortable, as if not enough air into the lungs, such as climbing stairs with CF value of 0.80 4 It felt as though the narrowing of the chest, as bound with rope, with a value of 0.60 CF 5 Neck stiff / sore CF value of 0.70 6 If rheumatic attack left hand, shooting pain was radiating to the shoulders to the neck with a CF value of 0.50 7 Frequent headaches with CF value of 0.60 8 Feeling weak and / or dizziness, or feeling very weak to get out of bed with a CF value of 0.40 Based on the symptoms are selected, the system detects some types of diseases that meet these symptoms. For example, the symptoms 5 (CFg5 = 0.70) and symptoms 7 (CFg7 = 0.60), suggesting a brain abscess symptoms with each CF rule (CFR1 = 0.80) and (CFR2 = 0.70), so the value of CF combination is obtained as follows: CF1 = CFg5 x CFR1 = 0.70 x 0.80 = 0.56 CF2 = CFg7 x CFR1 = 0.60 x 0.70 = 0.42 Since both values CF (CF1 and CF2) > 0, then we use the equation of 7.a, so its value is obtained as follows: CFcomb = CF1 + CF2(1 – CF1) = 0.56 + 0.42(1 – 0.56) = 0.74 In the same conditions, symptoms 7 (CFg7 = 0.60) appears on the symptoms of anemia with CF rule (CFR1 = 0.60), in addition to seven symptoms, other symptoms that appear when the user selects the initial symptom is a symptom 1 (CFg1 = 0.70) with a CF rule of the knowledge base of (CFR2 = 0.50) and symptoms 8 (CFg8 = 0.40) with a CF rule (CFR3 = 0.60). Thus, the combinations of CF values obtained are as follows: Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 Page 61 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: email@example.com, email@example.com Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 ISSN 2319 - 4847 CF1 = CFg1 x CFR2 = 0.70 x 0.50 = 0.35 CF2 = CFg7 x CFR1 = 0.60 x 0.60 = 0.36 CF3 = CFg8 x CFR3 = 0.40 x 0.60 = 0.24 CFcomb = CF1 + CF2(1 – CF1) = 0.35 + 0.36(1 – 0.35) = 0.58 CFcomNew = CFcomb + CF3(1 – CFcomb) = 0.58 + 0.24(1 – 0.58) = 0.68 Overall, the value of CF following a search result, for all the symptoms that have been selected, based on the calculation expert system (see table 2) Based on the eight symptoms experienced by the user during a consultation, the relationship is likely some type of disease suffered by the user is shown by Table 2. Highest CF value indicates that the type of disease is exactly what the truth is closer to the level of the best of search results the user perceived symptoms. The number of emerging diagnostic results (see table 2) shows that the use of certainty factor, able to provide better decision than just using regular inference methods. It shows also that, any of your symptoms are associated with other diseases, and it requires the correct inference techniques to prevent a single diagnosis. With the advent of multiple diagnoses, a patient is able to know the type of the disease according to the degree of accuracy available Table 2: CF combination value of expert systems search results Disease CF value Accuracy(%) Heart Failure 0.909 90.8608% Brain abscess 0.735 73.48% Anemia 0.684 68.384% Bronchial asthma 0.629 62.88% Coronary Heart 0.490 49% Pulmonary tuberculosis 0.490 49% Hyperthyroid 0.360 36% 5. CONCLUSION Expert system search results as shown in Table 2 indicate that any symptoms are selected by the user will be searching for all kinds of diseases that meet the symptoms. If found congruence, between the symptoms of the disease, then the system will calculate the value of CF combination in accordance with existing rules to the knowledge base and CF values entered by the user. The results displayed will be different because it depends on the selected symptoms. Highest confidence level will determine the best final decision; following a lower level of confidence in the final decision is the alternative to choose. Shape the final recommendations can be made up of more than two types of the disease, depending on the selection of user perceived symptoms. The use of methods of certainty factor in expert systems, not only provide a single diagnosis, however, several other diagnostic possibilities associated with the symptoms experienced will be raised in accordance with the results of the calculation CF combination. Confidence level of 90% of search results.. REFERENCES [1]. Sutojo, J., Mulyanto, Edy., Suhartono, Vincent., 2011, Kecerdasan Buatan, Penerbit ANDI Publisher, Yogyakarta, in bahasa [2]. Kusumadewi, Sri., 2003, Artificial Intelligence : Teknik dan Aplikasinya, Penerbit Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta, in bahasa [3]. A, A, Imianvan., F, U, Anosike., C, J, Obi., 2011, An Expert System for The Intelligent Diagnosis of HIV Using Fuzzy Cluster Means Algorithm, Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Volume 11, Issue 12, Page : 73 - 80 [4]. Agboizebeta, Anthony, Imianvan., Chukwuyeni, Jonathan, Obi., 2012, Cognitive Neuro-Fuzzy Expert System for Hypotension Control, International Journal of Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems,Vol 3, No.6, Page : 21 – 32 Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 Page 62 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 ISSN 2319 - 4847 [5]. Kadhim, Abbas, Mohammed., Alam, Afshar, M., Kaur, Harleen., 2011, Design and Implementation of Fuzzy Expert System for Back pain Diagnosis, International Journal Of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Vol.1 No.9, Page : 16 – 22 [6]. Mansour, Rasheed, Abdel, Osama., Kandil, A Diab, Olfat., 2011, The use of Knowledge Based Expert System Approach in Examining Causes of Low Back Pain in Computer users, European Journal of Scientific Research Vol.50 No.3, Page :352-362 [7]. Kalpana, M., Kumar, Senthil, A, V., 2011, Fuzzy Expert System for Diabetes using Fuzzy Verdict Mechanism, International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications Volume: 03, Issue: 02, Pages:1128-1134 [8]. Prasadl, BDCN., Prasad, Krishna, P, E, S, N., Sagar, Y., 2011, An Approach to Develop Expert Systems in Medical Diagnosis Using Machine Learning Algorithms (asthma) and a Performance Study, International Journal on Soft Computing ( IJSC ), Vol.2, No.1, Page : 26 – 33 [9]. Isakki,P., Rajagopalan, S,P., 2011, The Expert System Designed To Improve Customer Satisfaction, Advanced Computing: An International Journal, Vol.2, No.6, Page : 69 – 84 [10]. Dhumal, Abhishek T., Narayanan, Ganesh, R., Kumar, Saravana, G., 2011, Simulation Based Expert System to Predict the Tensile Behaviour of Tailor Welded Blanks, International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Systems, Volume 13, Issue 1, Page : 159 – 181 [11]. Kakoty, Sangeeta., Sarm, Shikhar Kr., 2011, Expert System Applications in E-learning Environment: Analysis on Current Trends and Future Prospects, International Journal of Internet Computing, Volume-I, Issue-1, Page : 90 – 93 [12]. Asabere, Yaw, Nana., Enguah, Edusah, Samuel., 2012, Integration of Expert Systems in Mobile Learning, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research Volume 2, No. 1, Page : 55 – 61 [13]. Shrivastava, Puja., Satpathy , Kumar, Susanta., Nagwanshi, Kumar, Kapil., 2011, Implementation of an Expert System as Spiritual Guru for Personality Development, International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol.3, No.1, Page : 116-121 [14]. Dada,O, Joseph., Kochs, Hans-D., Petersen, Joerg., 2011, Web-Based Expert System for Classification of Industrial and Commercial Waste Products, Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences Volume 2, No.6, Page : 257 – 262 [15]. Lucas, P, J, F., 2001, Certainty-factor-like Structures in Bayesian Belief Networks, ELSEVIER SCIENCE, Knowledge-Based System 14, Page : 327 – 335 [16]. Ooshaksaraie, Leila., Basri, Ahmad, Ezlin, Noor., 2010, An Expert System Applied in Construction Water Quality Monitoring, American Journal of Environmental Sciences 7 (1): Page : 75-81 [17]. Mo, Hiroshi., Satoh, Shin'ichi., 2000, Face Sequence Matching with Certainty Factor Evaluation, Paper for lAPR Workshop on Machine Vision Applications. Nov. 28-30. 2000, The University of Tokyo, Japan, Page : 553 – 556 [18]. Chang, Ting-Yi., Cheng, Pei-Cheng., Chen, Yi-Ting., 2011, A teacher evaluation system based on association rule and certainty factor inference: How to judge a course is successful or not?, Proceeding e-CASE & e-Tech International Conference, Page :1834 – 1854 [19]. Tamilselvi, Jebamalar ,J.,Gifta, Brilly, C., 2011, Handling Duplicate Data in Data Warehouse for Data Mining, International Journal of Computer Applications Volume 15, No.4, Page : 7 – 15 [20]. Gordon, Andrew, L.S., Belik, Ivan., Rahimi, Shahram., 2010, A Hybrid Expert System for IT Security Risk Assessment, Proceeding International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'10), Page : 430 – 434 [21]. Turban, Efraim, 1995, Decision Support and Expert System Management support System, 4th Edition, USA : Prentice-Hall [22]. Naga, S, Sholeh., 2012, Buku Panduan Lengkap Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, 1st Edition, Yogyakarta : DIVA Press. In bahasa. AUTHOR Tb. Ai Munandar received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Informatics Engineering from Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta (B.S) in 2008 and Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta (M.S) in 2012. During 2008- 2009, he stayed in Index-Forex Trading Company as a Network Engineering, in the midle of 2009- 2011, he become a teacher at some computer science senior high school and some private universities. Now, he is working as a lecturer in Universitas Serang Raya. His research interests are soft computing techniques, digital image processing, e-business, project management and data mining Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 Page 63 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: email@example.com, email@example.com Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 ISSN 2319 - 4847 Suherman received the B.S and M.S degrees in Informatics Engineering from Sekolah Tinggi Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia (STT-INTEN) (B.S) in 2000 and STT Benarif (M.S) in 2010. During 2005 – now, he stayed in Universitas Serang Raya as a lecture, secretary of dean in Information Tech. Department, and Dean of Information Tech. Department (Now). His reseach interests are, artificial intelligence, digital image processing, software engiinering and enterprise information systems. Sumiati received the B.S degree in Informatics Engineering and M.S in Economic Field from Universitas Persada Indonesia – YAI in 2004 and 2008, respectively. During 2005 – 2009, she stayed in one of national private bank as an administration staff. During 2009 – now, she become a lecture at Universitas Serang Raya. Her research interests are artifial intelligence, digital image processing, software engineering and data mining. Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012 Page 64


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» News
China think-tanks rising in numbers
Publication Date : 10-02-2014
Li Fan was initially worried that a two-day seminar on democracy he was organising in Beijing last December might run into trouble with the authorities due to its sensitive topic. To his surprise, the event ran smoothly.
"In fact, some government officials even attended the seminar," Li, who heads the World and China Institute, a private think- tank, told The Straits Times.
He believes the greater interest and tolerance stem from President Xi Jinping's keenness in building "new think-tanks with Chinese characteristics" - a call made in April last year and again during a key policy summit by the Communist Party in November.
Since then, new think-tanks have emerged with former politicians or military chiefs at their helm while existing ones are teaming up with overseas universities.
For instance, the Nanfang Media Group in December launched the Southern Defence Think Tank in Guangzhou to build China's version of the Rand Corp, a non-profit policy think-tank in the United States. The same month, the elite Fudan University set up the Centre for China Development Model Research.
China now has 426 think- tanks, ranking it second in the world after the United States with 1,828, according to a recent worldwide study of think-tanks.
In terms of quality, however, China trails far behind the US and other Western countries, with only six of its think-tanks in the world's top 100, according to the 2013 Global Go To Think Tanks Index released by the University of Pennsylvania last month.
Topping the list was the Washington-based Brookings Institution. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the country's premier think-tank, was 20th. Singapore's S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies was 78th.
Experts attribute China's poor performance partly to the fact that many Chinese think-tanks have strong government support, which hurts their independence and representation of public interests. The few that are private face problems in areas such as fund- raising, information-sharing and attracting talent, they add.
"Among the most used factors for assessing any think-tank's quality are its independence and capacity to think out of the box," said Dr Thierry Kellner, a political science lecturer at Belgium's Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
"To be productive, any debate must confront perspectives and allow for critical visions - conditions that are hard to gather in China when sensitive topics are on the table."
But some think that close links with the government have an upside too and that the global rankings belie the influence Chinese think-tanks have in shaping government policies and public sentiments.
Pascal Abb, a research fellow at the Hamburg-based GIGA Institute of Asian Studies, said this "overwhelming financial dependence on the state" means that they are closer to the centre of power when influencing policy.
"Their expertise is definitely being put to use," he said. "Most Chinese think-tanks have regular communication channels due to their direct link to the government, through which they submit current events analyses and policy suggestions."
This is a connection that Western institutes lack, added Abb, who has written a paper on the changing roles of China's foreign policy think-tanks.
Already, these institutes are playing a role in Chinese policymaking. Among the more influential reports in recent years was one by the World Bank and China's government-linked Development Research Centre in 2012 that called for an overhaul of how state enterprises were run.
And their global impact is likely to rise as China's US$9 trillion economy makes it an indispensable international player and as China's leadership pours more resources into developing better think-tanks.
Tsinghua University analyst Zhu Xufeng thinks the high hopes Xi has for Chinese think- tanks signal an awareness that stronger critical thinking is needed to support the leadership amid complex social, economic and environmental challenges.
"The support Beijing needs from think-tanks will increase and with more officials open to taking policy advice from them, this has led to a new phase of growth for think-tanks in China," said Professor Zhu, who has written three books on think-tanks.
Analysts say influential think- tanks can increase China's soft power by shaping global public opinion and promoting Chinese views. Their interaction with foreign institutes can also bolster unofficial communication channels and avoid misunderstandings.
But the freedom that foreign policy think-tanks enjoy will continue to be controlled and their participation in foreign policymaking monitored as Beijing is "very careful in protecting its hold on power", said Dr Kellner, who has studied the think-tanks.
The phrase "think-tanks with Chinese characteristics", he said, "can be understood as an often used strategy to legitimise their opaque functioning, the nebulous link they have with the regime, and the constraints they have to face in the public space".


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Pronunciation: greip
Pronunciation in Estonian [et]
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- Random word: köögivili
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greip = grapefruit
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Welcome, Sign In
Libra Daily Horoscope For September 25th 2013
Description:In this daily horoscope, Kelli Fox, The Astrologer says: "You'll be taken down some unexpected road to success today. You can't beat the scenery or connections you'll make along the way." (0:41)
Source: Kelli Fox, The Astrologer
Tags: The Astrologer , theastrologer kelli fox , astrology forecast , daily horoscope


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It seems virtual voyeurism never goes out of style. A recent Electronic Arts press release has informed us that The Sims 3 was last year's best-selling PC game across the globe, according to Chart-track UK, NPD Group, GfK and the publisher's own internal estimates. We imagine a bit of number crunching went into the aforementioned estimates -- we don't think they'd leave that kind of thing to water cooler talk. "So, what do you think, Mark? Best game ever? Yes, great. It's official."
The EA presser also boasts the company's optimistic outlook on 2010, as the Sims 3 community continues to tinker around with the Create A World tools. Check out this neat, Robinson Crusoe-esque Machinima to see what these tools are capable of!
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Off the Grid: The Witcher Adventure Game and Star Wars Imperial Assault
Posted on Feb 3rd 2015 2:15PM


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Series tied 1-1 (as of 6/19)
Game 1: Monday, June 18 | ||
San Francisco | 5 | Final |
LA Angels | 3 | |
Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 2: Tuesday, June 19 | ||
San Francisco | 5 | Final |
LA Angels | 12 | |
Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 3: Wednesday, June 20 | ||
San Francisco | 0 | Final |
LA Angels | 6 | |
Recap »Boxscore » |
Coverage: FSW
10:05 PM ET, June 19, 2012
Angel Stadium of Anaheim, Anaheim, California
The Los Angeles Angels signed C.J. Wilson in the hopes that he could help them return to the World Series.
The only time he faced the San Francisco Giants was two years ago in the Fall Classic.Wilson will try to continue his outstanding stretch on the mound as the Angels look to rebound from a loss in the opener of this series against the visiting Giants on Tuesday night.After failing to reach the playoffs in back-to-back years, Los Angeles (36-32) went on a free-agent spending spree that included signing Wilson (7-4, 2.30 ERA) away from division rival Texas in hopes of catching up with the two-time defending AL champ.Los Angeles is five games back of the Rangers in the West, but Wilson is certainly doing his part, owning the league's lowest ERA while leading the team in victories.The Angels have won the last five games started by the left-hander as he's gone 3-0 with a 0.77 ERA. That outstanding run continued Wednesday, when he allowed one run and four hits over seven innings, overcoming five walks and leaving without a decision in a 2-1 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers."I'm a pitcher, not a statistician, so I just try to go out there and follow the plan," Wilson said. "We set a really good plan with our scouting, and the catchers are really on board. I also do a lot of video preparation and stuff. So if I hit my spots, that's the best chance I can give myself."Wilson seemed to be doing that for Texas against the Giants (38-30) in Game 2 of the 2010 World Series, yielding two runs and three hits in six innings, but the lineup was held to four hits in a 9-0 loss. He and the Rangers went on to lose the Series in five games, as San Francisco won its first championship since the team was located in New York in 1954.In his first regular season start against the Giants, he'll try to help the Angels rebound from Monday's 5-3 loss.Mark Trumbo's solo shot boosted his team highs to 16 homers and 42 RBIs, while Mike Trout stole three bases and leads the AL with 19 even though he wasn't called up until April 28.Trumbo and Trout will look to help the Angels even the series against Barry Zito (5-4, 3.61), who is trying to avoid losing a third consecutive start. The left-hander has a 7.36 ERA while serving up four homers in his last two trips to the mound.Zito gave up five runs in five innings of a 6-3 loss to Houston on Thursday, with a fourth-inning grand slam doing the bulk of the damage."I felt like I was locating decently, but that one inning, things got away (from me)," Zito told the team's official website.Zito is 0-3 with a 4.97 ERA in his last four starts against the Angels, but hasn't faced them since June 15, 2009.Copyright by STATS LLC and The Associated Press
Gameday Matchup
San Francisco | Los Angeles | |
Night | 62-36 | 64-48 |
Grass | 94-68 | 87-68 |
Current Streak | L1 | L2 |
Last 10 | 5-5 | 6-4 |
Pitching Matchup
Gameday Lineups
NO. | San Francisco | Los Angeles |
1. | G. Blanco, RF | M. Trout, LF |
2. | R. Theriot, 2B | T. Hunter, RF |
3. | M. Cabrera, LF | A. Pujols, 1B |
4. | B. Posey, DH | M. Trumbo, DH |
5. | A. Pagan, CF | H. Kendrick, 1B |
6. | P. Sandoval, 3B | A. Callaspo, 3B |
7. | B. Belt, 1B | E. Aybar, SS |
8. | H. Sanchez, C | P. Bourjos, CF |
9. | J. Arias, SS | J. Hester, C |
Injury Report
San Francisco | ||
| ||
Los Angeles | ||
| ||
View MLB injury report |
Regular Season Series
Research Notes
¿ While the clamor over Albert Pujols' struggles has quieted since he hit his 1st HR, he's hardly out of the woods. If you completely remove the entire period this season before he hit his 1st HR and include only his production since, it would still represent a decline from not only last season, but an enormous drop from his MVP-caliber production in St. Louis. [+]Albert Pujols
Close [X] | |||||||||||||||||||||
Entering Monday, Torii Hunter is hitting .345 this season against left-handed pitchers. | |||||||||||||||||||||
ESPN Stats & Information |


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In observance of the State Holiday, OPA will be closed on Thursday, February 12, 2015, and will reopen at 8:00 a.m. on Friday, February 13, 2015. If you wish to report suspected abuse and neglect of a person with Intellectual Disabilities, you may call 860-297-4300 and press 2 when the welcome message begins, this will transfer you to the AID Unit voicemail, then press 1 to leave a message. OPAs investigative staff will be checking the voice box throughout the day. Please leave a call-back number or other contact information. |
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Easter devotions are here! Sign up for our Lent and Easter email devotions.
From Acts 27:29, 30, 40, it would appear that the Roman vessels carried several anchors, which were attached to the stern as well as to the prow. The Roman anchor, like the modern one, had two teeth or flukes. In Heb. 6:19 the word is used metaphorically for that which supports or keeps one steadfast in the time of trial or of doubt. It is an emblem of hope.
"If you fear,
Put all your trust in God: that anchor holds."


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Rocky Mount Type C Motor Homes for sale
Class C Motorhomes, occasionally associated with the mini style motor home, provides the amenities of the bigger Motorhomes RV in a reduced edition and at a more modest price. The Type C recreational vehicle (RV) is constructed on an automotive fabricated van chassis with a connected cab section. The size of a Class C Motorhome varies from nineteen to twenty-eight feet. The Class C (mini) Motorhome RV allows a lot of the luxuries and amenities of the Class A RV in a reduced and lower priced unit. It possesses sizeable living space and at-home comforts, and represents perfectly flexible accommodation for weekend escapes or extended vacations.
Related City searches include -
Bristol - Bristol RVs (Bristol)
Vesta - Vesta RVs (Patrick)
Stanleytown - Stanleytown motorhomes for sale (Henry)
Salem - Salem motorhomes for sale (Salem)
Rich Creek - Rich Creek motor homes (Giles)
Fort Blackmore - Fort Blackmore used motorhome for sale (Scott)
Big Stone Gap - Big Stone Gap new motor homes (Wise)
Coeburn - Coeburn RV dealers (Wise)
Clintwood - Clintwood pre-owned motor homes (Dickenson)


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Sony NEX-VG30 Interchangeable Lens HD Handycam Camcorder Bundle With 18-200mm & 16mm f/2.8 Lenses - snynexvg30dlknm1
Why buy from the Sony Retailer Network? Retailers in the Sony Retailer Network strive to deliver an excellent customer experience that helps you make the right choices. And they can assist in delivering the quality products and service you deserve when you buy a Sony product. We encourage you to look for the Sony Retailer Network Logo wherever you shop. *Buy.com is in Sony's Retailer Network. This doesn't apply to Marketplace Sellers. |
Learn more about Sony NEX-VG30 Interchangeable Lens HD Handycam Camcorder Bundle With 18-200mm & 16mm f/2.8 Lenses:
Manufacturer: Sony
Mfg Part#: snynexvg30dlknm1
Sku: 249808214
See more in Camcorders
The Sony NEX-VG30 Camcorder with 18-200mm f/3.5-6.3 Power Zoom Lens is an interchangeable lens camera for cinematic video and DSLR quality photographs, featuring a 16.1MP Exmor APS-C sized CMOS sensor, an XGA OLED Tru-Finder EVF, a Quad Capsule Spatial Array Microphone, a BIONZ image processor and the Sony E-mount for Sony E-Mount lenses. NEX-VG30 presents a significant upgrade from Sony's NEX-VG20, adding a seesaw lever for power zoom, a Multi Interface shoe, a much improved electronic viewfinder, Picture Effects and the option for an external XLR adapter (sold separately). |


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Hideo Wakamatsu Twin Carry On Suitcase White
The Twin Range from Japanese Designer Hideo Wakamatsu...
The Rock Vapour-Lite Range is the ultimate combination of functionality and fashion. 5 Amazing Colours in 3 sizes...
Luggage Superstore are proud to stock a great range of cabin luggage, trolley cases, in flight bags, shoulder totes & wheeled holdalls to suit your every need.
With effect from 7 January 2008, the 'one item restriction' will no longer apply at most airports.
For budget airlines offering cheaper flights to passengers without large suitcases, the maximum size for items of hand luggage is 56cm x 45cm x 25cm per bag.
However, airlines apply their own policies governing the number and size of hand baggage which may be taken in to the aircraft cabin; make sure you check your airlines policy before you arrive at the airport.
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I ordered two of these twin memory foam mattresses for my tween' trundle daybed. They feel just the same as my $1500 Tempur-pedic mattress! My daughters both slept thru the night the first night we had them, which is very rare. The mattresses plumped up to full height within five minutes of opening the packages, and are very lightweight compared to my Tempur-pedic mattress. The odor was strong for the first few days, but has diminished some in the past few weeks. I sprayed Febreze on them to speed things along, but my girls haven't complained a bit about the smell. They love their new mattresses!
I have used memory foam mattresses before. I did not have high expectation from this product. But, I still can confidently state that this is good value for money. This has less memory than you would want from a memory foam mattress. But, it gives firm enough support. My 5-yr-old likes it. I bought this to go on the bunk bed. The earlier, 8-inch memory foam mattress on it was cutting too close to making the bed unsafe for the kid to sleep up there. This fit it right, is of right height and he sleeps like a baby. He couldn't tell the difference between his old memory-foam mattress (which I consider superior for a little more money) and this one. If you are particular about "memory"-foam, try a slightly more dense memory foam. But, if you are OK with just enough memory and foam-mattress for less money - this is it!
I was looking for the new mattress for my 9 years old son's bunk bed. I read very positive review about this product by many people that I decided to purchse this one. This mattress met bunk beds safty requirment ( upper ), it was thin enough gives great support ,very firm. But not too hard . It was perfect for my son. he loves it. He is excited to sleep on it everynight.
I bought this mattress for a platorm bed that I also bought at O. It is very comfortable, not to soft but firm with the give I like in memory foam. It unfolded very quickly and did not have any smell to it. Would buy another one.
Our god children ages 2 and 4 are getting settled in their new room and we bought them bunk beds We considered many mattresses and carefully read all reviews on Overstock. Our 4 yr old has many allures and asthma so we decided to go with the memory foam. We couldn't be more pleased with these mattresses. They plumped up perfectly , no smell, fit the bunks beautifully, and are the perfect height. I can lay on them and they feel comfortable , so an adult or teenager would be just as comfortable.
This 6" foam mattress is for a trundle in our kids bunk bed. A little soft for the old guys, but works fine for the little guys
my son loves his new bed he sleeps so good on this I love it and it is absolutely perfect for him!
This mattress is perfect for a bunk bed. I bought it for my 9 year old granddaughter and she was very pleased with the comfort. I was impressed with how quickly it expanded into its full size after it came out of a relatively small box. It had no odor like most me,Roy foam mattresses do upon initial unwrapping. The mattress cover is zippered and removable, and appears to be very good quality. The mattress is just the right thickness to fit into a bunk, and completely fill the space laterally so as to keep it in place. I am very pleased with this product.
We bought four of these mattresses for two daybeds with trundles. To be honest I did not have high expectations but with all the good reviews I thought I would give it a try. They came rolled up and within an hour they were expanded to regular size mattresses. They are relatively firm but not uncomfortable. Low odor too which foam is often guilty of a strong smell for several days.
Using this for an upper bunk mattress for my grandson. He loves it. Very comfortable and still below the rails for safety. Excellent purchase!
Usually leaves our warehouse in 1-2 business days. *
Mattress Sets are non-returnable upon signature at delivery. Mattresses are non-returnable if opened or taken out of their plastic wrapping.
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** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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I have a dark complexion. Can I have laser treatment for my pigmentation marks? I was told I would end up with white marks on my face. Is this true?
- Treatments
- Hyperpigmentation
- Hyperpigmentation...
Hyperpigmentation Treatment for Dark Skin Complexion
- Wings47
- Buckinghamshire
- 2 years ago
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Source: [Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, 1858-1921, wife of William II.]
Historical and Public Figures: A General Portrait File to the 1920s
Stephen A. Schwarzman Building / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs
All Any
Image ID: 1103370
Her imperial highness, the empress of Germany [Augusta Victoria].
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A cross country coach in a small California town transforms a team of athletes into champions.
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Come and celebrate your birthday at the El Capitan Theatre! Learn More
March 13 - April 16
A visually-dazzling live action retelling of Disney's beloved animated classic.
April 1 at 9:30 PM ONE NIGHT ONLY!
April 9 at 7 PM ONE NIGHT ONLY!
April 17 - 30
MONKEY KINGDOM is Disneynature's new film set among the ancient ruins and jungles of South Asia.
April 30 at 4 PM
THE AVENGERS and AVENGERS: AGE OF ULTRON
May 1- 20
Marvel Studios presents AVENGERS: AGE OF ULTRON, the epic follow-up to the biggest Super Hero movie of all time


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Dividend Dates And Distribution Amounts Announced For Certain BlackRock Closed-End Funds
BlackRock cautions that forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, which change over time. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and BlackRock assumes no duty to and does not undertake to update forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements and future results could differ materially from historical performance.
With respect to each Fund, the following factors, among others, could cause actual events to differ materially from forward-looking statements or historical performance: (1) changes and volatility in political, economic or industry conditions, the interest rate environment, foreign exchange rates or financial and capital markets, which could result in changes in demand for the Fund or in the Fund's net asset value; (2) the relative and absolute investment performance of the Fund and its investments; (3) the impact of increased competition; (4) the unfavorable resolution of any legal proceedings; (5) the extent and timing of any distributions or share repurchases; (6) the impact, extent and timing of technological changes; (7) the impact of legislative and regulatory actions and reforms, including the recently approved Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and regulatory, supervisory or enforcement actions of government agencies relating to the Fund or BlackRock, as applicable; (8) terrorist activities, international hostilities and natural disasters, which may adversely affect the general economy, domestic and local financial and capital markets, specific industries or BlackRock; (9) BlackRock's ability to attract and retain highly talented professionals; (10) BlackRock's success in maintaining secondary market support for the Fund; (11) the impact of BlackRock electing to provide support to its products from time to time; (12) the impact of problems at other financial institutions or the failure or negative performance of products at other financial institutions; and (13) the ability of BlackRock to integrate the operations of Barclays Global Investors.
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Pearson Learning Group (www.pearsonlearning.com) has releasedthe latest version of QuickReads Technology Edition, an instructionalprogram for developing content-rich vocabulary and consistentcomprehension abilities in level 2-5 readers by using grade-level,high-frequency words and phonics/syllabic patterns that have beenmastered by students at that grade level. The latest release, Version 3(also available in a network edition), provides Spanish vocabularyhelp for ESL/ELL learners and accessibility features approved by theCenter for Applied Special Technology. QuickReads features nonfictionscience and social studies texts that help students build fluency,comprehension, and background knowledge, while the speechrecognitiontechnology helps students pronounce difficult, misread,or unknown words. The complete program, with 12 copies each ofbooks 1-3, is $344.95.
This article originally appeared in the 08/01/2005 issue of THE Journal.
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Composition and Chemistry
Simulation of preindustrial atmospheric methane to constrain the global source strength of natural wetlands
Article first published online: 21 SEP 2012
Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012)
Volume 105, Issue D13, pages 17243–17255, 16 July 2000
Additional Information
How to Cite
2000), Simulation of preindustrial atmospheric methane to constrain the global source strength of natural wetlands, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D13), 17243–17255, doi:10.1029/2000JD900193.
, , and (Publication History
- Issue published online: 21 SEP 2012
- Article first published online: 21 SEP 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 20 MAR 2000
- Manuscript Received: 20 OCT 1999
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
Previous attempts to quantify the global source strength of CH4 from natural wetlands have resulted in a range of 90–260 Tg(CH4) yr−1. This relatively uncertain estimate significantly limits our understanding of atmospheric methane. In this study we reduce this uncertainty by simulating preindustrial CH4 with a three-dimensional chemistry-transport model. Methane mixing ratios and δ13C-CH4, as deduced from ice cores, and estimates of other preindustrial sources and sinks, are used as constraints. This yields an average preindustrial natural wetland source strength of 163 Tg(CH4) yr−1, with an estimated ±2σ uncertainty range of 130–194 Tg(CH4) yr−1. The present natural wetland source may be ∼10% smaller, owing to drainage and cultivation of wetland area since 1800 A.D. The simulated pole-to-pole concentration difference is found to be rather insensitive to the assumed relative contributions of important preindustrial sources and sinks, and therefore imposes only a limited constraint on the estimate of natural wetland emissions. In contrast, δ13C-CH4 could provide robust constraints, but, unfortunately, at present reliable measurements are absent. Estimates of the historic development of anthropogenic CH4 sources, in combination with our model calculations, can largely explain the increase of methane mixing ratios during the nineteenth century. Results for the twentieth century indicate that these historical emission inventories underestimate anthropogenic emissions by at least 10%. Simulations of preindustrial and present-day isotopic ratios show that the growth of anthropogenic sources since 1800 A.D. may have increased δ13C-CH4 by 3‰.


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Everyone has heard the old saying, "Men are from mars and women are from venus." But do you have better chances making contact with alien life than finding Mr or Miss Right? This infographic takes a look at online vs. offline dating from the viewpoint of an astrophysicist. Brought to you by freedating.co.uk Read More »
Tag Archives: Women
Women at Work: Sound Bytes, Statistics of Women Who Lead
Women today are making professional strides at an unprecedented level. We are seeing women start businesses at 1.5 times the national average, a 20 percent increase over the last decade. We're also seeing educated women at record numbers; women now hold more bachelor's and graduate degrees than men. There is still a disparity in earnings and leadership titles across genders, ... Read More »
Women in Technology: Triumphs, Barriers and Interesting Data
Can women succeed in IT? Women have recently taken several notable positions at the forefront of big tech companies. Unfortunately, they remain the exception to the rule. Learn about the presence – or lack thereof – of women in technology, from dismal numbers to inspiring success stories and resources for supporting ambitious, tech-minded women. Brought to you by itmanagerdaily.com. Brought to ... Read More »
What Does Your Lingerie Say About You?
Lingerie can be a delicious treat (both for the woman who wears it and the man who beholds it!) There is no doubt that lingerie has definite sex appeal. In fact, many fashionable women have become so enamored with these ultra sexy, feminine looks that many don't want to bury them underneath more serious clothing. They look for every opportunity ... Read More »
Women Control The Money In America
More women are taking the reins on their finances, holding 60 percent of all personal wealth and 51 percent of all stocks in the U.S., according to Virginia Tech. In the office, 1.3 million are cashing in a cool $100,000-plus annually and running 40 percent of all private American businesses, according to marketing site She-conomy. At home, the majority of women ... Read More »
Sexual Violence Against Women – The Hard Truths
International Women's Day – March 8 – is a day that celebrates the achievements of women, but also raises awareness of the struggles and barriers to equality that still exist worldwide. Sexual violence against women is a serious abuse of women's human rights, and an injustice experienced by women around the world. On International Women's Day 2012 ActionAid is saying ... Read More »
Women Small Business Owners: America's New Job Creators
This Infographic visually explains how female business owners have positively impacted job creation in the U.S. More and more American women are taking their careers into their own hands and opening small businesses. Small businesses account for more than 99 percent of employers in the U.S., and female ownership in small business increased more than 20 percent between 2002 and ... Read More »
Into The Minds of Women Who Game Online
LIFE Magazine assembled the world's greatest gamers for a photo shoot that would become the center spread of their 1982 Year-In-Photos edition. The photo pictured 16 gentlemen between the ages of 14 and 30 years old, and fulfilled every typecast associated with gaming. Together, these men, including Billy L. Mitchell, who would later be named the Gamer of the Century, ... Read More »
Men Happier With Work-Life Balance Than Women
The Captivate Office Pulse Survey on Work-Life Balance reveals that when it comes to work-life balance, men are happier than women. The survey of 673 workers shows that men are 25% happier at work and 8% happier at home than women are. The Captivate Office Pulse Survey also has some interesting insights into some of the ways the lack of ... Read More »


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© Copyright Candyce H. Stapen published by The Globe Pequot Press all rights reserved.
Duration: Up to a week's worth of fun.
This travel guide comes from:
Great Family Vacations: Midwest & Rocky Mountain Region Guide Book
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Submit your review of this destination.
Date of Trip: 6/9/2005
Put-in-Bay is great for a day trip with the family. Take the walk-on ferry across the lake. The salt-water taffy is a yummy treat, or you can find many local restaurants and icecream shops. There's an underground tour of the caves that's not to be missed.
In Sandusky, visit Cedar Point for the big rollercoasters and Soak City for the water rides on a hot day.
Visit the nearby Geauga Lake for a family-friendly, less intense rollercoaster experience.
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