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AH-64 Apache | |
An AH-64 Apache from the U.S. Army's 101st Aviation Regiment in Iraq | |
Role | Attack helicopter |
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | Hughes Helicopters (1975–84) McDonnell Douglas (1984–97) Boeing Defense, Space & Security (1997–present) |
Designer | Hughes Helicopters |
First flight | 30 September 1975[1] |
Introduction | April 1986[2] |
Status | In service |
Primary users | United States Army Israel Air Force Egyptian Air Force Royal Netherlands Air Force |
Produced | 1983–present |
Number built | 2,000 as of March 2013[3] |
Unit cost | |
Variants | AgustaWestland Apache |
AH-64 Apache | |
An AH-64 Apache from the U.S. Army's 101st Aviation Regiment in Iraq | |
Role | Attack helicopter |
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | Hughes Helicopters (1975–84) McDonnell Douglas (1984–97) Boeing Defense, Space & Security (1997–present) |
Designer | Hughes Helicopters |
First flight | 30 September 1975[1] |
Introduction | April 1986[2] |
Status | In service |
Primary users | United States Army Israel Air Force Egyptian Air Force Royal Netherlands Air Force |
Produced | 1983–present |
Number built | 2,000 as of March 2013[3] |
Unit cost | |
Variants | AgustaWestland Apache |
The Boeing AH-64 Apache is a four-blade, twin-engine attack helicopter with a tailwheel-type landing gear arrangement, and a tandem cockpit for a two-man crew. It features a nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and night vision systems. It is armed with a 30 mm (1.18 in) M230 Chain Gun carried between the main landing gear, under the aircraft's forward fuselage. It has four hardpoints mounted on stub-wing pylons, typically carrying a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire missiles and Hydra 70 rocket pods. The AH-64 has a large amount of systems redundancy to improve combat survivability.
The Apache originally started as the Model 77 developed by Hughes Helicopters for the United States Army's Advanced Attack Helicopter program to replace the AH-1 Cobra. The prototype YAH-64 was first flown on 30 September 1975. The U.S. Army selected the YAH-64 over the Bell YAH-63 in 1976, and later approved full production in 1982. After purchasing Hughes Helicopters in 1984, McDonnell Douglas continued AH-64 production and development. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986. The first production AH-64D Apache Longbow, an upgraded Apache variant, was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued by Boeing Defense, Space & Security; over 2,000 AH-64s have been produced to date.[3]
The U.S. Army is the primary operator of the AH-64; it has also become the primary attack helicopter of multiple nations, including Greece, Japan, Israel, the Netherlands and Singapore; as well as being produced under license in the United Kingdom as the AgustaWestland Apache. U.S. AH-64s have served in conflicts in Panama, the Persian Gulf, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Israel used the Apache in its military conflicts in Lebanon and the Gaza Strip; British and Dutch Apaches have seen deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Following the cancellation of the AH-56 Cheyenne in 1972, in favor of U.S. Air Force and Marine Corps projects like the A-10 Thunderbolt II and Harrier, the United States Army sought an aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still be under Army command;[6][7] the 1948 Key West Agreement forbade the Army from owning combat fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an aircraft better than the AH-1 Cobra in firepower, performance and range. It would have the maneuverability for terrain following nap-of-the-earth (NoE) flying.[8] To this end, the U.S. Army issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) for an Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) on 15 November 1972.[9][10] As a sign of the importance of this project, in September 1973 the Army designated its five most important projects, the "Big Five" with AAH included.[11]
Proposals were submitted by Bell, Boeing Vertol/Grumman team, Hughes, Lockheed, and Sikorsky. In July 1973, the U.S. Department of Defense selected finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's Toolco Aircraft Division (later Hughes Helicopters). This began the phase 1 of the competition.[12] Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program. Hughes' Model 77/YAH-64A prototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell's Model 409/YAH-63A prototype first flew on 1 October 1975. After evaluating the test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63's tricycle landing gear arrangement.[13][14]
The AH-64A then entered phase 2 of the AAH program under which three pre-production AH-64s would be built, additionally, the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit were upgraded to the same standard.[13] Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time, including the laser-guided AGM-114 Hellfire missile.[15] Development of the Hellfire missile had begun in 1974, originally known by the name of Helicopter Launched, Fire and Forget Missile ('Hellfire' being a shortened acronym),[16] for the purpose of arming helicopter platforms with an effective anti-tank missile.[17][18]
In 1981, three pre-production AH-64As were handed over to the U.S. Army for Operational Test II. The Army testing was successful, but afterward it was decided to upgrade to the more powerful T700-GE-701 version of engine, rated at 1,690 shp (1,260 kW). The AH-64 was named the Apache in late 1981, keeping with the Army's traditional use of American Indian tribal names for its helicopters and it was approved for full scale production in 1982.[19] In 1983, the first production helicopter was rolled out at Hughes Helicopter's facility at Mesa, Arizona. Hughes Helicopters was purchased by McDonnell Douglas for $470 million in 1984.[20] The helicopter unit later became part of The Boeing Company with the merger of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas in August 1997.[21] In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was $7M and the average unit cost was approximately $13.9M based on total costs.[20]
During the 1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an AH-64B, featuring an updated cockpit, new fire control system and other upgrades. In 1988, funding was approved for a multi-stage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon systems.[22] Technological advance led to the program's cancellation in favor of more ambitious changes. In August 1990, development of the AH-64D Apache Longbow was approved by the Defense Acquisition Board. The first AH-64D prototype flew on 15 April 1992,[23] prototype testing ended in April 1995. During testing, six AH-64D helicopters were pitted against a numerically superior group of AH-64A helicopters; the results demonstrated the AH-64D to have a seven times increase in survivability and four times increase in lethality compared to the AH-64A.[24][25][26] On 13 October 1995, full-scale production was approved;[27] a $1.9-billion five-year contract was signed in August 1996 to rebuild 232 AH-64As to AH-64D standard.[28] On 17 March 1997, the first production AH-64D first flew, it was delivered on 31 March.[29]
Portions of the Apache are produced by various aerospace firms. AgustaWestland has produced number of components for the Apache, both for the international market and for the British Army's AgustaWestland Apache.[30] Since 2004, Korea Aerospace Industries has been the sole manufacturer of the Apache's fuselage.[31][32][33] Fuselage production had previously been performed by Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical; the transfer of fuselage production led to a prolonged legal dispute between Teledyne Ryan and Boeing.[34]
The AH-64D program cost a total of $11bn through 2007.[35] In April 2006, Boeing was awarded a $67.6M fixed-price contract for the remanufacture of several existing U.S. AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration; between May 2009 and July 2011, a further five contracts were issued to remanufacture batches of AH-64As to the upgraded D variant.[36] Since 2008, nations operating the older AH-64A have been urged to undertake modernization programs to become AH-64Ds, as Boeing and the U.S. Army plans to terminate support for the A-variants in the near future.[37] The Apache's effectiveness against ground forces and in urban warfare operations was bolstered by the addition of the AGM-114N – a Hellfire missile fitted with a thermobaric warhead; the AGM-114N was approved for full production in 2005.[38] The use of thermobaric "enhanced blast" weapons has been a point of controversy.[39]
Apache version | Engine version | Engine power |
AH-64A | General Electric T700-701 | 1,696 shp (1,265 kW)[19] |
AH-64A+/D | General Electric T700-701C | 1,890 shp (1,410 kW)[40] |
AH-64E | General Electric T700-701D | 1,994 shp (1,487 kW)[41] |
WAH-64D | Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 | 2,100 shp (1,600 kW)[42] |
The AH-64 Apache has a four-blade main rotor and a four-blade tail rotor.[43] The crew sits in tandem, with the pilot sitting behind and above the copilot/gunner.[44] Both crew members are capable of flying the aircraft and performing methods of weapon engagements independently.[45] The AH-64 is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines with high-mounted exhausts on either side of the fuselage.[46][47] Various models of engines have been used on the Apache; those in British service use engines from Rolls-Royce instead of General Electric. In 2004, General Electric Aviation began producing more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, rated at 2,000 shp (1,500 kW) for AH-64Ds.[48]
The crew compartment has shielding between the cockpits, such that at least one crew member can survive hits. The compartment and the rotor blades are designed to sustain a hit from 23 mm (0.91 in) rounds. The airframe includes some 2,500 lb (1,100 kg) of protection and has a self-sealing fuel system to protect against ballistic projectiles.[49] The aircraft was designed to meet the crashworthiness requirements of MIL-STD-1290,[50] which specifies minimum requirement for crash impact energy attenuation to minimize crew injuries and fatalities. This was achieved through incorporation of increased structural strength, crashworthy landing gear, seats and fuel system.
One of the revolutionary features of the Apache was its helmet mounted display, the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS);[51][52] among its capabilities, either the pilot or gunner can slave the helicopter's 30 mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to their helmet, making the gun track head movements to point where they look. The M230E1 can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via the Target Acquisition and Designation System (TADS).[53][54] On more modern AH-64s, the TADS/PNVS has been replaced by Lockheed Martin's Arrowhead (MTADS) targeting system.[55]
U.S. Army engagement training is performed under the Aerial Weapons Scoring System Integration with Longbow Apache Tactical Engagement Simulation System (AWSS-LBA TESS), using live 30 mm and rocket ammunition as well as simulated Hellfire missiles. The Smart Onboard Data Interface Module (SMODIM) transmits Apache data to an AWSS ground station for gunnery evaluation.[56] The AH-64's standard of performance for aerial gunnery is to achieve at least 1 hit for every 30 shots fired at a wheeled vehicle at a range of 800–1,200 m (870–1,310 yd).[57][58]
The AH-64 was designed to perform in front-line environments, and to operate at night or day and during adverse weather conditions.[59] Various sensors and onboard avionics allows the Apache to perform in these conditions; such systems include the Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System (TADS/PNVS), passive infrared countermeasures,[60] GPS, and the IHADSS.[53][59] In August 2012, 24 U.S. Army AH-64Ds were equipped with the Ground Fire Acquisition System (GFAS), which detects and targets ground-based weapons fire sources in all-light conditions and with a 120° field of vision. The GFAS consists of two sensor pods working with the AH-64's other sensors, an infrared camera precisely locates ground-based threats.[61]
In 2014, it was announced that new targeting and surveillance sensors were under development to provide high-resolution color imagery to crews, replacing older low definition black-and-white imaging systems.[62] In 2014, the U.S Army was adapting its Apaches for increased maritime performance as part of the Pentagon's rebalance to the Pacific. Additional avionics and sensor improvements includes an extended-range radar capable of detecting small ships in littoral environments, software adaptions to handle maritime targets, and adding Link 16 data-links for better communications with friendly assets.[63]
Mission[43] | Hellfire | 30 mm rounds | Hydra 70 | Maximum speed (knots) | Rate of climb (feet/min) | Endurance (hours) |
Anti-Armor | 16 | 1,200 | 0 | 148 | 990 | 2.5 |
Covering Force | 8 | 1,200 | 38 | 150 | 860 | 2.5 |
Escort | 0 | 1,200 | 76 | 153 | 800 | 2.5 |
The AH-64 is adaptable to numerous different roles within its context as Close Combat Attack (CCA), it has a customizable weapons loadout mounted on stub-wings for the role desired.[43] In addition to the 30 mm M230E1 Chain Gun, the Apache carries a range of external stores on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missiles, and Hydra 70 general-purpose unguided 70 mm (2.756 in) rockets.[64]
Starting in the late 1980s, the Stinger and AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles and the AGM-122 Sidearm anti-radiation missile were evaluated for use upon the AH-64.[65][66] The Stinger was initially selected over the AIM-9, but the U.S. Army is considering the Starstreak air-to-air missile instead.[65][67] External fuel tanks can also be carried on the stub wings to increase range and mission time.[43] The stub-wing pylons have mounting points which make maintenance easier; these mountings can be used to secure personnel to the wings for transport for emergencies.[68] Stinger missiles are more used by non-U.S. Apaches because foreign forces do not have as many other aircraft for air superiority to control the skies.[69]
The AH-64E Apache has the ability to control unmanned aerial vehicles, used by the U.S. Army to perform aerial scouting missions previously performed by the OH-58 Kiowa. Apaches can request to take control of an RQ-7 Shadow or MQ-1C Grey Eagle from ground control stations to safely scout via datalink communications. There are four levels of UAV interoperability (LOI): LOI 1 indirectly receives payload data; LOI 2 receives payload data through direct communication; LOI 3 deploys the UAV's armaments; and LOI 4 takes over flight control. UAVs can search for enemies and, if equipped with a laser designator, target them for the Apache or other friendly aircraft.[70][71]
The U.S. Army formally accepted its first production AH-64A in January 1984 and training of the first pilots began later that year.[72][73] The first operational Apache unit, 7th Battalion, 17th Cavalry Brigade, began training on the AH-64A in April 1986 at Fort Hood, Texas.[74][75] Two operational units with 68 AH-64s first deployed to Europe in September 1987 and took part in large military exercises there.[74][76] The Apache was first used in combat in 1989, during Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama. The AH-64 participated in over 240 hours of combat attacking various targets, mostly at night.[77][78] General Carl Stiner, the commander of the operation, commented that: "You could fire that Hellfire missile through a window from four miles away at night".[79]
Upon fielding the Apache, capabilities such as using the FLIR for extensive night operations made it clear that it was capable of operating beyond the forward line of own troops (FLOT) that previous attack helicopters were normally restricted to.[80] It was discovered that the Apache was coincidentally fitted with the Have Quick UHF radio system used by the U.S. Air Force, allowing inter-service coordination and joint operations such as the joint air attack teams (JAAT). The Apache have operated extensively with close air support (CAS) aircraft such as the USAF's Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II and the USMC's McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II, often acting as a target designator to conserve the Apache's own munitions.[81]
Nearly half of all U.S. Apaches were deployed to Saudi Arabia following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.[79] During Operation Desert Storm on 17 January 1991, eight AH-64As guided by four MH-53 Pave Low IIIs destroyed part of Iraq's radar network in the operation's first attack,[82] allowing aircraft to evade detection.[83] The Apaches each carried an asymmetric load of Hydra 70 flechette rockets, Hellfires, and one auxiliary fuel tank.[84] During the 100-hour ground war a total of 277 AH-64s took part, destroying 278 tanks, numerous armored personnel carriers and other Iraqi vehicles.[82][85][86] One AH-64 was lost in the war, to an RPG hit at close range, the Apache crashed but the crew survived.[87] To maintain operations, the U.S. Army unofficially grounded all other AH-64s worldwide; Apaches in the theatre flew only one-fifth of the planned flight-hours.[88]
The AH-64 played roles in the Balkans during separate conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo in the 1990s.[89][90] During Task Force Hawk, 24 Apaches were deployed to a land base in Albania in 1999 for combat in Kosovo; requiring 26,000 tons of equipment to be transported and over 550 C-17 flights, at a cost of US$480 million.[91] During these deployments, the AH-64 encountered problems such as deficiencies in training, night vision equipment, fuel tanks, and survivability.[92][93] On 27 April 1999, an Apache crashed during training in Albania due to a failure with the tail rotor,[94] causing the fleet in the Balkans to be grounded in December 2000.[95]
In 2000, Major General Dick Cody, 101st Airborne's commanding officer, wrote a strongly worded memo to the Chief of Staff about training and equipment failures.[96] No pilots were qualified to fly with night vision goggles, preventing nighttime operations.[97] The Washington Post printed a front-page article on the failures, commenting: "The vaunted helicopters came to symbolise everything wrong with the Army as it enters the 21st century: Its inability to move quickly, its resistance to change, its obsession with casualties, its post-Cold War identity crisis".[98] No Apache combat missions took place in Kosovo due to fears of casualties.[97]
U.S. Apaches served in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan from 2001.[99] The Apache was the only Army platform capable of providing accurate CAS duties for Operation Anaconda, regularly taking fire during the intense early fighting, they were typically repaired quickly.[100] U.S. AH-64Ds typically flew in Afghanistan and Iraq without the Longbow Radar in the absence of armored threats.[101] On 21 December 2009, a pair of U.S. Apaches attacked a British-held base in a friendly fire incident, killing one British soldier.[102] In 2006, Thomas Adams noted that Apaches often fought in small teams with little autonomy to react to threats and opportunities, requiring lengthy dialogue with command structures in an effort to centrally micromanage each unit.[103]
In 2003, the AH-64 participated in the invasion of Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[104] On 24 March 2003, 31 Apaches were damaged, and one shot down and captured, in an unsuccessful attack on an Iraqi Republican Guard armored brigade near Karbala.[105] Iraqi tank crews had set up a "flak trap" among terrain and effectively employed their guns.[106][107] Iraqi officials claimed a farmer with a Brno rifle shot down the Apache,[108] but the farmer denied involvement.[109] The helicopter came down intact, both the pilot and co-pilot were captured.[106] The AH-64D was destroyed via air strike the following day.[110][111]
By the end of U.S. military operations in Iraq in December 2011, several Apache helicopters had been shot down by enemy fire, and others lost in accidents. In 2006, an Apache was downed by a Soviet-made Strela 2 (SA-7) in Iraq, despite the Apache being typically able to avoid such missiles.[112] In 2007, four Apache helicopters were destroyed on the ground by insurgent mortar fire, who had used web-published geotagged photographs taken by soldiers.[113] Several AH-64s were lost to accidents in Afghanistan as of 2012.[114][115][116][117] Most Apaches that took heavy damage were able to continue their missions and return safely.[107]
As of 2011, the U.S. Army Apache fleet had accumulated more than 3 million flight hours since the first prototype flew in 1975.[118] A DOD audit released in May 2011, found that Boeing had significantly overcharged the U.S. Army on multiple occasions, ranging from 33.3 percent to 177,475 percent for routine spare parts in helicopters like the Apache.[119]
On 21 February 2013, the 1st Battalion (Attack), 229th Aviation Regiment at Joint Base Lewis-McChord became the first U.S. Army unit to field the AH-64E Apache Guardian; a total of 24 AH-64E were received by mid-2013.[120] On 27 November 2013, the Apache Guardian achieved initial operating capability (IOC).[121] In March 2014, the 1st-229th Attack Reconnaissance Battalion deployed 24 AH-64E Apaches to Afghanistan, marking the E-variant's first combat deployment.[122] From March to June 2014, the AH-64E flew 1,700 hours in Afghanistan at what Boeing described as a "higher tempo" than the D-model would be capable of.[123] As of 14 October 2014, AH-64E Apaches had flown almost 9,600 combat hours. From April through September 2014, E-models flying in combat maintained an 88 percent readiness rate.[124]
In FY 2015 budgets, the Army is considering moving all Apaches from the Army Reserve and National Guard to the active Army to serve as scout helicopters to replace the OH-58 Kiowa. Using the AH-64 to scout would be less expensive than Kiowa upgrades or purchasing a new scout helicopter. AH-64Es can control unmanned aerial vehicles like the MQ-1C Grey Eagle to perform aerial scouting missions; a 2010 study found the teaming of Apaches and UAVs was the most cost-effective alternative to a new helicopter and would meet 80 percent of reconnaissance requirements, compared to 20 percent with existing OH-58s and 50 percent with upgraded OH-58s. National Guard units, who would lose their attack helicopters, criticized the proposal.[125][126]
In early July 2014, the Pentagon announced it had sent Army Apache helicopters to Baghdad to help protect embassy personnel against Islamic State militant attacks. On 4 October 2014, Apaches began being used in Operation Inherent Resolve, participating in an attack against militant mortar teams and ground units.[127]
The Israeli Air Force (IAF) first received AH-64As in 1990,[128] for a total fleet of 42.[129] There was some controversy over the Air Force's choice to purchase Apaches over upgrading existing AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters.[130] In 2000, Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 Apache AH-64Ds, but U.S. reluctance to share the software source code complicated the prospect.[129] In April 2005, Boeing delivered the first AH-64D to the IAF.[131] In 2001, the U.S. government was allegedly investigating misuse of the Apache and other US-supplied military equipment against Palestinian leaders and facilities.[132] In 2009, an arranged sale of six AH-64Ds was reportedly blocked by the Obama Administration, pending interagency review, over concerns the helicopters may pose a threat to civilian Palestinians in Gaza.[133][134] In IAF service, the AH-64A was named as the Peten (Hebrew: פתן, for Cobra[N 1]), while the AH-64D was named Saraph[128] (שרף, also as "Seraph", Hebrew for venomous/fiery winged serpent).[136]
During the 1990s, Israeli AH-64As frequently attacked Hezbollah outposts in Lebanon.[137][138][139] On 13 April 1996, during Operation Grapes of Wrath, an Apache fired two Hellfire missiles at an ambulance in Lebanon, killing six civilians.[140] During the al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000, AH-64s were used to kill senior Hamas figures, such as Ahmed Yassin and Adnan al-Ghoul.[141][142] On 24 May 2001, a privately owned Lebanese-registered Cessna 152 flew into Israeli airspace, it was intercepted by two AH-64s and shot down by a Hellfire missile, killing the pilot.[143] On 22 March 2004, an Israeli AH-64 used a Hellfire missile to kill Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin, also killing his two bodyguards and nine bystanders.[144][145] IAF Apaches played a prominent role in the 2006 Lebanon War, launching strikes into Lebanon targeting Hezbollah forces.[146][147]
There have also been accidents involving the Apache helicopter in Israeli service. During the Lebanon War in 2006, two IAF AH-64A helicopters collided, killing one pilot and critically wounding three.[148] In another incident in the conflict an IAF AH-64D crashed due to a malfunction in the main rotor, killing the two crew.[149] In late 2007, the Israeli Air Force put further purchases and deliveries of AH-64Ds on hold during an investigation upon the aircraft's performance envelope.[136] However, Israeli officials have since praised the Apache for its role in Operation Cast Lead in 2008, against Hamas in Gaza.[150] In recent years, Israeli Apaches have been used to patrol the skies over Gaza; strike operations against insurgents using these helicopters has become a frequent occurrence.[151][152][153]
In June 2010, Israel decided against upgrading all of its AH-64A fleet to the -D configuration, due to budget restrictions.[154] As of December 2010, the IAF was examining the adoption of a new missile system as a cheaper and lightweight complement to the Hellfire missile, either the American Hydra 70 or the Canadian CRV7.[155] In 2013, Israeli AH-64As had been receiving a comprehensive upgrade of their avionics and electrical systems.[156]
The UK operates a modified version of the Apache Longbow initially called the Westland WAH-64 Apache, and is designated Apache AH1 by the British Army. Westland built 67 WAH-64 Apaches under license from Boeing,[157] following a competition between the Eurocopter Tiger and the Apache for the British Army's new Attack Helicopter in 1995.[158][159] Important deviations made by AgustaWestland from the U.S. Apache variants include changing to more powerful Rolls-Royce engines,[160] and the addition of a folding blade assembly for use on naval ships.[161]
The Dutch government initially showed an interest in acquiring Apache helicopters in the late 1980s, where it stated that it may purchase as many as 52.[162] A competition held in 1994 against the Eurocopter Tiger and the Bell AH-1 SuperCobra led to the Royal Netherlands Air Force ordering 30 AH-64D Apaches in 1995.[163][164][165] Deliveries began in 1998[166] and ended in 2002.[167][168] The RNLAF Apaches are equipped with the Apache Modular Aircraft Survivability Equipment (AMASE) self-protection system to counter infrared (IR) missile threats.[169][170]
The RNLAF Apaches' first deployment was in 2001 to Djibouti, Africa.[171] They were also deployed alongside U.S. AH-64s in support of NATO peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[172] In 2004, six Dutch AH-64s were deployed as part of the Netherlands contribution to Multinational force in Iraq to support the Dutch ground forces.[173] The Apaches performed close combat support and display of force missions, along with providing reconnaissance information to ground forces. In February 2006, the Netherlands contribution to NATO forces in Afghanistan was increased from 600 to 1,400 troops and 6 AH-64s were sent in support.[174]
Shortly after Apaches were deployed to Kabul airport, as part of the Netherlands contribution to ISAF, on 10 April 2004 a pair of Dutch Apaches came under light gunfire close to the Afghan capital.[175] On 17 December 2007, a RNLAF Apache flew into powerlines during a night flying exercise in the Netherlands, forcing an emergency landing and causing a lengthy blackout in the region.[176]
Following the 1991 Gulf War, during which many U.S. Apaches operated from bases within Saudi territory,[177][178] Saudi Arabia purchased twelve AH-64As for the Royal Saudi Land Force.[179][180] It has been speculated that the Saudi purchase had motivated Israel to also procure the Apaches.[181] In August 2006, the Saudi Arabian government began negotiations for Apache upgrades worth up to $400M, possibly remanufacturing their AH-64As to the AH-64D Longbow configuration.[182] In September 2008, the U.S. Government approved the purchase of 12 AH-64Ds requested by Saudi Arabia.[183] In October 2010, Saudi Arabia requested a further 70 AH-64Ds as part of a possible, massive arms deal.[184][185]
In November 2009, the Royal Saudi Air Force, as part of a military effort against insurgent intrusions of the kingdom's border, started using the Apache in Operation Scorched Earth; this involved launched air strikes against Houthi rebels operating inside neighboring Yemen as well.[186][187] In January 2010 the rebels claimed to have shot down an Apache; this was denied by the Saudi military.[188] In late January 2010, the leader of the Shiite rebels announced their withdrawal from Saudi territory, this announcement followed a key battle on 12 January when Saudi forces reportedly took control of the border village of Al Jabiri.[189]
In 1995, the Egyptian Air Force placed an order for 36 AH-64A helicopters.[190] These Apaches were delivered with most of the advanced avionics used on the U.S. fleet at that time, with the exception of localized radio equipment.[191] In 2000, Boeing announced that an order to remanufacture Egypt's existing Apache fleet to the AH-64D configuration.[192] Notably, the AH-64D upgrade did not include the procurement of the Longbow radar, the supply of which had been refused by the U.S. government.[193] Egypt requested a further 12 AH-64D Block II Apaches through a Foreign Military Sale in 2009.[194][195]
In August 2012, the Egyptian Armed Forces undertook a large-scale military operation to regain control of the Sinai Peninsula from armed militants. Air cover throughout the operation was provided by the Egyptian Air Force's Apache helicopters; reportedly the Apaches destroyed three vehicles and killed at least 20 militants.[196] Up to five Egyptian Apaches were temporarily stationed in the Sinai following an agreement between Egypt and Israel.[197]
The United Arab Emirates purchased 30 AH-64A helicopters in 1991 and 1994,[198] which they are now upgrading to AH-64D specification.[199] In 2005, Kuwait purchased 16 Longbow helicopters.[200]
In September 2003, Greece ordered 12 AH-64D in addition to existing fleet of 20 AH-64A+.[201] By 1995 they had received 20 AH-64As; another 12 AH-64Ds were ordered in 2003.[190] Singapore purchased 20 AH-64D Longbow Apache aircraft in two batches between 1999 and 2001;[202] during October 2010 Apache training was suspended following the forced crash-landing of an Apache.[203]
Japan ordered 50 AH-64Ds,[190] which are being built under license by Fuji Heavy Industries, designated "AH-64DJP". The first helicopter was delivered to the JGSDF in early 2006.[204]
Taiwan (Republic of China) reached an agreement with the U.S. to purchase 30 AH-64D Block III Apaches with weapons, and associated equipment in June 2011.[205][206] On 5 November 2013, Taiwan received the first 6 AH-64E Apaches. A second batch arrived in December 2013, with all 30 to be delivered by the end of 2014.[207] By early April 2014, 18 had been delivered. On 25 April 2014, a Taiwanese AH-64E crashed into a three-story building during a training flight in bad weather conditions.[208] Power loss was also being considered as a cause. The crash is the first airframe loss of an AH-64E model.[209] An investigation ruled out mechanical failure and concluded that the pilots descended too fast through clouds at low altitude and that they didn't check the flight panels to maintain adequate height. The crash was ruled as human error and the Army responded by stepping up simulator training for pilots.[210] In mid-October 2014, the fifth and final batch of AH-64Es was delivered to Taiwan, completing the order.[211]
In 2008, the Indian Air Force (IAF) released a tender for 22 attack helicopters; there were six contending submissions—Sikorsky's UH-60 Black Hawk, the AH-64D, Bell's AH-1 Super Cobra, Eurocopter's Tiger, Mil's Mi-28 and AgustaWestland's A129 Mangusta.[212] In October 2008, Boeing and Bell withdrew.[213] In 2009, the competition was restarted and a new Apache proposal was submitted.[214][215] In December 2010, India requested the possible sale of 22 AH-64Ds and associated equipment.[216] On 5 October 2012, IAF Chief NAK Browne confirmed the AH-64D Block III's selection.[217] In October 2012, India transferred most armed helicopters from the Indian Air Force to the Army Aviation Corps.[218] The Indian Air Force sought to maintain control of the 22 proposed Apaches for air combat missions, the Indian Army argued that they would be better used in army operations.[219] In April 2013, the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) decided that the Indian Air Force would receive the 22 AH-64s as it was an ongoing acquisition.[220] In May 2013, the Indian Army requested 11 AH-64Es;[221] and has a requirement for 39 Apaches.[222] In August 2014, the Indian Ministry of Defence approved the AH-64 procurement, final approval from the Cabinet Committee on Security is required.[223]
South Korea showed interest in acquiring Apache attack helicopters.[224][225] This move may be related to U.S. plans to withdraw many of its Apaches from South Korea.[226] On 21 September 2012, the U.S. Congress was notified of the possible purchase of 36 AH-64D Block III Apaches, along with associated equipment and armament.[227] The Apache was competing against the Bell AH-1Z Viper and the TAI/AgustaWestland T-129 for the order; a decision was expected in late 2012.[228] In April 2013, it was announced that South Korea is to purchase 36 AH-64E helicopters.[229] The Apaches are to be delivered from 2016 to 2018.[230]
In February 2012, Indonesia's deputy minister of defense Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin stated that the Indonesian National Armed Forces plans to buy eight AH-64s.[231][232] On 26 August 2013, the U.S. and Indonesia formalized a deal for 8 AH-64E Apaches worth $500 million.[233]
Iraq requested the sale of 24 AH-64s in April 2013;[234] a sale was cleared by Congress in January 2014.[235][236] The sale was to include the helicopters, associated parts, and maintenance with pilot training using six leased Apaches.[237] However, the proposed sale was not accepted by the Iraqi government and expired in August 2014.[238]
In July 2012, Qatar requested the sale of 24 AH-64D Apache Block III helicopters, with associated equipment, training, and support.[239] The sale was approved on 27 March 2014.[240]
The AH-64A is the original production attack helicopter. The crew sit in tandem in an armored compartment. It is powered by two GE T700 turboshaft engines. The A-model was equipped with the −701 engine version until 1990 when the engines were switched to the more powerful −701C version.[241]
U.S. Army AH-64As are being converted to AH-64Ds. The service's last AH-64A was taken out of service in July 2012 before conversion at Boeing's facility in Mesa, Arizona.[242] On 25 September 2012, Boeing received a $136.8M contract to remanufacture the last 16 AH-64As into the AH-64D Block II version, to be completed by December 2013.[243]
In 1991 after Operation Desert Storm, the AH-64B was a proposed upgrade to 254 AH-64As. The upgrade would have included new rotor blades, a Global Positioning System (GPS), improved navigation systems and new radios. Congress approved $82M to begin the Apache B upgrade. The B program was canceled in 1992.[244] The radio, navigation, and GPS modifications, were later installed on most A-model Apaches through other upgrades.
Additional funding from Congress in late 1991 resulted in a program to upgrade AH-64As to an AH-64B+ version. More funding changed the plan to upgrade to AH-64C. The C upgrade would include all changes to be included in the Longbow except for mast-mounted radar and newer −700C engine versions. However, the C designation was dropped after 1993.[245] With AH-64As receiving the newer engine from 1990, the only difference between the C model and the radar-equipped D model was the radar, which could be moved from one aircraft to another; thus the decision was made to simply designate both versions "AH-64D".[245]
The AH-64D Apache Longbow, is equipped with a glass cockpit and advanced sensors, the most noticeable of which being the AN/APG-78 Longbow millimeter-wave fire-control radar (FCR) target acquisition system and the Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI), housed in a dome located above the main rotor.[246][247] The radome's raised position enables targets detection while the helicopter is behind obstacles (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings). The AN/APG-78 is capable of simultaneously tracking up to 128 targets and engaging up to 16 at once, an attack can be initiated within 30 seconds.[248][249] A radio modem integrated with the sensor suite allows data to be shared with ground units and other Apaches; allowing them to fire on targets detected by a single helicopter.[250]
The aircraft is powered by a pair of uprated T700-GE-701C engines. The forward fuselage was expanded to accommodate new systems to improve survivability, navigation, and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities. In February 2003, the first Block II Apache was delivered to the U.S. Army, featuring digital communications upgrades. The Japanese Apache AH-64DJP variant is based on the AH-64D;[128] it can be equipped with the AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles for self-defense.[251][252]
Formerly known as AH-64D Block III, in 2012, it was redesignated as AH-64E Guardian to represent its increased capabilities.[253][254][255] The AH-64E features improved digital connectivity, the joint tactical radio system, more powerful T700-GE-701D engines with upgraded face gear transmission to accommodate more power,[256] capability to control Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs), full IFR capability, and improved landing gear.[257][258] New composite rotor blades, which successfully completed testing in 2004, increase cruise speed, climb rate, and payload capacity.[259] Deliveries began in November 2011,[260] full rate production was approved on 24 October 2012.[261] 634 AH-64Ds will be upgraded to AH-64E standard; a production run of 56 new-build AH64Es will start in 2019/20.[262] Changes in production lots 4 through 6 shall include a cognitive decision aiding system, new self-diagnostic abilities, and Link-16 data-links. The updated Longbow radar has an oversea capacity, potentially enabling naval strikes; an AESA radar is under consideration.[263] The E model is to be fit for maritime operations.[264]
In 2014, Boeing conceptualized an Apache upgrade prior to the introduction of the U.S. Army's anticipated attack version of the Future Vertical Lift aircraft, forecast to replace the Apache by 2040. The conceptual AH-64F would have greater speed via a new 3,000 shp turboshaft engine from the improved turbine engine program, retractable landing gear, wingstubs to offload lift from the main rotor during cruise, and a tail rotor that can articulate 90 degrees to provide forward thrust.[265]
During the 1980s Naval versions of the AH-64A for the United States Marine Corps and Navy were examined.[266][267] Multiple concepts were studied with altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.[266] Funding for a naval version was not provided, the Marine Corps continued to use the AH-1.[268] The Canadian Forces Maritime Command also examined a naval Apache.[269] In 2004, British Army AgustaWestland Apaches were deployed upon the Royal Navy's HMS Ocean, a Landing Platform Helicopter, for suitability testing; there was U.S. interest in the trials.[161] During the 2011 military intervention in Libya, the British Army extensively used Apaches from HMS Ocean.[270] In 2013, U.S. 36th Combat Aviation Brigade AH-64Ds were tested on a variety of U.S. Navy ships.[271]
Several models have been derived from both AH-64A and AH-64D for export. The British-built AgustaWestland Apache (assembled from kits purchased from Boeing) is based on the AH-64D Block I with several different systems, including more powerful engines, folding rotor blades, and other modifications for operation from Royal Navy vessels.
While a major change in design or role will cause the type designator suffix to change, for example from AH-64D to AH-64E the helicopters are also subject to Block modification. Block modification is the combining of equipment changes into blocks of modification work orders, the modifications in the block (sometimes called a block package) are all done to the helicopter at the same time.[272]
Data from Jane's Information Group,[53][67] Bishop[274]
General characteristics
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PoliticsIraq to appeal for more US military aid Iraq will request military assistance, including weapons and security personnel, to tackle al-Qaeda threat. 31 Oct 2013 03:10 GMT | Politics, Middle East, US & Canada, Iraq, United States Iraq is to ask the United States for weapons, training and manpower to help fight the resurgence of al-Qaeda, two years after US troops left the country as security talks broke down. The request will be discussed during a White House meeting on Friday between the Iraqi prime minister, Nouri al-Maliki, and the US president, Barack Obama. "We know we have major challenges of our own capabilities being up to the standard. They currently are not,'' Lukman Faily, the Iraqi ambassador to the US, told the Associated Press news agency. "We need to gear up, to deal with that threat more seriously. We need support and we need help.'' "We have said to the Americans we'd be more than happy to discuss all the options short of boots on the ground.'' However, Faily did not rule out the possibility of asking the US to send military special forces or additional CIA advisers to Iraq to help train and assist Iraqi soldiers. The US withdrew all but a few hundred soldiers from Iraq in December 2011 after Baghdad refused to renew a security agreement to extend legal immunity for US forces thatwould have let more stay. At the time, the withdrawal was hailed as a victory for the Obama administration, which campaigned on ending the Iraq war and had little appetite for pushing Baghdad into a new security agreement. But within months, violence began creeping up in the capital and across the country. More than 5,000 Iraqis have been killed in attacks since April, and suicide bombers launched 38 strikes in the last month alone. If the US does not commit to providing the weapons or other aid quickly, "we will go elsewhere,'' Faily said. A senior Obama administration official said on Wednesday that officials were not planning to send US. trainers to Iraq and that Baghdad had not asked for them.Source: AP
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Michelle Williams and Jason Segel Take Matilda to Gymnastics
Michelle Williams and Jason Segel Settle In With Matilda in LA
Michelle Williams and Jason Segel brought her daughter, Matilda Ledger, to a class in LA yesterday. Jason and Michelle smiled at photographers before hopping in their car with Matilda. Michelle, Jason, and Matilda headed to the West Coast last weekend after spending some time together at Michelle's East Coast home base. Their proximity to Hollywood is handy so Jason can work on the upcoming eighth season of How I Met Your Mother. The show's producers have recently dropped hints that they may be planning a ninth season, but it's unclear whether Jason will sign on beyond 2013 just yet. There have been plenty of hints about what's to come in new How I Met Your Mother episodes, including a cameo from comedian Thomas Lennon and True Blood hottie Joe Manganiello.
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Otto Porter Jr. probably isn't the best player in this year's NBA draft, but given his versatility, he may just be the player that will have the fastest impact on the league.
For teams selecting in the top five that already have a lot of young talent and are looking to turn the proverbial corner, Porter's NBA-ready game makes him a very valuable addition.
On Monday, Porter announced he would be entering this year's draft, as expected. From ESPN:
All-American Otto Porter Jr. is leaving Georgetown after his sophomore season and declaring himself eligible for the NBA draft.
"The toughest part was knowing you're going to leave a great place like this," Porter said Monday at a news conference on campus alongside Hoyas coach John Thompson III. "I love this place."
Porter, ranked fourth overall by ESPN.com's Chad Ford among draft prospects, was the Big East player of the year and finished second in the voting behind Michigan's Trey Burke for The Associated Press player of the year award.
Porter will do a little bit of everything for teams. He can score on the block, has a great mid-range game and added a three to his repertoire this season, shooting 42.2 percent from beyond the arc.
He'll bang the boards, run in transition and play solid defense against more than one position. He's a small forward, but if a team is using a small lineup, he could play some 4.
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Otto Porter Jr.'s Versatility Will Spark Quick Transition to NBA Game
Bleacher Report | May 5


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Description:Military veterans marched in support of the Occupy Wall Street movement Wednesday in New York. The protestors marched from Manhattan's Vietnam Veterans Memorial past the New York Stock Exchange before ending at the Occupy Wall Street encampment. (Nov. 2) (1:43)
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trying to find information on Reuben Curnutt, he was my grgrgr grandfather. Born 6/1/1811 born in Tenn. It's possible his fathers name was William. He had three children:(1) Benjamin Franklin Curnutt b. 1833 was a professor in Howard co. Missouri (2) Elizabeth Alene born 8/1836 Pettis co. Missouri, (she is my grgr grandmother)md. William W. Jackson and moved to Texas (3) Sarah born 2/1839 and died 8/1851. If you have any information on these people I'd appreciate it if you would share, please..... Donna White
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Intention to sell shares in Lloyds Banking Group plc through a trading plan.
UKFI today announces that it intends to sell part of Her Majesty's Treasury's ("HMT") shareholding in Lloyds Banking Group plc (the "Company") over the next six months through a pre-arranged trading plan that will be managed by Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc ("Morgan Stanley").
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UKAR sells mortgage portfolio for £2.7bn
UK Financial Investments Limited ("UKFI") today announces that following a competitive sales process, UK Asset Resolution ("UKAR") has agreed to sell a portfolio of mortgages for a price of approximately £2.7bn. This sale forms part of UKAR's activity to reduce the size of the closed mortgage books of B&B and NRAM in a way that delivers value for taxpayers.
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Margaret Ellen (Peggy) Ryan
Margaret (Peggy) Ellen Ryan
Born July 11, 1943 in Seattle, WA., Peggy passed away Nov. 13, 2012. She is survived by her husband Jose, ex-husband Michael, children Brodie, Sibyl, Ian, Patrick, and grandchildren Darrien, Devin, Dylan, Sydney, Remy, baby Maggie, and dog Jaime. She is also survived by siblings Denny, Lynda, and Martha. She attended Holy Names, Seattle University, and Boston University, receiving her Master's Degree. Some of her many passions included writing, blogging, Hispanic culture, travel, design, image, cooking, and above all connecting with her kids and grandkids. Uniquely defined by her personality: sassy, spunky, and never afraid to speak her mind.
"These days, I am surprising myself with some of my capabilities - that are actual, not imaginary. I also know that I can't control what people think of me, but I can control what I think of myself. I want to give myself a chance. I believe I have something to offer - at least, to my children. There might be some healing going on, not only in myself, but in my relationships. Compassion is needed all around. With compassion comes the ability to love. Love is the antithesis of narcissism. Amen" - Margaret Ryan
Funeral Mass will be held at 10 :00 am Providence Mount St. Vincent, 11/21/12. Additional details at:
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Published in The Seattle Times on Nov. 17, 2012


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Friday, November 30, 2012
Bethany Lutheran College Professor Robert Hanna (English) is a world-renowned scholar of Charles Dickens's writings. Hanna's latest publication brings together a variety of Dickens's works in the collection Dickens's Uncollected Newspaper and Magazine Sketches 1833-1836. Hanna has had a lifelong interest in Dickens and his works. He explained, "All of the compositions in this book have never been collected and reprinted before, making the book a... continue reading
Wednesday, November 28, 2012
Bethany Lutheran College hosted a group of high school seniors from Minnesota Valley Lutheran (MVL) High School, New Ulm, Minnesota, on Tuesday, November 27, 2012. Heath Dobberpuhl, chemistry and physical science teacher at MVL brought the group to the campus. The students from MVL met with faculty members from Bethany's math and science division to get a hands-on look at the science course offerings and facilities at Bethany.
The students... continue reading
Thursday, November 15, 2012
Mankato, Minn. – Several Bethany Lutheran College athletes have been awarded post-season honors by the Upper Midwest Athletic Conference (UMAC).
Sophomore volleyball standout Shelby Wiederhoeft (Truman, Minn./Truman) was named UMAC first team all-conference.
Men's soccer all-conference honorees included juniors Juan Garcia (Arlington, Minn. / Sibley East), Johnny Luna (Reno, Nev. / Incline) freshmen Benjamin Moldstad (North Mankato, Minn. /... continue reading
Friday, November 9, 2012
John Sehloff and Chad Heins from Bethany's biology department, together with several students, staged a controlled burn of a small prairie garden on the Bethany campus on this beautiful 8th of November.
Sehloff noted that with the drought in southern Minnesota, he was concerned about burning, but with some recent rains the Mankato Fire Department issued the College a burn permit.
Burning gives the advantage of clearing the old growth and... continue reading
Friday, October 12, 2012
Bethany Lutheran College together with Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary announce the 45th annual Bjarne Wollan Teigen Reformation Lectures to be held on October 25 and 26, 2012. The Lecture Series will explore the topic of Bible translations.
Dr. Cameron MacKenzie of Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary, Ft. Wayne, Indiana, will speak on the history of Bible translations, especially the work of Martin Luther and the King James Version.... continue reading
Tuesday, September 25, 2012
By Amanda Dyslin for the Mankato Free Press on 9-22-12
The merlin was cruising up a nice little thermal, which is a tunnel of warm air that lifts birdies up into the sky without much effort on their part. And it gave a nearby sharpshinned hawk the same idea. They've got to conserve energy on their way down South, after all.
Trouble is, merlins are... continue reading
Monday, September 10, 2012
Bethany Lutheran College President Dr. Dan Bruss has announced the selection of Dr. Shane Bowyer as the Glen Taylor Chair of Business and Leadership replacing Dr. Janet Moldstad, who recently accepted a position in the private sector. The Taylor Chair was established in 2004 at Bethany through a $625,000 gift from Mankato businessman Glen Taylor as a means of teaching leadership issues and developing leadership qualities in Bethany Lutheran... continue reading
Thursday, June 21, 2012
The 2012 Bethany Lutheran College Distinguished Alumnus is Dr. Darold Treffert of Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin. Treffert attended Bethany where he focused on pre medical courses earning an associate in arts degree from Bethany in 1953. He received his medical doctorate from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1958.
Dr. Treffert is an internationally renowned expert in Savant Syndrome. He has studied the condition for over forty years. His... continue reading
Thursday, June 21, 2012
Students honored at the PromaxBDAconference held in Los Angeles were(from left) Aaron Evans, Ruth Wels,Andrew Maas, and Kab Kaniess.
Ruth Wels, a May 2012 graduate of Bethany Lutheran College, has been selected as the winner of the national Making the Cut editing competition. The contest is sponsored by PromaxBDA, the international association for entertainment marketing professionals, and is open to undergraduate students worldwide. Judges... continue reading
Monday, June 4, 2012
Bethany Lutheran College sophomore Zak Fick was recently chosen by the Greater Mankato Business Accelerator program as the 2012 winner of the Brian Fazio Business Creation Project, sponsored by Charter Business. Entrepreneurs applied for the competition this past spring, with finalists presenting their projects to an independent panel of judges from the business community in April.
Fick created an interactive website to match college students... continue reading


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When you do the girl anal and you tuck your balls in her ass and when you pull them out they are covered in brown shit.Then she sucks the shit off your nuts.
I gave your mom brown eggs lastnight.
by Tyler Hall
February 20, 2009
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a turd. not runny, but firm.
i gotta go see sir thomas and lay a brown egg
by maggot
February 24, 2005


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Get Access- Atkinson, A.B.; Lever, A.F.; Brown, J.J. and Robertson, J.J.S.: Combined treatment of severe intractable hypertension with captopril and diuretic. Lancet 2: 105–108 (1980). CrossRef
- Brunner, H.R.; Gavras, H.; Waeber, B. et al.: Clinical use of an orally acting converting enzyme inhibitor: Captopril. Hypertension 2: 558–566 (1980). CrossRef
- Ferguson, R.K.; Vlasses, P.H.; Koplin, J.R. et al.: Captopril in severe treatment resistant hypertension. American Heart Journal 99: 579–585 (1980). CrossRef
- Heel, R.C.; Brogden, R.N.; Speight, T.M. and Avery, G.S.: Captopril: A preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 20: 409–452 (1980). CrossRef
- Hollenberg, N.K.: Converting enzyme inhibition: Implications for renal perfusion and function. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 7 (Suppl.): 73–79 (1982).
- Johnston, C.I.; McGrath, B.P.; Matthews, P.G. and Jackson, B.: Treatment of hypertension with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 7 (Suppl.): 135–144 (1982).
- Knill, J.B.: The development of captopril and its role in the treatment of hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 7 (Suppl.): 63–72 (1982).
- Lopez-Obejero, J.A.; Saal, J.; D'Angelo, W.A. et al.: Reversal of vascular and renal crises of scleroderma by oral angiotensin converting enzyme blockade. New England Journal of Medicine 300: 1417–1419 (1979). CrossRef
- Laragh, J.J.; Case, D.B.; Atlas, S.A. and Sealey, J.E.: Captopril compared with other antirenin system agents in hypertensive patients: Its triphasic effects on blood pressure and its use to identify and treat the renin factor. Hypertension 2: 586–593 (1980). CrossRef
- McGrath, B.P.; Matthews, P.G. and Johnston, C.I.: Use of captopril in the diagnosis of renal hypertension. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 11: 359–363 (1981). CrossRef
- Ondetti, M.A.; Rubin, B. and Cushman, D.W.: Design of specific inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme: New class of orally active antihypertensive agents. Science 196: 441–444 (1977). CrossRef
- Vaughan, E.D.; Carey, R.M.; Ayers, C.R. and Peach, M.J.: Haemodialysis-resistant hypertension: Control with an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 48: 869–871 (1979). CrossRef
- Veterans' Administration Co-operative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents: Racial differences in response to low-dose captopril are abolished by the addition of hydrochlorothiazide. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 14: 975–1015 (1982).
- Vidt, D.G.; Bravo, E.L. and Fouad, F.M.: Captopril. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 214–219 (1982). CrossRef
- Wauters, J.P.; Waeber, B.; Brunner, H.R. et al.: Uncontrollable hypertension in patients on hemodialysis: Long term treatment with captopril and salt subtraction. Clinical Nephrology 16: 86–92 (1981).
- White, N.J.; Yahaja, H.; Rajapopalan, B. et al.: Captopril and frusemide in severe drug-resistant hypertension. Lancet 2: 108–110 (1980). CrossRef
- Zimmerman, B.G.: Adrenergic facilitation by angiotensin — does it serve a physiological function? Clinical Science 60: 343–348 (1981).
- Title
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypertension
- Journal
Volume 27, Issue 3 , pp 271-277
- Cover Date
- 1984-03-01
- 10.2165/00003495-198427030-00006
- Print ISSN
- 0012-6667
- Online ISSN
- 1179-1950
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Prof. C. I. Johnston (1)
- L. Arnolda (1)
- M. Hiwatari (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prince Henry's Hospital, St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia


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text:
A frightened and irresponsible girl and an emotionally conflicted woman are brought together under tragic circumstances in this independent drama. Stephanie Daley (Amber Tamblyn) is a 16-year-old girl who while on a school-sponsored ski… More A frightened and irresponsible girl and an emotionally conflicted woman are brought together under tragic circumstances in this independent drama. Stephanie Daley (Amber Tamblyn) is a 16-year-old girl who while on a school-sponsored ski trip collapses in a puddle of blood; a medical examination reveals that Stephanie has recently given birth, and in a nearby bathroom a newborn child is found dead, flushed down a toilet with its mouth stuffed with toilet paper. While Stephanie insists the child was stillborn and she had no idea she was pregnant, she is charged with killing the infant, and court-appointed psychologist Lydie Crane (Tilda Swinton) is assigned to interview the teenager. Lydie has her own issues with possible parenthood; she's been struggling to have a child after a recent stillbirth, and the matter is taking a toll on her marriage, with her husband, Paul (Timothy Hutton), seeking solace in the arms of another woman. As Stephanie shares with Lydie her feelings about her relationship with her parents, how she lost her virginity, and her growing conviction that God gave her a child as a form of punishment, Lydie finds herself dealing with her own feelings about the child she lost. Meanwhile, Right to Life and Pro-Choice groups threaten to turn Stephanie's trial into a media circus. Stephanie Daley premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.
Consensus: The premise has all the trappings of melodrama, but the excellent performances give the characters complexity and empathy.
The acting is uniformly on a high level. Tamblyn is impressive, and Swinton, as usual, is outstanding.
Full review…A movie that can wound you.
Full review…Stephanie Daley stands out for Amber Tamblyn's (The Grudge 2, Joan of Arcadia) unbelievable performance in the title role.
Full review…You are likely to be discussing this film long into the night.
Full review…Tamblyn's surprisingly measured performance commands attention.
Full review…There's a rawness to [it]...it paints slick composition and beautiful, bleeding color on the kind of story about sex and faith that no one has told well in a while.
Full review…Apart from Swinton's fine performance, what largely distinguishes this is Brougher's sharp narrative focus.
Full review…To see Tamblyn's work here, to see her character almost simultaneously embody pain, terror, anguish, embarrassment, regret and just about any emotion you can think of, is to watch the kind of acting the medium exists to provide.
Full review…Sobering infanticide drama is too much for kids.
Full review…


text:
3500 Van Frame rust issues- Advice?
Just bought a Ram 3500 Van, took it to get inspected and it failed because the frame is in very bad shape rustwise. Not sure which way to go with the van- Would it make sense to try to swap for another frame? repair the frame as-is now...? I've done a small amount of welding in the past. What's involved, and what really makes sense? I don't need to actually drive the vehicle for another 6 months. Let me know what you think.
Thanks! |
Is it rusted through, or just rusty? If its rusted through in spots, try welding some plates into the frame...if its just rusty, get a few cans of rubberized undercoating and spray it down and have it reinspected...
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Neoseeker : Games : Nintendo Entertainment System : Classic & Puzzle : Puzzle Games : Sesame Street ABC/123 : Walkthroughs, FAQs & Guides
Sesame Street ABC/123
developed by Rare
Sesame Street ABC/123 Walkthroughs, FAQs & Guides
Walkthrough Title | Date | Author | Size | Version |
FAQ | Apr 25 2008 | Jelly Soup | 21.4 kb | Final |
Got a Sesame Street ABC/123 walkthrough, FAQ or Guide? Use the submission form, or email them as attachments to firstname.lastname@example.com. FAQs/Guides are posted in their original, unaltered form.
Submit your cheats for Sesame Street ABC/123 using our cheats submission form and we'll post it up in a cheats page for this title!


text: This Audix manufactured BNC to BNC antenna cable is intended to extend an antenna on the RAD360 wireless receiver. The cable may be used to remotely mount an antenna and ideal when used with an antenna distribution amplifier, for multiple receiver configurations in large venues. The cables measure 25-feet (7.62m) in length.


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Published on 14th December 2007 by Joe Martin
David Jaffe has confirmed that the God of War movie is still going strong and that more news will come soon.
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A program for monitoring mailspools (and other things) that can display shaped icons. WWW: ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/faces/index.html
NOTE: FreshPorts displays only information on required and default dependencies. Optional dependencies are not covered.
To install the port: cd /usr/ports/mail/xfaces/ && make install cleanTo add the package: pkg install mail/xfaces
cd /usr/ports/mail/xfaces/ && make install clean
pkg install mail/xfaces
No options to configure
imake gmake tar:Z
Number of commits found: 24
Cleanup plist
Convert a bunch of EXTRACT_SUFX=... into USES=tar:... Approved by: portmgr (not really, but touches unstaged ports)
- Add stage support - Convert LIB_DEPENDS to new syntax PR: ports/190733 Submitted by: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Convert gmake to USES Approved by: portmgr
Add NO_STAGE all over the place in preparation for the staging support (cat: mail)
New USES imake to handle the dependency on imake. This uses accept 'env' as an argument for ports that do use their own or a different do-configure target. Modify xmkmf so it accept IMAKECPPFLAGS as default flags for imake and pass it to the called imake. Modify xorg-cf-files (the FreeBSD.cf configuration file) to allow CppCmd to be overwritten. Pass CppCmd CcCmd and CplusplusCmd via command line to each call of imake via IMAKECPPFLAGS Pass IMAKE_DEFINE with the above arguments to MAKE_ARGS so that imake spawned from Makefile generated by a previous imake also inherit the defined CppCmd CcCmd and CplusplusCmd. Make imake use devel/tradcpp all the time, so that when buidling with clang we do not depend on gcc's cpp. Make imake respect CC and CXX Make imake respect USE_GCC (if set imake will use gcc's cpp). While here: - Remove a couple of indefinite articles from comments - Trim headers - Fix a couple of ports to build with clang or use: USE_GCC=any - Fix a now useless redefinition of the extraction chain - Fix a typo in japanese/Wnn7-lib bundled imake template definitions - Fix some XMKMF execution with no env specified - Use options helper in x11/xautolock to simplify the port
- Remove redundant :install target on LIB_DEPENDS and RUN_DEPENDS This fixes the following warning when running 'run-depends-list': "install" non-existent -- dependency list incomplete With hat: portmgr
- remove MD5
Convert most of remaining ports that depend on xorg-libraries to modular xorg. - supply corresponding USE_XORG for all imake-using ports that need it - USE_IMAKE no longer implies USE_XLIB in absence of USE_XORG - retire USE_X_PREFIX which is not really used anywhere after the above change - a few minor nits like whitespace and SF macro Tested by: 2 tinderbox runs by pav Approved by: portmgr (pav)
Bump portrevision due to upgrade of devel/gettext. The affected ports are the ones with gettext as a run-dependency according to ports/INDEX-7 (5007 of them) and the ones with USE_GETTEXT in Makefile (29 of them). PR: ports/124340 Submitted by: edwin@ Approved by: portmgr (pav)
- Welcome X.org 7.2 \o/. - Set X11BASE to ${LOCALBASE} for recent ${OSVERSION}. - Bump PORTREVISION for ports intalling files in ${X11BASE}.
Bump PORTREVISION on glib12/gtk12 consumer ports to ease the upgrade path. Discussed with: kris Approved by: portmgr (implicit)
SHA256ify Approved by: krion@
- Install a set of sample images and point the application defaults to use them PR: ports/82124 Submitted by: Ted Faber <firstname.lastname@example.com> (maintainer)
Fix plist (HTML'ized version of man page is no longer installed). Submitted by: Ted Faber <email@example.com> (maintainer) PR: ports/81747
Remove PORTREVISION
New Port mail/xfaces (really a reinclusion) Xfaces used to be in the ports dir, but was replaced some time ago by mail/faces (on which it depends). Xfaces does some things that faces does not - presenting shaped transparent icons for the messages in the inbox and presenting more than 10 messages. I'd like to request a return of xfaces and I've included a working port that passes portlint to make that easy. PR: ports/75136 Submitted by: Ted Faber <email@example.com>
o) Functionallity is included in new faces port, which developent take place.
Spaces->tabs in the mail category.
Remove an additional file on deinstall
Convert category mail to new layout.
(1) Add new variable, XFREE86_VERSION, to specify which version of XFree86 (3 or 4) to depend to when USE_XLIB is set. XFREE86_VERSION defaults to 3 for now, but adventurous users can override it in /etc/make.conf. When XFREE86_VERSION=3, USE_XLIB will add a dependency to x11/XFree86; when it is set to 4, the dependency will be to x11/XFree86-4-libraries. When XFREE86_VERSION=4, the PKG_IGNORE_DEPENDS and ALWAYS_BUILD_DEPENDS hacks to avoid messing with XFree86 are turned off.
Define MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR=asami/LOCAL_PORTS as these are moved to my area on the local ports tree.
Servers and bandwidth provided byNew York Internet, SuperNews, and RootBSD
11 vulnerabilities affecting 34 ports have been reported in the past 14 days
* - modified, not new
All vulnerabilities


text:
Relevant offers
The first day of summer got off to a fine start as hundreds of people hit the road on Saturday to check out the 8-kilometre Te Rapa section of the Waikato Expressway along Hamilton's northwestern boundary.
Prime Minister John Key joined the large gathering to officially open the $194 million roading project.
Photographer Bruce Mercer was at the opening to capture the action.
- Waikato Times
Sponsored links
Hauraki Rail Trail named among NZ's top 5 cycling spots
Auction prices still too low to lift dairy forecast
Hamilton police investigate child's sudden death
Trail bike riders 'hoon' along Huntly footpaths
Big changes needed to keep Hamilton Garden Arts Festival flourishing
Hamilton stormwater bylaw 'sends public message'
Two teens held over man's shooting
Farmers hope rain will fall, dairy prices will lift
Motorcyclist injured in crash near Thames
PM welcomes news Prince Harry to visit New Zealand after quitting army
Ghost town: Project now a house boneyard
PM welcomes news Prince Harry to visit New Zealand after quitting army
Boy racer invasion riles residents
Tractor journey fantasy heads down road to reality
Council overspend labelled 'unacceptable'
Terror threat is with the soldiers, not at the shopping mall
Thinking, drinking, inspiring at the Hamilton Gardens
Lost voice recorder holds special words
Auckland water application could take up to a year to process
Tokoroa's Dylan Clark signs with Canberra Raiders NRL
Fish & Game, Federated Farmers make up
Projects to protect Hamilton's water supply
Serious injury concern for Chiefs' All Black lock Brodie Retallick after shoulder blow
Chiefs give the Crusaders a lesson in forward power in Hamilton
Boy racer invasion riles residents
Live Super Rugby: Chiefs vs Crusaders
PM welcomes news Prince Harry to visit New Zealand after quitting army
Waikato BoP Magic steal Adelaide's Thunder in fine opening win
Ghost town: Project now a house boneyard
Motorcyclist injured in crash near Thames
Denise Irvine: Social media vileness is modern day sport


text:
The Battle of Sycamore Creek
In this conflict in May of 1832, Illinois militia fell upon Black Hawk's camp, where Sycamore Creek flowed into the Rock River. Caught unprepared as they feasted with their families, the Sac and Fox fighters responded to the invaders' threat with great ferocity, and chased the surprised Americans some eight miles across the prairie to their camp. There the undisciplined soldiers' flight alarmed their comrades to such a degree that the men remaining in camp also fled toward Dixon's Ferry. American officials claimed that Indian warriors killed eleven soldiers in this fiasco. More importantly, events at Sycamore Creek, which also became known as the Battle of Stillman's Run, set the State of Illinois and the federal government to the recruitment of men in earnest and the prosecution of a war without mercy.
Permission: Northern Illinois University. ©Copyright 2002 Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project