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4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section below.
In the United States, Sprint (previously Clearwire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008, while MetroPCS became the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB wireless modems were among the first devices able to access these networks, with WiMAX smartphones becoming available during 2010, and LTE smartphones arriving in 2011. The consumer should note that 3G and 4G equipment made for other continents are not always compatible, because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April 2012) not available for the European market.
In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).[1]
Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".[2]
Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011,[citation needed] and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. Services are expected in 2013.
As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and other frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.
The term "generation" used to name successive evolutions of radio networks in general is arbitrary. There are several interpretations, and no official definition has been made despite the consensus behind ITU-R's labels. From ITU-R's point of view, 4G is equivalent to IMT-Advanced which has specific performance requirements as explained below. According to operators, a generation of network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. The end user expects the next generation of network to provide better performance and connectivity than the previous generation. Meanwhile, GSM, UMTS and LTE networks coexist; and end-users will only receive the benefit of the new generation architecture when they simultaneously: use an access device compatible with the new infrastructure, are within range of the new infrastructure, and pay the provider for access to that new infrastructure.
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/Hertz/site).
New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 expected to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.
While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP.
In mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 200 kbit/s peak bit rate. In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which is commercially available since 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)[3] or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream.[citation needed]
This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements:[4]
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[6] Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:
Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are still far from being implemented.[4]
The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[7] LTE Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and will not be defined as a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.[8]
Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.[citation needed]
Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions,[citation needed] commonly referred to as '3.9G',[citation needed] which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards,[citation needed] but today can be called 4G according to ITU-R.[citation needed] A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies ;[citation needed] that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm ;[citation needed] and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G,[citation needed] whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards.[citation needed]
As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[9] for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.
LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2013. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.[10] LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the IMT Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s of download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.[11]
LTE Advanced | |
Peak download | 1 Gbit/s |
Peak upload | 500 Mbit/s |
The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.[12]
The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G-LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do not support any other radio interface.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[13] As of Nov 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by MetroPCS,[14] Verizon Wireless,[15] AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular,[16] Sprint,[17] and T-Mobile US.[18]
T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.[citation needed]
In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012.[19] KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012, and complete the nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June 2012.
In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by EE in October 2012,[20] and by O2 and Vodafone in August 2013.[21]
Peak download | 100 Mbit/s |
Peak upload | 50 Mbit/s |
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels.[citation needed]
In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea.[22]
Sprint has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.[23]
In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota.
WiMAX | |
Peak download | 128 Mbit/s |
Peak upload | 56 Mbit/s |
Just when Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMax are vigorously promoting in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology, and quickly occupied the Chinese market. TD-LTE, one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers one after another turn to TD-LTE.
IBM's data show that 67% of the operators are considering LTE, because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirmed this statement of IBM. While only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX. WiMax can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market, but still could challenge LTE.
TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator - China Mobile. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable.
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead.[24] The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.
At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.
The iBurst system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.
The following table shows a comparison of the 4G candidate systems as well as other competing technologies.
Common Name | Family | Primary Use | Radio Tech | Downstream (Mbit/s) | Upstream (Mbit/s) | Notes |
HSPA+ | 3GPP | 3G Data | CDMA/FDD MIMO | 21 42 84 672 | 5.8 11.5 22 168 | HSPA+ is widely deployed. Revision 11 of the 3GPP states that HSPA+ is expected to have a throughput capacity of 672 Mbit/s. |
LTE | 3GPP | General 4G | OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA | 100 Cat3 150 Cat4 300 Cat5 (in 20 MHz FDD) [25] | 50 Cat3/4 75 Cat5 (in 20 MHz FDD)[25] | LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mb/s to mobile users. |
WiMax rel 1 | 802.16 | WirelessMAN | MIMO-SOFDMA | 37 (10 MHz TDD) | 17 (10 MHz TDD) | With 2x2 MIMO.[26] |
WiMax rel 1.5 | 802.16-2009 | WirelessMAN | MIMO-SOFDMA | 83 (20 MHz TDD) 141 (2x20 MHz FDD) | 46 (20 MHz TDD) 138 (2x20 MHz FDD) | With 2x2 MIMO.Enhanced with 20 MHz channels in 802.16-2009[26] |
WiMAX rel 2 | 802.16m | WirelessMAN | MIMO-SOFDMA | 2x2 MIMO 110 (20 MHz TDD) 183 (2x20 MHz FDD) 4x4 MIMO 219 (20 MHz TDD) 365 (2x20 MHz FDD) | 2x2 MIMO 70 (20 MHz TDD) 188 (2x20 MHz FDD) 4x4 MIMO 140 (20 MHz TDD) 376 (2x20 MHz FDD) | Also, low mobility users can aggregate multiple channels to get a download throughput of up to 1 Gbit/s[26] |
Flash-OFDM | Flash-OFDM | Mobile Internet mobility up to 200 mph (350 km/h) | Flash-OFDM | 5.3 10.6 15.9 | 1.8 3.6 5.4 | Mobile range 30 km (18 miles) extended range 55 km (34 miles) |
HIPERMAN | HIPERMAN | Mobile Internet | OFDM | 56.9 | ||
Wi-Fi | 802.11 (11n) | Mobile Internet | OFDM/MIMO | 288.8 (using 4x4 configuration in 20 MHz bandwidth) or 600 (using 4x4 configuration in 40 MHz bandwidth) | Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310 km & 382 km) | |
iBurst | 802.20 | Mobile Internet | HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO | 95 | 36 | Cell Radius: 3–12 km Speed: 250 km/h Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1" |
EDGE Evolution | GSM | Mobile Internet | TDMA/FDD | 1.6 | 0.5 | 3GPP Release 7 |
UMTS W-CDMA HSPA (HSDPA+HSUPA) | UMTS/3GSM | General 3G | CDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD/MIMO | 0.384 14.4 | 0.384 5.76 | HSDPA is widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s. |
UMTS-TDD | UMTS/3GSM | Mobile Internet | CDMA/TDD | 16 | Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA | |
EV-DO Rel. 0 EV-DO Rev.A EV-DO Rev.B | CDMA2000 | Mobile Internet | CDMA/FDD | 2.45 3.1 4.9xN | 0.15 1.8 1.8xN | Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz carriers used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received. |
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.
The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies:
As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support circuit switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards[28] lack soft-handover support, also known as cooperative relaying.
This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (May 2010) |
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA, and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic scheduling.
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the LTE (telecommunication), OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, Single-carrier FDMA is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
The other important advantage of the above-mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently require high complexity equalization at the receiver.
In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data transmission.
By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 is essential to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses available, IPv6 removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.
As of June 2009[update], Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.[29]
The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.
One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.
SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.
The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).[citation needed] The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[30][page needed] Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony.
Telecom giant Etisalat Afghanistan, the first telecom company to launch 3.75G services in Afghanistan on 19th Feb, 2013 announced the commencement of test of its Long-term Evolution (LTE) 4G mobile network.
Safaricom, a telecommunication company in Kenya, began its setup of a 4G network in October 2010 after the now retired Kenya Tourist Board Chairman, Michael Joseph, regarded their 3G network as a white elephant. Huawei was given the contract and the network was set to go fully commercial by the end of Q1 of 2011 but was yet to establish the network by the end of 2012.
Telstra announced on 15 February 2011, that it intends to upgrade its current Next G network to 4G with Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology in the central business districts of all Australian capital cities and selected regional centers by the end of 2011.[64]
Telstra launched the country's first 4G network (FD-LTE) in September 2011 claiming "2–100 Mbps" speeds and announced an "aggressive" expansion of that network in 2012.[65][66]
Telstra will use a mixture of 10 MHz and 15 MHz bandwidth in the 1800 MHz band.
Optus have established a 4G (FD-LTE) network using 10 MHz (out of 15 MHz available) bandwidth in the 1800 MHz band and added the 2.3 GHz band for 4G TD-LTE after acquiring Vivid Wireless in 2012.[67]
Vodafone Australia have indicated their roll out of 4G FD-LTE will use 20 MHz bandwidth and initially support Cat 3 devices at launch, then quickly move to support Cat 4 devices.
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) will auction 700 MHz "digital dividend" and 2600 MHz spectrum for the provision of 4G FD-LTE services in April 2013. Telstra and Optus are expected to participate in both, while Vodafone has stated it will only participate in the 2600 MHz auction.
On 19 December 2013 Optus claims to set up the world's first TD-LTE Advanced carrier aggregation network. The company achieved a throughput of 520 Mbit/s, by combining four 20 MHz channels of the 2300 MHz spectrum band into 80 MHz.[68][69]
In August, 2009 Huawei and T-Mobile introduced Europe's largest trial LTE network. Both companies set up 60 cells in Innsbruck which are since July 2009 in service.[70]
In June, 2010 A1 Telekom Austria tested LTE with its partner Huawei in Vienna.[71]
On October 18, 2010, the allocation procedure for 2600 MHz frequency band was completed.[72] The following figure shows the current allocation for this frequency band:[73][74]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | A1 Telekom Austria | T-Mobile Austria | Orange Austria* | Hutchison 3 |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) | 2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz | FDD TDD | 2x20 MHz 1x25 MHz | 2x20 MHz - | 2x10 MHz - | 2x20 MHz 1x25 MHz |
A1 Telekom Austria started the first commercial (FDD-)LTE service in Austria on 19 October 2010. Iniatially A1 Telekom Austria covered Vienna with 49 eNodeB's and St. Pölten with 3 eNodeB's.[75]
On 28 July 2011, T-Mobile Austria launched commercial LTE service in Vienna, Linz, Graz and Innsbruck.[76]
After A1 Telekom Austria and T-Mobile Austria started their LTE service Austria's smallest operator 3 introduced LTE commercially on the 18th of November 2011.[77]
In March, 2012, A1 Telekom Austria integrated Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) and launched the first LTE Smartphone (HTC Velocity 4G) for the Austrian market.[75]
At the end of November, 2012, A1 Telekom Austria claims to reach 30% of the Austrian population with its LTE network. At this time, according to a press release, 800 EnodeB's were used.[78]
At the beginning of July, 2013, A1 Telekom Austria announced that the company has switched on their 1000th eNodeB.[79]
At the beginning of September, 2013, Bregenz, Dornbirn and Lustenau are covered by A1 Telekom Austria LTE.[80]
On 7 October 2013, T-Mobile Austria started LTE service for Smartphones. The company also announced plans for further LTE coverage. Until the end of 2013 parts of the city Bregenz, Klagenfurt, Salzburg and St. Pölten will be covered with LTE.[81]
On October 21, 2013, the multiband spectrum auction was completed. The following figure shows the current allocation for this frequency band:[82]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | A1 Telekom Austria | T-Mobile Austria | Hutchison 3 |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x20 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×35 MHz | FDD | 2x15 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×75 MHz | FDD | 2x35 MHz | 2x20 MHz | 2x20 MHz |
At the end of November, 2013, Huchtison 3 and T-Mobile Austria intent to appeal auction results.[83][84]
On 4 December 2013, according to A1 Telekom Austria Klosterneuburg is covered with LTE.[85]
International LTE Roaming: 19. December, 2013, A1 Telekom Austria is the first Austrian operator which introduced LTE Roaming. The company signed a roaming agreement with Swisscom following by further countries (planned: Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States) in 2014. If Customers of A1 Telekom Austria want use LTE abroad they need either a LTE package or one of their new A1 Go! contract plans, launched in December 2013.[86]
On 28 January 2014, A1 announced commercial service for LTE 800 MHz on more than 200 sites. Austrians largest mobile operator covers currently 45% of the population with LTE. The company plans to cover more than 50% of the population until the end of 2014.[87][88]
On 11 March 2014, T-Mobile announced top LTE transmission speed raises to 150 Mbit/s.[89]
On 6 May 2014, Austrian Media announced that Hutchison 3 is waiting for approval to refarm 1800 MHz frequency to go further with LTE deployment.[90]
On 11 June 2014, A1 added LTE Roaming in Slovenia (Si.mobil). [91]
On 28 June 2011, Belgium's largest telecom operator Belgacom announced the roll out of the country's first 4G network.[92] On 3 July 2012 it confirmed the outroll in 5 major cities and announced the commercial launch to take place before the end of 2012.[93]
On 27 April 2012, Brazil's telecoms regulator Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (Anatel) announced that the 6 host cities for the 2013 Confederations Cup to be held there will be the first to have their networks upgraded to 4G.[94]
Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced that they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS network that went live in November 2009.[95] Bell Canada's HSPA+ network (that it calls 4G) covers 97% of the population as of December 2013.[96]
In China, there were 13.97 million 4G subscribers in June 2014, almost all (13.93 million) on China Mobile. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has a goal of 50 million subscribers by the end of 2014.[97] It has been predicted that in 2016 there will be 60 million subscribers.[98]
Vodafone Fiji started category 3 LTE service (1800 MHz - Band 3) at the beginning of December 2013.[99][100]
On 22 November 2012, Orange launched the first 4G business plan in Marseille, Lyon, Lille and Nantes. Then, on 29 November 2012, SFR launched 4G in Lyon, extending to Montpellier. It was the first 4G commercial launch in France.
After the multiband spectrum auction (12.04. - 20.05.2010[101]) the frequency allocation in Germany is as follows:
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Telekom | Vodafone | Telefónica O2 | E-Plus Gruppe |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×25 MHz | FDD | 2x15 MHz | - | - | 2x10 MHz |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) | 2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz | FDD TDD | 2x20 MHz 1x5 MHz | 2x20 MHz 1x25 MHz | 2x20 MHz 1x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz 1x10 MHz |
30 August 2010, Deutsche Telekom trialed LTE by using the 800 MHz frequency.[102]
1 December 2010, Vodafone started LTE by using 800 MHz frequency.[103]
5 April 2011, Deutsche Telekom launched LTE service on 800 MHz.[104]
1 June 2011, Deutsche Telekom started LTE service on 1800 MHz in Cologne.[104]
1 July 2011, o2 offers LTE on 800 MHz which is available in several rural communities, including Oberreichenbach in the Black Forest or Zscherben in Saxony-Anhalt.[105]
24 April 2012, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE for Bonn, Hamburg, Leipzig and Munich.[106]
3 July 2012, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE service for the following cities in Baden-Württemberg: Freiburg, Friedrichshafen, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Pforzheim. Berlin. Bremen. Hesse: Darmstadt, Hanau, Ludwigshafen. Lower Saxony: Braunschweig, Celle, Hildesheim, Oldenburg. North Rhine-Westphalia: Gütersloh, Paderborn, Velbert. Rhineland-Palatinate: Kaiserslautern, Mainz. Saxony: Halle (Saale). Schleswig-Holstein: Neumünster. Thuringia: Erfurt and Gera.[107]
7 February 2013, o2 claimed to do the world's first handovers of voice calls from LTE to UMTS under realistic conditions.[108]
2 July 2013, o2 added LTE service in Duisburg, Essen and Hamburg.[109]
5 September 2013, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE category 4 with download speed of 150 Mbit/s at the IFA. LTE category 4 or LTE+, so called by Deutsche Telekom, is available in areas which are covered by the 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz frequency.[110]
15 November 2013, Telefónica and Vodafone have announced that they are testing LTE-Advanced in the German cities of Munich and Dresden.[111]
20 February 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced 580 Mbit/s data speed during LTE-A trials in Alzey.[112]
5 March 2014, E-Plus started commercial LTE service in Berlin, Nuremberg and Leipzig by using the 1800 MHz frequency.[113]
10 March 2014, at the CeBIT in Hannover Deutsche Telekom announced the launch of LTE-A with 300 Mbit/s for Q3 in 2014.[114]
International LTE Roaming: 22 May 2014, Vodafone added LTE Roaming within the Vodafone Group in the following six European countries. Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and UK. Vodafone also plans to launch LTE Roaming in other countries and on other networks.[115]
17 June 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE Roaming for six European countries. (Belgium (Mobistar), France (Orange), Italy (TIM), Norway (Telenor), Poland (Orange) and Spain (Orange)) Followed by the UK. The company also plans further agreements with other operators.[116]
19 August 2014, Deutsche Telekom announced LTE Roaming for The Netherlands (KPN) and UK (EE).[117]
TELE Greenland started LTE service (800 MHz - Band 20) at the beginning of December 2013.[118]
Bharti Airtel launched India's first 4G service, using TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata on April 10, 2012.[119] Fourteen months prior to the official launch in Kolkata, a group consisting of China Mobile, Bharti Airtel and SoftBank Mobile came together, called Global TD-LTE Initiative (GTI) in Barcelona, Spain and they signed the commitment towards TD-LTE standards for the Asian region. It must be noted that Bharti Airtel's 4G network does not support mainstream 4G phones such as Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Samsung Galaxy S4 and others.
India uses 2.3 GHz frequency (band 40).
Tikona Digital Networks holds broadband wireless access spectrum in the 2300 MHz band and is waiting for the appropriate time and maturity of the 4G ecosystem before making a foray into the space. Tikona holds 4G spectrum [123] licences in five circles in northwest India, covering Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East and West) and Himachal Pradesh.[124]
During APEC meeting on October 1–8, 2013 in Bali, Telkomsel will conduct 4G LTE network trial. Telkomsel 4G LTE network will operate at 1800 MHz frequency. As part of the program it will sell "simPATI LTE Trial Edition" prepaid SIM card.[125]
Since November 2013, PT Internux, with brand Bolt 4G, has commercialized LTE 4G service using TDD-LTE. Initially, Bolt 4G is only available on 2300 MHz covering Jakarta and the surrounding cities.[126]
In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish wired and wireless broadband company, announced that they had received a mobile communications license from the Irish telecoms regulator ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G mobile communications.[127][128] Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.
On November 15, 2012 the Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg) announced the results of its multi-band spectrum auction.[129] This auction awarded spectrum rights of use in the 800 MHz, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Ireland from 2013 to 2030. The winners of spectrum were Three Ireland, Meteor, O2 Ireland and Vodafone. All of the winning bidders in the auction have indicated that they intend to move rapidly to deploy advanced services.[130]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Vodafone Ireland | Telefónica Ireland | Meteor | Hutchison 3 |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×35 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×75 MHz | FDD | 2x25 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x20 MHz |
Eircom launched their 4G network through Meteor and eMobile on 26 September 2013.[131]
On 14 October, Vodafone started their 4G offer (mobile broadband only) in six cities (Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Kilkenny) and 23 towns (Carlow, Tralee, Wexford, Middleton, Carrigaline, Mallow, Killarney, Enniscorthy, Dungarvan, New Ross, Kenmare, Tullow, Kanturk, Bagnelstown, Thomastown, Millstreet, Bunclody, Newmarket, Dunmanway, Lismore, Rosslare Harbour, Rosslare Strand and Killorglin) across the country.[132]
On 9 December, Vodafone switches on 4G for Smartphones and turned 4G service in eight additional towns (Ballincollig, Carrigtohill, Cloyne, Cobh, Enniscorthy, Fermoy, Gorey, Kinsale) on.[133]
On 27 January 2014, Three launched their 4G network in Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick, Wexford and Waterford.
Since the first half of December 2012, all of Italy's ISP have been offering or have plans to offer 4G services in some cities:
International LTE Roaming: From 5 May 2014 customers of TIM are able to use 4G while roame in Switzerland on Swisscom and from 14 May 2014 on Orange in Spain.[135] TIM added new roaming partners in Germany (Telekom) and Hong Kong (CSL) in June 2014.[136]
By the end of 2012, the national telecommunication operator JSC Kazakhtelecom launched 4G services in both Astana and Almaty. It is expected that by the end of 2013 the service will be available across the whole country.[citation needed]
Orange and Tango launched LTE in October 2012.[137] Post Telecom (formerly LuxGSM [138]) launched LTE in October 2013.[139] All operators are using the 1800 MHz frequency.
International LTE Roaming: On 24 June 2014 Orange announced LTE Roaming for the following countries from July 1, 2014: Canada, China, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and the USA.[140]
T-Mobile introduced 4G in Macedonia at the beginning of December 2013.[141]
Vip launched LTE service at the beginning of July 2014.[142]
4G technology was introduced for the 1st time in Maldives by Ooredoo (formerly known as Wataniya) in April 2013. Currently serving over 33% of the population in Male, Hulhumale, Villingilli and Maafushi Island. Ooredoo operates its 4G network in both 700nbsp;MHz and 1800nbsp;MHz.[citation needed]
4G technology was introduced in Malta by Vodafone on the 9th of October 2013.[143]
After the multiband spectrum auction in Q4-2012 KPN announced that the deployment of 4G services would start in February 2013 and that nationwide coverage will be available in Q1 2014.[148]
Vodafone has launched the 4G network in August 2013,[149] while T-Mobile announced only a roll-out in Q4 of 2013.[150] Tele2 will launch their network probably in the same time as T-Mobile, because they are using site/antenna-sharing.
As of Q1 2014, KPN will be the first network provider that has deployed a nationwide 4G network in the Netherlands.[151] Expectations are that both KPN and Vodafone will reach nationwide coverage in 2014. T-Mobile and Tele2, being lower-budget providers, will probably never reach a nationwide coverage, as is the case with their existing 2G and 3G networks. Tele2 will stay a MVNO (i.e., Tele2 will buy network capacity) on the T-Mobile network for 2G/3G Services and a MVNO on the KPN network for 2G/3G Business Services (previously Versatel).[152]
Network operator ZUM's plans remain unknown; only a small 2.6 GHz LTE network would be required to meet regulatory requirements.[citation needed]
After the multiband spectrum auction the frequency allocation in the Netherlands is as follows:[153]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | KPN | Vodafone | T-Mobile | Tele2 | ZUM |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2x30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | ||
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2x35 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x15 MHz | ||
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2x70 MHz | FDD | 2x20 MHz | 2x20 MHz | 2x30 MHz | ||
1900 MHz | XXXIII (33) | 1x35 MHz | TDD | 1x5 MHz | 1x5.4 MHz | 1x24.6 MHz | ||
2100 MHz | I (1) | 2x59,4 MHz | FDD | 2x19.8 MHz | 2x19.6 MHz | 2x20 MHz | ||
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) | 2x65 MHz 2x65 MHz | FDD TDD | 2×10 MHz 1×30 MHz | 2x10 MHz - | 2x5 MHz 1x25 MHz | 2x20 MHz 1x5 MHz | 2x20 MHz - |
International LTE Roaming: On 16 February 2014 KPN announced LTE Roaming agreement with Orange in France and Telenor in Norway. Following by operators in the US, the UK, Russia, Japan, Spain, Austria, Switzerland, Poland and Saudi Arabia later this month. Brazil and China are scheduled to be included in March, Germany, Hong Kong, Croatia and Slovenia will be added in April, and Denmark, Canada and Finland will be included in June.[154][155]
In New Zealand, the first 4G network was introduced in parts of Auckland by Vodafone NZ on 28 February 2013 using the 1800 MHz frequency (Band 3). Vodafone has since expanded coverage to a total of 59 centers.[156]
A small village by Lake Brunner on the West Coast with only 250 people, Moana, got 4G coverage in May 2013. This was a test of rural broadband services in the 700 MHz range.[157] Vodafone went on to launch 4G in this frequency in Papakura on July 22, 2014.
The Vodafone, Spark and 2degrees 4G Networks operate on 1800 MHz (Band 3). Vodafone and Spark have also deployed 4G on 700 MHz (APT Band 28) while 2degrees carries out a trial for this frequency in Auckland
As of 15 January 2014, Telecom has 4G coverage in Wellington, Christchurch, Auckland, Whitianga and Whangamata.[citation needed]
2degrees launched their 4G service on June 30, 2014 in parts of Auckland[158] and then extended coverage to Wellington on Sept 8, 2014.
After the multiband spectrum auction in December 2013.[159]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Telco Data | Telenor | TeliaSonera |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×? MHz | FDD | 2x5 MHz | 2x5 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×? MHz | FDD | 2x20 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz |
In April, 2014, Netcom launched LTE 800 MHz.[160]
In May, 2014, Tele2 launched LTE.[161]
On July 7, 2013, the Government of Pakistan announced the auction of 3G/4G operators in Pakistan[162]
On 23 April 2014, the government auctioned of 3G and 4G licenses to cellular service providers raising $1.182 billion in revenues. Zong became the country's first and only company to win a 4G license. Mobilink and Zong bid for the 'superior' 10 MHz band, while Telenor and Ufone preferred to bid on the cheaper 5 MHz band. Although Mobilink, having acquired the 10 MHz band, qualified for a 4G licence too, they opted not to go all the way.[163]
On May 2, 2014, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority allowed Warid Telecom to go public with 4G LTE services. Warid has planned to launch the service. If sources are to be believed then Warid is aiming to run the test on 4G LTE in last week of May 2014, while its already in process of deploying 4G LTE network in 5 cities, which it will announce after successful tests accordingly.[citation needed]
As part of its massive network upgrade, Globe[164] has launched its 4th Generation Long-Term Evolution (4G LTE) network for mobile and broadband. To date, Globe has completed over 2,700 4G LTE network sites, with the number expected to rise to over 4000 by the end of 2012.
In September, Globe launched its 4G LTE network covering key commercial as well as residential areas in Makati, with more sites following shortly in Manila, Cebu, Davao, and other select regions. As more key activations are completed in the coming months, Globe subscribers will soon enjoy best-in-class mobile and broadband services across the Philippines.[citation needed]
Smart Communications was the first to roll out the fastest 4G LTE in the country (Philippines). Over 900 sites served nationwide with partner establishments. Cherry Mobile was the first local brand to release LTE ready mobile phone in the Philippines.
On 31 August 2011, Plus (Polkomtel) launched 4G commercially in Poland. The download speed was up to 100 Mbit/s, while upload speed was up to 50 Mbit/s. On 25 October 2012, download speed was increased to 150 Mbit/s. It uses 1800 MHz spectrum.[citation needed]
On 31 October 2012, Vodafone has launched 4G tests.[165] Now 4G connectivity is available in several cities: Otopeni, Constanța, Galați, Craiova, Brașov, Bacău, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Arad and Timișoara.[166]
International LTE Roaming: Since mid-May 2014 Orange offers LTE Roaming service which is currently available in the networks of Orange in Moldova, Poland and Spain and will also be extended to other networks during 2014.[167]
Yota launched LTE service in March 2012.[168]
MegaFon launched LTE service in April 2012.[168]
MTS launched LTE service in September 2012.[169]
Vainakh Telecom launched LTE service in January 2013.[170] Network available in Chechnya.
Beeline launched LTE service in May 2013.[171]
Rostelecom launched LTE service in June 2013.[172]
TeliaSonera started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm and Oslo November 2009 (as seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish cities during 2010. In June 2010, Swedish television companies used 4G to broadcast live television from the Swedish Crown Princess's wedding.[173]
After the multiband spectrum auction[174] the frequency allocation in Slovakia is as follows:
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Orange | Slovak Telekom | Telefónica Slovakia | SWAN |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | - |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×20.4 MHz | FDD | 2x4.8 MHz | - | 2x0.6 MHz | 2x15 MHz |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) | 2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz | FDD TDD | 2x30 MHz - | 2x40 MHz 1x50 MHz | - - | - - |
After the multiband spectrum auction in April 2014.[175]
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Si.Mobil | Telekom Slovenije | Tusmobil |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×35 MHz | FDD | 2x15 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×75 MHz | FDD | 2x30 MHz | 2x25 MHz | 2x10 MHz |
2100 MHz | XXXIV (34) | 1×? MHz | TDD | 2x20 MHz | - | - |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) | 2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz | FDD TDD | 2x35 MHz 1x25 MHz | 2x35 MHz 1x25 MHz | - - |
On May 9, 2013, Yoigo announced its service, which will use the 1800 MHz band and offer speeds up to 100Mbit/s, and will first be launched in Madrid on July 19.[176]
On May 13, Orange Espana announced it will launch its 4G network on 8 July, simultaneously in six of the country's largest cities: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga and Murcia. A further nine cities — Bilbao, Zaragoza, Alicante, Cordoba, La Coruña, Valladolid and Vigo on the mainland, Palma de Mallorca in the Balearic Islands and Las Palmas in the Canary Islands — will be live by the end of 2013.[177]
Since 30 May 2013, 4G is available in Spain thanks to Vodafone 4G. According to the company, services will use 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz spectrum and will offer download speeds of up to 150Mbit/s and upload speeds of 50Mbit/s.[178]
On week 9, 2014, during the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona Vodafone tested LTE-A with speed of 540 Mbit/s.[179]
On 7 March 2014, Vodafone announced LTE service for Burgos.[180]
On 11 March 2012, Vodafone announced LTE service for Castilla La Mancha.[181]
On 12 March 2014, Vodafone announced LTE service for Logroño.[182][183]
On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won, or US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the hope of becoming an international standard.[184]
On December 30, 2012, Dialog Broadband Networks launched Sri Lanka's first fixed TD-LTE service.[185]
On April 2, 2013, Dialog Axiata launched South Asia's first FD-LTE service in Sri Lanka.[186]
On June 2, 2013, Mobitel launched FD-LTE service in Sri Lanka.[187]
On January 19, 2014, Sri Lanka Telecom successfully demonstrated & launched its 4G LTE service.[188]
In September 2010, Swisscom tested LTE in Grenchen by using the 2.6 GHz frequency (E-UTRA Band 7).[189] In December 2011 after the LTE field experiment in Grenchen has become a success the company used the 1.8 GHz frequency (E-UTRA Band 3) for further testing in Grindelwald, Gstaad, Leukerbad, Montana, Saas-Fee and St. Moritz/Celerina.[190]
After the multiband spectrum auction (06.02. - 22.02.2012[191]) the frequency allocation in Switzerland is as follows:
Frequency | E-UTRA Band | Bandwidth | Type of LTE | Swisscom | Sunrise | Orange |
800 MHz | XX (20) | 2×30 MHz | FDD | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x10 MHz |
900 MHz | VIII (8) | 2×35 MHz | FDD | 2x15 MHz | 2x15 MHz | 2x5 MHz |
1800 MHz | III (3) | 2×75 MHz | FDD | 2x30 MHz | 2x20 MHz | 2x25 MHz |
2100 MHz | I (1) | 2×60 MHz | FDD | 2x30 MHz | 2x10 MHz | 2x20 MHz |
2600 MHz | VII (7) XXXVIII (38) | 2×70 MHz 1×50 MHz | FDD TDD | 2x20 MHz 1x45 MHz | 2x25 MHz - | 2x20 MHz - |
Swisscom announced on 29 November 2012, commercial service of its category 3 LTE network with maximum speed of 100 Mbit/s.[192] The following frequency range is in service for LTE. 800 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz. (E-UTRA Bands 20, 3 und 7) In May 2013 Swisscom upgraded its LTE network from category 3 to category 4. As of the upgrade the maximum speed has become 150 Mbit/s.[193]
Orange started LTE on 28 May 2013. The second largest operator was the first who introduced prepaid LTE in Switzerland. The following frequency range is in service for LTE. 800 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz. (E-UTRA Bands 20, 3 und 7) Orange LTE offers up to 100 Mbit/s. The company will upgrade the maximum speed up to 150 Mbit/s at the end of 2013.[194]
International LTE Roaming: Swisscom is the first European operator which offers international LTE Roaming. Since the 21 of June 2013 customers of Swisscom are able to use LTE network of the South Korean operators SK Telecom and KT. According to Swisscom Canada (Rogers) and Hong Kong (SmarTone) are the next countries where customers of the former state-owned company will be able to use LTE roaming.[195]
Sunrise was the last operator in Switzerland who introduced LTE. Commercial service is available as of 19 June 2013. The smallest operator in Switzerland offers speed up to 100 Mbit/s. In 2013 Sunrise is using only the 1800 MHz frequency for LTE service. (E-UTRA Band 3) The operator will use other frequency bands (800 MHz and 2600 MHz - E-UTRA Bands 7 and 20) in the future as well.[196] Prepaid customers of Sunrise are able to use LTE with maximum network speed - even MVNO customer.[197]
Since the beginning of July 2013 Swisscom prepaid customers are able to enter the LTE network. Maximum speed depends on the subscribed plan.[193]
On 19 November 2013, Orange and UPC Cablecom announced a new partnership. Over the next two years, UPC Cablecom will connect more than 1,000 4G masts with top bandwidths of between 1 and 10 Gbit/s.[198][199]
At the end of November 2013, Swisscom added new LTE Roaming partners in Asia (Japan: Softbank, Philippines: Globe Telecom, Singapore: M1), Europe (France: Bouygues Telecom) and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia: Mobily).[200][201]
On 19 December 2013, Swisscom added new LTE Roaming partners in Asia (Hong Kong: China Mobile HK and PCCW) and Europe (Austria: A1). At this time Swisscom covers nine countries and twelve foreign LTE networks.[201][202]
On 22 January 2014, Swisscom added new LTE Roaming partner in Russia (MegaFon).[201][203]
On 29 January 2014, Sunrise announced 300 Mbit/s LTE trials by using LTE-A carrier aggregation. Commercial service is planned for Q3 2014.[204]
On 17 Februar 2014, Swisscom added new roaming partners (Canada: Telus, France: SFR, Hong Kong: Huchison 3, Norway: Telenor, USA: AT&T) to their LTE roaming list. The company also mentioned an upcoming Russia operator (MTS) for 3. March 2014.[201]
On 10 June 2014, Swisscom added for the upcoming World Cup in Brazil new roaming partners among other countries (Belgium: Belgacom; Brazil: Claro Oi, Vivo; France: Orange; Italy: TIM; Spain: Orange). Further more Swisscom also announced more LTE Roaming in Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Netherland, Portugal and Romania.[201][205]
Thailand National Broadcasting & Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has earmarked 1.8 GHz and 2.3 GHz spectrum for 4G services. The 1.8 GHz will be available for auction around the 4th quarter of 2014 when the license for GSM service on the spectrum will expire. The 2.3 GHz spectrum is currently held by TOT Corp, a state enterprise. Negotiation on refarming part of the band is ongoing.[citation needed]
Truemove-H has launched Thailand's first commercial 4G LTE service on 8 May 2013 using 2100 MHz Band I.[206]
Operator | Frequency ( MHz) |
Truemove-H | 2100 |
On 18 September 2013, the national telecommunication operator TM Cell launched 4G services in Turkmenistan.[207]
In 2009 O2 (a subsidiary of Telefónica Europe) used Slough for testing the 4G network, with Huawei installing LTE technology in six masts across the town to allow testing of HD video conferencing and mobile PlayStation games.[208] On 29 February 2012, UK Broadband launched the first commercial 4G LTE service in the UK in the London Borough of Southwark.[209] In October 2012, MVNO, Abica Limited, announced they were to trial 4G LTE services for high speed M2M applications.
On 21 August 2012, the United Kingdom's regulator Ofcom allowed EE, the owner of the Orange and T-Mobile networks, to use its existing spectrum in the 1,800 MHz band to launch fourth-generation (4G) mobile services. As part of Ofcom's approval of the company's roll-out of 4G it was announced on 22 August that 3 had acquired part of EE's 1,800 MHz spectrum for part of their own 4G network.[210] The 4G service from EE was announced on 11 September 2012 and launched on 30 October initially in 11 cities.[211][212] The network aims to cover 70% of the UK by 2013 and 98% by 2014.[213]
On 12 November 2012 Ofcom published final regulations and a timetable[214] for the 4G mobile spectrum auction. It also launched a new 4G consumer page,[215] providing information on the upcoming auction and the consumer benefits that new services will deliver. Ofcom auctioned off the UK-wide 4G spectrum previously used by the country's analogue television signals in the 800 MHz band as well as in the 2,600 MHz band.[216] On 20 February 2013, the winners of the 4G spectrum auction were announced by Ofcom.[217] The four major networks, EE, O2, Vodafone and 3, were awarded spectrum along with Niche Spectrum Ventures Ltd (a subsidiary of BT Group plc).
On 9 July 2013, Ofcom announced that mobile network operators would be allowed to repurpose their existing 2G and 3G spectrum, specifically in the 900, 1,800 and 2,100 MHz bands, for 4G services.[218]
Both O2 and Vodafone launched their 4G networks on 29 August 2013.[219][220] The 3 network launched their 4G service in December 2013, initially it was only available to a selected few thousand customers in London preceding a nationwide rollout in 2014.[221][222]
LTE MVNE: On 1 April 2014, Plintron World's largest Multi-Country MVNE Enables LYCAMOBILE to be in the 4G League in UK. Plintron have completed it's LTE core interoperability with O2 UK, to enable LYCAMOBILE 4G data services.
International LTE Roaming: AT&T signed LTE roaming agreement with EE on the 17th of December 2013.[223] EE announced further LTE roaming agreements with Orange in France and Spain on March 2014. Customers of EE will access the LTE networks of both operators immediately. The company also announced in a press release that it will extend its 4G coverage across major roaming destination including the USA, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands by the Summer.[224][225]
At the beginning of May 2014, Vodafone added 4G roaming for their Red 4G customers in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain.[226]
On 12 June 2014, Vodafone announced LTE rollout for Belfast over the summer.[227]
Verizon Wireless, AT&T, T-Mobile and Sprint Corporation all use 4G LTE. Only Sprint still utilizes WiMAX, but plans to end its use of WiMax by 2015.[228]
On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced plans for a joint effort with the Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced their intentions to build and roll out an LTE network by the end of 2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their roll out by the end of 2010.
Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently[when?] available in select cities in the United States.[47] It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s. Sprint has also launched an LTE network in early 2012.[229]
Verizon Wireless has announced[when?] that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G network in the United States with LTE, and is supposed to complete a rollout of 175 cities by the end of 2011, two thirds of the US population by mid-2012, and cover[citation needed] the existing 3G network by the end of 2013.[230] AT&T, along with Verizon Wireless, has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM and 3G/HSPA by 2011.[231]
Sprint had deployed WiMAX technology which it has labeled 4G as of October 2008. It was the first US carrier to offer a WiMAX phone.[232]
The U.S. FCC is exploring[when?] the possibility of deployment and operation of a nationwide 4G public safety network which would allow first responders to seamlessly communicate between agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In June 2010 the FCC released a comprehensive white paper which indicates that the 10 MHz of dedicated spectrum currently allocated from the 1700 MHz spectrum for public safety will provide adequate capacity and performance necessary for normal communications as well as serious emergency situations.[233]
International LTE Roaming: AT&T signed LTE roaming agreement with EE on the 17th of December 2013.[223]
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).[234]
Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
(help)Preceded by 3rd Generation (3G) | Mobile Telephony Generations | Succeeded by 5th Generation (5G) |


text:
Room in the Guadalajara Provincial Museum © Ministerio de Cultura
Alonso Cano. 'Virgin of the Milk', around 1659. Guadalajara Provincial Museum © Ministerio de Cultura
StateTelephone+34 949213301
Fax+34 949212773
The museum offers an anthropological survey of the concepts of life, death and religiosity since Palaeolithic times to the 20th century.
The museum was founded in 1838, and is currently housed in the building of the Infantado Palace. Its permanent exhibition, entitled 'Tránsitos' ('Transits') combines the most important pieces from its archaeological, fine art and ethnographic collections, in an original display which highlights the different approaches to life, death and the idea of the afterlife of the various groups of humans that have inhabited Guadalajara throughout the centuries. Works by Alonso Cano, Ribera and La Roldana, in addition to Celtiberian and mediaeval remains, among others, illustrate the successive passage of different cultures through this province.
The museum's collection is part of the collective catalogue of the Digital Network of Spanish Museum Collections (CERES), conceived as a space for dissemination which enables visitors to browse the various museum collections using the identifying features of each item (author, type of object, iconography, etc.).
Jun 16 to Sep 16
Tuesday to Saturday
10:00 AM to 2:00 PM
5:00 PM to 8:00 PM
Public holidays and Sunday
10:00 AM to 2:00 PM
Closing days: Monday
Sep 17 to Jun 15
Tuesday to Saturday
10:00 AM to 2:00 PM
4:00 PM to 7:00 PM
Public holidays and Sunday
10:00 AM to 2:00 PM
Closing days: Monday
Closed 1, 6 January; Good Friday; 1 May; 12, 13 September; 24, 25, 31 December
Free admission

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Caribbean Long Term Chalet Rentals(5)
5 Results
Recent Caribbean Reviews
Very comfortable - amazing porch!
This house is gorgeous! It really has everything you need, and is extremely modern and comfortable, considering that you are in the middle of the mountains! The view of the lake is breathtaking, and the porch is super relaxing with breezes, a lot of chairs and a hammock (one on the lower level porch too).
The only reason I can not rate our stay with five stars is because we chose our booking with high hopes of swimming in the lake and using the kayaks daily. Although the lake is just steps away from the property, you need to be fairly fit to carry a kayak, especially a two-person kayak, down the 20' grade to the actual access. It is steep and the footholds are only tree roots. We did it twice - it can definitely be done! We were also hoping to swim in the lake, but found out that this is not a common thing. This is probably our fault for not researching better before we came. Just a warning that this is not a swimming lake. The dock associated with the property was not functioning either - Pedro said that he will be fixing it though.
Pedro was an excellent manager of the house. He met us at the property and taught us all of the ropes.
Other things you will encounter are the loud coquis (frogs!) at night. A beautiful sound, but one that is hard to get used to (earplugs for the first night or two). Also, we went down to half-electricity for about 12 hours, which is a common thing in these parts apparently. It was fun for our family because we just lit candles and forced ourselves to engage in conversation and play games! Good fun! It did not inconvenience us a bit. The dryer did not work on our last day - wanting to go home with clean laundry. But again, it did not set us back. We dried our clothes for three hours in the warm morning sun before packing up. There was a local band that played across the lake in the evening from about 6pm-10pm. Again, it was just of the experience, but it was quite loud. We would definitely return, even given these "local experiences" we had. The place really was very comfortable and aside from really wanting direct lake access, I would say it would have been perfect for our needs (we are a family of four - two small children. After the kids got over the initial disappointment that they could not swim in the lake, they were perfectly happy with playing around the grounds, on the hammocks and with the local happy and friendly dog, Chico!). Go for it!


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Farsightedness Center - Denton, TXDenton Eye Doctor Doctors for FarsightednessType of Physician: Eye Doctor What is a Eye Doctor? A certification by the Board of Ophthalmology; practitioners provide comprehensive eye and vision care. They are trained to diagnose, monitor and medically or surgically treat all eyelid and orbital problems affecting the eye and visual pathways, and to diagnose, monitor and treat all eye and visual disorders. They often prescribe vision services (glasses and contact lenses) as well as serve as a consultant to physicians and other professionals. Specialty: Ophthalmology Common Name: Eye Doctor Ophthalmologist Doctors in Denton *Advanced Eye Care Center Advanced Eye Care Center North Texas Center For Sight Texas Retina Associates North Dallas Eye Associates North Dallas Eye Associates North Dallas Eye Associates Eye Care Associates of Denton Shasi K Dharma MD North Dallas Eye Associates North Dallas Eye Associates Eye/Laser Specialists/Texas North Texas Eye Center Reinke Eye and Laser Center Reinke Eye and Laser Center Eye Consultants of Texas Alliance Eye Care Associates PA Texas Retina Associates Pediatric Eye Specialists Glaucoma Consultants Texas Texas Retina Associates Texas Retina Associates Retina Center Of Texas Lee Eye Surgery Clinic Lee Eye Surgery Clinic Vista Ophthalmology Associates Advanced Eye Lid Surgery Tennant Institute Kim K Maale MD Pediatric Ophthalmology PA Key Whitman Eye Center Key Whitman Eye Center Chang Eyecare Lasikplus Vision Center Retina Institute Of Texas Lasercare Eye Center David K Gregory MD Las Colinas Ophthalmology Retina Institute Of Texas Retina Institute Of Texas Retina Institute Of Texas Marvel Eye Center Texas Eye & Laser Center Texas Eye & Laser Center Selkin Laser Center Nethery Eye Associates North Texas Eye Center Retina Specialists Retina Specialists Retina Specialists Tricon Eye Care Center Brotherman & Moninger Mds LLP Brotherman & Moninger Mds LLP Hien L Nguyen-Ngo MD Irving Eye Institute PA Tylock Eye Care & Laser Center Tylock Eye Care & Laser Center Texas Retina Associates Texas Retina Associates Newman & Taub Vision Newman & Taub Vision Texas Retina Associates Eye Surgery Of Texas North Texas Eye Center Boothe Eye Care & Laser Center Pediatric Ophthalmology PA Medical/Surgical Clinic Irving North Texas Vision Center Robert M Scharf MD Co Eye Care Ophthalmology Associates Irving EC Care Health Center Gene E Wyll MD Lasik Center Ford Eye Center Eye Care Texas Bob L Pansick MD Craig D Smith MD Texas Eye Physicians Syeda S Ahmad MD Hugo M Neurology MD Southwest Ophthalmology North Dallas Surgicare Heritiage Eye Center Allen Opth Key Whitman Eye & Laser Center Key Whitman Eye & Laser Center Dallas Fort Worth Retina Heritiage Eye Center Allen Opth Eye Plastic Surgery Associates Eye Plastic Surgery Associates John G Mchenry MD Lyle R Teska MD Texas Vision & Laser Centers Pediatric Ophthalmology PA Texas Vision & Laser Centers Pediatric Ophthalmology PA Fagadau & Hawk MDs Fagadau & Hawk MDs Fagadau & Hawk MDs Craig A Bolton MD PA Denton, TexasFarsightednessIntroductionAbout 1 in 4 people in the U.S. have hyperopia or farsightedness, but fortunately there are more ways to correct this eye disorder than ever before. People with hyperopia or farsightedness have difficulty focusin... Other Related Farsightedness ArticlesEmergency Contact for Denton
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text: PHIL 222 Medical Ethics (3) OR Dental Hygiene PHIL 120 Introduction to Ethics (3) College of Allied Health & Nursing MATH 112 College Algebra (4)# Department of Dental Hygiene COMS 100 Introduction to Comp Science (4)~ 3 Morris Hall • 507-389-1313 Dental Clinic • 507-389-2147 Required for Major (23-25 credits): E-mail: email@example.com BIOL 220 Anatomy (4)# Dept. Web site: mnsu.edu/dental-hygiene BIOL 230 Physiology (4)^ Chair: Lynnette Engeswick FCS 240 Nutrition I (3)~ Terri Brown, Lynnette Engeswick, Lisa Fleck, Nancy Choose one course from the following: Academic Programs Geistfeld, Angela Monson HLTH 455 Health and Aging (3) BIOL 417 Biology of Aging and Chronic Diseases (3) SOC 404 Sociology of Aging (3) The dental hygiene curriculum is designed to provide Choose one course from the following: opportunities for the student to develop a sound clini- HLTH 475 Biostatistics (3) cal and theoretical foundation for the practice of dental PSYC 201 Statistics for Psychology (4) hygiene. The graduate is prepared to fulfill the dental SOC 202 Introduction to Social Statistics (3) hygiene roles as clinician, change agent, educator, re- ECON 207 Business Statistics (4) searcher and consumer advocate as put forth by the American Dental Hygienists' Association. Choose one course from the following: HLTH 361 Health Communications (3) The program is designed to meet the American Dental ENG 271 Technical Sommunication (4) Association's Commission on Dental Accreditation Standards for Dental Hygiene, and offers a Bachelor of #Prerequisites must be successfully completed before Science degree upon completion. applying. ^Two of these three courses must be successfully com- Admission to Major. Application for admission to the pleted prior to submitting an application to the Dental Dental Hygiene program is a separate process in addition Hygiene Program. The third course must be success- to being admitted to the University. Requirements for ap- fully completed prior to enrolling in dental hygiene plication for admission to the dental hygiene major are: courses. 1) completion of at least 36 semester credits. ~ Must be successfully completed prior to enrolling in 2) a minimum career grade-point average of 2.5. dental hygiene courses. 3) successful completion of prerequisites of SPEE 100 or 102, ENG 101, PSYC 101, SOC 100 or 101, BIOL Dental Hygiene Core (53 credits): 220, MATH 112 and two of these three courses: BIOL DHYG 311 DHYG 313 DHYG 319 270, BIOL 230, or CHEM 111. DHYG 321 DHYG 325 DHYG 326 DHYG 327 DHYG 328 DHYG 329 The application form may be obtained from the Dental DHYG 331 DHYG 332 DHYG 333 Hygiene Department secretary or a Dental Hygiene fac- DHYG 421 DHYG 422 DHYG 423 ulty member. The number of students admitted to the DHYG 425 DHYG 427 DHYG 431 Dental Hygiene major is limited to 24 students admit- DHYG 432 DHYG 433 DHYG 435 ted each fall semester. Applications are accepted pri- DHYG 437 marily based on academic achievement in prerequisite courses with an emphasis placed on the science courses. Required Electives: Electives to yield a total of 128 semester credits are required. DENTAL HYGIENE BS Required General Education (40 credits): POLICIES/INFORMATION ENG 101 Composition (4)# SPEE 100 Fundamentals of Speech P/N Grading Policy. All courses required for Dental Communications (3)# OR Hygiene must be taken for a letter grade and a letter SPEE 102 Public Speaking (3)# grade of C or higher must be achieved. A grade of D CHEM 111 Chemistry of Life Processes (5)^ or F in a Dental Hygiene course will result in aca- BIOL 270 Microbiology (4)^ demic suspension from the program. Completion of PSYC 101 Psychology (4)# course numbers 326 forward requires successful SOC 100 Social Problems (3)# OR completion of previous Dental Hygiene courses ob- SOC 101 Introduction to Sociology (3)# taining a "C" or better in order to continue in the Den- HLTH 101 Health and the Environment (3) ~ tal Hygiene program. REHB 110 Sensitivity to Disability (3) Costs. A student in the dental hygiene program should 2003-2004 Undergraduate Bulletin 1 be prepared to spend about $300 each semester for books structures, identification, classification, etiology, pro- and supplies. An additional $2,200+ will be spent for gression and treatment of periodontal diseases. instruments, gloves, uniforms, etc. Approximately 50 S percent is paid before beginning the program. Upon ac- DHYG 328 (1) Radiography Practicum ceptance to the program a deposit of $100 is required. This course provides practical experience in the produc- The remainder is due in July of the same year. tion of radiographs on patients in the clinical setting. This Dental hygienists are at risk for exposure to blood borne course also includes interpretation of radiographs. pathogens (BBP). Accepted students will be required S to be vaccinated against hepatitis B and will also be required to have their blood tested following any expo- DHYG 329 (4) Oral Histology, Embryology and Pa- sures to BBP through needle sticks, cuts or splashes that thology occur at the MSU Dental Clinic or any off-site clinical Oral Histology and Embryology deals with the devel- sites. Currently the vaccine series costs approximately opment of the face and the hard and soft tissues of the $150. Students must successfully complete a CPR oral cavity. Oral Pathology deals with the causes and course prior to enrolling fall semester. mechanisms of disease with special emphasis on com- mon oral lesions and neoplasms stressing their etiology and clinical manifestations. COURSE DESCRIPTIONS S DHYG 311 (3) Preclinical Orientation DHYG 331 (2) Clinical Dental Hygiene I This course includes an introduction to dental termi- This course provides an opportunity for dental hygiene nology and clinical aspects of dental hygiene treatment students to develop their roles as educators, clinicians, including care and use of equipment/instruments, in- consumer advocates, change agents, researchers, and fection control and preparation of patient records. administrators in a clinical setting. Pre: Admission into Dental Hygiene and Dental Termi- S nology packet F DHYG 332 (2) Clinical Seminar I DHYG 313 (3) Clinical Skills Development This course includes the study of treatment planning, This course will teach the operative techniques needed oral health education, ultrasonic scalers, cardiology, to perform oral prophylactic procedures and health edu- sealants, and new products. Library use and writing a cation through laboratory/clinical practice. research paper are also included. Pre: Admission into Dental Hygiene F S DHYG 319 (2) Head and Neck Anatomy DHYG 333 (2) Clinical Dental Hygiene IS Head and Neck Anatomy is the study of the hard and This course offers the student continued practice of dental soft tissues of the head and neck including bones, hygiene treatment procedures in the MSU Dental Clinic. muscles, nerves, blood supply, and glands, and how SS they function. DHYG 421 (3) Clinical Dental Hygiene II Pre: Admission into Dental Hygiene F This course offers the student continued practice of dental DHYG 321 (3) Radiography I hygiene treatment procedures in the MSU Dental Clinic. This course includes production of dental radiographs, It includes several mandatory off-campus experiences. physics of x-radiation, biologic effects, interpretation, pro- F cessing, mounting, and laboratory practice on mannequins DHYG 422 (2) Clinical Seminar II and patients. Special attention is given to infection con- This course focuses on clinical procedures, educational trol, safety precautions, and patient selection. techniques and legal and ethical issues as they apply to Pre: Admission into Dental Hygiene F the patient- dental hygiene provider relationship. DHYG 325 (2) Dental Anatomy F This course includes the study of the permanent, mixed DHYG 423 (3) Pharmacology and deciduous dentitions including each individual Pharmacology is the study of drugs used in dentistry tooth's morphology, function and occlusion. or medicine for the treatment, prevention and diagno- Pre: Admission into Dental Hygiene F sis of disease. DHYG 326 (4) Dental Materials F Dental materials is the study of the fundamental ele- DHYG 425 (3) Community Dental Health ments, purposes and uses of the materials used in the This course introduces second year dental hygiene stu- modern dental office. dents to the disciplines and basic principles of commu- S nity dental health, epidemiologic methods and biostatis- DHYG 327 (2) Periodontology I tical measurement analysis. Preventive oral health mea- This course will include a study of supporting tooth sures and program development is included to provide 2 2003-2004 Undergraduate Bulletin a background for the practical application of dental pub- lic health methods to the community. F DHYG 427 (2) Periodontology II Didactic and clinical study of etiology, diagnosis, pre- ventive and therapeutic procedures involved with peri- odontal disease. F DHYG 431 (3) Clinical Dental Hygiene III Academic Programs This course offers the student continued practice of dental hygiene treatment procedures in the MSU Dental Clinic. It includes several mandatory off-campus experiences. S CD-Related DHYG 432 (2) Clinical Seminar III This course focuses on the development of a personal sense of responsibility for the well-being and develop- ment of one's workplace from an employee perspective. S DHYG 433 (2) Pain Control Pain control deals with methods of alleviating or con- trolling pain and discomfort during dental and dental hygiene services, focusing on local anesthesia and ni- trous oxide sedation. S DHYG 435 (2) Community Practicum This course focuses on the role of dental hygiene prac- titioners in promoting optimal oral health at the indi- vidual level and in the community. S DHYG 437 (1) Medically Compromised/Special Needs Patients This course addresses the care of patients with major disabling conditions. S DHYG 499 (1-6) Individual Study 2003-2004 Undergraduate Bulletin 3


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This Christmas postcard shows Santa in a holy wreath holding an address book with toys on his back. It is postmarked "Morena (?), Mich. 1910". It has a phrase on the front "May the sunshine of affection Light to day!" The background is metallic gold and actually has a bumpy texture.
This postcard was used. It is written in pencil on the front "Maude 1910." There are some corner scuffs.
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Quality Antiques and Collectibles for 30 Years
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All free guest memberships include a free photo personal ad, free browsing, free matching, and the events calendar. Subscribing members access live chat, message boards, Mingle Mail, and more! To browse through thousands of photos and start meeting other singles, click here.
Hi there! I recently moved to Draper from Northern Colorado and I'm hoping that this will afford me the opportunity to meet new people (I only know about 7 people here and they are from CO as well), make some new friends, and who knows, maybe find something more.
A little info about myself, I enjoy many different things, but good examples are going camping, reading, watching movies, going to the theater and football (I am a die-hard Broncos fan). I am also fairly geeky. I have an 9 year old lab, who I've had since she was a puppy, that I love to death. I also have a terrible sense of direction, which is now pretty much non-existent since I no longer have the mountains to my left. Don't even get me started on the "grid system" and "the bigger mountains are on the east" (not even sure if I even got that right). I also enjoy just sitting around and having a great conversation.
I feel that I need to be clear on a couple of things. First, I want to date a man that is active in the church, that is a must. I'm not a girl that expects to date only RM's. I know that not everyone has the chance to serve for one reason or another, and that is not an issue with me. What I'm looking for is someone who is currently active and who is (or is working towards being) a worthy priesthood holder.
Second, although I don't have children now, I very much would like to. I have no problem with men that already do have children, but, as I stated, I would like to have children of my own, so I am looking for someone that is open to that situation.
Thank you so much for taking the time to read my profile and I look forward to hearing from you soon!
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Stillers are lookin good. Crack an Iron City for me.
haha, wow.. i missed that until now, thanks for posting
Thought that was tag team champs Demolition out there. Nice.
Dog lovers no doubt about it.
Life's not the breaths you take, the breathing in and out that gets you through the day ain't what it's all about. It's the moments that take your breath away.
You're mixing people up, unless you've somehow created an idea in your head (a possibility that I certainly won't be discounting) that Vince Young has been shown to have anything to do with dog fighting.
I thought Ryou was a big football fan too..
To avoid criticism say nothing, do nothing, be nothing.
Harrison was fined $5k for the slam.
It is interesting that there was no penalty in the play. If that's not roughing the passer, then I don't know what is.
That's pretty good.
Many thanks to ur post.


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Follow Us
Nahatlatch River, Boston Bar (Reo Rafting Resort/Ryan Robinson photo)
With millions of hectares of mountains and over 100 major river systems, British Columbia has no shortage of excellent river and whitewater rafting opportunities.
Old-growth forest, glacier-capped peaks and isolated waterfalls are just a few of the natural marvels that might be seen on a guided rafting expedition.
Three kinds of river rafting experiences are offered by British Columbia's licensed operators: paddle trips, motor-powered trips, and float trips.
Paddle trips require the most active involvement as guests must paddle the raft as the guide steers. Motor-powered trips, available on some deeper rivers, require no paddling, though guests must be able to hold on tight. On a float trip, paddling is usually optional as guides often propel and steer the raft with large oars; float trips are often accessible to people of all ages and abilities.
Guided trips will range in length from several hours to several days. On multi-day trips, accommodation may range from a simple tent in the woods to a cabin at a dedicated rafting resort.
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Vancouver, Coast & Mountains: Home to the mighty Fraser Canyon, the "Rafting Capital of Canada," and great whitewater around Squamish and Whistler.
Vancouver Island: Tackle more than 40 sets of Class II and III rapids over 20km/12.4mi on the Lower Nimpkish River.
Thompson Okanagan: Warm waters and reliably sunny weather make this region's famous rafting hotspots – the Thompson, Adams and Clearwater rivers – even more appealing.
Kootenay Rockies: Visit premier whitewater rafting destinations like the Kicking Horse and Kootenay rivers.
Northern British Columbia: See grizzlies and glaciers from the Tatshenshini, Babine, or Bulkley rivers.
Cariboo Chilcotin Coast: Glacier-fed river systems like the Chilko-Chilcotin-Fraser are dominated by rapids ranging from Class II to Class IV.
Fraser River (Thompson Okanagan / Vancouver, Coast & Mountains) Rising near Mount Robson in the Canadian Rockies and emptying into the Pacific Ocean almost 1,400km/870mi later, BC's longest river is home to a huge variety of scenic rafting opportunities, from the intensity of the Fraser Canyon to the peacefulness of its wider sections.
Stein River (Vancouver, Coast & Mountains) The steepest commercially-rafted river in Canada (with a drop of 27 metres per kilometre, or 145 feet per mile) is also one of BC's only commercially-rafted Class Vs — a big draw for extreme paddlers the world over.
Tatshenshini-Alsek River System (Northern BC) Raft past the glaciers and grizzlies that inhabit this majestic bio-reserve, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Lytton (Vancouver, Coast & Mountains) The town of Lytton is known as the "Rafting Capital of Canada" thanks to its location at the confluence of the Fraser and Thompson rivers, two of BC's largest.
Brackendale (Vancouver, Coast & Mountains) In winter, head to Brackendale (just north of Squamish) and take a float trip to see bald eagles lured by the local rivers' spawning salmon.
BC's diverse rivers present rafters with varying degrees of difficulty. When choosing a river rafting trip that's right for you, consider the international rapid rating scale.
BC is a large province – roughly the size of France and Germany combined – and climate varies greatly by region. In southern parts of the province the rafting season generally runs from May or June to September, but in the north, the window is much smaller – usually just July and August. Check with individual operators for precise seasons.
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22 River Rafting in British Columbia
Offering an unparalleled whitewater rafting experience in the heart of the Kootenay Rockies. Suitable for all abilities, these crystal waters wind through the breathtaking scenery of Goat Range Provincial Park, home to an abundance of wildlife.
We provide an expedition-quality experience in an accessible and affordable day trip. All trips include a riverside picnic lunch crafted with care from fresh local ingredients. Our office in Meadow Creek is an easy and scenic drive to the north end of Kootenay Lake. Here the Selkirk and Purcell Mountains come together to create the backdrop to your Lardeau River adventure. Meadow Creek is an easy day-trip from Kaslo, Nelson and Nakusp.
Join us and discover why we are The Kootenay Rockies Premier Adventure!
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From June to mid-July, join us for an incredible whitewater experience down the Shenango Canyon. Class 3 and 4 Rapids and stunning scenery await.
From June to mid-September, you will enjoy the warm waters and beautiful scenery of the Slocan River. This trip starts with a relaxing float and finishes with fun and exciting Class 2 and 3 Rapids.
Or, paddle your own inflatable kayak. Our guides are with you the whole time and teach you everything you need to know.
We also offer a gentle float. 1.5 hours of gorgeous scenery and relaxation by raft.
Transportation is provided to and from Nelson on our funky and retro outfitted bus 'The Woody'. Photo service is offered, so you can show everyone you did it!
Changing people's lives - one splash at a time! 32 years of operating excellence & a perfect safety record. REO's edge-of-the-river retreat is truly stunning, perfect for glamping, rafting, retreats & group events. Private beach & 1 km of private river front.
REO's adventure retreat offers wilderness seclusion in a spectacular setting on the edge of a canyon, surrounded by mountains of pine. REO offers all-inclusive, multi-sport vacations featuring whitewater rafting, kayaking, kids camp, lake paddleboarding, guided nature hikes & aromatherapy massage. Trips include professional guides & delicious meals. For overnight stays, camp in your own tent or upgrade to a river's edge cabin tent. For unforgettable whitewater rafting trips & family adventure vacations near Vancouver, Whistler & Seattle, paddle with REO on the Nahatlatch, Thompson, Stein & Fraser Rivers.
Robert and Liana Beaudry welcome you to Riverside Adventures, the local Rafting & Fitness Centre with over 25 years of river guiding experience in Wells Gray Park. We operate a range of whitewater river adventures in the pristine wilderness of Wells Gray Provincial Park. Whitewater river rafting on the Clearwater River is our specialty, our livelihood & what we do in our spare time. We make your rafting experience authentic by offering you smaller diversified groups, personalized guiding & safety, challenging whitewater, spectacular canyon scenery, unique wilderness & wildlife & side hikes to waterfalls. Other services include a fitness centre at our river rafting meeting location, spectacular riverfront accommodation at Riverside Guest House, canoe rental program, scenic rafting on the North Thompson, private Kayaking lesson & more.
Owned by husband & wife rafting team, Jake & Jess Freese, Sunwolf is one of the only owner-operated rafting company in Sea-to-Sky country. A small company, committed to a more personal experience & we will only work alongside the best guides - professional raft guides with above industry standard certifications who are also the most fun on the river!
Throughout the summer, we offer spectacular whitewater rafting on class 1-4 rapids. In the winter, we offer Eagle Viewing Floats. Don't miss the opportunity to view Brackendale's bald eagles from a remarkable vantage point - the river.
Your rafting adventure will start & finish at our beautiful 2 hectare (5 acre) riverside property with hot showers, a fully licensed cafe & a hot tub with awesome views of the Tantalus Mountains!
The wide variety of Whistler whitewater rafting tours offered by Wedge Rafting provides the perfect challenge & adventure for your group. We offer white water tours between Classes 1 & 4 rapids.
In the presence of an experienced professional raft guide you will venture onto one of Whistler's pristine rivers with the confidence it takes to rip through the wild waters.
Come & join Whistler's original rafting company in an adventure you will be telling your friends about for years to come. It is quite simply the coolest thing to do this summer!
Wet N' Wild Adventures offers unforgettable whitewater rafting on the world famous Kicking Horse River, on the western edge of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
Divided into three, 10 km sections, the Kicking Horse River allows for a variety of rafting experiences, suitable for all ages. Choose from the family friendly, scenic float in the Upper Canyon, the thrilling class 4 rapids in the Lower Canyon or the Middle Canyon which is a combination of class 3 & 4 rapids; an exciting ride from start to finish. We have a trip to suit any age or level of experience! Raft & Stay packages available, accommodation provided by the McLaren Lodge.
Gift certificates available.
We offer some of the best wilderness adventures in British Columbia. Hiking, canoe, river rafting, & kayaking trips for beginners & experienced adventurers. Trips range from 6 to 12 days. In business since 1988.
Hikes include the West Coast Trail, Canada's top-rated hiking trip, & the historic Chilkoot Trail where we follow in the footsteps of the 1898 Klondike Gold Rushers. Sea kayaking tours on Vancouver Island include the Orcas of Johnstone Strait, & the sea otters of Nuchatlitz. Our canoe adventure is to the world famous Bowron Lakes, Canada's quintessential lake canoe experience. Our Tatshenshini River rafting in Northern BC is rated #1 in the world by National Geographic.
Expeditions include transportation from the point of origin, major equipment, food, meal preparation, professional guides, & safety items.
Bear Claw Lodge Kispiox River boasts a beautiful post/beam structure featuring 3 story river rock fireplace, 22' entranceway totem poles, luxurious rooms and a river rock hot tub overlooking world-famous Kispiox River.
We also offer guided Steelhead and Salmon fishing, heli-skiing, heli-fishing, trail riding, mountain pack trips, river rafting, river expeditions, hiking, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, conservation camps for youth, bird watching, locally handcrafted beds and furniture, incredible local cuisine, massage therapist and family hospitality!
Come spend a week of your summer in the beautiful Kispiox Valley!
At Fresh Adventures we strive to provide the best possible adventure tours year round in Western Canada. Our British Columbia and Alberta ski tours help visitors enjoy the highlights of several of the best skiing areas in the world. If you prefer sun and relaxation come on our Vancouver Island camping adventure to experience the gorgeous scenery of Vancouver Island while hiking, camping, and spotting whales on ocean cruises. If you crave a little more excitement try our British Columbia rafting tour, spending 8 days touring the coastal mountains, rafting 5 legendary rivers and camping. Our exceptional guides take care of all the details, from driving to cooking to selecting the best hikes and attractions for you. Do something FRESH this year!