text: Responsibility Center Management David Proulx, Associate VP for Finance EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Budget Office Website: http://www.unh.edu/vpfa/budget RCM Website: http://www.unh.edu/vpfa/rcm Presentation Outline 1. Overview 2. Allocation Methodologies 3. Results thus far 4. Implementation process Why RCM? Overview Decentralization of Budget Authority Increase: Incentives for planning, cost effectiveness and revenue generation Local responsibility and authority Flexibility to match revenue streams with changing program demands Attentiveness to all categories of money Accountability at all levels of management Decrease: Rigid resource allocation process Involvement of institutional leaders in budgetary detail Mystery and mistrust surrounding UNH finances "Use it or lose it" mentality at all levels of management Institutional Rev enue Department (Direc t) - Tuition Rev enue Old - Indirect Cost Recovery - State Appropriation Revenue - Grant/Contracts - Restricted Gifts/Endowment - Sales of goods/services Overview Budget - Fees System Univ ersity Budget Panel allocates revenue to departments in form of $142 million E&G Budget Institutional Ov erhead UNH Div isions (Serv ice Units) - Colleges/Library - Facilities - Research and Public - CIS Service Units - Student Affairs - Auxiliary Operations - VP Research - General Admin - Academic Affairs Direct Expens e - Payroll - Support - Debt service Revenue RCM - Tuition - Indirect Cost Recovery - State Appropriation Revenue Overview Budget - Direct Revenue (Grant, Gift, Sales, Fees, etc.) System RC Units - Academic - Research - Auxiliary Direct Expense Institutional Overhead - Salaries, Wages & Benefits - Facilities - Support - CIS - Debt service - Student Affairs - VP Research - General Admin - Academic Affairs RC Units Overview Colleges and Related Service Units Research and Public Service Units College of Life Sciences and Cooperative Extension Agriculture Research and Public Service College of Liberal Arts Institute for Earth, Oceans and Space College of Engineering and Physical Sciences Whittemore School of Business and Economics College of Health and Human Services UNH – Manchester Library Student and Community Life Units Governance, Advancement and Infrastructure Units Student Affairs Facilities Services Housing UNH IT Hospitality Services General Administration Intercollegiate Athletics Academic Affairs Whittemore Center Arena Overview RCM Principles 1. Create incentives for good management 2. Fairness/Simplicity 3. Unit plans must align with University's mission and strategic plan 4. Smooth transition - no redistribution of resources 5. Credible governance mechanisms required to prevent unhealthy internal competition 6. Same rules for all operations – academic, research, auxiliary, administrative Overview RCM Principles, cont. 7. RCM principles/formulas apply to the RC unit level. 8. RC units receive all revenue and are responsible for all expenditures generated by their activities. 9. RC units carry forward excess funds from one year to next and manage reserves at the unit level. 10. RCM is not a cost accounting model but rather a general incentive/allocation model. Shared Governance Overview Central Budget Committee The governing group on budget policy and financial planning for the campus community. Comprised of President, Vice Presidents, 2 Deans, 4 Faculty, 2 RC Unit Directors, Student Treasurer Service Unit Advisory Board Functions as subcommittee of the Central Budget Committee Presentation Outline 1. Overview 2. Allocation Methodologies 3. Results thus far 4. Implementation process Unit Financial Allocation Structure Methodologies Units receive direct revenues (fees, grants, gifts, etc) as well as applicable allocated revenues (net tuition, state appropriations, indirect cost recovery, CBC allocations and hold harmless) Units are responsible for direct expenses (salaries, wages, fringe benefits, support) as well as indirect expenses (facilities, general and academic overhead) Unspent funds at end of year are allowed to drop to a unit "reserve" RC Unit Revenues Allocation Methodologies Direct revenues - fees, sales of goods/services, gifts, grants/contracts, endowment income Allocated revenues: Undergraduate net tuition - based on share of weighted credit hours taught over prior two years. Weights are based on historical average expense per credit hour Graduate tuition - based on enrollment State Appropriations Indirect Cost Revenue - based on actual indirect costs earned RC Unit Expenses Allocation Methodologies Direct Expenses - salaries, wages, fringe benefits, supplies, other direct expenses. Allocated expenses (overhead): Facilities Services (maintenance, utilities, housekeeping, R&R) - based on net square feet General Administration (President, Research, Finance & Administration, Student Affairs, Academic Affairs) Reserves Allocation Methodologies Under RCM, unspent funds at year end are automatically added to the School/College fund balance. This required a change in Board of Trustee policy. RC units are obligated to meet an agreed upon minimum fund balance level – 6% to 10% of revenue. RC units can access reserves above their minimum with RC unit head approval and below their minimum with VP approval. Unit reserves reduce dependence on limited central reserves Presentation Outline 1. Overview 2. Allocation Methodologies 3. Results thus far 4. Implementation Process Student Access Results Improving access to classes for first year students College-based open houses to attract undeclared students Reviewing courses and curriculum to improve the student experience College based student retention effort Space Utilization Results Colleges transferring "college controlled" classrooms to Registrar's Office to be available for University use Review of lab utilization and the reassignment of lab space at COLSA and CEPS Impact on Service Units Results Service units have become more accountable and responsive to customer needs: Facilities – cost reduction efforts and service provider agreements Library – periodical budget/allocation review CIS – Customer focus groups and Strategic Plan that focus on service Budget increases for the Central Administration is lower than Colleges and Research Units. Better Management Results Managers at all levels discussing financial impacts of decisions – direct and indirect Decisions being made with the long term in mind vs. short term Decisions aligning with goals in strategic plan Use of all funds not just general fund More communication at all levels of management Recent RCM Review Goals of review: Align RCM incentives with institutional goals Identify source of central strategic funds Simplify RCM as much as possible Develop greater financial accountability for all RC units including central service units Implement strong incentives for net revenue growth Changes/enhancements to be implemented in FY12: Central administration funding formula Credit hour weights/tuition allocations Slight percentage change in F&A recovery State funding allocation Presentation Outline 1. Overview 2. Allocation Methodologies 3. Results thus far 4. Implementation Process The Process RCM Implementation Three years to implement Coordinated by a Steering Committee – advisory to the President. 12 Working Groups – each responsible for separate component of RCM. Reported to Steering Committee. Overall Composition of Steering Committee/Working Groups: 70% academic community members – 43% faculty and 28% Deans. Go to Committee page for more detail. Communications "We will meet with anyone, anywhere at anytime" to discuss RCM. Multiple meetings with Trustees, Deans, faculty, staff councils, students Web site established to facilitate communication Campus newspapers used as a communication tool. See articles published in campus newspaper by clicking here. Open forums held The Process, cont. RCM Implementation Site visits to other Universities with decentralized budgeting. Brought administrators, Deans and faculty to meet with counterparts. Click here to see the summaries of those site visits. Board of Trustee Policy communications and support Lots of financial modeling Very complex in the beginning, simplified before implementation Draft models shared with the community Operating manual developed – hard copy and on-line RCM Implementation Academic Concerns About RCM Concerns: • larger class sizes/increased teaching loads • grade inflation • addition of courses by colleges solely for the purposes of revenue generation • additional course fees • reduced collaboration among colleges for academic and research ventures • manipulation of credit hour system to "generate" additional revenue • increased use of graduate students and adjunct faculty for instruction • elimination of high quality/low revenue producing programs • incentives for student advisors to act in the interests of the college rather than the student for fear of losing tuition revenue Response: • Most of these consequences could occur under the old budget system • Most of these actions taken by colleges would lead to short-term gain but would have long-term negative consequences • Development of policies, oversight mechanisms (UCAPC), institutional academic plan, college strategic plans, ongoing reviews and University Fund allocations can help to prevent these actions from occurring. Reviews of RCM RCM Implementation Ongoing monitoring of budgets by the Budget Office. Central Budget Committee is responsible for monitoring RCM issues. FY06 - comprehensive review of all aspects of RCM. Committee appointed by the President and chaired by the Provost/VPFA FY09- second review – simplification and alignment with mission Keys to Successful Implementation RCM Implementation Top-level support – without President/Provost and Board of Trustee support, implementation will be unsuccessful. Academic/research involvement in developing model – users must be part of the process. Communication – meet with anyone, anytime, anywhere. Use the Web as a communication tool as well as campus publications. Hold open forums. Establish credible governance mechanisms – assurance that RCM will be fair and equitable. Unhealthy internal competition is monitored and academic quality issues addressed. Automatic rollover of unspent funds for units – without this, incentives of RCM do not work. No budget reallocation – transition does not result in base budget changes – "hold harmless" principle. Keys to Successful Implementation, cont. RCM Implementation Simplicity – most managers do not have financial backgrounds and should not devote significant parts of their time to their budget. They need to be able to understand the model and understand the financial effects of decisions quickly and easily Full-time staff – dedicate full-time staff member to coordinate project Business support structure – each unit must have access to financial expertise to be successful Site visits – go see what others are doing and learn from their experiences Avoid using acronyms such as RCM, RCB, DBS – they take on a meaning of their own and impede progress. Timely and comprehensive management reporting. What Would We Do Differently? RCM Implementation We would not have named our system RCM. We would have called it budget redesign or budget decentralization. Simplification of assessments. Current methodology is too complex. Lots of time being spent in this area by RC units. Cost outweighs the benefits. We would have addressed structural issues before implementation. Urban campus was built into the model using different weighting factors creating complexity in financial arrangements between campuses. Library funding – treated them as a school/college rather than service unit. Issues with rising periodical costs. Athletics funding – space cost allocations comprise a significant part of their budget (20%). This is a new expenditure for them under RCM. Indirect cost return to PI's. Kept historical allocation. A Final Thought From our prior Provost, David Hiley in a letter to the University community: "We must remember that RCM is merely a tool. Like any tool it can be used well or badly. It is not a substitute for decision-making, judgement or leadership. It is merely an aid. The ultimate success of RCM depends on the people who use it -- on how we at UNH choose to use it, how we prepare ourselves to use it well, and how we are held accountable for using RCM to achieve university-wide goals." More Information The RCM review report and other information on RCM can be found at the UNH RCM Website at www.unh.edu/rcm


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Hoping to avoid wardrobe malfunctions – and female streakers, we suppose – the folks at CBS Standard and Practice department and producers of this Sunday's Grammy Awards fired off an email warning all participants that bare breasts and butts will not be tolerated. The email reads in part: "Please be sure that buttocks and female breasts are adequately covered. Thong type costumes are problematic. Please avoid exposing bare fleshy under curves of the buttocks and buttock crack. Bare sides or under curvature of the breasts is also problematic."


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We stayed here just one night this summer. The place looks very good, it has cosy chalet atmosphere, simple decorated but with good taste. Cleanliness is also a strong point along with the sauna. One little disadvantage maybe, you have to go outside to get to the sauna. Rich breakfast and friendly staff. Unfortunately the weather was really bad, so... More
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Hotel Class:3 star — Almlust 3*
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I'd dabbled in yoga on and off my entire adult life. It was the "pretzel challenge" part of my fitness regimen. In 2013 my curious nature led me to wonder if there was more to it. What was this gentle tug that I felt to explore life on the mat? I wandered into MYOGA with the intent of getting re-acquainted with proper alignment, but ended up finding a tiny piece of real estate that felt like a coming home. Truly great teachers do not instruct, they share their practice and knowledge so that we may discover and develop ours. Class at MYOGA is gracefully guided by exactly those sorts of generous souls. This community helped me learn to truly breathe, to appreciate my body for what it already can do so that I can ask it to do more with humility and gratitude. The practice is a bit like a GPS for me…helping me discern where I am, and where I want to go, in nearly all areas of my life. Funny how that happens when the body, mind, and spirit are finally on the same page!
Yoga is an all access rEvolution…no experience necessary. Enthusiasm, curiosity, and open-mindedness welcome (and encouraged). See you on the mat!
Laura C – Corporate Culture Warrior, Technology Veteran, Foodie, Audiophile, Gypsy Soul, Yogi
KIDZ YOGA! Starts January 12
Volume up! as these kids jam with warriors and manifestos, roar like lions, slide like snakes and build castles to explore the interior awesomeness of their life. Think spirit cards, hopes, dreams, seeds! OOOOOMMM Volume down! as Luna Kidz chill and meditate into their natural state of being. Luna Kidz are made of bigness and […]


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Sharon Jimmy-Swustesia
wants to
Petition; Inquiry for Murder of Aboriginal Women of Canada
We need your support,
We need your support,
Cops who break protocol and kill innocent civilians do not deserve special treatment. They are not above the law.
Because Palestine was stolen under the Israeli occupation and its people still suffering and the world does not know and


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The Hockey Fan Test
Their result for The Hockey Fan Test ...
Major Minors
You have 70% Puck Poise
Their Analysis (Vertical line = Average)
They scored 70% on Puck Poise, higher than 60% of your peers.
All possible test results
Your just starting and probably still skaiting on your cheese cutter skates. Work hard and you may get to graduate to single bladed skates. Read more
Beer League
Your dreams of playing in the NHL will never come true. Sorry to burst your bubble but with your 'dunlap' and beer chugging during intermissions you just dont have the drive to make it all the way. Read more
Major Jrs
Sydney Crosby Make Way!!! You got a great chance of being drafted and maybe getting to play a few games as a rookie. As long as your childish ways dont get the better of you and you use your desire to... Read more
Major Minors
You've got a shot at making the show if you work hard and put your nose to the grind stone for a season or two. Who knows with all those pesky groin pulls this season you may be called up sooner than ... Read more
You've made it all the way to the NHL!!! Congrats your a True Professional But too bad your probably playing for a celler team...ie the Blues. Read more
The Cheater
There is NO way you were able to answer this many of the questions correctly. You and google must be GREAT friends... 10 Min misconduct for you! Read more


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Pronunciation: einflüstern
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- Random word: Leo von Klenze
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einflüstern = whisper
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Week Ending 21.02.15
Goal-den day for Scout football competition
The scout football competition was this weekend at All Saints Primary School in bright sunshine. The final was contested between the 70th A and 73rd A teams. With the winners being the 70th A after scoring the golden goal in extra time. Well done to all
The explorer competition was run alongside the scout competition and was organised by all the explorer leaders of the participating units. Five units were represented and all competed strongly for the trophy. A great turnout of units. The final was contested between Terranova and Westburn units. Terranova were the worthy winners.
Thanks to all who helped out and to the troops who supported the event – see you again next year.
A yen for things Japanese at the 80th
Three local members of the Celtic Connection Jamboree Unit ran a Japan international night
at the 80th Group for the Beavers, Cubs and Scouts this week.
After learning about Japanese customs, language and scouting the young people made Shinto prayer cards, hachimaki headbands, candied sushi, ate with chopsticks and started a District Japanese banner.
At the end of all that they manage to sell some of their Jamboree Unit badges. Well done and many thanks to Paula, Ellie & Ciaran
Sub Zero Camp for 32nd Troop
40 hardy scouts and their leaders from the 32nd Troop spent the weekend in almost freezing conditions under canvas along with 500 other scouts at Clyde Region's annual winter camp event at Auchengillan.
The Troop took part in many new activities including the 'rodeo reindeer', ice skating without ice, water zorbing, forest laser tag amongst traditional skills such as backwoods cooking and bivouac making, with the assistance of the Royal Marine Commandos, who were on site to assist all weekend. Evening events to keep the cold out included a ceilidh and film show, all topped off with hot chocolate and a hog roast supper.
Great leaps for Ardgowan, Darroch and Finnart Explorers
60 Explorers and leaders from Ardgowan, Darroch and Finnart Units spent an enjoyable evening at Airspace in East Kilbride last Wednesday. Airspace has more than 100 interconnected trampolines and includes activities such as Air Bag, PowerJumping, Slam Dunk, Wall Ramp, Shoot Out and of course Freestyle Jumping.
All explorers enjoyed this outing, which saw them undertaking flips, trampoline dodge ball and one of them even managed to complete the wall ramp. However, this jumping exercise did tire out a few of the leaders.
Rocket science for Quarriers Scouts
The Scouts spent an entertaining evening recycling Irn-bru bottles and corks into their own rockets. Then with the help of a bike pump they were launched towards outer space. The Eagles' rocket went furthest.
Cub leaders meeting
Cub leaders meeting takes place on Tuesday 24th February at 7.45pm in District HQ, Finnart St, Greenock.
Cub camp meeting is at 11am – 12 noon on Saturday 21st Feb in 70th HQ, if anyone wishes to help put a programme together.
Good Turn stamps
If any Beaver colonies still have stamps for the Good Turn please arrange for delivery to Ruth ASAP so a handover can be arranged.
The district's website is now back up again at http://www.greenockanddistrictscouts.org/.


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Thanksgiving non-traditional open restaurants?
- jpallan Nov 23, 2010 11:01 AM
- 8
- Follow
The best Thanksgiving I ever had, hands-down, was the one where my husband and I were both too ill to go anywhere and ended up ordering in Chinese.
We feel fine, but as it so happens, this year, no Thanksgiving plans have come our way and we are extremely happy with that.
I don't want to cook. He doesn't want to cook.
I want something higher grade than "grease" this year.
Has anyone any suggestions?
I know most of the hotels will be doing a Thanksgiving feast, but we're not interested. Tex-Mex, Asian, whatever, so long as it's not turkey and stuffing!
At least a couple places (Kantin, Dim Sum Chef) in the Super 88 food court (Allston) will be open Thanksgiving day (until 8pm and 6pm, respectively, iirc). The former even offers a "Thanksgiving party platter" (probably assorted roast and bbq meats)
Dim Sum Chef
1095 Commonwealth Ave Ste 214, Boston, MA 022150 -
some restaurants are offering their regular menus in addition to the turkey and/or expensive buffet. check out open table or bostonchefs .com...
0 -
Some options I saw on OpenTable:
French: Sandrine's, Sel de la Terre, Clio, Pigalle, Petit Robert, La Voile
Indian: Tantric, Kashmir
Italian: Dante, Scampo, Rialto, Bricco
Asian / Fusion: Market, Typhoon, Osushi
Steakhouse: Ruth's Chris, Smith & Wollensky, The Palm-----
La Voile
261 Newbury Street, Boston, MA 02116Bricco
241 Hanover St., Boston, MA 02113Scampo
215 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114Sel de la Terre
774 Boylston St., Boston, MA 02199Smith & Wollensky
101 Arlington St, Boston, MA 02116Sandrine's
8 Holyoke St., Cambridge, MA 02138Pigalle
75 Charles St, Boston, MA 02114Osushi
10 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 021160 -
Ditto. One of our most memorable Thanksgivings was when our flight out was cancelled, nobody knew we were still home, and we ended up at Kowloon for dinner. Not gourmet but still a hoot.
This year Mrs and I are tired of cooking for the brood so we are all going to Durgin Park. They might have turkey but I am having the big prime rib. Then to Quincy Market with the grandkids and across the greenway to the North End for pastry and coffee. Then home to a clean house!
I'm excited.-----
Durgin Park
340 Faneuil Hall Market Pl, Boston, MA 021090


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Il prestito della pace. Un progetto vaticano elaborato durante la grande guerra / 'The loan of peace': a Vatican project devised during World War I
During the First World War, Carlo Santucci was invited, on behalf of the Holy See, to elaborate a project for the creation of a single international bond, named 'The Loan of Peace'. Its aim was twofold: i) to shift the control of war debts from the national level to an international committee, in order to reduce costs by increasing warranties; ii) to foster the return of the Holy See on the world diplomatic scene, after some years of isolation, through the presence of a pontifical representative in this committee. Possible reasons for the abandonment of the project include the United States' intervention in the war, which reduced the effectiveness of eurocentric enterprises, and the failure of pontifical peace diplomacy.
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Volume (Year): 61 (2008)
Issue (Month): 2-3 ()
Pages: 597-611
Handle: | RePEc:ris:ecoint:0039 |
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Why Mercury General (MCY) Stock Is Higher Today
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Shares of Mercury General Corp. (MCY - Get Report) are higher by 3.87% to $49.40 in early morning trading on Monday after the insurance holding company reported a growth in net income to $94.96 million, or $1.73 per diluted share for the 2014 second quarter, compared to a net loss of -$9.26 million, or -17 cents per diluted share for the year ago quarter.
Mercury General's total revenue increased to $807 million for the most recent quarter, up from $643 million for the 2013 second quarter.
Must Read: Warren Buffett's 25 Favorite Stocks
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Social media campaigns can bring legal headaches, writes Gonzalo E. Mon. To avoid trouble with the law, make sure that you're transparent about endorsements and promotions, that you provide clear guidelines for your users and followers, and that you call for help when things begin to go badly. "When something goes wrong, assemble all of the relevant stakeholders (including the legal team) and carefully think through your options before you act," Mon advises.
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Aug 22, 2005, 05:17 PM | |
Nstaller?? what, is FFF some kind of foam??
INDYBUD>>>>If you want plans, all my stuff is done in AutoCAD. Send me a private email and I'll be more than happy to send you what I've got. I'm nowhere finished, since $h!^ has hit the fan over here so I've got other things that are taking precedence, but you are welcome to whatever I've got done so far. (I started this thread for anyone interested in building "as close to scale" Colonial Vipers (or even Cylon Raiders) as a radio controlled aircraft under power. I am open to any feedback and/or suggestions. Some of this stuff may be rockets, so please don't get offended if I have it in the wrong spot. I just placed it in here so you get some ideas for an r/c version, which was my intent from the start. Sorry for all the kaos! I really want to see everyone's progress, as this was not just for my own research and development (show and tell), but for everyone's progress as well. I don't have a lot of AutoCAD stuff, but you're all welcome to whatever I have. Just email me, and I'll have to hunt down the discs I saved the stuff on. Thanks! ~Salvage1!! S A L V A G E 1 |
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Iridescent blue like on a dragonfly. Or a fade top to bottom or whatever direction... yellows to oranges or from the blues to the purples. Or have it change color like a mood ring. Or customize our own dyneema bags like Nike does with shoes. Eeeeks. I would qualify as a hoarder if that option existed.
I think I'd like some iridescent nordic high-tops.
I never really heard exactly why colors like nordic and solar were being l eliminated, but can only assume they didn't sell. While many of us on this forum love the bright and unique colors my assumption is that the general TB customer probably just wants basic black.
Teal and orange dyneema would rock my world! Tonight I will be dreaming about aubergine and teal. Together at last.
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
"Exhaust the little moment.
Soon it dies.
And be it gash or gold it will not come
Again in this identical disguise."
-Gwendolyn Brooks
PLEASE please please, can you bring back 'Conifer' for the Synapse 25? Puuhhhhh-leeeze!
It's such a beautiful color!
I would love to see a return of Punch - I've mentioned it elsewhere, but a kiwi/punch Swift or Little Swift? How awesome would that be? I wouldn't even care what color the lining was (well, maybe a little, Iberian would clash).
I also like the idea of a new bright Dyneema - an orange or light teal/aqua color. I have been embracing orange lately - how about a burnt orange swift or cafe bag with an aqua Dyneema lining?
Last edited by Washu; 08-01-2014 at 02:51 PM. Reason: premature posting syndrome
After spending so much time at the Mothership with two enablers today, this is my wish list for color/bags:
1. Safari dyneema, both weights, for outside of bags and linings.
2. A cantelope colored dyneema for linings.
3. Silvery grey parapack on small cafe bags and SEs (with safari or cantelope dyneema linings)
4. A PCSB modified, so now a bonafide EDC, in cordura, because there are so many more colors available. The size of this bag is great. It just needs some inside pockets ALA the SE on one side and a zippered pocket on the opposite side. There should be MANY O rings inside.
5. Because so many of us like the location of the water pouch and the organizational pockets of the CP and Pilot, there should be a larger version still. Size it up for more versatility.
Last edited by monkeylady; 08-01-2014 at 04:21 PM.
The stockpile keeps growing...I'm in serious trouble.
I have an LCB in Cocoa/Wasabi (cordura). I love the bright interior, and would like a similarly bright interior on an MCB or SCB (or both!). But the only non-dyneema interiors that are available are Steel, Navy, and Olive. Ugh, so dull!
I don't like the cross-hatching on the dyneema (I think it looks cheap), so that's out for me.
I held off buying earlier because of the awful QR code tags. Those seem to be gone (except possibly on the LCB, where they still show in some of the photos), but now all the nice colors are gone.
TB just won't take my money!
"Inside everyone is a great shout of joy waiting to be born."
-- David Whyte
more green - conifer, forest, kiwi, wasabi....just as long as its green....
never skate faster than your guardian angel can fly....black and gold til I'm dead and cold....
be nice - until it's time to not be nice.......what separates us from the animals is our ability to accessorize...
I am just thinking...more visible colours like orange, red and yellow for backpacks used for hiking like the Guides Pack. I have always been told to use highly visible backpacks/jackets when hiking..in case you get injured or lost it increases your chances of being found...also quite a lot of hikers here in NZ have been accidentally shot by deer/pig hunters. Something to consider...?
Bike riders would appreciate brighter colors, too. Or loops through which we can thread Glowire. Or more hanging spots for Guardian Lights. Or reflective piping. Optional thread-through areas like on the Ego so that we can add a reflective colored stripe to otherwise stealthy bags.
I get that TB isn't directly marketing to people who ride bikes, but I think that just a few mods can make travel and hiking bags safer for bike folk.
Inigo Montoya: You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means.
I would love to see more color on the inside! Steel and Navy for interiors on the cafe bags!?!?! It makes it so hard to see the inside of your bag with the dark colors. Get the Iberian linings in there! Or the brighter cordura colors! Ooh....Wouldn't a linen/Iberian cafe bag be uber-kewl?!??!
Seeking Cardinal Co-Pilot!


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After completing the DK200 last weekend on my Vaya (which performed beautifully) I find myself lusting over a Warbird. I need to see your Warbird pictures and builds so I can keep my fantasy stoked. Let's see 'em!
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text:
'Twas the night after Christmas and all through the house
There were piles of wrapping and a ripped up stuffed mouse.
The stockings were strewn round the house with no care,
And the stuffers that filled them could be found nowhere.
The children were nestled all snug in their beds,
After crashing from the sugar high that still buzzed their heads.
And Ma in her t-shirt and I in my shorts,
I was finally getting a rest of some sort.
When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,
I sprang from the bed to see what was the matter.
I was still a bit drunk so that was kind of rash
But I managed to avoid throwing up on the sash.
The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow
Gave the luster of mid-day to the objects below.
I could see very clearly that I must have goofed.
My huge decorations just fell from the roof.
My sleigh and poor Santa, that plump jolly lad,
Had fallen the hardest and looked pretty bad.
Some reindeer were crushed in a frightening pose,
Poor Rudolph was hanging by his glowing nose.
There's Dasher and Dancer! There's Prancer and Vixen.
I couldn't find Comet and just part of Blitzen.
From the top of the porch to the top of the wall,
the whole thing was ruined in that late night fall.
I went back inside with my spirits quite low.
How would I clean that mess out in the snow?
I went to the kitchen for one more late snack
And stepped on a Lego which broke with a crack.
I swore just as quietly as I could stand,
Then slipped on some gift bags and fell on my hand.
The house was so filled with St. Nicholas' loot
That I kept on finding small toys with my foot.
I tried holding on to the hearth for some help
But I slipped on some wrapping and gave a small yelp
I fell right on top of our old yule time log
Which right away rose up a sooty black fog.
My eyes were quite foggy, my cheeks red as roses
My nostrils were both, from the soot, just like hoses.
My mouth was pulled back in a grimace of pain
As Christmas was quickly becoming my bane.
I finally made my way towards some food
But I no longer thought it would improve my mood.
I looked in the fridge for some food for my belly
But nothing was there, just a old jar of jelly.
We'd eaten it all in our huge Christmas meal,
So nothing was left, not even orange peel.
But suddenly I found a cookie half munched
That I gobbled up quickly with only one crunch.
Unfortunately there is a reason that it
Wasn't finished because it sure tasted like...well, it didn't taste good.
I spit it out quickly into our large sink
Which was full and was kind of beginning to stink.
"That's it!" I declared for I knew I was through!
No more Christmas! Right there I'd convert to a Jew.
No more presents or wrapping or ornamets, no!
No more gift bags or yule logs! No ribbons, no bow!
But just as my tantrum was reaching a peak
and anger was flushing my soot-covered cheek
my daughter walked into the room with a grin.
"I heard a noise, maybe Santa again?"
I looked at her eyes which were happy and bright
even though half asleep, and the room was too light.
She snuggled against me, her arms held aloft,
She said, "I love Christmas!" and giggled so soft.
I kissed her and told her to go back upstairs.
She got up and carried her brand-new stuffed bears.
I watched her and knew it would all be okay
And I couldn't wait for the next Christmas day.
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From her home in the Scottish Borders, Moy fuels her passion for colour and texture with an unceasing inspiration drawn from her surroundings in the beautiful Tweed Valley, using merino fleece fibres in the same way that a painter uses brushstrokes. The result is a "felt painting" of extraordinary warmth and texture. It is a fascinating, absorbing process which requires a fine balance between spontaneity and control and the wide spectrum of colours offers endless possibilities to create images of startling vibrancy and depth.
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We launched leggings! Step into a world of individuality.
Gold Coast
Looks great Beth!!! love the sky too :-)
Thanks Carol. Always nice to hear from you :)
– Beth Wode
Congratulations…….. you have been featured in Gold Coast
Thanks Big Keg! thats so nice of you and its very much appreciated :)
– Beth Wode
Congratulations on your feature in the Gold Coast Creative Group Beth!! :)))
LOL.. thanks Vicki! ;)
– Beth Wode


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (May 2011) |
Forensic science |
Physiological sciences |
Social sciences |
Forensic criminalistics |
Digital forensics |
Related disciplines |
People |
Related articles |
DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing.[1] It is used in, for example, parental testing and criminal investigation.
Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic twins.[2] DNA profiling uses repetitive ("repeat") sequences that are highly variable,[2] called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), particularly short tandem repeats (STRs). VNTR loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs.
The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1984[3] by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England,[4] and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), started a blood-testing centre in England.[5]
Contents |
The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a "reference sample"). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue). Samples obtained from blood relatives (biological relative) can provide an indication of an individual's profile, as could human remains which had been previously profiled.
A reference sample is then analyzed to create the individual's DNA profile using one of a number of techniques, discussed below. The DNA profile is then compared against another sample to determine whether there is a genetic match.
The first methods for finding out genetics used for DNA profiling involved restriction enzyme digestion, followed by Southern blot analysis. Although polymorphisms can exist in the restriction enzyme cleavage sites, more commonly the enzymes and DNA probes were used to analyze VNTR loci. However, the Southern blot technique is laborious, and requires large amounts of undegraded sample DNA. Also, Karl Brown's original technique looked at many minisatellite loci at the same time, increasing the observed variability, but making it hard to discern individual alleles (and thereby precluding parental testing). These early techniques have been supplanted by PCR-based assays.
In 1985 (see Mullis and Faloona 1987) a process was reported by which specific portions of the sample DNA can be amplified almost indefinitely (Saiki et al. 1985, 1988). This has revolutionized the whole field of DNA study. The process, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mimics the biological process of DNA replication, but confines it to specific DNA sequences of interest.
In this process, the DNA sample is denatured into the separate individual strands. Two DNA primers are used to hybridize to two corresponding nearby sites on opposite DNA strands in such a fashion that the normal enzymatic extension of the active terminal of each primer (that is, the 3' end) leads toward the other primer. In this fashion, two new copies of the sequence of interest are generated.
Repeated denaturation, hybridization, and extension in this fashion produce an exponentially growing number of copies of the DNA of interest. The denaturation is generally performed by heating, and in this case using, replication enzymes that are tolerant of high temperatures (Taq DNA polymerase). Instruments that perform thermal cycling are now readily available from commercial sources. This process can produce a million-fold or greater amplification of the desired region in 2 hours or less.
With the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, DNA profiling took huge strides forward in both discriminating power and the ability to recover information from very small (or degraded) starting samples. PCR greatly amplifies the amounts of a specific region of DNA, using oligonucleotide primers and a thermostable DNA polymerase. Early assays such as the HLA-DQ alpha reverse dot blot strips grew to be very popular due to their ease of use, and the speed with which a result could be obtained. However they were not as discriminating as RFLP. It was also difficult to determine a DNA profile for mixed samples, such as a vaginal swab from a sexual assault victim.
Fortunately, the PCR method was readily adaptable for analyzing VNTR, particularly STR loci.
In recent years, research in human DNA quantitation has focused on new "real-time" quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques. Quantitative PCR methods enable automated, precise, and high-throughput measurements. Interlaboratory studies have demonstrated the importance of human DNA quantitation on achieving reliable interpretation of STR typing and obtaining consistent results across laboratories.
The method of DNA profiling used today is based on PCR and uses short tandem repeats (STR). This method uses highly polymorphic regions that have short repeated sequences of DNA (the most common is 4 bases repeated, but there are other lengths in use, including 3 and 5 bases). Because unrelated people almost certainly have different numbers of repeat units, STRs can be used to discriminate between unrelated individuals. These STR loci (locations on a chromosome) are targeted with sequence-specific primers and amplified using PCR. The DNA fragments that result are then separated and detected using electrophoresis. There are two common methods of separation and detection, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and gel electrophoresis.
Each STR is polymorphic, but the number of alleles is very small. Typically each STR allele will be shared by around 5 - 20% of individuals. The power of STR analysis comes from looking at multiple STR loci simultaneously. The pattern of alleles can identify an individual quite accurately. Thus STR analysis provides an excellent identification tool. The more STR regions that are tested in an individual the more discriminating the test becomes.
From country to country, different STR-based DNA-profiling systems are in use. In North America, systems which amplify the CODIS 13 core loci are almost universal, while in the UK the SGM+ 11 loci system (which is compatible with The National DNA Database), is in use. Whichever system is used, many of the STR regions used are the same. These DNA-profiling systems are based on multiplex reactions, whereby many STR regions will be tested at the same time.
The true power of STR analysis is in its statistical power of discrimination. Because the 13 loci that are currently used for discrimination in CODIS are independently assorted (having a certain number of repeats at one locus doesn't change the likelihood of having any number of repeats at any other locus), the product rule for probabilities can be applied. This means that if someone has the DNA type of ABC, where the three loci were independent, we can say that the probability of having that DNA type is the probability of having type A times the probability of having type B times the probability of having type C. This has resulted in the ability to generate match probabilities of 1 in a quintillion (1x1018) or more. However, DNA database searches showed much more frequent than expected false DNA profile matches.[6] Moreover, since there are about 12 million monozygotic twins on Earth, the theoretical probability is not accurate.
In practice, the risk of contaminated-matching is much greater than matching a distant relative, such as a sample being contaminated from nearby objects, or from left-over cells transferred from a prior test. Logically, the risk is greater for matching the most common person in the samples: everything collected from, or in contact with, a victim is a major source of contamination for any other samples brought into a lab. For that reason, multiple control-samples are typically tested, to ensure that they stayed clean, when prepared during the same period as the actual test samples. Unexpected matches (or variations) in several control-samples indicates a high probability of contamination for the actual test samples. In a relationship test, the full DNA profiles should differ (except for twins), to prove that a person wasn't actually matched as being related to their own DNA in another sample.
Another technique, AmpFLP, or amplified fragment length polymorphism was also put into practice during the early 1990s. This technique was also faster than RFLP analysis and used PCR to amplify DNA samples. It relied on variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms to distinguish various alleles, which were separated on a polyacrylamide gel using an allelic ladder (as opposed to a molecular weight ladder). Bands could be visualized by silver staining the gel. One popular locus for fingerprinting was the D1S80 locus. As with all PCR based methods, highly degraded DNA or very small amounts of DNA may cause allelic dropout (causing a mistake in thinking a heterozygote is a homozygote) or other stochastic effects. In addition, because the analysis is done on a gel, very high number repeats may bunch together at the top of the gel, making it difficult to resolve. AmpFLP analysis can be highly automated, and allows for easy creation of phylogenetic trees based on comparing individual samples of DNA. Due to its relatively low cost and ease of set-up and operation, AmpFLP remains popular in lower income countries.
Using PCR technology, DNA analysis is widely applied to determine genetic family relationships such as paternity, maternity, siblingship and other kinships.
During conception, the father's sperm cell and the mother's egg cell, each containing half the amount of DNA found in other body cells, meet and fuse to form a fertilized egg, called a zygote. The zygote contains a complete set of DNA molecules, a unique combination of DNA from both parents. This zygote divides and multiplies into an embryo and later, a full human being.
At each stage of development, all the cells forming the body contain the same DNA—half from the father and half from the mother. This fact allows the relationship testing to use all types of all samples including loose cells from the cheeks collected using buccal swabs, blood or other types of samples.
While a lot of DNA contains information for a certain function, there is some called junk DNA, which is currently used for human identification. At some special locations (called loci) in the junk DNA, predictable inheritance patterns were found to be useful in determining biological relationships. These locations contain specific DNA markers that DNA scientists use to identify individuals. In a routine DNA paternity test, the markers used are Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), short pieces of DNA that occur in highly differential repeat patterns among individuals.
Each person's DNA contains two copies of these markers—one copy inherited from the father and one from the mother. Within a population, the markers at each person's DNA location could differ in length and sometimes sequence, depending on the markers inherited from the parents.
The combination of marker sizes found in each person makes up his/her unique genetic profile. When determining the relationship between two individuals, their genetic profiles are compared to see if they share the same inheritance patterns at a statistically conclusive rate.
For example, the following sample report from this commercial DNA paternity testing laboratory Universal Genetics signifies how relatedness between parents and child is identified on those special markers:
DNA Marker | Mother | Child | Alleged father |
The partial results indicate that the child and the alleged father's DNA match among these five markers. The complete test results show this correlation on 16 markers between the child and the tested man to draw a conclusion of whether or not the man is the biological father.
Scientifically, each marker is assigned with a Paternity Index (PI), which is a statistical measure of how powerfully a match at a particular marker indicates paternity. The PI of each marker is multiplied with each other to generate the Combined Paternity Index (CPI), which indicates the overall probability of an individual being the biological father of the tested child relative to any random man from the entire population of the same race. The CPI is then converted into a Probability of Paternity showing the degree of relatedness between the alleged father and child.
The DNA test report in other family relationship tests, such as grandparentage and siblingship tests, is similar to a paternity test report. Instead of the Combined Paternity Index, a different value, such as a Siblingship Index, is reported.
The report shows the genetic profiles of each tested person. If there are markers shared among the tested individuals, the probability of biological relationship is calculated to determine how likely the tested individuals share the same markers due to a blood relationship.
Recent innovations have included the creation of primers targeting polymorphic regions on the Y-chromosome (Y-STR), which allows resolution of a mixed DNA sample from a male and female and/or cases in which a differential extraction is not possible. Y-chromosomes are paternally inherited, so Y-STR analysis can help in the identification of paternally related males. Y-STR analysis was performed in the Sally Hemings controversy to determine if Thomas Jefferson had sired a son with one of his slaves. The analysis of the Y-chromosome yields weaker results than autosomal chromosome analysis. The Y male sex-determining chromosome, as it is only inherited by males from their fathers, is almost identical along the patrilineal line. This leads to a less precise analysis than if autosomal chromosomes were testing, because of the random matching that occurs between pairs of chromosomes as zygotes are being made. [7]
For highly degraded samples, it is sometimes impossible to get a complete profile of the 13 CODIS STRs. In these situations, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is sometimes typed due to there being many copies of mtDNA in a cell, while there may only be 1-2 copies of the nuclear DNA. Forensic scientists amplify the HV1 and HV2 regions of the mtDNA, then sequence each region and compare single-nucleotide differences to a reference. Because mtDNA is maternally inherited, directly linked maternal relatives can be used as match references, such as one's maternal grandmother's daughter's son. A difference of two or more nucleotides is generally considered to be an exclusion. Heteroplasmy and poly-C differences may throw off straight sequence comparisons, so some expertise on the part of the analyst is required. mtDNA is useful in determining clear identities, such as those of missing people when a maternally linked relative can be found. mtDNA testing was used in determining that Anna Anderson was not the Russian princess she had claimed to be, Anastasia Romanov.
mtDNA can be obtained from such material as hair shafts and old bones/teeth.
There are now several DNA databases in existence around the world. Some are private, but most of the largest databases are government controlled. The United States maintains the largest DNA database, with the Combined DNA Index System, holding over 5 million records as of 2007.[8] The United Kingdom maintains the National DNA Database (NDNAD), which is of similar size, despite the UK's smaller population. The size of this database, and its rate of growth, is giving concern to civil liberties groups in the UK, where police have wide-ranging powers to take samples and retain them even in the event of acquittal.[9]
The U.S. Patriot Act of the United States provides a means for the U.S. government to get DNA samples from other countries if they[clarification needed] are either a division of, or head office of, a company operating in the U.S. Under the act, the American offices of the company can't divulge to their subsidiaries/offices in other countries the reasons that these DNA samples are sought or by whom.[citation needed]
When a match is made from a National DNA Databank to link a crime scene to an offender who has provided a DNA Sample to a databank that link is often referred to as a cold hit. A cold hit is of value in referring the police agency to a specific suspect but is of less evidential value than a DNA match made from outside the DNA Databank.[10]
FBI agents cannot legally store DNA of a person who was not convicted of a crime. DNA collected from a suspect who was not later convicted must be disposed of and not entered into the database. In 1998 a man residing in the UK was arrested on accusation of burglary. His DNA was taken and tested, and he was later released. Nine months later, this man's DNA was accidentally and illegally entered in the DNA database. New DNA is automatically compared to the DNA found at cold cases, and in this case, this man was found to be a match to DNA found at a rape and assault case one year earlier. The government then prosecuted him for these crimes. During the trial the DNA match was requested to be removed from the evidence because it had been illegally entered into the database. The request was facilitated. [11]
In the early days of the use of genetic fingerprinting as criminal evidence, juries were often swayed by spurious statistical arguments by defense lawyers along these lines: given a match that had a 1 in 5 million probability of occurring by chance, the lawyer would argue that this meant that in a country of say 60 million people there were 12 people who would also match the profile. This was then translated to a 1 in 12 chance of the suspect being the guilty one. This argument is not sound unless the suspect was drawn at random from the population of the country. In fact, a jury should consider how likely it is that an individual matching the genetic profile would also have been a suspect in the case for other reasons. Another spurious statistical argument is based on the false assumption that a 1 in 5 million probability of a match automatically translates into a 1 in 5 million probability of innocence and is known as the prosecutor's fallacy.
When using RFLP, the theoretical risk of a coincidental match is 1 in 100 billion (100,000,000,000), although the practical risk is actually 1 in 1000 because monozygotic twins are 0.2% of the human population.[citation needed] Moreover, the rate of laboratory error is almost certainly higher than this, and often actual laboratory procedures do not reflect the theory under which the coincidence probabilities were computed. For example, the coincidence probabilities may be calculated based on the probabilities that markers in two samples have bands in precisely the same location, but a laboratory worker may conclude that similar—but not precisely identical—band patterns result from identical genetic samples with some imperfection in the agarose gel. However, in this case, the laboratory worker increases the coincidence risk by expanding the criteria for declaring a match. Recent studies have quoted relatively high error rates which may be cause for concern.[12] In the early days of genetic fingerprinting, the necessary population data to accurately compute a match probability was sometimes unavailable. Between 1992 and 1996, arbitrary low ceilings were controversially put on match probabilities used in RFLP analysis rather than the higher theoretically computed ones.[13] Today, RFLP has become widely disused due to the advent of more discriminating, sensitive and easier technologies.
Since 1998, the DNA profiling system supported by The National DNA Database in the UK is the SGM+ DNA profiling system which includes 10 STR regions and a sex indicating test. STRs do not suffer from such subjectivity and provide similar power of discrimination (1 in 1013 for unrelated individuals if using a full SGM+ profile). It should be noted that figures of this magnitude are not considered to be statistically supportable by scientists in the UK, for unrelated individuals with full matching DNA profiles a match probability of 1 in a billion is considered statistically supportable. However, with any DNA technique, the cautious juror should not convict on genetic fingerprint evidence alone if other factors raise doubt. Contamination with other evidence (secondary transfer) is a key source of incorrect DNA profiles and raising doubts as to whether a sample has been adulterated is a favorite defense technique. More rarely, chimerism is one such instance where the lack of a genetic match may unfairly exclude a suspect.
It's also possible to use DNA profiling as evidence of genetic relationship, although such evidence varies in strength from weak to positive. Testing that shows no relationship is absolutely certain.
While almost all individuals have a single and distinct set of genes, ultra-rare individuals, known as "chimeras", have at least two different sets of genes. There have been two cases of DNA profiling that falsely suggested that a mother was unrelated to her children.[14] This happens when two eggs are fertilized at the same time and fuse together to create one individual instead of twins.
This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2010) |
The value of DNA evidence has to be seen in light of recent cases where criminals planted fake DNA samples at crime scenes. In one case, a criminal even planted fake DNA evidence in his own body: Dr. John Schneeberger raped one of his sedated patients in 1992 and left semen on her underwear. Police drew what they believed to be Schneeberger's blood and compared its DNA against the crime scene semen DNA on three occasions, never showing a match. It turned out that he had surgically inserted a Penrose drain into his arm and filled it with foreign blood and anticoagulants.
The functional analysis of genes and their coding sequences (open reading frames [ORFs]) typically requires that each ORF be expressed, the encoded protein purified, antibodies produced, phenotypes examined, intracellular localization determined, and interactions with other proteins sought.[15] In a study conducted by the life science company Nucleix and published in the journal Forensic Science International, scientists found that an In vitro synthesized sample of DNA matching any desired genetic profile can be constructed using standard molecular biology techniques without obtaining any actual tissue from that person.
In the case of the Phantom of Heilbronn, police detectives found DNA traces from the same woman on various crime scenes in Austria, Germany and France — among them murders, burglaries and robberies. Only after the DNA of the "woman" matched the DNA sampled from the burned body of a male asylum seeker in France, detectives began to have serious doubts about the DNA evidence. In that case, DNA traces were already present on the cotton swabs used to collect the samples at the crime scene, and the swabs had all been produced at the same factory in Austria. The company's product specification said that the swabs were guaranteed to be sterile, but not DNA-free.
Evidence |
Part of the common law series |
Types of evidence |
Relevance |
Authentication |
Witnesses |
Hearsay and exceptions |
Other common law areas |
Familial DNA searching (sometimes referred to as "Familial DNA" or "Familial DNA Database Searching") is the practice of creating new investigative leads in cases where DNA evidence found at the scene of a crime (forensic profile) strongly resembles that of an existing DNA profile (offender profile) in a state DNA database but there is not an exact match.[16][17] After all other leads have been exhausted, investigators may use specially developed software to compare the forensic profile to all profiles taken from a state's DNA database in order to generate a list of those offenders most likely to be a close relative of the forensic profile.[18] To eliminate the majority of this list, crime lab technicians conduct Y-STR analysis that confirms the familial relationships suggested by the first list. Using standard investigative techniques, authorities are then able to build a family tree. The family tree is populated from information gathered from public records and criminal justice records. Investigators rule out family members' involvement in the crime by finding excluding factors such as sex, living out of state or being incarcerated when the crime was committed. They may also use other leads from the case, such as witness or victim statements, to identify a suspect. Once a suspect has been identified, investigators seek to legally obtain a DNA sample from the suspect. This suspect DNA profile is then compared to the sample found at the crime scene, in accordance with well established and constitutionally accepted practices, to definitively identify the suspect as the source of the crime scene DNA.
Familial DNA database searching was first used to convict Craig Harman of manslaughter in the United Kingdom on April 19, 2004.[19] Craig Harman was convicted using familial DNA because of the partial matches from Harman's brother. When the police questioned Harman's brother, the police noticed Harman lived very close to the original crime scene. Harman confessed when his DNA isolated from the DNA found on the brick, matched. [20]Currently, familial DNA database searching is not conducted on a national level in the United States. States determine their own policies and decision making processes for how and when to conduct familial searches. The first familial DNA search and subsequent conviction in the United States was conducted in Denver, Colorado in 2008 using software developed under the leadership of Denver District Attorney Mitch Morrissey and Denver Police Department Crime Lab Director Gregg LaBerge.[21] California was the first state to implement a policy for familial searching under then Attorney General, now Governor, Jerry Brown.[22] In his role as consultant to the Familial Search Working Group of the California Department of Justice, former Alameda County Prosecutor Rock Harmon is widely considered to have been the catalyst in the adoption of familial search technology in California. The technique was used to catch the Los Angeles serial killer known as the "Grim Sleeper" in 2010[23] It wasn't a witness or informant that tipped off law enforcement to the identity of the "Grim Sleeper" serial killer, who had eluded police for more than two decades, but DNA from the suspect's own son. The suspect's son was arrested and convicted in a felony weapons charge and swabbed for DNA last year. When his DNA was entered into the database of convicted felons, detectives were alerted to a partial match to evidence found at the "Grim Sleeper" crime scenes. David Franklin Jr., also known as the Grim Sleeper, was charged with ten counts of murder and one count of attempted murder. [24] More recently, familial DNA, led to the arrest of 21-year-old Elvis Garcia on charges of sexual assault and false imprisonment of a woman in Santa Cruz in 2008.[25] In March 2011 Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell announced that Virginia would begin using familial DNA searches.[26] Other states are expected to follow.
At a press conference in Virginia on March 7, 2011 regarding the East Coast Rapist, Prince William County prosecutor Paul Ebert and Fairfax County Police Detective John Kelly said the case would have been solved years ago if Virginia had used familial DNA searching. Aaron Thomas, the suspected East Coast Rapist, was arrested in connection with the rape of 17 women from Virginia to Rhode Island, but familial DNA was not used in the case.[27]
Critics of familial DNA database searches argue that the technique may be an invasion of an individual's 4th Amendment rights.[28] Privacy advocates are petitioning for DNA database restrictions, while others are arguing that the only fair way to construct of database is to make it universal. [11] Some scholars have pointed out that the privacy concerns surrounding familial searching are no more threatening than other police search techniques.[29] The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Pool ruled that this practice is somewhat analogous to a witness looking at a photograph of one person and stating that it looked like the perpetrator, which leads law enforcement to show the witness photos of similar looking individuals, one of whom is identified as the perpetrator.[30] Regardless of whether familial DNA searching was the method used to identify the suspect, authorities always conduct a normal DNA test to match the suspect's DNA with that of the DNA left at the crime scene. Critics also claim that racial profiling could occur on account of Familial DNA testing. In the United States, the conviction rates of racial minorities are much higher than that of the overall population. It is unclear whether this is due to discrimination from police officers and the courts, as opposed to a simple higher rate of offence among minorities. Arrest-based databases, which are found in some parts of the United States, lead to an even greater level of racial discrimination. An arrest, as opposed to conviction, relies much heavier on police discretion, inevitably leading to a bias on the amount of people belonging to a certain race that are being convicted. [11]
For instance, investigators with Denver District Attorney's Office successfully identified a suspect in a property theft case using a familial DNA search. In this example, the suspect's blood left at the scene of the crime strongly resembled that of a current Colorado Department of Corrections prisoner.[31] Using publicly available records, the investigators created a family tree. They then eliminated all the family members who were incarcerated at the time of the offense, as well as all of the females (the crime scene DNA profile was that of a male). Investigators obtained a court order to collect the suspect's DNA, but the suspect actually volunteered to come to a police station and give a DNA sample. After providing the sample, the suspect walked free without further interrogation or detainment. Later confronted with an exact match to the forensic profile, the suspect pled guilty to criminal trespass at the first court date and was sentenced to two years probation.
Partial DNA matches are not searches themselves, but are the result of moderate stringency CODIS searches that produce a potential match that shares at least one allele at every locus.[32] Partial matching does not involve the use of a familial search software, such as those used in the UK and Denver, or additional Y-STR analysis, and therefore often misses sibling relationships. Partial matching has been used to identify suspects in several cases in the UK and US[33] and has also been used as a tool to exonerate the falsely accused. Darryl Hunt was wrongly convicted in connection with the rape and murder of a young woman in 1984 in North Carolina.[34] Hunt was exonerated in 2004 when a DNA database search produced a remarkably close match between a convicted felon and the forensic profile from the case. The partial match led investigators to the felon's brother, Willard E. Brown, who confessed to the crime when confronted by police. A judge then signed an order to dismiss the case against Hunt.
Police forces may collect DNA samples without the suspects' knowledge, and use it as evidence. Legality of this mode of proceeding has been questioned in Australia.
In the United States, it has been accepted, courts often claiming that there was no expectation of privacy, citing California v. Greenwood (1985), during which the Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside the curtilage of a home. Critics of this practice underline the fact that this analogy ignores that "most people have no idea that they risk surrendering their genetic identity to the police by, for instance, failing to destroy a used coffee cup. Moreover, even if they do realize it, there is no way to avoid abandoning one's DNA in public."[35]
In the UK, the Human Tissue Act 2004 prohibited private individuals from covertly collecting biological samples (hair, fingernails, etc.) for DNA analysis, but excluded medical and criminal investigations from the offence.[36]
Evidence from an expert who has compared DNA samples must be accompanied by evidence as to the sources of the samples and the procedures for obtaining the DNA profiles.[37] The judge must ensure that the jury must understand the significance of DNA matches and mismatches in the profiles. The judge must also ensure that the jury does not confuse the 'match probability' (the probability that a person that is chosen at random has a matching DNA profile to the sample from the scene) with the 'likelihood ratio' (the probability that a person with matching DNA committed the crime). In 1996 R v. Doheny[38] Phillips LJ gave this example of a summing up, which should be carefully tailored to the particular facts in each case:
Members of the Jury, if you accept the scientific evidence called by the Crown, this indicates that there are probably only four or five white males in the United Kingdom from whom that semen stain could have come. The Defendant is one of them. If that is the position, the decision you have to reach, on all the evidence, is whether you are sure that it was the Defendant who left that stain or whether it is possible that it was one of that other small group of men who share the same DNA characteristics.
Juries should weigh up conflicting and corroborative evidence, using their own common sense and not by using mathematical formulae, such as Bayes' theorem, so as to avoid "confusion, misunderstanding and misjudgment".[39]
In R v Bates,[40] Moore-Bick LJ said:
There are state laws on DNA profiling in all 50 states of the United States.[42] Detailed information on database laws in each state can be found at the National Conference of State Legislatures website.[43]
This section is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (April 2010) |
In August 2009, scientists in Israel raised serious doubts concerning the use of DNA by law enforcement as the ultimate method of identification. In a paper published in the journal Forensic Science International: Genetics, the Israeli researchers demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture DNA in a laboratory, thus falsifying DNA evidence. The scientists fabricated saliva and blood samples, which originally contained DNA from a person other than the supposed donor of the blood and saliva.[44]
The researchers also showed that, using a DNA database, it is possible to take information from a profile and manufacture DNA to match it, and that this can be done without access to any actual DNA from the person whose DNA they are duplicating. The synthetic DNA oligos required for the procedure are common in molecular laboratories.[44]
The New York Times quoted the lead author on the paper, Dr. Daniel Frumkin, saying, "You can just engineer a crime scene... any biology undergraduate could perform this."[44]
Dr. Frumkin perfected a test that can differentiate real DNA samples from fake ones. His test detects epigenetic modifications, in particular, DNA methylation. Seventy percent of the DNA in any human genome is methylated, meaning it contains methyl group modifications within a CpG dinucleotide context. Methylation at the promoter region is associated with gene silencing. The synthetic DNA lacks this epigenetic modification, which allows the test to distinguish manufactured DNA from original, genuine, DNA.[44]
It is unknown how many police departments, if any, currently use the test. No police lab has publicly announced that it is using the new test to verify DNA results.[45]


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All rights reserved by author. This product is to be used by the original downloader only. Copying for more than one teacher, classroom, department, school, or school system is prohibited. This product may not be distributed or displayed digitally for public or school view. Failure to comply is a copyright infringement and a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Clipart and elements found in this PDF are copyrighted and cannot be extracted and used outside of this file without permission or license. Intended for classroom and personal use ONLY. Thank you! ~Shelly Anton
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NIDA and the editors of Drug and Alcohol Dependence have published a peer-reviewed journal supplement, Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS: International Research Lessons and Imperatives, to provide an international perspective on research exploring the intersections between drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. Participants at the 2006 NIDA International Forum will receive a copy of the supplement. Approximately half of the studies included in the supplement were supported, at least in part, by NIDA research funding, and several of the authors received research training fellowship awards through the NIDA International Program. The six full reports and 10 short communications published represent 15 countries and address the following general themes. First, the explosive nature of the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is again evident, particularly in areas where drug abuse is driving HIV transmission rates, like South Central Asia. The second theme emphasizes the interrelationship between HIV prevention and treatment and drug abuse prevention and treatment. The third theme relates to research to understand and overcome barriers to conducting effective surveillance, prevention, and treatment interventions. Guest editors for the supplement were Dr. Steven W. Gust, IP Director; Dr. Steffanie A. Strathdee, University of California, San Diego; and Dr. Erin L. Winstanley, Johns Hopkins University. The 16 manuscripts were selected from 34 submissions received in response to a February 2005 open call for papers. The guest editors recruited more than 45 referees from nine countries to conduct an anonymous peer-review. Senior members of the Drug and Alcohol Dependence editorial board then reviewed the entire supplement. For more information on this supplement, please contact Dr. Winstanly at email@example.com.
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Curlers Jennifer Jones and Jill Officer kayak with ancient icebergs In June 2014, Olympic champions Jennifer Jones and Jill Officer travelled to Newfoundland to fulfill a lifelong dream. They kayaked to 10,000… Categories: FeaturedTags: bucket list, Curling, Icebergs, Jennifer Jones, Jill Officer, Newfoundland and Labrador
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November 18, 2013
Tgs: backup World Cup Videos,convert FIFA World Cup Videos,play World Cup on ipad,watch World Cup on iphone,download World Cup Videos
This articles is about how to copy popular recorded FIFA World Cup Videos. If you have no ideal how to deal with yourWorld Cup Videos in 2014 & 2010, here are collections of tips ,tools and solutions to help you.
As one of the most influential events, ranking only second to Olympic, FIFA World Cup is doomed to be the cradle of exciting games and legend and bring football lovers wonderful moments. So many football fans choose to go to Brazil to see the 2014 FIFA World Cup live and record exciting moment to share with friends who cannot at the spot to enjoy live games or just for future back-enjoy on their iPhone, iPad or Samsung when they leave Brazil and back their own country.
It is wise to backup these heart-stirring World Cup shocking moments, since they not only deserve merely few seconds cheers, but a decade or even longer. To complete the FIFA world cup video record, not only past 2010 FIFA, but also the upcoming 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, here Pavtube Video Converter Ultimate or iMedia Converter for Mac is a top World Cup Video Converter to make up for the regret of missing the splendid moments.
It provides a hassle-free way to convert World Cup Videos happening on screen and convert the online FIFA World Cup records to mp4, wmv, mkv for play them on your iPhone, iPad, Android, Windows and other mobile devices at any time and place. The following guide will show you the details about how to copy and backup recorded FIFA World Cup Videos on Windows and Mac.
To begin:
Launch the program and add the movie you want to encode by clicking the "Add Video" icon on the main interface.
Click the "Format" drop-down list and choose HD Video>H.264 HD Video(*.mp4) for playing on your mobile devices. Or we can enter "H.264 MP4″ in the small search box to quick locate matched presets. We can also choose presets like iOS/Android phone/tablet, etc. for particularly using.
Click "Settings" as bellow to check the source/target video size, bitrate, frame rate and other settings in one go; you will be able to know the target video size with different bitrate settings immediately.
The last thing you need to do is hit the "Convert" button to begin the conversion. Just wait a moment and then you can output the mp4 videos. Transfer the converted videos on your Apple/Android/Windows smartphones and tablets and then you can freely enjoy recorded FIFA World Cup Videos in 2014 & 2010 with top qualtiy! Have a fun of it!
Read more:
How to Backup Disney Copy-Protected DVD Discs for watching
Effortlessly Backup Disney's Blu-ray movies without quality loss on Mac
TiVo ATV Mac Solution: Play 2014 FIFA World Cup TiVo recordings Apple TV 3
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New Super Mario Bros. 2 coming to 3DS in AugustStraight from tonight's Nintendo Direct stream comes New Super Mario Bros. 2, available this August for 3DS. Mario appears to have a gold transformation of sorts, and the Raccoon Leaf makes a PROPER return, as in Mario can actually use it to FLY. Take that, 3D Land! This is just the first bit of news from the stream. Expect more throughout the night and possibly tomorrow. Comments not appearing? Anti-virus apps like Avast or some browser extensions can cause this. Easy fix: Add [*].disqus.com to your software's white list. Tada! Happy comments time again.
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The researchers cloned the kidney by cultivating human stem cells extracted from adult bone marrow and implanting them in rat embryos to grow to the point urine was produced, according to a study to be published by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The goal is to increase the possibility of expanding regenerative medicine to include complicated organs such as kidneys and lungs.
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This rule filing was withdrawn.
NASDR has filed with the SEC proposed new Interpretive Material 2210-5 and conforming amendments to existing IM 2210-2 and Conduct Rule 2210 of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., relating to the Presentation of Mutual Fund and Variable Contract Related Performance Information.
Withdrawal of proposed rule change | (PDF 8 KB) |


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Nanowire-Templated Lateral Epitaxial Growth of Low-Dislocation Density Nonpolar a-Plane GaN on r-Plane Sapphire
Article first published online: 20 APR 2009
DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802532
Copyright © 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Additional Information
How to Cite
Li, Q., Lin, Y., Creighton, J. R., Figiel, J. J. and Wang, G. T. (2009), Nanowire-Templated Lateral Epitaxial Growth of Low-Dislocation Density Nonpolar a-Plane GaN on r-Plane Sapphire. Adv. Mater., 21: 2416–2420. doi: 10.1002/adma.200802532
Publication History
- Issue published online: 10 JUN 2009
- Article first published online: 20 APR 2009
- Manuscript Revised: 20 DEC 2008
- Manuscript Received: 28 AUG 2008
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