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US 8139886 B2 Abstract A two-dimensional blur kernel is computed for a digital image by first estimating a sharp image from the digital image. The sharp image is derived from the digital image by sharpening at least portions of the digital image. The two-dimensional blur function is computed by minimizing an optimization algorithm that estimates the blur function.
Claims(19) 1. One or more volatile and/or non-volatile computer-readable media storing information to enable a device to perform a process, the process comprising:
receiving a digital image;
finding continuous two-dimensional blurred edges in portions of the digital image and computing corresponding two-dimensional sharpened edges oriented and located relative to the digital image;
computing a blur kernel based on the two-dimensional sharpened edges; and
applying the blur kernel to the digital image to produce a de-blurred version of the digital image.
2. One or more computer readable media according to
3. One or more computer readable media according to
4. One or more computer readable media according to
5. One or more computer readable media according to
6. One or more computer readable media according to
7. One or more computer readable media according to
8. One or more volatile and/or non-volatile computer-readable media according to
9. One or more volatile and/or non-volatile computer-readable media according to
10. One or more volatile and/or non-volatile computer-readable media according to
11. One or more volatile and/or non-volatile computer-readable media according to
12. One or more volatile and/or non-volatile computer-readable media according to
13. One or more volatile and/or non-volatile computer-readable media according to
14. A device comprising:
a processor and memory, the device configured to perform a process, the process comprising:
acquiring a blurred digital image stored in the memory;
detecting blurred edges in the blurred digital image and estimating corresponding underlying sharp edge lines, stored in the memory, that created the blurred edges when the blurred digital image was captured; and
computing a blur kernel based on the sharp edge lines and the blurred digital image.
15. A device according to
16. A device according to
17. A method according to
18. A device according to
19. A device according to
Description Image blur can be introduced in a number of ways when a camera is used to capture an image. Image blur can have various causes, such as movement of the camera or the subject being photographed, incorrect focus, or inherent features of the camera, such the camera's pixel size, the resolution of the camera's sensor, or its use of anti-aliasing filters on the sensor. However, recovering a blur kernel from a single blurred image is an inherently difficult problem due to the loss of information during blurring. The observed blurred image provides only a partial constraint on the solution, as there are many combinations of blur kernels and sharp images that can be convolved to match the observed blurred image. Techniques related to finding a blur kernel of an image are discussed below. The following summary is included only to introduce some concepts discussed in the Detailed Description below. This summary is not comprehensive and is not intended to delineate the scope of the claimed subject matter, which is set forth by the claims presented at the end. A two-dimensional blur kernel is computed for a digital image by first estimating a sharp image from the digital image. The sharp image is derived from the digital image by sharpening at least portions of the digital image. The two-dimensional blur function is computed by minimizing an optimization algorithm that estimates the blur function. Many of the attendant features will be explained below with reference to the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings. Overview Embodiments discussed below relate to blur estimation. More specifically, a sharp image may be estimated from a blurry input image. The sharp image can be used to recover a blur kernel. With certain types of image blur, image features such as edges, though weakened by blur, can be detected. Even in a blind scenario where the scene content of the blurred image is unknown, if it is assumed that a detected blurred edge would have been a step edge absent any blurring effects, it is possible to detect likely edges in the blurred image and then predict or estimate the locations in the blurred image of the corresponding sharp edges of the scene. Each estimated/computed edge and its corresponding blurred edge provides information about a radial profile of the blur kernel. If an image has edges with a sufficient span of orientations, the blurred image and its predicted sharp image may contain sufficient information to solve for a general two-dimensional blur kernel. Before further explaining techniques for estimating a blur kernel, consider that a blur kernel is usually a two-dimensional image or array of numbers which when convolved (repeated multiplication and summation-stepped over the pixels of the image) with the desired sharp/true image produces what was seen or imaged. Although blur may be caused by a number of cumulative factors such as motion, defocus, anti-aliasing, etc., these effects can be combined into a single kernel because the convolution of multiple blur kernels result in a single cumulative blur kernel. Convolution and de-convolution will be discussed further with reference to Image Formation Model One embodiment for finding blur kernel 182 involves estimating a discretely sampled version of the model's continuous PSF by either matching the sampling to the image resolution (useful for estimating large blur kernels) or by using a sub-pixel sampling grid to estimate a detailed blur kernel 182 (which can capture sensor aliasing and allow high accuracy image restoration). Also, by computing a sub-pixel blur kernel 182, it is possible to recover a super-resolved de-blurred image by deconvolving an up-sampled image with the recovered blur kernel 182. Regarding the geometric transformations 180, this world-to-image transformation consists of a perspective transform and a radial distortion. When using mainly the blurred image 132 to recover the blur kernel 182 (referred to herein as the blind method), the perspective transform is ignored; computation is in image coordinates. When a ōtrueö version of the blurred image 132 (e.g., a computed or captured grid pattern or calibration target) is to be used to recover the blur kernel (referred to as the non-blind method), the perspective transformation is modeled as a two-dimensional homography that maps known feature locations Fk on t a grid pattern to detect feature points from the image Fd. In this case, a standard model for radial distortion is used: (F′x, F′y)T=(Fx, Fy)T(a0+a1r2(x, y)+a2r4(x, y)), where r(x, y)=(Fx 2+Fy 2)1/2 is the radius relative to the image center. The zeroth, second and fourth order radial distortion coefficients a0, a1, and a2 specify the amount and type of radial distortion. Given a radial distortion function R(F) and warp function which applies a homography H(F), the full alignment process is Fd=R(H(Fk)). The parameters that minimize the L2 norm of the residual ∥Fd−R(H(Fk))∥2 are computed. It may not be possible to compute these parameters simultaneously in closed form. However, the problem is bilinear and the parameters can be solved-for using an iterative optimization approach. Regarding modeling of the blur kernel 182, the equation for an observed image B is a convolution of a kernel K and a potentially higher-resolution sharp image I, plus additive Gaussian white noise, whose result is potentially down-sampled:
where NśN(0, σ2). D(I) down-samples an image by point-sampling IL(m, n)=I(sm, sn) at a sampling rate s for integer pixel coordinates (m, n). With this formulation, the kernel K can model most blurring effects, which are potentially spatially varying and wavelength dependent. Sharp Image Estimation As seen above, blurring can be formulated as an invertible linear imaging system, which models the blurred image as the convolution of a sharp image with the imaging system's blur kernel. Thus, if the original sharp image is known, the kernel can be recovered. Therefore, when the original sharp image is not available (the blind case) it is helpful to have a reliable and widely applicable method for predicting or estimating a sharp image from a single blurry image. The following two sections (BLIND ESTIMATION, NON-BLIND ESTIMATION) discuss predicting or estimating a sharp image. The next section (BLUR KERNEL ESTIMATION) shows how to formulate and solve the invertible linear imaging system to recover the blur kernel. For simplicity, blurred images are considered to be single channel or grayscale. A later section (CHROMATIC ABERRATION) discusses handling color images. Blind Estimation To explain blind estimation further, when only a blurred image may be available for finding a blur kernel, blur is assumed to be due to a PSF with a single mode (or peak), such that when an image is blurred, the ability to localize a previously sharp edge is unchanged. However, the strength and profile of the edge is changed (see sharp edge 204 in graph 202). Thus, by localizing blurred edges and predicting sharp edge profiles, estimating a sharp image is possible. Edge estimation may be based on the assumption that observed blurred edges result from convolving an ideal step edge with the unknown blur kernel 205. The location and orientation of blurred edges in the blurred image may be found using a sub-pixel difference-of-Gaussians edge detector. An ideal sharp edge may then be predicted by finding the local maximum and minimum pixel values (e.g., pixel values 206, 208), in a robust way, along the edge profile (e.g., profile 200). These values are then propagated from pixels on each side of an edge to the sub-pixel edge location. The pixel at an edge itself is colored according to the weighted average of the maximum and minimum values according to the distance of the sub-pixel location to the pixel center, which is a simple form of anti-aliasing (see graph 202 in The maximum and minimum values may be found robustly using a combination of two techniques. The maximum value may be found by marching along the edge normal, sampling the image to find a local maximum using hysteresis. Specifically, the maximum location may be deemed to be the first pixel that is less than 90% of the previous value. Once this value and location are identified, the maximum value is stored as the mean of all values along the edge profile that are within 10% of the initial maximum value. An analogous approach is used to find the minimum pixel value. Because values can be most reliably predicted near edges, it may be preferable to use only observed pixels within a given radius of the predicted sharp values. These locations are stored as valid pixels in a mask, which is used when solving for the blur kernel. At the end of this sharp image prediction/estimation process the result is a partially estimated sharp image such as sharp image 136 in It should be noted that it may not be possible to predict sharp edges throughout the entire blurred image 132. Therefore, the sharp image may be a partial estimation comprised of sharpened patches or regions of the blurred image. It should also be noted that other techniques for predicting the sharp image are known and can be used instead of the difference-of-Gaussians technique discussed above. For example, the Marr-Hildreth algorithm may be used to detect sharp edges. Non-Blind Estimation Non-blind sharp edge prediction may be used when the blurred image's true sharp image is known. This approach is typically used in a controlled lab setup. For non-blind sharp image prediction, it is again assumed (though not required) that the kernel has no more than a single peak. Thus even when the pattern is blurred, it is possible to detect corners on the grid with a sub-pixel corner detector. Because the corners of pattern 220 are actually balanced checkerboard crossings (radially symmetric), they do not suffer from ōshrinkageö (displacement) due to blurring. Once the corners are found, the ground truth pattern 220 is aligned to the acquired image 222 of the pattern 220. To obtain an accurate alignment, both geometric and radiometric aspects of the imaging system may be corrected for. Geometric alignment may be performed using the corrections discussed earlier. A homography and radial distortion correction may be fitted to match the known feature locations on the grid pattern to corners detected with sub-pixel precision on the acquired (blurry) image of the printed grid. Lighting and shading in the image 222 of the grid pattern 220 may also be accounted for by first aligning the known grid pattern 220 to the image 222. Then, for each edge location (as known from the mathematical form of the ground truth grid pattern), the maximum and minimum values on the edge profile are found and propagated as in the non-blind approach. The grid for pixels is shaded within the blur radius of each edge. By performing the shading operation, it is possible to correct for shading, lighting, and radial intensity falloff. Image 224 in Blur Kernel Estimation Having estimated a sharp image, the PSF can be estimated as the kernel that when convolved with the sharp image produces the blurred input image. The estimation can be formulated using a Bayesian framework solved using a maximum a posteriori (MAP) technique. MAP estimation is used to find the most likely estimate for the blur kernel K given the sharp image I and the observed blurred image B, using the previously-discussed known image formation model and noise level. This can be expressed as a maximization over the probability distribution of the posterior using Bayes' rule. The result is minimization of a sum of negative log likelihoods L(.):
The problem is now reduced to defining the negative log likelihood terms. Given the image formation model (Equation 1), the data term is:
Note that the downsampling term D in (1) may be incorporated when computing a super-resolved blur kernel, as discussed later. The function M(.) in Formula (4) is a masking function such that this term is only evaluated for ōknownö pixels in B, i.e., those pixels that result from the convolution of K with properly estimated pixels I, which form a band around each edge point, as described in the BLIND ESTIMATION section above. The remaining negative log likelihood term, L(K), models prior assumptions on the blur kernel and regularizes the solution. A smoothness prior and a non-negativity constraint are used. The smoothness prior penalizes large gradients and thus biases kernel values to take on values similar to their neighbors: Ls(K)=γλ∥∇K∥2, where λ controls the weight of the smoothness penalty, and γ=(2R+1)2 normalizes for the kernel area (R is the kernel radius). Since the kernel should sum to one (as blur kernels are energy conserving) the individual values decrease with increased R. This factor keeps the relative magnitude of kernel gradient values on par with the data term values regardless of kernel size. The following error function is therefore minimized (subject to Ki≧0) to solve for the PSF (blur kernel) using non-negative linear least squares using a projective gradient Newton's method:
The noise level can be estimated using a technique similar to that of C. Liu et al. (ōNoise estimation from a single imageö, CVPR '06, volume 2, pages 901-908, June 2006). Empirically, λ=2 works well. Super-Resolved Blur Kernel By taking advantage of sub-pixel edge detection for blind prediction or sub-pixel corner detection for non-blind prediction, it is possible to estimate a super-resolved blur kernel by predicting a sharp image at a higher resolution than the observed blurred image. For the blind method, in the process of estimating the sharp image, the predicted sharp edge-profile is rasterized back onto a pixel grid. By rasterizing the sub-pixel sharp-edge profile onto an up-sampled grid, a super-resolved sharp image can be estimated. In addition, at the actual identified edge location (as before), the pixel color is a weighted average of the minimum and maximum, where the weighting reflects the sub-pixel edge location on the grid. For the non-blind method, the grid pattern is also rasterized at a desired resolution. Since corners are detected at sub-pixel precision, the geometric alignment is computed with sub-pixel precision. Using the mathematical description of the grid, any upsampled resolution can be chosen when rasterizing the predicted sharp image. Anti-aliasing may also be performed, as described earlier. To solve for the blur kernel using the super-resolved predicted sharp image IH and the observed (vectorized) blurry image b, Equation 4 may be modified to include a down-sampling function according to the image model (Equation 1). Also, bH=AHkH is considered to be a super-resolved sharp image blurred by the super-resolved kernel kH, where AH is the matrix form of IH. Equation 4 is then ∥b−DAHkH∥2 (the masking function has been left out for readability). D is a matrix reflecting the down-sampling function: {circumflex over (B)}L(m, n)={circumflex over (B)}H(sm, sn). Computing a Spatially Varying PSF Given the formulation above, a spatially varying PSF can be computed in a straightforward manner by performing the MAP estimation process described in the previous section for sub-windows of the image. The process operates on any size sub-window as long as enough edges at different orientations are present in that window. In the limit, a PSF can be computed for every pixel using sliding windows. In practice it was found that such a dense solution is not necessary, as the PSF tends to vary spatially relatively slowly. For reliable results, this method benefits from having sufficient edges at most orientations. When using the entire blurred image, this is not usually an issue. However, when using smaller windows or patches, the edge content may under-constrain the PSF solution. A simple test may be used to avoid this problem: ensure that (a) the number of valid pixels in the mask described in Equation 4 is greater than the number of unknowns in the kernel, and (b) compute a histogram of 10 degree bins of the detected edges orientations and ensure that each bin contains at least a minimum number of edges (experimentation has shown that a minimum value of 100 is effective, but other values could be used). When this check fails, a kernel for that window is not computed. Chromatic Abberation The previous sections did not explicitly address solving blur kernels for color images. To handle color, the blurred image can be simply converted to grayscale. In many cases this is sufficient. However, it is usually more accurate to solve for a blur kernel for each color channel. This need may arise when chromatic aberration effects are apparent. Due to the wavelength-dependent variation of the index of refraction of glass, the focal length of a lens varies continually with wavelength. This property causes longitudinal chromatic aberration (blur/shifts along the optical axis), which implies that the focal depth, and thus amount of defocus, is wavelength dependent. This also causes lateral chromatic aberration (blur/shifts perpendicular to the optical axis). By solving for a blur kernel per color channel, the longitudinal aberrations can be modeled using a per-color channel radial distortion correction to handle the lateral distortions. Lateral distortions can be corrected by first performing edge detection on each color channel independently and only keeping edges that are detected within 5 pixels of each other in R, G, and B. A radial correction is then computed to align the R and B edges to the G edges and then perform blind sharp image prediction. To correct for any residual radial shifts, the green edge locations are used for all color channels so that all color bands have sharp edges predicted at the same locations. This last step could be performed without correcting radial distortion first and by allowing the shifts to be entirely modeled within the PSF; however, the two stage approach has been found to be superior, as it removes some aberration artifacts even when there is not enough edge information to compute a blur kernel. By removing the majority of the shift first, it is possible to solve for smaller kernels. If RAW camera images are available, more accurate per-channel blur kernels can be computed by accounting for the Bayer pattern sampling during blur kernel computation instead of using the demosaiced color values. A blur kernel is solved at the original image resolution, which is 2ū the resolution for each color channel. The point sampling function discussed above may be used, where the sampling is shifted according to the appropriate Bayer sample location. Embodiments and features discussed above can be realized in the form of information stored in volatile or non-volatile computer or device readable media. This is deemed to include at least media such as optical storage (e.g., CD-ROM), magnetic media, flash ROM, or any current or future means of storing digital information. The stored information can be in the form of machine executable instructions (e.g., compiled executable binary code), source code, bytecode, or any other information that can be used to enable or configure computing devices to perform the various embodiments discussed above. This is also deemed to include at least volatile memory such as RAM and/or virtual memory storing information such as CPU instructions during execution of a program carrying out an embodiment, as well as non-volatile media storing information that allows a program or executable to be loaded and executed. The embodiments and featured can be performed on any type of computing device, including portable devices, workstations, servers, mobile wireless devices, and so on. The embodiments can also be performed in digital cameras or video cameras, given sufficient CPU capacity. Patent Citations
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I booked a couples massage for my fiancé and I. They staff were fabulous and attentive. The atmosphere was quiet and peaceful. The massages were great! I would definitely go here again - next time I want to plan a full day! :)
On a weekend trip up north, three of my girlfriends and I dropped by Pamper Me for pedicures and manicures, etc. I atmosphere, staff and service were great!
This was my first time too this spa, the staff and atmosphere was wonderful! I had a spa facial and I would highly recommend it to anyone! It was very relaxing and the products they used were amazing and it was also a very clean environment ! I also had a manicure and it was awesome so many colours to... More
I had a package given to me as a gift for this spa and it was a good experience. I had a massage, facial and mani pedi. All was done very well except the manicure. It looks like i did it at home myself. I would go back for everything other than the mani.
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This is by far the worst manicure I have ever experienced. They were very nice but the quality was not there. The main receptionist had an unfortunate unwelcoming personality that could turn a troll to stone. Do not get the shellac manicure at all. I can not stress how terrible this experience was. The esthetican asked me if I could... More
This was my second time visiting this spa. My technician was great, however, when I went to pay the receipt using my PEAK 95.1 certificate I ran into problems. The lady behind the desk told me my voucher had already been used but they did not have the physical certificate. She continued to tell me that anyone can re-print the... More
There are far better spas in town for the money... Purchased one of there deal packages as a gift and didn't receive what it entitled me to.
Had a massage which I enjoyed but it was loud and a yoga class going on. I wouldn't get a massage here again. There are a lot nicer places around for the price.
I don't think I've ever had a worse manicure, or a more expensive one. I spent almost $40, and then went home and took it off. 1. I told the manicurist that I wanted my nails short, and repeated myself numerous times, but he barely clipped my nails at all. I wanted to offer to do it myself, but that... More
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With those caveats in mind, Perceptive Advisors was the largest buyer of Sarepta in the third quarter, adding 1.4 million shares. Wellington Management also bought 1 million shares.
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text: Running updates from the Zimmerman trialBy Graham Winch, HLNTV.comUpdated 6:47 PM ET, Wed July 10, 2013Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – George Zimmerman is congratulated by members of his defense team, Don West and Lorna Truett, after the not guilty verdict is read on Saturday, July 13, in Sanford, Florida. A jury of six women found him not guilty in the shooting death of Trayvon Martin. View photos of the public reaction to the verdict.Hide Caption 1 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – George Zimmerman's wife, Shellie Zimmerman, cries as friends and family members celebrate the verdict on July 13. Hide Caption 2 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Robert Zimmerman Sr. and Gladys Zimmerman embrace after their son is found not guilty on July 13.Hide Caption 3 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – George Zimmerman prepares to leave the courtroom after the not guilty verdict is read on July 13.Hide Caption 4 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Zimmerman confers with his defense team on July 13, after working out the wording for a response to the jury, who had asked for clarification on the instructions regarding manslaughter. The response, crafted and agreed to by both the prosecution and defense, instructed the jury to ask their question more specifically, as the court could not engage in general discussion.Hide Caption 5 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Zimmerman and his defense team stand in the courtroom as the jury arrives before starting their second day of deliberations on July 13.Hide Caption 6 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Prosecutor John Guy addresses the jury with his closing rebuttal during Zimmerman's murder trial on Friday, July 12. "He shot him because he wanted to," Guy told jurors, saying that Zimmerman didn't have to shoot 17-year-old Martin.Hide Caption 7 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Zimmerman's attorney Mark O'Mara holds up a chart during closing arguments for the defense on Friday, July 12. "How many 'what ifs' have you heard from the state in this case?" O'Mara asked the jury. "They don't get to ask you that."Hide Caption 8 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Zimmerman, right, sits with another defense attorney, Don West, this week. West objected to a third-degree murder charge also sought by prosecutors on Thursday, July 11, the day closing arguments began. The judge ruled out that charge but said the jury could consider convicting the defendant of manslaughter. Hide Caption 9 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Dr. Vincent Di Maio, a forensic pathologist and gunshot wound expert, describes Zimmerman's injuries while testifying for the defense Tuesday, July 9.Hide Caption 10 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Defense attorney Mark O'Mara, right, questions forensics animation expert Daniel Schumaker, center, at the bench of Judge Debra Nelson with Assistant State Attorney Richard Mantei, left, during a July 9 hearing on the admissibility of animation created for the defense. Schumaker showed the judge and Mantei some 3-D animation on his laptop after an overhead projector didn't work.Hide Caption 11 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – John Donnelly, a friend of George Zimmerman's, cries on the witness stand on Monday, July 8, in Sanford, Florida, after listening to screams on the 911 tape entered in evidence.Hide Caption 12 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Sondra Osterman, a friend of Zimmerman's, listens to the 911 tape while testifying on July 8.Hide Caption 13 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Mark Osterman, a friend of Zimmerman's, testifies on July 8 and describes the type of gun Zimmerman owned.Hide Caption 14 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Leanne Benjamin, a friend of Zimmerman's, smiles while identifying him in court on July 8.Hide Caption 15 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Sybrina Fulton, mother of Trayvon Martin, takes the stand during Zimmerman's trial on Friday, July 5.Hide Caption 16 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – George Zimmerman's mother, Gladys Zimmerman, listens to the 911 tape while taking the stand during his trial in Seminole County circuit court on July 5.Hide Caption 17 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Martin's brother Jahvaris Fulton testifies at the Zimmerman trial in Seminole County circuit court on July 5.Hide Caption 18 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Volusia and Seminole County associate medical examiner Shiping Bao testifies on July 5. Bao conducted the final autopsy on Martin and determined the cause of death to be a gunshot wound to the chest.Hide Caption 19 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Florida Department of Law Enforcement Crime Lab Analyst Anthony Gorgone testifies about DNA findings on Wednesday, July 3, in Sanford, Florida. Here, Gorgone points to a sweatshirt worn by Trayvon Martin on the night Martin was shot. Only one stain on Martin's hooded jacket yielded a partial DNA profile that matched Zimmerman's.Hide Caption 20 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Gorgone points to a jacket worn by Zimmerman on the night of the shooting. Multiple stains on Zimmerman's jacket tested positive for Zimmerman's DNA. At least two stains from the jacket tested positive for a mixture of DNA that included Martin's DNA.Hide Caption 21 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Firearms analyst Amy Siewert from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement answers questions from the prosecution while holding Zimmerman's gun on July 3. Siewert examined the gun and said Zimmerman had one bullet ready to fire in the chamber as well as a fully loaded magazine when the shooting occurred. Hide Caption 22 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Alexis Carter, a military prosecutor, testifies during the trial on July 3. Carter taught a criminal litigation class that Zimmerman completed, and testified that the class included extensive coverage of Florida's self-defense laws.Hide Caption 23 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Mark Osterman, a U.S. Air Marshal and friend of Zimmerman's who wrote a book about the case, testifies on Tuesday, July 2. He recounted the story of the shooting that Zimmerman told him and testified that when he took Zimmerman home from the police station after the shooting, Zimmerman wasn't acting like himself. Hide Caption 24 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Prosecutor Bernie de la Rionda, on July 2, demonstrates a possible scenario while questioning state witness Chris Serino, a Sanford police officer.Hide Caption 25 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Hirotaka Nakasone, a voice recognition expert with the FBI, testifies in the Zimmerman trial on Monday, July 1.Hide Caption 26 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Witness Jonathan Good is cross-examined by defense attorney Mark O'Mara on Friday, June 28.Hide Caption 27 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Selma Mora reenacts a scenario for defense attorney Mark O'Mara on Thursday, June 27. Mora lived in Zimmerman's neighborhood at the time of the shooting.Hide Caption 28 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Witness Jennifer Lauer points to where her former home was in the Retreat at Twin Lakes community during questioning by defense attorney Mark O'Mara on June 27. Lauer called 911 on the night of the shooting.Hide Caption 29 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Rachel Jeantel, a friend of Martin's, is questioned by defense attorney Don West on June 27. She appeared to get frustrated several times during the cross-examination, including one time when West suggested they could break until the morning so she'd have more time to review the deposition transcript.Hide Caption 30 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – The evidence letter that Jeantel says she wrote with a friend for Sybrina Fulton, Martin's mother, is displayed during the trial on June 27. When the defense asked Jeantel to read the letter, she said she couldn't read cursive. She asked a friend to write the letter for her, she said.Hide Caption 31 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Jeantel testifies on Wednesday, June 26. She was the last person to speak with Martin on the phone.Hide Caption 32 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Zimmerman walks past Martin's parents, Sybrina Fulton, left, and Tracy Martin, second from left, as he enters the courtroom after lunch recess on June 26.Hide Caption 33 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Diana Smith of the Sanford Police Department on Tuesday, June 25, shows the jury a bag of Skittles that was collected as evidence at the crime scene. Martin was said to be carrying the bag of candy and a soft drink at the time of his death.Hide Caption 34 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Assistant state attorneys John Guy, left, and Richard Mantei hold up Martin's sweatshirt as evidence during Zimmerman's trial on June 25. After Martin's death, protesters started wearing hoodies in solidarity against racial profiling.Hide Caption 35 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – During the trial on June 25, crime scene technician Diana Smith shows the jury a gun that was collected as evidence.Hide Caption 36 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Zimmerman laughs with defense attorney Don West during his trial on June 25.Hide Caption 37 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Selene Bahadoor enters the courtroom to take the witness stand on June 25. She was the first eyewitness to testify and said the shooting occured right behind her home.Hide Caption 38 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Seminole County 911 dispatcher Sean Noffke testifies on Monday, June 24, about his conversation with Zimmerman on a non-emergency line the night of the shooting.Hide Caption 39 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – A transcript of Zimmerman's police call on the night of the shooting is projected during opening arguments on June 24.Hide Caption 40 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Martin's father, Tracy Martin, cries on June 24 as he listens to the description of his son's death.Hide Caption 41 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Prosecutor John Guy gestures during his opening arguments on June 24. His first words to the six-woman jury may have raised a few eyebrows. "Good morning. 'F*****g punks, these a******s all get away,'" Guy quoted Zimmerman. "These were the words in this grown man's mouth as he followed this boy that he didn't know. Those were his words, not mine."Hide Caption 42 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – From left, Zimmerman's father, Robert Zimmerman Sr.; his mother, Gladys; and his wife, Shellie, are escorted from the courtroom on June 24. Since they are all on the witness list, the judge ruled they cannot be present in the courtroom until after they testify.Hide Caption 43 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Defense attorney Don West displays a photo of Zimmerman from the night of the shooting during his opening arguments on June 24. He opened his statements with a knock-knock joke but failed to win a laugh. "Knock knock. Who's there? George Zimmerman. George Zimmerman who? Good, you're on the jury," he said.Hide Caption 44 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – A video entered as evidence is displayed on June 24. It shows Martin, right, at a 7-Eleven on the night of his shooting.Hide Caption 45 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – From left, Martin's parents, Tracy Martin and Sybrina Fulton, and Benjamin Crump, the family's legal counsel, make a brief statement to the media before jurors heard opening statements on June 24.Hide Caption 46 of 47Photos: Zimmerman trial 47 photosKey moments in the Zimmerman trial – Zimmerman waits for the start of his trial on June 24.Hide Caption 47 of 47Story highlightsGeorge Zimmerman, on the 12th day of his trial, says he will not testifyDennis Root, an expert on the use of force, testifies Wednesday morning and afternoonZimmerman's father is the last witness before the defense restsHLN, CNN's sister network, is covering the George Zimmerman trial, gavel to gavel. Zimmerman is charged with second-degree murder in the death of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin on February 26, 2012. Here is testimony from Wednesday:[Updated at 5:40 p.m. ET] Defense attorney O'Mara asks if it makes more sense to do all of the closing arguments on Friday so they happen on the same day, instead of splitting them up."The reason I told you what schedule I wanted is because it makes sense to me," said the judge. She then dismissed the court.[Updated at 5:38 p.m. ET] The defense has requested that closing arguments be delayed. The judge delays them until 1 p.m. ET on Thursday. She says the prosecution will present its rebuttal argument on Friday morning, and the jury will be charged after that.The judge tells the attorneys to return at 9 a.m. ET to go over jury instructions.[Updated at 5:37 p.m. ET] The prosecution and defense both say there are no additional special instructions they want included on the jury instructions (aside from the other issues they've reserved until tomorrow).[Updated at 5:33 p.m. ET] The judge says "justifiable use of deadly force" (stand your ground) will also be discussed tomorrow, in regards to the jury instructions.[Updated at 5:32 p.m. ET] Prosecutors want manslaughter and aggravated assault to be included as lesser charges in the jury instructions. The defense objects, and the judge says they will take up this matter on Thursday.[Updated at 5:29 p.m. ET] The judge wants to go over the jury instructions with the attorneys.[Updated at 5:26 p.m. ET] The attorneys are at a sidebar. Donnelly is a former Vietnam combat medic who testified earlier in the trial that he heard Zimmerman's voice yelling for help on the 911 call. His testimony will remain in.[Updated at 5:24 p.m. ET] The judge says the court is "very, very, very" concerned about the rule of sequestration. She also says the witness list was long and it's hard to notify everyone about the rule of sequestration, especially considering that most witnesses didn't end up testifying. She also says she can't determine if Donnelly changed his testimony based on what he heard the two days he was in the courtroom. The judge has denied the prosecution's sanctions against this witness.[Updated at 5:15 p.m. ET] The defense says Donnelly was present for the second and third days of trial. Defense attorney O'Mara goes over some of the testimony he may have heard and says the family wanted him present in the courtroom. When defense attorney West saw Donnelly, he says he told him he couldn't be in the courtroom because he was a witness. Donnelly reportedly told West he didn't know he wasn't allowed to be in the courtroom. West says this would be the attorney's fault for not telling him about the rule of sequestration.[Updated at 4:57 p.m. ET] Prosecutor Mantei is making legal arguments about why the testimony of a defense witness, John Donnelly, should be stricken from the record. He says Donnelly was in court for two days and observed the testimony of several witnesses.Mantei also says John Good violated the witness sequestration order by meeting with the defense about their computer animation.Olivia Bertalan, according to Mantei, also violated the sequestration order by watching some trial coverage on television.Mantei isn't suggesting a remedy regarding Bertalan and Good.[Updated at 4:45 p.m. ET]The judge tells the jurors she's dismissing them until 10 a.m. ET on Thursday.[Updated at 4:44 p.m. ET]The jury is being seated.[Updated at 4:40 p.m. ET] The judge says she wants to tell the jury that closing arguments will begin Thursday. Both sides say they'll need three hours (For the prosecution, this would also include their rebuttal argument, which is after the defense's closing argument).[Updated at 4:38 p.m. ET]The judge says they can discuss the testimony of this agent in the morning, if he's available to testify.[Updated at 4:37 p.m. ET]Defense attorney O'Mara says Zimmerman's charge of battery on a law enforcement officer was dropped to a misdemeanor immediately. He also says the agents were in plain clothes and had grabbed one of Zimmerman's friends. O'Mara also questions this incident being called an "attack."[Updated at 4:34 p.m. ET] The prosecutor is now discussing the testimony of a witness he wants to call on Thursday. He's an agent who says Zimmerman allegedly attacked him."The defense has gone to great lengths that the defendant is... largely incapable of fighting. I think this agent would offer a different perspective on that," said Mantei.[Updated at 4:32 p.m. ET]The defense says it has some issues with the presentation of the prosecution's next witness. The prosecution tells the judge it won't be calling this witness now.[Updated at 4:31 p.m. ET]The judge tells the prosecution that it's calling Pollock, a prosecution witness, just so it can impeach him, which she won't allow in their rebuttal. The prosecution says the sole purpose of the testimony was to ask him about his website, so there's no reason for him to come back into the courtroom.[Updated at 4:29 p.m. ET] Defense attorney O'Mara says Pollock wouldn't have any financial interest in saying Zimmerman was soft and a "0.5" on a scale of 1 to 10.[Updated at 4:26 p.m. ET]The judge is back on the bench and prosecutor Mantei is presenting case law discussing how a witness's possible bias should be presented to jurors. He says he's not calling Pollack to impeach him, he wants Pollack to impeach the testimony of Root.[Updated at 4:22 p.m. ET] HLN found a section on Pollack's website, still active: http://www.kogym.com/zimmerman.htmWe believe this is what prosecutor Mantei is referring to when he asked Pollack if he's marketing the training he gave Zimmerman.It says: "To receive information about the training George Zimmerman received at KOKOPELLI'S GYM, please email request by filling out the form provided below."[Updated at 4:01 p.m. ET]The judge has dismissed the jury and recesses court for 15 minutes.[Updated at 3:56 p.m. ET]The attorneys are still in a sidebar.[Updated at 3:47 p.m. ET]The prosecution has called its first rebuttal witness, Adam Pollack, to the stand. Pollack owns the gym where Zimmerman took grappling and boxing classes. He testified earlier for the defense and said Zimmerman had no fighting skills."Are you now marketing the training that you gave George Zimmerman on your website?" asked prosecutor Richard Mantei."Absolutely not," said Pollack. The defense has objected and the attorneys are at a sidebar.[Updated at 3:45 p.m. ET]Defense attorney Mark O'Mara says the defense has rested its case.[Updated at 3:43 p.m. ET]The jury is being brought back in. The judge tells the defense it needs to rest on the record, in front of the jurors.[Updated at 3:41 p.m. ET]The judge says there's substantial evidence, both direct and circumstantial, that allows this case to go to the jury.[Updated at 3:37 p.m. ET]The prosecution says it plans to put on a rebuttal case with at least two witnesses. Defense attorney O'Mara is making his argument as to why there should be an acquittal.[Updated at 3:36 p.m. ET]The judge asks Zimmerman what his decision is about testifying."After consulting with counsel, not to testify your honor," Zimmerman said.[Updated at 3:34 p.m. ET]The defense now wants part of an interview with Martin's friend, Rachel Jeantel, entered into evidence. The judge wants to verify if this was played in front of the jury. O'Mara says there seems to be an issue that they need to fix.[Updated at 3:30 p.m. ET]O'Mara is now going over photos the defense wants entered into evidence.[Updated at 3:28 p.m. ET]Our producer, who is inside the courtroom, says the prosecutors were huddling during this recess. The judge is on the bench and the defense is asking if the defense timeline can be entered into evidence. The prosecution says it wants to look at the times to make sure they're accurate but doesn't have any objections.[Updated at 3:14 p.m. ET]The judge asks Zimmerman if he wants his attorneys to call any more witnesses."No, your honor," Zimmerman says. She tells him that she'll ask him, after the recess, whether he plans to testify.[Updated at 3:12 p.m. ET]The judge has dismissed court for a 15-minute recess.[Updated at 3:11 p.m. ET]Robert Zimmerman says he has listened to the tapes "at least" six times. He has been excused but the prosecution says he is subject to recall.[Updated at 3:10 p.m. ET]The defense has called Robert Zimmerman Sr., George Zimmerman's father, to the stand. He describes where he first heard the 911 tape with the screams in the background and says he was still under oath when he was asked if the screams belonged to his son."I told them absolutely, it's my son George," said Robert Zimmerman.[Updated at 3:07 p.m. ET]The defense has finished its questions and Bertalan has been excused.[Updated at 3:06 p.m. ET]Bertalan says Zimmerman gave her a lock for her sliding glass door, which she didn't find weird. She says she was very appreciative for his help. She also says police told her to get a dog, which she did.[Updated at 3:05 p.m. ET]"Were you appreciative of his efforts to help you out?" asked O'Mara."Very, we were terrified when this happened. ... I was just appreciative that he was offering his hand and had told me I could spend time with his wife if I needed to go somewhere during the day," Bertalan said.[Updated at 3:03 p.m. ET]Bertalan says she heard part of the trial, where Zimmerman's uncle testified. She says she hasn't tweeted about the trial this week, says she follows defense attorney O'Mara on Twitter and says she was on Nancy Grace discussing the case in the past. Guy has concluded his cross-examination.[Updated at 3:01 p.m. ET]Bertalan says Zimmerman visited her the day the break-in happened. They didn't know each other before, he had just heard about the incident. She told him about the race, age and sex of the people who broke in. She says she discussed the case with Zimmerman about 20 times and says the police eventually told them one of the suspects lived in their neighborhood and was arrested.[Updated at 2:57 p.m. ET]The defense has withdrawn its objection to the prosecutor's line of questioning and the jury is being brought back in.[Updated at 2:55 p.m. ET]The judge has dismissed the jury while prosecutor Guy asks Bertalan about her conversations with Zimmerman. She says Zimmerman came to her home to talk to her because he had heard she was a victim.[Updated at 2:53 p.m. ET]The defense has called Olivia Bertalan to the witness stand. She used to live in Zimmerman's neighborhood and says a crime was committed in her home. She describes the incident, in which two young black men rang her doorbell several times and then broke in."I was locked in my son's bedroom and he was shaking the doorknob trying to get in. I was sitting there with a pair of rusty scissors and my son in my arm," Bertalan said. She said police came and the men eventually left. They allegedly took her camera and laptop and tried to take her TV.The incident happened on August 2, 2011, and she eventually moved because of the break-in.[Updated at 2:48 p.m. ET]Root has been excused and the prosecution says he is subject to being recalled. The defense wants to discuss him being recalled in a sidebar but the judge says they'll talk about it later.[Updated at 2:47 p.m. ET]"Based on the information I received ... Mr. Zimmerman was not one to enter into the ring, he was not confrontational. Everything I reviewed in the case would indicate the opposite," said Root in response to a question by the defense attorney. He also said Zimmerman didn't have "that inner fire that compels you to be a fighter."[Updated at 2:45 p.m. ET]Prosecutor Guy has completed his questions.[Updated at 2:42 p.m. ET]Guy gets down on the ground to show how the gun could be shot at different angles as the shooter is laying on his or her back. Root agrees that anything is possible but it's about what's probable. [Updated at 2:39 p.m. ET]Guy makes the point that the wrist and hand move separately from the body, so can't that contribute to the angle of the gunshot wound."Anything is possible. That doesn't make it plausible," Root said.[Updated at 2:37 p.m. ET]After being hit in the nose, Root says, he would continue to fight because he's a fighter and that's what fighters do. He says he has also seen a hit in the nose stop a fight.[Updated at 2:35 p.m. ET]Root says this is the first time he's testified in this manner, for a criminal defendant, in front of a jury.[Updated at 2:33 p.m. ET]The defense has finished its round of questions and now prosecutor Guy is asking Root about the variables in this case."Do you know what Trayvon Martin was doing at the moment he was shot?" Guy asked."Yes," said Root."You do?" "It appears clear through the evidence," Root said. "I personally was not there. ... I can only base my opinion on the totality of the evidence."[Updated at 2:29 p.m. ET]"My personal response, if you shoved me ... I would take a position of advantage and give you strong verbal commands and make sure it's clear that you made a mistake," Root said.[Updated at 2:28 p.m. ET]Root says if you're confronted with an aggressor, the first thing you should do is "try to avoid it if you can." But he says there are several variables involved.[Updated at 2:25 p.m. ET]Root says he enjoyed being a police officer, which he considers a noble profession. He says he would suggest the profession to a relative who is fit and could take on the stress of the job.[Updated at 2:21 p.m. ET]"Getting the first shot into the face, it can provide various outcomes. The primary thing is you let the person know you're for real and it's devastating, especially if you have a hard punch," Root said. He also says the person who controls the ebb and flow of the fight can have a better chance at winning.[Updated at 2:18 p.m. ET]Root describes what happens when someone gets hit in the nose: The eyes tear up, it could result in bleeding that fills the nose and it could stun the person.[Updated at 2:14 p.m. ET]Root says he his reason for taking this case was not that it's high profile. He also says the attention you get from the case is positive and negative.[Updated at 2:05 p.m. ET]"Was there anything in Mr. Zimmerman's use of his firearm that you would consider to be reckless?" asked O'Mara."No," said Root.O'Mara asks him to explain, the prosecution objects and the attorneys are now at a sidebar.[Updated at 2:03 p.m. ET]In reference to Zimmerman saying on the non-emergency call that "those (expletive) always get away," Root says, "It was more of a frustration about the totality of everyone he's called in on ... not specifically one particular person."[Updated at 1:59 p.m. ET]The jury is being seated.[Updated at 1:56 p.m. ET]The defense still needs to finish with its current witness, Root, then they have two more potential witnesses after that. It is likely that the judge will then ask Zimmerman again if he wants to testify. The attorneys are still at a sidebar.[Updated at 1:51 p.m. ET] "Mr. Zimmerman, have you made a decision as to whether or not you want to testify in this case?" Judge Nelson asked."No, not at this time your honor," Zimmerman said. The judge told him she will give him more time to talk to his attorneys about testifying. The attorneys are at a sidebar.[Updated at 1:47 p.m. ET]The judge is back on the bench and defense attorney O'Mara is putting some exhibits into evidence, including a document showing Zimmerman's concealed weapons permit and the event report documenting another of Zimmerman's calls to the non-emergency line made in the months before the shooting.[Updated at 12:08 p.m. ET]Judge Nelson has recessed court for lunch. The live blog will pick back up when testimony resumes at 1:45 p.m. ET.[Updated at 12:06 p.m. ET]O'Mara just made the point that even if Martin was straddle over Zimmerman's belly button he could have still accessed his gun around his hip area[Updated at 12:03 p.m. ET]O'Mara has straddled a dummy and is slamming the dummy's head onto the floor. Root said the injuries to the back of Zimmerman's head are consistent with O'Mara's actions.[Updated at noon ET:]Guy has finished his questions for Root, and now O'Mara is questioning him.[Updated at 11:59 a.m. ET]Guy is asking if Root read Zimmerman's written statement to police and saw that he called Martin a "suspect." Root said he doesn't recall reading that, but he would take Guy's word that Zimmerman called Martin a "suspect" in his written statement.[Updated at 11:56 a.m. ET]Root is explaining how if someone is carrying a concealed weapon with a permit, that person is required to notify police officers about the weapon when interacting with them.[Updated at 11:53 a.m. ET]The attorneys are at a sidebar with the judge.[Updated at 11:52 a.m. ET]"There's a lot of things that if I was in that same situation I would have most certainly done differently," said Root explaining how he would have handled the altercation with Zimmerman.[Updated at 11:49 a.m. ET]Root said he Zimmerman had limited ability to fight back against Martin's attack, but he does think Zimmerman probably tried to defend himself.[Updated at 11:45 a.m. ET]Martin's parents have been in attendance for most of today's testimony. They appear to be paying close attention to Root's testimony.[Updated at 11:42 a.m. ET]Root said if someone was disengaging or backing away from a fight it would be a de-escalation of force.[Updated at 11:38 a.m. ET]Root said when he surveyed Zimmerman's neighborhood the sun had not set. So he never saw the scene at night.[Updated at 11:35 a.m. ET]Guy is asking Root how he can reconcile the fact the medical examiner said Martin was shot at 90 degree angle while he straddled Zimmerman around his belly button.[Updated at 11:32 a.m. ET]Root said in a "dynamic event" both people would be moving so the gun may have been accessible as Martin moved around.[Updated at 11:30 a.m. ET]Guy is straddling a dummy as he points out how Zimmerman may have had trouble grabbing a gun at his waist if Martin was straddled at or above Zimmerman's belly button.[Updated at 11:27 a.m. ET]Guy is going to refresh Root's recollection with his deposition regarding his statement about how Martin was straddled around Zimmerman's belly button.[Updated at 11:24 a.m. ET]Root said he did not ask Zimmerman if he tried to strike Martin, and he does not recall what Zimmerman said he was doing with his hands during the fight.[Updated at 11:21 a.m. ET]Guy is asking Root if Zimmerman explained to him how he lost his flashlight in the altercation. Root said no, he did not ask Zimmerman about what happened to his flashlight during the altercation.[Updated at 11:18 a.m. ET]Root said he did not ask Zimmerman about how the fight moved from one point to another.[Updated at 11:15 a.m. ET]Guy is asking Root if he took into consideration Martin's phone records and Rachel Jeantel's testimony or statements into his creation of his timeline of the shooting. Root said he did not consider the two-minute gap, between the end of Zimmerman's non-emergency call to the end of Jeantel's call with Martin.[Updated at 11:11 a.m. ET]Guy asked Root if he asked Zimmerman if he was concerned for his safety when he got out of the car the night of the shooting. Root said no, he did not ask Zimmerman that question.[Updated at 11:08 a.m. ET]"I have never had to discharge my firearm in the line of duty," Root said.[Updated at 11:06 a.m. ET]Guy asked Root about his normal fee schedule for his expert testimony. He said his normal rate to testify is $175 an hour, but he has an agreement with the defense that indicates he may not be paid for his services in this case.[Updated at 11:03 a.m. ET]Root is explaining that anyone who is reckless with a gun is dangerous.[Updated at 11:01 a.m. ET]O'Mara has finished his questions for Root, and now prosecutor John Guy is asking him questions.[Updated at 10:59 a.m. ET]Root is discussing different types of bullets, and what they do when they enter the body.[Updated at 10:57 a.m. ET]Root said that it is smart to get a round in the chamber if someone is carrying a gun for self-defense, because it will be ready to use.[Updated at 10:54 a.m. ET]Root is talking about the amount of pressure it takes to pull the trigger of Zimmerman's gun, and how it is a safe amount of trigger pressure.[Updated at 10:51 a.m. ET]Root is talking about qualities of the firearm Zimmerman used to shoot Martin.[Updated at 10:49 a.m. ET]O'Mara is talking to fellow defense attorney Don West.[Updated at 10:47 a.m. ET]"When you teach classes on force," Root said, "unfortunately, you have to teach them about how to use deadly force."[Updated at 10:45 a.m. ET]Root said people involved with high-stress events like shootings can have trouble remembering things.[Updated at 10:43 a.m. ET]Root said in all the evidence he reviewed in the case there was nothing he saw that indicated ill will or hatred from Zimmerman.[Updated at 10:41 a.m. ET]The attorneys are at a sidebar with the judge.[Updated at 10:40 a.m. ET]"In this particular case, just going off the timeline of the 911 call given the period of time, I have personally sat there and timed it myself where it is about 40 seconds of time. That's a very long time to be involved in any type of physical altercation," Root said.[Updated at 10:37 a.m. ET]"We have a golden rule. If you have not successfully completed the fight, if you have not won the fight in 30 seconds, change tactics, because the tactics you are using are not working," Root said.[Updated at 10:34 a.m. ET]A paramedic who was at the scene wrote in his report that Martin appeared to be in his 20s, according to Root.[Updated at 10:32 a.m. ET]Root is explaining that Zimmerman took some boxing training, but he had not to the skill level where he was ready to get in the ring with an opponent.[Updated at 10:29 a.m. ET]Root inquired into Martin's background and training with hand-to-hand combat.[Updated at 10:26 a.m. ET]"Based on the injuries depicted in the photographs, they were consistent with a fist fight," Root said.[Updated at 10:23 a.m. ET]Prosecutor John Guy objected to one O'Mara question as bolstering Zimmerman's statement he gave to police. O'Mara said he would reword his question.[Updated at 10:22 a.m. ET]Root is discussing the environmental conditions the night of the shooting. It was dark and rainy, and it was in an isolated area behind buildings.[Updated at 10:19 a.m. ET]The prosecution has objected to a Root comment on other witness testimony. O'Mara said he would reword his question.[Updated at 10:16 a.m. ET]"High stress events change the way we see things," Root said.[Updated at 10:13 a.m. ET]The attorneys are at a sidebar for the judge.[Updated at 10:11 a.m. ET]Root said stress can hurt an eyewitness's ability to report what they saw accurately.[Updated at 10:08 a.m. ET]"I used all that information to begin forming my opinions and to focus in my energy to evaluating what I thought may have taken place," Root said.[Updated at 10:04 a.m. ET]"This first I looked and listened to was the 911 call that came. Then I added that the initial interviews of the key witnesses," Root said. "The people with the most information that saw or heard the most."[Updated at 10:00 a.m. ET]Root said he received all the evidence in the Zimmerman case that he asked for to make his analysis.[Updated at 9:58 a.m. ET]Root reviewed witness statements, physical evidence and photographs in Zimmerman's case.[Updated at 9:54 a.m. ET]O'Mara has moved on to talk about the work Root has done on Zimmerman's case. Root said he saw the story unfold in the news so he reached out to O'Mara, because he could help.[Updated at 9:50 a.m. ET]O'Mara is asking Root about what kind of testimony he has provided to grand juries in the past.[Updated at 9:48 a.m. ET]Root has training in martial arts and boxing. He is also working on developing a style of martial arts that incorporates firearms.[Updated at 9:45 a.m. ET]Root has also received training in combat with knives.[Updated at 9:44 a.m. ET]When Root was working for law enforcement he would review "force events" for teachable moments for other officers.[Updated at 9:39 a.m. ET]Root is talking about NRA firearm training he has completed.[Updated at 9:35 a.m. ET]At one point, Root worked with juvenile offenders as a drill sergeant at a boot camp.[Updated at 9:32 a.m. ET]O'Mara is walking Root through his career in chronological order.[Updated at 9:30 a.m. ET]Root is a certified instructor in in different hand-to-hand combat techniques.[Updated at 9:27 a.m. ET]Root said police officers have to maintain training for firearms and weapons, and that training doesn't end until an officer retires.[Updated at 9:24 a.m. ET]O'Mara is asking Root about training he has received with different weapons.[Updated at 9:23 a.m. ET]Root is a specialist on the use of force. He is talking about his career in law enforcement.[Updated at 9:20 a.m. ET]Defense attorney Mark O'Mara has called Dennis Root to the stand.[Updated at 9:18 a.m. ET]The jury is being seated.[Updated at 9:17 a.m. ET]The judge will not admit computer animation as evidence. However, in an argument yesterday the prosecutor had no objection to it being used as a demonstrative aid -- so this will pave the way for the defense to use it in their closing.[Updated at 9:16 a.m. ET]Nelson has barred the jury from hearing about text messages from Martin's phone that seemed to indicate he engaged in fights..[Updated at 9:14 a.m. ET]Nelson is informing Zimmerman that he has the right to testify. She said wants him to take her notice under consideration and she will ask him later if he plans to take the stand or not.[Updated at 9:12 a.m. ET]Nelson said she was reading case law provided by the attorneys.[Updated at 9:11 a.m. ET]Nelson is reading a document right now.[Updated at 9:06 a.m. ET]It seems the attorneys are reviewing some materials before court gets under way.[Updated at 8:59 a.m. ET]Judge Debra Nelson is on the bench, and the attorneys have joined her for a sidebar.[Updated at 8:57 a.m. ET]Zimmerman is in the courtroom, and court should begin shortly.More from justiceCNN reporter grills Ferguson police chiefMom: We didn't do anything wrongNo federal charges against officer in Michael Brown deathPowered by Livefyre


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Best ResponseYou've already chosen the best response.0To solve x^2 + 8x − 20 = 0 I would factor it to find the factors: first, notice the -20, that means the two factors will be opposite signs second, the +8 (on the x term) means the larger factor is plus third, list the factors of 20 1,20 2,10 4,5 does any pair when subtracted give us +8? if so, that is the pair to use : (x-2)(x+10)= 0 now solve for x: either x-2=0 or x+10=0
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Best ResponseYou've already chosen the best response.1x^2+10x-2x-20=0 x(x+10)-2(x+10)=0 (x+10)(x-2)=0 either or x+10=0 x-2=0 x=-10 x=2
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Recipe by Burch
"This is an excellent recipe for real ceviche. For those of you who love ceviche, you know that good ceviche takes a little effort. I use the freshest seafood and produce from the local fine food market. For those of you who are not familiar with ceviche, it is an extremely refreshing cold seafood soup. It may sound weird, but it is awesome! Serve in half-orange bowl or martini glass."
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3 large tomatoes
4 jalapeno peppers
1/2 onion
2 tablespoons olive oil, or as needed
1 pound shrimp - peeled, deveined, and chopped
1 pound halibut, diced
1/2 pound small bay scallops
1 cup lime juice
1 cup tomato juice
3/4 cup fresh squeezed orange juice (orange halves reserved)
1/4 cup lemon juice
Pico de Gallo:
6 green onions, finely chopped
3 large fresh jalapeno peppers, seeded and finely chopped
2 avocados, diced
1 tomato, diced
salt and ground black pepper to taste
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Seafood Ceviche
Serving Size: 1/12 of a recipe Servings Per Recipe: 12 Amount Per Serving Calories: 208 Calories from Fat: 82
The best wintertime meals need a long, slow simmer while you're doing something else.
Our big collection of budget recipes will leave some jingle in your pocket.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
See how to make a low-fat chowder that's creamy and full of flavor.
This top-rated stew boasts 5 kinds of seafood in a garlicky tomato sauce.
See how to make spicy, citrusy shrimp and scallop ceviche, Mexican-style.


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MDB Tool is the best resource for viewing Microsoft Access databases on a Mac. You can use it to export your data directly into SQL (for creating an SQLITE database) or directly to CSV and launch it into Excel.
- Support for Unicode data
- Export options for both SQL and CSV
- Quick table view count
Please note: Databases must be in the Access 2007 or below format.
What's New
Note: Now requires OS X 10.7 or later.
- Fixed an issue that could fail to read some mdb files
- Fixed an issue with MySQL exporting
- OS X 10.7 or later


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Creative Bioscience Garcinia Cambogia 1234
Special Info for This Item | |
FREE Shipping Eligible | |
Online Exclusive |
Dietary Supplement. With 60% HCA (Hydroxycitric Acid) calcium potassium. Design the new you. www.creativebioscience.com. Does not contain: corn, soy, wheat, yeast, lactose, milk, egg or fish products, sugar, salt, starch, artificial coloring, flavoring or preservatives. Gluten free. (These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.)
Vegetable Cellulose (Vegetable Capsule).
Nutrition Facts
Serving Size: 2capsules
Servings Per Container: 30
Nutrient | Amount per Serving | % Daily Value |
Potassium | 50mg | 1 % |
Total Carbohydrate | 1g | -1 % |
Calcium | 50mg | 5 % |
Chromium | 200mcg | 167 % |
Gluten Free | ||
Gluten | 0 | |
Garcinia Cambogia (Fruit Rind) Extract with 60% HCA (Hydroxycitric Acid) | 1500mg |
As a dietary supplement, take two (2) capsules daily with a full glass of water. For best results drink plenty of water throughout the day. Do not exceed the recommended dose.
Use only as suggested. Consult a physician before use if you or a family member have been diagnosed with any medical conditions. Discontinue use and contact a physician if you experience any unusual symptoms. Do not use if you are under 18, pregnant, nursing, and/or packaging is broken. Keep out of reach of children.


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Pictures and Quotes From The Adjustment Bureau's Matt Damon and Emily Blunt in Men's and Women's Health 2011-02-08 07:44:59
Matt and Emily Team Up For Two Healthy Covers
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Matt and Emily Team Up For Two Healthy Covers
The Adjustment Bureau costars Matt Damon and Emily Blunt were the lucky ones chosen to be the first-ever cover stars of both Men's and Women's Heath, which hit newsstands today. Emily has been doing double duty promoting their collaboration as well as Gnomeo and Juliet, and we had the chance to learn all about her former gnome fears while at the recent junket for the animated picture. Emily and Matt are on the March editions of the Health magazines to chat all about their upcoming film, their close friendship, and how she got into shape to play a ballet dancer. Matt also shared a few choice words about movies he feels are made just based on a star's power at the box office — projects that he strives to avoid. They said:
- Matt on Emily's acting abilities: "There are a lot of great actresses her age right now, but Emily is just f—king unbelievable."
- Emily on having fun with Matt: "I met Matt and he was lovely and very funny, and instantly, I thought, 'Oh, we could be like teenage boys together. Just be weird and stupid and silly.'"
- Emily on getting in shape to play a ballet dancer: "I looked like an aerobics teacher. My shoulders puffed out, my back looked like there was a barrel of snakes in it and I had an eight-pack!"
- Matt on movies that are just star vehicles: "That's like watching someone jerk off, really. It's just absolutely not at all interesting, and not something I want to spend any time doing."
Read More Celebrity Photo ShootsThe Adjustment BureauMen's HealthEmily BluntWomen's HealthMatt Damon
Link Love
- Michelle Williams says she's "so good" at raising daughter Matilda — Us Weekly
- Hilary Duff gets candid about her divorce — HuffPost Celebrity
- Tom Brady and Gisele Bündchen step out after the Super Bowl — Lainey Gossip
- The Duggars come under fire for "cat bowling" stunt — Dlisted
- Madonna has some advice for Kanye West — ET
- Which model sisters met up in snowy NYC? — JustJared
- See Selena Gomez's latest Adidas campaign — Hollywood Tuna
- ABC Family airs youngest same-sex kiss in TV history — Pink Is the New Blog
- Anna Wintour wants babies banned from fashion shows — The Superficial
Latest Celebrity


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Transolar Galactica Episode VI: Release the Cobras Episode VI finds our hapless crew earning their wings. Not too well either.
KILL JAR JAR - Episode VI The final episode of the Fan's epic quest to obliterate the most annoying character ever created.
Episode VI: Men vs Vacation See what happened during Alex and Mr. Peveto's vacation while Mr. Garza went crazy in the last episode. Featuring music by Howard Shore, Mark Reagan and Kurt...
Miles and Ben Episode VI: Watches Analog or Digital? Which is better? Let Miles and Ben help you decide!
ReShoot: Episode VI It's the last day of filming on 'Shoot For Justice', and Ronnie needs Marshall to nail the scene so they can finally finish the over due and over budget film.
The Know (Episode VI) part 1 Kory and KMS discuss being black in the US and Barack Obama's chances of becoming president.


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This site is really cool.I had a lot of fun looking and purchasing many things.You guys have so many discounts i didn't know what to get first!...Read More ->
MJM magic is the real deal! Very affordable prices and what I like most is their custumer service. Very accommodating and they really answer every...Read More ->


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List of Gluten Free Foods
WholeFoods Magazine provides you with a complete list of gluten free foods. They also publish articles related to a wide range of premium whole-food supplements, organic foods and more. Contact them to know more. -
Organo Gold
Organo Gold -
Organo Gold Organic Ganoderma Coffee Distributor
Organo Gold is the Healthier Coffee Choice -
Blackmores Alternative Medicine
Blackmores offer a range of specially formulated health products for a number of conditions. -
Conservatory Blinds
Conservatory Blinds 4 Less are UK based suppliers and fitters of conservatory blinds. Bringing life to your conservatory through our exceptional range of blinds. -
Natural Cosmetics Brands
If you are looking for manufacturers of natural cosmetic brands or natural personal care products, sports nutrition or even gluten-free foods, Directory.wholefoodsmagazine is your right choice. Contact them to know more. -
BSN Cellmass
Buy BSN Cellmass 800g online from The Protein Warehouse. Here at The Protein Warehouse we sell top brands supplements at some of the UK's lowest prices. -
Micro Health Solutions has high quality glyconutrients for sale. -
Dentist London
Invisalign Dentist London -
dr mercola
Biovitamins recommendations offers Dr. Mercola for your health, encourages the ingestion of including unrefined coconut oil in place of polyunsaturated fats such as vegetable, soy, corn, safflower and canola oils.


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Fort Worth ISD Considering $490 Million Bond Issue
FORT WORTH (CBS 11 NEWS) – Fort Worth schools are in need of some major upgrades – upgrades to the tune of $490 million, according to the district. As one of the fastest growing urban districts in the state, FWISD officials say the district is running out of space and schools.
Friday evening, school board trustees held a public hearing on the issue and were expected to decide whether to put the proposal on the November ballot.
Kandi Thompson is one of thousands of parents interested in the decision. Although she lives in Fort Worth, her kids will soon go to school in another district because she can get them in sooner. Fort Worth ISD only has a limited number of Pre-K spots, but Superintendent Walter Dansby says if this bond package is approved that will change.
"Having them in Pre-K programs before they go into K programs really makes a world of a difference on how they see themselves and how we educate them."
The proposed bond package would be cut into three separate propositions. The first one would include new classrooms, security and technology upgrades. The second would pay for building a new performing and fine arts school and a school focused on science, technology and math. The third proposition includes school buses and equipment.
Alisha Fuxa says she has been trying to learn more about the bond package. She's concerned about overcrowding and security, but also wants to make sure the money is spent appropriately.
"For me and my family it's not about the money that's needed to do this because clearly we want better. It's just about where should the right money to the right place," said Fuxa.
If the bond package is approved it would mean a 3 cent increase in property taxes. For a Fort Worth home appraised at 115-thousand-dollars, it would amount to a 30 dollar increase per year.
Latest News:
- Jury In Super Bowl Seating Trial To Hear From NFL Commisioner
- Fears Turns To Frustration For Lakewood Elementary Parents
- Community Chips In To Rebuild Keller Family's Home
- Authorities Say Teens Getting Dangerous Hallucinogens In The Mail
- DISD Student Captures Teacher's Profanity-Laced Lecture On Cell Phone
Top Trending:


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NTP users are strongly urged to take immediate action to ensure that their NTP daemons are not susceptible to use in a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. Please also take this opportunity to defeat denial-of-service attacks by implementing ingress and Egress filtering through BCP38.See VMWareNTPDev for discussion of this topic.
The final two security bugs reported by Google's Security Team have been fixed as of ntp-4.2.8p1.
A new set of mode 6 vulnerabilities has been discovered and, while these vulnerabilities can be reduced by making sure you haverestrict default noquery
in yourntp.conf
file, the best and most complete way to avoid these vulnerabilities is to install and deployntp-4.2.8p1
which was released on 04 February 2015.
Please see the NTP Security Notice for vulnerability and mitigation details.Are you using Autokey in production? If so, please contact Harlan - he's got some questions for you.
timesync = true
(see below)
#!/bin/sh # timefix ntpd -qYou can enable timesync on a GNU/Linux host with a Guest OS command shown below:
vmware-guestd --cmd "vmx.set_option synctime 0 1"Run the above command TWICE. The second time (or possibly the first even) should produce an error if in-fact it is turned on correctly. If you want to disable timesync on a GNU/Linux host with a Guest OS command you can run with similar results as above:
I vmware-guestd --cmd "vmx.set_option synctime 1 0"


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Walkers Stadium
Leicester City v Coventry City
Championship League
Saturday, February 17th 2007,
By Robert
1. Why you were
looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may
As we made the short trip up the M69 we both had a worried feeling about what could happen today. Either Coventry would at the very least battle out a draw, or if we were lucky, a win. The worst we could get was a reasonably big loss at the hand of our local rivals Leicester city. We got the worst. 2. How easy was your
journey/finding the ground/car
parking: Ground is easy enough
to find. After you get off the motorway follow the signs
for the Fosse Park shopping complex, then head right at the
roundabout. Continue until you reach the next set of traffic lights where you
go left, heading towards the ground. Stick on this road until you can see
the ground, there is parking available at the Leicester tigers rugby
ground. Parking is around È3 per car . There is also a car park
next to that . Beware of the one way system when parking, we ended up
going in the way we were supposed to come out.
3. What you did
before the game pub/chippy.... home fans
Since we arrived at
around one o'clock we just sat in the car for a bit. Then we
went to see what the local area had to offer. We ended up finding a
pub, Nandos, a cinema and a Morrison's. A warning if you are wearing club
colours then don't try to get into the pub, because you will not be
allowed in. At some grounds I have heard of some fans getting hassle
by local fans but not here, Leicester fans just kept themselves to
4. What
you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other
sides of the ground?
On first impressions the ground seems quite modern as we made
our way towards it. Once inside the ground it beats all expectations, the
concourse is spacious and there's room to walk around. There are
also three plasma screen t.v.'s which show whatever match is on sky or the
BBC. The view from the away end is good considering you are put in a
corner, which is a fair distance from the
4. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies,
toilets etc..
At the start of the game the new Leicester chairman Milan
Manderic was introduced to the Leicester faithful. As soon as he
arrived on the pitch the Coventry fans started singing. This
was the only time Coventry fans made use of the great acoustics at
the away end that day. For the rest off the match there were only a few
Coventry fans who were singing, on that day it was the Leicester fans who
were the more vocal out off the two sets of fans. In terms off the
stewards they were more interested in what the home fans were doing
than the away fans. However when we were looking
for our seats they were extremely helpful. You can expect to pay
around È2 to È3 for burgers, pies, Cornish pasties ect. The toilets
them selves are quite small and they can get crowded at
5. Comment on getting away from the
Getting out off the ground and back to the car was quite easy.
But getting out Leicester was awful it took around 15 minutes just to get
back on main road heading out of Leicester then a further 45 minuets to
get back on the motorway. After that it was plain sailing on the
journey home.
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day
Over all a day out at in Leicester is a good day. I would
recommend a visit.
The Stadium- Great
The Match - Poor ( if your a Coventry fan - we lost
The Stewards-
Are you an away or
general football fan who has visited the Walkers Stadium recently?
If so why not submit your own review of the ground and
general day out?
Click here to find out
Return To The Leicester Page
Return To The Main Menu


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It is almost impossible to choose the most memorable thing about James Hannaham's powerful and daring second novel, Delicious Foods (a title suggestive of Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit"). It might be that one of its narrators is crack cocaine, or that one of its main characters loses his hands. It might be the evocative African-American slang and dialect. Or it might be the way the novel can be read as an extended metaphor for the situation of blacks in America.
Lizzie Vogel has grown up in what she, even at age 9, understands is "a very good situation." She has a nice home with a nanny and a chauffeur, two siblings and a dog. Then one day, her mother learns that Lizzie's father has had an affair. The next thing Lizzie knows, her parents have split and she has been shuffled off to live in the country with her mother, brother and sister.
Families come in all forms. Ame Dyckman's new picture book, illustrated by Zachariah OHora, is all about the most unlikely new family member for a bunny family of three. They arrive home one day, surprised to find a bundle on their front stoop—and it's none other than a baby wolf.
What makes Rob Dunn's narrative history of advances in heart research so fascinating is on vivid display in the opening chapter of The Man Who Touched His Own Heart. Here Dunn tells the story of a Chicago surgeon who performed the first-known repair to the pericardium, the protective sac around the heart. The year was 1893, and Chicago was abuzz over the World's Fair. The patient, a railroad worker, had been stabbed in a knife fight at a local bar. The surgeon, a talented, ambitious African-American man, had been forced by racial prejudice to found his own poorly funded hospital, serving Chicago's lower class. At a time when a knife to the heart was almost always fatal, the revolutionary procedure was delicate and complex because there was no technology to sustain the heart while a surgeon worked on it. To everyone's amazement, the procedure succeeded.
Of the dramatic plot twists that routinely occur in suspense fiction, one character in Harriet Lane's Her complains that they are "unsatisfying . . . nothing like life, which—it seems to me—turns less on shocks or theatrics than on the small quiet moments, misunderstandings or disappointments, the things that it's easy to overlook." Lane's novel, in which a vengeful woman infiltrates the life of an old acquaintance, features many potential shocks. But Her eschews cheap drama, instead building suspense by shedding light on two women's inner worlds.
Scott Blackwood's latest addition to the Texas literary canon, See How Small, is a brilliant, heartbreaking meditation on grief, parenthood and time.
Edith Pearlman has been publishing award-winning stories since the late 1970s, but became more widely known in 2012, when her story collection Binocular Vision won both the PEN/Malamud and National Book Critics Circle awards and was a finalist for numerous others. Her new collection, Honeydew, gathers tales from the last 15 years, each one a closely observed look at the ordinary graces and sorrows of everyday life.
"Down a path worn into the woods, past a stream and a hollowed-out log full of pill bugs and termites, was a glass coffin . . . and in it slept a boy with horns on his head and ears as pointed as knives." So begins Holly Black's exquisite story about siblings Hazel and Ben and the sleeping faerie prince they swore to protect. When Hazel and Ben were children, they would disappear into the forest, whisper their secrets to the horned boy and protect unsuspecting humans from the evil faeries. Ben subdued them with his haunting music, while Hazel wielded a sword against the sinister fae who lured tourists to their deaths. As they grew older, Hazel put away her sword and Ben gave up his music. But then one day the horned boy woke up. Hazel, now 16, once made a bargain with the fae, and they've come to collect.
You can't help but fall in love a little with the bookworm, with his bright eyes and shy smile, on the cover of Alice Kuipers and Bethanie Deeney Murguia's Violet and Victor Write the Best-Ever Bookworm Book. Composed of collages made of bits of text, fanciful book illustrations and cartoonish children, this book intrigues even before reading it aloud.
The diamond mines of Marange in Zimbabwe serve as the setting for this portrait of a family in turmoil, which focuses on a tenacious 15-year-old boy named Patson Moyo. Patson and his little sister, Grace, adore their father, a man who has dedicated his life to teaching. But it is their new stepmother, known simply as "the Wife," who compels her husband to leave his home and seek wealth by moving to Marange, where her brother James is involved in mining. In Marange, she claims, there are "diamonds for everyone."


text:
Extraordinary Gift to Benefit The Women's Wilderness Institute
News from: THE
For Immediate
Contact: Laura Tyson, 303.938.9191or firstname.lastname@example.com
From Dec 5-26, contact Brenda Porter at firstname.lastname@example.com
The Women's Wilderness Institute is delighted to announce a challenge grant anticipated to raise $50,000-the largest gift in the organization's history. An anonymous donor has pledged up to $25,000 to match community contributions from new donors, and current donors who stretch to increase their gifts.
"We were concerned about how the current economic climate might impact the Institute, especially its ability to run a full schedule of summer courses and provide scholarships for girls in need," said the donor, who wishes to remain anonymous. "We felt that a challenge that encourages new and increased gifts, would be a powerful way to inspire others in the community to step forward and support this wonderful organization."
"This gift is an extraordinary demonstration of confidence in the unique programming we provide," says founding and interim Executive Director Laura Tyson. "It's a major call to action to our community. We are one of only a few programs in the country that provides outdoor programming specifically designed to address issues relevant to girls. We urge everybody who believes in the power of developing strong, confident, and visible girls to be especially generous this year."
The grant specifically targets new and increased gifts, and challenges The Women's Wilderness Institute to broaden awareness of services they have been providing in Boulder County since 1998. Every gift from a new donor will be matched dollar for dollar. Every gift from an existing donor will be matched dollar for dollar above their previous gift. The grant will also match corporate and foundation donations.
The goal is to raise $25,000 to match the gift by March 31, 2011.
Double your gift today -- donate now
The donor's faith in Women's Wilderness and their ability to raise the money is particularly notable given that this is a transition period for the organization. In 2011, TWWI will focus all of its resources at the heart of its mission- the Girls' Wilderness Program. The girls' program will run a full schedule of fifteen multi-day courses for girls ages 9-17, while the women's program will pause until 2012.
About The Women's Wilderness Institute
The Women's Wilderness Institute is a nonprofit organization dedicated to strengthening the courage, confidence, and leadership of women and girls through the support and challenge of wilderness and community-based experiences. Since 1998, over 4,000 women and girls have participated on a Women's Wilderness course. For more information, visit womenswilderness.org, or call 303-938-9191.
# # #


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Punching a bag full of sand is a safer way to make you fit than punching a shark that is well liked by the community. Get in boxing shape with this Groupon.
$19 for Two Weeks of Unlimited Boxing and Kickboxing Classes with Hand Wraps and a T-Shirt ($49 Value)
Each one-hour boxing workout starts with a stretch and warm-up, followed by work on the heavy bag. Trainers lead students through a series of jabs, crosses, and hooks, followed by 15 minutes of core and abdominal training. Kickboxing workouts replace boxing punches with instruction on front kicks and roundhouse kicks, and conclude with 15 minutes of medicine-ball exercises and body-weight resistance training.
Title Boxing Club Fort Collins
A joint venture between a professional boxer and a team of successful kickboxing-equipment tycoons, Title Boxing Club maintains a network of dozens of studios spread across 19 different states, winning over a devoted clientele with its invigorating and engaging boxing- and kickboxing-themed classes. Each workout uses heart-healthy cardio training to satisfy people's innate desire to punch and kick something other than a broken jukebox. Participants build lithe, strong muscle tissue by delivering powerful blows to punching bags, and build flexibility and agility by practicing roundhouse kicks and hooks. Students can build their core strength and endurance with medicine balls and burpees, enlist a qualified personal trainer to practice their newfound skills in the ring, or just torch calories during intense full-body Power Hour workouts.
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TITLE Boxing Club Fort Collins
4360 S. College Ave.
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Get Directions


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What to Do With Pumpkin Puree
Beyond Pumpkin Pie: 10 Ways to Make Use of Puréed Pumpkin
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Beyond Pumpkin Pie: 10 Ways to Make Use of Puréed Pumpkin
Yeah, yeah, we all know about the classic pumpkin pie. It's a tried-and-true Autumn dessert, but why not think outside of the can this season? Pumpkin is a Fall staple, and we've got proof that you can incorporate it into just about anything. The warm and spicy flavor is always a welcomed surprise when complementing unexpected ingredients. Here are 10 wonderful ways to use pumpkin purée that you haven't thought of yet.
Photos: Anna Monette Roberts, Nicole Perry
3 years
I love it mixed together with Greek yogurt and a bit of pumpkin pie spice. Add some honey graham crackers for dipping and it's sort of like an instant pumpkin pie. :drool:
4 years
if you love pumpkin then you have have have to try Pumpkin Spice Coffee Toffee! its a candy made with real pumpkin & coffee with simple natural ingredients and is 100% gluten free!
its so good!
The Pumpkin Spice was The New York Times this week
4 years
I love to make these
Link Love
- Christmas isn't the only time to bust out an orangecello recipe — Tasting Table
- Major restaurants that have secret menus for dogs — Foodbeast
- Is a wine's year really that important? — HuffPost Taste
- 25 classic comfort recipes — Food.com
- The Apple watch's best feature? The ability to order fast food! — Grub Street
- 5 flavor enhancers you need to get now — Food52
- The next best red velvet hybrid — PureWow
- The secret ingredient your buttermilk biscuits are missing — Yahoo Food
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