text: Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 1 of 12 1 2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 3 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 4 5 6 In re PROS RIVERA, 7 Debtor. 8 __________________________________/ 9 CHERIE IVEY, 10 Plaintiff/Appellant, No. C 07-4333 PJH Bankr. Case No. 05-32090 TEC United States District Court 11 Adv. Case No. 05-3441 v. For the Northern District of California 12 ORDER AFFIRMING JUDGMENT PROS RIVERA, OF THE BANKRUPTCY COURT 13 Defendant/Appellee. 14 ____________________________________/ 15 Plaintiff and appellant Cherie Ivey ("Ivey") appeals the bankruptcy court's judgment 16 in favor of debtor and defendant/appellee Pros Rivera ("Rivera") following a bench trial in 17 the adversary proceeding filed by Ivey against Rivera in Rivera's Chapter 7 bankruptcy 18 case. For the reasons that follow, the court AFFIRMS the judgment of the bankruptcy 19 court. 20 BACKGROUND 21 Rivera was the chief executive officer and a director of Titan Endeavors, Inc. 22 ("Titan"), a Nevada corporation founded by Jerry Diggs1 for the purpose of investing in real 23 estate. After founding Titan, in May 2003, Diggs hired Rivera and issued Rivera shares of 24 stock in Titan. Rivera's responsibilities included locating and acquiring residential real 25 estate developments for the purpose of selling to the public. Rivera managed several of 26 Titan's bank accounts, but Diggs was solely responsible for deciding how and when to 27 28 1 Diggs passed away several years ago. Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 2 of 12 1 disburse Titan's funds. Over the course of approximately two and one-half years, Rivera 2 personally loaned Titan more than $2 million from his retirement accounts, equity in his 3 home, and from his own savings and checking accounts. Titan never repaid any of the 4 loans; and on July 5, 2005, Rivera filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy 5 Code, which was subsequently converted to a Chapter 7 case.2 6 On October 11, 2005, Ivey filed an adversary case, claiming that debts owed to her 7 by Titan were nondischargeable in Rivera's bankruptcy case due to fraud. Ivey's claims 8 related to two separate loans she made to Titan in early 2005, prior to Rivera's bankruptcy 9 filing. Ivey's first loan was in the amount of $150,000, and was made in January 2005. The 10 second loan was for $175,000, and occurred in February 2005. In her adversary complaint, United States District Court 11 Ivey claimed that both the $150,000 and $175,000 debts incurred by Titan were For the Northern District of California 12 nondischargeable under Bankruptcy Code § 523(a)(2)(A). 13 a. $150,000 Loan 14 Ivey was seeking investment opportunities when one of her family members put her 15 in touch with Diggs, Titan's founder, in January 2005. At the time, Ivey already had several 16 real estate investments. Ivey, formerly an elementary school principal in Oakland, 17 California, first met with Diggs when he came to her school in January 2005. Diggs 18 presented Ivey with an opportunity to invest in condominiums that were allegedly under 19 construction in Millbrae, California ("Millbrae project"). Following this meeting, Ivey 20 consulted with her attorney, who advised her to secure any loan(s) that she made. 21 She talked to Diggs several times following their first meeting, after which she 22 agreed to loan Titan $150,000 in exchange for Titan's agreement to pay her $300,000 from 23 the Millbrae project escrow, and to assign her two three-bedroom condominiums from the 24 Millbrae project, each valued at $899,000, following the project's completion. Additionally, 25 Diggs promised Ivey a deed of trust from Titan's president, Rivera, on his home. 26 27 2 Neither Diggs nor Titan ever filed for bankruptcy; and there is no dispute that Rivera filed for bankruptcy only in his individual capacity and not on behalf of Titan. 28 2 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 3 of 12 1 On January 27, 2005, Ivey met Diggs and Rivera at a Bank of America branch in 2 Oakland, California. This was the first time that Ivey had ever met or spoken to Rivera. 3 Ivey presented Diggs and Rivera with a cashier's check made out to Titan in the amount of 4 $150,000, and in return, received a packet of information, which included other investment 5 opportunities. Additionally, Ivey received a memorandum of agreement memorializing her 6 agreement with Titan, a promissory note, and a deed of trust on Rivera's home in Foster 7 City. The deed of trust specified that the interest in the property was being granted by 8 "Pros Robert Rivera, a married man as his sole and separate property." Exh. 7. Rivera 9 subsequently deposited Ivey's check into Titan's bank account. A couple days later, Ivey 10 noticed that, contrary to her prior verbal agreement with Diggs, the promissory note that United States District Court 11 she received stated that it was due and payable on February 26, 2006, instead of February For the Northern District of California 12 26, 2005. She contacted Diggs, who provided her with a new note payable on February 13 26, 2005. 14 At trial, Ivey conceded that she had never discussed the specific terms of the deal 15 with Rivera, but claims that Rivera implied that he had sole title to the house for which he 16 was granting her a deed of trust. Rivera testified that he could not recall the specifics of 17 any of his communications with Ivey at the bank on January 27, 2005, but that he in fact 18 personally handed Ivey the packet of information, which contained the promissory note, 19 deed of trust, and information on other investment opportunities. 20 Ivey and Rivera did not speak again following the January 27, 2005 meeting at the 21 bank. 22 b. $175,000 Loan 23 Following her January 27, 2005 loan, Ivey again met with Diggs and spoke with him 24 several times regarding another one of Titan's alleged projects, condominiums that were 25 being developed in Oakland ("Oakland project"). On February 24, 2005, Ivey subsequently 26 gave Diggs two cashier checks totaling $175,000. In return, Diggs agreed that Titan would 27 reimburse Ivey the $175,000 principal plus an additional $100,000 within thirty days of the 28 3 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 4 of 12 1 close of escrow. Exh. 15. Alternatively, if the financing for the Oakland project was not 2 successfully consummated, then Ivey was to be immediately reimbursed for her $175,000. 3 However, if financing was completed successfully, then Ivey was to continue receiving 4 additional payments totaling $5 million. 5 Rivera never met with or spoke to Ivey regarding the Oakland project, and was out 6 of the country at the time that she entered into the agreement with Diggs. Additionally, the 7 $175,000 was also deposited into a different bank account from that managed for Titan by 8 Rivera. 9 Ivey never received any payments on the $150,000 and $175,000 loans. However, 10 in 2006, during the course of Rivera's bankruptcy case, Rivera's home, which he owned United States District Court 11 with his wife as a joint tenant, was sold during foreclosure proceedings instituted by Ivey. For the Northern District of California 12 The bankruptcy court approved the Chapter 7 trustee's distribution of a portion of the sale 13 proceeds to Rivera's wife based on her interest as a joint tenant, over Ivey's objection. 14 However, Ivey ultimately received approximately $78,000 from the foreclosure proceeds, 15 which represented Rivera's interest in the property, in satisfaction of her deed of trust on 16 the property. 17 Subsequently, on June 27, 2007, in the adversary case initiated by Ivey, the 18 bankruptcy court held a bench trial at which both parties introduced numerous exhibits, and 19 during which both Ivey and Rivera testified. Following the trial, the bankruptcy court held 20 that Ivey's $150,000 and $175,000 loans were dischargeable in Rivera's bankruptcy case, 21 and this appeal followed. 22 DISCUSSION 23 A. Standard of Review 24 The court reviews the bankruptcy court's conclusions of law de novo, and its findings 25 of fact for clear error. Citibank v. Eshai (In re Eshai), 87 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 1996). A 26 factual finding is clearly erroneous if, after examining the evidence, the reviewing court "is 27 left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed." Anderson v. 28 4 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 5 of 12 1 City of Bessemer, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985). 2 B. Legal Standards 3 A central purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to allow an honest but unfortunate 4 debtor to get a fresh start. In re Apte, 96 F.3d 1319, 1322 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Grogan 5 v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286-87 (1991)). A dishonest debtor, on the other hand, will not 6 benefit from his wrongdoing. Id. Consistent with this policy, not all debts in bankruptcy are 7 dischargeable. Id. 8 Bankruptcy Code § 523(a)(2)(A) provides in pertinent part: 9 A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt — 10 (2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal or United States District Court 11 refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by– For the Northern District of California 12 (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor's or an insider's financial condition. 13 14 To except a debt from discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A), the creditor must show: (1) 15 that the debtor made a representation; (2) the debtor knew at the time the representation 16 was false; (3) the debtor made the representation with the intention and purpose of 17 deceiving the creditor; (4) the creditor justifiably relied on the representation; and (5) the 18 creditor sustained damage as the proximate result of the representation. In re Eshai, 87 19 F.3d at 1086. These elements must be proved by the preponderance of the evidence. Id. 20 at 1087. 21 "[A] false representation may be established by an omission when there is a duty to 22 disclose." Id. at 1089. Provided the debtor has a duty to disclose, "[o]ne who fails to 23 disclose to another a fact that he knows may justifiably induce the other to act or refrain 24 from acting in a business transaction is subject to the same liability to the other as though 25 he had represented the nonexistence of the matter that he has failed to disclose." Id. 26 The general rule is that a person may justifiably rely on a representation even if the 27 falsity of the representation could have been ascertained upon investigation. In re Kirsh, 28 5 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 6 of 12 1 973 F.2d 1454, 1458 (9th Cir. 1992). In other words, "negligence in failing to discover an 2 intentional misrepresentation is no defense." Id. at 1459. However, a person cannot rely on 3 a representation if "he knows that it is false or its falsity is obvious to him." Id. at 1458. In 4 sum, although a person ordinarily has no duty to investigate the truth of a representation, "a 5 person cannot purport to rely on preposterous representations or close his eyes 'to avoid 6 discovery of the truth.' " Id. at 1459. 7 C. Bankruptcy Court's Ruling 8 It is important to note at the outset that in its ruling and judgment in the adversary 9 case, the bankruptcy court did not finally resolve the validity of Ivey's claims against 10 Rivera's estate. See October 3, 2007 Bankruptcy Court Order re: Trustee's Objections to United States District Court 11 Claims (noting that its judgment in the nondischargeability adversary proceeding "did not For the Northern District of California 12 address the validity of the claims. . . but only whether those claims would pass through the 13 [d]ebtor's bankruptcy").3 Instead, assuming without deciding that the claims were valid 14 claims against Rivera's estate, the bankruptcy court resolved whether fraud or other false 15 pretenses precluded the claims from passing through and being discharged by Rivera's 16 bankruptcy case. See id; see also June 27, 2007 Trial Transcripts at 11-13, 168. 17 Accordingly, to the extent that Ivey attempts to raise issues regarding the validity of the 18 claims in this appeal, those issues are beyond the scope of the bankruptcy court's 19 judgment as to dischargeability, and thus beyond the scope of this appeal. 20 The bankruptcy court ruled on the record following the bench trial on June 27, 2007. 21 22 3 The allowance and validity of Ivey's claims is governed by Bankruptcy Code §§ 501 and 502, and is distinct from the claims' dischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(A). In this case, 23 Ivey filed several claims in accordance with § 501 in Rivera's main bankruptcy case. The Chapter 7 trustee objected under § 502 to Ivey's claims based on the $150,000 and $175,000 24 loans, contending that Rivera's estate was not liable for the loans because they were owed by Titan and not by Rivera. Initially, the bankruptcy court sustained the trustee's objections to the 25 claims and disallowed the claims in their entirety, based at least in part on Ivey's failure to timely respond to the trustee's objections. However, upon Ivey's motion for reconsideration, 26 the bankruptcy court subsequently withdrew its order disallowing the claims as moot, based on the fact that Rivera's bankruptcy estate lacked sufficient funds to make any distributions on 27 the claims regardless of their validity, and thus declined to make any findings regarding the validity of the claims. See Bankruptcy Court's October 31, 2007 Order. 28 6 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 7 of 12 1 It noted the five elements that Ivey was required to prove under § 523(a)(2)(A) in order to 2 establish that the debts were nondischargeable. The court then divided Titan's alleged 3 representations into two categories: those related to the deed of trust, and other promises 4 to repay both loans outside of the deed of trust. 5 Turning first to the deed of trust, the court ultimately found that there was no 6 evidence that Titan and/or Rivera represented to Ivey that Rivera held an interest in the 7 entire property pledged. It also found that Rivera had not made any such representations 8 in his January 27, 2005 conversation with Ivey at the bank. The court further found that 9 there was no evidence that Titan and/or Rivera represented that Rivera's property interest 10 securing the note was sufficient to fully cover the $150,000 debt. United States District Court 11 As for the language utilized by the deed of trust itself, which specified that the For the Northern District of California 12 interest in the property was being granted by "Pros Robert Rivera, a married man as his 13 sole and separate property," the court found that the language could constitute a 14 misrepresentation and could have conceivably created an impression that Rivera owned 15 the entire property. However, the court concluded that there was no evidence that Titan 16 and/or Rivera intentionally utilized that particular language in order to deceive Ivey. 17 Additionally, the court implied that Ivey could not justifiably rely on the language in 18 the deed of trust as a representation that the property was sufficient to fully secure the debt 19 given the "exceptionally high rate of return" that she was promised. Transcripts at 164. It 20 held that given the circumstances of the "phenomenal" deal, Ivey was "obligated to look at 21 [the] case a little bit [more] closely." Transcripts at 164. 22 Turning to Titan's other promises to repay both the $150,000 and $175,000 debts, 23 the bankruptcy court noted that Titan represented to Ivey that it was attempting to 24 successfully complete the underlying condominium projects, and that it would repay Ivey 25 from the proceeds of the condominium projects if they sold. The court did not resolve 26 whether those representations were false and/or made with the intention and purpose of 27 deceiving Ivey, but instead simply ruled that Ivey could not justifiably rely on the 28 7 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 8 of 12 1 representations, citing the leading Supreme Court case on the issue, Field v. Mann. 516 2 U.S. 59 (1995). In support, the court noted that it was considering Ivey's education and 3 experience, and held that she fell into a "sort of middle category." Transcripts at 166. It 4 also noted that she was not an investment or real estate professional, but that she held a 5 college degree and had bought and sold real estate before. Id. 6 The bankruptcy court further noted the "phenomenal" rate of return that Ivey was 7 being offered on both the $150,000 and $175,000 loans. It noted that with respect to the 8 $150,000 loan, Ivey was offered not only a one hundred percent return on the loan within a 9 month of making the loan, but was also promised an additional $150,000 profit when the 10 condominiums closed escrow plus two condominiums, worth nearly $1.5 million. It found United States District Court 11 that this exceptional rate of return, plus the fact that Ivey failed to conduct any of her own For the Northern District of California 12 due diligence into whether Titan owned the condominiums and the status of the projects, 13 made Ivey's reliance on Titan's representations unreasonable. The court found that had 14 Ivey conducted some due diligence, she would have discovered that Titan "was not a good 15 organization that [she] wanted to loan money to." Transcripts 168. 16 D. Analysis 17 Ivey has set forth four issues in her statement of issues on appeal. However, as 18 framed, the issues are somewhat overlapping and several misstate the appropriate 19 standard of review to be applied by the court. Accordingly, the court has recharacterized 20 the issues to some degree, which include whether: 21 (1) the bankruptcy court erred when it failed to issue written findings of fact 22 and conclusions of law, but simply ruled from the bench following the bench 23 trial; 24 (2) the bankruptcy court erred in concluding that Rivera did not fraudulently 25 misrepresent his property interest in the home pledged pursuant to the deed 26 of trust; 27 (3) the bankruptcy court erred in concluding that the debts were 28 8 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 9 of 12 1 dischargeable in spite of evidence suggesting that Titan was not properly 2 capitalized and was not properly registered in the State of California; and 3 (4) the bankruptcy court failed to consider evidence regarding the plaintiff's 4 and defendant's backgrounds and experience in ruling that the debts were 5 dischargeable. 6 1. Bankruptcy Court's Failure to Make Written Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law 7 Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure ("FRBP") 7052 states that Federal Rule of 8 Civil Procedure ("FRCP") 52 applies in adversary proceedings. FRCP 52(a)(1) provides in 9 pertinent part: 10 (a) Findings and Conclusions. United States District Court 11 (1) In General. In an action tried on the facts without a jury or with an For the Northern District of California 12 advisory jury, the court must find the facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately. The findings and conclusions may be 13 stated on the record after the close of the evidence or may appear in an opinion or a memorandum of decision filed by the court. Judgment 14 must be entered under Rule 58. 15 The standard for adequacy of factual findings is "whether they are explicit enough on 16 the ultimate issues to give the appellate court a clear understanding of the basis of the 17 decision and to enable it to determine the grounds on which the trial court reached its 18 decision." In re Leavitt, 171 F.3d 1219, 1223 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). The 19 appellate court may affirm the lower court on any ground fairly supported by the record. Id. 20 Where the lower court rules from the bench, express written findings are unnecessary if "a 21 complete understanding of the issues may be had from the record without the aid of 22 separate findings." Id. 23 Here, Ivey mischaracterizes the bankruptcy court's findings of fact as "rambling," and 24 argues that the bankruptcy court erred in failing to make any findings regarding the 25 existence of fraud. The court has reviewed the transcripts of the bankruptcy court's ruling, 26 and finds no merit to this argument. Nearly ten pages of the transcripts are devoted to the 27 bankruptcy court's ruling, and the court clearly set forth the legal standards that it was 28 9 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 10 of 12 1 applying, categorized the various promises and representations and related rulings in a 2 comprehensible and organized fashion, and clearly explained the factual findings 3 underlying its ruling. As for the existence of fraud or false pretenses, the bankruptcy court 4 did not need to reach that nondischargeability element because it found that, regardless of 5 whether Titan's representations were fraudulent, Ivey did not justifiably rely on them. 6 Accordingly, the absence of justifiable reliance supported the bankruptcy court's ultimate 7 determination that the debts were dischargeable. 8 In sum, the court concludes that the bankruptcy court's oral ruling made sufficiently 9 clear reference to the facts established by the evidence and provided a clear and complete 10 understanding of the basis for its ruling. United States District Court 11 2. Representations Regarding Rivera's Property Interest Referenced in the Deed of Trust For the Northern District of California 12 Ivey is not entirely clear in her argument on this issue, but it appears that she 13 contends that the bankruptcy court erred when it refused to find the $150,000 debt 14 nondischargeable based on the representation contained in the deed of trust. As noted, 15 the court found that the language contained in the deed of trust - which specified that the 16 interest in the property was being granted by "Pros Robert Rivera, a married man as his 17 sole and separate property" – could constitute a misrepresentation and could have 18 conceivably created an impression that Rivera owned the entire property. However, the 19 court concluded that there was no evidence that Titan and/or Rivera intentionally utilized 20 that particular language in order to deceive Ivey. Additionally, the court implied that Ivey 21 could not justifiably rely on the language in the deed of trust as a representation that the 22 property was sufficient to fully secure the debt given the "exceptionally high rate of return" 23 that she was promised. 24 Having reviewed the entire record, this court cannot conclude that the bankruptcy 25 court's credibility findings or its findings regarding Rivera's purpose in using the language 26 were clearly erroneous. Instead, the record demonstrates the opposite. The bankruptcy 27 court was therefore permitted to rely on Rivera's testimony and evidence to the contrary. 28 10 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 11 of 12 1 Nor was the bankruptcy court's related finding regarding justifiable reliance clearly 2 erroneous. See Kirsch, 973 F.2d at 1456 ( "[t]he determination of justifiable reliance is a 3 question of fact subject to the clearly erroneous standard of review"). Ninth Circuit law is 4 clear that one cannot justifiably rely on "preposterous" representations. Id. at 1459. It was 5 not clearly erroneous for the bankruptcy court to conclude that Ivey had a heightened duty 6 to investigate the legitimacy of the transaction given that she was promised a return of 7 nearly 1100% -- $1.8 million in exchange for her $150,000 loan. 8 3. Evidence re: Titan's Corporate Status 9 Ivey additionally argues that the bankruptcy court erred in finding the debts 10 dischargeable given evidence that Titan was never properly capitalized, and that it did United States District Court 11 business in California without registering as a foreign corporation. For the Northern District of California 12 Ivey also raised these issues in her trial brief filed with the bankruptcy court prior to 13 the bench trial. However, following Rivera's motion in limine, the bankruptcy court 14 specifically ruled that evidence on the above issues was not relevant in the 15 nondischargeability bench trial because Rivera was willing to stipulate that given his role 16 and ownership interest in Titan, he may be held liable for certain of Titan's debts as long as 17 Ivey was able to prove the requisite five elements for nondischargeability. See Transcripts 18 at 13-14.4 In light of Rivera's stipulation, Ivey agreed that the above evidence need not be 19 admitted. Id. 20 Given Rivera's stipulation in favor of Ivey, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its 21 discretion in declining to consider the above evidence in conjunction with its judgment of 22 dischargeability. 23 4. Evidence re: Ivey's and Rivera's Backgrounds 24 Ivey also suggests that the bankruptcy court failed to adequately consider evidence 25 26 4 In support, the bankruptcy court stated: "I think [Rivera's] ownership of the shares [of Titan] or his assertion of ownership of the shares give him enough interest that if he made 27 misrepresentations covered by 523(a)(2), he can be held liable for the amount of money received and the defendant does not dispute that." Transcripts at 14. 28 11 Case 3:07-cv-04333-PJH Document 15 Filed 06/19/2008 Page 12 of 12 1 regarding her experience and background and that of Rivera in its ruling and judgment. 2 This simply is not the case. As noted above, the court specifically considered Ivey's 3 background and experience in determining whether or not her reliance on representations 4 was justifiable. Additionally, the court also considered extensive evidence regarding 5 Rivera's background, based both on his testimony at trial and on his deposition testimony 6 and accompanying exhibits. 7 Accordingly, the court concludes that the bankruptcy court's findings regarding Ivey's 8 background and her justifiable reliance were not clearly erroneous, and also finds that the 9 court did not abuse its discretion by failing to adequately consider evidence regarding 10 Rivera's background and experience. United States District Court 11 CONCLUSION For the Northern District of California 12 For the reasons set forth above, the court AFFIRMS the judgment of the bankruptcy 13 court denying Ivey's nondischargeability claims. 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 16 Dated: June 19, 2008 17 ______________________________ PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12


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5 Factors That Surprisingly Don't Affect Your Credit Score Some important aspects of your financial health aren't reported to credit bureaus and won't result in a bad credit score.
Those 'Preapproved' Credit Card Offers Don't Tell the Truth Being preapproved for a credit card is more of a marketing gimmick than a step toward approval. Sadly, a preapproval pitch might be a scam instead.
Workers' Rights Groups: Let's Outlaw Job Applicant Credit Checks It's a classic Catch 22. Your credit is bad because you need a job, and you can't get a job because your credit is bad. A host of advocacy groups want to fix that.
Can Poor Credit Cost You a Job? A Recent Study Says Yes Employer credit checks are preventing the nation's hardest hit job seekers from entering the workforce, a new study shows.
Credit checks don't tell potential employers enough to allow them The state of Oregon is considering a bill I think is a fabulous idea. SB 1045 is titled "Limits use of credit history for employment purposes to...

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Air Products Health Care
B-298293,B-298293.2: Aug 11, 2006
Additional Materials:
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(202) 512-8278
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(202) 512-4800
American Homecare Supply, LLC, dba Air Products Healthcare protests the award of a contract to Rotech Healthcare Inc. by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), pursuant to request for proposals (RFP) No. 00241-05-00106, issued to procure home oxygen delivery and support services for veteran patients located in the VA's Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 1, which includes the New England states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Air Products argues that the VA unreasonably concluded that its proposal was technically unacceptable, failed to hold meaningful discussions, and conducted an unreasonable evaluation of past performance.
We deny the protest.
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Sarah Star
Fox ReynardModel Female Asheville, North Carolina, US My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/FoxReynard
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About Me'Ello ole chap! Hope you are well on this beautiful, merry day.The name is Fox. I'm 24 and currently have a short pixie cut of natural, well-taken care of red hair. Pierced ears and nostril. Tattoos on an upper thigh, forearm, and wrist. As you can see in my portfolio, I have lightly freckled, fair skin with pink undertones. Below is a link to a Royal Peasantry Couture Video that I happen to be in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go6t3OHPGmc Thank you for your interest, Ciao! Friends |


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Feeding Frenzy
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Feeding Frenzy will be held from 11-11:30 a.m. Tuesday through Sunday through December 31 at Huntington Beach State Park.
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Huntington Beach State Park
Huntington Beach State Park is located on the south end of the Grand Strand and offers fishing, camping, hiking trails and guided and self-guided tours of the famous Atalaya castle. It's a wildlife lovers dream. A wide variety of animals call this area home and Huntington Beach State Park is…
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Date: 1972
Description: "This is a copy of a photograph taken by Milwaukee Journal staff photographer, Ernie Annheuser and was featured in that paper. Ralph Widmer lets Mayor John...
Date: 1987-06
Description: Parishioners surprise Reverend Charles D. Loehr with an anniversary party celebrating 40 years in the priesthood.
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Description: "Shirley Borgman."
Date: 2004
Description: Mark and Eileen Lifke operate a working farm at W1873 Allen Rd (Section 29). They currently milk 55 cows. The Lifkes have lived here for 22 years.
Description: Rodney and Laurie Justman live at W1910 Hwy TW (Section 5). They purchased the farm in 1975. Rodney's first wife, Jeanine, died in July 1996.
Date: 1986 ca.
Description: Shirley and Alphonse Beck are dwarfed by this large Red Oak in Beck's Woods along North Pole Road, near the Theresa Station. The tree measures 12 feet in c...
Date: 1963
Description: Winter scene of Ralph Widmer, the photographer's brother, using a snow blower to clear a walkway on Wisconsin Street, Theresa, Wisconsin. Written on back,...
Date: 1968
Description: "Memorial Day."
Description: Tom and Leslee Kovalaske, who were married in Milwaukee in 1985, held their wedding reception in this barn.
Description: John and Tammy Roecker with their children Cayla 3, Courtlyn 4, and (not pictured) Cody & Cassie. They live across the road from this barn at W4161 Mountai...
Date: 1988-07
Description: "Suzanne Erdman of Theresa State Bank and Fireman Chuck Trauba hold a sign showing progress of Theresa Fire Department's Jaws of Life Fund Raiser."
Date: 1995-11
Description: "John Reklau, age 92, was photographed while busily working in his tidy workshop room that once housed his chickens."
Date: 1995-07
Description: Milwaukee Street in Theresa, Wisconsin.
Description: Dave Straub and children, Sophie and Venice, and their friendly chicken, live at N8089 Doyle Rd (Section 26). Dave has lived here since 1991.
Description: Duane and Mary Schreiber live at W455 Allen Rd (Section 25). Their granddaughter, Mia, is with them.
Date: 1978-02-05
Description: "Armand Quick, one of Theresa's most famous sons, died in late January and is buried in the family plot at the Catholic Cemetery. Quick was famous for his...
Date: 1958
Description: "This was an early bulk truck for picking up milk. The box had room for a whey tank, to return whey to the farm."
Date: 1996-11
Description: "Les Beck displayed World War II memorabilia on Veteran's Day, Nov. 11. Les served 39 months overseas with the famed 32nd Red Arrow Division."
Date: 1997-09-10
Description: "Dismantling Theresa's Water Tower."
Date: 1966
Description: "This view is from St. Theresa Catholic Church. Looking north toward Zimmel Implement."
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The Eagles of Boston College play in the competitive Atlantic Coast Conference, the ACC, which features some of the top men's college basketball teams in today's game. Boston College Eagles Basketball Tickets give fans the opportunity to see action against the likes of Duke, North Carolina, Wake Forest, Florida State, Georgia Tech and other major conference and non-conference foes. Take in the action at the Conte Forum on the campus of Boston College in Chestnut Hill and see the Steve Donahue led Eagles compete on the hardwood for a chance to reach the Big Dance, a feat the men's basketball team has done eighteen times in school history. Grab your Boston College Eagles Basketball Tickets today and don't miss the action!Next 3 Games
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Results 6 to 10 of 19
Thread: Will Violet seem dated soon?
May 13th, 2013 07:35 PM #6
Also (very) worried about this! I'm agonizing over this name everyday. I just love it but don't want to use a dated name, since I have an "80's" name and despise it. I am favouring Violet just ahead of Daphne. Today I had reconciled that Violet was going to be it, then I see this thread and totally second guess it again...
May 13th, 2013 11:01 PM #8
I don't think it will seem dated. I just think that it will be extremely common and popular. It might lose it's "spark".
♥ nineteen & renaming myself soon ♥
May 15th, 2013 08:32 PM #10
Thanks! I'm probably overthinking it but it still worries me.
Felicity ~ Calista ~ Claudia ~ Beatrice "Betty" ~ Carlotta ~ Millie ~ Cora ~ Audrey ~ Violet
Calvin ~ Jude ~ Miles ~ Oliver ~ Roscoe ~ Benjamin ~ Leo ~ Adrian ~ Isaac ~ Colin
Please rate my namelist! http://www.babynames.com/namelist/9831814
May 15th, 2013 09:56 PM #12
I think it's common on this board and less so in the general public. I also can't imagine it as trendy as others have posted.
*Magnolia Alice / Evangeline ? / Adelia Clover / Athena Florence/
Genevieve ? / Georgiana Marion/ Eugenie Marigold/ Ondine Hattie/ Lilia*Liliana*
*Osias /Augusten /Thatcher/ Ignatius /Hawthorne/Banyan/
Peregrine /Fennec/Asher /Hugo /Beau/ August/ Maximus*
May 15th, 2013 10:47 PM #14Senior Member
- Join Date
- Sep 2012
- Location
- Canada
- Posts
- 310
I'm not saying Violet will be dated, however I do think the only way to guarantee a name doesn't become dated is to pick one that is totally unique or totally bland. Things become dated because lots of people are into them at the same time. So the more popular Violet becomes, the more it is associated with a particular time period.
Take fashion --something totally unique to you is never dated (like a special broach or scarf, or Anna Wintour's bob haircut) because it's a symbol of your style. Something like a black suitjacket is never dated because everyone always has one in their closet.
Something totally unique like Oleander (or whatever) won't be tied to a time period. Nor Sarah (or whatever) because it appears in every time period.Latest list:
Girl: Lulu, Eden
Boy: Leo, Wallace, Grady
Mommy to one sweet little boy who I loved naming Lennox Andrew Michael (Lex for short)


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Doctor Who
Thursdays 10:00 PMFollow Doctor Who
The Doctor: You can't see me, can you? You look at me and you can't see me. Do you have any idea what that's like? I'm not on the phone. I'm right here. Standing in front of you. Please. Just... Just see me.
Clara: Thank you.
The Doctor: For what?
Clara: Phoning.
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The MIT Office of Sustainability seeks to connect researchers, decision-makers, and implementers across MIT to develop a deeper understanding of the challenges of campus sustainability and the cutting edge solutions to address them.
By activating a campus-wide conversation on climate change that calls on MIT minds to boldly address the needs of a changing campus, nation, and globe.
By harnessing the power of the crowd. The Climate CoLab unites citizens and experts all over the world to create, analyze, and select new ways of addressing climate problems.
By launching a series of focused Sustainability Working Groups to develop the next generation of campus systems – from materials management to building design and construction. Read more.
By catalyzing a campus-wide sustainability transformation. Read a letter from MIT's Director of Sustainability to find out more.
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PlantFiles: Chinese Snowball Bush
Viburnum macrocephalum
Family: Adoxaceae (a-dox-AY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Viburnum (vy-BUR-num) (Info) Species: macrocephalum (mak-roh-SEF-uh-lum) (Info) Synonym:Viburnum arborescens One vendor has this plant for sale. 2 members have or want this plant for trade. Category: Height: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: | Click thumbnail to view: By bootandall By Rhamnella There are a total of 17 photos. |
1 positive
1 neutral
No negatives
Gardeners' Notes:
This plant has been said to grow in the following regions:
Maumelle, Arkansas
Washington, District Of Columbia
Lilburn, Georgia
Palmetto, Georgia
Clermont, Kentucky
Georgetown, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Laurel, Mississippi
Cincinnati, Ohio
North Augusta, South Carolina


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Kimberly-Clark Demonstrates Commitment To Infection Prevention At The APIC Annual Conference
FT. LAUDERDALE, Fla., June 6, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- APIC Conference, Booth #516 – Kimberly-Clark today announced that its Kleenex Clean Hands Care Program will be unveiled at the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) 40 th annual conference. New data related to surface disinfection practices will also be highlighted, reinforcing Kimberly-Clark's complete hand and surface hygiene offering.
Aligning with its dedication to providing infection prevention solutions, Kimberly-Clark is a market leader in delivering critical healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention education, products and research to the healthcare community . Approximately 1.7 million hospital patients contract an HAI each year in the United States, however a large number of these infections are preventable.
"Creating safer healthcare environments is a team effort. Kimberly-Clark designed the Clean Hands Care Program to help drive greater visibility and knowledge of the critical role hand hygiene plays in the transmission of germs. Our goal is to help empower patients, visitors and healthcare professionals alike to work together to reduce the incidence of preventable infections," said Joanne Bauer, President, Kimberly-Clark Health Care. "At Kimberly-Clark, we recognize the continuous need for developing cutting-edge product solutions, producing engaging educational materials and sharing best practices to aid in HAI prevention."
Kleenex Clean Hands Care ProgramAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), hand hygiene is one of the most important ways to prevent the spread of infections. The Kleenex Clean Hands Care Program is a comprehensive approach to hand hygiene designed to engage healthcare professionals and empower patients to create a safer healthcare environment. The program provides Kleenex hand hygiene product solutions, as well as timely and relevant clinical and patient education around infection prevention. Tenets of the program include:
Clinical Resources- The Kleenex Clean Hands Care Hand Washing Challenge, cross-functional training sessions hosted by Kimberly-Clark.
- Accredited education programs, designed to provide an overview of transmission of microorganisms, techniques for hand hygiene, hand hygiene adherence rates and strategies to boost compliance.
- How to hand wash and sanitize posters, providing clear step-by-step instructions to support a quality hand wash and proper use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
- A three-part DVD series on training solutions for environmental service professionals and infection prevention and control managers.
- Dedicated clinical website resources, www.CleanHandsCare.com and www.haiwatch.com.
- Dedicated patient education website, www.preventinfections.com.
- Quick response (QR) code enabled posters, featuring patient safety videos sponsored by the CDC, Joint Commission, Kimberly-Clark and Safe Care Campaign.
- Personal patient information kit including Kleenex sanitizer, Kleenex tissue pocket pack and Kleenex wet wipes for the face and hands.
- Patient checklist for infection prevention, an informational brochure that can be provided to patients, visitors and family to help reduce the risk of infection while receiving care.
- Educational materials including mirror clings, tent cards and dispenser labels to be used in patient rooms and hallways.
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Julkinen osakeyhtiö | |
Traded as | OMX: OTE1V |
Industry | Basic resources, engineering |
Founded | 2006 |
Headquarters | Espoo, Finland |
Key people
Matti Alahuhta (Chairman) Pertti Korhonen (President and CEO)[1] |
Products | Metal and mineral processing machinery and process engineering |
Revenue | €1,911.5 million (2013)[2] |
€141.9 million (2013)[2] | |
Profit | €92.1 million (2013)[2] |
Total assets | €1,530.3 million (2013)[2] |
Total equity | €477.4 million (2013)[2] |
Number of employees
4,927 (2013)[2] |
Subsidiaries | Larox |
Website | www.outotec.com |
Outotec Oyj (Outokumpu Technology prior to 24 April 2007) is a Finnish company, headquartered in Espoo, aimed at providing technologies and services for the metal and mineral processing industries. The firm concentrates on producing machines and methods which facilitate the various stages of extractive metallurgy and mineral processing from ore through to pure metal or mineral, including the grinding and physical separation of ores and the smelting and leaching of base and precious metals. The company also provides engineering and after-sales services for its products.
Outotec was previously a wholly owned business area of Outokumpu, having been established in the late 1940s, but it was spun off as a separate entity in June 2006 when the parent company decided to concentrate on its primary concern of stainless steel. A listing on the Helsinki Stock Exchange followed shortly afterwards, and the company was promoted to the benchmark OMX Helsinki 25 as a result of the index's February 2007 reclassification.
- ^ "Management". Outotec. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f "Key figures", Outotec. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
External links[edit]


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- 22 Resorts
- Consistent Snow
- Diverse destinations
- Resorts open before those of many other states
- Home to Vail, Beaver Creek, Copper Mountain
Related Regions: Park City, Utah, United States, North America
"Went to the Bird for the the first 4 days of our trip then over to the Canyons for the next 4 days did not even bother skiing the last day day. The Bird is the place to be. "
"hit a 40 ft cliff off of 9990 today, landing was still pretty hard but nothing i couldnt handle. is that a good size for a cliff?"
"7-8" fresh off 9990. Great lines if you don't value your ski bottoms. The rocks will still get' cha"
"needs a lot more snow. they lost a lot in the last few warm weeks. ice under the new snow they just got"


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manlove may refer to:
- Bill Manlove (born 1933), former American football coach, president of the American Football Coaches Association
- Charlie Manlove (1862–1952), 19th-century Major League Baseball player born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Colin Manlove (born 1942), literary critic with a particular interest in fantasy
- Dudley Manlove (1914–1996), American radio announcer and actor
- Eugene Manlove Rhodes (1869–1934), writer who was nicknamed the "cowboy chronicler"
- Joe J. Manlove (1876–1956), U.S. Representative from Missouri
- Timothy Manlove (1663–1699), English Presbyterian minister and physician
See also[edit]
- USS Manlove (DE-36), Evarts-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy during World War II
- Malovše
- Manalobe
- Melove
- Gay
This page or section lists people with the surname Manlove. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. |


text:
Latest Mental health Stories
LONDON, November 25, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Global leaders unite for change at Economist Events' Global Crisis of
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ARLINGTON, Va., Nov. 21, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- High expectations, loneliness and stress can lead to the "Holiday Blues" during the season from Thanksgiving to New Year's.
SelfEcho's Mobile Therapy System Featured at the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) Annual Convention SANTA BARBARA, Calif., Nov.
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OCONOMOWOC, Wis., Nov. 18, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), approximately 11 percent of adolescents have a depressive disorder by age 18.
Latest Mental health Reference Libraries
Acrophobia, derived from the Greek: ákron, meaning "peak, summit, edge", is an intense, irrational fear of heights. This is a somewhat common fear; between 2 and 5 percent of the general population suffer from a fear of heights, and twice the number of sufferers are female. Like most phobias, Acrophobia is generally attributed to a traumatic incident involving heights; however, recent studies have questioned this theory, due to the prevalence of this phobia. Some studies have suggested...
- A morbid dread of being buried alive. Also spelled 'taphiphobia'.


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Female Cabinmate Jan 4or14 09 NYC to Caribbean
Mature 30 yr old Female looking for a female roomate. Norwegian Cruises have a 10 day cruise from NYC to Caribbean. I haven't bought a ticket but I would like to do so soon. Not looking for someone to hang with but if we click that would be fine by me. Price is about $1000 plus fees. I'm a n/s and social drinker-not party animal. I want to relax, check out ship activities, and explore the ports.
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24th September 2012, 07:01 PM | #1 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2010
Preamp circuit THEORY
Hello. I have a question pertaining to analog circuit THEORY/sense, using a guitar preamp circuits just as an excuse. I will use the MXR MicroAmp schematic found here: MXR MicoAmp. I'm doing things on these lines and plan to continue and evolve on them, however I'd like to know the why's along with that what's as well.
1. In engineering, compromise is always present. I can see R7 and R8 being used to bias the input to half the DC voltage, but why do they have the values that they do? Why not higher, say 1M? Wouldn't that result in even LESS power consumption? Potential dividers are used a lot so this a very important question. In its crux, the question becomes: in circuits dependent on RATIOS of impedances, what is the drawback to having higher impedances? What is the advantage and disadvantage to having them lower (aside from higher power consumption)? 2. Most the caps here are coupling or decoupling. But my question is similar to the previous one - why do they have the values that they do? Why not higher, or lower? Also, what purpose does C3 serve? 3. What purpose does R1 serve? Wouldn't it be better to leave it out? It only ends up loading the guitar (tonal degradation). Also, what is the point to R9 and R10? They, too, only end up loading the opamp (current/power consumption). What is the purpose to R3? |
24th September 2012, 07:30 PM | #2 |
Did it Himself
diyAudio Member
1. higher impedance means more sensitivity to noise pickup and also higher self noise.
2. a trade off between size, cost and cut-off frequency. 3. R1 and R10 allows the cap to charge and reduce the severity of clicks when the switch is moved. R9 is to isolate the op-amp from cable capacitance.
www.readresearch.co.uk my website for UK diy audio people - designs, PCBs, kits and more. |
24th September 2012, 08:19 PM | #3 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Feb 2003
Location: ..
guitar preamps are rather specialized - the pickups have Henries of inductance, resonate in the audio band with any cable, preamp input C, preamp input resistance can change the damping - hugely changing the peaking
all of which depends on the pickup details as well - you can't build a guitar preamp, choose cable independent of the exact pickup model, desired response in most other preamp applications in audio the preamps are not usually considered integral to the sound of the musical instrument itself |
24th September 2012, 11:06 PM | #4 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Sep 2005
Hi fez79.
Besides the comments of richie00boy I would make the following additional comment: R11 is your biggest power consumer dissipating as much as 8mA of current by itself. Leave out the LED feature and your battery will last about 10 times longer. The amplifier itself draws no more than 0.3mA and with signal, probably no more than 0.8mA from the 9V battery. I do not believe that an input impedance of about 8Meg Ohms R2 parallel with R1 makes any difference to the sound whatsoever. I disagree that higher impedance in this circuit make any difference at all because the input impedance is electrically shorted out by the source impedance of the guitar pickup. Without that, the amplifier might be a little noisy without an input connected. Good luck Hans J Weedon Last edited by HJWeedon; 24th September 2012 at 11:09 PM. |
1st October 2012, 07:10 PM | #5 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2010
Thanks for the replies! I have a problem with the preamp now though - when I attach headphones to the output, I hear a somewhat distorted sound. However, when I remove the output coupling capacitor, replacing it with a short, the sound is better! (Somehow my headphones didn't burst or break at absorbing a DC voltage...). What sorcery is THIS, now?
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Release: | 3.5.0a1 |
Date: | March 01, 2015 |
This article explains the new features in Python 3.5, compared to 3.4.
For full details, see the Misc/NEWS file.
Prerelease users should be aware that this document is currently in draft form. It will be updated substantially as Python 3.5 moves towards release, so it's worth checking back even after reading earlier versions.
See also
PEP 478 - Python 3.5 Release Schedule
New syntax features:
New library modules:
New built-in features:
Implementation improvements:
Significantly Improved Library Modules:
Security improvements:
Please read on for a comprehensive list of user-facing changes.
PEP 475 adds support for automatic retry of system calls failing with EINTR: this means that user code doesn't have to deal with EINTR or InterruptedError manually, and should make it more robust against asynchronous signal reception.
See also
PEP 475 – Retry system calls failing with EINTR
PEP 486 makes the Windows launcher (see PEP 397) aware of an active virtual environment. When the default interpreter would be used and the VIRTUAL_ENV environment variable is set, the interpreter in the virtual environment will be used.
See also
PEP 486 – Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
The following performance enhancements have been added:
Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
The following obsolete and previously deprecated APIs and features have been removed:
This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes to your code.
The undocumented format member of the (non-public) PyMemoryViewObject structure has been removed.
All extensions relying on the relevant parts in memoryobject.h must be rebuilt.
The PyMemAllocator structure was renamed to PyMemAllocatorEx and a new calloc field was added.
Removed non-documented macro PyObject_REPR which leaked references. Use format character %R in PyUnicode_FromFormat()-like functions to format the repr() of the object.
Because the lack of the __module__ attribute breaks pickling and introspection, a deprecation warning now is raised for builtin type without the __module__ attribute. Would be an AttributeError in future. (issue 20204)


text:
Those recreating in or near the river urged to be cautious during higher flows
Wednesday, Aug. 27, 2014 — Pacific Gas and Electric Company will increase water flows for whitewater recreation in the Rock Creek Reach of the North Fork Feather River in Plumas County during two weekends, the company announced recently.
The Rock Creek Reach is the 8.3-mile portion of the North Fork of the Feather River in the Plumas National Forest between PG&E's Rock Creek Dam and the Rock Creek Powerhouse near Storrie.
The higher flows will occur from Aug. 30 and 31 and Sept. 27 and 28. Those recreating in or near the river are encouraged to use extra caution during the increased flows. This portion of the river contains Class III, IV and V rapids, which are appropriate only for skilled paddlers. The reach is not appropriate for tubing.
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Buy a House or Rent an Apartment? That Depends On . . .
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Earlier this week, I wrote an article discussing my decision to assume a larger cash position in anticipation of possibly purchasing an income property.
In the comments that followed, a reader drew the popular distinction between "good debt" and "bad debt," noting that with low interest rates and the mortgage interest deduction, you would be crazy to pay cash for a house or pay off a mortgage. Instead, you should invest that money "and create greater wealth over 30 years." Sitting in cash, the reader noted, is "bad" because "it gives you a negative return."
There's quite a bit there. It's all perfectly sane and logical, important and certainly up for debate. Quite a few people swear by that sentiment. In a series of articles this month on TheStreet, I unpack the reader's comment point-by-point, saving the notion of some debt is good debt for last.
Point No. 1: It's Better to Buy Than Rent
That's pretty much what the first part of the reader's point boils down to.
To come to a conclusion, take location into account; however, the standard rent vs. buy studies do a poor job of this. For instance, earlier this year Trulia noted that it's less expensive to buy than rent, over the long run, in 98 of the country's 100 largest metropolitan areas. Because metro areas cover large swaths of population, almost always crossing county lines and sometimes state lines, you cannot count on the data this methodology produces. Key regional as well intra-county and/or city differences also exist. To Trulia's credit, it does point out that it's generally more costly to buy in the city vs. more suburban areas. It uses Manhattan and Brooklyn vs. Queens and parts of New Jersey and San Francisco against the suburbs east of the city as examples. But, even that doesn't go far enough. You need a finer-grain look at specific landscapes. Consider the City of San Francisco. Breaking it down by Trulia's neighborhood-level data, the median sale price of homes sold in the city between May-July 2012 ranged from almost $2,000,000 in the most expensive districts to the low-to-mid six figures in the least expensive.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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