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US 6783731 B1 Abstract A spectrophotometric assay for the detection of acetaminophen in aqueous fluids is carried out with a dry analytical element. The element comprises a support having thereon one or more reagent layers containing a first enzyme, aryl acylamidase, to cleave the amide bond of acetaminophen to produce p-aminophenol; and a mild oxidizing agent to oxidize the p-aminophenol so that it couples to a water-soluble coupling agent to form a dye that is read at 670 nm. The assay is precise, accurate on serum and plasma samples, and relatively free from significant interferences. The element also allows measurement over a broad dynamic range.
Claims(8) 1. A dry multilayer analytical element for the determination of acetaminophen in an aqueous fluid, comprising a support having thereon, in order from said support and in fluid contact:
(a) a layer having therein (i) an arylacylamidase enzyme; (ii) a ferricyanide capable of oxidatively coupling paraaminophenol to a color-forming coupling agent to form a color compound; and (iii) a water-soluble, color-forming coupling agent, wherein at least one layer comprises gelatin which does not undergo hardening due to ferricyanide-induced chemical crosslinking, and wherein said water-soluble, color-forming coupling agent has the general formula:
wherein R is a water-solubilizing group selected from (1) �(CH2)nX, where n is 1 to 5, X is either (I) �SO3M where M is hydrogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or an ammonium (NH4 +) cation, or (II) (�OCH2CH2)yOH where y is 2 to 5; and (2) �N(R7)3 +Z� where each R7 is independently selected from alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and Z is an acid anion;
R1 and R6 are taken together to represent an ethylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene group which forms a partially saturated ring; and
R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
(b) a porous spreading layer; and
(c) a buffer which maintains the pH of the element in a range of between about 6.5 to 8.5.
2. The element of
3. The element of
4. The element of
5. The dry multilayer analytical element of
(a) a first and second reagent layer wherein the first reagent layer contains therein 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, and the second reagent layer contains therein a ferricyanide salt and arylacylamidase; and
(b) a porous spreading layer.
6. The element of
7. The element of
8. A method for determining acetaminophen in an aqueous liquid comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a sample of aqueous liquid with the analytical element of
(b) determining the amount of color compound formed; and
(c) correlating the amount of color compound formed to the concentration of acetaminophen in the fluid.
Description This application is a Continuation In-Part application of U.S. Ser. No. 07/914,915, filed Jul. 15, 1992, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,683, issue date Jan. 18, 2000. This invention relates to a spectrophotometric assay for the detection of acetaminophen in aqueous fluids which is carried out with a dry analytical element. Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic. It is available without a prescription and is often used when aspirin may present problems to a patient. At therapeutic doses, serum concentration is usually below 50 mg/L. Toxicity is usually observed if the serum concentration four hours after ingestion of the drug is greater than 300 mg/L. One effect of overdose is liver toxicity. The need for an accurate method of determining the concentration of acetaminophen in serum is therefore apparent. Known methods of assaying anilides such as acetaminophen utilize arylacylamidase (E.C.22.214.171.124) and an oxidizing agent. Arylacylamidase cleaves the amide bond of the anilide to produce acetate and an aniline such as p-aminophenol. The aniline is then made to react with a color-forming compound like phenol in the presence of an oxidizing agent such as permanganate or the metal salts of copper or iron to form a color compound like indophenol which can be detected at 615 nm. Other methods use oxidizing agents like periodate or persulfates. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,999,288 and 4,430,433 are typical. One disadvantage of these methods is that most metal salts oxidize the aniline very slowly unless they are at alkaline pH, a condition that inactivates arylacylamidase. U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,290 (issued Jun. 23, 1987, to Matsumoto) discloses a method of assaying peptidase to enzyme activity which comprises treating a synthetic dibrominated amide (as substrate) with a sample containing peptidase thereby liberating a dibrominated aniline; oxidizing the thus-liberated dibrominated aniline with an oxidase (e.g. ascorbate oxidase) which consumes oxygen and forms pigment by oxidative condensation of said aniline in the presence of a coupler of a defined formula. This reaction takes place in solution. Matsumoto's method uses an enzyme and might therefore overcome the problems encountered with the inorganic oxidizing agents of the prior art. However, Matsumoto employs a synthetic dibrominated substrate and is therefore not directly applicable to a test for acetaminophen. There is evidence in the art that in the case of oxidative coupling of phenols for color formation, color yield can be increased when certain halogenophenols are used in the color-forming reaction. However acetaminophen as it appears in biological fluids to be tested is not halogenated and is therefore chemically distinguishable from the dibrominated synthetic substrate used in Matsumoto's method. Further, Matsumoto disclosed a solution assay. An alternative and more convenient assay involves �dry� chemistry, a term that refers to methods and techniques that are carried out using chemical reagents contained in various �dry-to-the-touch� test elements such as �dip and read� test strips, multilayer test elements and the like. �Dry� methods require no liquid for reconstitution or analysis other than the test sample. Reagents employed in solution assays often do not perform well when adapted to a dry format. Dry elements utilize minute amounts of reagents and test samples and so in a dry element for acetaminophen assay, it is important to employ reagents that give a clear and precise color signal when aniline is oxidatively coupled to a coupler to provide color. The range of compounds that could be chosen as potential couplers is very wide. Matsumoto neither suggests nor gives guidance to those color forming oxidative couplers that would perform well in dry chemistry. The problem is that the selection of a suitable oxidative coupler for a dry element is essentially empirical. It would be desirable to have a dry assay for determining acetaminophen in biological fluids comprising enzymes and other reagents which remain active when combined and coated in dry format and which give a clear and precise signal on oxidative coupling with a suitable coupler. The present invention selects for use a coupling agent that provides a detectable color change and precise determination of acetaminophen in a dry format. It was discovered that a water-soluble coupling agent was required and that a water-insoluble coupling agent, even if appropriately dispersed, did not work well. The element of the present invention avoids the inorganic oxidizing gents taught by the prior art and uses instead mild oxidizing agents, such as an enzyme or a ferricyanide. In dry analytical elements, oxidizing agents like Cu++ and most Fe+++ salts are known to attack a gelatin matrix by crosslinking and thus hardening the gelatin. The use of an enzyme as an oxidizing agent overcomes this problem. Suitable oxidizing enzymes include ascorbic acid oxidase, lactase and tyrosinase. The ferricyanide is not as strong an oxidizing agent as most Fe+++ salts or other metal oxidizing agents (see Table A). It is unexpected, therefore, that a ferricyanide would be able to provide fast reaction kinetics at neutral pHs without it damaging the dry element structure. Suitable ferricyanides include the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ferricyanides such as, for example, potassium, sodium and calcium ferricyanide. The preferred ferricyanides are the alkali metal ferricyanides. Accordingly, there is provided an analytical element for the determination of acetaminophen in an aqueous fluid comprising a support having thereon at least one reagent layer and containing in said reagent layer: (a) an arylacylamidase enzyme; (b) an oxidizing enzyme or a ferricyanide capable of oxidatively coupling paraaminophenol to a coupling agent to form a color compound. (c) a water-soluble, color-forming, coupling agent of the general structure: wherein R is a water-solubilizing group selected from �(CH2)nX where n is 1 to 5 and X is �SO3M where M is hydrogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or an ammonium (NH4 +) cation, or �N(R7)3 +Z� where each R7 is independently selected from alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl, and Z is an acid anion such as chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, p-toluenesulfonate, and the like, or X is (�OCH2CH2)yOH where y is 2 to 5; R1 and R6 are taken together to represent an ethylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene group which forms a partially saturated ring; R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for determining acetaminophen in an aqueous liquid comprising the steps of: a. contacting a sample of the aqueous liquid with the analytical element described above; and b. correlating the amount of color compound formed to the concentration of acetaminophen in the fluid. An advantage of the invention is that the water-soluble coupling agent and either the enzyme-catalyzed oxidative coupling or the ferricyanide coupling allow for a rapid reaction. We were able to develop a detectable color signal in 57 seconds. Water-insoluble coupling agents involve much slower reactions. It was surprising to find that in order to obtain an acceptable amount of color product in the desired time (5 minutes), it was necessary to combine a water-soluble coupling agent and an enzyme. Even in solution assays, in order to obtain results in 5 minutes, the oxidizing enzyme (e.g. ascorbate oxidase) had to be premixed with a water-soluble coupling agent prior to dilution with buffer. The reason for this is not known. While not wishing to be bound by scientific theories, Applicants believe that water solubility of the coupling agent allows it to mix sufficiently with the enzyme in the analytical element during storage (i.e. between manufacture and use). It appears that prior contact between the coupling agent and the oxidizing enzyme before reaction is necessary to obtain a satisfactory color reaction in 5 minutes. FIG. 1 is a graph showing the performance of an analytical element of the invention when 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (compound #2, THQSO3H) is used as the coupling agent. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the performance of a comparative element using 1-(n-butyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (compound #1, BTHQ) as the coupling agent. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the performance of another comparative element using 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrobenzo[ij]quinolizine, (compound #4, Julolidine) as the coupling agent. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the performance of an analytical element of the invention using 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (compound #2, THQSO3H) as the coupling agent and using potassium ferricyanide as the oxidizing agent. The present invention discloses a calorimetric assay for the determination of acetaminophen based upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetaminophen and the subsequent detection of a metabolite of the hydrolysis. More specifically, the assay uses a first enzyme, arylacylamidase (E.C.18.104.22.168), to cleave the amide bond of acetaminophen to produce acetic acid and p-aminophenol. A second enzyme such as ascorbic acid oxidase (E.C.184.108.40.206), tyrosinase (E.C.220.127.116.11), or lactase (E.C.18.104.22.168) oxidizes the p-aminophenol so that it couples to a water-soluble coupling agent as defined herein, to form a dye. Ferricyanide can also be used to oxidize the p-aminophenol. The dye is detectable at 670 nm. The reaction proceeds as follows: The water-soluble coupling agents useful in the present invention were identified by screening and selecting from among several various couplers of similar structure. Those that were insoluble did not provide enough coupling (dye formation) under the test conditions to produce enough absorbance for analytical discrimination of a wide dynamic range of analyte concentrations. Those of the structure described hereinbefore and wherein R1 and R6 are taken together to represent trimethylene, i.e., to complete a partially saturated 6-membered, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, have particularly desirable absorption maxima (about 670 nm) and are especially useful in analytical elements because the absorption is not masked by interferents, such as bilirubin, which absorb at lower wavelengths. The preferred water-soluble species is 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline. The screening procedures and their results are described hereinafter. The amount of color compound formed at the end of the reaction indicates the concentration of acetaminophen in the test sample. The above-described reagents are coated on a support to provide a dry analytical element of the invention. elements can be configured in a variety of forms, including elongated tapes of any desired width, sheets, slides, or chips. The elements can be used in manual or automated assay techniques. In general, in using the elements, acetaminophen determination is made by taking the element from a supply roll, chip packet, or other source and physically contacting it with a sample (for example, up to 200 mL) of the liquid to be tested so that the sample and reagents interact sequentially within the element and become mixed. Such contact can be accomplished in any suitable manner, for example, by dipping or immersing the element into the sample or, preferably, by spotting the element by hand or machine with a drop of the sample with a suitable dispensing means. After sample application, the element is incubated, for a period of up to 5 minutes, to facilitate color development. By incubation it is meant that the reagents are maintained at 370� C. in contact with each other for a period of up to 5 minutes before color measurements are made. Aqueous liquids which can be tested in the assay include, but are not limited to, whole blood, plasma, sera, lymph, bile, urine, spinal fluid, sputum, perspiration and the like as well as stool secretions. It is also possible to assay fluid preparations of human or animal tissue such as skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, lungs, brains, bone marrow, skin, and the like. Dry analytical elements useful for the assay of liquids can be prepared according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,158 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,363, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. Briefly described, the analytical element of this invention comprises one or more layers coated on a suitable support. All the reagents may be in a single layer coated on the support. Preferably, the reagents are coated in two distinct reagent layers as shown in Table I below. Whether contained in the same or in different layers of the element, all reagents must be in fluid contact with each other, meaning that reagents and reaction products can pass within a layer and between superposed regions of adjacent layers. In other words, when the element is contacted with an aqueous fluid, all reagents of the analytical composition of this invention are mixed sequentially as stated hereinbefore. The support can be any suitable dimensionally stable, and preferably, nonporous and transparent (i.e. radiation transmissive) material which transmits electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength between about 200 and about 900 nm. A radiation-transmissive support is particularly preferred to enhance and facilitate determination of detectable changes occurring in these elements by use of various radiation detection methods. A support of choice for a particular element should be compatible with the intended mode of detection (reflection, transmission or fluorescence spectroscopy). Useful support materials include polystyrene, polyesters (e.g. poly(ethylene terephthalate)], polycarbonates, cellulose esters (e.g., cellulose acetate), etc. At least one reagent layer is coated on the support. The reagent layer(s) contain the indicator composition comprising one or more reagents dispersed in one or more synthetic or natural binder materials, such as gelatin or other naturally-occurring colloids, as well as different synthetic hydrophilic polymers such as polyacrylamide, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), poly(acrylamide-co-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), copolymers of the above, and polymers or copolymers to which crosslinkable monomers have been added. The reagent layer may contain a buffer. Useful buffers include phosphate, pyrophosphate, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), 2{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}-1-ethanesulfonic acid (TES), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]propanesulfonic acid (EPPES), 2-hydroxy-3-{N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}-propanesulfonic acid (TAPSO), and other buffers with pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.5, preferably 7.5. The buffer may be in any or all layers of the element, or it may be in a separate layer devoid of other reagents. Several surfactants such as Olin-10G�, TX�-102, TX-405�, Zonyl FSN�, but preferably TX-100�, and TX-165� (the TX surfactants being a family of octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol nonionic surfactants sold by Union Carbide) may optionally be included in the reagent layer. Several different cross-linking agents are also optional, such as bisvinylsulfonylmethane, gluteraldehyde, etc. The element may be provided with a porous, reflective spreading layer to uniformly distribute the liquid test sample over the element. The spreading layer may contain reagents, but preferably it is a distinct layer as shown in Table I below. Materials for use in spreading layers are well known in the art of making dry analytical elements as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,001 and the above cited patents. Useful spreading layers can be prepared using fibrous materials either mixed with a suitable binder material or woven into a fabric, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,272 (issued Sep. 29, 1981 to Kitajima et al), polymeric compositions or particulate materials, for example, a blush polymer such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,158, beads bound together with or without binding adhesives, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,001 (issued Mar. 24, 1981 to Pierce et al), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,436 (issued Feb. 7, 1984 to Koyama et al), and Japanese Patent Publication 57(1982)-101760. Particularly useful spreading layers comprise barium sulfate or titanium dioxide. Since the sample is generally applied directly to the spreading layer, it is desirable that the spreading layer be isotropically porous, meaning that the porosity is the same in each direction in the layer as caused by interconnected spaces or pores between particles, fibers, or polymeric strands. An exemplary spreading layer is presented in Table I. In one embodiment, the spreading layer contains N-ethylmaleimide, a compound found to be useful in blocking certain interferents which may be present in the test fluid. Commonly owned US application by T. C. Arter et al titled Sulfhydryl Complexing Agents in Clinical Test Elements discloses this invention and is filed on even date herewith. Other optional layers, e.g. subbing layers, radiation-blocking layers, etc, can be included if desired. The layers of the element can contain a variety of other desirable but optional components, including surfactants, thickeners, buffers, hardeners, bacteriostats, antioxidants, coupler solvents, and other materials known in the art. The amounts of these components are also within the skill of a worker in the art. Changes in the element can be detected with suitable spectrophotometric apparatus, usually a reflectometer, using generally known procedures disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,158 at Cols. 14-15, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,363 at Col. 27. In an enzymatic reaction, the resulting product is determined by measuring, for example, the rate of change of reflection or transmission density in a finite area of the element of the invention contacted with the assay sample. The area measured is generally from about 3 to about 5 mm. Representative elements of this invention are presented in Tables Ia and Ib below.
Testing for Useful Coupling Agents The following procedure was used to identify coupling agents which couple with p-aminophenol in the presence of ascorbic acid oxidase to give a strong color compound in solution. Such coupling agents were further tested for their performance in a dry analytical element for quantitatively assaying acetaminophen. Three mL of a 0.1 M TRIS buffer at pH 7.5 was mixed with 300 μL of a solution containing 0.04 M of the coupling agent to be tested. To this solution was added 150 μL of ascorbic acid oxidase solution (4000 U/mL), 150 μL of arylacylamidase solution (70 U/mL), and 150 μL of an acetaminophen solution (300 mg/L). After 5 minutes absorbance was measured at 370� C. at a wavelength observed for the λmax for each dye. A spectrum of each dye solution was made between λ=300 and 800 nm in order to determine the λmax for each dye. Coupling agents which possessed an absorbance greater than 0.3 after 5 minutes were considered satisfactory for use in a dry analytical element (the 0.3 value was determined by subtracting the value of the coupling agent at the wavelength of the λmax of the dye). The absorbance values at 300 mg/L acetaminophen for a representative number of coupling agents are listed in Table II. The following nine compounds were among those tested as potential coupling agents:
The data of Table II show that, of the coupling agents presented, only Compounds 1, 2, and 4 meet absorbance criteria and therefore were worth testing for use in a dry analytical element (i.e., λ=670, absorbance greater than 0.3), with compound 2 producing the highest insensitivity. Compounds 1 and 4 were not soluble without the addition of dimethylformamide (DMF). When these compounds were dissolved in a coupler solvent (2,4-di-n-pentylphenol) and then coated in a dry element of the invention (Examples 1, 2, and 3 below), they produced significantly less signal than compound #2. Results are shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. A mixture of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (4.76 g, 40 mmole) and 1,3-propane sultone (4.88 g, 40 mmole) in 50 mL reagent grade acetonitrile was heated under a nitrogen atmosphere and refluxed overnight. After cooling to room temperature, then to ice bath temperature, the resulting white solid was filtered and washed with cold acetonitrile. The yield was 8.1 g (84%), and the product had a melting point of greater than 200� C. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis showed the product to be consistent with the assigned structure. NMR (D2O): 7.45 (s, 4H), 2.8-4.0 (m, 8H), 2.2 (T, 2H). After preparation, coupling compound #2 was coated in the element of the invention shown in Table 1a and tested for its performance in assaying varying known concentrations of acetaminophen in water (1.0, 5.4, 10.0, 19.0, 30.0, 39.0, 52.0, 98.0, 202.0, and 294.0 mg/L). Coating of the element can be carried out according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,992,158, 4,357,363, and 4,258,001. Kinetic response shown in FIG. 1 indicates that with this coupler good sensitivity is seen throughout the entire projected dynamic range (1 to 30 mg/dL). Analytical elements were prepared and spotted with samples of varying concentrations of acetaminophen as in Example 1 except that coupling compound #1 (BTHQ) was used in place of compound #2 (THQSO3H). Also, because compound No. 1 is not water-soluble, it had to be dispersed in 2,4-di-n-pentylphenol. Results shown on FIG. 2 indicate that this coupling agent is not useful in the analytical element and provides a very narrow dynamic range. Analytical elements were prepared and spotted with samples of varying concentrations of acetaminophen as in Example 1 except that coupling compound #4 (Julolidine) was used in place of compound #2 (THQSO3H). Because compound No. 4 is not water-soluble, it had to be dispersed in 2,4-di-n-pentylphenol. Results shown on FIG. 3 indicate that this coupling agent provides a very narrow dynamic range and so is not useful for our purposes. This example was carried out as in Example 1 except that 6,400 U/m2 of another oxidizing agent, tyrosinase, was used in place of 175,000 U/m2 of ascorbic acid oxidase. Density response was measured using reflectance densitometry at 670 nm. Predictions were made by deriving a density/prediction spline for the densities produced and predicting the acetaminophen level of the sample from its density. Predictions made based on the density response of the element (Table III) correlates well with the known acetaminophen concentration in the test fluids spotted on the element for testing. Example Using Tyrosinase as Oxidizing Agent in Element
After preparation, coupling compound #2 was coated in the element of the invention using potassium ferricyanide as the oxidizing agent as shown in Table 1 b. It was tested for its performance in assaying varying known concentrations of acetaminophen in human serum (0.0, 10, 24, 50, 100, 146, 193, 247, 295, 350, and 391 mg/L). Kinetic response shown in FIG. 4 indicates that the ferricyanide provides good sensitivity throughout the entire projected dynamic range (1 to 30 mg/dL). Use of other metal salts, (Table A) in the element structure of Table 1b were too slow. It was unexpected that the ferricyanide would produce faster kinetics based on its lower redox potential when compared to the other oxidizing agents trialed.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. Patent Citations
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MexicoMcCrory says info lacking on relocated childrenSubmitted by Makenzi Henderson on Tue, 08/05/2014 - 6:05pm.READ MORE:
Gov. Pat McCrory says state officials have been kept largely out of the loop about a wave of children who have crossed the Mexican border and ended up in North Carolina.
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Category Archives: Fulton News
Jessie E. Powers, worked at Big M and Powers Tire Service
David L. Goodman Sr., veteran, member of Parents Supporting Parents
David L. Goodman, Sr., 51, of Fulton, died Wednesday June 4 at the Syracuse V.A. Medical Center.
He was born in Waterloo and lived most of his life in Oswego County.
Catherine Briggs White, loved being Irish
Catherine Briggs White, 96, died Thursday, June 5, 2014 at The Manor at Seneca Hill following a brief illness.
Catherine resided most of her life in Fulton, NY until recently when she moved to Meadowbrook Manor in Hannibal.
Hoffman, Donnelly receive Rotary excellence awards
At a recent Fulton Sunrise Rotary Meeting, Rotarian Peggy Donnelly, in the photo above, was presented with the District 7150 Rotarian of Excellence Award.
This award is for Rotarians in good standing, who have given devoted and valuable service to the club during and after their year as President, furthering the principles and ideals of Rotary. Donnelly has been an active project participant and supporter of the Rotary Club's community and global projects and represents District 7150 in a way that enhances the image of Rotary in the community, the District, the Zone and Rotary International.
The Fulton Sunrise Rotary meets at 7 a.m. each Friday at Fulton's Riverside Inn.
In the second photo, president of the Fulton Noon Rotary Club, Jerry Seguin awards Merrill Hoffman, right, with this year's Rotarian of Excellence for his dedicated and faithful service to Rotary for 25 years.
It was noted Hoffman has a quiet presence but is always there when you need him. The members joined Seguin in thanking Hoffman and acknowledging him for his service to Rotary. Hoffman's wife, Laurna, was present when Hoffman was given this award.
D. Donald Distin, Fulton teacher, head of athletics
D. Donald Distin, 81, of Avon Park, FL, was called home to the Lord in the early morning hours of June 6, 2014.
He died at home with family by his side.
Dorothy A. Hart, lived most of her life in Fulton
Dorothy A. Hart, 83, of Fulton, passed away at home on Thursday June 5.
Born in Scriba to Grace (Baker) and Edgar S. Hart, Dorothy graduated from Oswego High School Class of 1948. She lived most of her life in Fulton where she held a number of jobs in offices and productions.
Dorothy is predeceased by her husband of 62 years, Edward Hart, who passed away in 2010.
She is survived by her sons Douglas (Patty) Hart and Thomas Hart; daughter Judy (John) Flynn; brother Sam (Dawn) Hart; four grandchildren; two great grandchildren; and several nieces and nephews.
There will be no calling hours. A private memorial service will be held in Fairdale Cemetery, Hannibal.
Contributions may be made in Dorothy's memory to Oswego County Hospice, 70 Bunner St., Oswego, NY 13126
Please visit www.traubfh.com for On-Line Guest Book.


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Febuary 2015
This year the MMU Leo Club aided by the Athletic Leadership Council has turned the annual food drive into the winter carnival event the "Food Fight" running from Feb 9th-13th. Students are encouraged to bring in nonperishable food items and other household items. They will drop their food into separate classrooms based upon grade and each can or food item brought in earns that class one point for winter carnival. This food drive is also a competition against Essex High School with the school who collects the most wins a Ben & Jerry's ice cream party for the whole school. The food will go to support local food shelves. Please participate!
January 2015
Darkroom Photography with Mount Mansfield students
February 1 - March1
Artist Reception, Sunday, February 1, 2 pm -4 pm
Mt. Mansfield Union High School Darkroom Photography Students
are presenting their works of art through "old school" black and white film photography. Come share with them the timeless beauty of this photography.
Gallery hours 10am –3pm Thurs through Sunday
or by appointment (802) 899 3211
22 Barber Farm Road
Jericho, VT 05465
For questions, email gruppegallery.com
Emile A. Gruppe Gallery
Champions will be crowned at the MMU-EHS boys' basketball game on February 17th; victors win the CGL trophy and an ice cream party by community partner, Ben & Jerry's.
Look for donation boxes in MMU during the week of Winter Carnival (Feb 9 - 13).
MMU students, staff, faculty: recruit your friends, family and neighbors to help MMU win!
Needed donations include nonperishable food items, toiletries,cleaning and paper products. For questions, email email@example.com
The Competitive Giving League is back in a BIG way, sponsored by Athletic Leadership Council and LEO Club. MMU will take on EHS the week of February 9th -- which school will donate the most items to our respective local food banks?
Go Cougars!
Winter Carnival T-shirts are now on sale during lunches!!! Stop by this week to order your custom-designed t-shirt for only $12.00. Money due at the time of order. You can also place your order through Mrs. Alexander or Miss Heenan.
Mt. Mansfield Modified Union School District (MMMUSD) is Formed. Click here
December 2014
MMU Select Chorus performs on
We Need Class Artists to Design your Winter Carnival T-shirts!
All t-shirts should include "2015 Winter Carnival" and the year of graduation. The rest is up to you! See Mrs. Alexander in room 444 with any questions
The 2014
With the recent winter storm leaving many Vermonters without power for various amounts of time, it is important to remember that 3SquaresVT households may be eligible for replacement benefits if food they bought with their benefits spoils due to loss of electricity for four hours or more.
If you hear from Vermonters in this situation, please let them know they must request replacement benefits within 10 days of the loss, either orally (by calling1-800-479-6151 or visiting the local district office) or in writing to the local district office.
More information about replacement benefits can be found here:http://vermontfoodhelp.com/replacement-benefits. Please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com with any additional questions you may have.
Hey MMU!
Do you have an idea for an event?
Want to see something change?
Have an opinion you want to share?
Student Council wants to hear from you!
Leave a note in our Suggestion Box


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wanted windshield light mounts tj
i want some windshield mounts to get my kcs up and running for the summer. for a tj
I have a brand new set at home. I am a state away until this weekend though. Where are you located?
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The Jewish people have had a long, antagonistic, relationship with pigs and their forbidden white meat. For thousands of years, the prohibition against eating pork separated the Jewish community from its neighbors and was fodder for anti-Semitism in Europe. In contemporary Israel, where it remains illegal for the most part to raise pigs, the rise of pork consumption offers a snapshot of a nation grappling to reconcile tradition with modernity.
Jeffrey Yoskowitz will examine the nuanced and symbolic relationship between Jews and pork, offering insight into Jewish identity past and present. He will explore how prohibition evolved into a full-fledged taboo that some Jews have eaten around by creating a tradition of kosher cured meats mimicking regional pork specialties.
The reception will feature a selection of specialties that are pork-free, but tell part of the story of Jewish adaptation in a swine-centric world.
Jeffrey Yoskowitz, co-owner of The Gefilteria in Brooklyn, is a writer on Jewish food and culture whose work has appeared in the New York Times, the Atlantic, Slate, Tablet, and Meatpaper. He has written widely on Jews and pork, and specifically on Israels underground pork industry; his first book, The Gefilte Manifesto: New Recipes for Old World Jewish Foods, will be published in 2016.
Location: 7 West 83rd Street (between Central Park West and Columbus)
Time: 6:30 pm Check-in and reception | 7:00 pm Lecture
Fee: $25 CHNY and Rodeph Sholom Members | $22 CHNY and Rodeph Sholom Senior Members | $40 Non-Members and Guests | $10 students with ID
To buy tickets securely online: http://www.brownpapertickets.com/producer/7199
For reservations to be paid at the door, for members only, email Events at http://www.culinaryhistoriansny.org/contact.html
Save the date: Mon., 4/13, Rachel Laudan, Romantics, Republicans, and Other Culinary Philosophers
Whether a laid-back Sunday meal of coddled eggs, champagne and orange juice, or a gendered, class-based conflict, the American brunch packs a load of social and cultural history between English muffins. Brunch has become a modern meal of leisure, but its history is far from restful; this meals past is lively and fraught with tension.
Professor Farha Ternikar will discuss the history of the modern brunch as a culinary event and as a mirror of culture. She will explore the socioeconomic conflicts that brunch brings to the surface, with a view into the dining rooms, verandas, and kitchens where it has been prepared, served, and enjoyed.
A reception will precede the talk with brunch foods, Bloody Marys and Screwdrivers.
Farha Ternikar is an associate professor of Sociology at Le Moyne College in Syracuse, where she teaches Food and Culture, Gender and Society, and the Sociology of Food. Her book Brunch: A History (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014) is a global and social history of brunch in the United States, Western Europe, South Asia and the Middle East. Her research was included in the 201213 exhibition Lunch Hour at the New York Public Library.
The New School, Wollman Hall, Eugene Lang College
65 West 11th Street, Room B500, New York, NY 10003
6:30 pm Check-in and reception | 7:00 pm Lecture
$25 CHNY Members | $22 CHNY Senior Members | $40 Non-Members and Guests | $10 students with ID | FREE New School students and faculty.
To buy tickets securely online: http://www.brownpapertickets.com/producer/7199
For reservations to be paid at the door, for members only, email Events at http://www.culinaryhistoriansny.org/contact.html
Save the date: March 19, Jeffrey Yoskowitz, The Complex Relationship of Pigs and Jews
The Brooklyn Kitchen, 100 Frost Street, Brooklyn, NY 11211
6:30 pm Check-in and reception | 7:00 pm Lecture
Is it true that breast is best? Did the development of commercial baby food in mid-twentieth century America provide safe and healthy food, freeing mothers to work outside the home, or did it cause the decline of breastfeeding and set the stage for an epidemic of childhood obesity?
No topic is more fraught than what we feed our babies. A complex social activity as well as a question of nutrition, feeding babies is an expression of American notions about science, health, child-rearing practices, and tradition. Amy Bentley will discuss the ways in which commercial baby food shaped the evolution of parental and pediatric care in the mid-twentieth century and the role of such food in helping to establish adult preferences for much of todays highly-processed, calorie dense, and minimally nutritious foods.
A reception with martinis and a 50s-style cocktail party menu will precede the talk. Attendees are welcome to shop The Brooklyn Kitchen with a 10% discount all that day prior to the program.
Amy Bentley is Associate Professor in the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health at New York University, where she studies the social, historical, and cultural contexts of food. Her publications include Inventing Baby Food: Taste, Health, and the Industrialization of the American Diet (University of California Press, 2014) and Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity (University of Illinois, 1998). She is Editor of Food, Culture, and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research.
The Brooklyn Kitchen
100 Frost Street, Brooklyn, NY 11211. By subway: L to Lorimer, walk north on Lorimer St. (toward Conselyea), four blocks to a right on Meeker, continue to right on Frost St.
6:30 pm Check-in and reception | 7:00 pm Lecture
$25 CHNY Members | $22 CHNY Senior Members | $40 Non-Members and Guests | $10 Full-time students with ID
Purchase in advance through Brown Paper Tickets: http://www.brownpapertickets.com/producer/7199
For reservations to be paid at the door, for members only, email Events at http://www.culinaryhistoriansny.org/contact.html
For further information about CHNY, see http://www.culinaryhistoriansny.org
February 26, Farha Ternikar, Brunch
The stereotype of the ascot wearing, whiskey-drinking gentleman is well established. But as Fred Minnick, author of Whiskey Women: The Untold Story of How Women Saved Bourbon, Scotch and Irish Whiskey, tells it, the spirits those mythical gents drank were developed by women, who also invented beer and distillation and owned major brands including Bushmills, Laphroaig and Makers Mark. Fred Minnick will describe the little-known history of the females who transformed the industry, from Mesopotamias first beer brewers and distillers, to rowdy American bootleggers during Prohibition, to todays multi-billion dollar business.
Fred Minnick is a writer and photographer based in Louisville, Kentucky, whose work has appeared in Whisky Magazine and Whisky Advocate. He is the Bourbon Authority for the Kentucky Derby Museum and judges the San Francisco World Spirits Competition and the World Whiskies Awards. He often wears an ascot.
A reception before the talk will feature three whiskey womenall New York distillers pouring tastes of their locally made spirits. Please join us for this festive holiday gathering.
The National Arts Club
15 Gramercy Park South (East 20th St. between Park Avenue South and Irving Place)
New York, NY 10003
Please note later start time: 7:30 pm Check-in and reception | 8:00 pm Lecture
$25 CHNY Members | $22 CHNY Senior Members | $40 Non-Members and Guests | $10 Full-time students with ID
Tickets must be purchased in advance, no later than December 6. If you pay in advance and find you cannot attend, a refund is possible if you notify us by 5 PM on December 7 at email@example.com
No admission at the door is possible without advance payment.
Purchase in advance through Brown Paper Tickets: http://www.brownpapertickets.com/producer/7199


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Founded in the community, and with a philosophy of community martial arts and community wellbeing, LCTKD is much more than what goes on inside our training spaces. Find out on these pages about our home at the Chinese Community Centre, our work with businesses, and our support for schools, our good causes, and how we can help with your Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Much of what we is do is done entirely free of charge. It's our way of saying thank you to the communities that support us so well.
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Jiang Qin
Jiang Qin | |
General of Sun Quan | |
Born | (Unknown) |
Died | 219[1] |
Names | |
Traditional Chinese | 蔣欽 |
Simplified Chinese | 蒋钦 |
Pinyin | Jiǎng Qīn |
Wade–Giles | Chiang Chin |
Courtesy name | Gongyi (Chinese: 公奕; pinyin: Gōngyì; Wade–Giles: Kung-i) |
Jiang Qin (died 219),[1][2] courtesy name Gongyi, was a military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He previously served under Sun Quan's elder brother and predecessor, Sun Ce, and participated in various battles throughout his service under the Sun family, including Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong, the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford and Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province.
Service under Sun Ce[edit]
Jiang Qin was from Shouchun County (壽春縣), Jiujiang Commandery (九江郡), which is in present-day Shou County, Lu'an, Anhui. He served as an Attendant (給事) under Sun Ce when Sun gained independence from the warlord Yuan Shu. When Sun Ce crossed the Yangtze River to start his conquests of the territories in the Jiangdong region, Jiang Qin was appointed as a "Major of Separate Command" (別部司馬) and placed in command of some troops. He accompanied Sun Ce on the campaigns and assisted in the conquest of Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡). He was later reassigned to be the Commandant of Geyang (葛陽尉) and was placed in charge of three counties. During his tenure, he defeated some bandits and was promoted to Commandant of the West (西部都尉).[3]
When the bandits Lü He (呂合) and Qin Lang (秦狼) stirred up trouble in Kuaiji Commandery along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay, Jiang Qin led his troops to fight them and succeeded in pacifying the five counties in Kuaiji and captured the two bandit chiefs. For his achievement, he was promoted to "General of the Household Who Attacks the Yue" (討越中郎將) and placed in charge of Jingqu (涇拘) and Zhaoyang (昭陽) counties. Jiang Qin later led 10,000 troops to assist He Qi in suppressing a rebellion in You County (黝縣).[4]
Service under Sun Quan[edit]
Jiang Qin participated in the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in 214-215 and he fought bravely to defend Sun Quan when the latter was under attack by the enemy general Zhang Liao at the ford. He was promoted to "General Who Rocks Bandits" (盪寇將軍) and Area Commander (督) of Ruxu (濡須) for his achievements. He was later recalled to the Wu capital and was commissioned as "Right Protector of the Army" (右護軍) and given additional responsibilities in the legal court.[5]
In 219, Sun Quan ordered Lü Meng to lead an army to invade Jing Province when its defender Guan Yu (a general under Liu Bei) was away at the Battle of Fancheng. Jiang Qin participated in the campaign and led a naval force at Mian (沔). However, after the victory, Jiang Qin fell sick and died on the way back to Wu. Sun Quan personally donned mourning attire when he attended Jiang Qin's funeral. He also gave 200 taxable households and 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land in Wuhu to Jiang Qin's family.[6]
Sun Quan's home visit[edit]
Sun Quan once visited Jiang Qin's house and saw that Jiang's mother had only a light bed-curtain and cotton blankets, while Jiang's wife and concubines wore only simple cloth dresses. Sun Quan was so impressed with Jiang Qin's frugality that he ordered his own household to make silk blankets for Jiang's mother and exchange her curtains for better ones. Jiang Qin's wife and concubines also received silk and embroidered garments.[7]
Incident with Xu Sheng[edit]
Once, when Jiang Qin was stationed in Xuancheng County (宣城縣) and was out fighting rebels in Yuzhang Commandery, Xu Sheng, who was then the Prefect (令) of Wuhu, arrested an officer under Jiang Qin and requested for permission from Sun Quan to have the officer executed. As Jiang Qin was away at that time, Sun Quan denied the request. Xu Sheng had since estranged himself from Jiang Qin. Later, during the Battle of Ruxu in 217, Jiang Qin and Lü Meng were put in charge of military discipline. Xu Sheng was constantly worried that Jiang Qin would find fault with him, but, much to his surprise, Jiang gave him high praise instead, and Xu was very impressed with Jiang's virtue. Jiang Qin became more highly regarded after this incident.[8] Sun Quan later asked Jiang Qin, "Xu Sheng offended you earlier on, but yet now you praise him. You wish to emulate Qi Xi,[notes 1] don't you?" Jiang Qin replied, "I heard that one should not let his personal feuds affect his official duties. Xu Sheng is loyal and hardworking, possesses both courage and talent, and is capable of leading thousands of troops. Now, we've yet to accomplish our great task, so I should help to scout for and recommend talents to serve the state instead of letting my private problems cloud my judgement." Sun Quan was very pleased.[9]
Jiang Qin's son, Jiang Yi (蔣壹), received the title "Marquis of Xuancheng" (宣城侯) and fought at the Battle of Xiaoting in 221-222 against Liu Bei's forces. He was later despatched to Nan Commandery (南郡) to join the Battle of Jiangling but died before participating in the battle. Jiang Yi had no son so his military post was inherited by his younger brother, Jiang Xiu (蔣休). Jiang Xiu was later discharged from service for committing an offence.[10]
See also[edit]
- ^ Qi Xi (祁奚) was a politician in the Jin state during the Spring and Autumn Period. He once recommended Xie Hu (解狐), whom he had a personal feud with, to assist Duke Dao of Jin.
- ^ a b The Sanguozhi mentioned that Jiang Qin died of illness on his way back to Wu after participating in Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province in 219. Quote from Sanguozhi vol. 55: (權討關羽,欽督水軍入沔,還,道病卒。)
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 377. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ (蔣欽字公弈,九江壽春人也。 ... 孫策之襲袁術,欽隨從給事。及策東渡,拜別部司馬,授兵。與策周旋,平定三郡,又從定豫章。調授葛陽尉,歷三縣長,討平盜賊,遷西部都尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ^ (會稽冶賊呂合、秦狼等為亂,欽將兵討擊,遂禽合、狼,五縣平定,徙討越中郎將,以涇拘、昭陽為奉邑。 ... 賀齊討黝賊,欽督萬兵,與齊并力,黝賊平定。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ^ (從征合肥,魏將張遼襲權於津北,欽力戰有功,遷盪寇將軍,領濡須督。後召還都,拜津右護軍,典領辭訟。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ^ (權討關羽,欽督水軍入沔,還,道病卒。 ... 權素服舉哀,以蕪湖民二百戶、田二百頃,給欽妻子。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ^ (權甞入其堂內,母踈帳縹被,妻妾布裙。權歎其在貴守約,即勑御府為母作錦被,改易帷帳,妻妾衣服悉皆錦繡。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ^ (初,欽屯宣城,甞討豫章賊。蕪湖令徐盛收欽屯吏,表斬之,權以欽在遠不許,盛由是自嫌於欽。曹公出濡須,欽與呂蒙持諸軍節度。盛常畏欽因事害己,而欽每稱其善。盛旣服德,論者美焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ^ (江表傳曰:權謂欽曰:「盛前白卿,卿今舉盛,欲慕祁奚邪?」欽對曰:「臣聞公舉不挾私怨,盛忠而勤彊,有膽略器用,好萬人督也。今大事未定,臣當助國求才,豈敢挾私恨以蔽賢乎!」權嘉之。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ^ (子壹封宣城侯,領兵拒劉備有功,還赴南郡,與魏交戰,臨陣卒。壹無子,弟休領兵,後有罪失業。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- Chen Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Pei Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).


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Moneylife » Economy & Nation » MLM / Chain Money » QNet, the MLM has resurfaced in India; will people be duped again?
QNet, the MLM has resurfaced in India; will people be duped again?
| 15/11/2012 05:47 PM |QuestNet and GoldQuest, which all but closed down in 2009, have emerged bigger and stronger as QNet. But the hype and hard-sell by this MLM company to ensnare people into enrolling distributors and hawking lifestyle products such as watches, gold coins, bio-discs, herbal products and travel packages is worrying. Will it also go the SpeakAsia, Stockguru and NMart way while regulators do nothing?
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jitu moni 13 hours ago
Lets spread it friends
Two top representatives of QNet, a Hong Kong-based multi-level marketing company allegedly involved in a Rs 425-crore fraud here, were arrested today after being picked up from Delhi international airport, police said.
The controversial company's senior independent representatives, identified as Sandeep Kalra and Hitesh Miglani, were intercepted by immigration authorities at the Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi last night, said an officer with Mumbai Police Economic Offence Wing (EOW).
The duo, who arrived from Dubai in separate flights, was stopped at the airport as Look Out Circulars (LOC) were issued against them by the EOW probing the case.
The two suspects, who were suspected to have had pocketed lakhs of rupees through the scheme and organised several training camps to lure investors, have been subsequently brought to the metropolis and placed under arrest this evening, police said.
The LOCs have been issued against those whose statements have been necessitated in the probe but did not appear before the investigators despite summons.
Kalra hails from Delhi while Miglani is from Bangalore, police said adding that this is the first arrest of those against whom LOCs had been issued.
The EOW had earlier arrested 15 persons for allegedly duping investors by selling QNet products, including magnetic disks, herbal products and holiday schemes, through allegedly fraudulent means.
The EOW has invoked the stringent Maharashtra Protection of Interest of Depositors (MPID) against the company which has denied any wrongdoing on its part.
QNet has also been accused of using the banned binary pyramid business model. An FIR in the case was registered in August in 2013.
The accused had been charged with cheating and forgery under relevant sections of the Prize, Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978.
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Shreyans Sarang 3 months ago
was reading an article in forbes. They were claiming that QNet answered all the questions which Mrs Dalal had asked to them but she herself didn't participate in that interview.
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gurupreet 5 months ago
Representative of PR company summoned in QNet case
MUMBAI: The EOW summoned the representative of a PR firm and sought details about the services it has been providing to QNet, a marketing firm involved in an alleged Rs 425 crore cheating case. Meanwhile, the police have written to a bank in Fort to freeze the PR firm's account.
The police said they will also summon other PR companies that worked for QNet in the past.
An EOW source said the representative has said that the PR firm had entered into a contract with QNet in January to act as a coordinator between the media and the marketing company. "We have asked the PR firm to furnish the contract copy, details of QNet officials who had approached it and bank payment details," said an officer. But, the officer added, the EOW is not satisfied and has summoned the representative again.
The cops have written to the bank under section 91 and 102 of CrPC and Section 4 of the Bankers Books Evidence Act, 1891, to freeze the account belonging to the PR firm. "We suspect the money used to pay the PR firm was earned by QNet through the proceeds of crime. Till date, 10 people have been arrested in this case," said Rajvardhan Sinha, additional commissioner.
The PR firm, in its statement to TOI, said, "Our relationship with QNet is purely that of a client and a consultancy. Like any PR constancy, we are just doing our professional job to coordinate flow of information from the company to the media and attending media queries on QNet. As part of their investigation, the police inquired with us on the nature of our association with QNet and we informed them of the same."
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gurupreet 6 months ago
Mumbai: The police custody of ex-world billiard champion Michael Ferreira's former daughter-in-law, who was held in connection with the QNET scam, was on Tuesday extended till September 22 with investigators seeking to examine her earnings and investments she made using the illicit money.
Read full story here: http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtr...
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gurupreet 6 months ago
The EOW had arrested Susan Chatterjee, former daughter-in-law of Michael Ferreira in the Rs425 crore QNet scam. While Ferreira owns 80% stake in QNet's official franchisee in India, his son, wife and close relatives are also reportedly under the scanner
With the arrest of Susan Nikhil Chatterjee, former wife of Mark Ferreira, the focus of the investigators is now back again on the family of former world billion champion Michael Ferreira. The Economic Offences Wing (EOW) of Mumbai police last week arrested Susan in the Rs425 crore QNet scam.
Read the full story here...and please add your comments...
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Hosted by the Association of Aspiring Student Affairs Professionals (AASAP), the one-day conference is designed to help undergraduate students identify and strengthen their leadership skills. The event will take place in the Bayh College of Education from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and is open to students from any college or university.
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Optical encryption using phase-shifting interferometry in a joint transform correlator
Optics Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 17, pp. 2562-2564 (2006)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (213 KB)
We propose an optical encryption technique where the encrypted field and the decrypting key are obtained by three-step phase-shifting interferometry and registered as digital Fresnel holograms in a joint transform correlator architecture. Decryption can be achieved by digital or optical means. The technique allows the complete process to be achieved at high speed and data to be transfered via digital communication channels. Experimental implementation is performed in a system based on a programmable liquid-crystal TV display working in pure phase mode to represent the input data and to introduce the required phase shifts. A CCD is used to register the output data.
© 2006 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(070.4560) Fourier optics and signal processing : Data processing by optical means
(090.2880) Holography : Holographic interferometry
(100.3010) Image processing : Image reconstruction techniques
(100.4550) Image processing : Correlators
(120.5050) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Phase measurement
(230.3720) Optical devices : Liquid-crystal devices
ToC Category:
Fourier Optics and Optical Signal Processing
Original Manuscript: April 3, 2006
Revised Manuscript: May 16, 2006
Manuscript Accepted: May 23, 2006
Published: August 9, 2006
Cecilia La Mela and Claudio Iemmi, "Optical encryption using phase-shifting interferometry in a joint transform correlator," Opt. Lett. 31, 2562-2564 (2006)
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David Oyelowo: Selma actor goes from king of England to Martin Luther King, Jr.
David Oyelowo (pronounced "oh-yellow-oh") is a classically trained stage actor who is working successfully and simultaneously in film, television and theater, and has quickly become one of Hollywood's most sought-after talents. He was recently nominated for a Golden Globe for his stirring performance as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in the highly anticipated civil rights drama Selma. Directed by Ava DuVernay and produced by Oprah Winfrey and Brad Pitt's Plan B, the film follows the Black fight for the right to register to vote culminating in the march from Selma to Montgomery and President Lyndon Johnson's signing of the historic Voting Rights Act of 1965. Oyelowo can currently be seen in Christopher Nolan's sci-fi space travel adventure Interstellar and in A Most Violent Year opposite Jessica Chastain and Oscar Isaac. He just wrapped production on Captive, a true-life crime thriller, and will soon co-star in Nina, a biographical drama about Nina Simone (played by Zoe Saldana). Continue Reading →