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Volvo V70 For Sale
2007 Volvo V70 Trims For Sale
User Reviews
Displaying all 4 2007 Volvo V70 reviews.
2007 Volvo V70 2.4
ProsVery stylish. Great resale value. Fantastic fuel economy. Excellent reliable quality vehicle. ConsAlways to good and loved to be sold.
Very Reliable Transportation — My Volvo V70 is a lot of fun to drive. It is very reliable. Handles great in snowy conditions. The most comfortable seats of any vehicle that I have owned. It has maintained a great value. The family loves it. The car want to always go FAST! I have to hold it back Primary Use: Family transportation |
2007 Volvo V70 2.5T
ProsSpeed, space, build ConsFuel consumption, handling
Volvo V70 T-5 — The Volvo V70 is a versatile beast, with a huge load area, capable of swallowing kit or kids. It goes like stink with the 2.5 Turbo engine, but the speed is tempered by the handling limitations of a car this size, still it goes round corners far better than it has any right to. The build is solid and if you are going to have a crash in a car, do it in one of these! Overall, a hoot for hooligan dads. |
2007 Volvo V70 2.4
ProsSafer, better, durable Consswedish
Volvo Rules. — best new car i ever bought, no problems, reliable, tough, safe. And probably the best standard seats i have ever had i na car, my kids love it. cheap to insure, good fuel economy. Strong diesel engine that could compeat with most petrol engines. Volvo is by far my best car purchase ever. |
2007 Volvo V70 2.4
Proscomfort and performance Consrunning costs
Displaying all 4 2007 Volvo V70 reviews.
Reviews From Other Years
2010 Volvo V70 Reviews
Its The Best By Mikael
This is not a 2010 Volvo V70 3.2 R-Design. I have a 2011 Volvo V70 T4 R-Design. Thats a fine nice car and the fuel economy is very good, I recomend this car to buy , its perfect. Try this model in you... Read More
My 2010 Volvo V70 2.0d Summum By Roger
Performance: It's surprisingly quick for "just" being a 2.0 diesel! This variant is delivered with a tight 6-speed manual transmission only, which suits the engine very well. 136 hp/320 Nm torque. In ... Read More
2008 Volvo V70 Reviews
Great Looking Family Wagon By VxTrout
Back seats have boosters built in. Great feature for a family wagon. Wife gets complements on how great the car looks for a wagon. It is all black with dark but legal tint. Drives great on road tr... Read More
Professional Style By SteveHeckman
Very high quality materials and workmanship throughout - low noise, vibration and harshness. Responsive engine and vehicle dynamics without the "boy-racer" look. Seat height is perfect - no climb up ... Read More
2006 Volvo V70 Reviews
Best V70 By Martina
This car are very speciell an i like the acceleration. that car was the car that i was take my drivingcard with:) this car are very fun to drive and are very hightecnoligic. so if you are looking for ... Read More
For The Family By Martin
Volvo V70 5-cyl 170hp 2006 The perfect familycar. In my perspective problably the best looking estate wagon on the market. Very high comfort and safety. Normal service, no repairs so far. Black inter... Read More
2005 Volvo V70 Reviews
V70r - Sports Car Disguised As A Station Wagon By willl24
The 2005 Volvo V70R is ideal for long hauls across the country and runs up into the mountains for skiing. With the Geartronic automatic transmission, city traffic is not a problem except for the larg... Read More
Solid Workhorse. By Wmhugo48
Reliability and an ability to provide a longer life than most vehicles. These cars definitly need a 6 digit odometer. 100K miles is low milage on a Volvo. Great high speed miles per gallon. It has... Read More
2004 Volvo V70 Reviews
Perfect Combination Of Sport And Luxury By TBMartin
Due to the limited amount produced, it's unlikely to encounter another identical one at every other stop light like most cars today. Exclusive and very fun to drive yet you can cruise or haul items if... Read More
Wanted To Have A Volvo Station Wagon Since I Was 12 By Neil
...if you don't have it, you don't get it. I carried a couple of leather couhces in it, and I had a few of my friends raise their eye-brows and hold their breath when they saw what the car could do on... Read More
People researching a 2007 Volvo V70 contacted a dealer about
22% of the time
Volvo XC70
6% of the time
Volvo XC90
4% of the time
Subaru Forester
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Homemade Snack Food recipes are a key to having a happy and healthy gathering of friends or family.
Did you know that plants have personalities? Discover the personality of the vervain plant and how i...
Eco Lips now offers [My] Eco Lips, a website that gives consumers the power to create a custom lip b...
Include your favorite white or wheat bread recipe with this herb blend. We've decorated our muslin b...
Its serpentine path was first encountered near Crete on coins dating back to 500 b.c., and the same design has appeared in the American Southwest, Northern Europe, India, and Peru. You can enjoy the timeless appeal of this seven-circuit, single-path labyrinth by applying it wherever it can create a center of calm in your busy life. Trace it with your finger, pace it in your garden, or simply let your eyes rest on it for a moment of meditation.
-Paint it on a desktop or side table.
-Stitch it on canvas.
-Set it in a sunroom floor using tiny mosaic tiles.
-Paint it on a canvas floor cloth.
-Etch it in the glass of a shower door.
-Trace it in a child's sandbox.
-Mark it with rocks in the garden, or mow it in the lawn.
-Trace it with your finger pace it in your garden.
Artress, Dr. Lauren. Walking a Sacred Path: Rediscovering the Labyrinth as a Spiritual Tool. Riverhead Books, 1995.
Aviva, Elyn. "The Amazing Labyrinth," in the Washington Times magazine The World and I, September 1997, www.worldandi.com.
Designs and classroom labyrinth activities via Professor Tony Phillips of SUNY Stonybrook's homepage, http://math.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/mazes.
Information on sacred geometry and labyrinths in Europe via Mid-Atlantic Geomancy, www.geomancy.org.
Veriditas Labyrinth Project, Grace Cathedral, 1100 California St., San Francisco, CA 94108. (415) 749-6356, www.gracecom.org.
Wisdom House Conference and Retreat Center, 229 East Litchfield Rd., Litchfield, CT, 06759, (860) 567-3163, www.wisdomhouse.org.
Subscribe to Mother Earth Living!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Count 'Em Up: Bird Addition
"The early bird gets the worm," as the old saying goes. Turn your child into the early bird by helping him get a jump-start on his addition skills. Let these countable birds show him the way to addition success; he'll come out of this with stronger mental math skills, too!
Updated on Nov 18, 2014
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Interactive Math Lessons for Elementary School Students


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The location of the hotel is quite convenient to get the taxi. Its' main entrance not impress at all. The room is big. The front desk staffs not so helpful and unfriendly. The hotel will not help the guests to call the taxi to bus station or other places. They told us that we have to do it on our... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Ctrip TA, Agoda, Hotels.com and Priceline so you can book your Bifeng Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Click here to print the obituary below
Rafael J. "El Pando" Lopez
Lopez, Rafael J. (El Pando)
98 of Glendale, passed away on November 17, 2013. Born April 19, 1915. Preceded in death by his wife Guadalupe and son Arthur Lopez. He proudly served his country in the United States Army during
World War II
. Survived by his sons, Bruno, Albert (Connie), Tomas (Rebecca), Raul (Dominga), 15 grandchildren,17 great grandchildren, and 10 great great grandchildren. A viewing will be held on Sunday, November 24, 2013 from 5-8:00 p.m., at Chapel of the Chimes Mortuary 7924 N 59th Ave., Glendale, Az. A Funeral Mass will be held Monday November 25, 2013 10:00 a.m. at Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic Church 5614 W Orangewood Ave., Glendale, Az. He will be missed greatly by everyone. He will be put to rest at Resthaven Park Cemetery, Glendale, Az. To send condolences visit
Funeral Home
Chapel of the Chimes Mortuary
7924 North 59th Ave
Glendale, AZ 85301
(623) 937-9297
Published in The Arizona Republic on Nov. 23, 2013


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Snake Oil Glassworks, Inc. is now gearing up for the 5th year edition of our infamous February fundraiser for the American Heart Association! Blowin' Red #5 will take place on February 6, 2015 from 5:00pm to 9:00pm! If you have ever come to one of our fundraisers, you know it just the thing to chase off of those winter blues for a few hours on a cold winter evening. If you haven't ever come, well, you need to; there is nothing else quite like it! It's a unique and fun event for a very worthy cause with 100% of the money raised to be donated to the American Heart Association's "Go Red For Women" campaign. The support of our generous donors and friends who attend have made it possible for us to contribute nearly $20,000 since 2011! Let's do it again. There will be a live, hot-on-the-pipe auction and silent auction for your bidding pleasure. Snake Oil Glassworks, Inc. supplies the place, food, and entertainment. Our donors supply the many goodies available in the silent auction. Want to be a part of the action by donating an item to the silent auction? Contact us here at: email@example.com. There will be a suggested donation of $10 for the night of the event. Lorraine is already on the prowl for her outfit and shoes… It all happens on February 6, 2015!
Our BlogDate: Friday, February 06, 2015 – 5:00 pm
Duration: 4 Hours
Contact Info:
Lorraine Austin Snakeoil Glassworks, Inc. 4251 Jordan Rd Skaneateles, NY 13152
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Come enjoy a day of family fun. Ride the many trails, cross country ski or snow shoe. Watch demonstrations, participate in outdoor activities, a pancake breakfast and lunch available. Evening dance. More details to follow.
Sam Morril, one of the fastest rising comics in New York City, is also one of the best joke writers in the scene today. How do you know that's true? Because he is writing this bio, and he wouldn't lie about that to get extra work. He won March Madness 2010 at Comix, has performed in a Friars Roast, and was featured in a 4-page spread in the Daily News as "one of the four funniest in New York?" He then won the Laughing Skull Festival in Atlanta, beating out over 600 applicants. Sam was recently named a 2011 "Comic to Watch" by Comedy Central. His comedy can be heard on Sirius XM radio, and he's a regular at all the top clubs in the city, all at the tender and supple age of 25. Come see Sam before his ego gets too big to do small rooms.
Kohlton and his crew will play a mix of traditional and new-age music. You will enjoy both originals and covers as Kohlton wows you with his dexterity on the guitar and seduces you with his sultry, bluesy voice.
On Saturday nights Treleaven will transform The Barrel Room into a movie theatre where you can sip on your favorite vino & munch on freshly popped popcorn with friends while watching a film! Tasting room open at 6pm for tastings and wine purchases. Admission includes one FREE bag of popcorn.


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When Heidi Klum tells these gals, "Auf Wiedersehen," she really means it. LOL. The supermodel and supermom was spotted filming some new scenes for her reality competition show, Germany's Next Top Model while on top of a double decker bus in Times Square in New York City on Wednesday afternoon.
Between her Top Model gig, Project Runway, her children's clothing line, and everything else that she does, I'm surprise that Heidi has any time for herself these days. I wouldn't be surprised if she doesn't get much sleep. That doesn't seem to matter though because she apparently loves what she does and is having a fun time doing it!
Check out our photos of Heidi below and let us know what you think!
Photos via PacificCoastNews.com


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Never heard of it before, but I just signed up and got a chart started. Hopefully it'll work out well for us cause I'm a Flylady failure too. :)
Flylady flunkie here too...I found it just didn't work for families without a SAHP. Chore Buster looks good...I started a list. We just need something to keep us accountable.
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Ryan Nugent-Hopkins now ranks third among active players in terms of games played with Edmonton.
The Edmonton Oilers have placed Keith Aulie on waivers.
Darnell Nurse has been out of action for the last few weeks with a leg injury.
Iiro Pakarinen suffered a leg injury in the first period Saturday and did not return.
Nail Yakupov (groin) returned to action on Saturday.
Justin Schultz potted a goal for the Oilers in their 2-1 loss to St. Louis on Saturday night.
Ben Scrivens set aside 25 shots in the Oilers' 2-1 loss to the Blues on Saturday night.
Matt Fraser and Keith Aulie will be scratched on Saturday night against the St. Louis Blues.
Ben Scrivens will get the start against the St. Louis Blues on Saturday night.
Coach Todd Nelson said that the shoulder injury to Anton Lander may not be season-ending.
Nikita Nikitin skated in practice for the first time since injuring his shoulder a month ago.
Ryan Nugent-Hopkins had an assist in a 2-1 win against Minnesota.
Jordan Eberle had two assists in a 2-1 victory against Minnesota Tuesday night.
Benoit Pouliot scored a pair of goals for Edmonton Tuesday and carried his teammates to a 2-1 victory over the Wild.
Ben Scrivens turned aside 33 of 34 shots on Tuesday as he lifted the Oilers to a 2-1 win over Minnesota.


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Started this discussion. Last reply by Jeff David Dec 29, 2014. 4 Replies 0 Likes
What a blessing this time of year to reflect on those things which mean the most to us. This past weekend, my family and I got to spend some time in a hotel in Downtown Salt Lake where we relaxed and…Continue
Started this discussion. Last reply by Erin Casey Dec 16, 2014. 7 Replies 0 Likes
Isn't it interesting in life how little doors open when we don't really expect them to? I have chased certain things for a while not and can't really seem to make a dent.If you have met me or seen my…Continue
Started this discussion. Last reply by Jeff David Oct 8, 2014. 2 Replies 0 Likes
Those Life Lessons aren't always welcome at the moment they happen, but are necessary for our growth.I had an experience in the past week which taught me about that. Rather than being sad that…Continue
Started this discussion. Last reply by Jeff David Sep 23, 2014. 2 Replies 0 Likes
Hello Fellow 48 Days Heroes, No one has ever accused me of being genius at technology. Just last week my wife asked if I had downloaded the pictures from my phone to my computer. I asked her how I…Continue
Jeff, you just made my WHOLE day with your kind comment. Thank you!!!!!!
Jeff that is so kind of you to say. I'm happy if you have found any value in what I share - that means a lot to me. I really am glad you are back and I look forward to your posts!
Jeff....thank you for the friend invite!!! VERY cool you are on your road to financial freedom!!! VERY fun!
Thanks so much Jeff, I'm so honored! Did I send you the code to get the bonuses? If no, email me at firstname.lastname@example.com. Thanks for getting the book and reading it, this comment brought a smile to my face. If you need any help at all or want to bounce any ideas around, email me and let's set up a time just to talk. Let's talk anyways :)
Hi Jeff, you asked about my Confidence program - thanks to Pete Ferguson for the introduction. Here it is: 21 Step Confidence Building Program
Thanks Jeff. It was really good to get to know you a little. If you ever use music for your reviews, feel free to use mine. Glad you made it home safe.
Hi Jeff! How's the cookin lately?
You can get the "I'm Fine, Thanks" movie at www.imfinethanksmovie.com. Enjoy!
Wow Jeff thanks so much for taking the time to listen and to comment! I truly appreciate what you said. Very glad it resonated with you.
Oh my gosh, thanks Jeff!!! THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE TIME TO WRITE YOUR KIND note on our show! Having an absolute BLAST getting to do these each week and learning a ton from the great guests. MANY thanks!
Posted on February 10, 2015 at 7:37am 2 Comments 0 Likes
For the past 4 months, I have been so busy with my job that I have ignored what I really love--the writing. But ignorance doesn't happen without feelings of anxiety and consternation.
I always thought that I would get to it tomorrow; but tomorrow never came, until I made it so. We all do this in life and ultimately we all have to recognize and reconcile. My latest article:
In my early teenage years, I had a Sunday School teacher who a very dynamic man. His career…
ContinuePosted on November 19, 2014 at 12:45pm 2 Comments 0 Likes
I have written a series of unique life lessons titled "And So I." For the final one, I wrote about one of my greatest loves--BBQ.
It wasn't just about throwing some meat on the Smoker; it was the journey to get here, and the continual journey since.
Here is the Link:…
ContinuePosted on November 4, 2014 at 9:05am 2 Comments 0 Likes
Continue HereCan anything be learned from just a short workout? Well I sure found that out. My approach to many things in life has been to rush through it. Pushing myself too hard with a swim workout caused me to take a new look.
Here is the story:
During the summer of 2013, I hired a swim coach. Improving my aquatic ability was something that I longed for yet didn't get around to for a…
ContinuePosted on October 31, 2014 at 11:26am 1 Comment 0 Likes
What a joy to be interviewed by fellow 48 Days Members, Dwain Scott and Val Shumake Jr. on their Shifting Work Podcast.
These two really get to the heart of your journey. Life can be such a joy when you find and develop what you love.
They have interviewed a few 48 Days Members. Reach out to them if you would like to be part of it.
Here is my interview…
© 2015 Created by Jon Dale.


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Looking to buy a new FERRARI? Right now there are 9 FERRARI cars for sale on drive.com.au.
Fastest, most powerful Ferrari you can buy in Australia is staggering for more than just its performance.
Read More
Italian brand's V12-powered two-door wagon is a standout in its class of one.
They're sexy, desirable and beyond the reach of most people. But if you had to choose, which of these beauties steals your heart? Toby Hagon reports.
It still has the exclusive price tag but this new addition to the prancing horse stable also has a great day-to-day feel.
It costs $800,000 but there is a three-year wait. JOSHUA DOWLING tests the car money can't buy.


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Rusty's Auto Salvage has junkyards and salvage yards serving Sylacauga Alabama who pay cash for junk cars, high-mileage cars, damaged, wrecked or just plain worn out old cars as well as junk vans, trucks and SUVs. They don't have to be running for you to get good cash. Our towers cover every corner of Sylacauga and the surrounding area - Removal is always reliable, fast & FREE.
Our Sylacauga towers will come to the location of your vehicle, pay you cash in hand and tow your vehicle free of charge to one of our junkyards or auto salvage yards. We pay top dollar in Sylacauga AL and can usually remove the car that same day if you call before 5PM Alabama time. The amount of cash we pay depends on the condition of the vehicle and whether or not we salvage, scrap or simply junk your car. Call Rusty's now for a quote, it takes less than 3 minutes, and sell your junk car today.
You do not have to be present at time of pickup - alternative payment arrangements can be made. Arrangements for junk cars in Sylacauga Alabama missing keys, registrations and/or titles can usually be accommodated.
Sylacauga, Alabama |
Longitude | -86.289749 |
Latitude | 33.128253 |
Income Per Household | $0 |
Population | 26104 |
Elevation | 555 |
Land/Water | 215.12 / 0.7 |
Rusty's gave me a fair price for my vehicle and was completely professional throughout the process. They took the time to carefully answer all my questions.
rusty gave me the best in price and service ,pickup was on time and my money in hand thanks Rusty
Rusty's Auto Salvage just picked up my car and everthimg was great! I was so worried about selling my car from a website, but it couldn't of worked out better. They Fave me the most for my car out of…


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The item was shipped and arrived quickly. Fair shipping costs to Germany. Very good comunication and services. Great deal. Highly recommended. I'm...Read More ->
Hi Jeff Thanks a million for your rapid response. I did find the information on the N3 packaging. I got the basic handling down in a couple of...Read More ->


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Lucifers(1833). An improvement on the Congreves and Prometheans. Phosphorus was introduced into the paste; but phosphorus made the matches so sensitive that the whole box often ignited, children were killed by sucking the matches, and at Boulogne two soldiers and a woman were poisoned by drinking coffee in which a child had put a "lucifer." The manufacture of these matches was also very deleterious, producing "jaw disease." (See Prometheans, Safety Matches.) Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894 More on Lucifers from Infoplease:
24 X 7Private Tutor
Explore Fractions , Online Physics Tutor


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When I was pregnant for the first time, I remember standing in front of a wall of pregnancy books at Barnes and Noble. I was excited to be pregnant and learn more about what I was going through, but something about the sheer number of books made me want to run in the other direction–an avalanche of manuals might knock me to the ground. Surely birth– something that has been happening since THE DAWN OF TIME– doesn't require this much instruction!
Nevertheless, I did grab a few from the shelves and I was surprised by what I read. I knew my body was meant to give birth, but I didn't know that my doctor wouldn't be with me until I was pushing or that 24 hours was the average length of a first time labor. I realized that though birth is the most normal thing in the world, like most modern women, I hadn't been around birth all that much. Since then I've read too many birth books to count: obstetrics manuals, midwifery memoirs, polemics, histories, rants and anthologies. I even wrote a birth book!
My friends and childbirth education students often ask me:
If I get ONE book, which birth book should I get? (Maybe after their own encounters with the Barnes and Noble preggo section?) So, here's a list of my favorite birth *guides.*
These are practical books that will explain how birth works as well as offer tons of ideas for coping– from squatting to epidurals. You don't need to read them all, but one really good birth book can make a difference to your birth experience.


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Mosquito | Shutterstock
Earlier this year, the UN's World Health Organisation released a report suggesting climate change could cause an extra 250,000 deaths annually between 2030 and 2050. Today, The Times claims that figure has been 'exaggerated'.
The Times's headline was based on comments by an analyst for for the climate skeptic thinktank the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF). The GWPF told the paper that the WHO's estimates were "based on false assumptions" which led to the supposedly inflated headline figure.
But the GWPF's critique has a number of flaws. Despite the GWPF's claims, the WHO's report takes care to outline its assumptions in detail, and explicitly states that projections about climate change-related deaths remain uncertain.
Climate change-related deaths
The WHO modeled how rising temperatures, emissions and sea levels impact nutrition, malaria, dengue fever, diarrhoeal disease, and heat-related deaths.
Alongside the report, the WHO produced a factsheet, summarising its key findings. The WHO's modelling suggests there could be "approximately 250,000 additional deaths due to climate change per year between 2030 and 2050."
Source: World Health Organisation. Graph by Carbon Brief.
Read more
The film 'Anaconda'. Time
Rising temperatures have caused mountain goats in the Alps to 'shrink' by up to 25 per cent, according to new research . The news follows on from recent stories of how climate change could bring us huge spiders, tiny horses and giant snakes.
Despite the slightly ridiculous headlines such research prompts, there is actually some science behind it all.
Behavioural change
So, first things first; rising temperatures haven't actually caused any goats to shrink per se. Rather the research, published in the journal Frontiers in Zoology, finds that young goats aren't as big as they were 30 years ago.
Scientists analysed records of the Alpine Chamois goat in the Italian Alps and found they were as much as 25 per cent smaller than goats of the same age in the 1980s.
Aldabra banded snail | Wikicommons
On September 20th 2014, The Times published an article, "Snail 'wiped out by climate change' is alive and well."
It reported the rediscovery of the Aldabran banded snail (Rhachistia aldabrae), which was declared extinct in 2009 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), after repeated searches in its known habitat found no sign of the snail for over a decade.
In 2007, a scientific paper had pieced together the recent history of the snail population and the climate, and concluded that the snails extinction could be explained by the increasing frequency of dry years, leading to lower survival and reproduction.
But an expedition in August 2014 rediscovered the species in dense mixed scrub of a little-visited part of Aldabra. Conservationists celebrated the rediscovery, while also noting that the species is still extremely rare and its persistence by no means assured.
The Times article developed the story in a completely different direction, using it to challenge the basis for conclusions that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published earlier this year on species extinctions under climate change.
The Times claims that the Aldabran banded snail was cited in another paper (which I infer to be Cahill et al. 2013), a review of existing evidence, as "the clearest example of man-made climate change causing an extinction". It states that this was a major strand of evidence in the IPCC's conclusions on future extinction risks, which were summarised as: "A large fraction of both terrestrial and freshwater species faces increased extinction risk under projected climate change during and beyond the 21st century".
How sensitive is the earth to carbon dioxide? It's a question that's at the heart of climate science.
It's also complicated, and scientists have been grappling with pinning down the exact number for a while now.
But while the exact value of climate sensitivity presents a fascinating and important scientific question, it has little relevance for climate policy while greenhouse emissions stay as high as they are.
Nevertheless, each time a new research paper comes out suggesting climate sensitivity might be low it's misused by parts of the media to argue cutting emissions aren't so urgent after all.
The latest example comes in an article in today's Times, which claims a new low climate sensitivity estimate means "Climate change could be slower than forecast".
So what is climate sensitivity? What does and doesn't it tell us about future warming?
Source: The Times, 26th September 2014
Something is amiss in the world of scientific publishing, claimed The Times this weekend. And not for the first time. This is the latest in a series of articles suggesting research downplaying the seriousness of climate change impacts is being suppressed by top scientific journals.
Last time, scientists dismissed the Times' story as a case of peer review in action. It's difficult to see what the difference is this time.
"False alarm"
Seven years ago, a conservation scientist in the Seychelles published a paper in one of the Royal Society's journals, Biological Letters. It concluded the only known population of a type of snail was now thought to be extinct, after declining rapidly in the late 20th century.
In Saturday's Times article, journalist Ben Webster said:
"[The research] was presented as shocking evidence of the damage being done by climate change: a species driven to extinction because of a decline in rainfall in its only habitat."
In its recent report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned the fast pace of climate change could have consequences for many species. It concluded:
"A large fraction of both terrestrial and freshwater species faces increased extinction risk under projected climate change during and beyond the 21st century."
Well, the snail has apparently been rediscovered on a remote island. The Times suggests this "prompts questions" over the Royal Society "raising false alarm" about climate change.
In yesterday's Telegraph, climate skeptic commentator Christopher Booker argues a recent BBC News piece makes claims about rising carbon dioxide that are "blatantly untrue".
He also accuses the broadcaster of repeating theories about ocean warming that scientists have "ridiculed as make-believe". But a quick look shows his accusations don't stand up.
Carbon rising
In an article criticising the broadcaster for its climate science coverage, Booker cites a BBC radio news article on a recent World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) report.
The report looked in detail at carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, and how they're changing. It found greenhouse gases reached a record high of 396 parts per million (ppm) in 2013 - that's 42 per cent higher than pre-industrial levels.
Global carbon dioxide concentrations rose by nearly 3 ppm from 2012 to 2013 - the largest annual increase since 1984, the report also found.
Global growth in atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1984 to 2013 (shaded columns are annual averages). Source: WMO annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin for 2013
Scotland flag waving | Shutterstock
As Scotland prepares to decide whether to vote 'yes' for independence, the North Sea oil and gas industry's economic prospects have become something of a political football.
Today, a new report backed by the 'Yes' campaign claims the industry's taxes could be worth over £600 billion. But other experts have been quick to cast doubt on the findings.
Geologists think there's still plenty of oil and gas under the North Sea. The problem is that companies have extracted most of the easy-to-reach resources. Uncertainty around the fate of the remaining oil and gas has created space for speculation over how much the industry is worth.
That's where today's report from consultancy N-56, founded by a Yes campaign board member, fits in. It claims there could be around 45 billion barrels of oil and gas remaining - almost double previous estimates - worth £665 billion in tax receipts.
Conventional oil and gas
The North Sea's oil and gas reserves are becoming depleted, with companies extracting fewer and fewer barrels each year. Experts believe the industry could persist for a few more decades, but only if companies are willing to explore hard to reach spots.
Whether they will - or even can - access such resources is very open to debate, however.
This morning's Times claims new research says the increase in flooding in Britain in recent times is due to urban expansion and population growth, rather than climate change.
According to the piece, this "does not agree" with warnings from scientists that climate change can be linked to recent flooding. But a quick look at the science shows a combination of land use and climate change is upping the risk of flooding in the UK.
The Times story is based on a new study from the University of Southampton. The number of reported flooding events in the UK grew between 1884 to 2013, according to the research.
But although the number of reported floods went up, it's mainly down to more people being exposed, the authors tell us. During that time, the population grew from 38.2 to 59.1 million.
If you remove the effect of population rise, there's no longer a clear increase in the number of reported flooding events, the report suggests. This is presumably where the Times draws its conclusion that the new research "rules out a link between last year's winter flooding and climate change".
CC2.0 Tony Delgrosso
Climate sceptic columnist Christopher Booker has launched his latest attack on wind power, but the picture he presents of the technology is curiously distorted.
In an article for the Daily Mail he says the UK is suffering "a bout of collective insanity over renewable energy, for which it is hard to think of any historical parallel".
We've gone through Booker's piece, and noted some things you probably wouldn't know after reading it.
1) UK windfarms produce more power than Drax
Booker's dislike of windfarms seems to verge on the evangelical. But in his latest piece he sticks to the numbers in explaining his "crucial objection" to the technology. Unfortunately, the numbers are inaccurate or misleading.
An article in Friday's The Australian suggested brand new research by two eminent oceanographers casts doubt on scientific understanding of global warming. But the authors of the research have taken the newspaper to task for its coverage of their work.
The research by Carl Wunsch from Harvard University and Patrick Heimbach from MIT found temperatures seem to be falling in parts of the very deep ocean, known as 'the abyss'.
In a piece headline headlined "Puzzle of deep ocean cooling", journalist Graham Lloyd of the Australian interpreted the new research for readers:
"The deep oceans have been cooling for the past two decades and [so] it is not possible to say whether changes in ocean heat adequately explain the "pause" in global warming".
But the authors think Lloyd's article is misleading. In an letter to the editor in today's edition of the Australian, they say:
"The article by Graham Lloyd will likely leave a mis-impression with many of your readers concerning the substance of our paper."
Wunsch tells us Lloyd's article "cherrypicks" statements from their paper and "misses some key points".
Climate change and the Syrian uprising http://t.co/LJjyTuAwYO With @petergleick @frandechatel @alex_randall @Glada_Lahn @NeilAdger
Five decisions the @IPCC_CH made today about its future | Carbon Brief http://t.co/unfz7fTxFd http://t.co/pmMwdmvJxJ
Scientists discuss the role of climate change in the Syrian civil war | Carbon Brief http://t.co/ITBRKvY2wA http://t.co/ldJSaYt57C
Majority overestimate the cost of wind subsidies - in our daily briefing #CarbonBriefly http://t.co/nOrosJrMF2 http://t.co/GMKnDBvIDf
China's bursting coal bubble raises fear of stranded assets, says @Telegraph http://t.co/e9f1miv3Hl
Zhang Yong favourite to replace Xie as China climate envoy in Paris, as talks enter critical phase #COP21 http://t.co/hDw833TXbl
Gordon Brown calls for part-nationalisation of North Sea oil fields http://t.co/Az2ATCfbGQ
Energy Secretary: Coalition can live up to its claim to be the 'greenest government ever' http://t.co/TCHxGtIiQu
What happened to the lobbyists who tried to reshape the US view of climate change? - @guardianeco http://t.co/YwUJvrPEJe
UK blocks Russian oligarchs' deal to buy North Sea fields http://t.co/fRf59VO4qB


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PlantFiles: Wood Anemone
Anemone nemorosa 'Dee Day'
Family: Ranunculaceae (ra-nun-kew-LAY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Anemone (uh-NEM-oh-nee) (Info) Species: nemorosa (nem-or-OH-suh) (Info) Cultivar: Dee Day One vendor has this plant for sale. Category: Height: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: | Click thumbnail to view: By Weerobin By Weerobin |
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Dr. Richard King specializes in family practice in Valley Cottage, New York.
Dr. Richard King has been compared 587 times. Details of Dr. King's 38 years experience as an MD, his hospital affiliation and education at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences are available on your free doctor report.
Primary Location for Dr. King
206 Route 303
Valley Cottage, NY 10989
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Dr. Richard King has been identified as specializing in Family Practice.
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Dr. King attended medical school at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine and graduated in 1977 having 38 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
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Monthly Archives: December 2011
Kathleen Aston awarded an Initiative Grant
Congratulations to senior linguistics major Kathleen Aston! She's been awarded an A. V. Davis Foundation Initiative Grant to support her thesis, An Aero-tactile Investigation of Cross-Modality in Speech Perception. Way to go, Kathleen! Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /*… Continue reading
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Sasha Puchalski awarded an Initiative Grant
Congratulations to senior linguistics major Sasha Puchalski, who has been awarded an A. V. Davis Foundation Initiative Grant! The grant will support her thesis project, An Investigation of Linguistic Accommodation. Great job, Sasha!… Continue reading
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Matt on Constructed Languages in the NYT
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From the University of Alberta…
The Department of Linguistics at the University of Alberta is looking for graduate students who share our interests in empirically-driven approaches to language, and who have the background training, talent, and eagerness to participate actively in the research life of… Continue reading
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24 Valentine's Day Crafts for Kids: Lovely Kids Crafts Ideas and Projects
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Lovebirds Card
By: Terri Sproul of www.terrisproul.com
Add rich color to a pair of lovebirds in this homemade Valentine's Day card. This card craft featuring a lovebirds stamp is also a great way to express your affection anytime.
- White Cardstock
- Light and dark Purple Cardstock
- Twinkling H2O's : Pink Crocus, Gold Dust, Playful Peony, Fern, Autumn Skies, Periwinkle,
- Stamp: Lovebirds (5508.N), and "here is to another great year" from Stampotique,
- Green Ribbon – local craft store
- Fiskards – Heritage corner Punch
- Paint brushes or water brushes.
- Water
- Paper towels
- Mini paper cups – for your water
- Trimmer
- Fine Black Embossing Powder: from Stewart Superior
- Ink: Embossing ink, India Ink – both from Stewart Superior
- Adhesive: Zip Dry Paper Glue
- Stamp Lovebirds using embossing ink and black embossing powder. Stamp image onto white cardstock with clear embossing ink. Sprinkle on fine black embossing powder on to image – tap of extra embossing powder – heat powder until embossing powder is melted.
- Color in your image using Twinkling H2O's – to use your Twinkling H2O's just wet your brush or spray water on the Twinkling H2O's they are like using water colors. Start color in image. I used, "Pink Crocus" and "Playful Peony" on the flowers, "Fern" was used on the greens for the flowers, "Autumn Skies" and "Periwinkle" was used on the Lovebirds.
- Stamp: "here is to another great year" onto Green Ribbon. To stamp onto ribbon – use "India Ink".
- Trim your "lovebird" image – Punch both corners using Friskards "Heritage Corner Punch" and matt onto Dark Purple cardstock.
- Stamp "Here is to another great year" onto green ribbon using India ink. Adhere to the bottom of the card.
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Recent eLetters
Displaying 1-9 letters out of 164 published
The author replies
I welcome Stevenson's participation and thank him for providing the counterpoint to my commentary.[1, 2] Naturally I object to much of it, starting with the title. We are not discussing the importance of good science, rather what makes for it.
Stevenson begins by taking us on a philosophical excursion: "The underlying philosophy of science is that of [causal] determinism". Determinism, causal or otherwise,[3] is but one item in an ontology, and ontology is but one component of-- let us acknowledge that there is still no unanimity[4, 5]-- a philosophy of science. Yet apart from noting that transportation systems are systems, in terms of philosophy my commentary concerned exclusively epistemological, methodological and ethical matters. Thus the topic of determinism, and Stevenson's entire introduction, is out of place. I don't know how I could "totally dismis[s] the value of" something I never touched upon.
Instead of facing contemporary problems, Stevenson wishes I had used my limited space to consider epidemiology's history, extolling in particular much cited but nowadays little heeded works of Haddon[6] and Gordon[7] (the bibliographic entry given here for the latter being the correct one). Very well: Gordon emphasised the importance of the accident-prone individual, and that injury could not be effectively prevented without knowing the conditions under which cases occur. To this end "causes are sought through direct investigation of the site of the accident, of the associated circumstances, and of the person who was injured", and further that "The start is through field investigation, individual case study of the patient, the family group, and the immediate surroundings".
Does this sound like the epidemiology of bicycling as we have known it-- or as countenanced by "evidence based medicine"?[8] Or did the authors of highly consequential studies[9, 10, 11] use improvised, never-tested proxies?[2] Upon finding that none of their supposed indicators of crash severity or street dangerousness accounted for the outcomes of interest, did they get the idea that they had missed the real factors;[2] or did they conclude to the contrary that helmets were a virtual panacea and cycle tracks were safe without qualification?
Elsewhere Haddon,[12] citing the work of De Haven, himself famously a crash survivor, emphasised that it was not impact velocity per se, but impact conditions that determined injury outcome, and accordingly placed emphasis on vehicle design. I discussed at relative length the failure of epidemiologists to consider this. Haddon further propounded that "measures which do not require the continued, active cooperation of the public are much more efficacious than those which do", and that operating to the contrary constitutes victim blaming.[12] For the past three decades in the field of bicycling safety, the public health community, with its all-helmets, all the time approach, has devoted effectively all its efforts to violating Haddon's prescriptions.
Stevenson might consider that I am not the first to object to the epidemiological approach to transportation safety. For one, the eminent engineer Hauer already did so, for complementary reasons.[13] Hauer was not unfair: he also skewered his own profession.[13, 14] I recommend the public health community follow his example, and engage in more profound self-criticism, and less profound self-congratulation.
Rather than continue with any of many further objections to Stevenson's counterpoint, let me highlight a hidden agreement. Just as there is no objection to harm reduction in drug policy, there is no objection to evidence-based medicine, each being too vague a platitude. But there is plenty of objection to Harm Reduction, and likewise to Evidence Based Medicine: they are specific, institutionalised implementations of contentious philosophies, albeit wrapped in the corresponding platitudes. Stevenson says I suggest "that epidemiology dismisses mechanism-based reasoning"; I do not. I, and others, observe to the contrary that EBM dismisses mechanism-based reasoning.[8, 15] In concert with other objections, I therefore conclude that, in mistaking the wrapping for the content, epidemiology has institutionalised an unrealistic philosophy (this description was in response to reviewer objection: the original was "primitive"). With his emphasis on causality and mechanism-- each famously trans-empirical, not empirical[16] (the work cited being Stevenson's choice[1], not mine)-- I am pleased to see that Stevenson agrees.
1. Stevenson M. Epidemiology and transport: good science is paramount. Inj Prev (Published Online First 3 Sep 2014). doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041392
2. Kary M. Unsuitability of the epidemiological approach to bicycle transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems. Inj Prev (Published Online First 14 Aug 2014). doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2013-041130
3. Bunge M. Does quantum physics refute realism, materialism and determinism? Sci & Educ 2012;21:1601-1610. doi:10.1007/s11191-011-9410-z
4. Fishman YI, Boudry M. Does science presuppose naturalism (or anything at all)? Sci & Educ 2013;22:921-949. doi:10.1007/s11191-012-9574-1
5. Mahner M. The role of metaphysical naturalism in science. Sci & Educ 2012;21:1437-1459. doi:10.1007/s11191-011-9421-9
6. Haddon W. On the escape of tigers: an ecologic note. Am J Pub Health 1970;60:2239-2234.
7. Gordon JE. The epidemiology of accidents. Am J Pub Health 1949;39:504-515.
8. OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653(accessed Dec 2013).
9. Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets. N Eng J Med 1989;320:1361-1367.
10. Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries: a case-control study. JAMA 1996;276:1968-1973.
11. Lusk AC, Furth PG, Morency P, et al. Risk of injury for bicycling on cycle tracks versus in the street. Inj Prev 2011;17:131-135. doi:10.1136/ip.2010.028696
12. Haddon W. Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Pub Health Rep 1980;95:411-421.
13. Hauer E. On exposure and accident rate. Traf Eng Cont 1995;March:134-138.
14. Hauer E. A case for evidence-based road safety delivery. In: Improving Traffic Safety Culture in the United States - The Journey Forward, pp. 329-343. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety: Washington, DC, 2007. http://www.aaafoundation.org/pdf/Hauer.pdf(accessed Dec 2013).
15. Clarke B, Gillies D, Illari P, et al. The evidence that evidence-based medicine omits. Prev Med 2013;57:745-747. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.020
16. Rosenberg A. Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction (2nd ed.), 2005, pp. 35-37, 116-117. Routledge: New York.
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
False and Just As False
The question before the reader is this: is Olivier and Walter's reanalysis[1] of Walker's data[2] constructed around the false claim that increasing the sample size increases the risk of Type I errors;[3] or around "increasing power when computing sample size leads to an increase in the probability of a type I error"[4]-- and is the latter claim true or false anyway, if it means anything at all?
There is no space here to properly dispense with this matter, or the many other faults of Olivier and Walter's reanalysis. This is done elsewhere.[5, 6] Instead I confine myself to three observations.
1. "Increasing power when computing sample size" means sample size is a varying output (result), while power is a variable input. Since the probability of Type I errors is claimed to thereby increase, it too is an output. But then no result is forthcoming, because Olivier and Walter are positing one equation in the two unknowns. Thus their counter-assertion here is also false: the Type I error level is left undetermined, free to be chosen as seen fit. And indeed Olivier and Walter saw fit to choose exactly the same criterion for statistical significance as Walker: alpha = 0.05.[1, 2]
How then did Olivier and Walter[4] seemingly give an example where the Type I error rate thereby increased? While purporting to increase power "when computing sample size", in fact they held sample size fixed.
2. Here Olivier and Walter claim an effect size of d = 0.12, and elsewhere d < 0.2, "is trivial by Cohen's definition". That too is false: Cohen never defined any effect size as trivial.[7] He proposed only that d = 0.2 was "small" but not trivial.[7] The numerical example Cohen gave to introduce his concept of d was in fact d = 0.1, without any disparaging remark-- but with the corresponding sample sizes extensively tabulated.[8]
3. Seven millimetres is approximately one-third the diameter of handlebar tubing, and seven centimetres is a vital fraction of the diameter of a human limb, skull, or torso. If after an initial set-up of whatever passing distance, an unexpected excursion of driver or rider changes the gap to 0, and helmet wearing to one either of those distances closer, the contact goes from none to brushing to one with sufficient mechanical purchase to be disastrous. In other words, finding out what effect size is clinically significant or not is the business of the scientist, not the statistician.
I imagine the reader may not yet have enough information to decide which false claim Olivier and Walter's reanalysis is based upon. I also imagine that for most readers, that it is one or another or all of them, is enough.
1. Olivier J, Walter SR. Bicycle helmet wearing is not associated with close motor vehicle passing: a re-analysis of Walker, 2007. PLoS One 2013;8(9): e75424. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075424
2. Walker I. Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2007;39:417-425. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.010
3. Kary M. Unsuitability of the epidemiological approach to bicycle transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems. Inj Prev Published Online First: doi:10.1136/ injuryprev-2013-041130
4. Olivier J, Walter SR. Too much statistical power can lead to false conclusions: a response to 'Unsuitability of the epidemiological approach to bicycle transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems' by Kary. Inj Prev Published Online First: doi:10.1136/ injuryprev-2014-041452
5. Kary M. False and more false than ever. Published 8 Dec 2014. PLoS One [eLetter] http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=84090
6. Kary M. Some context. Published 9 Dec 2014. PLoS One [eLetter] http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=75589
7. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992;112:155-159.
8. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd Revised edn. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1977.
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
Children left in vehicles: How unsafe !!
This article brings into prospective a dangerous and habitual practice of leaving infants and children unattended in vehicles and its serious ill effects on health most notably being death. Although the article describes scenario in a developed western setup such incidents are increasingly becoming common in developing Asian countries like India and require immediate attention.
The study addresses an important and often ignored issue of occurrence of hyperthermia in children left unattended in vehicles. There is a strong need that print and social media should bring such shocking occurrences into public domain more piercingly so that people specially parents together with caretakers would become aware of such problems leading to them being more careful and attentive. The community as a whole should bring about basic necessary changes in attitude and perception of individuals to prevent such dreadful events.
We agree with the authors that policy makers and law makers need to take a serious and stringent look into such issues so that timely interventions and strict regulations can be put into place. The community and government should work interactively towards developing guidelines, safety norms and mostly create awareness amongst ignorant parents.
Lastly we would like to state that in a country like India with warm winters and ambient temperatures being high normal in most part of country throughout the year along with little awareness about such a catastrophic phenomenon, a study in Indian context is urgently required.
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
"Question about survey data-Table 2"
In Table 2 on page 2 of the manuscript "Seatbelt and child-restraint use in Kazakhstan: attitudes and behaviours of medical university students," the last two questions focus on how often the respondent fastened children appropriately. However, there is no choice for if the respondent never rode with children in the past year. If that was the case the respondents may choose the response "never"-not because they did not fasten the seatbelt or appropriate restraint but did not travel with children. This would lead to false negative findings. In addition, the total N for respondents looks the same as the other questions so it does not appear that filtering took place. Since the sample was young and mostly single it may be they were never in a vehicle with young children.
I am hoping the authors can provide some clarity about this issue
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
Vulnerabilities of the case-crossover method as applied to transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems
The case-crossover method in its familiar application is to look for factors that recur when cases occur, for individuals crossing exposure to them as examined over a time interval. This study [1-3] applies the method in a different way, the exposures being examined over a spatial route, with neither the identified factors nor the various routes being independent of the highly constrained urban geographies of the settings. Thus in addition to all the familiar vulnerabilities of the case-crossover method [4-9]-- some of which require translation to the new context-- this application brings new problems of its own. It is not possible to note even most of just the major ones in this correspondence, and further criticism may be found elsewhere [10-12]. I thank the authors for kindly providing extra information as necessary for the following analyses.
1. Control site selection bias.
The authors find control sites by random selection along the route the injured rider took. Contrary to [2], such comparisons only make sense if the control locations match the case locations by intersection status, which often they do not. To make them match, in [3] the authors randomly adjust selections forward or back until they do. This was necessary for about 70% of the cases at intersections, and 30% at non-intersections.
In these instances, selection of control intersections is dependent on their spatial distribution along the route, but indifferent to their widths. This biases their selection in favour of smaller intersections associated to longer non-intersection segments. Likewise, the selection of non-intersection control sites is disproportionately biased in favour of whatever are adjacent larger intersections.
For example, over a route whose length is 30% intersections, 70% non- intersections, beginning at 0 and having terminated at 1, with intersections between 0 and 0.05, 0.5 and 0.6, and 0.85 to 1, the probabilities of choosing the three intersections as control sites should occur in ratios of 1:2:3. But by the authors' adjustment method, in those instances where adjustment is needed, they are respectively 0.5 x 0.45/0.7, [(0.5 x 0.45)+ (0.5 x 0.25)]/0.7, 0.5 x 0.25/0.7, thus occurring in ratios of approximately 1:1.56:0.56. Maclure [4] has discussed the potentially large biases in relative risk estimates that can result from not taking intersection widths into account.
There is already selection bias before this stage. For example, consider a route with no intersections, having a bicycle-specific facility in the first and last thirds only. Suppose injury events occur at random along this route. They should therefore occur in facilities and non-facilities in proportions of 2:1, and likewise so should the selection of control sites. But under the authors' method of selection, the probability of the control being in a facility is [2+ln(4/3)]/3, so that instead the proportions are about 3.21:1.
Such problems have been discussed extensively in the meteorological literature on case-crossover studies [7-9], and by Maclure in the epidemiological literature [4].
There is still another potential randomisation failure at this level of selection to consider. The standard deviation of the uniform distribution on [0, 1] is almost one-third (1/[2*SQRT(3)]). For individual runs of only 801 in length (for non-intersections), or 272 (for intersections), this can easily result in quintiles being out of balance by plus or minus 10 to 25%, which can again skew the estimates. (Thus the reader wishing to closely check by simulation the probability calculations given above should use a much larger n, such as on the order of 10^5.)
2. Anomalous or internally inconsistent results.
(1) The authors note that contrary to previous studies, they found surplus injuries at intersections with the greatest bicycle traffic. They suggest their finding may not be generalisable. But they do not explain why their method should have led to a non-generalisable result.
The authors' method does not track the effect of an independent variable-- in this case, cyclist traffic-- as it varies at a fixed location. Instead it ranges over entirely different locations, which coincidentally may have different values of the independent variable. Yet cyclists do not choose their routes at random, and many routes may share intersections and links.
In most cities there are inherently hazardous locations that attract bicycle traffic because they are in some way inevitable, such as for being the only way to access a bridge. Thus even if control site selection within routes had been correctly randomised, this would not balance the bias across routes.
Nor is bicycle infrastructure installed at random. Instead, the locations for it are typically chosen either to take advantage of already safe circumstances, or to address special hazards, via multiple special measures. Thus another set of anomalous results, this time put forth as addressing the cycle track controversy:
(2) The authors find bicycle-only paths in parks to be 17.6 times as dangerous as bicycle-only paths in streets. They find multi-use paths in parks to be 22.8 times as dangerous as bicycle-only paths in streets.
The fundamental (not the only) hazard of cycle tracks is that they force cyclists to be in the path of turning and crossing vehicles at junctions. The protection they can offer is only between junctions, where the absolute risks are lower, while they force cyclists into danger at junctions, where the absolute risks are higher [13]. Attempts to mitigate the hazards at junctions generate inconvenience and frustration for all users, such that their benefits may not be durable, as was the case for the Burrard Bridge in Vancouver subsequent to the authors' short study period [14].
The authors' work estimates only relative risks of cycle tracks, and only between intersections. By missing both absolute risks and the action at intersections, it does not do anything to address the cycle track controversy, and it is wrong to use its results to promote cycle tracks.
The only novel cycle track result from this study is the anomalously large relative benefit it ascribes to cycle tracks between intersections. This limited result suffers from the following weaknesses:
(i) As found by the authors and others, the majority of cyclist injury events, including hospitalisations, result from bicycle-only crashes [2, 15, 16]. As noted by others, if cycle tracks work by protecting cyclists from motor vehicles, how can they reduce injuries by 95%, if the majority of such injuries have nothing to do with motor vehicles?
(ii) If cycle tracks work by protecting cyclists, then the authors' results that introduced this section indicate cyclists need protection most of all not from motor vehicles, but from pedestrians and squirrels.
1. Harris MA, Reynolds CCO, Winters M, Chipman M, Cripton PA, Cusimano MD, Teschke K. The Bicyclists' Injuries and the Cycling Environment study: a protocol to tackle methodological issues facing studies of bicycling safety. Inj Prev 2011;17:e6. doi:10.1136/ injuryprev-2011-040071.- 2. Teschke K, Harris MA, Reynolds CCO, Winters M, Babul S, Chipman M, et al. Route Infrastructure and the risk of injuries to bicyclists: a case-crossover study. Am J Pub Health 2012;Oct 18:e1-e8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300762.
- 3. Harris MA, Reynolds CCO, Winters M, Cripton PA, Shen H, Chipman ML, et al. Comparing the effects of infrastructure on bicycling injury at intersections and non-intersections using a casecrossover design. Inj Prev 2013;0:18. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040561.
- 4. Maclure M, Mittleman MA. Should we use a case-crossover design? Ann Rev Public Health 2000;21:193221.
- 5. Redelmeier DA, Tibshirani RJ. Interpretation and bias in case-crossover studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50;1281-1287.
- 6. Sorock GS, Lombardi DA, Gabel CL, Smith GS, Mittleman MA. Case-crossover studies of occupational trauma: methodological caveats. Inj Prev 2001;7(Suppl I):i3842.
- 7. Lee J-T, Kim H, Schwartz J. Bidirectional casecrossover studies of air pollution: bias from skewed and incomplete waves. Env Health Perspectives 2000;108:1107-1111.
- 8. Bateson TF, Schwartz J. Selection bias and confounding in case-crossover analyses of environmental time-series data. Epidemiology 2001;12:654-661.
- 9. Lumley T, Levy D. Bias in the case-crossover design: implications for studies of air pollution. NRCSE Technical Report Series NRCSE-TRS No. 031, 1999.
- 10. Kary M. Vulnerabilities of the case-crossover method as applied, and unsuitability of the epidemiological approach, to transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems-- Part I. http://john-s-allen.com/blog/?page_id=5705 (accessed Dec 2013).
- 11. Kary M. Vulnerabilities of the case-crossover method as applied, and unsuitability of the epidemiological approach, to transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems-- Part II. http://john-s-allen.com/blog/?page_id=5702 (accessed Dec 2013).
- 12. Allen JS. Safe bicycle routes: engineering versus epidemiology. 2013. http://john-s-allen.com/blog/?p=5522 (accessed Dec 2013).
- 13. Bicycle infrastructure and safety. Transport Canada, Urban Environmental Programs: Case Studies in Sustainable Transportation, Issue Paper 90. March 2012. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/tc/T41-1-90-eng.pdf (accessed Dec 2013).
- 14. City of Vancouver. Downtown Separated Bicycle Lanes Status Report, Spring 2012. June 5 2012. http://bikeroute.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/downtown_lanes_report.pdf (accessed Dec 2013).
- 15. Aultman-Hall L, Kaltenecker MG. Toronto bicycle commuter safety rates. Accident Analysis & Prevention 1999;31(6):675-86.
- 16. Boufous S, de Rome L, Senserrick T, Ivers RQ. Single- versus multi- vehicle bicycle road crashes in Victoria, Australia. Inj Prev doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040630.
- 17. Chipman ML, MacGregor CG, Smiley AM, Lee-Gosselin M. Time vs. distance as measures of exposure in driving surveys. Accident Analysis & Prevention 1992;24:679-684.
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
Removed: Vulnerabilities of the case-crossover method as applied, and unsuitability of the epidemiological approach, to transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems - Part II
This e-letter was removed because it significantly exceeded the maximum word count permitted. -
Removed: Vulnerabilities of the case-crossover method as applied, and unsuitability of the epidemiological approach, to transportation injuries and traffic engineering problems - Part I
This e-letter was removed because it significantly exceeded the maximum word count permitted. -
Sosa and Bhatti (1) show that death rates arising from political violence exceed death rates from road crashes in some localities of Afghanistan. In contrast, data from OECD countries indicate that the former are far less common than the latter (2). An implication is that Afghanistan is justified in devoting heavy resources to terrorism. In contrast, OECD countries should be more relaxed regarding the terrorist threat and avoid being unduly swayed by public perception.
Here, I consider data from another troubled region - Northern Ireland. These data have been extracted from yearly reports issued by Northern Ireland's Chief Constables (3); note that there have been minor changes in procedures for data collection over the years, which however do not alter fundamental conclusions.
Differences regarding the backgrounds to the Northern Irish and Afghan data should be noted. First, Northern Ireland is part of the UK, so is relatively affluent and more able to devote resources than relatively- impoverished Afghanistan. Second, Northern Ireland's terrorism deaths have been recorded over a considerable period of time from the late 1960s. They had fitfully reduced by the late 1990s - but not disappeared - around the time of a non-belligerence pact in 1998. In contrast, Sosa and Bhatti restrict themselves to a short period of time (2008 to 2010).
Means per year (SEs in brackets) for road-deaths in Northern Ireland were 309.8 (7.3) for the 1970s, 198.7 (7.4) for the 1980s and 155.6 (5.0) for the 1990s.
Means and SEs per year for terrorist deaths in Northern Ireland were 192.0 (39.7) for the 1970s, 79.3 (4.9) for the 1980s and 51.5 (9.9) for the 1990s.
These figures indicate that the numbers for both modes of death have steadily reduced. The road data broadly shadow what has been happening in transport statistics in Great Britain (4). Subjecting the data to two-way analysis-of variance reveals that cause of death and year-range are both significant (respectively, F(1,27) = 71.76; p < 0.0005 and F (2,27) = 29.88; p < 0.0005). The interaction between the two variables is not significant (F(1,27) = 0.89; p = 0.88).
1972 was the only year in which road-deaths (372) were less than terrorist deaths (467). Indeed, this latter is the highest of any individual year-total. This reflects the unpredictable nature of terrorist incidents in both timing and resources, a point also apparent in the predominantly higher SEs for terrorist deaths. Terrorist incidents are more likely to be newsworthy - often overwhelmingly so - but this should not discourage initiatives to reduce road-deaths.
1. Sosa LMR, Bhatti JA. Inj Prev. Published Online First: [24.1.2013] doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040716.
2. Wilson N, Thomson G. Deaths from international terrorism compared with road crash deaths in OECD countries. Inj Prev 2005, 11, 332-3.
3. Chief Constable's Annual Reports 1970-1999. Belfast: Royal Ulster Constabulary.
4. Reinhardt-Rutland AH. Has safety engineering worked? Comparing mortality on road and rail. In PT McCabe (Ed.). Contemporary Ergonomics 2003. London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. 341-346.
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
Potential value of East York dataset
- I would like to add to the Editor's argument [1] by emphasising the uniqueness, and the potential value, of the East York ridership dataset.
- Over the past 23 years, laws prohibiting children (or everyone) from riding bicycles, unless they wear helmets, have been enacted in hundreds of American municipalities, the large majority of American states, seven out of ten Canadian provinces, all of Australia and New Zealand, and numerous other jurisdictions around the world. In how many of these jurisdictions was child ridership objectively documented, to see whether the helmet requirement had any adverse effect upon it?
Irresponsibly, in almost none. So far, only in Melbourne (Victoria law, implemented in 1990) and New South Wales (law implemented in 1991); in Calgary, Edmonton, and surrounding communities (Alberta law, implemented in 2002); and in East York (Ontario law, implemented in 1995). The Australian data were published in a scientific journal in 1996 [2], while the Alberta data, collected in 2000 and 2006, still languish in a PhD thesis [3]-- perhaps because they are so unfavourable to helmet legislation. (There are other examples of relevant ridership data that have been collected, but not disseminated, such as for British Columbia [4], and Duval County, Florida [5, 6, 7].) Only in East York were the surveys carried out annually or biennially over a relatively long time span, 1990 to 2001.- The East York dataset should be
a particularly useful complement to the others for additional
reasons. For one, unlike in Australia, and several other major and
minor jurisdictions, there has never been any police enforcement of
the law. From the beginning, police forces said they would not, or
could not, enforce it [8]. For another, bicycle helmet laws do not
spring up overnight: they are preceded by campaigns to increase the
perceived dangerousness of bicycle riding. In both Australia and
Ontario as elsewhere, these campaigns long preceded the actual
introduction of the legislation [9, 10, 11]. Yet in Australia, the
single early survey was done after the campaigns were already well
underway; and not done during the same season of the year as the
later ones-- November to January for 1987/88, but May and June of
1990, 1991, and 1992 [10]. Only in East York was there a survey done
(1990) before much, though by no means all [9, 11], of the early
campaigning; and only in East York was there also rough seasonal
consistency, the observation periods being August and September of
1990, June through October of 1991 and 1992, and what has been
described as either May to September [12] or April to October [13,
14, 15] of 1993-2001.
- And therein
lies a rub, or at least a first hint of one. Unlike for Australia
and Alberta, the East York surveys have been described neither
consistently nor completely, and this not just for the dates but
crucially, for the sampling strategies, efforts, and site selections
as well [16]. Worse, the actual numbers of cyclists counted have
been reported with not just small discrepancies, but huge and
incomprehensible ones [Table 1]. Even the notice of correction [17]
appended to the original study is itself in need of a correction
notice, for-- as we can now determine, the actual corrections at
last having been published-- every statement in it is false. As
summarised by the Editor [1], "the inconsistency without
explanation diminishes the credibility of the results and diverts
attention from the central research question."
Table 1.
Counts of Children Riding Bicycles, East York, Ontario,
1990-1997, 1999, 2001
One study, same events, as differently reported by:Year
Parkin et al. 1993, 1995 [18, 19]
Parkin et al. 2003 [13]
Macpherson et al. 2001 [20]; Macpherson 2003 [12] (Table 6)
Macpherson 2003 [12] (Table 7)
Table 1, continued:Year
Report of pers. comm. 2003 [21]
Macpherson 2005 [22]
Khambalia et al. 2005 [14]
Macpherson et al., 2006/2012 [17]
All Years
At least one year's count is 550 and at least one is 1795; total for all years is 10,935
What then are we to make of the East York data? With such inconsistencies, and no help from the authors forthcoming, the natural conclusion is: little or nothing of scientific value.- I have come to believe that,
with some clarification, this conclusion-- and the shameful waste it
would imply, of over a decade of research effort on an unrepeatable
historical circumstance-- is not inevitable, and this was one of the
motivations for my complaint to Injury Prevention. Regardless of any
data destruction, the authors should be able to tell the research
community whether there was a survey in 1989, or not; and if not, on
what basis they were able to say that the helmet use rate in that
year was 0% [11]. The authors should be able to tell us whether the
sites sampled, or their number, were the same for every year from
1990 to 2001 [15]; or not the same [14]. The authors should be able
to tell us whether, as seems the only logistical possibility, the
1990 survey was a minimal one, and therefore had all sites or areas
sampled to the same extent. They should be able to tell us if, as
seems implied by the statistical goals (to roughly double the 1990
sample size) and the time budget (again roughly double), the 1991
survey also had double the number of survey hours, and whether these
were again uniformly distributed amongst the sites or areas; or if
not, then according to what strategy. The authors should be able to
tell us what the situation was for 1992, and then again with regard
to the overall sampling strategy for 1993-2001. And the authors
should be able to tell us by what method they aggregated the
site-level cyclist counts and numbers of survey hours into overall
rates, something they have yet to clearly explain.
- I think these are the minimal
explanations that the authors owe the research community, whose
members have endeavoured to understand, or wrongly used [23], their
work; the bicycling community, whose members had to defend their way
of life against the premise of it [24, 25]; and the Canadian
taxpayer, who paid for it.
- References
1. Johnston BD. Living in the grey area: a case for data sharing in observational epidemiology. Injury Prevention 2012;0:1–2. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040671.
2. Robinson DL. Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws. Accid Anal Prev 1996;28:463-475.
3. Karkhaneh M. Bicycle helmet use and bicyclists head injuries before and after helmet legislation in Alberta Canada. PhD thesis, University of Alberta, 2011.
4. Foss RD, Beirness DJ. Bicycle helmet use in British Columbia: effects of the helmet use law. Pre-and post-law bicycle helmet use in British Columbia. April 2000. University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center; Traffic Injury Research Foundation. http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/safety_info/bicycle/helmet_use_bc.pdf (accessed Feb 24 2009).
5. Bicycle helmet use laws: lessons learned from selected sites. National Highway Transportation Safety Authority. http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/bike/bikehelmetuselawsweb/pages/7ProfileBJacksonvill.htm (accessed Nov 18 2012).
6. Conserve by Bicycle Phase 1 Study: Report. Florida Department of Transportation. http://www.dot.state.fl.us/safety/ped_bike/brochures/pdf/CBBphase1%20Report062907.pdf(accessed Nov 18 2012).
7. Florida Traffic and Bicycle Safety Education Program. www.saferoutesinfo.org/sites/default/files/page/Pieratte.pdf (accessed Nov 18 2012).
8. Wright L, MacKinnon DJ. Province eyes tougher law on helmets . The Toronto Star (metro edition). 1996;Oct 17:A2.
9. Legislative Assembly of Ontario, committee transcripts: Standing Committee on Resources Development, November 20, 1991 - Bill 124, Highway Traffic Amendment Act, 1991. <http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=1991-11-20&ParlCommID=105&BillID=&Business=Bill+124%2C+Highway+Traffic+Amendment+Act%2C+1991&DocumentID=17013> (accessed Nov 18 2012).
10. Finch CF, Heiman L, Neiger D. Bicycle use and helmet wearing rates in Melbourne, 1987 to 1992: the influence of the helmet wearing law. Monash University Accident Research Centre 1993;Report No. 45. http://monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc093.html (accessed Jul 25 2009).
11. Wesson D, Spence L, Hu X, et al. Trends in bicycling-related head injuries in children after implementation of a community-based bike helmet campaign. J Ped Surg 2000;35:688-689.
12. Macpherson AK. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmet Legislation. PhD Thesis, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto 2003.
13. Parkin PC, Khambalia A, Kmet L, Macarthur C. Influence of socioeconomic status on the effectiveness of bicycle helmet legislation for children: a prospective observational study. Pediatrics 2003;112:e192-e196.
14. Khambalia A, MacArthur C, Parkin PC. Peer and adult companion helmet use is associated with bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics 2005;116:939-942.
15. Macpherson AK, Macarthur C, To TM, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation. Inj Prev 2006;12:231-235.
16. Kary M. Compendium of errors and omissions in Canadian research group's bicycle helmet publications. http://www.cyclehelmets.org/papers/c2031.pdf (accessed Dec 1 2011).
17. Update to Macpherson et al. 7 (3): 228. Correction. Inj Prev 2006;12:432. http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/12/6/432.full (accessed Nov 18 2012).
18. Parkin PC, Spence LJ, Hu X, Kranz KE, Shortt LG, Wesson DE. Evaluation of a promotional strategy to increase bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics 1993;91:772-777.
19. Parkin PC, Hu X, Spence LJ, Kranz KE, Shortt LG, Wesson DE. Evaluation of a subsidy program to increase bicycle helmet use by children of low-income families. Pediatrics 1995;96:283-287.
20. Macpherson AK, Parkin PC, To TM. Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to cycling. Inj Prev 2001;7:228–230.
21. Robinson DL. Helmet laws and cycle use. Inj Prev 2003;9:380–383.
22. Macpherson AK. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmet Legislation. http://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/circl/webinars/archive/2005/documents/macpherson_101105.pdf (accessed Dec 15 2008).
23. Legislation for the compulsory wearing of cycle helmets. British Medical Association Board of Science and Education, November 2004. http://www.helmets.org/bmareport.htm (accessed Nov 18 2012).
24. Testimonies of Neil Farrow and of the Windsor Bicycling Committee. Legislative Assembly of Ontario, committee transcripts: Standing Committee on Resources Development, December 02, 1991 - Bill 124, Highway Traffic Amendment Act, 1991. <http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=1991-12-02&ParlCommID=105&BillID=&Business=Bill+124%2C+Highway+Traffic+Amendment+Act%2C+1991&DocumentID=16994> (accessed Nov 18 2012).
25. Testimony of Marcia Ryan. Legislative Assembly of Ontario, committee transcripts: Standing Committee on Resources Development, November 25, 1991 - Bill 124, Highway Traffic Amendment Act, 1991. <http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=1991-11-25&ParlCommID=105&BillID=&Business=Bill+124%2C+Highway+Traffic+Amendment+Act%2C+1991&DocumentID=16980#P181_55605> (accessed Nov 18 2012).
Conflict of Interest:
None declared
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In the decade since it won the Booker Prize, Ben Okri's Famished Road has become a classic. Like Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children" or Gabriel Garcia Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude, it combines brilliant narrative technique with a fresh vision to create an essential work of world literature.
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Publishing Date: | 1993-05-01 |
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Language: | English |
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Genre/Form: | Periodicals Poetry |
Named Person: | Claude Levi-Strauss; Léopold Sédar Senghor; Arthur Koestler |
Document Type: | Book |
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Armand Guibert |
OCLC Number: | 57236562 |
Notes: | Caption title. In Encounter, v. 16, no. 2 (February 1961). Printed in double columns. "Edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky." Includes articles by Claude Levi Strauss, Anthony Hartley, Arthur Koestler, C.G. Jung, J. Robert Oppenheimer and many others. One issue only. |
Description: | pages 96 : illustrations ; 25 cm |
Other Titles: | Encounter. |
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Summary: SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 10791 PROPOSED BY A. FEKETE DeVry Institute, Mathematics 630 US Highway One, North Brunswick, NJ 08902 email@example.com Proposed by Antal Fekete, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada. Show that 1X i=0 2i+ 1n 2i+ 1! !2 , 1X i=0 2in 2i! !2 and 1X
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