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At the time of creation of Pakistan as a sovereign state in 1947, means for higher education and research were negligible. Responding to the impending requirement the University of Karachi was established in 1951 :: Read More
Semester Supplementary Exam
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Evening Admissions
Claim List -
Rescheduled exam
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Jump to Departments (A-Z)
Annual Examination Info
B.Com. Annual Exam :: (Ext) Exam form | (Reg) Exam form
B.Sc. Annual Exam :: Exam form
Registration M.A./Double M.A.(Ext) :: Read More


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The 131,218-square-foot office building known as The Pyramid for the white lattice structure that is attached to its front at 7310 Miramar Road, has been sold for $13.6 million.
4747 Executive Dr. Ste., 800
San Diego, CA 92121
Jan. 13, 2015 -- George Chamberlin speaks with Eric Northbrook, managing director at Voit Real Estate Services, discuss the commercial real estate market and how the industrial segment is the strongest.

subset: commoncrawl


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It is impossible to examine any part of the war on terrorism in the twenty-first century without seeing the hand of Dick Cheney, Colin Powell or one of their loyalists. The Commanders, an account of the use of the military in the first Bush administration, is in many respects their story -- the intimate account of the tensions, disagreements and debates on the road to war.
Publisher: Simon & Schuster (April 22, 2007)
Format: EPUB
Page count: 400 pages
File size: 608 KB
Protection: DRM
Language: English


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Katt Lissard's Outpost - Letter From Lesotho
Katt Lissard's Outpost - Letter From Lesotho
Goddard Videos
What is Outpost? The actors and audience participants talk about the experimental conversation called "Outpost", a show developed at the Mabou Mines performance space in Manhattan's Lower East Side.
The June 2010 show features: Haleh Abghari, Kelly Coffield Park (In Living Color), Nell Del Giudice, Hall Hunsinger, Katt Lissard, Gregor Paslawsky, Da'Vine Randolph, Dan Shor (Wise Blood, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure) and Seth Sibanda.
Videography & Editing by Eric Norcross
Norcross Media, LLC
Dreamland Film & Video Production and Post-Production
Goddard Videos
Watch More Goddard Videos
The beloved Haybarn Theatre, which, as its name suggests, was originally a working hay barn on the Martin Family Farm, was erected in 1868 and moved to its current location on the Greatwood Campus... more
Haybarn Theatre
Published on Sept. 18, 2011 on WPTZ News Channel 5.
Stephan Ross, a 1959 graduate of Goddard College, returned to the school Sunday to receive an award and speak to students about his... more
Students & Alumni
Phyllis Katz de Mantalvo (BA RUP '67) called the Goddard Storyphone to tell us her memories of Goddard College in the late 1960s. "I remember the sheer beauty of it," she says, speaking of the... more
About Goddard
Goddard College's MFA in Interdisciplinary Arts program presents guest artist ... more
MFA in Interdisciplinary Arts
Danielle Abrams, Faculty, MFA in Interdisciplinary Arts Program. "I am delighted to be a returning faculty advisor to Goddard where I have taught, and learned, as a faculty member since 2005."
MFA in Interdisciplinary Arts


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MSG Varsity selects the top girls soccer players from the 2014 season in the Connecticut region
Amity Regional High School Photos
Highlights from HS SportsDesk (1/31/13)
Randy Polonia of Trinity Catholic earned Player of the Year honors as MSG Varsity reveals its Connecticut all-stars
MSG Varsity ranks the Top 20 baseball teams in the Tri-State as the 2014 season comes to a close
MSG Varsity reveals its All-Connecticut boys basketball all-stars for 2013-2014
MSG Varsity selects first- and second-team Connecticut girls softball All-Stars from the 2013-14 season.
The Jesuits knocked off the defending Class LL state champions 3-2 in the season opener on Wednesday
Staples defeated Amity 8-6 in the Connecticut Class L semifinals to return to the state championship for the second straight year.
Highlights from Fairfield Prep's win over Amity in baseball.
A student-produced video from Amity.


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This application note evaluates the effectiveness of PureProteome™ Protein G Magnetic Beads for IgG purification in a fully automated purification process using the KingFisher® Duo particle processor. To obtain the best results, parameters such as mixing speed, bead collection time and duration of binding and washing steps were optimized for use with PureProteome™ Protein G Magnetic Beads.
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Tags: Antibody PurificationEMD Millipore, a division of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, GermanyDownload PDF >>
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SAN FRANCISCO --- A couple weeks back we headed over to Martin Machado's North Beach studio which sits in the back of he and his fiance's flat for a little studio visit and to view his latest works.
Machado's artworks have been featured on the site over the years as well as some of his fishing and traveling trips. The guy fishes for salmon in far off Alaskan waterways and has sailed thousands of miles into the Pacific Ocean to tiny uninhabited atolls. Besides being a working artist, Machado is also a merchant marine working on huge container ships. Read his "how to work & live on a container ship" blog he did a couple years back.
Check that manual wave machine Machado made... So cool.
Containers that have fallen of ships litter the world's oceans.
Love this piece by Martin Machado.
Being a fellow SF Bay lover and sailor, Martin and I walked down to the Dolphin Club for a little view of the fantastic handmade row boats.
Thems a cold swim.
SAN FRANCISCO --- Swung through Ferris Plock's studio yesterday to have a quick look-see at this newest body of work which goes on display at The Shooting Gallery with the opening of the solo show Unrest scheduled for Saturday, Dec 14th. PICS
Heavily influenced by Japanese woodblocks of the Edo period, Plock will show 20-25 new character portraits featuring imagery of knights with neighborhood-specific armor and flags, all painted with acrylic, house paint, gouache and gold leaf on panel.
Smell the Glove.
Following his solo exhibition "The Collected" at Gallery Wendi Norris, painter Amir H. Fallah is in the throes of developing more new works for upcoming international exhibits. We spent some time in his studio in Highland Park, Los Angeles recently, discussing his process and inspiration.
Amir H. Fallah admits that he's in the studio seven days a week, which is part of the reason he's chosen to build his studio into his home in Los Angeles. Fallah is an incredibly prolific visual artist showing nationally and internationally, and is also the founder and owner of Beautiful Decay, juggling both with incredible dexterity. On the tail end of his very successful and highly reviewed solo exhibition "The Collected" at Gallery Wendi Norris in San Francisco, immediately followed by the opening of "Desaturated Rainbow," a group exhibition he co-curated which opened in NYC at Field Projects, Fallah is back to work without missing a beat. I visited him at his studio on a beautiful sunny day recently to get a behind the scenes view of his process and inspiration.
Fallah is currently working on a number of pieces for a group exhibition at The Third Line in Dubai and several works on paper for another group exhibit in Rotterdam. The exhibition in Dubai is called Arrangement, and he is developing painted and collaged works on paper-mounted-canvas for it that deconstruct and reconfigure flower arrangement. Fallah found himself making these pieces after creating a painting he titled "The Ultimate Mom Painting" in 2009.
He says, "my mom called me up one day and said, 'Can't you just paint me something pretty? Like some flowers or a pond?' She wanted mom art... I made the 7'x5' painting as a joke and halfway through the painting I realized I liked it."
Seeing his work during its developing stages, the dance between abstraction and realism and the spatial tension that Fallah is playing with become clearer. Balancing references to abstract painting, Persian Miniature paintings, Dutch and Flemish still life and graphic design, the works are multidimensional and increasingly textural the closer one looks. --continuing reading
Last Thursday we visited the studio of SFAI graduate painting student Alex Ziv located out in San Francisco's Dog Patch. Inside an old warehouse is SFAI's graduate studios, and within the massive building is Alex's studio space sandwiched between dozens of other students' studios.
We first met Alex when visiting Henry Gunderson's studio when he and Henry were undergraduates at SFAI. Back in like 2009.
Speaking of Jud Bergeron, who has been blogging his Miami trip for Fecal Face the last few days... we thought now would be a good time to feature our studio visit with him we did a couple weeks ago.
On the outskirts of the Mission, amongst motorcycle chop shops and other miscellaneous industrial buildings, Jud occupies a 1000 square foot studio where he casts his sculptures and works on his art projects. With enough room for his welding equipment and hardware, Jud is currently using the space to complete a show which he hopes to open sometime the next year- most likely to be shown in NYC.
We spent about an hour chatting with Jud and picking his brain to learn more about sculpting in metals and how the casting process works. It's a painstakingly slow process at times, but Jud's highly efficient having been working with a blowtorch for over a decade.
Jud in his outter Mission studio space.
Love the tall ceilings, roll up door and inexpensive rent.
Let's start with a few samples of Jud's sculptural work.
San Francisco based painter Kevin Earl Taylor opened a new show of paintings in Hamburg last week at Circle Culture Gallery. He created all the work for the show while staying in Berlin. He emailed over a few pics of his studio while he was creating the show.
We swung through the home and studio of San Francisco based artists Kelly Tunstall and Ferris Plock. The married couple are putting the finishing touches on the work for their upcoming food-centric show Edible Complex opening at FFDG on Friday, June 22nd (7-10pm). We spoke of San Francisco's love affair with food, got into their working practices, saw what makes them tick and how they keep up with their lively 2 year old son, Brixton while enjoying a couple Coronas.
Edible Complex Kelly Tunstall & Ferris Plock June 22 - July 14, 2012 Opening reception: Friday, June 22nd, 7–10 pm @FFDG
Ferris: Well... we order a lot of food in... Having a 2 year old with an attention span of 10 seconds means that when we eat out, we often eat in shifts... We eat a lot in Japantown because our son Brixton really loves to run around there and he loves to eat sushi.
Kelly: We also have a very unique place that we're coming from- being kind of insiders and outsiders of the food bit at this point in our lives. I love so many places, and we've been lucky to be tangentially and directly involved in many efforts.
It's truly a special occasion that we're out for dinner together- and frankly, we're more often grabbing food from a truck at events and stuff, but yeah- a little more out of the loop than I used to be, so it's interesting to see how eating in the Bay Area has shifted in focus and intensity in just the last five years or so.
Ferris: I think everybody is focused on food because we all die if we don't eat.
Sometimes I feel like our food culture renaissance is a bit like couture... It is based more on concept and pushing the outrageous and less on consumption. Isn't weird there is a cupcake store downtown that puts cupcakes in its windows to show their outrageous culinary inventions... but no one ever eats them? They all get thrown out?
Brett Amory emailed over some studio shots taken by Shaun Roberts as he prepared for tonight's show "Waiting 101" at The Outsiders Gallery in Newcastle, UK
Photo sources
On a sunny February afternoon, I visited the studio of London based artist Sickboy, as he prepares for his solo exhibition at White Walls Gallery in San Francisco (opening Sat, Mar 17th). Famed for his street art throughout the world, this is Sickboy's debut solo exhibition in the United States. As he continues to paint one of the three canvases currently pinned to the wall, I ask him how he's getting on in the lead up to the show, about his history in street art, and his progression into galleries.
It's a few different things to me. I have a lot of crazy dreams, and I wanted to base the work around these dreams, as a personal surrealism. It's given me more room for freestyle. A lot of the content is based on childhood memories and fairytales. There's quite a whimsical theme running throughout.
Definitely. As you move through life you shouldn't lose track of what is important to you. I want to highlight the fun element in my work. A lot of the pieces are made up of drawings from sketch books that I make while having fun; hanging out, eating and drinking with friends.
I try to make it all roll into one. Painting outside is like an exercise for me. I stay true to my graffiti roots and allow those experiences to fuel the paintings. I'm not knocking the kinds of artists who replicate what they do on canvas in the street, but I'm just kind of more lazy when I paint outside. I do it for the fun. I do it for the experience of hopping over hedges.
I first met Evan when I moved to San Francisco's Mission district from New York City in 2001. Evan, whose work I was not only familiar with but also loved, welcomed me to his home where I got to know him, his family and his studio. I ended up photographing him shortly before he and his wife Shawn moved to Denver Colorado in 2003.
Several years had passed until I took a trip out in both 2009 and 2011 to spend some extended time with Evan and his family, photographing him working in his studio, his home and throughout Denver. I have always loved being a bit of a fly on the wall watching him so methodically make art. There's are real sense of technique and pride in everything he does. These photographs represent my most recent trip to Denver, in Autumn of 2011, where I was fortunate enough to stay in their new guest home on their property, which shares a wall with his studio. It's lovely. I hope you enjoy these photographs of Evan and his world. -Andrew Paynter
The show in London started with a trip there in June when I wandered all over the city for several days just making observations, shooting photos and trying to get a feel for London. When I make a body of work about a specific place it's important to be there myself, not only to take photos but just to have the experience of what it's like there, the overall feeling of a place. For the rest of the summer and fall I worked on about twenty new pieces based on my trip. The work ranges from pieces that are nearly photorealistic, to other pieces that are a combination of abstract, geometric forms combined with people and elements pulled from the urban environment.
I wanted to avoid showing the most typical, tourist attractions of course. I found myself drawn to the more traditionally working class parts of east and south London that have remnants of post-war industrial buildings, factories, canals, old pubs and such.
I travel out of the country about two or three times a year, and domestically a few times a year. I have a family so I can't be traveling all the time, but I do get out and see a lot of the world. Since I live in Colorado I think it's good for me to travel frequently, I like living in a quiet, easy place but I like to experience things and get inspired. London is pretty fascinating. I love traveling in any really old city. The sense of history, traversing streets where people have been for centuries. In London there is the feeling of all the difficulties that city has had to endure over time and yet it's still there, stronger than ever, it feels important and weighty.
As SF artist Ferris Plock put the finishing touches on paintings for his show Just For One Day (opening Sat @The Shooting Gallery in SF 7-11pm), Shaun Roberts stopped by his studio to have a little look this last Tuesday. Check it.
Shaun Roberts stopped by Brett Amory's Oakland studio last week as he prepared for his solo show White Light at San Jose's Gallery Anno Domini opening up Friday, September 2nd (7-11pm).
Brett Amory has played the drums for 21 years, he also happens to paint. Brett has a solo fine art exhibit of his paintings coming up this week.
Brett Amory — White Light Solo Exhbition September 2 – October 14, 2011 Gallery Anno Domini 366 South First Street, San Jose, CA
I first met Erik when I was covering a show of his at White Walls for FF and he seemed like a cool dude. Indeed he is cool, and was open to share his artistic practice, thoughts, and philosophies with me. It turns out he went to San Jose State and was involved with the animation department (which my brother is in). He was taught and influenced by Barron Story, and from fellow classmates who went on to have successful careers in the animation industry. Erik deviated away from illustration, choosing to focus on paintings and installations with reclaimed paint and wood as his medium. In our conversation we talked about working with companies, how not to get girls, tree hugging, Barron Story, and why school is cool. I hope you enjoy!
I haven't. They're new, they've only been open since this last fall. It's Robin Williams' first-born daughter I think, along with her husband. The Williams family, little known fact, owns 6 pieces of mine. Since the divorce of his wife he's slowed down buying art and his kids are kinda steppin' in. Hopefully I get to meet him out of this.
Yea! But more like Toys. I used to have Toys and then pause it and sketch everything. It's kinda cool how it has come full circle, someone that influences you, probably more than you know it, and then he likes your work.
When I was young, yea. Certain movies it's good compositions all the way through, just pause it anywhere.
After this show I hit the ground running as soon as I return, I'm doing this big commission for RedBull, on top of this piece (the house project installation) which will go live, that's going to the dump basically (Recology), there's a sculpture garden down there. They do private tours, it's the dump over by Bayshore. I was there almost everyday.
And there is one more, a grant through the SF Arts Commission. Which is cool, all this outdoor alternative exposure stuff right after a super traditional style show. Me being the SF street artist, sort of lowbrow comin' in, who knows how it's gunna be responded to. They were like go easy on the reclaimed wood material, and I'm like that's my whole thing, I don't know how to go easy. You tell that to me and it makes me want to do it even more.
Instead of creating works on what's clicking around in Fish's own head, he gathered a list of artists, skateboarders, rappers, athletes, a stripper, a cop, and a historian whose funny, heartfelt, insanely interesting stories he would record and then illustrate.
The stories run from murder, fights, embarrassing situations, and one focused on a drugged out Keith Haring and some mural drama at a South of Market gay club in the 80s. 30 pieces of work and 30 stories to be heard. The gallery show will feature headphones next to each work where you can hear people like Snoop Dog recount a crazy childhood story involving him pulling a worm out of his pants. Or maybe you wanna hear from Ron English tell a tale from the early Billboard Liberation days.
We'll have more videos next week. In the meantime, let's figure out what's in a hard working artist's fridge... It may surprise you.
I have a mix of a fine art as well as a public art and mural painting background. I'm from the Philadelphia area and recently became a dual Italian / American citizen which I am excited about.
>> view it
Tiffany is lucky enough to get to travel to parts of the natural world very few ever have. Her husband, Jack, is a scientist who studies small mammals and birds. Africa, Papa New Guinea, far off uninhabited islands in the South Pacific, Tiffany has experienced what few others have... The last couple years of travel are evident in her new works below.
Tiffany Bozic in her SF studio.
Shaped by Reaction
Detail of a large drawing featuring everything that Kiel owns.
Printing press created out of cardboard
Cardboard hand crafted cameras.
View the complete studio visit...
His show with Mike Davis opens Sat Jan 9th @Fecal Face Dot Gallery.
Alexis Anne Mackenzie - 2/28 Wednesday, 25 February 2015 10:21
SAN FRANCISCO --- Alexis Anne Mackenzie opens Multiverse at Eleanor Harwood in the Mission on Saturday, Feb 28th. -details
The Death of the Artist—and the Birth of the Creative Entrepreneur Wednesday, 21 January 2015 10:34
When works of art become commodities and nothing else, when every endeavor becomes "creative" and everybody "a creative," then art sinks back to craft and artists back to artisans—a word that, in its adjectival form, at least, is newly popular again. Artisanal pickles, artisanal poems: what's the difference, after all? So "art" itself may disappear: art as Art, that old high thing. Which—unless, like me, you think we need a vessel for our inner life—is nothing much to mourn.
Hard-working artisan, solitary genius, credentialed professional—the image of the artist has changed radically over the centuries. What if the latest model to emerge means the end of art as we have known it? --continue reading
"Six Degrees" @FFDG Friday, 16 January 2015 09:30
"Six Degrees" opens tonight, Friday Jan 16th (7-10pm) at FFDG in San Francisco. ~Group show featuring: Brett Amory, John Felix Arnold III, Mario Ayala, Mariel Bayona, Ryan Beavers, Jud Bergeron, Chris Burch, Ryan De La Hoz, Martin Machado, Jess Mudgett, Meryl Pataky, Lucien Shapiro, Mike Shine, Minka Sicklinger, Nicomi Nix Turner, and Alex Ziv.
In Wake of Attack, Comix Legend Says Satire Must Stay Offensive Friday, 09 January 2015 09:59
"[Satire] is important because it brings out the flaws we all have and throws them up on the screen of another person," said Turner. "How they react sort of shows how important that really is." Later, he added, "Charlie took a hit for everybody." -read on
Solidarity Thursday, 08 January 2015 09:36
SF Bay Area: What Might Have Been Tuesday, 06 January 2015 09:36
The San Francisco Bay Area is renowned for its tens of thousands of acres of beautiful parks and public open spaces.
What many people don't know is that these lands were almost lost to large-scale development. link
1/5/14 - Going Back Monday, 05 January 2015 10:49
Jacob Mcgraw-Mikelson & Rachell Sumpter @Park Life (5/23) Friday, 23 May 2014 09:22
Opening tonight, Friday May 23rd (7-10pm) at Park Life in the Inner Richmond (220 Clement St) is Again Home Again featuring works from the duo Jacob Mcgraw-Mikelson & Rachell Sumpter who split time living in Sacramento and a tiny island at the top of Pudget Sound with their children.
Jacob Magraw will be showing embroidery pieces on cloth along with painted, gouache works on paper --- Rachell Sumpter paints scenes of colored splendor dropped into scenes of desolate wilderness. ~show details
NYPD told to carry spray paint to cover graffiti Wednesday, 21 May 2014 10:37
NYC --- A new graffiti abatement program put forth by the police commissioner has beat cops carrying cans of spray paint to fill in and cover graffiti artists work in an effort to clean up the city --> Many cops are thinking it's a waste of resources, but we're waiting to see someone make a project of it. Maybe instructions for the cops on where to fill-in?
The NYPD is arming its cops with cans of spray paint and giving them art-class-style lessons to tackle the scourge of urban graffiti, The Post has learned.
Shootings are on the rise across the city, but the directive from Police Headquarters is to hunt down street art and cover it with black, red and white spray paint, sources said... READ ON
////////// Wednesday, 16 June 2010 17:39
Advertise Here
Headlands Center Fundraiser -6/4/14 Tuesday, 20 May 2014 07:54
SAN FRANCISCO --- The Headlands Center for the Arts is preparing for their largest fundraiser of the year set to go down on June 4th at SOMArts here in the city. Art auction, food, drinks, live music, etc and all for helping to support a great institution up in the Marin Headlands. ~details
ABOUT HEADLANDS Headlands Center for the Arts provides an unparalleled environment for the creative process and the development of new work and ideas. Through a range of programs for artists and the public, we offer opportunities for reflection, dialogue, and exchange that build understanding and appreciation for the role of art in society.
Congrats, Dudes(ette) Monday, 19 May 2014 09:29
Just want to say congrats to Fecal Face's Rachel Ralph for graduating from SFAI with her masters in curatorial studies. Also want to congratulate Alex Ziv who also just got his MFA in painting. Also a high five to the talented Mario Ayala who also just graduated from SFAI as well! --- All super talented artists (thinkers), and we're excited to see what the future holds for them!
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Material published on FECAL FACE DOT COM online service is copyrighted by Fecal Face or its licensors, including the originating wire services. Such material is protected by U.S. and international copyright laws and treaties. All rights reserved.
Users of the Fecal Face online service may not reproduce, republish or redistribute material found on the web site in any form without the express written consent of the copyright holder.


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Carlos Pimentel
My blogs
Gender | Male |
Location | New York, United States |
Introduction | My dream is to one day work for the WWE, so I hope you enjoy because I love to write and watch wrestling. The reason that it is called WWEStrikesBack is because people tend to mock wrestling as being fake. Sure the results are predetermined and the action in the ring is choreographed, BUT that does not mean that what they do in the ring doesn't hurt - it DOES. You can seriously injure yourself and others if you practice these wrestling maneuvers without the proper LICENSED training. As @MATTHARDYBRAND said on the Hardy Show - Wrestling is about entertainment and team work - feeding from the crowds. Wrestling is for us! My blog is like Jay and Silent Bob Strikes Back... because the WWE Strikes Back with a vengeance in WWEStrikesBack! Blog. So check out WWEStrikesBack Blog and hopefully over time it will grow with the support of the WWE Universe and Bloggers alike. Oh, and don't forget to LEAVE COMMENTS!!!! |


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The shrine of knowledge.
A selection of articles related to despair.
Original articles from our library related to the Despair. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Despair.
- Coffea cruda (Coffee)
- Coffee increases the activity and sensitivity of the nervous system and drinking too much coffee causes agitation and sleeplessness. Homoeopathy uses raw coffee in potentiated form to calm down a state of over-sensitiveness of the senses and nervous...
Remedies >> Remedies C
- I am Pagan
- I am Pagan. I am a part of the whole of Nature. The Rocks, the Animals, the Plants, the Elements, and Stars are my relatives. Other humans are my sisters and brothers, whatever their races, colors, genders, sexual orientations, ages, nationalities, religions,...
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- The Suit of Swords: Tarot Card Meanings
- ACE OF SWORDS Meaning: Clarity of mind, great determination. Conquest. Victory without doubt. Reversed: Tyranny, embarrassment, hindrance, obstacle, self-destruction. 2 OF SWORDS - Peace Meaning: Balanced force. Concord. Solving differences of opinion....
Tarot Cards >> The Minor Arcana
- Dealing With World Mind Effects Through Greater Self Mastery (GM5)
- At one time or another, we have all experienced occasions where other people in the same room began to have a heated argument. The psychic dissonance created at that time, produced in us symptoms of shakiness, nervousness, a scattered thought pattern or other...
Mind >> World Mind
- Description of the Bach Remedies
- Bach Flower Remedies 1. AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria) - problems hidden behind light-heartedness - This is the "Keep-smiling!" - remedy: it is for people who hide their fears, grief and worries under a mask of cheerfulness, friendliness and humor....
Homeopathy >> Bach Flower Remedies
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Summary
- As we enter into the new millennium, the dreams of a fading era carry us all to an uncertain destination. The modern age has in no way resolved the human crisis, which is not significantly different except in terms of scale and severity, than the tragedies...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Aviary at the Gates of Heaven: Examining the Bird Symbolism in the Thoth Empress Card
- "This card, summed up, may be called the Gate of Heaven." Book of Thoth, p. 77. Eight birds adorn the fourth card of the Thoth Deck Major Arcana, The Empress. These eight birds, their variant symbology united, point at one overarching meaning -- as...
Tarot Cards >> The Major Arcana
Despair is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Despair books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Two Degrees of Separation Between Hope and Despair
- two outcomes, hope and despair, simply will not be postponed. WE KNOW council of despair but a call to action to the world's richest countries.
- hdr.undp.org
- WORKING THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESPAIR. Joanna Macy. 1 from Ecosychology, Roszak, Gomes, & Kanner, eds.
- www.morning-earth.org
- Hegel and the Pathway of Despair - Meteorite
- the pathway of doubt, or more precisely as the way of despair."2 Hegel and the Non- I (The Nothing) will underlie our exposition of Hegel's pathway of despair.
- www.meteoritejournal.com
- Despair
- Despair. Losing the Ancient Ways and Ancestral Lands. Michael Chapdelaine b.
- www.michaelchapdelaine.com
- CLIMATE CHANGE, DESPAIR AND EMPOWERMENT. WORKSHOPS WITH JOHN SEED. Brisbane May 28.
- www.rainforestinfo.org.au
Suggested News Resources
- King remembered for his triumphs over a 'mountain of despair'
- By Michael Martinez, CNN (CNN) -- Martin Luther King Jr. was remembered Saturday as an irrepressible civil rights leader who many times triumphed over a "mountain of despair.
- Consumer sentiment sinks in August on government despair
- "Consumers have shifted from being optimistic about the potential impact of monetary and fiscal policies to a sense of despair and pessimism about the role of the government," survey director Richard Curtin said in a statement.
- Hilton, Ciravolo conquer Giants Despair
- By Jill Snowdon (Staff Writer) Nicholas Hilton's first encounter with the monstrous Giants Despair was a bit of an eye-opener. Driving up the windy pavement in a car with a friend, Hilton was introduced to a new challenge.
Suggested Web Resources
- Despair, Inc. - Creators of Demotivators® Posters, Calendar, Coffee
- Motivational products and posters for pessimists, underachievers, and the chronically unsuccessful.
- www.despair.com
- Demotivators® - View All Demotivational Posters - Despair, Inc.
- At Despair, Inc.
- www.despair.com
- Despair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- en.wikipedia.org
- Despair | Define Despair at Dictionary.com
- renounce · MORE. Copy & paste this link to your blog or website to reference this page. Did you know:You look for a Web page and it says "Error 404 Not Found.
- dictionary.reference.com
- Despair - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster
- to lose all hope or confidence <despair of winning>. transitive verb. obsolete : to lose hope for.
- www.merriam-webster.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.


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At his point, you may have achieved a certain level of taming yourself. You may have developed the tonglen practice of exchanging yourself for others and feel that your achievement is real. But at the same time, you are so arrogant about the whole thing that your achievement begins to become an evil intention, because you think you can show off. In that way, dharma becomes adharma, or nondharma.
From Training the Mind & Cultivating Loving-Kindness by Chogyam Trungpa , copyright 1993 by Diana Mukpo. (Official Chogyam Trungpa Website) Published by arrangement with Shambhala Publications, Inc., Boston.
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This site provides an on-line database of commentaries on the Tibetan Buddhist meditation practices of lojong (Mind Training) and tonglen.


text: • Only infects humans and chimpanzees • This is a virus that mainly affects the Liver – Asymptomatic • Only lives for about 16 hours outside the human body. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) • 10,000 units called nucleotides • family Flaviviridae and genus hepacivirus • 40 to 60 nanometers in diameter • six major genetic types (genotypes) and many more subtypes – genotype 1 (1a and 1b), which accounts for 80% of hepatitis C virus cases in the U.S. – patients infected with genotypes 2 or 3 are much more likely to respond to interferon therapy. In contrast, patients infected with genotype 1 (particularly 1b) or genotype 4 do not respond very well to interferon therapy • More than 4 million Americans (1.3% of the U.S. population) and 170 million individuals in the world (3% worldwide) •Drug use •Through injection •Sharing needles, spoons, cotton, water, etc. •Also nasal inhalation •Cocaine and Crystal Methamphetamine •Blood products •Organ transplants •Blood transfusion •prior to implementation of HCV screening •In the U.S., this would refer to procedures prior to 1992 •Sexual activity •Rarely transmitted in this fashion •Spouses are encourage to use a condom •Food •Rarely transmitted in this fashion •Even during kissing it is hard to obtain the virus. (unless and open sore is present) •Hygiene •It is also not recommended that you share toothbrushes. •Early signs: •fatigue, weight, retention of urine, muscular aches, poor appetite, •Hepatitis C is most readily diagnosed when serum aminotransferases are elevated and anti- HCV is present in serum. The diagnosis is confirmed by the finding of HCV RNA in serum • apolipoprotein complexes • low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) • glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) • On Cell Surface • CD81 • scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR- B1) development • CLDN1 • The HCV accumulates in the liver. – Caused by human immune systems response to the HCV • includes cytotoxic (injurious to cells) • lymphocytes • specific inflammatory messengers (cytokines). • HCV causes the following changes in liver tissue: • Necrosis and inflammation at the edge of the portal areas, so-called "piecemeal necrosis" or "interface hepatitis" • Necrosis of hepatocytes and focal inflammation in the liver parenchyma • Inflammatory cells in the portal areas ("portal inflammation") • CYP2E1, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of alcohol in the live • breaks down potentially toxic foreign substances (i.e., xenobiotics), including alcohol. • Enhanced activity results in the increased generation of acetaldehyde from alcohol, free radicals (e.g., superoxide [O2.] and hydroxyl [OH.]) that can cause liver injury by promoting excessive breakdown of fat molecules (i.e., lipid peroxidation). • free radicals most likely potentiate the HCV-associated oxidative stress and the resulting liver damage • By itself, ribavirin has little effect on HCV • Used in como with interferon • Rabavirin tab 200mg • 2 times a day 2 pills each time • Side effects – anemia, fatigue, insommia depression, hair loss. nausesa & loss of appetite • improvements in serum ALT levels & detectable HCV RNA in up to 70 percent of patients • 48-week course • Only 55% remain HCV Free • protein NS5B is cleaved from the HCV polyprotein by the NS3 serine protease, and functions as a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase – nucleoside polymerase inhibitors • inhibit the active site causing chain termination (for example, valopicitabine (NM-283), MK-0608, R1626, PSI-6130 and its prodrug R7128), – non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors • allosteric inhibition resulting in a conformational change of the protein (for example, BILB 1941 and HCV-796) • Company Drug Development Phase • Vertex Telaprevir (VX-950) Protease Inhibitor Phase 3 • Vertex VX-500 protease inhibitor Phase 1 • Vertex VX-813 2nd gen protease inhibitor Pre Clinical • Schering Boceprevir (SCH503034) Protease inhibitor Phase 3 • Intercell Novartis IC41 Therapeutic Vacccine Phase 2 • Chiron / CSL Therapeutic Vaccine CSL123 Phase 2 • Roche R1626 Polymerase inhibitor Phase 2 • Intermune / Roche Protease inhibitor ITMN-191 R7227 Phase 1 • Roche / Pharmasset R7128 nucleoside polymerase inhibitor Phase 1 • Roche / Medivir HCV polymerase inhibitor R&D • Medivir / Tibotec TMC435 Protease inhibitor Phase 2 • Medivir / Tibotec polymerase inhibitor R&D • Pfizer PF-868554 Non-Nuc Polymerase inhibitor Phase 2 • Benitec / Tacere Bio / Pfizer RNA interference TT033 Pre Clinical • ViroChem Pharma VCH-759 Non nuc Polymerase inhib Phase 2 • ViroChem Pharma Polymerase inhib Pre Clinical • ViroChem Pharma Polymerase inhib R&D • Globeimmune GI 5005 Therapeutic Vaccine Phase 2 • Telaprevir, also known as VX-950 is an oral Protease Inhibitor (NS3-4A). It is being developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of hepatitis C virus. • Patients with Genotype 1 Hepatitis C support potential to shorten treatment duration in treatment-naïve, genotype 1 HCV patients. • IC41 is a therapeutic peptide vaccine. It is being developed by Intercell AG for the treatment of hepatitis C. The vaccine consists of five synthetic peptides (IPEP83, 84, 87, 89,1426) harboring HCV CD4 and CD8 T-cell epitopes and the synthetic adjuvant poly-L-arginine. • Milk Thistle – Flowering plant from Europe – Said to repair and prevent liver damage. • Alpha Lipoic – antioxidant – Used in body to create energy • Millions of people are infected. • Causes damage to the liver. • Several different genotypes (1 most common in U.S.) • Several treatment options • Hard to transfer the virus • A vaccine is in Phase 2 trails 1. http://www.vizier- europe.org/IMG/pdf/RDeFrancesco_VIZIER_2007.pdf 2. http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/chronichep c/ 3. http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v6/n12/full/nrd2411 .html 4. http://www.hcvdrugs.com/forum/list.php?17 5. http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ygast/articl e/S0016-5085(08)02048-9/abstract 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C 7. www.abbottmolecular.com/HepatitisCDemographic... 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_thistle


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The ProMedia 10XR is a portable, top-loading 10-speed CD-ROM drive. Because the external drive draws power directly from a computer via a Type II PC card, it requires no bulky AC adapters or battery packs.
The 10XR's data transfer rate of 1.5MB/sec, allowing for faster access to databases as well as smoother video and audio.
The unit weighs 20 ounces and measures 6" x 7" x 1.75". It supports 32-bit Plug and Play (PNP) functionality for Windows 95. As a result, users can insert many discs and instantly run titles without clicking on program icons or doiing setup procedures.
An optional XRP kit permits connection to a computer's parallel printer port rather than the PC Card slot. Axonix Corp., Salt Lake City, UT, (800) 866-9797.
This article originally appeared in the 02/01/1997 issue of THE Journal.
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IVP Portfolio Company KAYAK Acquired By Priceline.com For 1.8 Billion
Institutional Venture Partners (IVP) portfolio company KAYAK Software Corporation (NASDAQ:KYAK) has signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Priceline.com Incorporated (NASDAQ:PCLN) in a stock and cash transaction.
Under the terms of the agreement, the transaction values KAYAK at $1.8 billion ($1.65 billion net of cash acquired) or $40 per share of KAYAK, with Priceline paying approximately $500 million of the consideration in cash and $1.3 billion in equity and assumed stock options. The board of directors of both companies approved the transaction, which is subject to KAYAK shareholder approval, customary closing conditions, and regulatory approval. The transaction is expected to close by late 1 st quarter 2013. KAYAK's current management team will continue to manage KAYAK's operations independently as part of the Priceline Group of companies.
KAYAK is a leading travel research site that allows people to easily compare hundreds of travel sites at once when searching for flights, hotels, and rental cars, and gives travelers choices on where to book. The company processes over 100 million user queries each month through its global websites and best-in-class mobile applications.
" Steve Hafner, Paul English and the rest of the Kayak team have done a phenomenal job of building Kayak into a fantastic resource for travelers," said IVP general partner Todd Chaffee. "This investment reminds us, once again, that great management teams are almost always the key to great investment returns in our business."
IVP has invested in over 300 companies, 93 of which have gone public. KAYAK went public on July 20th at $26.00 per share and was the 91 st company from IVP's portfolio to go public. About Institutional Venture Partners (IVP) With $4 billion of committed capital, Institutional Venture Partners (IVP) is a premier later-stage venture capital and growth equity firm in the United States. Founded in 1980, IVP has invested in over 300 companies, 93 of which have gone public. IVP is one of the top performing firms in the industry and has a 32-year IRR of 43.2%. IVP specializes in venture growth investments, industry rollups, founder liquidity transactions, and select public market investments. Since its inception, IVP investments include such notable companies as ArcSight (HPQ), Buddy Media (CRM), ComScore (SCOR), Concur Technologies (CNQR), Dropbox, HomeAway (AWAY), Juniper Networks (JNPR), Kayak (KYAK), LegalZoom, LifeLock (LOCK), LivingSocial, Marketo, MySQL (ORCL), Netflix (NFLX), Polycom (PLCM), Seagate (STX), Shazam, Synchronoss (SNCR), Tivo (TIVO), Twitter, and Zynga (ZNGA). For more information, visit http://www.ivp.com or follow IVP on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ivp. About KAYAK KAYAK strives to be the best place to plan and book travel. The company's websites and mobile apps allow people to easily compare hundreds of travel sites at once, and give travelers choices on where to book. KAYAK operates websites in 18 countries and offers free apps for leading mobile platforms.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Switching careers can be an extremely tough challenge, so it is not surprising to note that those who are toying with the idea of making a career change are actually terrified about taking the leap. Check out our tips to help you manage your fears when changing careers.
Thousands of people use social media to find employment. In fact, according to a study by recruiting software platform Jobvite, more than 22 million Americans used social networks to find jobs in 2011. And one in six found a position via social networking. A whopping 54 percent of job seekers use Facebook, LinkedIn or Twitter to search for jobs.
If you spend your weekdays counting down the minutes until you get to the weekend — you're not alone. Only 13 percent of people feel a sense of passion or a deep connection to their work, while 63 percent are unhappy — or disengaged, according to an October report by Gallup. It's possible, however, to use the skills you've already got and apply them to a new career.
It seems that executive coaching in Corporate America is all the rage these days. If you have an executive coach, great! If you don't have a coach, then what do you do to get one?


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Chloe CloverModel Female Irvine, California, US
My Website:
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/chloecloverr
Mayhem # 1088502
About MeHi my name is Chloe. I'm Vietnamese and part Chinese. I'd like to do modeling for fun and see what I am capable of. I can look really young! I am very capable of doing my own makeup and hair. I prefer to do my own makeup but I am somewhat open to working with other makeup artists as long as they are able to create the look. I'm basically up for anything except nudes or implied. Mainly looking for TF* type shoots.
I'm very busy with school and will not be available to shoot or answer your messages as frequently. Sorry for the inconvenience, will still come on MM from time to time. CreditsAnnie Khuu (not on mm): flickr.com/anni3goesclick or facebook.com/anni3goesrawr
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text: The red Headphone Softies by Garfield fit over small circumaural type headphone ear-pads. They can be worn for enhanced comfort or to preserve the original ear-pads. They are made from extra-soft Rayon Chenille fabric. The Softies are adaptable for any season; in the winter they provide a warm barrier and in the summer the fabric absorbs perspiration so headphones stay in place.


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Frugal Recipes: 26 Ground Beef Recipes eCookbook
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Vegemite Meat Patties
- 600g mince beef
- 1 onion, finely chopped
- 1 tablespoon Vegemite
- 2 tablespoons peanut butter
- 2 tablespoons chopped parsley
- Tabasco or chili sauce to taste
- 1 egg, lightly beaten
Serves 4. Combine all in a bowl, mix well. Shape meat into patties and coat with a little flour to prevent sticking. Fry on b-b-q grill or pan 10-12 minutes.
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text:
Create User Interfaces with Glade
GladeBase automates the conversion of Gtk+ widget hierarchies to Python object hierarchies and automatically connects Python-based signal handlers, but it still requires you to identify and implement all of the signal handlers defined in a Glade project file. For pure Gtk+ projects this is no problem because the only signal handlers are the ones you explicitly define.
However, when you use Glade to build a GNOME application, many signal handlers are defined automatically. For example, a new Gnome Application window is created with a standard menubar whose menu items all have predefined activate signal handlers. It can be tedious to browse through GNOME-based projects, manually locating predefined signal handlers and adding them to your application controllers.
As noted earlier, Glade project files are stored in an XML format (as of yet there is no DTD describing the structure of a project file, but it is easy to understand by inspection). Python 2.0 includes an XML library, layered atop James Clark's Expat library. So it's fairly easy to build a Python application that rummages through a Glade project file, identifies all of the signal handlers declared in a given widget hierarchy and generates a stubbed Controller module for that hierarchy.
GladeProjectSignals.py (see Listing 3 at ftp://ftp.linuxjournal.com/pub/lj/listings/issue87/) extracts signal-handler information from a Glade project file. The module has two main abstractions. Class WidgetTreeSignals traverses an XML DOM (document object model) tree representing a widget hierarchy and records all of the signal handler declarations it finds. Class GladeProjectSignals loads a Glade project file and builds up a dictionary of WidgetTreeSignal instances, one for each top-level widget defined in the project file.
The constructor for WidgetTreeSignals takes a DOM node as argument. It assumes this node describes a widget and expects it to contain a name node defining the widget's name. Having recorded the widget's name, WidgetTreeSignals walks the DOM tree. It checks each visited node to see if it is a signal node. If it is, WidgetTreeSignals records the value of the node's handler child, which should be the name of a signal handler. Otherwise, WidgetTreeSignals assumes the node contains child nodes and continues traversing those.
GladeProjectSignals is comparatively simple. It uses Python's xml.dom.minidom package to load a Glade project file as a DOM tree. Then it searches the tree for top-level widget nodes (a Glade design file contains other top-level nodes such as the GTK-Interface and project nodes). For every widget node found, GladeProjectSignals creates a new WidgetTreeSignals instance, which in turn lists the signal handlers defined by that widget and its descendants. Each WidgetTreeSignal instance is stored in a dictionary, self.widgets, keyed by top-level widget name.
ControllerGenerator.py (see Listing 4 at ftp://ftp.linuxjournal.com/pub/lj/listings/issue87/), when invoked with a Glade project filename and the name of a top-level widget defined in that file, prints out a stubbed Controller for that widget and its children.
Most of the module's work is done by class ControllerGenerator. This class defines a generate method that takes a Glade project filename and top-level widget name as arguments. The generate method uses an instance of GladeProjectSignals to find the handlers for the named widget. Then it creates a list of stubs for those handlers. Using a template string and Python's string formatting operators, generate produces a string containing the body of the stubbed Controller module and returns that to its caller.
Glade, libglade and gnome-python can greatly reduce the effort of building Gtk+ and GNOME applications in Python. The tools presented in this article reduce maintenance costs even further by automating the conversion of Glade widget hierarchies to Python object hierarchies, automatically connecting signal handlers defined in Controllers and generating stubbed Controllers.
Mitch Chapman (email@example.com) is a senior software engineer at Bioreason, Inc. He lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico where he can enjoy Python programming, snowboarding, rock climbing, squinting into the sun and flying more or less simultaneously.
As Linux continues to play an ever increasing role in corporate data centers and institutions, ensuring the integrity and protection of these systems must be a priority. With 60% of the world's websites and an increasing share of organization's mission-critical workloads running on Linux, failing to stop malware and other advanced threats on Linux can increasingly impact an organization's reputation and bottom line.
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Want to be part of a revolution: Stephen ConstantineNEW DELHI: Stephen Constantine is going to be back at the helm of the Indian national football team, come February. It will be the 52-year old Englishman's second stint with the team. The last ended after three commendable years in 2005. During ... Times of India, 1 month ago |
Constantine, Herbert high on AIFF's list for coach's job Ricki Herbert. Photograph: PTI Two men who possess experience of having coached in India as well as at the international level, Englishman Stephen Constantine and New Zealander Ricki Herbert, have been short-listed to take over from Dutchman Wim Koevermans as the new coach of the national football team. Constatine, 52, who coached India between 2002 and 2005, and 53-year-old Herbert, former New Zealand coach who guided North East United FC in the Indian Super League that concluded on Saturday, ... Rediff.com, 2 months ago
Herbert, Stephen in fray for Indian coach
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Constantine, Herbert short-listed for football coach's job
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Former coach Constantine, Herbert short-listed for India job
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Kenyan herbal tea on the riseWalking around his herb nursery, The African Herb Company at the foot of Mount Kenya, Jean-Pierre Dekker (47) constantly pops leaves and flowers in his mouth. They taste like, lemon, wasabi, garlic and apple. Unique products with names like lemon ... Fresh Plaza, 2 months ago
History of football in India and current situationWhen the whole of India is going crazy over the inaugural edition of the ISL, publication of latest FIFA ranking on 27.11.2014 proved to be a dampener. India slipped down to its lowest ever ranking 170.It is obvious from the chart above that India's ... Yahoo! India, 2 months ago


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The antibody Ki-67 is a reliable and easy tool to accurately assess the growth fraction of neoplasms in humans and animals, and it has been used to predict the clinical outcome. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression pattern of Ki-67 in normal and neoplastic perianal glands of dogs to evaluate the possible use of this proliferation marker as an ancillary method of perianal tumor diagnosis. We studied 42 cases of perianal gland neoplasms including adenomas (n = 15), epitheliomas (n = 15), and carcinomas (n = 12). As controls, 13 tissue samples from normal perianal glands were used. A Ki-67 index was established by a computer-assisted image analysis and compared with manual counting.
Out of the 42 cases of perianal gland neoplasms, 34 were from males and eight from females. Recurrence was reported in 14 cases, being higher (8/12) in carcinomas. Immunostaining for Ki-67 revealed that the carcinomas showed a higher proliferation rate (9.87%) compared to groups of epitheliomas (2.66%) and adenomas (0.36%). For adenomas and epitheliomas of the perianal glands the computer-assisted counting and the manual counting gave similar results; however, only the computer-assisted image analysis was efficient to predict the perianal gland carcinoma recurrence.
Since there were significant differences in the number of Ki-67-positive nuclei, this marker proved to be effective in helping the classification of perianal gland neoplasms and to refine the diagnosis criteria, especially in those samples with high variation in morphology/area. Also, higher Ki-67 index is related to recurrence in cases of perianal gland carcinomas. Further, the computer-assisted image analysis proved to be a fast and reliable method to assess the Ki-67 index in perianal gland neoplasms.
Cell proliferation; Computer-assisted image analysis; Dogs; Immunohistochemistry; MIB-1Background
Perianal glands, also known as circumanal glands (by their location) and hepatoid glands (by their histological similarity with hepatocytes), are modified sebaceous glands present primarily in perianal skin [1].
Tumors of perianal glands are common in intact and aged male dogs. They occur occasionally in females and rarely in neutered males [2,3]. The causes of these neoplasms are unknown; however, gonadal hormones appear to interfere with perianal gland cell proliferation [1,3]. The possible influence of testosterone in perianal gland neoplasms is indicated by the high prevalence of benign tumor regression (up to 95%) after male neutering [1-4].
Adenoma is a common lesion in dogs and, besides hyperplasia, accounts for 8-10% of all canine skin tumors [4]. Adenomas generally retain the lobular architecture, presenting well-differentiated hepatoid cells and a single peripheral layer of basaloid reserve cells [1]. Some adenomas contain focal areas of pleomorphism that may suggest malignant transformation [5].
Several authors have grouped perianal gland epitheliomas with perianal gland adenomas [4,6], but the World Health Organization classified adenomas and epitheliomas in different categories [7]. Walder and Gross [8] classified the epitheliomas as low-grade perianal gland carcinomas. Distinction between adenomas and epitheliomas is easy when the basaloid reserve cells are organized in sheets, islands or trabeculae, together with moderate-low to moderate-high mitosis index, without atypia [1].
Perianal gland carcinomas are uncommon canine malignant neoplasms and occur almost exclusively in a perianal location. Well-differentiated carcinomas are clinically indistinguishable from adenomas. They are characterized by nodular formation. On the other hand, poorly differentiated carcinomas are poorly circumscribed and usually ulcerated [1]. The cells in well-differentiated carcinomas maintain the hepatoid morphology, forming solid islands and tightly packed trabaculae with a scarcity of collagen. The maturation patterns from reserve cells to hepatoid cells are disorganized and reserve cells are increased in number [1]. The distinction between perianal adenoma and carcinoma is often difficult: both may have poorly preserved lobulation and intermingling of germinal cells with mature hepatoid cells [3].
The Ki-67 antigen is expressed in G1, S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle, but not in G0, and thus Ki-67 distinguishes between proliferating and quiescent cells [9]. Ki-67 expression is usually estimated as percentage of immunostained cells, with nuclear staining being the most common criterion for proliferative index [10]. Ki-67 is tightly controlled and regulated, implying a fundamental role in cell proliferation [11]. Further, the primary antibody anti-human Ki-67 (clone MIB-1) has been extensively used in studies to determine the prognosis of several types of canine neoplasms [12-14].
Although the morphological pattern of perianal gland neoplasms, when observed using hematoxylin and eosin stain (HE), is supposed to allow an accurate diagnosis, occasionally, the occurrence of focal pleomorphism in adenomas and epitheliomas can suggest malignant transformation, and result in recurrence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical pattern of Ki-67 staining in normal and neoplastic canine perianal glands in order to evaluate the possible use of this proliferation marker as an ancillary method to determine perianal tumor diagnosis and prognosis.
This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics and Animal Welfare Committee (Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais - CEUA, UNESP, process number 02214-2011).
Tissue samples
Forty-two canine perianal gland neoplasms were retrieved from the archives of a private practice laboratory of veterinary pathology (VETPAT – Campinas – São Paulo- Brazil). The owners were contacted and asked to answer a questionnaire regarding identification of the animals, evolution of the case, and recurrence. The specimens were re-evaluated by two pathologists. All specimens were removed during surgery, fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin, embedded in paraffin, and consecutive sections were used for histology (HE) and immunohistochemistry.
The diagnosis of perianal gland neoplasia was recognized on HE-stained tissue sections following the criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO) for glandular tumors of domestic animals [7]. The tumors examined included perianal gland adenomas (n = 15), epitheliomas (n = 15), and carcinomas (n = 12). All specimens were obtained from dogs having the neoplasm removed for the first time, i.e., no recurrent tumor was included. Normal perianal glands were obtained from dogs that were euthanized or died from other conditions (n = 13).
5-μm thick sections were mounted on poly-L-lysine-coated slides, dewaxed, and rehydrated. Antigen retrieval was performed with citrate buffer (pH 6.0) in a microwave oven for 30 min. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubating the sections in 2% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide (30 vol) diluted in 50% (v/v) methanol for 30 min. Subsequently, non-specific binding was blocked with 3% (w/v) non-fat dried milk in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.2 for 30 min. Sections were then incubated with the monoclonal mouse anti-human Ki-67 antibody (clone MIB-1, M7240, Dako), diluted 1:100 for 18–22 h at 4°C in a humidified chamber. The sections were subsequently washed in PBS and incubated with a biotinylated secondary antibody followed by the streptavidin-horseradish-peroxidase complex, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (LSAB + Kit, K0690, Dako). The reaction was developed using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (K3468, Dako). The slides were then counterstained with Harris's hematoxylin, dehydrated, cleared, and mounted with coverslips. Negative controls were obtained by omitting the primary antibody. Positive controls included adjacent normal skin (basal cells) in each slide.
Computer-assisted image analysis
To determine the Ki-67 index, the whole slides were examined in low-power magnification (×100) to detect the areas with evident staining ("hot spots"), and pictures were taken in three representative high-power microscope fields (×400), in a total area of 271,518.1 μm2, randomly chosen across regions with the highest amount of Ki-67-positive cells (as illustrated in Figure 1A and Figure 2B, D, F), avoiding areas of inflammation, necrosis, and tissue artifacts [12-14]. The choice of the "hot spots" [15] was based on the assumption that the areas with a high proliferation index potentially predict a more aggressive biological behavior of the neoplasm. The counting of immunostained nuclei was performed colorimetrically, quantifying the percentage of the immunostained nuclear area in relation to the total nuclear area (Figure 1), based on the guidelines described by Melo and Machado [16], using the software Image-Pro Plus 6.1 (Media Cybernetics). Ki-67 scoring was also performed by manual counting by two pathologists, in the same areas as the computer-assisted analysis, in order to compare these two methods. All the analyses were performed blind, without knowledge of the experimental groups.
Figure 1. Graphical representation of the method used to evaluate the Ki-67 index, quantified using the Image-Pro Plus 6.1 software. (A) Photomicrograph of the selected microscope field exhibiting Ki-67-positive nuclei in a carcinoma hot spot. (B) Selection of the immunostained nuclei (in red). (C) Selection of the unstained nuclei (in yellow). (D) Measurement of the ratio of the immunostained nuclear area (in red) and the entire nuclear area, expressed as the percentage of the immunostained area. This method allows the rapid inclusion of all nuclei in the measurement and enables areas with tissue artifacts to be discounted. Scale bar = 50 μm.
Figure 2. Histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of canine perianal gland neoplasms. A-B: Perianal gland adenoma. Note the polyhedral cells grouped in nests and surrounded by a small amount of fibrous connective tissue (A) and the presence of rare Ki-67-positive nuclei (B) (arrowhead). C-D: Perianal gland epithelioma. Observe cells organized in nests with a thick basal layer (C) and with marked mitotic activity, evidenced by the Ki-67-positive staining (D) (arrowhead). E-F: Perianal gland carcinoma. Note the proliferation of polymorphic polyhedral cells organized in a solid pattern, with moderate anisokaryosis and anisocytosis (E), diffuse Ki-67-positive nuclear staining (arrowhead), and the presence of mitosis (*) (F). A, C, E: Hematoxylin and Eosin. B, D, F: Streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex. Scale bar = 50 μm.
Statistical methods
The differences among groups were determined by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test. For recurrence analyses, the Mann Whitney test was used. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data are expressed as the median (minimum-maximum). A ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve was used to determine the cut-off value for recurrence in perianal gland carcinomas, using the Ki-67 index obtained from the computer-assisted image analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using Prism 6 software (GraphPad).
Of the 42 neoplasms, 34 were from males and eight from females. Most of them were not neutered/spayed. The age ranged from 3–15 years and the evolution varied between 4 and 36 months (Table 1). Individual data from each animal may be found in Additional file 1: Table S1.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Individual data from each dog included in the experimental groups. Figure S1. Scatter plot showing the Ki-67 index assessed by manual counting, in different types of canine perianal gland neoplasms: adenoma (n = 15), epithelioma (n = 15), and carcinoma (n = 12), and in control dogs (n = 13). Horizontal lines indicate the median and the interquartile range. abc Groups with no common superscript letter differ significantly by Dunn's multiple comparison test (P < 0.05).
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Table 1. Data from dogs included in the experimental groups
The adenomas were characterized by the presence of epithelial cells with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm, low pleomorphism, and basal cells with small and hyperchromatic nuclei. The cells were organized in islands separated by well-vascularized connective tissue (Figure 2A).
The epitheliomas were organized in lobules made up of epithelial cells with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm and low pleomorphism. The presence of basaloid cells with large nucleus, loose chromatin, evident nucleolus, and occasional mitosis was noted. Cell islands separated by connective tissue were also present (Figure 2C). In some samples, focal areas of squamous metaplasia were noted, and also areas with high-grade anaplasia, suggesting malignant transition.
In carcinomas, the noticed proliferation pattern was cribriform. The cells presented a large and clear nucleus, loose chromatin, evident nucleolus, cytoplasm with poorly defined borders, and frequent mitosis (Figure 2E).
In canine normal skin sections used as controls, Ki-67 was observed only in the stratum basale. By means of computer-assisted image analysis, the normal perianal glands showed a Ki-67 index of 0.00% (0.00-0.07); the only positive cells were detected among basaloid reserve cells. The Ki-67 index from adenomas corresponded to 0.36% (0.00-1.43), related to only a few scattered cells (Figure 2B). Epitheliomas showed positive staining mostly in basaloid cells with a Ki-67 index of 2.66% (0.54-7.10); in some cases the stained cells presented a rosette pattern (Figure 2D). Finally, carcinomas presented the highest Ki-67 index, 9.87% (3.09-24.82), and the stained cells were diffusely distributed throughout the tissue (Figure 2F). A significant difference was observed in the Ki-67 indexes among adenomas, epitheliomas and carcinomas (P < 0.0001), but not between the adenomas and the normal glands (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Scatter plot showing the Ki-67 index assessed by computer-assisted image analysis (percentage of immunostained nuclear area in relation to the total nuclear area), in different types of canine perianal gland neoplasms: adenoma (n = 15), epithelioma (n = 15), and carcinoma (n = 12), and in control dogs (n = 13). Horizontal lines indicate the median and the interquartile range. abc Groups with no common superscript letter differ significantly by Dunn's multiple comparison test (P < 0.05).
The Ki-67 index obtained from the manual counting was also compared among the neoplasms (Additional file 1: Figure S1): the Ki-67 index of carcinomas was 23.17% (10.00-39.67), with no difference compared to epitheliomas, which showed a Ki-67 index of 9.67% (3.00-21.67). Carcinomas and epitheliomas differed from adenomas, with a Ki-67 index of 1.67% (0.00-5.00) and from the normal perianal glands, with an index of 0.00% (0.00-0.33) (P < 0.0001). Figure 4 shows the paired Ki-67 indexes for each tumor sample, obtained from both computer-assisted and manual counting, where it is possible to observe that, in spite of different numerical values, the methods gave more consistent results in adenomas than in carcinomas. In addition, the manual counting performed by two observers strongly agreed with each other but despite rather similar results, the data resulting from the computer-assisted image analysis were more homogeneous and obtained in a reliable and less time-consuming manner, compared to the data resulting from the manual counting.
Figure 4. Comparisons between the computer-assisted counting and the manual counting to establish the Ki-67 index in perianal gland adenomas, epitheliomas, and carcinomas. The lines connect the values of each method in the same dog.
Further, eight out of 12 dogs with carcinoma presented a historical report of recurrence after the surgical therapy. Using computer-assisted image analysis, a significantly (P = 0.0081) larger number of Ki-67 positive nuclei were detected, when comparing with those without recurrence (Figure 5). Despite using a small population, by means of a ROC curve, it was possible to establish the cut-off value of 9.305 (area under the curve = 0.969; P = 0.0108) to separate the perianal gland carcinomas that recurred from those without report of recurrence. Also, three out of 15 post-surgical recurrences were referenced for cases diagnosed as epitheliomas and three out of 15 for adenomas (Additional file 1: Table S1). In those cases, neither computer-assisted nor manual counting was effective to distinguish the dogs with or without evidence of recurrence.
Figure 5. Comparisons between the computer-assisted counting and the manual counting to establish the Ki-67 index in perianal gland carcinomas, taking into account the recurrence of the neoplasm. The lines connect the values of each method in the same dog. The cut-off value (9.305) was obtained from a ROC-curve based on the data from the computer-assisted counting (area under the curve = 0.969; P = 0.0108).
Proliferation is a key feature of tumor progression and Ki-67 staining is a convenient method for assessing cell proliferation, applicable in most laboratories for humans [15,17] and animals [12-14]. The results presented here show that Ki-67 detection reflects the proliferation index of each type of perianal gland tumor. The Ki-67 index decreased from malignant towards benign lesions, with carcinomas presenting the highest Ki-67 index, which was useful to help the classification of the neoplasms, at least in less-differentiated samples. These findings are in agreement with previous studies using AgNOR (argyrophilic proteins related to nucleolar organizer regions) [18]. Similar to Ki-67, AgNOR is related to the proliferative activity of neoplasms and it may be associated with aggressive biological behavior – however, although the number of AgNORs increases in malignancy, the ability of this marker to define malignancy is still controversial [19].
In the routine diagnosis of perianal gland tumors, the use of HE staining generally allows an accurate diagnosis and the correct classification of adenomas, epitheliomas and carcinomas. However, in epitheliomas, areas with elevated anaplasia were frequently observed, suggesting transition to high-grade carcinomas. The use of proliferation markers, such as Ki-67, may help to confirm these differences and refine diagnostic criteria, particularly for well-differentiated perianal gland carcinomas [1].
Data relative to gender, age range, evolution time, and recurrence are in conformity with the available literature about perianal glands neoplasms in dogs [1]. Recurrence was related in eight out of 12 dogs with perianal gland carcinomas, in three dogs with epitheliomas, and three with adenomas. This disagreement among diagnosis and tumor behavior was previously described by Berrocal et al. [20], who observed recurrence in six out of 23 cases designated as "moderately or poorly differentiated" perianal gland adenomas, which included epitheliomas as well as low-grade carcinomas. Moreover, the recurrence in adenomas and epitheliomas may also have occurred due to neoplastic tissue remaining even after the surgical excision of the tumor. Regarding carcinomas, the samples with the highest Ki-67 indexes were taken from dogs that presented tumor recurrence, allowing us to suggest that the Ki-67 index, assessed by computer-assisted image analysis, may be used as a predictor of risk of recurrence, as also observed in other neoplasms [21-23].
Currently, there is a widely accepted use of Ki-67 to evaluate cell proliferation in cancer, but there is no standard protocol. One important factor that could bias the determination of the Ki-67 index is the subjective determination of the Ki-67 immunostained area. In the recent recommendations from the International Ki-67 in Breast Cancer Working Group [24], the authors stated that the Ki-67 evaluation method can be based on three patterns of Ki-67 immunostaining: homogeneous, hot spots, and a gradient of increasing staining toward the tumor edge; however, the most commonly used method to calculate the Ki-67 index is based on the hot spots, which also includes studies of prognostic value [12-14,22]. The recommendations from the same group [24] classified as 'unknown' which Ki-67 scoring method, manual (visual) or computer-assisted (automated), is superior. Despite being different types of neoplasms, based on the results presented herein, we provide evidence that the computer-assisted method is superior, at least in canine perianal gland tumors.
Finally, this study established that the immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67 may help the morphological classification of more complex canine perianal gland neoplasms and it is helpful to better predict the risk of recurrence. The computer-assisted image analysis was demonstrated to be more accurate and a less time-consuming technique to evaluate the Ki-67 index, especially by facilitating the analysis where there is cell overlap or accumulation, when compared to manual counting. These results strongly suggest that a higher proliferation index is related to the aggressiveness of neoplastic cells and these differences must be taken into account to achieve a diagnosis and to establish the best therapeutic protocol.
Competing interests
None of the authors has any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.
Authors' contributions
RSP participated in the design of the study, carried out the immunohistochemical reactions, and helped to draft the manuscript. AS carried out the immunohistochemical reactions and participated in the computer-assisted image analysis. GDM participated in the computer-assisted image analysis, performed the statistical analysis, and helped to draft the manuscript. FVF carried out the immunohistochemical reactions. FARS collected the samples and the patients' information. GFM conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
GF Machado is recipient of funding from the CNPq (Brazil's National Council of Technological and Scientific Development). A Schweigert and GD Melo are supported by FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) doctoral fellowships.
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PlantFiles: Stokes' Aster, Stokes Aster, Cornflower Aster
Stokesia laevis 'Honeysong Purple'
Family: Asteraceae (ass-ter-AY-see-ee) (Info) Genus: Stokesia (sto-KEES-ee-uh) (Info) Species: laevis (LEE-viss) (Info) Cultivar: Honeysong Purple 5 vendors have this plant for sale. 4 members have or want this plant for trade. Category: Height: Spacing: Hardiness: Sun Exposure: Danger: Bloom Color: Bloom Time: Foliage: Other details: Soil pH requirements: Patent Information: Propagation Methods: Seed Collecting: | Click thumbnail to view: By DaylilySLP By DaylilySLP By DaylilySLP By DaylilySLP By KevinMc79 By KevinMc79 There are a total of 16 photos. |
1 positive
No neutrals
No negatives
Gardeners' Notes:
This plant has been said to grow in the following regions:
Inverness, Florida
Cleveland, Mississippi
Maben, Mississippi
Elba, New York
Elizabeth City, North Carolina
Hope Mills, North Carolina
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Norristown, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania


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All is Dust and DNA
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