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US 20060122646 A1 Abstract The present invention is an occlusion device having a collapsible frame which allows the occlusion device to be more easily centered in a defect and retrieved in situ. The occlusion device comprises a first post configured to be located on a first side of a defect, a second post configured to be located on a second side of the defect, and a fixation device connected to the first and second posts. The fixation device is used to hold the occlusion device in place across a defect, and comprises several segments. The segments are shaped so that each segment comprises a loop, causing the fixation device to resemble a "daisy design."
Claims(30) 1. A device for use in occluding an aperture, the device comprising:
a first post; a second post; and an arm extending from the first post to the second post comprising a loop. 2. The device of
3. The device of
4. The device of
5. The device of
6. The device of
7. The device of
8. An occlusion device for closing an aperture, the occlusion device comprising:
a first post; a second post; and a fixation device comprising a plurality of fixation segments, wherein each fixation segment comprises:
a first end connected to the first post,
a second end connected to the second post, and
a loop between the first and second ends.
9. The occlusion device of
10. The occlusion device of
11. The occlusion device of
12. The occlusion device of
13. The occlusion device of
14. The occlusion device of
15. The occlusion device of
16. The occlusion device of
17. The occlusion device of
18. The occlusion device of
19. The occlusion device of
20. The occlusion device of
21. The occlusion device of
22. The occlusion device of
23. An occlusion device, the occlusion device comprising:
a first post; a second post; and a collapsible support frame connected between the first and second posts, wherein the support frame comprises a plurality of wire segments, each wire segment including a coil. 24. The occlusion device of
25. The occlusion device of
26. The occlusion device of
27. The occlusion device of
28. The occlusion device of
29. The occlusion device of
30. The occlusion device of
Description None. This invention relates to an occlusion device for the closure of physical apertures, such as vascular or septal apertures. More specifically, this invention relates to an occlusion device that self-centers across a defect and can be retrieved and redeployed in situ. The heart is generally comprised of four chambers: the left and right atrium and the left and right ventricle. Separating the left and right sides of the heart are two walls, or septa. The wall between the two atria is the interatrial septum, and the wall between the two ventricles is the interventricular septum. There are several defects which can affect the septa of both children and adults, including patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defects (ASDs), and ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Although the causes and physical characteristics of these defects vary by type, these defects may generally comprise an aperture, flap, or hole in the septum which allows blood to shunt between chambers in the heart where there is no blood flow in a normal, healthy heart. This abnormal blood flow can cause a variety of health problems. Normally, permanently repairing certain cardiac defects in adults and children requires open heart surgery, which is a risky, painful, and expensive procedure. Surgically closing an aperture in the heart requires the patient to undergo general anesthesia and requires opening of the chest cavity. The patient may spend several days in the hospital and may take several weeks to recover before being able to return to normal levels of activity. To avoid the risks and discomfort associated with open heart surgery, modern occlusion devices have been developed that are small, implantable devices capable of being delivered to the heart through a catheter. Rather than surgery, a catheter inserted into a major blood vessel, and an occlusion device is moved through the catheter to the treatment site where it can then be deployed at the defect. This procedure is performed in a cardiac cathlab, and avoids the risks, pain, and long recovery associated with open heart surgery. There are currently several types of occlusion devices capable of being inserted via a catheter including, button devices, collapsible umbrella-like structures, and plug-like devices. These modern occlusion devices can repair a wide range of cardiac defects, including patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and may occlude other cardiac and non-cardiac apertures. One form of occlusion device generally has a first side, a second side, and a center section. Once the occluder is deployed, the first side is positioned on one side of the aperture to be occluded, and the second side sits in the other side of the aperture. The occluder's center section extends through the center of the defect or aperture being occluded. The left and right sides occlude the aperture on the respective sides of the aperture. Because the center section of the occlusion device may be small relative to the size of the aperture to be occluded, it is a challenge to ensure the occlusion device is properly centered across the aperture. Further, the size of defects varies from patient to patient, with some defects being larger than others. If the defect is large, it is desired that the center section of the occluder remain in the center of the defect so that the first and second sides of the occluder are optimally positioned to occlude the entire defect. If the center section not optimally centered, the first and second sides of the occluder may not be optimally placed so that the defect is properly occluded. If the defect is not properly occluded, blood may continue to shunt through the defect lessening the effectiveness of the occluder. Many occluders are designed so that the first and second sides are collapsible, allowing the occluder to fit inside a catheter. When in the collapsed position, it is desired that the occluder be highly compact so that the smallest diameter catheter may be used when deploying the occluder. A catheter with a smaller diameter reduces trauma, improves maneuverability, and allows the device to be used in patients who have small vasculature or who are very young. Loading the device into a small diameter catheter must be done by hand, requires a high degree of manual dexterity, and can be time consuming. Once the device is loaded, it is maneuvered through the catheter to the treatment site within the body, where it is then deployed. In the event the device is not optimally deployed, it may be retrieved, and the procedure may be performed again. While some types of occlusion devices are retrievable via catheter, many require open heart surgery to be retrieved. Even in instances where the device can be retrieved using a catheter, retrieval may require insertion of a larger diameter catheter than that used for insertion. A larger diameter catheter may be required because the device may not readily resume the compact shape it had before deployment. Once retrieved, the device may be compromised from the stress of withdrawing it back into the catheter, even if a larger diameter catheter has been used. As such, it may not be possible to reuse the retrieved occlusion device. In addition, devices retrieved via catheter are typically not properly loaded for redeployment. Thus, even if the device is retrievable, the device must be pulled back through the catheter and be completely removed from the catheter so that it can be properly reloaded. Reloading is time consuming, additional time to the procedure, and creates wear and tear on the device. Often, the retrieved device cannot be reused because it has been damaged by the retrieval process. If the device cannot be reused, a new device is required, which increases the cost of the procedure. Thus, there is a need in the art for an occlusion device that is easily loaded into a catheter, and that can be retrieved, reloaded, and redeployed in situ. There is also a need in the art for an occlusion device which has a centering system to improve the ability of the device to be centered in the defect. The present invention relates to an occlusion device which can be more easily centered in a defect, and which is capable of being retrieved in situ. The occlusion device comprises a first post configured to be located on a first side of a defect, a second post configured to be located on a second side of the defect, and a fixation device connected to the first and second posts. The fixation device is used to hold the occlusion device in place across a defect, and comprises several segments. The segments are shaped so that each segment comprises a loop, causing the fixation device to resemble a "daisy." More specifically, proximate to the loop on each segment is a first radial portion extending from the first post to the loop and a second radial portion extending from the loop to the second post. When the device is deployed, the first post and the first radial portions of the segments are located on a first side of the defect. Similarly, the second post and the second radial portions of the segments are located on a second side of the defect. The loop portions of the segments extend through the defect and help to center the occlusion device in defect. Occlusion device 10 is constructed so that it can be deformed or collapsed and placed into catheter 22. To allow occlusion device 10 to be collapsed for placement into catheter 22, fixation device 14 is designed to be deformable from the starting configuration illustrated in Occlusion device 10 is connected to delivery device 26, preferably at second post 24. Delivery device 26 connects to occlusion device 10 in any suitable manner, such as by a threaded connection or using any suitable form of forceps. Delivery device 26 is used to hold occlusion device 10, such as when occlusion device 10 is being loaded into catheter 22, occlusion device 10 is being moved through catheter 22, or when occlusion device 10 is being deployed at a defect. When occlusion device 10 is deployed, sheets 16, 18 are positioned on opposing sides of the defect and serve to occlude the defect. Fixation device 14 is used to hold occlusion device 10 in place, and to urge sheets 16, 18 against the tissue adjacent the defect being occluded. Sheets 16, 18 are preferably connected to occlusion device 10 so that sheets 16, 18 are located on the inside of fixation device 14. However, occlusion device 10 is not so limited, and sheets 16, 18 may be attached at any location as desired or suitable. Sheets 16, 18 may be any suitable material, and preferably are comprised of a medical grade polymer in the form of film, foam, gel, or a combination thereof. One suitable material is a high density polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foam, such as that offered under the trademark IVALON®. To minimize the chance of occlusion device 10 causing a blood clot, foam sheets 16, 18 may be treated with a thrombosis inhibiting material. One such suitable material is heparin. To ensure there is sufficient tension to hold sheets 16, 18 in place, fixation device 14 is made of a suitable material, such as metal wire. More preferably, fixation device 14 is formed of a material capable of shape memory. One suitable material is a nickel-titanium alloy, commonly called Nitinol. Nitinol is preferably used because it is commercially available, very elastic, non-corrosive and has a fatigue life greater than that of stainless steel. Fixation device 14 may also be heat treated to increase shape memory. To further ensure that fixation device 14 is sufficiently durable and does not suffer from fatigue failure, one embodiment of the present invention comprises making fixation device 14 of stranded wire or cables. Fixation device 14 comprises six individual portions, or arms 28. However, occlusion device 10 is not so limited. Occlusion device 10 may comprise any suitable number of arms 28. Further, the exact shape of fixation device 14 can be varied based on the desired characteristics of fixation device 14, such as the amount of tension required to hold occlusion device 10 in place across the defect, or the ability of occlusion device 10 to self center in a defect. As such, occlusion device 10 may be formed of fewer arms 28, such as four, or more arms 28, such as eight, or ten as long as fixation device 14 is capable of maintaining the position of occlusion device 10. Preferably, fixation device 14 is designed with arms 28 arranged symmetrically about center post 12, 24 so that the angles between each adjacent arm 28 are about equal. Placing fixation device 14 symmetrically about center post 12, 24 is preferable because it ensures that fixation device 14 more evenly applies pressure against the tissue proximate occlusion device 10 when it is in place. When formed of six arms 28, each arm 28 may be separated from adjacent arm 28 by approximately 60 degrees. However, the invention is not so limited, and arms 28 may be arranged at any angles desired or suitable. In contrast, occlusion device 10 is designed to be self centering. The self centering feature is due to occlusion device 10 having a much larger effective center created by inner diameter 38. One or more of proximal sides 32 of loops 30 may contact the tissue at the perimeter of the defect. In doing so, loops 30 help arrange occlusion device 10 in the defect so that it is more effectively centered. Inner diameter 38 and outer diameter 40 can be used to accurately select the size of occlusion device 10 which best fits the defect to be occluded. More specifically, when selecting the appropriate occlusion device 10 to occlude a defect, a decision can be made as to the appropriate size of occlusion device 10 by correlating effective inner diameter 38 created by proximal sides 32 of loops 30, or effective outer diameter 40 created by distal sides 34 of loops 30, or possibly both, to the size of the defect. In the embodiment illustrated in One method of assembling fixation device 14 is to connect each fixation member 53, 54, 55, to first and second center post 50, 52 at the holes 56-66. One suitable way to do so is to thread first fixation member 53 through top hole 60 of first post 50 until center section 72 of fixation member 53 is located about at hole 60. Similarly, second fixation member 54 is inserted into second hole 58 so that center section 72 of fixation member 54 is located at hole 58 in first center post 50. Finally, third fixation member 55 is inserted into third hole 56 of first center post 50 so that first center post 50 is located near center section 72 of third fixation member 55. Similarly, ends 74 of first fixation member 53 are connected to second post 50 at third hole 66. Likewise, ends 74 of second fixation member 54 are connected to second center post 52 at second hole 64, and ends 74 of third fixation member 55 are connected at third hole 62. When connecting members 53, 54, 55 to first and second center posts 50, 52, any suitable method may be used. For instance, members 53, 54, 55 may be welded, crimped, adhered, or otherwise connected to center posts 50, 52. Alternately, fixation members 53, 54, 55 may simply be inserted holes 56-66 on first and second posts 50, 52. Further, although each fixation member 53, 54, 55 is shown as formed from a single wire, the invention is not so limited. Each arm may be formed of a separate length of wire, and may be connected to center posts 50, 52 in any suitable manner. To ensure that each fixation member is arranged so that it is radially separated from an adjacent fixation member by approximately 60 degrees, holes 56-66, may be formed in center posts 50, 52 at various angles to each other. Further, to ensure the post 50, 52, retain the strength required, yet remains small, holes 56-66 may be arranged vertically along the posts 50, 52 so that when the holes are drilled, center posts 50, 52 remain structurally sound. The arrangement of holes 56-66 on center posts 50, 52 further ensures that when the occlusion device is collapsed for insertion into a catheter, any overlapping of wire fixation members 53, 54, 55 is minimized. Minimizing the overlapping of fixation members 53, 54, 55, particularly near center posts 50, 52, helps decrease the overall bulk of the occlusion device, and allows for the use of small diameter catheters. Shown in As viewed in To allow occlusion device 94 to be inserted into catheter 90, occlusion device 94 must be collapsed or folded. To do so, first center post 96 is pulled away from second post 98. Upon doing so, fixation device 100 begins to deform, with individual fixation segments 106 beginning to straighten. More specifically, as illustrated in In one embodiment, sheets 102, 104 are attached to wire fixation device 100 so that as wire fixation device 100 collapses, sheets 102, 104 remain on the inside of fixation device 100. This increases the durability of occlusion device 94 as it is loaded into catheter 90. More specifically, as occlusion device 94 is withdrawn into catheter 90, fixation device 100 is the first part of occlusion device 94 to contact edges of catheter 90 as it is loaded. Because fixation device 100 is preferably formed of wire, it is more robust than sheets 102, 104. Ensuring that it is wire fixation device 100 which contacts the catheter first minimizes potential damage to sheets 102, 104. This design also reduces the chance that sheets 102, 104 may become separated from fixation device 100 or damaged by catheter 90 as they are pulled into it. As can be seen in More specifically, staggering the placement of fixation members 106 along the length of center posts 96, 98 serves to prevent all of fixation members 106 folding at one location along center posts 96, 98. Similarly, varying the angles at which fixation members 106 are inserted into center posts 96, 98 further serves to reduce the bulk of occlusion device 94 when fixation members 106 fold at center posts 96, 98 areas. The bulkiest portion of fixation device 94 becomes the area where first and second sheets 102, 104 are folded. As a result, the size of catheter 90 can be greatly reduced. In previous devices, the occlusion device may comprise several wire arms emanating from a center post. The ends of the wire arms were often capped with atraumatic tips to minimize damage to tissue contacted by the wire arms. When inserting such an occlusion device into a catheter and the arms were folded in the axial direction along the center post, the tips often overlapped. This caused increased bulk on the device at the location of the atraumatic tips when the device was folded for insertion into a catheter. As a result of this increased bulk, a larger catheter was required. In contrast, the present invention does not require the use of atraumatic tips at the ends of the arms, and thus does not experience the same challenges in ensuring the tips do not form a cluster when the arms are folded. As a result, the device is less bulky and can be used with a smaller diameter catheter. Another challenge for previous occlusion devices formed of several wire arms emanating from a center post related to the high degree of manual dexterity required for loading the devices into the catheter. For instance, to insert such an occlusion device into a catheter, a first set of wire arms must be folded in one direction, while at the same time a second set of arms is folded in the opposite direction. Loading the occlusion device into a catheter while ensuring the arms are properly folded in the correct directions often proves difficult. In contrast, the present invention is readily inserted into a catheter. The device can be grasped at the end posts using any suitable method, such as by using a delivery device to grasp one end post and a user's fingertips to grasp the other end post. By simply pulling the two grasped posts away from each other, the device is readily collapsed for easy loading into the catheter. Not only is the ability of loading the new occlusion device into a catheter improved, but also the design of the fixation device of the present invention makes the device easily retrievable. Should a user feel that one or both sides of the occlusion device are not optimally seated at the defect, either side of the occlusion device can be easily retrieved by simply pulling it back into the catheter, and forcing the device to collapse as described above with reference to Another advantage of the present invention is that once retrieved, due to the manner in which the fixation device collapses the device, the occlusion device is properly loaded in the catheter, and thus is readily available for re-deployment in situ. Once again, both sides have this unique feature. Thus, if it is necessary to reposition either side, or the entire device, both sides are easily retrievable, and once retrieved, are properly loaded for another attempt at deployment. Other previous occlusion devices are formed of a wire mesh material. The large amount of metal required to form the device has certain disadvantages. For instance, the metal structure may eventually suffer fatigue and break, requiring removal or replacement of the device. The present invention achieves the ability to fit into a small diameter catheter while still minimizing the amount of metal wires needed to form the fixation device. To insert the occlusion device 114 across septal aperature 112, catheter 115 is positioned proximate defect 112. Occlusion device 114 is advanced through catheter 115 until a first arm portions 126 of occlusion device 114 exits catheter 115. Once the first side of occlusion device 114 has exited catheter 115, fixation device 120 partially returns to its original shape. In returning to its original shape, first arm portions 126 of fixation device 120 partially return to their looped configuration. The radial portions of first arm portions 126 urge first sheet 122 against septal wall 110. In this way, septal aperture 112 is blocked on the first side of septal wall 110. Next, second arm portions 128 are allowed to exit catheter 115 on second side 132 of septal aperature 112. As shown in As shown in Loop portions 134 are formed as part of first and second arm portions 126, 128. Loop portions 134 of fixation device 120 are arranged across septal aperature 112. Because loop portions 134 of fixation device 120 pass through septal aperature 112, loop portions 134 may contact portions of the tissue surrounding the septal aperature 112. This contact helps to center occlusion device 114 in septal aperature 112. Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Referenced by
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Suburban Revolution- in Italian
Suburban Revolution is an Italian publication influenced by the work of Roger Keil and Global Suburbanisms. Click here to read the online issue as well as Roger's feature i… Read more
Published January 30th, 2015 in Dissemination, News
Roger Keil Awarded Tier 1 York Research Chair in Global Sub/Urban Studies
Congratulations to MCRI Principal Investigator Roger Keil for being awarded a Tier 1 York Research Chair in Global Sub/Urban Studies. The award recognizes his resea… Read more
Published January 16th, 2015 in Dissemination, News
Upcoming panel- Housing the Future: Challenges and Opportunities Facing the Next Generation
MCRI researcher Markus Moos launches his new project, "Generationed City" with a panel discussion Housing the Future: Challenges and Opportunities Facing the … Read more
Published January 16th, 2015 in Events, News, Upcoming Events
City and suburbs: six decades of unity and division (Toronto Star)
"Many people who live in under-serviced communities feel trapped — by poor transit, and a lack of social mobility — the latter a relatively new phenomenon for Canada, w… Read more
Published January 5th, 2015 in Dissemination, News
Star series looks at Toronto: The Divided City
"Roger Keil, a York University expert on suburbs, says those 905-belt communities are becoming "glamour zones," with culture and opportunities akin to those in down… Read more
Published December 1st, 2014 in Dissemination, News
Italian Interview: Roger Keil on Global Suburbanisms
Click here for Roger Keil's Italian interview about Global Suburbanisms on Forum PA.… Read more
Published October 27th, 2014 in Dissemination, News
Hiring Research Administrator at CITY
Position Title: Research Administrator
Department: The City Institute at York University (CITY)
Term of Employment: Contract- one year, with a possibility of renewal
Band L… Read more
Published September 25th, 2014 in News
Roger Keil Speaks to Metro Morning about the Urban/Suburban Divide
Does the urban/suburban divide still exist in Toronto and how does it relate to the city's upcoming municiple election? Professor Roger Keil from York University… Read more
Published September 24th, 2014 in Dissemination, News
CanU6 National Summit- Sept 18-20
CITY institute Director Linda Peake and colleagues Roger Keil (Faculty of Environmental Studies) and Sean Hertel will be presenting at the Council for Canadian Urbanism (CanU) … Read more
Published September 16th, 2014 in Events, News, Upcoming Events
Suburban Working Group Ignites the OPPI Symposium
Sean Hertel and Roger Keil of the Greater Toronto Suburban Working Group are taking their show on the road, leading an ignite session at next month's OPPI Symposium. The ann… Read more
Published September 10th, 2014 in Dissemination, News

subset: commoncrawl


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Mar. 03, 2015 7:00 pm (ET) Mountaineer Talk
Mar. 05, 2015 4:30 pm (ET) Appalachian Women's...
Mar. 05, 2015 4:45 pm (ET) App State Women's...
Mar. 05, 2015 6:45 pm (ET) Appalachian Men's...
2015 Football Fund Golf Tournament - May 1
Women's Tennis Drops Road Contest at Gardner-Webb
Baseball Meets Traditional Foe HPU on Tuesday
Mountaineers Participate in Read Across America
Softball's First Home SBC Series Moved to Wingate
Fan Promotions Highlight FInal Games
Michael Obacha School Supply Drive
Men's Tennis Drops Second-Straight in Greenville


text:
Chrysler Group LLC Announces 'Autorama High School Design Competition 2013' To Benefit United Way For Southeastern Michigan
Students have until 5 p.m. (EST) Friday, Feb. 8 to submit their drawing to their designated teacher or counselor at their school.
The judging panel will include designers from the Chrysler Group Product Design Office, along with faculty from CCS and Detroit Autorama.
"Transportation Design is an important program to CCS's educational environment and to the life of the auto industry as a whole," said Mark West, Paul and Helen Farago Chair of Transportation Design at College for Creative Studies. "Initiatives like the 'Autorama High School Design Competition' help us sustain the growth of the program. An important feat, in part, because our program supplies more automotive designers to the industry than any other school in the world."
Finalists will be notified on Feb. 22. Winners will be announced at the special award presentation event on Mar. 8 at Cobo Hall in Detroit to help kick off the 61st annual Detroit Autorama.
Competition winners will receive the following prizes:- Freshman-junior class finalists:
- First place receives an iPad, summer automotive design course at CCS and three passes to Detroit Autorama
- Second place receives a summer automotive design course at CCS and three passes to Detroit Autorama
- Senior class finalists:
- First place receives an iPad, summer automotive design course at CCS or $5,000 scholarship to CCS (if accepted), three passes to Detroit Autorama and a tour of Chrysler Group's Product Design Office in Auburn Hills, Mich.
- Second place receives a summer automotive design course at CCS, three passes to Detroit Autorama and a tour of Chrysler Group's Product Design Office
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Singer-Songwriter John Mayer Set for CBS THIS MORNING, 2/10
Related Links |
GMA SATURDAY Wins Second Consecutive February Sweep in Total Viewers February 27, 2015 |
CBS THIS MORNING: SATURDAY Delivers Best February Sweeps in Nine Years February 26, 2015 |
NBC's TODAY Tops GMA in Key Demo on Wednesday February 26, 2015 |
ABC's GOOD MORNING AMERICA Up in Total Viewers Year-to-Year February 26, 2015 |
Related: CBS THIS MORNING, CBS |
Singer-songwriter John Mayer admits he was a "jerk" when talking about past relationships and tells Anthony Mason he's a changed man in an interview for CBS SUNDAY MORNING WITH CHARLES OSGOOD to be broadcast Feb. 10, 2013 (9:00 AM, ET) on the CBS Television Network.
Mayer talks with Mason about the trauma of losing his voice due to a lesion on his vocal cords, his surgery and ongoing recovery, which includes getting injections through his neck. CBS SUNDAY MORNING was there during Mayer's dramatic return to the concert stage to sing for the first time in two years.
An accomplished performer, Mayer is equally as known for his frank performances during interviews. In 2010, he made headlines for referring to former girlfriend Jessica Simpson as "sexual napalm" in an interview.
"I was just a jerk," he tells Mason, adding he's now changed.
"It's very liberating when you finally realize it's impossible to make everyone like you," he says, adding. "I wanted everybody to like me. I thought I was one shuck and jive away in every direction."
Mayer says dealing with the fallout from the bad interviews was harder than not being able to sing. Mayer also talks about his current relationship with pop star Katy Perry and reentering the music field after being away for two years.
Mason's interview with Mayer will be broadcast Feb. 10, 2013 on CBS SUNDAY MORNING (9:00 AM, ET) on the CBS Television Network. Rand Morrison is the executive producer.
About Author
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Digital rights stickers
Gavriel designed a digital-freedom-themed sticker pack for Discordia Culture; 25% of proceeds from which go to EFF.
(Thanks, Gavriel!)
Gavriel designed a digital-freedom-themed sticker pack for Discordia Culture; 25% of proceeds from which go to EFF.
(Thanks, Gavriel!)
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The premiere science publisher will make shareable "read-only" links to its all papers stretching back to 1869, using technology from a startup that its parent company, Macmillan, has invested in.
Effective January 17, all research funded in whole or in part by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation must be published in journals that are immediately free-to-access, under a Creative Commons Attribution-only license.
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Sasha Costanza-Chock writes, "My book about transmedia organizing is now available for free, Creative Commons licensed download from the MIT Press!"
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All over the world today, people are having hackathons in memory of Aaron Swartz, and Creative Commons co-founder Lisa Rein talks about Aaron's role in hacking the law with the Creative Commons licenses.
Michael says, "'The Conversation' has been in Australia for a couple of years: writing by academics, for a lay audience, which aims to be readable and relevant. Their slogan is 'academic rigor, journalistic flair', and they've done pretty well at that so far."
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They're licensed CC-BY-SA and designed for use in mobile apps and other interactive stuff -- there's 750 in all! It's part of Google's Material Design project.
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Trevor from the Library of Congress writes, "The American Folklife Center at the LOC is inviting Americans participating in holidays at the end of October and early November to photograph hayrides, haunted houses, parades, trick-or-treating and other celebratory and commemorative activities to contribute to a new collection documenting contemporary folklife."
In my latest Guardian column, What Canada's national public broadcaster could learn from the BBC, I look at the punishing cuts to the CBC, and how a shelved (but visionary) BBC plan to field a "creative archive" of shareable and remixable content could help the network lead the country into a networked, participatory future.
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The Creative Commons-licensed version of The Internet's Own Boy, Brian Knappenberger's documentary about Aaron Swartz, is now available on the Internet Archive, which is especially useful for people outside of the US, who
aren't able to pay to see it online.
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Singularity and Co is the wonderful, Brooklyn-based used science fiction bookstore launched with a 2012 Kickstarter campaign that raised funds to buy the rights to beloved, out-of-print sf novels and release them as CC-licensed ebooks. Gabe, a fan of the store, has produced this great, Twilight Zone-themed commercial for the shop.
James Gill writes, "Cognitive Bias Parade is a site that takes a daily look at deviations in judgement and reconstructed realities. It is an illustrated review of the many ways the brain has evolved to lie to itself. It is not simply meant to scold. The spirit of the project was captured once in a quote by the magician Jerry Andrus: 'I can fool you because you're a human. You have a wonderful human mind that works no different from my human mind. Usually when we're fooled, the mind hasn't made a mistake. It's come to the wrong conclusion for the right reason.'
"I've given a Creative Commons Share-Alike status to my work on the site. I ask only that a link-back be given for my website as credit."
(Above: Observation selection bias... The effect of suddenly noticing things that were not noticed previously – and as a result wrongly assuming that the frequency has increased.)
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Alex sez, "Spacegambit is a hackerspace space program that funds cool space projects around the world. We're now working with NASA on the Asteroid Grand Challenge, with the aim of getting more makers involved in detecting asteroid threats to human populations and figuring out what to do about them.
We're running our open call at the moment (closing on 20 May) and looking to fund open-source projects linked with hackerspaces/makerspaces/fablabs/etc."
You may know that Flickr is one of the largest repositories of freely usable public domain and Creative Commons photos in the world, hosting collections contributed by libraries, national archives, foundations, museums, galleries, and individual users (I've uploaded more than 10,000 CC-BY-SA images of my own). However, with its latest redesign, Flickr has made is very difficult to copy the images it has been entrusted with, and nearly impossible to correctly attribute them in accord with their license terms.
Today, we're fixing that. A little, anyway. Read the rest
Susan writes, "Over 22K game developers from all over the world (72 countries) came together this past weekend (January 24-26) at the annual Global Game Jam (GGJ). This year's event was record breaking, having churned out over 4K games with the theme 'We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are.' The yearly event focusing on collaboration, experimentation and innovation in games challenges developers of all skill levels. The jam is about creating community as well as creating games, all jams are physical jams where you have a chance to grow your skills and your network. Add to that the event prides itself on being hardware and software agnostic -- open to digital and analog games that are open source adhering to a Creative Common's license.
"As if making a game from start to finish with your new found friends at one of the 400+ local jams isn't hard enough, the GGJ offers diversifiers help challenge developers just a bit more. This year GGJ decided to honor the memory of the late Aaron Swartz by creating a diversifier that asks the developer of the game to only use materials found in the public domain. The Global Game Jam is a volunteer based 501c3 looking to share the universal language of games around the world while generating a buzz of creativity for everyone to feed from."
Global Game Jam (Thanks, Susan!)
Creative Commons is hiring a new CEO [PDF], who'll run the organization which currently has a $3M budget and a staff of 20. They're looking for someone who can lead, fundraise, and grow the organization.
Read the rest
Here's a nice little Christmastime Creative Commons and free/open source software success story: yesterday, I posted the Electronic Frontier Foundation's NSA-themed crossword puzzle, which was CC licensed. Shortly after, TheDod posted an interactive version of the puzzle to Github, forking an interactive crossword program written by the Boston Globe's Jesse Weisbeck.
Interactive edition of EFF's Xmas 2013 NSA crossword puzzle (Thanks, Dave!)
Creative Commons has released version 4.0 of its sharing-friendly, easy-to-use copyright licenses. The new licenses represent a significant improvement over earlier versions. They work in over 60 jurisdictions out of the box, without having to choose different versions depending on which country you're in; they're more clearly worded; they eliminate confusion over jurisdiction-specific rights like the European database right and moral rights. They clarify how license users are meant to attribute the works they use; provide for anonymity in license use; and give license users a 30 day window to correct violations, making enforcement simpler. Amazingly, they're also shorter than the previous licenses, and easier to read, to boot.
Read the rest
I'm heading to Melbourne, Australia next week to do a series of events with the Center for Youth Literature of the State Library of Victoria. I'm doing four events: The science of fiction, Creative versus Commons, Digital fiction masterclass, and Future fiction with teens. I hope you'll come out to them!
Read the rest
Alex Reinhart's Statistics Done Wrong: The woefully complete guide is an important reference guide, right up there with classics like How to Lie With Statistics. The author has kindly published the whole text free online under a CC-BY license, with an index. It's intended for people with no stats background and is extremely readable and well-presented. The author says he's working on a new edition with new material on statistical modelling.
Jane from Creative Commons sez, "It has come to our attention that the Motion Picture Association of America, the Recording Industry Association of America, and top internet service providers are drafting curriculum to teach kids in California elementary schools that copying is wrong, or as Wired.com puts it, 'Downloading is Mean!'
"This message is way too simple. In this digital age, the most important thing we should be teaching kids is to be creative and take full advantage of all the web has to offer. Copyright, asking permission, open licensing, and all the other legal nuances, should be seen as secondary (and even complementary) to this purpose. We should be starting with the things kids can do versus what they can't do."
Read the rest
Rama from Autodesk sez, "Autodesk, the design software company you probably know from AutoCAD also makes entertainment software used to make movies, TV shows and video games -- stuff like the Iron Man movies, Man of Steel, Game of Thrones and The Last of Us made a big announcement this morning. The group adopted the Creative Commons licensing which means 20,000 pages of documentation, 70 videos and 140 downloadable 3D asset files are now ready to be modified, remixed and shared globally. On the YouTube learning channels for their Maya and 3ds Max software, their iTunes podcasts, and their help pages, you'll see the Creative Commons tag for easy identification. And it's just the beginning, Autodesk said soon all Autodesk online help, learning channel movies, podcasts, support articles and downloadable materials will be placed under the Creative Commons model -- even their Autodesk University training content past and future. It's a bold move to open up their intellectual property for digital artists everywhere"
Autodesk takes great pride in offering high-quality resources that support the pursuit of lifelong learning, supplement classroom materials, and contribute to digital community development. Many of these great resources are now licensed to you under Creative Commons because we believe that learning should be free, open, and shared widely around the world! Look for the Creative Commons tags in our online help, learning channel movies, podcasts, support articles and downloadable materials. More content to come soon…
Reuse, Remix, Translate and Share. (Thanks, Rama!)
MCM sez, "It's been 7 years since I released The Pig and the Box, a CC-licensed anti-DRM fable for kids. It was a fun experiment back then, and the experiment continues today: the whole book (and source files that went into making it) are now public domain. Lolipop Jones for all!"
Jeffrey from 360 Cities sez, "My latest 'gigantic panorama' is of my adopted home city, Prague. (previously: 1 2) This time I'm trying something new: download, share, remix this one yourself! It is Creative Commons, attribution, noncommercial sharealike licensed. Here is the torrent link. It's 3.9GB of JPEG tiles plus an HTML5 and Flash viewer. This image was shot in May 2013, and the total size of the image is 260,000 x 130,000 pixels. That would be 44 meters long if you printed it at 150DPI!"
Prague 34 Gigapixel Panorama Photo (Thanks, Jeffrey!)
After nearly two weeks on the road, I've finally resolved the niggling technical issues I was having with the free, CC-licensed electronic edition of Homeland. Many, many thanks to Nat Torkington and Ralph Amissah for their invaluable assistance. You can download and share the free ebooks from the official Homeland site. Go nuts!


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(xref.See-also How Blood Clots.)
Abnormal bleeding can result from disorders of the blood clotting (coagulation) system, of platelets (see Platelet Disorders), or of blood vessels (see Bleeding Due to Abnormal Blood Vessels).
Clotting disorders occur when the body is unable to make sufficient amounts of the proteins that are needed to help the blood clot, stopping bleeding. These proteins are called clotting factors (coagulation factors). All clotting factors are made in the liver. The liver requires vitamin K to make some of the clotting factors.
Disorders of coagulation can be
The most common hereditary coagulation disorders are the hemophilias (see Hemophilia). The primary causes of coagulation disorders that develop as a result of another disorder are vitamin K deficiency (see Vitamin K Deficiency), severe liver disease (including cirrhosis, severe hepatitis, or acute fatty liver of pregnancy), disseminated intravascular coagulation (see Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)), and development of circulating anticoagulants (see Clotting Disorders Caused by Circulating Anticoagulants).
Last full review/revision April 2014 by Joel L. Moake, MD
circulating anticoagulants
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Previous: Excessive Clotting
Next: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)


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Im getting that milk taste in my mouth again i dont know why
sure to produce somesweat from my balls........
breats like two roti
what kind of roti???like dalphorie... cause it full ah dhal,lie paratah... cause it looking beat-out, beat-outlike sada... cause it eh swell enoughlike pepper roti... it not so hotlike aloo-phorie... soft, softlike piper roti... soggy and wet... i could go on and on bredda!!!


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