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US 6661178 B1 Abstract The metastable atom bombardment source provides a charged particle free beam of metastable species that can be used to bombard and ionize organic and inorganic substances in a gas phase. The metastable atoms are produced by inducing a discharge in a gas (rare gases or small molecules). The discharge is curved between the cathode and anode, with the cathode located in a medium pressure zone and the anode located off-axis in a low pressure zone. A nozzle located between the cathode and the anode provides a collimated beam of metastable atoms of low kinetic energy that is directed at an ion volume containing the substances to be analyzed. By selecting the energy of the metastable state, selective fragmentation of molecules, particularly large molecular weight molecules, can be carried out.
Claims(4) 1. A method of generating a beam of metastables atoms for use in Penning ionization, comprising the steps of:
providing a jet of gas suitable for being energized by electrical discharge to a metastable state and inducing Penning ionization;
forming a curved electrical discharge arc co-extensive with a portion of said jet and deviating from said jet to one electrode to excite said gas to a metastable state; and
communicating a downstream portion of said jet with a beam outlet.
2. The method as defined in
separating charged matter from said jet before passing through said beam outlet.
3. The method as defined in
4. A method of ionizing and fragmenting a molecule, the method comprising the steps of:
selecting a gas having an energy of a metastable state sufficient to cause ionization in the molecule and to break at least one desired bond in the molecule;
generating a beam of said,gas excited to said metastable state, said beam being substantially free from ions;
providing said molecule is a gaseous state in an ionization reaction chamber; and
directing said beam into said reaction chamber to cause ionization and selective fragmentation of said molecule.
Description The present application is a continuation-in-part of PCT/CA99/00502 filed Jun. 1, 1999 designating the United States which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/088,079 filed Jun. 1, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,675. The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for producing a beam of metastable atoms or molecules, and in particular, a system and method for producing a beam of metastable species for use in ionizing sample substances undergoing analysis by mass spectroscopy or other devices requiring ionization or excitation of substances. Mass spectrometers are well known systems used for the detection and identification of chemical structures and quantitative elemental analysis of substances. In all known mass spectrometry methods, atoms or molecules to be sampled are excited and ionized, so as to create an ion beam. The ion beam is then accelerated through electric and magnetic fields to an ion collector, with the ion collector typically attached to an electrometer. The electrometer then translates signals received from the ion collector into a mass spectrum, which serves to indicate what elements (or radicals or fragments) are contained within the sample. Many techniques have been suggested to excite and ionize the sample molecules and to fragment the ions from these molecules. These include the use of electrons to bombard species present in the gas phase, such as electron ionization; proton transfer reactions, such as those used in chemical ionization; or photoionization with lasers or other intense light sources. More recently, ionization has been accomplished by the use of metastable atom bombardment, in a which a neutral metastable species is used to bombard the sample molecules and fragment ions from these molecules. The use of metastable atom bombardment in ionizing the sample molecules has allowed the possibility of performing selective ionization, and control over the fragmentation of particles from the sample molecules. However, in order to perform metastable atom bombardment which consistently ionizes the sample material, a reaction mechanism is needed to produce a consistent source of metastable atoms, which is high in its intensity, charge free and low velocity. A reaction system which produces a beam of metastable atoms is known in the art, and includes a reaction vessel having a source of rare gas at one end of the vessel, a cathode positioned inside the vessel and a small sonic nozzle placed at the other end of the vessel. Outside the vessel is a generally cone shaped anode referred to as a "skimmer" and which further includes an aperture at the apex of the cone. Behind the skimmer is a set of plates which serve as a deflector. In operation, the gas is injected at one end of the vessel and passes through the nozzle at the opposite end. The cathode within the vessel and the anode outside of the vessel are charged by a DC supply, such that a plasma arc is created between the cathode and anode. The atoms of gas which are injected through the discharge are energized to a metastable state, with some of the gas atoms being energized to the point of ionization, thus releasing free ions and electrons into the metastable gas stream. The metastable gas, the free ions and electrons then pass through the aperture in the apex of the skimmer into a set of charged deflector plates, where the free ions/electrons are attracted to the deflector plates, leaving the relatively charge free, metastable gas particles to pass through the deflector plates where it is used to bombard the sample substance to be analyzed by the mass spectroscopy apparatus. A known disadvantage of this prior art device is that it does not always produce a consistent stream of metastable particles, and sometimes creates a stream of metastable particles mixed with ions/electrons. This occurs because the electric field which surrounds the cathode and anode is symmetric with respect to a longitudinal axis passing through the cathode and anode. As a result of this symmetric electrical field, the forces applied to the ions/electrons and ionized atoms created by the discharge is such that these particles are forced towards this longitudinal axis. Since this longitudinal axis also coincides with the axis of flow, the ions/electrons tend to remain in the flow path along with the metastable gas particles. Although the deflector does remove some of these ionized particles, the forces applied by the symmetric electric field work against the forces applied by the deflector, and thus ions tend to remain within the particle flow. Thus, the prior art apparatus does not produce a beam of purely metastable atoms, and produces spurious, unpredictable results when such a beam is used to ionize the sample to be tested by spectroscopy. The use of a skimmer and deflector plates also results in a larger assembly that causes a loss of metastable atoms. Because of the advantages of using metastable atom bombardment for selective ionization of the sample material, a need exists to improve the metastable atom bombardment system so that the beam of metastable atoms projected against the sample material only contains metastable atoms with a high density. It is a feature of the present invention to provide an apparatus which efficiently produces a be am of metastable species having a good purity. It is an other feature of the present invention to provide a method of generating a beam of purely metastable species for use in spectroscopy applications. According to a first aspect of the present invention, the electric arc used to generate metastable gas follows a curved path. According to a second aspect of the present invention, the gas subjected to the electric arc passes from a low pressure chamber through a nozzle to a lower pressure chamber to form a jet of gas, in which the jet of gas is subjected to fields for removing ionized gas from the jet of gas prior to a substantial portion of the jet exiting the lower pressure chamber as a pure metastable jet into a reaction chamber of a mass spectrometer. The intensity of the arc may be selected to generate a higher concentration of ionized and metastable species, while the jet exiting the lower pressure chamber comprises substantially only metastable species of the gas. According to a third aspect of the present invention, the arc has a greater portion of its length in a higher pressure chamber than in the lower pressure chamber on the other side of the nozzle communicating between the higher and lower pressure chambers, so as to expend more energy in the higher pressure chamber. According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for generating a beam of metastable species for use in Penning ionization, comprising: first chamber having a gas inlet and a nozzle outlet, said inlet being connected to a substantially low pressure source of gas suitable for being energized to a metastable state and inducing Penning ionization and Penning energy transfer; a cathode arranged in said first chamber; a second chamber communicating with said nozzle and having a beam outlet substantially in line with said cathode and said nozzle, said second chamber being in communication with a substantially rough vacuum; an anode arranged in said second chamber to one side of a line extending substantially between said cathode, said nozzle and said beam outlet, wherein an electrical discharge formed between said cathode and said anode passes through said nozzle and then deviates from said nozzle to said anode, and an electric field between said cathode and said anode is asymmetric, whereby a jet of said gas emitted from said nozzle containing metastable and ionized species is projected to said beam outlet while ionized species are diverted from said beam outlet and a beam of said gas emitted from said beam outlet has an improved concentration of metastable species. The invention also provides method of generating a beam of metastable atoms for use in Penning ionization, comprising the steps of: providing a jet of gas suitable for being energized by electrical discharge to a metastable state and inducing Penning ionization; forming a curved electrical discharge arc co-extensive with a portion of the jet and deviating from the jet to one electrode to excite the gas to a metastable state; and communicating a downstream portion of the jet with a beam outlet. The invention further provides a method of ionizing and fragmenting a molecule, the method comprising the steps of: selecting a gas having an energy of a metastable state sufficient to cause ionization in the molecule and to break at least one desired bond in the molecule; generating a beam of the gas excited to the metastable state, the beam being substantially free from ions; providing the molecule is a gaseous state in an ionization reaction chamber; and directing the beam into the reaction chamber to cause ionization and selective fragmentation of the molecule. The invention will be better understood by way of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment with reference to the appended drawings, in which: FIG. 1 discloses a prior art system for generating a beam of metastable atoms from a source of rare gas; FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the known mechanism of ionization using a metastable atom source; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus according to the preferred embodiment; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus according to the preferred embodiment; FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of the power supply electronic unit according to the preferred embodiment; and FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the circuit board used in the power supply electronic unit according to the preferred embodiment. FIG. 1 discloses a prior art system 10 for generating a beam of metastable atoms from a source of rare gas 15. The source of rare gas 15 is projected into a chamber 20 having a pressure gradient from its entry to the beam exit at 50 (anode). Within the chamber 20 is placed an energized cathode 25, while an energized anode 50 is set just outside the chamber 20. Due to the energy applied to the energized cathode and anode, an electric discharge is generated from the cathode to the anode, extending through the aperture or nozzle 40 in the chamber 20. The rare gas projected into the chamber 20 is driven by the pressure gradient into the discharge between the cathode and anode. The discharge in turn energizes the atoms of the rare gas into a mixture of ions/electrons and metastable atoms in which the electrons of these atoms are raised to higher energy levels. The stream of metastable atoms, ionized atoms and electrons then pass through a charged deflector 60, which removes some of the ions/electrons from the stream of particles. However, because the cathode and anode are in direct axial alignment with one another, a uniform and symmetric electric field is generated around the discharge generated between these two structures. This symmetric electric field in turn generates forces on the charged particles in the stream, namely, the ionized atoms/electrons but not the energized metastable atoms. The metastable atoms are not charged since they retain their electrons and are not ionized. However, the forces applied on the ions and electrons tends to force these particles towards the longitudinal axis extending between the cathode and anode. As a result, the forces of the symmetric electric field tend to force the charged particles towards the longitudinal axis of the stream, counteracting the effect of the deflector to remove these particles away from the stream and interfering with the passage of the metastable atoms. The net result is that the deflector 60 is not completely effective in removing the charged particles from the particle stream, and the particle stream applied against the sample material is not a stream of purely metastable atoms., Furthermore, the production rate of metastable atoms is relatively poor. When metastable atoms interact with neutral molecules, a process referred to as Penning ionization results. As illustrated in the diagram of FIG. 2, a metastable species A* collides with a neutral molecule BC in the gas phase. An electron from the molecular orbitals of BC attacks the vacant orbital of the metastable species A* and an electron is ejected into the continuum (gamma) leading to ionization as illustrated. The ejected electron can take a range of kinetic energies that is defined by the species involved in the gas phase collision. As illustrated, the result may simply ionize BC, fragment BC into B+and C (or B and C+), or create ABC+. The excitation energies of various noble gases change with atomic weight. For example, the 3S1 and 1S0: similarly 3P2 3P0 and states of He are 19.82 eV and 20.61 eV respectively, the 3P2 and 3P0 states of Ar are 11.55 eV and 11.72 eV, and the 3P2 and 3P0 states of Xe are 8.32 eV and 9.45 eV. For nitrogen gas, some more metastable states are in the range of 8.52 eV to 11.88 eV. In this specification, reference is often made to rare or noble gases and atoms as being the gases yielding metastable species. It is to be understood that other gases, preferably small molecules such as nitrogen, may also be suitable. It is important to choose a gas that is substantially inert when subjected to the discharge and then mixed with the substance to be ionized, and which provides a suitable excitation energy for ionizing and/or fragmenting the substance to be analyzed. FIG. 3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention, which overcomes the problems created by symmetric electric fields in the particle stream path. The preferred embodiment 100 includes a first chamber 120 containing a cathode 125, a first inlet 115 through which the rare gas (or other suitable gas) is supplied at a predetermined pressure and a nozzle orifice 124. A second chamber 122 has an anode 150 positioned off-axis. The first chamber 120 is maintained at higher pressure than the second chamber 122 such that a jet of gas is created. First and second outlets 128 and 140 respectively in the second chamber 122 are provided, and the pressure in chamber 122 is maintained at about 0.1 Torr. The second outlet 140 is in turn connected to the reaction chamber 170. The reaction chamber 170 includes an inlet 175 for the injection of the sample to be tested, and an outlet 180 communicating with a mass spectrometer 190 which is kept near vacuum pressure. The first chamber 120 has an inlet 115 for a noble gas and an outlet 124. Chamber 122 is maintained at a reduced pressure of preferably about 0.1 Torr. and has at the right end of the chamber outlet 128, which is less than the pressure of the chamber 120 where the noble gas is injected. This creates a pressure gradient across nozzle 124, so that a gas jet is created in the direction of outlet 140. Inserted into the chambers 120 and 122 are cathode 125 and anode 150 respectively. The cathode 125 and anode 150 are energized so as to create a discharge 130 between the cathode and anode. The discharge 130 has a linear part in chamber 120 and a curved part in chamber 122. The gas receives energy from the discharge 130 mostly in its linear part. As the gas atoms are ejected through nozzle 124, charged particles feel the effect of anode 150 and are deflected. Unlike the prior art device, the electric field generated by the anode 150 and cathode 125 is asymmetric. This is due to the fact that the cathode 125 and anode 150 are placed along axes that are radially separated from one another. The radial separation creates an asymmetric electric field which tends to force the ions away from the path of the neutral, metastable atoms. Thus, when the stream of gas approaches the separation plates 160 and orifice 162, the charged particles are already well separated from the stream of metastable atoms, and the separation plates are more effective at removing these charged particles from the gas stream. It would be possible to reverse the direction of current flow from between the electrodes, however, it is preferred for the cathode, to be inside the first chamber, and for the anode to be a flat electrode. While a flat anode works well, a curved semi-cylindrical anode can also be used which allows for a greater surface to attract the charged particles. The resultant gas which passes into the chamber 170 is thus substantially a beam of purely metastable atoms. This beam is then bombarded against the sample molecules injected into the reaction chamber 170 at inlet 175. Depending on the energy of the metastable atoms, they are able to ionize the sample up to a certain ionization energy by interaction, as described hereinabove. The ionized sample is then passed on to the mass spectrometer 190 through outlet 180, where it is analyzed accordingly. The system of the preferred embodiment herein produces a stream or beam of metastable atoms which is collimated, low kinetic energy, charged particle free and high concentration (i.e. >10{circumflex over ( )}15 atoms/sec/str). Such a beam is very efficient for performing the metastable atom ionization for mass spectrometry. When using rare gases or small molecules, such as N2, it is possible in a metastable atom bombardment source to have precisely known ionization energies in the range of 8-20 eV. The use of Xe (8.32 eV), Kr (9.55 eV) or N2 (8.52 eV) for generating the metastable gas will lead to very soft ionization and essentially non fragmentation because the ionization energies of the compounds formed during pyrolysis are of the order of 8 eV. Hence, all the available energy in the metastable species is used for ionization and ions are formed with low internal energies and cannot fragment as in electron ionization. While the invention may be used in a manner to avoid fragmentation, it may likewise be put into practice with the intent of selective fragmentation. The energy available for fragmentation is the energy remaining after ionization, namely the energy of the metastable state of the metastable gas less the ionization energy of the order of 8 eV. By using metastable atom energies greater than 8 eV, the present invention allows the high quality metastable atom beam to be used to selectively fragment high molecular weight organic molecules as a function of the particular bond or bonds to be broken in the organic molecules. The construction of the apparatus according to the preferred embodiment is better shown in detail in FIG. 4. The cathode 125 includes a narrow diameter cylindrical tip with a tapered point, while the anode 150 is planar and located off-axis immediately after the nozzle. A curved discharge is created in which the electrons are removed from the center of the gas-flow that contains the metastable species that are not affected by the electrical field. The use of a planar electrode for the anode increases the stability of the discharge (greater surface to collect electrons) and reduces the electrical field in that region of the apparatus. The use of a planar electrode also allows the design to be very compact, thus, reducing the voltage necessary to maintain the discharge. The greater collection area for electrons and the reduced voltage combine to locally reduce the heat transfer of the anode thus avoiding overheating and anode erosion. This leads to greater stability of operation. A distance between the cathode and the nozzle is shown to be about three times the distance between the nozzle and the anode. This distance ratio may be between 1.5 to 4.0 (or more), and provides for a good portion of the energy to be expended inside the first chamber. Different shapes and materials have been studied for the cathode and the best results were obtained with a simple sharp needle made of pure Copper (without O2). The cathode is a sharp needle (or an assembly of sharp needles) mounted on a cylindrical body. This body can be machined with flats as shown in FIG. 4, or it can be drilled with tiny holes, knurled, (diagonal, straight, diamond pattern), or can be threaded (single or multiple helix). These configurations insure the flow of the rare gas through the body and recenter the cathode in the axis of the orifice. This configuration has also the advantage of pre-heating the rare gas before entering the plasma, conferring more stability to the discharge. It also allows the cathode to be cooled, thus increasing stability. Finally, the cathode is equipped with an internal thread or an external thread (as shown in FIG. 4) to insure proper positioning in the gun-assembly, easy disassembly and good electrical contact with the electrical supply. The nozzle 124 which is located between the cathode and the anode is used to create a pressure drop in the gun-assembly which leads to the formation of a gas jet. The pressure in the first chamber 120 is of the order of 10-100 torr while the pressure in the bottom end second chamber 122 which is differentially pumped is less than one torr. The nozzle is machined in Lava™ material (Grade A, unfired) then the part is fired at 1100° C. for 30 minutes to crystallize the material into a ceramic (expansion factor of 2%). The diameter of the nozzle varies between 120 to 180 μm for optimum operating conditions with gases such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon en (N2). A chamber is provided for aligning the gun on a centering plate as shown in FIG. 4. A lip at the base of the orifice 124 is used to seal the nozzle on the body with an O-ring (or any other suitable sealing means) and maintain the seal. The nozzle is maintained in position by the polyimide cap screwed directly onto the body (an internal thread or screws through the cap). The cap can support the anode and the deflector or can be used as feedthrough for the deflector and the anode contacts as shown in FIG. 4 or any combination of these two configurations depending on the instrument. This design insulates the cathode from the seal and the apparatus body. These critical parts, namely the body and seals, are protected from excessive heating using a ceramic spacer which can also be an extension of the ceramic wall of the nozzle. By removing the cap, it is possible to easily change the nozzle, the cathode or the seal. The anode 150 can be either bolted on the centering plate or it could alternatively be directly mounted to the cap of the nozzle depending on the configuration of the instrument and the space available. This allows the anode to be easily replaced. The anode is a simple stainless steel block or plate located off axis near the exit of the nozzle (it can also be made from another conducting material). This geometry creates an off-axis asymmetrical electrical field that efficiently removes charged species from the metastable beam. A circular deflector, to which a negative (or positive) potential up to ±1 kV is applied, is placed after the anode. The deflector is a cup-diaphragm which is an amalgam of normal diaphragm and the cylinder. This cup-diaphragm has several advantages as compared to the previous systems and fulfills several functions. Firstly, it is used to remove any charged particles remaining in the beam. The small cylinder in the diaphragm shields the anode and this geometry reduces the interpenetration of the electrical fields generated by other electrodes in the vicinity. The diaphragm also acts as a beam collimator and reduces the penetration of the gas jet in the axis, thus concentrating the metastable species in the center of the beam. This arrangement is more compact than that using the planar condenser and allows for differential pumping of this region. The deflector can be mounted directly onto to the cap of the nozzle or onto the instrument used to analyze the ions. The gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe or N2) used to generate the beam of metastable species that is used to bombard molecules/atoms or ions contained in a chamber, on which the gun-assembly is mounted (ion volume or collision cell), are injected into the source via Teflon tubing (or any non-polluting material, not shown in the figures). To avoid the creation of an arc between the cathode and the container (or any grounded parts) the inside diameter of the tubing must be small enough (e.g. {fraction (1/32)}″) and the length must be long enough (e.g. over 6 feet). To increase flexibility and productivity, the source is connected to a pneumatic gas control unit which allows for selection and rapid changeover from one gas to another. The gas supply unit also allows the pressure in the gun assembly to be regulated in the gas lines to e pumped. Gas selection can be done manually or automatically (computer controlled). In addition to the gas supply unit, the gun assembly also has an electronic control unit that initiates and maintains the discharge and optimizes gun parameters. With references to FIGS. 5 and 6, the electronic unit comprises a number of innovative features. The electronic unit uses a voltage boosting device (voltage multiplier) to initiate the discharge. The boosting device is a classical electronic function that multiplies (by integer units) an AC voltage and converts it to a DC voltage. The voltage output of the device is available through its charging period that requires many cycles of a power transformer. Thus, the discharge will always be triggered at the minimum possible voltage after which the booster will turn off. Furthermore, should the discharge turn off at any one time, it will automatically be reinitiated. Hence, this device is secure and eliminates voltage spikes that are not desirable. The boosting device is connected in a series pattern with the means that maintain the plasma or arc. The value of the capacitors of the boosting device is very low (4.7 nF; 3 kV), so the magnitude of the plasma current once initiated (around 10 mA DC) discharges very rapidly these capacitors. Since the sustaining current of the plasma is DC, at the moment the plasma is initiated, the charge of the capacitors of the boosting device is blocked by the forward biased diodes (R3000F) of this device. Also, a high voltage bleeder resistor (500 MΩ; 20 kV) is placed in a parallel configuration with the boosting device in order to assure the security of the users by discharging completely the capacitors of this device in case of non-initiation of the plasma. The electronic supply also controls the discharge current as well as the deflector voltage and their monitoring. The deflector voltage circuitry is protected from overcharge (like short circuits with the cathode) by a high voltage diode (HVR3-12). The "Z " design of the electronic board optimizes space while minimizing electrical interactions and mechanical rigidity. High and low voltage links are made using optic fiber cables and special high voltage resistors configured as voltage dividers with differential reading (use of two voltage dividers). Low voltage components on the board are surrounded by a continuous trace of a grounded conductor located around it on both sides of the board. This protects the electronic elements from a high voltage surface discharge (tracking) from the high voltage zone of the board. The electronic design allows the gun-assembly to be mounted on a low or high voltage instrument (as high as 8 kV). The foregoing description of a specific embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed and it should be understood that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents. Patent Citations
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Description: , distribution or manufacturing. b) real-time software; EXAMPLE Software for telephone exchanges and message switching, software embedded in devices to control machines such as domestic appliances, lifts and car engines, for process control and automatic data acquisition, and within the operating system
Supplier: Data Device Corporation (DDC)
Description: interfacing, multi-processor and DSP arrays, radar systems, display systems, serial backplanes, and storage. Based on DDC developed Fibre Channel technology, FibreACCESS is optimized to meet the deterministic performance, high reliability, and demanding environmental requirements of embedded, real
Supplier: Data Device Corporation (DDC)
Description: Description: The FC-76000 FibreMATRIXâ ¢ series are 16-port VME Fibre Channel fabric switches optimized to meet the performance, reliability, and demanding environmental requirements of embedded, real time, military and aerospace applications. FibreMATRIX fibre Channel VME switches
- Switch Topology: Matrix
- Switch Type: Other
- Technology: VME64x
- Form Factor: 6U x 160 mm (Size B)
Supplier: HORIBA Scientific
Description: spectral range of 200nm to 1600nm, allowing characterization of a wide range of materials such as semiconductor and biological samples. Ingenious design includes an embedded digital imaging camera for real time viewing of the sample. Configure either as a down-looking or side-looking microspectrometer
Supplier: European Automation
Description: sizes, font types, and other visual effects Preferred compatibility to Rockwell Automation logic controllers and networks Onboard memory makes message storage and triggering easy Dynamic messaging, with the use of embedded variables, for real-time information RSLogix 5000 add-on instructions
- Display Type: Matrix
- Number of Characters: 20
- Mounting: Panel or Case
Description: ISO 17356-6:2006 describes the OSEK Implementation Language (OIL) concept for the description for ISO 17356 real-time systems, capable of multitasking and communications, which can be used for motor vehicles. It is not a product description that relates to a specific implementation.
Supplier: Mitsubishi Electric Automation, Inc.
Description: and implementation costs Customers deploying MC-WorX™ solutions within their facilities will enjoy many benefits: Improved operating efficiency through better plant visibility Enhanced quality control through SPC and SQL Real-time data exchange with suppliers Scalable solutions from
Supplier: Measurement Specialties, Inc.
Description: design with our innovative Digital Temperature Compensation (DTC) technology to maintain optimal accuracy without on-line span calibration. The proprietary technology utilizes a unique sensor mounting technique to enable accurate measurement of bridge resistance for use in real-time correction
- Data Acquisition Device Type: Data Acquisition Instrument / System
- Form Factor: Stand Alone
- Analog Input Channels: 512
- User Interface: Computer Programmable
Supplier: FLIR
Description: are recordable to any off the shelf video recorder for easy archiving and documentation. Key Features Visualize gas leaks in real time Fully calibrated for temperature measurement applications Embedded GPS data in reporting Inspect without interruption of process Considerably reduce inspection time
- Features & Options: Battery Powered, Portable
Description: ; was developed in compliance with IEC61508 SIL3, and it continues to set the pace as the first pre-certified real-time operating system available in the ROM of a micro-controller. The Texas Instruments LM3S9B96 is now supplied with SAFERTOS™ embedded in ROM at no additional cost, saving tens
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CONTEC Co., Ltd.
High performance thin embedded PC - BX956 series
the BX955 series that has same size chassis. Because this new series is based on Hyper-threading-compliant Dual Core CPU that is called Intel® Atom ™ processor D510. So, it is possible for simultaneous processing of four threads (CPU usage) to improve simultaneous of multi-processes. This feature offer several benefits. For example, parallel processing application, such as communication processing with other computers, actuator control, graphical screen display and real-time processing... (read more)
Browse Datasheets for CONTEC Co., Ltd. -
Microchip Technology, Inc.
new 24-member PIC32MZ Embedded Connectivity family
as well as the first SQI interface on a Microchip MCU and the PIC32 's highest number of serial channels. View a brief presentation: http://www.microchip.com/get/1WEC. Embedded designers are faced with ever-increasing demands for additional features that require more MCU performance and memory. At the same time, they are looking to lower cost and complexity by utilizing fewer MCUs. The PIC32MZ family provides 3x the performance and 4x the memory over... (read more)
Browse Microcontrollers (MCU) Datasheets for Microchip Technology, Inc. -
Infineon Technologies AG
Embedded World 2015 > 24-26 Feb Nuremberg
design methods and automatic code generator to guide XMC microcontroller user along the entire process – from evaluation-to-production. . Industrial Microcontrollers. XMC: Infineon has combined its wealth of experience in microcontroller design for real-time critical applications with all the benefits of ARM ® Cortex ™-M industry-standard cores to create the XMC microcontroller family. XMC is a unique fit for applications such as motor control, power conversion, factory... (read more)
Browse Microcontrollers (MCU) Datasheets for Infineon Technologies AG -
Acromag, Inc.
New XMC 10-Gigabit Ethernet Modules, SFP+ or XAUI
Acromag 's new XMC-6260 and XMC-6280 mezzanine modules provide a 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) interface solution for data-intensive, real-time embedded computing systems. Ultra-high performance is achieved using an TCP/IP offload engine (TOE) ASIC connected to a PCI Express Gen2 x8 interface. The XMC-6260 has dual XAUI 10GBASE-KX4 ports and supports conduction-cooling or -40 to 85 °C operation. The XMC-6280 features four SFP+ ports for fiber or copper cables. Applications... (read more)
Browse PMC and XMC Modules Datasheets for Acromag, Inc. -
ECON Technologies
MIMO & MISO Vibration Controller
Premax creates a powerful and precise large-scale signal analysis platform with Gigabit Ethernet technology, flexibly combined with different types of embedded cards, support of signal input, wave source output and I/O modules, thus you can configure the hardware and software modules in accordance with needed applications. What's more, facilitating QNX real-time platform and airborne DSP, Premax can achieve real-time analysis and various analysis functions. Multi-Premax chassis can be combined... (read more)
Browse Shaker Controllers Datasheets for ECON Technologies -
Hymark/Kentucky Gauge
Profinet certified for instant communication
Profinet-certified singleturn and multiturn encoders feature real time communication, deterministic synchronization, full IT connectivity and embedded web server. Technical data. Dimension: Ø 58 mm. Shaft Ø max: up to 15 mm. Resolution: 65536 counts/rev x 16384 turns max. Interface: Profinet IO. . Single & multi turn Profinet encoders. Fast and precise optical sensing. Encoder profile PNO No 3.162 V4.1. Dynamically assigned IP address via DCP. . Hymark... (read more)
Browse Absolute Rotary Encoders Datasheets for Hymark/Kentucky Gauge -
ARM Inc.
ULINK2 USB-JTAG Adapter
The Keil ® ULINK2 USB-JTAG Adapter connects your PC's USB port to your target system (via JTAG, SWD, or OCDS) and allows you to program and debug embedded programs on target hardware. ULINK2 Features: • Plug-and-Play installation using standard Windows USB drivers. • Serial Wire Debug (SWD) support for ARM Cortex-M3 based devices. • Real-Time Trace for Cortex-M3 using Serial Wire Viewer (SWV). • NXP 2-wire debug interface (P89LPC952 and P89LPC954) support. &bull... (read more)
Browse Microprocessor and IC Programmers, Compilers, and Debuggers Datasheets for ARM Inc. -
Precision Pointing and Stabilization Platforms
of dedicated applications. IXMOTION's gyro-stabilized positioner is made up of three distinct parts: A range of POS Series positioners: POS-10, POS-20 and POS-30,. An MCU computer (Modular Control Unit),. The ProAxe © Embedded software with real time software and development software. The range of positioners POS-10, POS-20 and POS-30 was developed and qualified in order to respond to: The system depending on its weight and dimensions (RF sensors, optical sensors …);. Climatic, mechanic... (read more)
Browse Multi-axis Positioning Systems Datasheets for iXBlue -
Mouser Electronics, Inc.
Altera Non-Volatile MAX 10 FPGA Evaluation Boards
programmable I/O pins. MAX 10 FPGAs include integrated 12?bit 1Msps analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with up to 18 input channels. MAX 10 FPGAs also include additional processing capabilities such as the Nios II real?time soft core embedded processor, as well as Digital Signal Processing (DSP) blocks. An external memory interface for DDR3 memory is available on selected devices. 128?bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) design security helps protect programmed devices from being... (read more)
Browse Electronic Development Boards Datasheets for Mouser Electronics, Inc. -
ECON Technologies
Premax Vibration Measurement Analyzer
Premax innovatively presents users capability for higher channel account vibration control and measurement. It builds variable acquisition module, on-board multi-DSPs technology and Ethernet connectivity on PXI bus, creating a superb platform for shaker control, vibration and noise measurement and analysis. Premax also adapts embedded-in host controller with real-time operating system, taking charge of effective data management and transmission. Premax is especially excellent for higher input... (read more)
Browse Data Acquisition Systems and Instruments Datasheets for ECON Technologies
Parts by Number Top
Part # | Distributor | Manufacturer | Product Category | Description |
DV164035 | Microchip Technology, Inc. | Microchip Technology, Inc. | Not Provided | high-speed processors running at maximum speeds, allowing embedded engineers to debug applications on their own hardware in real time. Ruggedized Probe Interface - Protection circuitries are added to the probe drivers to guard the probe kit from power surges from the target. Vdd and Vpp voltage... |
PIC24FJ128GB106 | Microchip Technology, Inc. | Microchip Technology, Inc. | Not Provided | and full speed(12 Mb/s) operation in host mode - Full speed USB operaton in Device mode - Supports 32 endpoints - On-chip USB transceiver. Peripherals - CTMU supports Capacitive Touch applications - Perpheral Pin Select allows I/O remapping of many peripherals in real time - 4xUART Modules with LIN... |
PIC24FJ64GB106 | Microchip Technology, Inc. | Microchip Technology, Inc. | Not Provided | and full speed(12 Mb/s) operation in host mode - Full speed USB operaton in Device mode - Supports 32 endpoints - On-chip USB transceiver. Peripherals - CTMU supports Capacitive Touch applications - Perpheral Pin Select allows I/O remapping of many peripherals in real time - 4xUART Modules with LIN... |
Conduct Research Top
Real-Time Embedded Multithreading: Using ThreadX and ARM
Real-Time Embedded Multithreading: Using ThreadX and ARM. Use the industry s most popular RTOS/processor combination to develop embedded applications that are small, fast, reliable, and deterministic. This book uses a specific demonstration system for illustration so you can apply the techniques
Real-Time Concepts for Embedded Systems
Real-Time Concepts for Embedded Systems. This book bridges the gap between higher abstract modeling concepts and the lower-level programming aspects of embedded systems development. You gain a solid understanding of real-time embedded systems with detailed examples and industry wisdom.
Tips for embedded real-time design
Real-time constraints change the way designers architect control tasks. The PC/104 standard defines a modular system architecture that uses 3.5-in. boards that snap together. The result is a stackthrough bus which uses ISA technology. The related PC/104+ standard uses PCI-format rather than ISA
Embedded Computers for Real-time Monitoring in the Mining Industry
One way to ensure safe operation in the mining industry is through remote monitoring and alarm systems that detect anomalies and trigger emergency alerts. Embedded computers play an essential role in integrating different devices into a real-time monitoring and alarm system.
Real-Time Systems Development
Real-Time Systems Development. Assuming a level of general systems design and programming experience, this text will help computing students understand the development of software for real-time applications, involving data i/o, multi-tasking, embedded processors, and more.
Designing Embedded Communications Software
Designing Embedded Communications Software. With this foundation, you explore a development model that addresses the complete range of issues in the design of embedded communications software, including real-time operating systems, hardware and software partitioning, layering, and protocol stacks.
Embedded Software - An Overview
To implement an embedded application, a wide range of software choices must be made before implementation is started. Some typical decisions might be: - Should I use an operating system or not? - Does my application need real-time performance? - Do I want my application to execute in a 16-bit
Performance without Compromise: Implementing Real-time Control and Communications with a dual-subsystem microcontroller
With the growing importance of energy efficiency and smart grid technology, there is an increasing need for reliable silicon that supports real-time control with an interface capable of connecting to a wider network. Many robotic and automation applications, for example, have drive systems managing
More Information Top
Embedded and Real Time System Development: A Software Engineering Perspective
Part II, named ''Design Patterns and Development Methodology'', contains ''MADES EU FP7 Project: Model-Driven Methodology for Real Time Embedded Systems''– ''A Fuzzy Cuckoo-Search Driven Methodology for Design Space Exploration of Distributed Multiprocessor Embedded Systems''.
Advances in Computer Science, Environment, Ecoinformatics, and Education
Madl, G., Abdelwahed, S.: Model-based Analysis of Distributed Real time Embedded System Composition.
Dynamic Reconfiguration in Real-Time Systems
Impact of cache partitioning on multi-tasking real time embedded systems.
Embedded Software and Systems
Shetty, S., Neema, S., Bapty, T.: Model Based Self Adaptive Behavior Language for Large Scale Real Time Embedded Systems, IEEE Conference on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems (ECBS), Brno.
MARTES 2006 at MoDELS 2006 : International Workshop on Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded Systems
A3S method and tools for analysis of real time embedded systems .
Thus several variants, so called profiles, have been proposed to eliminate the features deemed unsuitable for hard- real time embedded system programming.
In their paper the authors lays out a vision for a complete environment comprised by a set of tools for supporting the development and execution of hard- real time embedded Java.
Languages, Design Methods, and Tools for Electronic System Design
13 Model-Based Design of Real Time Embedded Application Reconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

subset: commoncrawl


text:
LONDON, Aug. 19— Seek and ye shall find connections between any two randomly selected events, that is. The Tuesday and Wednesday evening Proms concerts at the Royal Albert Hall here offered two German conductors with ties to Hamburg: Christoph von Dohnanyi, whose brother was mayor of that city and who this fall takes over the NDR Symphony, the top-of-the-line radio orchestra there, and Ingo Metzmacher, music director of the Hamburg Opera and conductor of the opera orchestra's symphonic arm, the Hamburg Philharmonic (posts Mr. Dohnanyi once held).
Each concert featured a premiere by a well-known composer: the world premiere of Harrison Birtwistle's Three Brendel Settings and the British premiere of Hans Werner Henze's Symphony No. 10. And each concert had a piano soloist long noted for sober, deeply musical work in the German repertory, Alfred Brendel and Richard Goode.
The Tuesday concert was a beauty. Mr. Dohnanyi, who is also the principal conductor of London's Philharmonia Orchestra, has brought that band to a level of calm assurance in the core repertory that recalls its sound during the years of its founder, Walter Legge, the record producer and husband of the soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.
The opening Brahms Symphony No. 3 glowed with warmth, with no loss of propulsive energy. And Mr. Dohnanyi's account of the orchestral part of Beethoven's ''Emperor'' Piano Concerto, with a reduced complement of players, was supportive and assured.
As one might gather from the title of Mr. Birtwistle's piece, Mr. Brendel played a dual role in this concert. In his later years he has emerged as a recognized poet. And, to be sure, he is still a most formidable pianist.
The Philharmonia had commissioned a number of composers, among them Thomas Adès and Luciano Berio, to contribute Brendel settings for his 70th birthday in 2001. Mr. Birtwistle's first Brendel song received its premiere then, and now he has made a three-song set, with two new commissions from the BBC.
Mr. Birtwistle's music can be forbiddingly tortured in its density and complexity, but not here. The cycle lasts only 10 minutes, and is nicely contrasted. The opening song, dark and brooding, is bookended by the last one. In between comes the witty ''A Sheep Addressed Me as Follows,'' in which a sheep sings its perception of a human. As the program annotator Jonathan Cross wittily put it, Mr. Birtwistle is something of a specialist in articulate ruminants, having included a chorus of singing sheep in his opera ''Yan Tan Tethera.'' The cycle is full of evocative orchestral effects and was well sung (in English; Mr. Brendel contributes to his translations) by William Dazeley, a baritone.
After the concert Mr. Brendel was honored for his Proms farewell. (He has said that he would no longer do performances that are broadcast live on the radio, and all Proms concerts fit that description.)
Good news: his account of the ''Emperor'' was sober yet full of personality, and still deftly played. As usual he recalled Rudolf Serkin as a magisterial exponent of the German style. That his ''Emperor'' also recalled Edwin Fischer, one of his teachers, is meant as high praise. If anything, his encore -- the Schubert ''Klavierstück'' in E-flat minor, surging and songful -- was even better.
Mr. Goode, in Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, played well too, although his intimate style is not ideally suited for the cavernous Albert Hall. He was plausibly accompanied by Mr. Metzmacher and his orchestra, which was a relief after the worst Strauss ''Don Juan'' I have ever heard -- unidiomatic, slack, sloppy. Nicholas Kenyon, the BBC Proms director, said that the Germans had arrived less than two hours before the concert, and hadn't had time to take the measure of the hall -- a hall whose measurements definitely require some taking.
Mr. Metzmacher is a new-music specialist, so one has to assume his account of the Henze 10th was more authoritative; certainly the playing sounded surer. Mr. Metzmacher had led the British premiere of the Henze Ninth and the world premiere of the Henze 10th; Simon Rattle, scheduled to conduct here the next night, did the world premiere of the 10th, but in Lucerne, not Britain.
Like Mr. Birtwistle's music, Mr. Henze's can sound clotted, but here the 10th seemed light and open and almost airy. Mr. Rattle had asked for something crystalline and clear and English, and despite the huge, percussion-heavy orchestra, he got just that.
In his program notes Calum MacDonald suggested parallels to Shakespeare's ''Tempest.'' The outer movements, ''A Storm and a Dream,'' are grand and symphonic but deeply affecting, even if the tension flagged a bit toward the end. The middle movements have undeniable charm: a singing slow Hymn for strings alone, and a rollicking Dance for brass and percussion (plus piano and double basses).
Wednesday's concert was the only one of the five I will have seen this week that was not sold out. But there was still a respectable crowd in this huge hall, and Mr. Metzmacher, with Mr. Henze's help, managed to redeem himself after the intermission.
Photo: Alfred Brendel made his last appearance in the BBC's Proms on Tuesday in London at the Royal Albert Hall. (Photo by Steve Forrest for The New York Times)


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stephen Ireland
15:05 22nd August 2014
Midfielder set for spell on the sidelines...
MARK HUGHES has revealed that Stephen Ireland will miss this weekend's live televised encounter against Hull City after sustaining an injury in training.
The news will come to a blow to the Republic of Ireland ace who was named in the starting line-up against his former side Aston Villa last Saturday.
The 28-year old was again expected to feature in Sunday's game at the KC Stadium, but the City boss has confirmed he will now be without his services for a number of weeks.
"We have a problem with Stephen Ireland unfortunately, who has pulled a muscle in his rib cage," Hughes revealed at the pre-match press conference.
"It's a disappointment to us because he is a good player and somebody we would prefer to have available to us.
"It looks like he will be out for a couple of weeks at least, or until the pain has gone to allow him to move around the pitch comfortably."
Images from the 1-0 win at the Britannia... 16 hours 2 mins ago
Match Highlights from the Britannia Stadium 19 hours 42 mins ago
Striker bags another headed goal to equal record... 1 day ago
City boss says his side were deserved victors against the Tigers... 2 days ago
Interactive updates from the Britannia Stadium 2 days ago
No changes from side that beat Villa last weekend... 2 days ago


text:
Laura Blankp 646.245.2496
Up to the minute news, press releases, media and more.
Thursday, June 20, 2013 is World Refugee Day and humanitarians will be hard at work in Jordan's northeastern desert helping to build what will become the country's largest refugee camp.
With no end in sight for the refugee crisis in Syria, providing access to education for displaced children is just one among many urgent needs as humanitarian conditions grow increasingly dire.
Many Syrian refugees living outside camps across countries in the region are losing out on the help they desperately need, according to five international aid agencies today.
Humanitarian conditions are increasingly grim in this region as fighting rages in Syria and millions of civilians have fled to neighboring countries, with thousands more crossing the border every week. Additional funding is urgently needed to provide care for refugees.
Read our overview of the conflict in Syria, the refugee situation in neighboring countries, and World Vision's response to the crisis.
UNICEF estimates that children make up more than half of the refugees fleeing Syria.
A World Vision aid worker in Lebanon tells of the hope and care found amid dire circumstances.
While fighting rages in Syria, humanitarian conditions continue deteriorating, and displaced families like Mahmoud and his wife and children are finding it increasingly difficult to cope.


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A frank discussion about a sensitive women's issue and how it impacts the golf swing
For over thirty years, I have dedicated my life to helping golfers of all skill levels gain a better golf swing understanding of the
Read our articles, tips and guidance on how to play golf for business and leisure purposes, learn about the best golf equipment, etiquette, fashion, apparel, resorts and courses.
Did you know golf as a business tool and for fun is on in the increase. In fact the fastest growing group of golfers is women. Business and executive women are using the game as businessmen did before them - for networking, for entertaining clients, and for making business deals right on the links.
Golf is the only sport that gives you four or five hours of uninterrupted time to talk to a potential business client or buyer and get to know him or her. That's why golf is such a useful skill for any businesswoman to acquire.
Any women who is serious about getting ahead in business needs to look at incorporating golf into her strategy for success. Playing business golf for women offers beautiful settings that are conducive to developing and deepening business relationships. You'll have the time to learn information and characteristics about each other that you might otherwise never have known.
By Trish Joyce, EWGA Managing Director of Strategic Initiatives
As Gene Yasuda wrote in his May 20th "Inside the Ropes" Golf week column, this "segue into action" comes "after years of talking (and little else)". To be fair, there have been efforts and programs over the years aimed at juniors, women, new golfers, etc. I concur that by understanding it is going to take more than introducing people to the game, the golf industry is off to a good re-start.
Since Golf 20/20, I've been reading and hearing a lot of good things that give me hope. There is one thing, however, that concerns me so I wish to offer a word of caution. It has to do with the topic "how to market to women" (or any specific group) which is often spoken about.
A common concern for the woman executive is the pressure of being the only woman in an office golfing event. Advancement when the glass ceiling is pressing her down may well be at stake in this obligatory golf game. Our executive is expected to be professional and controlled and yet show enough competitive juices to satisfy her male teammates. She may be a women executive back at the office but not on the golf course.
In this business/play setting, a women executive needs to bring to bear all of the professional skills that got her to her position. While participating in her first golf event, she is expected to be competitive. She's not necessarily expected to be in charge. She needs to be controlled, but not necessarily controlling.
By Patricia Joyce
Managing Director, Strategic Initiatives, EWGA (Executive Women's Golf Association)
I grew up the only girl in a sports-minded family. But it was not a golfing family. In my youth, my perception was that golf was played by those who belonged to country clubs. Thinking back I can recall some Dads who played but not any of the Moms.
Another impression I recall: My bewilderment over the fascination of watching televised golf with people hushing other people all the time. To a child, who preferred "action" sports, this was right up there with watching paint dry.
I did play miniature golf and didn't see the big deal in putting a ball into a hole. And when my brothers and I did venture to the driving range, our style was more about swinging for the fences than anything resembling finesse.
Much has changed since one July afternoon in 1991 when 28 women gathered for a golf clinic to begin learning business golf in order to enhance their careers. That small group quickly transformed into a nationwide movement that became the Executive Women's Golf Association.
Now known as the EWGA and celebrating its 20th anniversary this year, this international organization starts its third decade with the launch of Fair Way Forward™ to advocate for more positive golf course experiences for women.
This advocacy initiative is designed to give golf facilities the insights needed to become more "women friendly" so they can attract and keep more women golfers. For as long as the Executive Women's Golf Association has existed, the golf industry has considered women as a key growth market for the game of golf. And while some barriers have fallen – such as greater access to Saturday morning tee times – much of the dialog has not resulted in the positive changes women want.
Yet long before the age of Facebook and Twitter, smart business people were using golf as a valuable way to build customer relationships. Where else can you spend four uninterrupted hours with a client or colleague and the only appropriate use of a smart phone is to measure the distance to the green?
In today's fast paced world, golf as a business tool is often overlooked or considered a sport for an older generation. Yet smart business men and women who want to get ahead, should add golf to their career skill repertoire. Just like building your company's social media strategy, business golf requires planning and focus. Here are some tips to get the most out of playing golf for business.
By Pam Swensen
CEO of the Executive Women's Golf Association
You drive the ball down the fairway, play with fourteen clubs and yell FORE when your ball strays toward another player. Golf is a game with its own language and traditions and offers four compelling reasons to take up the sport – fitness, fresh air, friendship and fun.
Think again if the mention of golf conjures up images of pot-bellied players in plaid pants. Studies show that golfers live longer and there are numerous health benefits for those who play the game (business golf included).
A study conducted by a Swedish medical university and published in a 2008 Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports shows the beneficial health effects of golf. Based on data from 300,000 Swedish golfers, the death rate amongst golfers is 40 percent lower than the rest of the population, which equates to an increased life expectancy of five years.


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Now that Washington has averted the debt ceiling catastrophe we can turn our attention to finances on a more personal level.
This is August and it is time to prepare for school and/or college. This can be a difficult time for parents, adult students and teachers as well.
Books, supplies, clothes uniforms and school fees are swarming over head and you will have to do something soon. What about the phones and computers? They are practically necessities today. Even that does not include expenses for extracurricular activities. Back to school events are in full swing in many
areas of the country. For several weeks now our church has hosted a "Stuff the Bus" drive for school supplies. They will be given away before school starts.
The very popular tax free weekend kicks off in most areas the first weekend in August. Check your area news for local dates. Tax breaks are not supported in every state. This list shows tax weekends published on the internet.
Alabama | 8/5 – 8/7 |
Arkansas | 8/6 – 8/7 |
Connecticut | 8/21- 8/27 |
Florida | 8/12- 8/14 |
Iowa | 8/5- 8/6 |
Louisiana | 8/5- 8/6 |
Mississippi | 7/29- 7/30 |
New Mexico | 8/5- 8/7 |
South Carolina | 8/5- 8/7 |
Texas | 8/19-8/21 |
Every small savings helps – especially in families with more than one child in school. Any opportunity to avoid adding to your debt via credit cards and over spending is good for everyone involved. Remember also, there is still time to search the internet for coupons and promotion codes.
http://singleparents.about.com/od/cuttingcosts/qt/TaxFreeHoliday.htm ;www.couponmountain.com;


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'Where to Start Chart' is an infographic designed to help beginner photographers work their way through the settings on their camera. Produced by Adorama TV, the PDF is reminiscent of the "skill trees" found in various role playing video games, but instead of having spells and skills, the tree offers photographic tutorials.
Read more…
Posts Tagged 'markwallace'
'Where to Start Chart' is an Interactive Photography Skill Tree for Beginners
Back to the Basics: ISO and Noise Explained
As photography technology continues to improve year in and year out, the ISO ranges we're capable of pulling quality images from are getting truly ridiculous. But as amazing as the improvements in ISO are, it's important to have an understanding of what ISO actually is and how you can make the most of these growing numbers.
It's those questions that Mike Wallace tackles in the detailed video above, as he breaks down that part of the exposure triangle that is all too often misunderstood or ignored altogether. Read more…
Tutorial: Everything You Need to Know About Using Auto Exposure Bracketing
Exposure bracketing is the practice of taking several exposures – at least two, usually more – of the same scene. With each exposure taken, the goal is to vary the exposure time, effectively giving you more range to work with in post when all is said and done. Nowadays such capability is implemented into the firmware of cameras, allowing you to automatically set this up and capture all of the exposure with only one press of the shutter.
But figuring out just how to utilize these capabilities and understanding what various settings do can be a struggle. Here to help is Mark Wallace of Adorama TV to help walk through the process of setting up and capturing a scene using auto exposure bracketing.
Tutorial: Simple Butterfly Portrait Lighting Setup Yields Beautiful Results
Butterfly lighting is one of the oldest techniques for lighting a subject. Named for the butterfly-shaped shadow that forms underneath the subject's nose, this setup is a proven method to ensure your subject is well-lit in a pleasing manner. Read more…
How to Find and Work With Models
Here's a crash course on how to work with models as a photographer. Photographer Mark Wallace discusses tips for before, during, and after the shoot, and also how to find a model for your project.
(via ISO 1200)


text:
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Portable Satellite dish
Basingstoke, Hampshire £60.00
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- 817 days ago
Portable Sattelitte dish. Ideasl for Camping, Caravanning, or anywhere you need temporary TV. Complete with Satfinder, cable and carrying case. You will need a receiver (sky box etc...) to use this item.
Buyer collects from Basinstoke
Ad ID: 1004220239


text:
- Member since: 1/4/2008
- Gender: Male
We are two guys who're using this account; Christian Skoog and Anton Widing. We both live in Sweden, Anton in Stockholm and Christian in Upplands-Väsby.
Anton is 12, soon 13 years and Christian is 16. We both like playing computer and video games. We also like making our own using the program called Game Maker.
Anton likes playing music, and he goes in a musician school. Christian is a naturescientist and loves physiqs.
The information about birth and things like that in our profile is Antons.
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text:
ING Direct selects Money Solutions
PUBLISHED: 13 Sep 2012 08:36:34 | UPDATED: 20 Sep 2012 08:14:20PRINT EDITION: 07 Sep 2012Ruth Liew
ING Direct has chosen Money Solutions to be its advice partner as the company pushes into the superannuation sector with its ING Direct Living Super product.
Money Solutions will provide phone-based advice services to answer personal advice questions members might have to the super product.
"The Money Solutions advice model is delivered directly to customers by our advisers, either from a money coach, a senior money coach or a retirement specialist, depending on who we are talking to," Money Solutions chief executive Ross Bowden says.


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- Martin Luther King III discusses the significance of the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington, and said he was disappointed by the lack of GOP participation in the day's events. ()
- Martin Luther King III discusses the significance of the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington, and said he was disappointed by the lack of GOP participation in the day's events. ()
MLK III: 'Disappointed' in lack of GOP participation at Marc...
August 29, 2013
Sen. Mikulski announces retirement
4 hours ago
Netanyahu: U.S.-Israel alliance is strong
6 hours ago
At least nine wounded in blast in Cairo
4 hours ago
LAPD fatally shoots homeless man
6 hours ago
Messy Monday commute in N.Y., N.J.
10 hours ago
Israel's Netanyahu lands in D.C.
10 hours ago
True color of the dress: Blue and black
Australia to lead remote plane tracking trials
Investigators explore motives in Nemtsov killing
Rand Paul wins CPAC straw poll
Netanyahu takes Iran campaign to Jerusalem holy site
Hong Kong police use pepper spray on protesters
Major flooding follows heavy rains in Miami
Prince William visits tsunami-hit areas on Japan tour
Thousands flock to Wisconsin ice caves
Syria-bound U.K. schoolgirls at Istanbul bus stop
Thousands mourn slain Russian activist
Bangladeshis mourn American blogger's death
Iraq to track down antiquities after Islamic State museum ra...
2 days ago
More details emerge about Missouri shooter
2 days ago
Poroshenko: Nemtsov planned to reveal Russian links to Ukrai...
2 days ago
Anti-Islam group rallies in Britain
2 days ago
Snow, ice snarl traffic in Texas
2 days ago
Obama: Hard-working Americans deserve dignified retirement
2 days ago
Investigation begins in Nemtsov murder
2 days ago
Bridge collapses due to flooding in Bolivia
2 days ago
Prince William wears samurai warrior costume in Japan
2 days ago
House passes bill to fund DHS for a week
2 days ago
Obama bids farewell to Attorney General Holder
2 days ago
U.S. blogger killed in machete attack in Bangladesh
2 days ago


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Dear editor: I believe in the U.S. Constitution, and I believe in immigration when the rules and laws are followed to the letter. I also believe wages are being taken from and jobs are not being given to Americans who have legal citizenship.
Dear editor: The air conditioning must not be working in Washington, D.C. At least, not in the halls of Congress or the White House.
Within the next few days you should receive an assessment notice of the tax value of your property. The notice you receive will have the appraised value, taking into consideration sales during the past year including foreclosure sales.
I've been having flashbacks lately. And no, I didn't use LSD when I was in college.
Legislation allowing counties and municipalities of Georgia to put a Sunday alcohol sales referendum to voters has been in the news for months – first as legislators were trying to get the bill passed, later as Gov. Nathan Deal signed the bill into law and most recently as the law went into effect, which was July 1.
The ongoing heat wave likely has many Coastal Georgia residents longing for the frigid winter months we couldn't wait to be rid of just a short time ago. But since we're not likely to receive a light dusting of snow any time soon, taking refuge in comfortable, air-conditioned spaces will have to do for now. Taking a dip in a nearby lake or swimming pool also is a great way to cool down and relieve the discomfort associated with heat indexes that soar past 100 degrees.
It's summertime and the same topic that has reared its ugly head in past hot seasons - the shameful condition of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway - is, like clockwork, surfacing again. In plain speak, the waterway is dangerously too shallow in some areas, yet the federal government continues to refuse to do anything about it.
As most Georgians know all too well, the Great Recession that sapped the nation's economy was especially harsh here. The state's fiscal house sustained even more damage than in most other states, with deep and sometimes devastating cuts in state budgets and huge private sector losses.
Not guilty! This was the jury decision that took most people by surprise in the Casey Anthony murder trial. Although, in my opinion, the evidence seemed to point to Ms. Anthony as the perpetrator of the hideous murder of little Caylee, the jury found her not guilty.
The phone rang the other day and on the other end of the line was Gay Blade, the world's flaming liberal. Gay spends a lot of time trying to raise my sensitivity toward liberal issues. So far, Gay has not had a lot of luck.
While school may be out for students and teachers, it does not mean education is not on the mind of Georgia's Legislature.
Washington officials are famous for forecasting sunny skies when they can look through a window and clearly see it's raining. But even highly-degreed spin doctors inside the beltway will have a hard time making the June jobless report look anything but anemic.
You know those obnoxious people who hold up their hand for a high-five then pull it back at the last minute? In elementary school I had a friend who thought this was the funniest practical joke out there. He'd proudly yell, "Psych!" or "Who's a loser?" like this little stunt made him cool.
A young life was lost last week and the tragedy could have been avoided. A 14-year-old Hinesville girl and her 16-year-old friend, Ela'na Briona Alisa Poole, who was visiting from the Atlanta area, were tossing around a semiautomatic handgun when the weapon discharged, striking the older girl in the mouth and killing her. The younger teenager said she found the gun in her mother's dresser drawer. She knew enough about firearms to remove the gun's clip, but she did not empty the chamber.
The office of Gov. Nathan Deal called the federal court ruling on Atlanta's access to the waters of Lake Lanier a "total victory" for Georgia.
Farmers are looking at what to plant this year. The outlook for traditional agriculture is mixed.
As you may have heard, some of our intrepid public servants under the Gold Dome are unhappy with the Advanced Placement U.S. History test and the College Board which administers the tests.
On Feb. 18, a group of citizens headed to the State Capital for "Conservation Day," hoping to inform legislators about protecting our precious coast and its wildlife. The Dolphin Project was represented by Gerry Sattele and me, from Richmond Hill, and Chris Hines of Savannah.
Well, it's that time of the year again - tax time. April 15 will be here before we know it and for many, it is a time of dread as they start gearing up to pay annual tax bills.
A friend, an only child, was talking about cleaning out her parents' house after the death of her father.
I recently was proud to announce that the 63rd Expeditionary Signal Battalion will be restationed at Fort Stewart, bringing 492 soldiers and their families to the post. The 63rd Expeditionary Signal Battalion's mission focuses on rapidly deploying worldwide to engineer, install, operate, maintain and defend in support of full-spectrum operations. The 63rd Expeditionary Signal Battalion is the U.S. Army's contribution to the Global Information Grid.
If you are a supercilious liberal you-know-what or a sanctimonious Bible thumper, I have some good news for you. I am giving you both the week off. Enjoy it while you can. I will be back.
Editor, The Wounded Warrior Project has sued a combat veteran - again.
One of my friends called me - one of my best friends. There was both urgency and distress in her voice.
Twelve years ago, I made a decision to follow my head, not my heart, and put my career first. I'd just completed my first post-college internship at the Abilene Reporter-News in Texas and, having impressed my supervisor, was offered full-time employment at the end of my three-month stint.
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Posted on September 21, 2014 | No CommentsPrevention Strategies and Changes in Sexual Mores in Response to the Outbreak of Syphilis in Europe in the Early Modern Age By Eugenia Tognotti Journal of Ancient Diseases and Preventive […] -
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Posted on September 16, 2014 | No CommentsRegional magnates, or daimyo, came to dominate the political landscape of Japan, each controlling territory on their own authority. These military strongmen established control over local warriors and cultivators and then began to challenge one another for supremacy. The result was a period of protracted civil war lasting for almost 150 years. -
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Posted on September 15, 2014 | No CommentsThe office of guardianship was clearly needed in the society of sixteenth-century Lithuania. The comparatively short average life expectancy meant that quite a great number of children lost one or both of their parents before reaching majority, and thus had to receive some sort of protection. -
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Posted on August 20, 2014 | No CommentsTrade in slaves and captives was one of the most important (if not the most important) sources of income of the Crimean Khanate in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. -
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Posted on May 29, 2014 | No CommentsThis paper took a closer look at Renaissance drinking vessels and drinking culture and examined the types of vessels commonly used in Italy and the Netherlands during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. -
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Posted on April 12, 2014 | No CommentsFour surgical treatises, printed in the last year of the fifteenth century, make up the oldest illustrated printed book in the Sibbald Library. The second one, the Cyrurgia of Albucasis, is the most interesting and I shall deal only briefly with the others. -
Antoinette of Bourbon, Duchess of Guise
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Posted on March 15, 2014 | No CommentsThis dissertation compares both empires' secret services and explains the differences between the two systems of information gathering based on these empires' differing organizational structures.


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Last month, we shared a popular video in which photojournalist Steve McCurry talked about the danger of focusing on your destination so much that you miss your journey. That clip was actually from a series of videos in which McCurry shares wisdom he has learned over the decades of traveling the world and hunting for photos that will be remembered.
Read more…
Posts Tagged 'stevemccurry'
Words of Wisdom for Photographers by Renowned Photojournalist Steve McCurry
Steve McCurry: Don't Focus On Your Destination So Much That You Miss the Journey
Here's a short and inspiring video in which renowned photojournalist Steve McCurry talks about one of the big lessons he has learned over the course of his career: that photography is more about the journey than the destination.
"Some of my best pictures have happened as I was traveling to a particular place," McCurry says. "The destination has long since been forgotten, but those pictures along the way end up being memorable."
(via ISO 1200 )
Steve McCurry Retrospective Looks Back Over 40 Years of Iconic Work in 150 Portraits
There are few photographers out there as well-known as the iconic Steve McCurry. His Afghan Girl portrait earned him world-wide fame and recognition, but all of his work — from the most iconic to the largely unseen — speaks to his uncanny eye for capturing emotion and composing portraits that are second to none.
And now, four decades of the great man's work is being summed up in a 150-portrait retrospective called Oltre lo Sguardo, on display at the beautiful Villa Reale di Monza in Italy until April 6, 2015.
Read more…
Renowned Photojournalist Steve McCurry Recounts His Experience Photographing 9/11
On September 11th, 2001, photojournalist Steve McCurry found himself in his hometown of New York City when chaos started unfolding around him. Of course, we all now know of this day for the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centers, but at the time, it was a blur of events that even McCurry's vast experience as a photojournalist hadn't necessarily prepared him for.
Read more…
Iconic Magnum Photogs Harvey & McCurry Set Out to Create the Ultimate Camera Bags
Outdoor-apparel company Filson has teamed up with two of the most notable Magnum photographers, Steve McCurry and David Alan Harvey, to create the ultimate set of camera bags. From simple totes to full-fledged backpacks, the line-up is impressive across the board. Read more…
Photographer Steve McCurry Explains How to Pack Your Suitcase for an Assignment
We never thought we'd write that headline, but thanks to Magnum photographer David Alan Harvey you can now learn how to best pack your bags for an assignment from the one and only Steve McCurry — the iconic Nat Geo photographer behind the Afghan Girl photograph. Read more…
Steve McCurry Reveals Iconic 'Afghan Girl' Portrait Was Almost Passed Over by Editor
It might be hard to believe in retrospect, but it turns out that Steve McCurry's most famous photograph, the iconic 'Afghan Girl,' was almost passed over for the cover of National Geographic in 1985. Read more…
The Sartorialist Sits Down with Legendary Photographer Steve McCurry
Scott Schuman, known better as fashion photographer "The Sartorialist," is currently four of five parts through a fascinating interview with legendary Magnum photographer Steve McCurry. We'll add the fifth video as soon as it goes up, but for now, each of these short 2-4 minute talks offers plenty of wisdom to get you through the day (or week… or maybe month). Read more…
The End of an Era: Steve McCurry and the Final Roll of Kodachrome Film
In 2009, when Kodak announced that production of Kodachrome film would be coming to an end, legendary photographer Steve McCurry saw an opportunity, and asked if the company would give him the final roll. Given his reputation and the many famed photographs he's taken on Kodachrome, it's no surprise Kodak said yes.
As a tribute to this final roll, a crew from National Geographic decided to follow McCurry and document the momentous last 36 frames that would ever be shot on that film — the video above is the result. Read more…
Afghan Mona Lisa: The Story of the Girl Whose Eyes Captivated the World
In 1984, photographer Steve McCurry shot a portrait titled "Afghan Girl" that would become the defining image of his career and one of the most famous National Geographic covers ever published. In 2002, McCurry was able to locate the subject, Sharbat Gula, and learn her story. National Geographic then published a fascinating piece telling the story of the photo, the search, and the subject:
The reunion between the woman with green eyes and the photographer was quiet. On the subject of married women, cultural tradition is strict. She must not look—and certainly must not smile—at a man who is not her husband. She did not smile at McCurry. Her expression, he said, was flat. She cannot understand how her picture has touched so many. She does not know the power of those eyes.
Some interesting facts: McCurry shot the photo on Kodachrome using a Nikon FM2 and Nikkor 105mm f/2.5. Gula's identity was confirmed by comparing her iris to the Afghan Girl's. Although she had never seen her famous portrait, Gula distinctly remembers sitting for the photo — it was one of the only times in her life that she had a photo taken of her.
A Life Revealed [National Geographic Magazine]
Image credits: Photographs by Steve McCurry/National Geographic