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US 5432274 A Abstract Ferricinium or ferricinium-based compounds are useful as blue redox dyes suitable for monitoring various enzymatic oxidation processes. A process for preparing such dyes is proposed which involves complexing ferrocene or its derivative with a cyclodextrin. The resulting yellow inclusion complex, an intermediate of the redox dye, is then oxidized electrochemically or by a reaction with bilirubin oxidase to form blue redox dyes which exhibit absorption peaks at 620 or 650 nm. Both the reduced form and the oxidized form of the dye are water-soluble.
Claims(8) 1. A process for preparing an intermediate of a redox dye, comprising
reacting 1,1'-dimethylferrocene with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, to obtain a water-soluble inclusion complex. 2. A process for preparing a redox dye, comprising
oxidizing the inclusion complex of claim 1 thereby converting 1,1'-dimethylferrocene to 1,1'-dimethylferricinium. 3. The process according to claim 2 wherein the oxidizing step is carried out by electrochemical oxidation of the inclusion complex.
4. The process according to claim 2 wherein the oxidizing step is carried out by reacting the inclusion complex with bilirubin oxidase.
5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the bilirubin oxidase is immobilized.
6. The process according to claim 5 wherein the bilirubin oxidase is immobilized on aminopropyl glass beads.
7. An intermediate of a redox dye comprising a water-soluble inclusion complex of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.
8. The redox dye prepared by the process of claim 2.
Description This invention relates to ferricinium-based water-soluble blue dyes useful for, e.g., the spectrophotometric determination of certain enzymatic oxidation reactions, and particularly to processes for the preparation of the dyes and their intermediates. Oxidase systems have been exploited for determination of various substrates for many years. For example, in the presence of oxygen the enzyme glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose by oxygen to gluconolactone (gluconic acid) and hydrogen peroxide; lactate is oxidized by lactate oxidase; glutamic acid is oxidized by glutamate oxidase, etc; hydrogen peroxide being the by-product of all these reactions. The concentration of the substrate, e.g. glucose, can be followed by monitoring the concentration of H2 O2. For example, addition of enzyme peroxidase and a chromogenic oxygen acceptor, such as colorless o-dianisidine, results in the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and o-dianisidine with formation of a measurable color (oxidized o-dianisidine, brown, absorption at 500 nm). The method is not widely used because O-dianisidine is toxic. In any case, this approach requires more than one enzyme (oxidase and peroxidase). Alternatively, H2 O2 can be monitored by NADH peroxidase and the expensive cofactor, NADH (a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). It is desirable to eliminate the use of peroxidase. Also, the spectrophotometric determination of glucose in some body fluids or solutions with pronounced color faces serious difficulty because of color masking. Blue dyes are advantageous in this regard because their absorption peaks are distant from the bands characteristic of most biological fluids. Water-insoluble ferrocene [bis(η5 -cyclopentadienyl)iron] and its derivatives have been studied by Cass, A. E. G. et al, Anal. Chem. 56, 667-671 (1984) and by Hill, H. A. O. et al, Biosensors, a Practical Approach (Cass, A. E. G., Ed.), pp. 19-46, IRL Press, Oxford (1990) to develop mediated amperometric biosensors because of their electron-exchange properties with various enzymes. To replace oxygen as an electron receptor, ferrocene must be first oxidized at a platinum or carbon electrode surface to ferricinium through the loss of one electron from the metal atom. The ferricinium cation is water-soluble and able to react with several reduced oxidoreductases as follows: Substrate+Enzymeox →Enzymered +Product (1) 2 Ferricinium+Enzymered →2 Ferrocene+Enzymeox +2H+( 2) The redox couple--ferrocene and ferricinium--exhibits a marked difference in UV-VIS absorption spectra. Ferrocene in 95% ethanol is yellow and features two wavelength bands at 325 and 440 nm. Ferricinium solutions exhibit a characteristic dichroism with an absorption peak at 620 nm, i.e. dilute solutions appear blue or green, while more concentrated solutions are blood red. Apparently, ferricinium or its derivatives could be used in spectrophotometric assays involving oxidoreductases if they can be prepared from water-soluble forms of ferrocenerelated compounds. However, ferrocene and its derivatives (except for carboxyl ferrocene) are virtually waterinsoluble. It is an object of the invention to provide a water-soluble redox dye useful for the monitoring of enzymatic oxidation reactions. It is another object of the invention to provide a water-soluble form of ferrocene or ferrocene-related compounds to enable the use of the ferrocene-ferricinium redox couple to monitor enzymatic oxidation and some other redox reactions. It has been found that the problem of solubility of ferrocene or its derivatives can be overcome by complexing these compounds with certain cyclodextrins. The resulting water-soluble inclusion complexes are convenient intermediates of ferricinium based blue dyes. According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for preparing a water-soluble intermediate of a redox dye, the process comprising reacting ferrocene or its suitable derivative with a water-soluble cyclodextrin selected from α, β, γ, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (hp-β-CD) to obtain a water-soluble inclusion complex. Preferably, the ferrocene derivative is 1,1'-dimethylferrocene. The intermediate can be oxidized to form a water-soluble redox dye whereby the ferrocene or ferrocene-derivative undergoes oxidation to its respective ferricinium form and a blue redox dye results. The oxidation can be carried out by electrochemical means or by reacting the inclusion complex with the enzyme bilirubin oxidase. According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a ferrocene-based soluble inclusion complex comprising a cyclodextrin and ferrocene or a suitable ferrocene derivative complexed therewith, the cyclodextrin being selected from the group consisting of α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The suitability of the ferrocene derivative is determined by the size of the particle to match the size of the cavity of the cyclodextrin particle, and by the electrochemical potential E� of the derivative. Through oxidation of the inclusion complex, water-soluble redox dyes are provided which exhibit absorption peaks at 620 or 650 nm for ferricinium and dimethylferricinium, respectively. The redox dyes of the invention are useful for monitoring the activity of various oxidases and the concentration of enzymatically oxidizable substrates. The invention will be described hereinbelow in conjunction with drawings, in which FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the dissolution of ferrocene (FeCp2) and 1,1'-dimethylferrocene (DMFeCp2) and the concentration of hp-β-CD in 20 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.2. □--DMFeCp2, --FeCp2 ; FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate spectra of ferricinium dyes in 100 mM acetate, 100 mM KCl buffer, pH 5.2, as follows; FIG. 2A dotted line denotes FeCp2, 4 mM; solid line denotes FeCp2 +, 2.2 mM; FIG. 2B: dotted line denotes DMFeCp2, 4.5 mM; solid line denotes DMFeCp2 +, 3.4 mM; FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of reducing agents on DMFeCp2 + (slope is determined at 95% confidence interval): ∘--ascorbic acid (pH 5.2, acetate 20 mM; slope=0.649�0.003; R2 =0.999; --uric acid (pH 7.8, phosphate 150 mM); slope=0.654�0.004; R2 =0.999; □--sulfite (pH 9.0, borate 25 mM); slope=0.657 �0.010; R2 =0.999; FIG. 4 illustrates the reduction of DMFeCp2 + by β-D-glucose in the presence of glucose oxidase with and without oxygen removal using 20 mM acetate buffer pH 5.2 (slope is determined at 95% confidence interval); □--oxygen present --oxygen removed by 0.4 mM Na2 SO3 or nitrogen bubbling; slope=0.671�0.011; R2 =0.999; FIG. 5 illustrates reduction of DMFeCp2 + by hypoxanthine/xanthine in the presence of xanthine oxidase at different pH conditions (slope is determined at 95% confidence interval) ∘--xanthine, pH 5.2, acetate 20 mM; slope=0.658�0.004; R2 �0.999; □--hypoxanthine, pH 5.2, acetate 20 mM; slope=1.323�0.006; R2 =0.999; --xanthine, pH 9.0, borate 25 mM; slope=1.950�0.003; R2 =0.999; --hypoxanthine, pH 9.0, borate 25 mM; slope=2.555�0.005; R2 =0.999; FIG. 6 illustrates the rate of reduction of DMFeCp2 + by xanthine oxidase at pH 9.0 (slope is determined at 95% confidence interval); ∘--xanthine (2.39 OD650 nm/unit); slope=2.39�0.10; R2 =0.999; --hypoxanthine (3.28 OD650 nm/unit); slope=3.28�0.10; R2 =0.999. FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the activity vs pH profile of soluble bilirubin oxidase (0.005 IU) for the oxidation of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene (DMCFeCp2) to 1,1'-dimethylferricinium (DMFeCp2 +): □--0.75 mM DMFeCp2 ; ∘--7.5 mM DMFeCp2 +. FIG. 8 illustrates the effect of hp-β-CD concentration on the rate of oxidation of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene (DMFeCp2) by bilirubin oxidase (0.005 IU): ∘--7.5 mM DMFeCp2 ; --1.5 mM DMFeCp2 ; --0.45 mM DMFeCp2 FIG. 9 illustrates the oxygen effect on enzymatic oxidation of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene by bilirubin oxidase: ∘--ambient oxygen in buffer; □--a single pass of oxygen in buffer; --continuous oxygen bubbling. FIG. 10 illustrates the oxidation of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene (DMFeCp2) to 1,1'-dimethylferricinium (DMFeCp2 +) by bilirubin oxidase immobilized on aminopropyl glass beads: □--DMFeCp2 ; ∘--DMFeCp2 + ; --pH. Cyclodextrins (CD), as described for instance in Cyclodextrin Technology, (Topics in Inclusion Science), Jozsef Szejtli, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London 1988, Chapter I and II, are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of 6, 7, or 8 glucopyranose units, usually referred to as α-, β-, or γ-cyclodextrins, respectively. These naturally occurring compounds have relatively rigid doughnut-shaped structures, and have attracted interest as possible natural complexing agents. The unique structures of these compounds owe their stability to intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the C2- and C3-hydroxyl groups of neighboring glucopyranose units. The molecule takes on the shape of a torus with the C2- and C3-hydroxyls located around the larger opening and the more reactive C6-hydroxyls aligned around the smaller opening. The arrangement of C6-hydroxyls opposite the hydrogen bonded C2- and C3-hydroxyls forces the oxygen bonds into close proximity within the cavity, leading to an electron rich, hydrophobic interior. The solubility of natural β-cyclodextrin is very poor. Chemical substitutions at the 2,3, and 6 hydroxyl sites greatly increase solubility. Most chemically modified cyclodextrins are able to achieve a 50% w/v concentration in water. Molecules, or functional groups of molecules which are less hydrophilic than water, can be included in the cyclodextrin cavity in the presence of water, if their molecular dimensions correspond to those of the cyclodextrin cavity. In aqueous solution, the slightly apolar cyclodextrin cavity is occupied by water molecules, an energetically unfavorable process (polar-apolar interaction). These water molecules are therefore readily substituted by appropriate "guest molecules" which are less polar than water. CD is the "host" molecule, and the driving force for complex formation is the substitution of the high-enthalpy water molecules by an appropriate "guest" molecule. Cavity size is the major determinant of which cyclodextrin is used in complexation. "Fit" is critical to achieving good incorporation into cyclodextrins. Six-glucopyranose unit compounds, α-cyclodextrins, have small cavities which are incapable of accepting many molecules. Eight-glucopyranose unit compounds or γ-cyclodextrins have much larger cavities and hydrophobic functionalities cannot effectively interact to facilitate complexation. The cavity diameter of β-cyclodextrins or 7-glucopyranose unit compounds is well suited for use with molecules the size of hormones, vitamins and many compounds frequently used in tissue and cell culture applications. For this reason, β-cyclodextrin is most commonly used as a complexing agent. The main molecular dimensions of the respective cyclodextrins are as shown below: ______________________________________ Outside Inside diameter, Å diameter Å______________________________________α-CD 14.6 4.9β-CD 15.4 6.2γ-CD 17.5 7.9______________________________________ For comparison, the interatomic distances of ferrocene and its derivatives are shown below: ______________________________________ OtherCompound M--C (Å) C--C (Å) Distances (Å)-______________________________________Ferrocene 2.045 1.403 Inter-ring 3.32Ferrocenea 2.03 1.43 Inter-ring 3.25Ferrocenea 2.07 1.42 C--H 1.121,1'-dibenzoyl- 2.05 1.41 C--C (Ph) 1.39ferrocene C═O 1.21Ferrocene-1,1' 1.99 1.38 S--O 1.55disulfonyl S--Cl 2.06chloride S--C 1.641,1'(Tetra- 1.97 (min) 1.45 angle betweenmethylethylene)- 2.11 (max) ring planes 23�ferroceneα-Keto-1,1'- 2.008 (min) 1.428 angle betweentrimethylene 2.072 (max) ring planes, 9.8�ferrocene______________________________________ a by electron diffraction It can be seen that ferrocene and most of its derivatives can form inclusion (host-guest) complexes with at least β-cyclodextrin. The term "inclusion complex" was introduced in 1950. There are synonyms in the literature, 40 such as adduct, clathrate, molecular compound, cryptate and complex. For the purpose of this specification, the complexing step is referred to as a reaction. In tests conducted to validate the invention, ferrocene and 1,1'-dimethylferrocene were selected since they possess a relatively low redox potential among known ferrocene-related compounds, as indicated below: ______________________________________Ferrocene derivative Eo (mV)a______________________________________1,1'-dimethyl 100(Ferrocene) 181Vinyl 250Carboxy 2891,1'-Dicarboxy 403(Dimethylamino)methyl 386______________________________________ EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Glucose oxidase type X-S (from Aspergillus niger), lactate oxidase (from Pediococcus), xanthine oxidase grade III (from buttermilk), L-amino acid oxidase type V (from Crotalus adamanteus), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase type XXIV (from Leuconostoc mesenteroides), hexokinase, NADH peroxidase, ATP, NAD, NADH, β-D-glucose, L-glutamic acid, L-lactic acid (hemicalcium salt), L-phenylalanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, L-ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite and allantoin were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Lyophilized pronase and L-glutamate oxidase were obtained from Boehringer Mannheim (Germany) and Yamasa Shoyu Ltd (Choshi, Chiba, Japan), respectively. Alpha cyclodextrin (α-CD), hp-β-CD, and ferrocene were purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). 1,1'-Dimethylferrocene was obtained from Polysciences (Warrington, Pa.). Dissolution of Ferrocene and 1,1'-Dimethylferrocene in hp-β-CD. Solutions of α-cyclodextrin and hp-β-CD were prepared in 20 mM acetate, pH 5.2 buffer to maximum concentrations of 80 mM and 300 mM, respectively. Ferrocene and 1,1'-dimethylferrocene were solubilized in various concentrations of the two cyclodextrins by constant stirring for 2 h. The concentration at maximum solubility was determined spectrophotometrically (Beckman DU-7) using an absorption coefficient of 100 cm-1 M-1 for both ferrocene and 1,1'-dimethylferrocene at 440 nm and 435 nm, respectively. Preparation of Ferricinium and 1,1'-Dimethylferricinium. Solutions (25 mL) of ferrocene (ca. 80 mM) or 1,1'-dimethylferrocene (ca. 90 mM) solubilized in hp-β-CD (250 mM in 100 mM KCl, 100 mM acetate, pH 5.2) were electrochemically oxidized at a platinum foil electrode poised at +450 mV vs an Ag/AgCl reference electrode in a three-electrode system. The counter and working electrodes were separated by a 2M KCl bridge and the electrochemical oxidation was performed using a polarographic analyzer/stripping voltammeter (Princeton Applied Research, Princeton, N.J.). During the course of oxidation, the current was recorded and the absorbencies of ferricinium and 1,1'-dimethylferricinium formed were monitored at 620 nm and 650 nm, respectively. The absorption coefficients for these two cations were determined by adding limiting known concentrations of reducing agents such as ascorbic acid or uric acid. From these values the final concentration of the two ferricinium species could be calculated as well as the percentage conversion for the electrochemical oxidation from the starting solutions. Determination of Metabolite 1,1'-Dimethylferricinium (ca. 6-7 mM, diluted ten-fold from the stock solution), was used with various oxidase enzymes to determine the concentration of their corresponding metabolites in a final assay volume of 500 μL. All metabolite stock solutions were verified by conventional enzyme assay techniques before utilization with the mediator dye. The removal of oxygen by the addition of sulfite or nitrogen bubbling was performed to counteract any possible interferences with the mediator reaction. Oxygen removal was found necessary only for the accurate determination of β-D-glucose in 20 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.2 by glucose oxidase (100 U, 60 min) and glutamate in 150 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.8 by glutamate oxidase (0.5 U, 30 min). Lactate in 100 mM maleate buffer, pH 6.5 and phenylalanine in 25 mM borate buffer, pH 9.0 were determined in conjunction with the mediator dye using lactate oxidase (1.0 U, 10 min) and amino acid oxidase (0.31 U, 60 min), respectively. Xanthine and hypoxanthine in 25 mM borate buffer, pH 9.0 were monitored by the reaction with xanthine oxidase (0.18 U, 30 min) and the mediator dye. In this particular case the influence of pH was important to consider. Calibration plots for all metabolites were generated by following the absorbance decrease at 650 nm as the mediator dye was being reduced. In all cases with real samples, the mediator concentration used was 6-7 mM and the assay volume was 500 μL. β-D-glucose was analyzed from freshly squeezed orange and lemon juice, Welch's grape juice and urine. The μ-D-glucose values obtained were compared to the standard assay procedure (pH 7.8,150 mM PO4) using hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the presence of ATP, NAD and MgCl2. It should be noted that this assay measures the total D-glucose of which 64% is β-D-glucose. Glutamate was monitored from human blood plasma (Sigma), onion soup mix, and soya sauce (Wong Wing Foods Inc.). The soup mix was dissolved in buffer and then centrifuged, whereas the glutamate in the blood plasma (5 mL equivalent) was first extracted with 5 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid, then following centrifugation the supernatant was neutralized before being used. The values obtained were compared to the enzyme assay coupling glutamate oxidase and NADH peroxidase. The H2 O2 produced reacted with NADH and the absorbance decrease at 340 nm was monitored. Lactate was monitored from yogurt (Delisle), sour cream (Liberty), buttermilk (Sealtest) and human blood plasma. The yogurt and sour cream (5 g each) were homogenized with buffer (10 mL), centrifuged and the supernatants were used. The comparison was performed by linking lactate oxidase with NADH peroxidase. Aspartame in diet soft drinks such as Sprite, Coke, 7-UP, and Minute Maid orange was completely cleaved after 2 hours reaction with pronase (5.0 mg/ml) in 100 mM maleate buffer, pH 6.5. The phenylalanine released was monitored after a two-fold dilution in 25 mM borate buffer, pH 9. Hypoxanthine from rainbow trout fillets was extracted (3.3 g) in 10% trichloroacetic acid (10 mL) followed by centrifugation and neutralization of the supernatant. Nucleotide degradation in the fillet was allowed to proceed at 4� C. and 25� C. respectively, resulting in higher hypoxanthine levels. The values obtained were verified by monitoring uric acid at 290 nm (absorption coefficient=12,600 cm-1 M.sup.-1) produced from hypoxanthine in the presence of xanthine oxidase. Determination of Oxidase Activity The enzyme activities were verified under the conditions specified by the suppliers. The substrate concentration used for each enzyme was at the saturation level with respect to the dye: β-D-glucose (300 mM), L-glutamate (15 mM), lactate (2.5 mM), L-phenylalanine (2.0 mM), and xanthine/hypoxanthine (2.0 mM). The change in absorbance at 650 nm vs time was plotted against the units of enzyme added. Characterization of FeCp2 and DMFeCp2 Complexes with Cyclodextrins. Both FeCp2 and DMFeCp2 were dissolved in methanol or chloroform and exhibited an absorption coefficient of 100 cm-1 M-1 at 440 nm and 435 nm, respectively. Such a value was then used to estimate the solubility of FeCp2 in cyclodextrin. FeCp2 and DMFeCp2 were only slightly soluble in aqueous solutions (<0.2 mM), but their solubilities were greatly increased by the formation of inclusion complexes with the water-soluble α-CD or hp-β-CD. If a known limiting concentration of either FeCp2 or DMFeCp2 was solubilized in hp-β-CD (167 mM), the absorption coefficient obtained was still 100 cm1- M-1. Hp-β-CD exhibits a higher solubility (50% w/v) than the α-CD D (12-16% w/v) and as a result 300 mM and 80 mM stocks could be prepared, respectively. The inclusion of either FeCp2 or DMFeCp2 by α-CD was not very effective since their addition into α-CD solutions reduced the solubility of the complexing agent and caused precipitation. The maximum solubility of FeCp2 and DMFeCP2 was about 3-4 mM before precipitation occurred, regardless of the concentration of the α-CD tested (26-80 mM). β-CD and γ-CD were not tested since the former exhibits a very low solubility in aqueous solutions (1.8% w/v) while the latter is very expensive. FeCp2 and DMFeCp2 were both readily soluble in hp-β-CD. The increased solubility was likely due to the larger cavity (7.8 Å in depth) of the complexing agent when compared to the α-cyclodextrin cavity (4.7 Å-6.0 Å). As shown in FIG. 1 the molar ratio of hp-β-CD to FeCp2 in FeCp2 saturated solutions was 4.2 at the lowest concentration of hp-β-CD and the ratio decreased slowly to 3.1 at the highest concentration. Similarly, the molar ratio of hp-β-CD to DMFeCp2 was 3.7 at the lowest concentration and 2.7 at the highest concentration. Therefore it was possible to prepare solutions of FeCp2 or DMFeCp2 as high as 100 mM. Electrochemical Preparation of FeCp2 + and DMFeCp2 +. During the time course of oxidation, the current decreased and the solution turned from yellow to green and finally to dark blue. The development of the blue color was monitored at the absorption maximum for FeCp2 + at 620 nm or DMFeCp2 + at 650 nM (FIG. 2 A, B). After about 12-16 h, the absorbance reached a plateau while the current continued to decrease For the preparation of FeCp2 +, if the reaction was allowed to proceed further, an absorbance decrease was then noted, indicating the breakdown of the oxidized product. The DMFeCp2 was more stable and did not show the same phenomenon until another 6-8 h had passed. The FeCp2 + preparation, if terminated in time, still began to degrade after 2-3 days if left in the concentrated form although it was more stable in diluted form (4 months). On the contrary, the concentrated DMFeCp2 + was stable for at least 4 months when stored at 4� C. This makes the dimethylferrocene the preferred substrate for the purpose of the invention. It was also noted that the DMFeCp2 -hp-β-CD complex stored at room temperature began to turn green, indicating a preference toward the oxidized state. As also reported, 15 the redox potential of DMFeCp2 is lowest (100 mV) among several known ferrocene-related compounds and this may contribute to the stability of DMFeCp2 + in comparison to FeCp2 +. Both forms of ferricinium were insensitive to pH variation from 2-11. This characteristic is of advantage since the assay can be performed regardless of some fluctuation in pH and is applicable for a variety of oxidases with different pH optima. Due to the instability of the concentrated FeCp2 +, further studies focused on the electrochemically produced DMFeCp2 +. Chemical Oxidation of FeCp2 + and DMFeCp2 + by Ceric Sulfate or Iodine/KI Both FeCp2 and DMFeCp2 were oxidized by ceric sulfate or iodine/KI to FeCp2 H+, (ferrocenonium) and DMFeCp2 H+ (1,1'-dimethylferrocenonium), respectively. The reaction was almost instantaneous and the spectra of these two cation species were identical to those of ferricinium and 1,1'-dimethylferricinium. However, the resulting products were not stable against changes in pH and often precipitation occurred with time. Such results were not completely unexpected since in strong acid media ferrocene was reported to undergo extensive protonation on the metal atom. Enzymatic Oxidation with Bilirubin Oxidase. Bilirubin oxidase, a commercially available copper-containing enzyme isolated from Myrothecium verrucaria, was unexpectedly found to oxidize a yellow 1,1'-dimethylferrocene-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex to a stable blue dye, 1,1'-dimethylferricinium at pH 5-7. So far, bilirubin oxidase has only been reported to oxidize bilirubin, a tetrapyrrole, to produce biliverdin and hydrogen peroxide. During the oxidation process, there was a noticeable increase in pH as a result of the consumption of both H+ and oxygen and the molar ratio between 1,1'-dimethylferrocene and oxygen was established as 4:1. The enzyme was covalently immobilized onto either aminopropyl or arylamine glass beads to form an immobilized enzyme reactor which could be used for the repeated preparation of the blue dye. For bilirubin oxidase immobilized onto the aminopropyl beads, the reaction was much more efficient and completed within 60-90 min corresponding to a conversion yield of 84%. The blue dye was reduced instantaneously by ascorbic acid or uric acid to its original form and its spectrum was insensitive to a wide pH variation from 2 to 11. Application of the blue dye as a colorimetric assay reagent for glucose using glucose oxidase, hypoxanthine using xanthine oxidase, and lactate using lactate oxidase was successfully demonstrated and is described herein. Kinetic studies revealed that the Michaelis-Menten constant for the blue dye with respect to glucose oxidase was noticeably higher than that of lactate oxidase or xanthine oxidase. Details of the laboratory procedures are given below. Materials: Bilirubin oxidase (EC 18.104.22.168, from Myrothecium verrucaria), glutaraldehyde, aminopropyl (pore size 70 nm, 80-120 mesh) and arylamine (pore size 7.5-10 nm, 200-400 mesh) glass beads were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Xanthine oxidase (EC 220.127.116.11) was obtained from Boehringer Mannheim (Germany). Dissolution of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene in hp-β-CD: Solutions of hp-β-CD were prepared in 200 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) to a concentration of 250mM. DMFeCp2 added in excess was solubilized in hp-β-CD by constant stirring for 3 h at room temperature, followed by centrifugation to remove the remaining undissolved materials. The concentration at maximum solubility was determined spectrophotometrically (Beckman DU 640) using the absorption coefficient of 100 cm-1 M-1 for DMFeCp2 at 435 nm. Preparation of 1,1'-dimethylferricinium by soluble enzyme: Initial experiments were conducted by diluting the DMFeCp2 stock solution (ca. 85 mM) in phosphate buffer to a final concentration of 0.75 mM. The enzymatic oxidation of DMFeCp2 to 1,1'-dimethylferricinium by bilirubin oxidase (0.005 unit) was monitored at 650 nm. The effect of the concentration of phosphate, hp-β-CD, oxygen, bilirubin oxidase and the pH on the rate of enzymatic oxidation was investigated. The Michaelis constant Km of DMFeCp2 was also calculated at fixed concentrations of hp-β-CD. A stock solution of DMFeCp2 (40 ml, 85 mM, in 200 mM phosphate, 250mM hp-β-CD pH 5.8) was then oxidized using 6.5 units of the soluble bilirubin oxidase. Pure oxygen was continuously bubbled to the reaction (0.09 l/min) and the formation of the blue dye was monitored spectrophotometrically at 650 nm. After completion of the reaction the enzyme was destroyed by lowering the pH to 2.5 since bilirubin oxidase was denatured at this acidic condition. Immobilization of bilirubin oxidase: The aminopropyl glass beads (500 mg) were washed with phosphate buffer saline PBS (9 g/l sodium chloride, 20 mM phosphate, pH 7) and then activated by reacting with glutaraldehyde (3 ml, 2.5% w/v) in PBS for 2-3 h at room temperature (20�-24� C.). The orangish-pink beads were washed extensively to remove excess glutaraldehyde. Bilirubin oxidase solution (50 units, 1.6 mg protein) in 20 mM phosphate (pH 7) was mixed with the activated glass beads in a capped tube and slowly rotated overnight at 4� C. The resulting beads were rinsed with 200 mM phosphate (pH 6.5) to remove unbound enzyme, and stored at 4� C. The arylamine glass beads (500 mg) were washed with PBS followed by a 1M HCl solution. The beads in 20 ml of 1M HCl were activated to the diazo form by the slow addition of 20 ml of 0.5M sodium nitrite solution at 0�-4� C. for 45 min. The beads were rinsed with cold 0.1M HCl followed by 0.2M sodium bicarbonate (pH 8). The resulting reddish-brown beads were mixed with the bilirubin oxidase solution (as above) overnight at 4� C. After rinsing with 200 mM phosphate (pH 6.5) the immobilized enzyme beads were stored at 4� C. Detailed information of these two immobilization procedures can be found in Male et al, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 38, 189-201, 1993. Determination of metabolites: 1,1'-dimethylferricinium (ca. 6.5-7.5 mM, diluted ten-fold from the stock solution) was used with various oxidases to determine the concentration of their corresponding metabolites in a final volume of 500 μl . Metabolite stock solutions were verified by conventional enzyme assay techniques. Lactate in 100 mM maleate buffer (pH 6.5) and phenylalanine in 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) were determined in conjunction with the dye using lactate oxidase (1 IU, 10 min) and L-amino acid oxidase (0.31 IU, 60 min). Hypoxanthine in 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) or 250 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.2) was monitored by reaction with xanthine oxidase (0.10 IU, 30 min). In this particular case, the influence of pH was important since uric acid, a product of this enzymatic reaction, is reported to reduce DMFeCp2 + instantaneously at pH above 8; whereas reduction did not occur at pH below 6. β-D-glucose in 250 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.2) was determined using the dye and glucose oxidase (10 IU, 30 min). Oxidation of DMFeCp2 by soluble bilirubin oxidase When soluble bilirubin oxidase (0.02 IU) was added to a dilute solution of DMFeCp2 (0.75 mM) the solution turned from yellow to green and finally blue, an indication of 1,1'-dimethylferricinium formation. The development of the blue color was monitored at the absorption maximum for DMFeCp2 + at 650 nm. The oxidation of DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 + by bilirubin oxidase was not affected by phosphate buffer up to 200 mM. The effect of bilirubin oxidase concentration on the rate of oxidation of DMFeCp2 (1.5 mM) was monitored and a linear relationship was obtained up to 0.02 units, with a slope of 3.8 OD650nm /min/unit (5.8 μmol/min/unit). As shown in FIG. 7, bilirubin oxidase exhibited a broad pH optimum (5-7) with respect to DMFeCp2. However, the ability of bilirubin oxidase to oxidize DMFeCp2 was adversely affected at pH above 7.5. It is worth noting 25 that bilirubin oxidase was reported to have a maximum activity at pH 8 with respect to its ability to oxidize bilirubin (tetrapyrrole) to biliverdin and hydrogen peroxide (Murao, S. & Tanaka, N. Agri. Biol. Chem. (1981) 45, 2383-2384). At fixed concentrations of DMFeCp2, an increase in the concentration of hp-β-CD decreased the rate of oxidation of DMFeCp2 and such an effect became more pronounced at low levels of DMFeCp2 (FIG. 8). As the concentration of hp-β-CD increased from 1.5 to 5 to 25 mM, the Km for DMFeCp2 also increased from 0.53 to 1.43 to 3.21 mM. The oxygen effect on the oxidation of DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 + by bilirubin oxidase is clearly illustrated in FIG. 9. Under limiting oxygen, the maximum absorbance increase at 650 nm was only 0.40, corresponding to 1.20 mM DMFeCp2 + produced. Since the level of ambient dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution is about 0.25-0.35 mM, the molar ratio of the reaction between DMFeCp2 and O2 was estimated to be 4:1. The stoichiometry was confirmed by a single pass of air through the reaction mixture which doubled the value of the absorbance measured (0.8). Bilirubin oxidase is reported to be inactive in the absence of oxygen and the enzyme contains no NAD, NADP, FAD, or FMN. When air was constantly bubbled through the solution, a straight line resulted with a slope of 0.28 OD/mMDMFeCp2, indicating that the conversion of DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 + was about 84%. For complete conversion, the slope must be 0.333 OD/mM which reflects the absorption coefficient of the blue dye. Performing the oxidation of DMFeCp2 (85 mM, 40 ml) to DMFeCp2 + using 6.5 units of bilirubin oxidase with constant oxygen bubbling, the reaction proceeded to 85% completion in about 2 h (3.7 μmol/min/unit) with a concomitant pH increase from 5.7 to 6.7. Such a pH change was not totally unexpected since the oxidation of DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 + will consume both oxygen and H+ and the stoichiometry should be similar to that described for the oxidation of iron (II) to iron (III) by ceruloplasmin: 4 Ferrocene (Fe2+)+O2 +4H+ →4 Ferricinium (Fe3+)+2H2 O This reaction was validated by the 4:1 molar ratio between DMFeCp2 and O2 obtained earlier and partly by the fact that bilirubin oxidase could not oxidize DMFeCp2 efficiently at alkaline pH conditions. The final product containing both DMFeCp2 + (85%) and DMFeCp2 (15%) in the presence of the enzyme was not stable after the completion of the reaction. If left for an extra hour at room temperature, about 10% of the blue dye was lost as confirmed by an absorbance decrease at 650 nm. The reason was not understood, however, one may expect that ferricinium could be further oxidized by the enzyme to form Fe(OH)3, particularly under alkaline conditions. The enzyme was destroyed by lowering the pH to 2.5 and after 2 min incubation, the pH was readjusted to 6.8. In this case, the product remained stable for 2 months when stored at 4� C., implying complete enzyme denaturation. It should be noted that the absorption characteristics of the blue dye were not affected by a pH variation from 2.5 to 11. At this point, it is important to stress that besides bilirubin oxidase, various copper-containing enzymes including ceruloplasmin were tested for their ability to oxidize DMFeCp2. Only bilirubin oxidase and ceruloplasmin exhibited significant oxidation activity toward DMFeCp2 with respect to the conversion yield and the reaction time. However, the former enzyme was selected in view of the cost, its wide pH optimum as well as the capability to be immobilized onto the aminopropyl or arylamine glass beads. An attempt to immobilize ceruloplasmin onto such glass beads was not successful since the resulting beads exhibited a minimal activity compared to that of bilirubin oxidase. Oxidation of DMFeCp2 by immobilized bilirubin oxidase Bilirubin oxidase was efficiently immobilized onto either aminopropyl or arylamine glass beads since no bilirubin oxidase activity or protein was detected in the supernatant after overnight stirring with the activated beads. The bilirubin oxidase immobilized onto the aminopropyl glass beads was then used to oxidize DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 +. As shown in FIG. 10, the oxidation was completed in 60-90 min, during which time the pH increased from 5.7 to 6.7 due to the release of OH- (or H+ consumption) as described previously. The conversion yield was determined to be 84�2% (n=7) and since the residual amount of DMFeCp2 was 15% there was no loss of starting material, and equilibrium was reached. Over the course of one week, the beads were used to oxidize DMFeCp2 (85 mM, 40 ml) seven times without any noticeable decrease in the efficiency. In these experiments, about 84% conversion yield was always achieved in 60-90 min. By comparison, the electrochemical oxidation of DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 + was found to require 12-16 hours and the rate of conversion was only 76% Bilirubin oxidase immobilized on arylamine beads also oxidized DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 + with a conversion yield of 84%. Similarly, the pH increased from 5.7 to 6.7 and the arylamine beads were also able to oxidize DMFeCp2 to DMFeCp2 + seven times without any decrease in their efficiency. However, the reaction time was noticeably longer at 3-4 h. In view of the capacity for the oxidation of DMFeCp2, bilirubin oxidase immobilized on arylamine beads was much less efficient. However, it is worth noting that bilirubin oxidase was immobilized onto the aminopropyl glass beads via the amino groups whereas, in the case of arylamine beads, the azo linkage was formed via the tyrosine groups of the enzyme. The slower response with the arylamine beads may imply that the tyrosine groups are close to the binding sites of the bilirubin oxidase for DMFeCp2. Besides DMFeCp2, soluble bilirubin oxidase would also oxidize ferrocene (FeCp2) to ferricinium, but the oxidation of the substrate was much less efficient. At low concentrations of ferrocene, the conversion yield was estimated to be 85% using the absorption coefficient for FeCp2 + at 620 nm (425 cm-1 M-1). However, at a high ferrocene concentration (85 mM), the conversion yield was only 38%, but surprisingly the product was stable for 2 months when stored at 4� C. As indicated hereinabove, concentrated ferricinium prepared by electrochemical oxidation was stable for only 2 days. Characteristics of DMFeCp2 + produced by immobilized bilirubin oxidase Similarly to the DMFeCp2 + produced electrochemically, the absorption characteristics of dimethylferricinium produced by immobilized bilirubin oxidase were insensitive to pH variation from 2 to 11. This is advantageous since assays can be performed for a variety of oxidases with different pH optima. The dye in the concentrated form was stable upon storage at 4� C. for at least 2 months without any loss of its absorbency. As well, the dye exhibited a calibration linearity up to 9 mM (OD650nm =3.0) when using plastic cuvettes (1 cm Sarstadt). Effect of Reducing Agents on the DMFeCp2 +. Ascorbic acid reduced the dye instantly over a wide pH range of 5-9. Uric acid only reduced the DMFeCp2 + rapidly at alkaline pH (>8). At neutral pH, the rate of reduction was very slow and below pH 6, uric acid exhibited no reducing capability. Similarly, sulfite was able to reduce the dye rapidly at pH above 8. However, at pH 7 and 5.2, the slower rate of reduction of the dye should be taken into account if sulfite is used for oxygen removal as discussed later. As shown in FIG. 3, the average slope of the three lines at 95% confidence interval (0.653�0.017 OD650nm /mM) results in an absorption coefficient of 326�8.5 cm-1 M-1 for the DMFeCp2 +. From the absorption coefficient obtained, the concentration of the stock DMFeCp2 + was determined to be 68 mM, corresponding to 76% conversion of the starting DMFeCp2 /hp-β-CD complex. In comparison, the conversion of FeCp2 to FeCp2 + was 56% with a final concentration of 45 mM ferricinium. The absorption coefficient obtained for FeCp2 + was 425 cm-1 M-1 which agreed favorably with the value reported by other workers. Response of DMFeCp2 + to Various Metabolites. DMFeCp2 + had a calibration linearity up to 9 mM (OD650 =3.0) when using plastic cuvettes (1 cm Sarstedt). However, the linearity was limited to about 5 mM (OD650 =1.7) with other cuvettes such as quartz or glass. The DMFeCp2 + dye was investigated with various concentrations of glucose and the reduction was initiated by adding glucose oxidase. The response to glucose was nonlinear rather than a straight line with the anticipated slope of 0.65 OD/mM. Such a result would not be totally unexpected since there was a competition for the reduced enzyme between the DMFeCp2 + mediator and oxygen (FIG. 4). Oxygen (normally 0.2-0.3 nM) in the buffer or glucose containing samples, could be removed by nitrogen bubbling or by adding excess sodium sulfite (0.4 mM) for 5-10 min. Since the glucose oxidase reaction was carried out at pH 5.2, when sulfite was added to remove oxygen 10 min was allowed for a complete reaction between the residual sulfite and the dye ( 50 μL) before enzyme was added. As expected, the reduction of the dye before enzyme addition was equivalent to 0.1-0.2 mM and the removal of oxygen by either nitrogen bubbling or the sulfite method resulted in a straight line for glucose calibration with a slope of 0.671 OD/mM (FIG. 4). Similar to glucose measurement, for the assay of glutamate by glutamate oxidase, the removal of oxygen was necessary to generate a linear relationship. The residual sulfite was expected to react instantly with the dye since the assay was performed at pH 7.8. The slope of the calibration was 0.649�0.019 OD/mM (figure not shown, 95% confidence interval, n=10, R2 =0.998) Although in both cases the mediator concentration was in excess compared to oxygen (6.8 mM vs 0.2-0.3 mM) the competition could still arise if the Km of the oxygen for the reactions is much lower than that of the mediator. Using lactate oxidase and amino acid oxidase, lactate and phenylalanine monitored with DMFeCp2 + resulted in slopes of 0.663�0.003 and 0.652␣ 0.005 OD/mM (95% confidence interval, n=10, R2 =0.999 for both), respectively. In both cases the removal of oxygen did not alter the results indicating that there was no competition between oxygen and the mediator dye for the reduced enzyme concerned. For xanthine and hypoxanthine the reaction was first conducted at pH 5.2. There are two oxidation steps from hypoxanthine to uric acid in the presence of xanthine oxidase and only one oxidation step from xanthine to uric acid. It should be noted that each reduced enzyme will require two ferricinium ions. As expected, the results indicated two reducing equivalents (slope=0.658 OD/mM) for xanthine and four reducing equivalents (slope=1.323 OD/mM) for hypoxanthine (FIG. 5) since the uric acid produced could not reduce the DMFeCp2 + at this pH. However, when the pH was raised to 9 the results of FIG. 5 indicated six reducing equivalents for xanthine (slope=1.95 OD/mM) and eight reducing equivalents for hypoxanthine (slope=2.555 OD/mM). Results indicated that at this pH, the uric acid produced from the xanthine oxidase was further oxidized by the crude enzyme source and reduced the DMFeCp2 + by four reducing equivalents. Where uric acid was allowed first to react completely with the DMFeCp2 + before adding xanthine oxidase, no further reduction of the mediator was noted (only two reducing equivalents). Adding uric acid and the enzyme simultaneously resulted in four reducing equivalents which implies that the oxidation process for uric acid was somewhat different in the two cases. It was thought that allantoin, one of the known products of uric acid oxidation, may interact with the dye to produce two reducing equivalents. Experimental data, however, revealed that at this pH the DMFeCp2 + dye did not react with allantoin alone or a mixture of enzyme and allantoin. Due to these additional reducing equivalents the sensitivity of the dye system for detecting hypoxanthine was four-fold greater than any of the other metabolites tested. Measurement of Metabolites in Samples The new DMFeCp2 + dye accurately estimated the values of all five metabolite tested in real samples and the results compared favorably with the conventional enzyme assay techniques (Table 1). The average error determined at 95% confidence interval was 4.89�1.97%. Urinary glucose could be measured at pH 5.2, since the large contaminating levels of uric acid had no interfering effects at this pH. Before the addition of glucose oxidase, the dye was reduced more than the level expected from the excess sulfite used for oxygen removal. This could have been caused by ascorbic acid, which can reach levels as high as 0.2 mM, or some other reducing agents in the urine. However, the level of interference at pH 5.2 was quite low indicating that urine could be examined using DMFeCp2 + for other metabolites which could be linked to oxidase enzymes. When the assay was attempted at pH 7.8 the dye was completely reduced due to the presence of uric acid which can reach levels from 4-10 mM. Good correlation without interference was also observed between the dye technique and the reference hexokinase procedure for glucose levels in food products. Glutamate was measured accurately in food samples as well as human blood plasma. Before addition of the glutamate oxidase there was no significant interference noticed at pH 7.8 between the blood plasma and the DMFeCp2 +. This leads to the possibility of monitoring other metabolites in the blood such as glucose, lactate and pyruvate which can be linked to oxidases and mediated by DMFeCp2 +. The present high cost of glutamate oxidase makes the assay of glutamate using the dye less attractive. Lactate, an important index of freshness and hygienic quality, was determined very precisely in a variety of dairy products. A yogurt sample was monitored over one week and as expected the level of lactate had increased. The human blood plasma sample tested had a lactate level of 1.4 mM, close to the normal resting levels of lactate found in venous blood (0.5-1.3 mM). High levels of lactate in the blood have been associated with many pathological symptoms such as heart disease, diabetes, coma, asphyxia, and pneumonia. Among several enzymes tested, lactate oxidase appeared to be one of the most promising candidates to use with DMFeCp2 +. The enzyme amount required was low (1 unit), the assay time was fast (10 min) and the oxygen removal was not required. Aspartame levels were measured accurately in diet soft drinks as an example for phenylalanine measurement using amino acid oxidase. Aspartame samples are very low in contaminating amino acids so that no interferences were noticed even though amino acid oxidase is not a very specific enzyme. The level of hypoxanthine in fish tissue was precisely monitored using the DMFeCp2 +. As expected, the level of hypoxanthine, an indicator of fish freshness, increased as time progressed at 4� C. and the degradation was much faster at room temperature. Determination of Oxidase Activities The five enzymes monitored at saturating concentrations of their substrates resulted in linear relationships between ΔOD650 /min and number of enzyme units. Oxygen was not removed by sulfite in the assays for glucose and glutamate as no increase in rate was observed. The slope of the lines in ΔOD/min/unit vary due to the differences in the definition of the unit by the manufacturers for each enzyme. In addition, the assay conditions specified by the manufacturer with respect to pH and temperature are not necessarily the same conditions used for the DMFeCp2 + assay. Also, the unit definitions of the manufacturers are using oxygen as the co-substrate of the metabolites rather than DMFeCp2 +. However, from the slopes of these lines a correlation could be made between an unknown source of an oxidase being purified and the conventional definition given for the same commercially available enzyme. The slope values obtained for xanthine oxidase with xanthine and hypoxanthine were close to the predicted ratio of 3 to 4 based on the reducing equivalents (FIG. 6). Another alternative would be to define the unit for any particular oxidase activity based simply on the dye assay itself; such that one unit of enzyme activity corresponds to the reduction of 1 μmole of DMFeCp2 + to DMFeCp2 per min at 25� C. In brief, the new assay technique has proven to be very useful in monitoring the activity of various oxidases under saturated substrate condition. Therefore, it may serve as a new methodology for screening, isolation the purification of these enzymes. Alternatively, together with oxidases the new dye could be applicable for determination of several important target analytes. Although the absorption coefficient of the new dye is considerably lower than that of the NAD-NADH system, the advantages of this new dye are two-fold: (i) the new dye should be more applicable to various colored samples since the absorbance can be followed at 620-650 nm vs 340 nm for the NAD-NADH system and (ii) it requires no other expensive coupling enzymes and reagents. It should be appreciated that the present authors are not in a position to define the structure of the (blue) redox dye of the present invention; it is not known whether its relationship to the cyclodextrin "host" is different or identical as in the intermediate inclusion complex. For this reason, the dye is claimed as a "product-by-process". TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Metabolite Concentration in Samples Determined by DMFeCp2 +Dye Conventional DMFeCp2 + Enzymatic Assay1 Assay.sup. %Metabolite Sample source (mM) (mM) Difference__________________________________________________________________________β-D-Glucose Orange Juice 59 (2.3) 62 (0.58) -4.84 Lemon Juice 16 (1.58) 18 (0.23) -11.11 Welchs Grape 240 (6.9) 250 (6.5) -4 Juice 1.3 (0.058) 1.1 (0.017) +18.18 Urine #1 0.39 (0.043) 0.38 (0.032) +2.63 Urine #2Glutamate Soya Sauce 80 (1.2) 83 (1.7) -3.61 Onion Soup Mix 34 mg/g (0.58) 35 mg/g/ (1.2) -2.86 Human blood 0.24 (.012) 0.27 (0.006) -11.11 plasmaLactate Human Blood 1.42 (0.046) 1.49 (0.046) -4.7 Plasma 83 (0.58) 84 (3.5) -.1.19 Buttermilk 84 μmol/g (0.58) 86 μmol/g (4.6) -2.32 Sour cream 73 μmol/g (0.58) 74 μmol/g (0.58) -1.35 Yogurt #1 94 μmol/g (1.2) 92 μmol/g (1.2) +2.17 Yogurt #2 (1 wk later)Phenylalanine Sprite 1.72 (0.0073) 1.67* +2.994 Coke 1.87 (0.046) 1.77* +5.65 7-Up 1.69 (0.017) 1.67* +1.2 Minute Maid 1.85 (0.0058) 2.04* -9.31Hypoxanthine Trout 2.2 μmol/g (0.04) 2.2 μmol/g (0.0006) 0 Trout 1d 0� C. 2.1 μmol/g (0.075) 2.4 μmol/g (0.13) -12.5 Trout 6d 0� C. 4.8 μmol/g (0.058) 4.7 μmol/g (0.006) +2.13 Trout 13d 0� C. 5.8 μmol/g (0.15) 5.6 μmol/g (0.15) +3.57 Trout 1d 25� C. 4.0 μmol/g (0.095) 3.8 μmol/g (0.12) +5.26 Trout 2d 25� C. 4.5 μmol/g (0.02) 4.5 μmol/g (0.064) 0Average error (95%confidence interval):4.89 � 1.97__________________________________________________________________________ 1 average of 4 repeated measurements; the value in bracket represent the standard error of the mean (standard deviation over the square root o the sample size) *specified by the manufacturers Patent Citations
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381 results for "mike shanahan"
Raiders interview Mike Shanahan
Bill WilliamsonMonday produced plenty of news and intrigue as the Oakland Raiders continue to look for a head coach. ESPN's Adam Schefter confirmed that Oakland owner Mark Davis interviewed Super Bowl-winning coach Mike Shanahan. Schefter reported that Oakland g...
Blog | January 05, 2015 -
Mike Shanahan is 19th on all-time coach list
Bill WilliamsonFormer Denver coach Mike Shanahan is No. 19 on ESPN's list of top 20 NFL coaches of all time. Shanahan coached the Broncos from 1995-2008, leading them to the back-to-back Super Bowl titles in 1997 and '98. He is now the coach of the Washington Re...
Blog | May 24, 2013 -
What is A.J. Smith's future?
Bill WilliamsonA.J. Smith could have stayed in the AFC West. But apparently, the former San Diego general manager is moving East. U-T San Diego is reporting that Smith, fired by the Chargers at the end of the season, is expected to join Washington's scouting dep...
Blog | February 25, 2013 -
Will Peyton Hillis stay in AFC West?
Bill WilliamsonAll four AFC West teams will have interest in a running back in some form. It is not a strong free agency class. One player who could attract some interest is Peyton Hillis. Hillis was not effective in Kansas City last season. He had just 309 yard...
Blog | February 15, 2013 -
Broncos add Swinton as assistant coach
Bill WilliamsonThe Denver Broncos replaced a longtime employee with a promising young coach. The Broncos announced Wednesday morning that they hired Derius Swinton as assistant special-teams coach. He replaces Keith Burns, who was hired as Washington's special-t...
Blog | February 13, 2013 -
Reviewing Monday's game film
Bill WilliamsonHere are some developments that occurred in the AFC West on Monday while I was away: I found it mildly intriguing that the Chiefs signed receiver Mardy Gilyard. A good college player, Gilyard hasn't done much in the NFL. But he was with Andy Reid ...
Blog | February 12, 2013 -
Andy Reid brings instant credibility
Bill WilliamsonOn Monday, hours after firing yet another unsuccessful head coach, Clark Hunt reached out to season-ticket holders of the Kansas City Chiefs with a personalized email. In it, Hunt expressed his sorrow and embarrassment over what has become of the ...
Blog | January 04, 2013 -
Will Raiders find a happy running zone?
Bill WilliamsonThe zone-blocking scheme is under scrutiny in the Raider Nation. The running attack made famous by the late 1990s Super Bowl-winning Denver Broncos teams has been the cause of angst for many Oakland Raiders fans this season, and has put Oakland of...
Blog | September 28, 2012 -
Denver intelligence report
Bill WilliamsonWe received our NFL team-by-team preview pages for every NFL team Thursday. In the next hour, I will post our AFC West intelligence in alphabetical order, starting new with Denver. Here is Denver's team page: Five things you need to know about ...
Blog | August 30, 2012 -
Denver can thank past for Prater's future
Bill WilliamsonThe Denver Broncos have secured clutch kicker Matt Prater for the next four years. This was the right move. Prater has one of the better legs in the NFL and he is a top weapon. As the Broncos celebrate keeping Prater, who they gave the franchise t...
Blog | July 02, 2012 -
AFC West notes
Bill WilliamsonNFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has let NFL teams know that the league is making process toward going to back Los Angeles, according to the Los Angeles Times. The Chargers and the Raiders are among the potential candidates to relocate to Los Angeles. ...
Blog | June 29, 2012 -
Will there be a Royal revival in San Diego?
Bill WilliamsonEddie Royal is trying to recharge his career in San Diego after an uneven four years in Denver. The Chargers signed the receiver/returner this offseason. He wasn't in Denver's plans. A second-round draft pick in 2008, Royal was a star in his rooki...
Blog | June 19, 2012 -
Manning staying at Casa Shanahan
Bill WilliamsonIn his first few weeks in Denver, Peyton Manning often joked that he lived at the Denver Broncos' facility as he tried to learn the team's system. Well, Manning has settled into town nicely. The Associated Press is reporting that Manning is stayin...
Blog | June 08, 2012 -
Rod Smith toiled his way to Ring of Fame
Bill WilliamsonThe 23rd member of the Denver Broncos' Ring of Fame is one of the most renowned hard workers in team history. Rod Smith went from an undrafted free agent to a two-time Super Bowl winner and leader of the franchise in Denver. It's no surprise Bronc...
Blog | May 17, 2012 -
No room for Brian Xanders in Denver
Bill WilliamsonThe three-man leadership structure is Denver is down to two. General manager Brian Xanders is no longer with the team. Denver leader John Elway and Xanders told the Denver Post that the team and Xanders have mutually parted ways. Elway told the...
Blog | May 07, 2012 -
Von Miller knocks RGIII
Bill WilliamsonDenver second-year linebacker Von Miller has joined in on the recent spate of criticism of Baylor quarterback Robert Griffin III. After Griffin defended himself about comments made by an unnamed scout that he was selfish, Pro Football Weekly print...
Blog | April 20, 2012

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Nice outdoors theme couch and love seat. I paid over 1600 for this set at the lifestyle refuge. Please contact if interested.
Tan couch and love seat. Both recline. Very comfortable. Could use a cleaning. $300.00. Located in Ohlman, 2178234059
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An arborist is responsible for trimming, hedging, and removing trees within their area of supervision. These duties are performed through the use of hand-powered tools, electric-powered tools, and (often) with their bare hands. Arborists should ideally have a natural "green thumb" and strive to keep trees active, healthy, and thriving. They also plant trees and perform general landscaping duties. They take part in designing park and other venue layouts with planted trees.
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Though lagging the field in terms of compensation — Asplundh Tree Expert Company offers the lowest median salary at $36K — pay within the company still varies considerably between $23K and $52K.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
For many Arborists, extensive experience does not lead to significantly more money. The average worker who claims fewer than five years of experience earns around $35K. In contrast, however, individuals who report five to 10 years in this occupation see a much larger median of $41K. People with 10 to 20 years of experience make an average of about $44K in this role. Individuals who report more than two decades of experience seem to make about the same as folks in the 10-to-20 year range.
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Tag Archive february
Vogue China February 2011 Cover | Gisele Bundchen by Patrick Demarchelier
Gisele Bundchen photographed by Patrick Demarchelier for Vogue China February 2011
Vogue Australia February 2011 Cover | Catherine McNeil by Max Doyle
Catherine McNeil photographed by Max Doyle for Vogue Australia (TFS)
Jacquelyn Jablonski by David Roemer | Deutsch February
Jacquelyn Jablonski is a sexy and mysterious vixen for her cover shoot of Deutsch's February issue. Photographed by David Roemer in wet and revealing looks, the American beauty shines in denim heavy ensembles styled by…
Colette Pechekhonova by Matthias Vriens | Elle UK Feb
Elle UK takes a look at the spring collections with Modernist vs. Warrior where photographer Matthias Vriens captures the trends of soft neutrals and powerful prints of Yves Saint Laurent, Balmain and Moschino . Styled…
Terre de Sienne | Kinée Diouf by Viviane Sassen
Stylist Belen Casadevall complements open blue sky with bright pieces in this month's Numéro France. Photographed by Viviane Sassen, the vibrant story pits model Kinée Diouf against nature in Terre de Sienne.
Harper's Bazaar | Cindy Crawford by Miguel Reveriego
It looks like this month's Harper's Bazaar is paying homage to supermodels. From the cover with Kate Moss to a layout featuring Shalom Harlow, February's issue is packed with supers. Now, Cindy Crawford can be…
Numéro #110 | Bianca Balti by Camilla Akrans
Even as a devout churchgoer, Bianca Balti manages to stay true to her seductive ways in Camilla Akrans' Faith. Published in this month's Numéro, Bianca leaves little to the imagination in revealing looks styled by…
Numéro February #110 | Karmen Pedaru by Liz Collins
Karmen Pedaru is queen of the wild for her latest editorial in Numéro #110. Photographed by Liz Collins, the model wears a wild mane of hair for La Lione. With help from stylist Charles Varenne,…


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Upcoming Events
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March Westchester Parent Coffee
- March 17
- 09:30 - 11:30
- The Home of Theresa Stagg
Save the Date!! The March Westchester Parent Coffee will be held on Tuesday, March 17th at the Home of Theresa Stagg at 9:30am Featuring: Rebecca Crespi, RN, MSN ,CPNP, CDE From: Children's Hospital at Montefiore Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Topic: Ask the Expert Here is a unique opportunity to ask a nurse practitioner and certified diabetes educator any question on T1D and your child! You can submit questions ahead of time or come with questions! Rebecca will touch on all…
Family Fun Night at Sound Tigers
- March 21
- 06:15 - 09:00
- Webster Bank Arena
Join us for Family Fun Night at the Bridgeport Sound Tigers vs. Providence Bruins Hockey Game on Saturday, March 21, 2015 We will gather at Mason's Bar inside Arena at 6:15 pm for a Meet & Greet with JDRF staff and volunteers. Come learn about JDRF and the resources we have to offer. Meet other people living with T1D, learn about local volunteer opportunities and upcoming chapter events. At 6:45 pm we'll head to our seats for faceoff at 7:00…
Kids Art Project for Black & White Gala
- March 22
- 01:00 - 03:00
- Greenwich Art Society
Mixed-media artist, Jessica Jane Lynch will lead the children in creating a one-of-a-kind dot art masterpiece! This project has become a fun tradition for kids with T1D and their siblings to get involved in the quest for a cure. The art project will be auctioned off to the highest bidder at the Annual Spring Gala on Saturday, April 25, 2015 Remember that this is an art project so it could get a little messy, please dress appropriately and leave the…
Hudson Valley Meet & Greet
- March 24
- 06:30 - 08:00
- Orange Regional Medical Center
ALL ARE WELCOME! Please join us for our March Meet & Greet Tuesday, March 24, 2015 – 6:30 – 8pm Hear about our exciting news and plans for the upcoming warm weather months. Learn about JDRF and the resources we have to offer. Connect with other people living with T1D. Learn about local volunteer opportunities. We will meet in the Outpatient Conference Room, 1st Floor, on the Main Campus. Stay warm! We look forward to seeing you in March! For…
Kids Art Project for Garden of Hope Gala
- April 8
- 07:00 - 08:30
- Vassar Brothers Medical Center
Our chapter children will be gathering together to create a one-of-a-kind quilt of flowers for the Garden of Hope Gala Join us on Wednesday, April 8 at 7:00 pm This project has become a fun tradition for kids with T1D and their siblings to get involved in the quest for a cure. The art project will be auctioned off to the highest bidder at the Garden of Hope Gala on Friday, May 15. Remember that this is an art project…
Black & White Gala
- April 25
- 06:00 - 10:00
- Hyatt Regency Greenwich
Saturday, April 25, 2015 The Greenwich Hyatt Regency, Greenwich, CT For more information go to the Gala page here or buy tickets by going here. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for additional information.
The 15th annual Jonathan P. Altman Golf Classic
- April 27
- 12:00 - 11:59
- Sleepy Hollow Country Club
JDRF 2015 Chapter Golf Outing Every year since 2000, when our good friend and mentor, Jon Altman, passed away from complications of diabetes, we have held a golf event in his honor for the benefit of JDRF. Thanks to generous commitments of our participants over the past fourteen years, we have been able to raise over $3 million to support the JDRF's mission to find a cure for type 1 diabetes. We are still at it! We are making a…
Artificial Pancreas Update with Dr. Stuart Weinzimer
- April 30
- 06:30 - 09:00
- Darien Library
Please join us for an Artificial Pancreas Update with Dr. Stuart Weinzimer from Yale Children's Diabetes Clinic Thursday, April 30, 2015, 6:30 pm at the Darien Library in the Community Room Dr. Weinzimer's presentation will focus on the latest research and current clinical trials for the Artificial Pancreas. Click here for Dr. Weinzimer's Bio Light refreshments will be served. Additional parking for the library is available at Nielsen's Florist and behind the medical building on Thorndal Circle. (Thorndal Circle is…
2015 Annual Meeting & Research Update
- June 1
- 07:00 - 09:00
- Greenwich Library
Please join us for the 2015 Annual Meeting & Research Update on Monday, June 1 at 7:00 pm at the Greenwich Library – Cole Auditorium The evening will feature the chapter annual review with volunteer recognition, a mission update given by Dr. Richard Insel, Chief Scientific Officer, JDRF, and annual board elections. Light refreshments will be served. Kindly RSVP by Friday, May 29 by contacting Joan Benz at 203-854-0658 or email@example.com Click here to read Dr. Insel's biography


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Letters on book censorship, Williams' CPA title, WSU best team, handicapped parking, quilts for veterans
Home & Garden Signs of spring about to bloom at Outdoor Living & Landscape Show Outdoor Living & Landscape Show to bring hope of spring next week at Century II.
Home & Garden Seniors, families should make time now to de-clutter I often hear people say they are dreading the task of going through their parents' house after their parents die because of all the stuff tucked in the attic, basement and garage.
Home & Garden Wichita Gardener's Almanac for Feb. 28 Wichita gardener's almanac: bluebirds in heated birdbath, propagating houseplants, rose talk
Local Symphony Showhouse postponed because of structural problems Structural problems force Symphony Showhouse 2015 to be postponed.
Home & Garden Wichita Gardener's Almanac for Feb. 21 Wichita Gardener's Almanac: peach-leaf control, pruning fruit trees, native-plant program
Home & Garden Dressers for small places: high, narrow and handsome Dressers, which are often the catch-all for socks, pajamas and off-duty garb such as jeans and T-shirts, are just as important as closets.
Home & Garden Turn photos on your phone into cool products You took the time to capture the pictures - so don't abandon them now. Move your photos off your phone and your computer and onto these cool products.
Voter Guide Get information on Wichita primary races and print out a ballot you can take to the polls.
Home & Garden Your Place: Finding the elusive fix to a leak Q: We own a home that is 13 years old. It has vinyl windows and an asphalt shingle roof.
Home & Garden On Gardening: Try this lily-turned-iris; George Washington did What can you do with a blackberry lily? The answer is, anything you want. All gardens are made better with the addition of this persevering heirloom iris. You thought I said blackberry lily, and now I am referring to it as iris. Yes, Virginia, it has always looked like an iris from the standpoint of foliage and recently its scientific name has been changed from Belamcanda chinensis to Iris domestica.
Home & Garden Living Smart: How to sell the unsellable house Do you think your house is unsellable due to its location? Highly rated real estate agents on Angie's List explain how to sell a house, even in the most undesirable spot.
Home & Garden Diggin' In: Ready, set, landscape Last year, Michael and Suzanne Naler won a landscape makeover for their backyard in Newport News, Va., courtesy of Landscapes by Eric Bailey of Yorktown, Va.
Home & Garden Discover the many amazing uses for salt Alas, the life of a DIY columnist never slows. The day after my in-depth expose on the myriad uses of distilled vinegar, my co-worker, Sarah, popped by my desk and dropped a bomb (figuratively speaking). "You know another one of those surprising kitchen ingredients that can do everything?" Pregnant pause. "Salt."
Home & Garden Design Recipes: Home staging: Should you rent furniture or shop your house? When it comes to home staging, it isn't about how much money you spend, but about creating the right atmosphere to entice buyers. The reality is most buyers need an emotional trigger, an internal reaction that prompts them to make an offer on a home. Essentially they need to fall in love with a property and picture themselves and their family in the space.
Home & Garden Home Fix: How to gain storage in a limited space Q: We live in a small home with very limited storage. We have a garage but can never get the car inside because of all the junk we have in there. We don't have the yard area for a storage barn. I have been told that storage in the attic ruins whatever is put up there. Is this true?
Home & Garden Ready for roses? These long-legged beauties can be a year-round spectacle Long-stemmed roses typically aren't delivered by the box or vase to Jean Hunner's Mission Viejo, Calif., home on Valentine's Day. If she's lucky, they have arrived a week earlier - straight from her front yard. Hunner grows hybrid tea roses, long-legged beauties that are among the most requested cut flowers at floral shops this time of the year. For hobbyists like her, growing hybrid tea roses is a year-round passion outdoors that yields blooms for decorating indoors.
Home & Garden One wanted a house, the other a condo: contemporary town house works for both After Sanjin Alajbegovic graduated from pharmacy school, he and his partner, Chris Thompson, started talking about life after renting.
Home & Garden Yardsmart: Mediterranean herbs, the ultimate drought solution Pungent aromas link plants from the world's driest regions. This is not the feminine floral essence, but a powerful scent often musky and acrid, carried in the rich oils that are shared by arid zone species. In lands of little rain and hot dry winds such as the Sirocco of northern Africa or the Santa Anas of Los Angeles, oils in the indigenous plants are key to their survival over a long dry season. These oils serve a purpose - to replace moisture lost from foliage and wood. Oil helps to keep cells from collapsing from dehydration, and the potent aromas discourage hungry wildlife that eats anything during drought.
Home & Garden Plumber: Upgrade your shower on a tight budget Q: Dear Ed, we recently moved into a new home. The bathroom is in good shape and has your standard-type tub and shower unit. We would like to do some type of upgrade to the tub/shower stall, but right now we're on a tight budget. What do you recommend we do for an affordable shower upgrade?
Home & Garden Ask Angie: What's the cost to convert a wood fireplace to gas? Dear Angie: How much can I expect to pay to have my wood fireplace converted to gas? Our house is about 30 years old. The bottom of the fireplace looks like it's easily accessed through the basement. The conversion would involve running 30 to 50 feet of gas line.
Home & Garden How to make growing pots from newsprint You can make your own growing pots for seedlings out of newspaper. This will help to get those veggies growing early. As an alternative to expensive peat pots or plastic containers, try this idea courtesy of the California Garden Clubs' Kids Growing Strong program. Some color inks contain metals that may harm foliage, so choose the black-and-white sections over the colorful inserts.
Home & Garden There's more to weeds than weeding, says Chapel Hill horticulturist CHAPEL HILL, N.C. - Any plant growing where it's not supposed to be might be called a weed, but there's more to it than that, as horticulturist Sally Heiney showed during a program at the N.C. Botanical Garden.


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(April 21, 2012: Westlake Village, CA 91362) The Alemany Warriors baseball team scored 6 runs and limited the host Westlake Warriors to 1 in the Warriors non-league victory on Saturday.
The Warriors (16-5) will now prepare for their match against Crespi (Encino, CA). The Celts go into the Mission match with a 8-11 record. In their last match, Crespi was overwhelmed by Mira Costa (Manhattan Beach, CA), 2-1, in a non-league match.
The Warriors (6-10) will now prepare for their challenge against Campbell Hall (North Hollywood, CA). The Vikings come into the non-league challenge with a 9-9 record. In their last challenge, Campbell Hall was overwhelmed by Crossroads (Santa Monica, CA), 7-6, in a league challenge.
Not a Member? Join MaxPreps now for free access to rankings for thousands of teams across all sports. IT'S FREE, IT'S FAST, IT'S EASY!


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New Year/Winter 2015
Class Schedule
starts Friday, January 2nd
9:00 - 10:30am Amy Jo All Levels
11:00 - 12:30pm Amy Jo Gentle
5:00 - 6:15pm Cathy Mindful Flow
7:00 - 8:15pm Jen Essentials
9:30 - 11:00am Adam Align & Unwind NEW!
12:00 - 12:45pm Lindsey Lunchtime Express NEW!
4:00 - 5:30pm Amy Jo Afternoon Pick-Me-Up
6:00 - 7:30pm Amy Jo Essentials
6:30 - 7:30am Sarah Rise & Shine
9:00 - 10:30am Jen Essentials
5:00 - 6:30pm Cathy All Levels
7:00 - 8:15pm Lindsey Gentle NEW!
9:30 - 11:00am Adam Align & Unwind NEW!
4:00 - 5:30pm Amy Jo Afternoon Pick-Me-Up
6:00 - 7:30pm Amy Jo Thursday Night Pick-Me-Up
9:00 - 10:30am Amy Jo Adventurous All Levels
11:00 - 12:30pm Amy Jo Gentle
9:00 - 10:30am Jen All Levels
11:00 - 12:15pm Jen Essentials
8:30 - 10:00am Cathy Deepening
10:15 - 11:45am Cathy Essentials with ball massage
12:30 - 1:45pm Sandi Kids' Yoga (ages 7-12)
4:00 - 5:15pm Lindsey Playful Practice
* NEW classes are being offered on a trial basis through March in order to gauge student interest.
Class Descriptions
Great for beginners & those who want to nourish a strong foundation in their practice. Emphasis on building strength, flexibility, stamina, and mindful attention to physical alignment in the poses.
Slower-paced Essentials class. Active poses to build strength, stamina and flexibility, resting poses and/or therapeutic ball massage to release muscles & relax deeply. Great for beginners or those recovering from injuries.
All Levels
Tailored to meet the needs of the students who attend, with modifications & variations given to support each student's practice. All levels are welcome!
Stronger class that refines basic asanas and introduces more challenging poses. Deeper integration of healthy alignment actions in all categories of poses.
Afternoon Pick-Me-Up
Poses to energize & relax, a short period of seated meditation, and a rejuvenating resting pose. You'll leave feeling brighter in your body & mind, ready to meet the rest of your evening. All levels welcome.
Thursday Night Pick-Me-Up
All Levels class designed to both energize & relax on what is often a tired night of week for many of us. Refreshing active poses to get your energy & body moving, then massaging ball work and/or calming breathing practices, meditation, and restorative poses to encourage deeper relaxation and better sleep.
Mindful Flow
Flowing postures with a focus on being present with breath and movement, concluded with guided meditation and relaxation. All levels welcome.
Adventurous All Levels
Playful, stronger all levels class. Tailored to meet the needs of the students who attend, with modifications & variations given to support each student's practice. All levels are welcome!
Align & Unwind NEW!
An all-levels workshop style format exploring anatomy and kinesiology as it applies to yoga practice. Classes are presented in a lecture, demonstration and practice format. Commonly practiced poses are deconstructed to engender understanding and confidence. Each class will end with a deeply supportive resting pose.
Lunchtime Express NEW!
A quick mid-day pick-me-up for all levels. From standing to seated poses, this class will give you space to decompress. Leave feeling invigorated and energized for the rest of your day.
Rise & Shine
Welcome yourself to your day with a sunrise all levels practice. Begin with your breath & then move
into sun salutations, hip-openers & backbends to create energy and clarity in your body and mind.
Playful Practice
Explore the idea of play in practice through active poses to foster joy in movement, along with quiet time to soak it all in. All levels welcome & encouraged, with variations provided to foster & support your own playful practice.
Kids' Yoga (ages 7-12)
In this class for ages 7-12, we'll explore how yoga helps us "tune in" to our bodies, thoughts and emotions. Through interactive games, breathing techniques, creative poses, visualizations, and mindfulness activities, children can build self-awareness, strength and confidence. We'll learn how to treat ourselves and others with compassion and find that inner power we all have that allows us to meet the challenges of life.
$20 for 2 weeks
of unlimited classes
Try us out & see which classes work best for you!
Check out our workshops/events page for monthly classes & special offerings!


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We created Pandora to put the Music Genome Project directly in your hands
It's a new kind of radio –
stations that play only music you like
Part Two
Features of This Track
jazz fusion elementsa trumpet solo
harmonica playing
bowed bass playing
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.
show moreSimilar Tracks
I wish Pandora could somehow run this as one track, the whole 69 minute piece. That would be something!


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Marijuana Blog
Ill. residents may apply for medical marijuana
Bubba OG - Indica
Bubba OG Kush is a must-have strain, but honestly if you haven't tried it yet you probably are living under a rock or on the East Coast - in which case it's not your fault. Bred by Breeder's Choice Organization, this potent indica-dominant strain will cause you to think about devouring your entire kitchen and then some. Bubba Kush has buds that are medium-sized and tight, dark-green buds. They are also completely infested with trichromes when grown as top-shelf bud.
Legalized Pot May Lead to Fewer Drug Overdoses
34,000 New Mexicans Suffering From Alzheimer's Denied Access To Medical Cannabis
Afghan Kush - Indica
Tons of dull orange hairs gives this indica a orangish brownish tint. Soft green color that is overpowered by the thick hairs. Afghan Kush smells like a mango orange farm with a hint of funk to it that is comparable to an old musty basement. Does not have the trademark Kush smell, but it does have its own unique odor and it works well for night time use. Provides an energetic burst of energy right off the bat. After a few minutes it provides a very relaxed focus feeling. Keeps you right on the edge of energetic and couch locked. Great for anxiety and relaxing.
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- Home
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3 Answers
Jose answered 6 years ago
Well the problem itself its that while I was driving it the oil pressure light flashes continously, I checked the oil pressure, and everithing about it and it's ok, but the light still flashing. Also but I really don't know if it has any relation with, it seems that the gas pump it's failing also because while I drive it and I press the accelerator it shakes a lot, seems like the gas is not flowing continously, but I really don't know if is the pump or if it has any relation with the flashing light. Maybe it could be only an electric failure, or a bad connection. Hope that the description help you to figure out what's my problem.
Jon answered 6 years ago
Hey fellow vdubber, I can steer you in the right direction if you give me some information on your vdub, which engine you have is it original and how many kms/miles, what type of oil and oil filter are you using. Get back to me when you can, this is a common problem in MK1 and MK2 vdubs. If you like you can e-mail direct at firstname.lastname@example.com I have owned alot of older vdubs for years and I know them well.
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text:
Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
Police declare area a crime scene
Body count of 15 expected to rise as officials prepare for legal actions
LAC-MÉGANTIC, Que. -- The official death toll in the Quebec train disaster has climbed to 15, with two more bodies pulled Tuesday from a scorched area police were calling a crime scene.
With about another 35 other people still missing, residents expect the grim news to continue.
Provincial police said they had 200 officers on the site performing a criminal investigation -- and because they were treating much of the downtown core as a crime scene, trespassers could be charged with obstructing justice.
"There is potential evidence there that could eventually lead to criminal charges being laid," said Insp. Michel Forget.
"I won't speculate on the elements we have recovered because they will be secret."
He said he doesn't believe terrorism is at play.
He also refused comment when asked whether the evidence related to any possible crimes was found at the scene of the derailment or further up the line.
Earlier on Tuesday, the Transportation Safety Board said it is performing its own investigation.
The TSB said Tuesday authorities were never alerted to the fact a runaway train was on its way to levelling part of the small Quebec town.
Rail dispatchers had no chance to intervene during the fateful 18-minute journey because they didn't know it was happening, TSB investigator Donald Ross told a news conference.
"There were no signals nor track circuits, so the rail-traffic controller had no -- and would have had no -- indication that there had been a runaway train," he said.
Such systems are in place on busier railways but not on secondary lines, said TSB manager Ed Belkaloul.
A clearer picture of the events leading up to the fatal derailment began to emerge Tuesday as board officials gave a bare-bones account of their investigation thus far.
But they stressed it's much too early to say who was responsible for the security of the train that rolled into Lac-Mégantic and exploded into flames.
"We want to know the answer to that question as well," Ross said.
"We need to do all of our interviews and talk to all of the people before we make sure we've got it right.
"It's very important to know exactly who did what. Who was there? What did they do? Until we've had a chance to interview everybody we need to talk to, we can't comment on that yet."
The finger-pointing has already begun, with untold financial stakes at play: There are already local rumours of potential lawsuits while various parties speculate about impending compensation.
The company that owns the train, Montreal, Maine & Atlantic, and fire officials in the nearby town of Nantes have blamed each other as investigators search for causes in the tragedy that has ravaged the close-knit community about 250 kilometres east of Montreal.
The fire chief in Nantes has offered an assessment different from the railway's about who might have been to blame in the hours leading up to the tragedy.
Edward Burkhardt, the president and CEO of MMA's parent company, Rail World, Inc., has suggested the fire crew didn't do enough -- and even suggested the decision to shut off the locomotive to put out a fire earlier in the night might have disabled the brakes.
The fire crew, however, says it was simply following procedures set out by the railway itself.
Burkhardt is set to visit Lac-Mégantic this week and will likely face tough questions and a fair degree of anger from residents.
He told the CBC in an interview the company has already changed some of its procedures -- such as switching crews around Lac-Mégantic and its older rail infrastructure.
He also suggested the decision to staff trains with one-man crews -- and leaving them unattended during breaks -- might have to change.
"I think we followed normal industry practice, but the question is -- is that normal industry practice adequate in today's circumstances, particularly when you're handling trains of flammable materials like oil?" Burkhardt told the network.
"I think there is going to be a number of changes in the rail industry overall as a result of what occurred here and I hope that we'll be at the forefront."
When asked whether the one-person policy had been a good idea, Burkhardt replied: "Is this correct? I'd put a real question mark on that one right now... I can tell you on MMA, we're not leaving any of these trains unattended from now on."
It remains to be seen how the disaster might affect the ongoing political debates in Canada and the United States about energy transportation and pipelines.
-- The Canadian Press
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition July 10, 2013 A7
Updated on Wednesday, July 10, 2013 at 9:35 AM CDT: adds video
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Favorite Holiday...
What is yours?
Posted on CafeMom Mobile
on Dec. 11, 2012 at 3:26 AM
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1-8 of 8 replies
on Dec. 11, 2012 at 9:20 AM
I love Christmas because of all the baking I get to do. Although since having kids I haven't been able to do as much :(
on Dec. 11, 2012 at 9:35 AM
Christmas for sure :) I love decorating, baking, being around family, and seeing my kids' excitement :)
on Dec. 12, 2012 at 10:34 AM
Halloween! I love Christmas and can't wait till next year when we are in the house for a while. Halloween is awesome because it's my youngest birthday and we get to do so much with him.
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Rochester Man Charged With Heroin Possession
Telephone Poles Severed After Drunk Driving Incident in Rochester
Chowder Festival Attracts Thousands To State Pier
Kasey Zip Lines At The Rochester Country Fair [VIDEO]
Suspect Charged in Freetown House Break
Woman Drives Car Into New Bedford Harbor
UPDATE: Two Possible Earthquakes Felt Throughout Southcoast
UPDATE 6:48 - There are now reports of two earthquakes striking the Southcoast within minutes of each other. The first quake is reported by the United States Geological Survey as a M2.4 earthquake, originating at 5:46pm 1.5 miles SSW of New Bedford.
The second quake is being reported by multipl


text:
As was replied by twoSubmitted by W. Maclay (not verified) on Fri, 04/27/2012 - 3:09pm.
As was replied by two others, GM is owned by the governement. Chrysler is largely owned by Fiat and we would have never nailed Bin Laden if then Senator Obama had his way. Now lay down before you hurt yourself. »
Reply |


text:
Apple Compatible Apple 60W MagSafe Power Adapter - UK Plug
This product should be fitted by a suitably qualified or competent person in accordance with any manufacturer's instructions.
Our Stock No: 2513245BS
Designed to be the ideal travelling companion, this Compatible Apple 60W MegaSafe Power Adapter is suitable for the Apple Macbook Pro 15" and 17" screens.
It features a magnetic DC connector - which ensures your power cable will disconnect if it experiences strain, and helps prevent any fraying or weakening of the cables over time. It also means that should you accidentally trip over the cable, you will avoid your Macbook Pro from falling. Also, this magnetic DC helps guide the plug into the system for a quick and secure connection.
When the connection is secure, an LED located at the head of the DC connector will light up, and an amber light will inform you that your portable is charging, while a green light tells you that you now have a full charge. An AC lead is provided with the adapter for maximum lead length, while the AC wall adapter (also provided) gives users an even easier and more compact way to travel!
This excellent adapter will recharge the lithium polymer battery whether the system is off, on, or in sleep mode. It also powers the system if you choose to operate without a battery!
In addition, this adapter offers a clever design that allows the DC cable to be wound neatly around itself for easy cable storage!
Please click on your brand below to check compatibility:
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