text:
Defiance (2009)
Critics Consensus: Professionally made but artistically uninspired, Ed Zwick's story of Jews surviving WWII in the Belarus forest lacks the emotional punch of the actual history.
Critics Consensus: Professionally made but artistically uninspired, Ed Zwick's story of Jews surviving WWII in the Belarus forest lacks the emotional punch of the actual history.
Movie Info
Based on an extraordinary true story, "Defiance" is an epic tale of family, honor, vengeance and salvation in World War II. The year is 1941 and the Jews of Eastern Europe are being massacred by the thousands. Managing to escape certain death, three brothers take refuge in the dense surrounding woods they have known since childhood. There they begin their desperate battle against the Nazis. The brothers turn a primitive struggle to survive into something far more consequential--a way to avenge … More
- Rating:
- R (for violence and language)
- Genre:
- Drama
- Directed By:
- Edward Zwick
- Written By:
- Clayton Frohman , Edward Zwick , Clay Frohman
- In Theaters:
- Jan 16, 2009 Wide
- On DVD:
- Jun 2, 2009
- Box Office:
- Runtime:
as Tuvia Bielski
as Zus Bielski
as Asael Bielski
as Lilka
as Shamon
as Shimon Haretz
as Ben Zion
as Malbin
as Tamara
as Riva
as Shulman
as Bella
as Peretz Shorshaty
as Viktor Panchenko
as Konstanty "Koscik" K...
as Aron Bielski
as Lazar
as Arkady Lubczanski
as Chaya Dziencielsky
as Jewish Elder
as German SS Scout
as Gramov
Related News & Features
RT on DVD: Defiance, Revolutionary Road, and Snakes on a Submarine
– Rotten Tomatoes -
Critics Consensus: Paul Blart: Mall Cop Isn't Arresting
– Rotten Tomatoes
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LoginCritic Reviews for Defiance
All Critics (186) | Top Critics (44) | Fresh (102) | Rotten (77) | DVD (15)
Zwick wants to tell timeless stories on a grand scale. I know that's not what people want anymore. I know it's not breathtaking. But it's not something many are doing now, and definitely not doing it this well.
Zwick does not deal in gratuitous grotesquery or far-fetched metaphor. "Operatic" and "surreal" are not in his vocabulary.
For all its pomp and ruminating, Defiance isn't really interested in drama. It really just wants to entertain us. But it's not any better at that.
Defiance is heavy-handed, but emotionally compelling, engaging and inspiring throughout.
Director Edward Zwick does a fine job presenting the challenges of reality without falling into nostalgia or easy Hollywood heroes.
succumbing to Hollywood cliches at the expense of historical truth
Un drama b�lico eficaz que rescata la heroicidad de los hermanos Bielski, protagonistas de un episodio poco conocido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
This is not an easy film to watch, as it describes the horrors of war with neither sympathetic nor maudlin touches.
In addition to blowing bunker-sized holes in the concept of Jewish timidity during the Holocaust, it's also a darn good bit of period storytelling.
Doesn't quite live up to its great story. But this well-made, solidly conventional movie will almost certainly send you scurrying to find out more about its little-known heroes.
Defiance is overly long and somewhat disjointed, dragging through an interminable second act that seriously impedes the film's flow and hurts the inspired performances.
The tone is desaturated gravity, the action is smudged, the Old Testament parables subtle as anvils
An engaging and inspirational story about the spirit of survival, bravery and brotherhood.
Good story, but loses its way dramatically long before the finish.
That Edward Zwick made such an honest film about the Bielski brothers is a wonderful gift, even if it is likely to be underappreciated by audiences.
A story that ought to be heartbreaking and ennobling...comes across as little more than ordinary.
Ao tentar romantizar um incidente memor�vel, Zwick transforma uma hist�ria poderosa em um �gua-com-a��car repleto de clich�s.
Schreiber and Craig make a well-matched pair of bulls. Schreiber's volatility is a nice foil to the taciturn intelligence that makes Craig such a great Bond.
Defiance isn't a bad film at all, it just isn't as good as it could have been.
It's handsome looking, performances are strong and it really is fascinating to see this overlooked story.
Audience Reviews for Defiance
Defiance is the true story of Jewish brothers Daniel Craig and Liev Schreiber who hid from the Nazis in the Belarussian forest and quickly found themselves with an entire community of fleeing refugees to protect. Edward Zwick has always been fond of telling stories about the triumph of the human spirit and has on occasion been guilty of over-egging the sentimental side of things to get his intended point across. Defiance is no exception, but thanks to some clever writing and a strong central performance by Daniel Craig, this film manages to pull itself back from the brink of schmaltz. When Craig mounted a white steed and gave a very Braveheart speech to his new subjects, I thought "Oh great...here we go again...", but soonafter when the people begin to starve, he promptly pulls out a Luger and puts a bullet in its head, almost as if to say "there's a time and a place for pomp and bluster, but this isn't it"! He shows the conflict between animal instinct and humanity quite nicely, sometimes showing compassion and yes, speech making, but at others dealing with the issues at hand with a ruthless efficiency. Craig and some handsome photography made this film for me and although it is guilty of emotional button pushing, sometimes those are the buttons you want to be pushed; especially when it comes to seeing at least one small victory against the greatest shower of evil bastards ever to walk the Earth...
MoreSuper Reviewer
With the exception of Asael Bielski, the memories of those living in the woods all those years are respected in this telling of their story. Asael Bielski went on to fight and die only a couple of years after the film finishes but his intentions are never made that clear in the film. There are always going to be inaccuracies in historical films but I think they got most of right, Zus Bielski is not always shown in a great light but their struggle and what they achieved is excellently told. Edward Zwick seems to have toned down his usual heavy handedness and for me it's a huge improvement.
MoreSuper Reviewer
I wanted to love this movie. The plot, the actors, the setting, all seemed to be the perfect setup for a gripping and dramatic film. Edward Zwick directed this movie and he tends to take sensitive topics and throw in blockbuster action scenes. It almost gave the movie an artificial feeling. Not only that, the follow-up to the ending was dreadfully simplistic with very weak character development. There is one scene noteworthy that really brings out Daniel Craig and Liev Schreiber's acting performance, other than that, this movie lacks.
MoreSuper Reviewer
If you were trying to find a way to bash this film you could say that it is about people running and hiding through the same kind of forest for two hours. That would not do the film any justice, of course, even if it is visually somewhat repetitive. The true story of three Belorussian brothers who take it into their own hands to safe as many Jews from the Nazi occupation as possible, by hiding in the woods. Especially the relationship between the reasonable leader Daniel Craig and hot-tempered Liev Schreiber makes the movie interesting even through a couple of slow passages. It also raises interesting questions about the nature of resistance and revenge in its different aspects. The action-packed showdown is really exciting, because those characters have grown on you by then. An enthralling and very entertaining unknown chapter of WW2 history.
MoreSuper Reviewer
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ST. JOHNSBURY — A Vermont couple charged in the killing of a popular St. Johnsbury teacher last year want new lawyers.
Allen and Patricia Prue have been charged in the death of 33-year-old Melissa Jenkins in March 2012. They are accused of luring Jenkins from her Danville home, beating and strangling her and dumping her body in the Connecticut River. They have pleaded not guilty.
The Prues will be tried separately and have different lawyers.
Patricia Prue has asked the state for a new court-appointed attorney to replace Marc Eagle, of Lamoille. Eagle filed a motion to withdraw as her attorney, citing "ethical and professional" reasons.
Allen Prue also has asked for a new lawyer.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER The Vermont House has advanced a wide-ranging bill that pushes utilities other than... Full StoryBRATTLEBORO The Vermont Yankee site vice president refused to answer questions Thursday night... Full StoryA federal judge who last year nullified the conviction and death sentence imposed on Donald Fell... Full Story -
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subset: commoncrawl


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THE WEEKLY STANDARD has confirmed that Paul Ryan will announce he does not intend to run for what will be an open Wisconsin Senate seat in 2012, with Herb Kohl's retirement. As House Budget chair, Ryan has his hands full, developing and promoting various efforts at "right-wing social engineering"—i.e., important and necessary conservative policy reforms—and defending them against timid politicians of all parties. So running for the Senate now would be a distraction, and in any case being a junior senator in 2013 wouldn't really be a step up.
The question Ryan may well have to face later this summer won't be about the Senate. It will be whether the GOP, the conservative movement, and the country need him to run for president.
Chris Cilizza reports that Wisconsin Democrat senator Herb Kohl plans to call it quits after 2012:
Wisconsin Sen. Herb Kohl will announce his retirement today according to an informed Democratic source, a decision that sets up a competitive open seat contest in a state that has already drawn considerable national attention this year.
Read more...
The Hill:
While President Barack Obama apparently regrets his 2006 vote against raising the debt ceiling, some of the other Democratic senators who joined him aren't as apologetic.
Type in your emailaddress to get started:
David Skinner stays young.
A Parody.
A Parody
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Handicapping the 2016 GOP field
Time to counter the Saudis with a tariff?
Show availability of Iran for al Qaeda training, plotting.
One unforced error after another.
Obama's deep game.


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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Big Dipper by Jethro Tull. Please check back for more Jethro Tull lyrics. |
Big Dipper LyricsArtist: Jethro TullAlbum: Too Old to Rock 'N' Roll: Too Young to Die!
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Check if there is new software available for your phone. Lumia Amber update brings support for compressed WAV files.
Nokia Lumia 920 - Why can I not play certain .wav audio files on Windows Phone 8?
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- What to check if I can't sign in or create the Microsoft account on my Lumia phone during the initial setup?
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We have heard so much about tax evasion by large corporations.
A simple way of instilling confidence would be for HMRC to authorise use of a logo on company stationery that tells people that tax has been paid. Maybe a pound sign with a tick superimposed.
Consumers might soon start to exercise preference.
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Staycation Dallas
- 22
- Follow
Everybody thinks we are going out of town for a week, but we're really staying home. My sweet husband said he would take me out for breakfast and dinner every day that week. If you were a tourist in Dallas, where would you go? I'm a darn good cook and we are open to anything. Thanks for any suggestions!
re: mommystar
Since no one has replied, I will give it a go. You will need a mix of types of food, a mix of area of town, and a mix of high- and low-end.
Breakfast possibilities:
Crossroads Diner
La Duni
Good 2 Go Tacos
Legal Grounds
Kozy KitchenDinner:
Neighborhood Services
Italian, either Lucia or Nonna
Something in Oak Cliff - Bolsa, Hattie's, Smoke
Asian, you pick; lots of experts on this board
Mex or Tex-Mex, you pick
Burgers or Pizza, you pick
At least one high-end place, somewhere that you have not been before; Mansion, Samar, Fearing's, Abacus, BijouxYou could also pick one day or night to go to Fort Worth -- Bonnell's, Lanny's, Lonesome Dove, Brownstone, Nonna Tata
I am happy for the resident experts to fill in my gaps. Hope you have fun and don't gain too much weight!
Neighborhood Services
5027 W Lovers Ln, Dallas, TXBolsa
614 W Davis St, Dallas, TXLa Duni Cafe
4620 McKinney Ave, Dallas, TX 75205Nonna Tata
1400 W Magnolia Ave, Fort Worth, TX 761040 -
re: mommystar
Rise in highland park (lunch or a more casual dinner). For nicer dinner places: Nana, Abacus, or 560.
I second Neighborhood Services.
For breakfast, if you're looking for some non-conventional breakfast options, I'd say try dim sum or something, if that's your cup of tea.-----
Neighborhood Services
5027 W Lovers Ln, Dallas, TX0
Places that I'd want to go (mostly because I haven't been or want to go back) are La Duni & Oddfellows for breakfast, Wingfield's for a burger, Nonna, Maximo, Ozona, Smoke, Tillman's and Bolsa for dinner.
614 W Davis St, Dallas, TXLa Duni Cafe
4620 McKinney Ave, Dallas, TX 752050 -
re: gavlist
Jennifer said that the bar was much easier to get a last minute seating. For those that haven't been the bar is more foos prepo sine they only serve wine and a few beers. Actually prefered seating as far as I am concerned.
If you haven't been to Kalachandjis it's a fun and different experience, if the weather is nice, they have the loveliest patio dining in the city.
0 -
Can you give us a hint as to the foods that interest you?
My list is very differeant than say gavlist's or even luniz's list. Yes we all know each other but we all live in different parts of the metroplex and we all have places that we really like moreso than the others.


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Calling the artisans of the Knowne World! Once again, the Kingdom of Atenveldt is hosting an Artisan Showcase at Estrella War
Medieval people were not as different as their modern versions when it comes to rude language and graffiti, a fact discovered by a team of archaeologists in Oslo, Norway who came across three double entendre characters carved in runes on a piece of wood denoting either the first letters in the ruinic alphbet or Fuþ, the Old Norse word for the female genitalia. (photo)


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Made in Italy from sterling silver over aluminum, this elegant frame offers polish, high quality, and hard wear. A protective anti-oxidizing treatment helps keep it beautifully tarnish-resistant, and the frame features a beautiful wood back.


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US 4783801 A Abstract In order to protect secret information in the electronic storage medium, the storage medium is provided in a housing protected against access. This housing contains one or more detector elements, via which erasure of the memory contents is initiated when unauthorized access is detected. The detector elements are connected with a clock unit which sets these elements into operation for short periods of time at certain time intervals. This clocked operation allows for the energy consumption of the overall arrangement to be reduced many times over without any essential restriction of security.
Claims(14) 1. An apparatus for protecting information from unauthorized access, comprising a housing in which a storage medium containing the information is provided, detector means for detecting unauthorized access to the interior of the housing, means for initiating erasure of the secret information when the detector means reacts, a battery inside said housing for supplying energy at least to the detector means, clock means connected to said detector means which is arranged to enable operation of the detector means only over interrupted predetermined time intervals and wherein randomizer means are provided for varying the predetermined time intervals in accordance with randomized statistical distribution principles.
2. The apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said detector means comprises several detector elements, only one of which at a time is enabled at predetermined time intervals by the clock means, and including a switch means for enabling the normally non-enabled detector elements when irregular marginal conditions are present indicating an unauthorized attempt to gain access.
3. The apparatus as in claim 1, including means for analyzing the signals evoking response of the detector means.
4. The apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said detector means includes several detector elements and, including a switching element for combining the signals of several detector elements with each other, and means responsive to said signals for determining whether erasure of the memory is necessary.
5. The apparatus as in claim 4, wherein said means responsive to the signals is arranged to initiate erasure only according to the condition of a majority of detector elements.
6. The apparatus as in claim 4, wherein the switching element is arranged to assess the detector elements according to a different weighting and to determine the erasure decision based on such weighting.
7. The apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said secret information is maintained in said storage medium by the energy supplied by said battery.
8. An apparatus for protecting information from unauthorized access comprising a housing in which a storage medium containing the information is provided, detector means for detecting unauthorized access to the interior of the housing, means for initiating erasure of the secret information when the detector means reacts, and a battery inside said housing for supplying energy at least to the detector means, clock means connected to said detector means which is arranged to enable operation of the detector means only over interrupted predetermined time intervals, wherein said detector means comprises several detector elements, a distributor means, the latter including means for enabling said detector elements at said predetermined time intervals alternatingly, a randomizer means, and wherein said distributor means is arranged to cooperate with the randomizer means to enable selection of the detector element to be enabled.
9. The apparatus as in claim 8, including switch means arranged to enable further detector elements when the detector element in operation at the moment reacts to unauthorized access to the interior of the housing.
10. The apparatus as in claim 8, including means for analyzing the signals evoking response of the detector means.
11. The apparatus as in claim 8, wherein said detector means includes a switching element for combining the signals of several detector elements with each other, and means responsive to said signals for determining whether erasure of the memory is necessary.
12. The apparatus as in claim 11, wherein said means responsive to the signals is arranged to initiate erasure only according to the condition of a majority of detector elements.
13. The apparatus as in claim 11, wherein the switching element is arranged to assess the detector elements according to a different weighting and to determine the erasure decision based on such weighting.
14. The apparatus as in claim 8, wherein said information is maintained in said storage medium by the energy supplied by said battery.
Description The present invention relates to an apparatus for protecting secret information, comprising a housing in which a storage medium containing the secret information is provided, and a first detector element for detecting unauthorized access to the interior of the housing, the erasure of the secret information being initiated when the detector element reacts, and a battery which supplies energy at least to the detector element and possibly to the storage medium. It is necessary in many areas of electronic data processing to protect special secret data from access by unauthorized persons. For example, it is usual to apply a secret code to information during transmission in order to protect it from attempted wiretapping. However, the security of the system requires that the secret code be stored so as be protected against access by unauthorized persons. The same problem arises in identification card systems in which a person's right to access, for example, is established by secret personal data stored in electronic memories. These data and the codes used in decoding processes must also be stored so as to be protected against access. German Pat. No. 22 24 937 discloses such an apparatus for protecting memory contents. The memory provided with secret information is embedded in a casting compound in which the supply lines for the memory are incorporated in random distribution. When a person attempts to remove the casting compound, the supply lines are interrupted and the memory contents automatically erased. However, interference voltage or currents which impair the reliable operation of the memory may be induced in the supply lines, which may be as long as several meters. In order to avoid such sources of error, it has been proposed to embed a detector element additionally and only embed its supply lines as protective lines in random distribution, as above. When these protective lines are interrupted or short-circuit, erase information is fed from the detector element to the memory via a connecting line. The entire protective device is supplied by a battery integrated into the arrangement. The operational reliability of the overall arrangement is thus dependent upon the quality and state of charge of the battery. In order to ensure the functioning of the protective detect, i.e. to prevent its functioning from being impaired by old or worn-out batteries, it is therefore necessary to replace the battery at contain intervals. However, replacing the battery usually involves the erasure of the memory contents, so that the secret information must then be read in again in accordance with the elaborate security requirements. The time intervals between the servicing phases are shorter the more complex the security precautions are, since more elaborate protection generally consumes more energy. The known apparatus is consequently restricted to those cases of application in which either relatively simple detector elements are sufficient to detect an unauthorized attempt to gain access, requiring accordingly little energy, or the apparatus is only in operation for relatively short periods. The problem on which the invention is based is to provide an apparatus by which the operating time of the memory device with the detector elements can be considerably increased without impairment of the protection against unauthorized access. The solution to this problem is stated in the characterizing part of the main claim. Advantageous embodiments are the object of the subclaims. The inventive solution is based on the finding that it is not necessary, contrary to general expectations, to keep the detector elements in operation permanently in order to achieve a sufficient security effect. By clocking the detector elements, the energy consumption of th overall circuit can be reduced many times over, thereby in turn increasing the service life of the battery many times over. Thus, the length of operation can be prolonged to such an extent that no change of battery is necessary even in the case of permanent operation over a relatively long period. The inventive apparatus is therefore characterized by its high operational reliability lasting for relatively long time periods, combined with a high standard of security. The various intervals between the periods in which the detector elements are in operation are set in such a way that an unauthorized person cannot have access to the memory contents within these intervals. Non-working intervals of one second and operation lasting 10 ms in each case are generally sufficient to prevent any access from the outside. In this manner, electricity is saved by 99% relative to permanent operation, since the average energy consumption of the clock switchings may be kept negligibly low. The detector elements are preferably set into operation for intervals of varying length, which may in turn be distributed statistically, thereby further increasing the security of the apparatus. In a further advantageous embodiment, the erasure of the memory contents is not triggered directly after a reaction of the detector element in operation, but first further detector elements designed to detect different attempts to gain access are switched on. If an attempt to gain access is then ascertained via these further elements, the erasure of the memory contents is initiated. In this way, accidental erasure, for example due to interference signals, can be avoided. An alternative or an additional measure is provided by the fact that, after the detector element in operation at the moment has responded to an event indicating an attempt to gain access, the element is caused to perform a closer investigation. For this purpose, a more precise evaluation of the signals received as a result of the event may be carried out, for example, in order to obtain details on the cause of the signal triggered. It can then be decided on the basis of this evaluation whether the erasure of the data should be performed and/or whether the further protective circuits should be activated. Such a procedure and the activation of further detector elements may be controlled, for example, by a microprocessor. In order to provide protection at all times against different attempts to gain access, the detector elements designed to detect different events may be put into operation alternatingly. The selection of the detector elements to be switched on in any particular case can again take place in a statistical sequence. Extensive protection against unauthorized access may be obtained using the above-mentioned variants, at the same time guaranteeing reliable operation for relatively long periods of time. The clocked operation of the single protective circuits also increases the service life of the entire arrangement many times over, without diminishing its security. Embodiments and advantageous developments shall be described in more detail in the following with reference to the drawings. The figures show: FIG. 1 a schematic view of an inventive apparatus having one detector element FIG. 2 a schematic view of an inventive apparatus having a plurality of further detector elements which may be triggered by a first detector element FIG. 3 a schematic view of a further inventive apparatus having a plurality of detector elements FIG. 1 shows in a greatly schematized form an example of an inventive apparatus. Memory 1, which contains the secret information, is enclosed along with further components in a closed housing 2 or in a casting compound surrounding the entire arrangement. This housing may contain not only the elements shown in the figures but also further electronic components, for example means for reading out the memory contents and/or comparators for comparing the memory contents with data supplied externally. A battery 3 supplies memory 1 with the energy necessary for maintaining the stored data. The supply line for this memory can be grounded via a detector element 4 and a switch element 7, thereby erasing the memory contents. The detector element may be a vibration indicator, for example, which detects any violent attempt to penetrate housing 2 and causes the memory contents to be erased. Other detector elements are, for example, a thermometer probe, microphones or one or more non-conductive films integrated into the housing wall or provided on the inside of the housing wall, on which leads are vacuum metallized or etched out. In the latter case, erasure of the memory contents is initiated when these leads are interrupted or short-circuit. A number of further protective measures which may be used in accordance with the particular requirements at hand are known in the field of the protection of housings. According to the invention the detector element used at the moment is always set into operation or enabled only for a short period of time at certain intervals. In order to realize this, a clock unit 6 is provided in the housing to interrupt the electricity supply to the detector element at certain intervals by means of a switch element 5 in the example shown. The timed intervals in which the electricity supply is interrupted depend on the construction and nature of the particular housing at hand, and on the required security standard. When a solid housing is used, timed intervals of approx. 1 second suffice, for example, to prevent any attempted penetration in the meantime. The particular "operating time" depends in turn on the reaction time, adjustment time, decay time, etc., of the detector element. A detector element generally requires 10 ms to be able to ascertain clearly whether the predetermined general marginal conditions suggest proper handling of the apparatus or whether attempted penetration is taking place or has taken place. A saving of electricity of 99% for the operation of the detector element results, for example, from the above-mentioned relationship between the timed interval and the particular operating time. Even higher values may be attained when the interval periods of the clocked operation are different and preferably show statistical distribution, since in this case the average timed interval may even be increased to 3 to 5 s or more, for example, without restricting security. Such statistical distribution of the interval periods may be realized, for example, by a randomizer connected with the clock unit. An alternative to this would be, for example, to superimpose several clock units each having a different but regular interval in order to obtain quasistatistically distributed interval periods. Even when several clock generators are used, the energy consumption of these elements, which is 1 μA on the average, is considerably lower than the consumption value of the various detector elements, which is at least 10 μA or more, depending on the type of detector. FIG. 2 shows an apparatus provided with several detector elements 4, 8, 9, 10. Detector element 4, for example a vibration indicator, is operated in clocked operation in the form described above. The element is adjusted sensitively enough to detect even the smallest disturbances. When this element reacts to an external disturbance, the supply line for the further detectors 8-10 is closed via a switch element 11 in order to activate further detectors to check other marginal conditions, for example temperature or the penetration of light into the housing. If the evaluation of at least one of the further detector elements leads to the result that attempted penetration is involved, erasure of the memory is occasioned. As already mentioned, the further detector elements may be, for example, a housing wall safety device with integrated protective leads as mentioned at the outset, a thermometer probe, a light sensor, etc. The assortment of detector elements may be expanded as one chooses, depending on the necessity of safety precautions. As provided in FIG. 2, the disturbance detected by detector element 4 may be subjected to a further analysis in order to obtain more precise information on the cause of the disturbance. This can be done, for example, by having the vibration indicator not react immediately to a single vibration but only after a certain number within a predetermined not of time, for example three signals within a minute. If the more precise analysis shows that attempted penetration is involved, the erase signal is generated independently of the other detector elements. Detector elements 8, 9 and 10 are switched back to their waiting positions after a certain period of time if the indications of attempted penetration are not confirmed, so that again only detector element 4 is in operation. According to the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 3, a distributor unit 15 is inserted between clock generator 6 and detector elements 12, 13 and 14, the number of which may be adapted to the particular requirements at hand. This distributor unit supplies the various detector elements with energy alternatingly. With each clock pulse from the clock generator, or after a certain number, a different detector element is set into operation. The selection of which detector element is set into operation may take place according to a permanently wired sequence, or is determined by a randomizer connected with the distributor unit and not shown in the Figure. Since the detector elements are naturally designed to detect different results or signals, global protection covering a great variety of possible events is obtained, thereby attaining a high degree of security with only a slight load on the sources of energy. As already shown above, the erasure of the memory contents may be controlled in this case as well in such a way that the further detector elements are activated when one detector element has responded. The erase signal is then generated after corresponding analysis of the results of all detector elements. The erasure of the memory contents may be carried out only when all detector elements have responded or else after a majority decision. It is also possible to weigh the various detectors differently. The detector elements are preferably controlled in such a way that they provide a signal at regular intervals to a so-called "dead man" circuit in their "normal state", i.e. when there is no distribance. If the detector element responds to an external disturbance, this signal is interrupted and the erasure of the memory then initiated via the "dead man" circuit. This "dead man" circuit is connected with the clock unit to be coordinated with the clocked operation of the detector elements, and also supervises the functioning of the clock unit. In this manner an erase signal is generated even if one of the detector elements or the clock unit breaks down for technical reasons, so that the memory contents are no longer accessible in such a case either. If the safety precautions described here are used to protect the memory contents of permanent, "non-transient" memories which work independently of an energy source, one may dispense with grounding the supply line and instead transmit a command to this memory which modifies the memory contents in such a way that the original information is no longer available. Thus, the inventive solution allows devices to be equipped with complex and extensive safety measures involving low energy consumption and thus low battery capacity. The clocked operation of at least those safety measures involving high energy consumption thus allows for a high degree of security to be achieved over a long period of time, thereby banishing the problem of long periods of storage before these devices are ultimately used. Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Camp Kitchen
Stansport Single Burner 10,000 BTU Propane Stove, Black
Propane stove with a chrome plated Anti-Clog burner.10,000-BTU burner output; regulator with On/Off control knob.7.5-inch diameter grid for stability.DuraBase with tip-resistant feet hold a 16.4-ounce propane gas cylinder (gas cylinder sold separately).One-year warranty against... Learn More$40.99 -
Stansport PRTBL SHOWER BATT PWRD
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Stansport Deluxe Air Bed
The ultimate Queen travel bed. Take this on the road in your tent or van, or use it as an extra bed at home. Made of extra heavy P.V.C. material, coil beam waffle construction with soft velour surface for comfort. Self locking safety valve and quick-release valve which also can... Learn More$54.99 -
New - Retail. 30-Day Mfg Warranty. Stansport 203-100. Stansport 203-100 Compact High Output Cook... Learn More$69.99 -
Stansport Family Cook Set SS
Made from chef quality 18/10 stainless steel, pans have heavy duty bottoms for even heat distribution. Includes: 4 quart , 3 quart, 2 quart and 1 quart pots, 10 inch fry pan, universal lid and handle. Detachable Cool" handle can be used on all pots and fry pan. Safe to use and... Learn More$89.99


text:
A Technical Overview for IT Decision-Makers White Paper
A Technical Overview for IT Decision-Makers White Paper
Video: Intel® 6Gb/s RAID controllers features, benefits, and technical specs outlined.
Showcases Intel technology in broadcast equipment and servers at the National Association of Broadcasters.
Introducing Jasper Forest: the newest addition to the Intel® Xeon® processor family.
DMA coalescing and built-in intelligence enables increased performance per watt and consolidation.
Video: importance of matching Intel® RAID embedded, integrated, and add-in products to the correct server.
Get ultra-fast PC performance and tablet mobility for work and play with Intel® Core™ M processors.


text:
recipe reviews for:
"Using Greek yogurt and draining the cucumber make for a creamier version of tzatziki in this recipe."
Cooking Level: Expert
My Profile | Cooks I Like Reviews | Photos | Recipes | Menus | Blog
Cooking Level: Intermediate
The most-tender new vegetables are here just in time for early spring salads!
Creamy, comforting potato soups will warm you up.
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Pair this creamy cucumber and yogurt sauce with grilled meats and veggies.
Discover Chef John's secret to making the creamiest, best-ever tzatziki sauce.
This refreshing dip also works well as a dressing or sandwich sauce.


text:
Raid on Entebbe
Based on a true event in which Israeli commandos launched a daring raid to free passengers from a hijacked flight grounded in Idi Amin's Uganda. One passenger disappeared, while all others were freed. The only fatality on Israel's side was Jonathan Netanyahu, whose memory propelled his brother Binyamin into political leadership in Israel. Chuck Norris's Delta Force was a thinly fictionalized version of the Entebbe event.
This action adventure film features celebrities like Al Pacino and Madonna AND it was also nominated for some Academy Awards.
Added 7 Years Ago from Amazon.com


text:
Common Name: bivalve, Scientific Name: Isognomon perna, Event #: MOOCUBE_02, Specimen #: XMOO_3573, Location: UC Berkeley Gump Station, Moorea, French Polynesia
Washed up on beach after a 35 mph nor-Easter storm.
living タイラギ. it's a huge shell.
at Suma aquarium.
Huge like HUGE mussel like shell
I'd like to see what it was


text:
Kate Plus 8
I cant believe she said her siblings ruined her future.
"Wtf does an accounting fraternity do if they never party or anything? Sit around in suits and punch in 80085 on their calculators?" - Shammomie
I was going through ivf when kate and jon imploded and when octomom was whoring out her octos as toddlers.
They actually played that shit in the fertility clinic waiting room cue hormonal women on a tv rampage.
There is NO WAY force anyone to do ivf bc it is expensive and it takes a lit of fucking energy and time and upteen relwase forms.
If you are doing ivf and already have kids, someone has to wath your other kids bc no kids are allowed at fertility clinics due to sensitivity issues.
If he didn't want any of his 8 kids, he had PLENTY of opportunity to back out. he decided to back out after the fact and you cannot blame your exwofe and kids on your emotional man child syndrome.
The fact he still refuses to step up and support his kids is telling. He doesn't want kate to do what she can via tv and book tours, but he doesn't wanna lrovide for them either. What kind of bullshit is that?
Jillian(32)&Michael(34): MandolinSep '07, Angel #1Dec '10, IVFAngel #2Oct '12, LyraAug '13
"I hereby issue a writ of hocus-pocus." MP
I like Maddy. I think she's sassy and that she's sick of getting run over by six younger siblings. She's honest about how she feels. She's 13.. right now, she may REALLY think those 6 ruined her life... that's okay. At 13 my mom was ruining my life. :P
Siggy siggy, come out, come out wherever you are!
Candycain1278+ Brometh since 2000
Lil'Tupac due 11/5/2014
"Wtf does an accounting fraternity do if they never party or anything? Sit around in suits and punch in 80085 on their calculators?" - Shammomie


text:
Industry Roundup: Heigl Gains Eternal Youth, Dunst Heads Out On The Road
Plus: 'Entourage' producers developing a 'female-centric' comedy for HBO.
READ MORE »Plus: 'Entourage' producers developing a 'female-centric' comedy for HBO.
READ MORE »With some help from some high-fashion designers, that is.
READ MORE »See a dapper Shia LeBeouf, an awkwardly styled Penn Badgley, a sexy Amanda Seyfried, and more from this month's magazines.
READ MORE »Good luck, Kirsten!
READ MORE »Also, check out Rosie Huntington-Whiteley's new lingerie campaign.
READ MORE »She's the "Akihabara Majokko Princess," you know?
READ MORE »And that makes one of us.
READ MORE »Our biannual tally of who and what stood out, and why.
READ MORE »So sweet it will rot your teeth.
READ MORE »Two stoners (okay, cokeheads) go in search of nightlife's Holy Grail.
READ MORE »The star blames soy milk for giving him man boobs, and more, in our daily gossip roundup.
READ MORE »And more celebrity trivia, in today's gossip roundup.
READ MORE »In which we learn that "per diem" can be a cruel phrase.
READ MORE »A new book claims to have behind-the-scenes dish from the First Family's marriage.
READ MORE »The recently rehabbed starlet was spotted with Champagne glass in hand, and more celebrity mishaps in our morning gossip roundup.
READ MORE »The Standard Hotel's club is unveiled to a Who's Who of celebs.
READ MORE »It's one or the other, we can't tell. Plus, Kirsten Dunst, Rebecca Gayheart, and more celebrities struggle with issues, in our daily gossip roundup.
READ MORE »Who knew that was required? Also, Robert Plant gets knighted, and more celebrity transitions, in our daily gossip wrap-up.
READ MORE »And an 18-year-old sues her tattoo artist for putting 56 stars on her face.
READ MORE »This time, it was outside the Waverly Inn, where he would obviously be outnumbered.


text:
Ducati makes some mean machines, and the 2012 Diavel Cromo is perhaps the most evil in its lineup.
Motorcycle Maniac: 2012 Ducati Diavel Cromo Lives Up To Its Name
August 30, 2012 by Leave a Comment
ABS Slowly Makes Its Way To More Bikes
August 9, 2012 by Leave a Comment
Since the report by the insurance industry in 2010, there have been more bikes released that come with anti-lock brakes (ABS) as standard feature.
Motorcycle Maniac: The New 2012 Honda CBR1000RR Is Sporty And Smooth
July 30, 2012 by Leave a Comment
Motorcycle Maniac: The 2007 Kawasaki Ninja 650R Is Great For New Sport Bike Riders
July 24, 2012 by Leave a Comment


text:
Agnes M. Piekielek, 90, Punxsutawney, passed away Saturday, Dec. 25, 2010, at DuBois Regional Medical Center.
Mrs. Piekielek was born Dec. 22, 1920, in Adrian, a daughter of the late Michael Skarbek and Mary (Sekula) Skarbek.
June 10, 1944, she married John L. Piekielek, who preceded her in death Dec. 13, 2000.
Mrs. Piekielek was a member of the St. Adrian Roman Catholic Church and was devoted to her faith and her loving family. She enjoyed reading and caring for her flower gardens.
John V. "Vic" Pasley, 88, Springfield, Va., passed away Saturday, Dec. 25, 2010.
He was born March 24, 1922, in Big Run.
He was married to Ruth Frances Kemper Pasley, who preceded him in death in September 2008.
A colonel in the U.S. Air Force, he was a veteran of World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
Ronald D. Morrison, 65, Punxsutawney, passed away Sunday, Dec. 26, 2010, at Mulberry Square Elder Care & Rehabilitation Center.
He was born Feb. 11, 1945, in Transfer.
He was married to Patricia Morrison, who preceded him in death.
He was a veteran of the U.S. Army, having served in Germany.
A member of the Cloe United Methodist Church, Mr. Morrison was the church's choir director and in 2007, the director of the Christmas Cantata.
M. Gertrude Eggleston, 88, Punxsutawney, passed away Saturday, Dec. 25, 2010, at Mahoning Riverside Manor in Punxsutawney.
She was born April 22, 1922, in Brookville, a daughter of the late Bernard Henry and Clare (Rowan) Henry.
Sept. 15, 1947, she married Joseph Eggleston, who preceded her in death Nov. 14, 1991.
Mrs. Eggleston was a parishioner at Saints Cosmas and Damian Roman Catholic Church.
She was a member of the Homemakers Club; Catholic Daughters of America; Rosary Altar Society; and the Bell Telephone Pioneers.
James L. Behrendt, 80, Brookville, passed away Friday, Dec. 24, 2010, at Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh.
He was born Nov. 22, 1930, in Punxsutawney, a son of the late Andrew Behrendt and Elizabeth (Morgan) Behrendt.
Mr. Behrendt was married to Annabell (Parise) Behrendt, who survives.
He was a mechanic at Cadillac Motors in Detroit, Mich., and a parishioner of Saint Anthony's Roman Catholic Church in Walston.
H. Daniel Brickell, 92, Punxsutawney, passed away Monday, Dec. 27, 2010, at home.
He was born July 9, 1918, in Punxsutawney, a son of the late Clair H. Brickell and Velma (Fetterman) Brickell.
He was first married to Kathleen Campbell, who preceded him in death in 1954. He then married Anna J. (Shugars) Brickell, who preceded him in death Jan. 19, 2005.
He served as a sergeant in the U.S. Army during World War II.
Mr. Brickell was a crane operator and electrician for B&O Railroad.
Steve "Lefty" Frank Ballas, 87, Punxsutawney, passed away Sunday, Dec. 26, 2010, at Wellington Heights.
He was born Aug. 11, 1923, in Duquesne, a son of the late John Gabor Balázs and Julia (Palagyi) Balázs.
He was married to Betty (Dupak) Ballas, who preceded him in death.
He was a sergeant in the U.S. Army during World War II.
The co-owner of Blue Tavern in Walston, Mr. Ballas was also an assessor for Young Township. He was an avid Pittsburgh Steelers fan and enjoyed gardening, cooking and spending time with his grandchildren.


text:
Chapter 18. Directory Servers
18.1. OpenLDAP
(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a set of open protocols used to access centrally stored information over a network. It is based on the X.500
standard for directory sharing, but is less complex and resource-intensive. For this reason, LDAP is sometimes referred to as "X.500 Lite".
Like X.500, LDAP organizes information in a hierarchical manner using directories. These directories can store a variety of information such as names, addresses, or phone numbers, and can even be used in a manner similar to the Network Information Service (NIS), enabling anyone to access their account from any machine on the LDAP enabled network.
LDAP is commonly used for centrally managed users and groups, user authentication, or system configuration. It can also serve as a virtual phone directory, allowing users to easily access contact information for other users. Additionally, it can refer a user to other LDAP servers throughout the world, and thus provide an ad-hoc global repository of information. However, it is most frequently used within individual organizations such as universities, government departments, and private companies.
This section covers the installation and configuration of OpenLDAP 2.4, an open source implementation of the LDAPv2 and LDAPv3 protocols.
18.1.1. Introduction to LDAP
Using a client/server architecture, LDAP provides reliable means to create a central information directory accessible from the network. When a client attempts to modify information within this directory, the server verifies the user has permission to make the change, and then adds or updates the entry as requested. To ensure the communication is secure, the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) cryptographic protocols can be used to prevent an attacker from intercepting the transmission.
Using Mozilla NSS
The OpenLDAP suite in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 no longer uses OpenSSL. Instead, it uses the Mozilla implementation of Network Security Services (NSS). OpenLDAP continues to work with existing certificates, keys, and other TLS configuration. For more information on how to configure it to use Mozilla certificate and key database, refer to How do I use TLS/SSL with Mozilla NSS.
The LDAP server supports several database systems, which gives administrators the flexibility to choose the best suited solution for the type of information they are planning to serve. Because of a well-defined client Application Programming Interface (API), the number of applications able to communicate with an LDAP server is numerous, and increasing in both quantity and quality.
188.8.131.52. LDAP Terminology
The following is a list of LDAP-specific terms that are used within this chapter:
- entry
- A single unit within an LDAP directory. Each entry is identified by its unique Distinguished Name (DN).
- attribute
- Information directly associated with an entry. For example, if an organization is represented as an LDAP entry, attributes associated with this organization might include an address, a fax number, etc. Similarly, people can be represented as entries with common attributes such as personal telephone number or email address.An attribute can either have a single value, or an unordered space-separated list of values. While certain attributes are optional, others are required. Required attributes are specified using the
definition, and can be found in schema files located in the/etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config/cn=schema/
directory.The assertion of an attribute and its corresponding value is also referred to as a Relative Distinguished Name (RDN). Unlike distinguished names that are unique globally, a relative distinguished name is only unique per entry. - LDIF
- The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) is a plain text representation of an LDAP entry. It takes the following form:
[id] dn: distinguished_name attribute_type: attribute_value… attribute_type: attribute_value… …
The optional id is a number determined by the application that is used to edit the entry. Each entry can contain as many attribute_type and attribute_value pairs as needed, as long as they are all defined in a corresponding schema file. A blank line indicates the end of an entry.
184.108.40.206. OpenLDAP Features
OpenLDAP suite provides a number of important features:
- LDAPv3 Support — Many of the changes in the protocol since LDAP version 2 are designed to make LDAP more secure. Among other improvements, this includes the support for Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL), Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols.
- LDAP Over IPC — The use of inter-process communication (IPC) enhances security by eliminating the need to communicate over a network.
- IPv6 Support — OpenLDAP is compliant with Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next generation of the Internet Protocol.
- LDIFv1 Support — OpenLDAP is fully compliant with LDIF version 1.
- Updated C API — The current C API improves the way programmers can connect to and use LDAP directory servers.
- Enhanced Standalone LDAP Server — This includes an updated access control system, thread pooling, better tools, and much more.
188.8.131.52. OpenLDAP Server Setup
The typical steps to set up an LDAP server on Red Hat Enterprise Linux are as follows:
- Install the OpenLDAP suite. Refer to Section 18.1.2, "Installing the OpenLDAP Suite" for more information on required packages.
- Customize the configuration as described in Section 18.1.3, "Configuring an OpenLDAP Server".
- Start the
service as described in Section 18.1.4, "Running an OpenLDAP Server". - Use the
utility to add entries to the LDAP directory. - Use the
utility to verify that theslapd
service is accessing the information correctly.
18.1.2. Installing the OpenLDAP Suite
The suite of OpenLDAP libraries and tools is provided by the following packages:
Table 18.1. List of OpenLDAP packages
Package | Description |
openldap | A package containing the libraries necessary to run the OpenLDAP server and client applications. |
openldap-clients | A package containing the command-line utilities for viewing and modifying directories on an LDAP server. |
openldap-servers | A package containing both the services and utilities to configure and run an LDAP server. This includes the Standalone LDAP Daemon, slapd . |
compat-openldap | A package containing the OpenLDAP compatibility libraries. |
Additionally, the following packages are commonly used along with the LDAP server:
Table 18.2. List of commonly installed additional LDAP packages
Package | Description |
nss-pam-ldapd | A package containing nslcd , a local LDAP name service that allows a user to perform local LDAP queries. |
mod_authz_ldap |
A package containing
mod_authz_ldap , the LDAP authorization module for the Apache HTTP Server. This module uses the short form of the distinguished name for a subject and the issuer of the client SSL certificate to determine the distinguished name of the user within an LDAP directory. It is also capable of authorizing users based on attributes of that user's LDAP directory entry, determining access to assets based on the user and group privileges of the asset, and denying access for users with expired passwords. Note that the mod_ssl module is required when using the mod_authz_ldap module.
To install these packages, use the
command in the following form:
For example, to perform the basic LDAP server installation, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# yum install openldap openldap-clients openldap-servers
Note that you must have superuser privileges (that is, you must be logged in as
) to run this command. For more information on how to install new packages in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, refer to Section 6.2.4, "Installing Packages".
220.127.116.11. Overview of OpenLDAP Server Utilities
To perform administrative tasks, the openldap-servers package installs the following utilities along with the
Table 18.3. List of OpenLDAP server utilities
Command | Description |
slapacl | Allows you to check the access to a list of attributes. |
slapadd | Allows you to add entries from an LDIF file to an LDAP directory. |
slapauth | Allows you to check a list of IDs for authentication and authorization permissions. |
slapcat | Allows you to pull entries from an LDAP directory in the default format and save them in an LDIF file. |
slapdn | Allows you to check a list of Distinguished Names (DNs) based on available schema syntax. |
slapindex | Allows you to re-index the slapd directory based on the current content. Run this utility whenever you change indexing options in the configuration file. |
slappasswd | Allows you to create an encrypted user password to be used with the ldapmodify utility, or in the slapd configuration file. |
slapschema | Allows you to check the compliance of a database with the corresponding schema. |
slaptest | Allows you to check the LDAP server configuration. |
For a detailed description of these utilities and their usage, refer to the corresponding manual pages as referred to in Section 220.127.116.11, "Installed Documentation".
Make sure the files have correct owner
Although only
can run slapadd
, the slapd
service runs as the ldap
user. Because of this, the directory server is unable to modify any files created by slapadd
. To correct this issue, after running the slapd
utility, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# chown -R ldap:ldap /var/lib/ldap
Stop slapd before using these utilities
To preserve the data integrity, stop the
service before using slapadd
, slapcat
, or slapindex
. You can do so by typing the following at a shell prompt:
~]# service slapd stop
Stopping slapd: [ OK ]
For more information on how to start, stop, restart, and check the current status of the
service, refer to Section 18.1.4, "Running an OpenLDAP Server".
18.104.22.168. Overview of OpenLDAP Client Utilities
The openldap-clients package installs the following utilities which can be used to add, modify, and delete entries in an LDAP directory:
Table 18.4. List of OpenLDAP client utilities
Command | Description |
ldapadd | Allows you to add entries to an LDAP directory, either from a file, or from standard input. It is a symbolic link to ldapmodify -a . |
ldapcompare | Allows you to compare given attribute with an LDAP directory entry. |
ldapdelete | Allows you to delete entries from an LDAP directory. |
ldapexop | Allows you to perform extended LDAP operations. |
ldapmodify | Allows you to modify entries in an LDAP directory, either from a file, or from standard input. |
ldapmodrdn | Allows you to modify the RDN value of an LDAP directory entry. |
ldappasswd | Allows you to set or change the password for an LDAP user. |
ldapsearch | Allows you to search LDAP directory entries. |
ldapurl | Allows you to compose or decompose LDAP URLs. |
ldapwhoami | Allows you to perform a whoami operation on an LDAP server. |
With the exception of
, each of these utilities is more easily used by referencing a file containing the changes to be made rather than typing a command for each entry to be changed within an LDAP directory. The format of such a file is outlined in the man page for each utility.
22.214.171.124. Overview of Common LDAP Client Applications
Although there are various graphical LDAP clients capable of creating and modifying directories on the server, none of them is included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Popular applications that can access directories in a read-only mode include Mozilla Thunderbird, Evolution, or Ekiga.
18.1.3. Configuring an OpenLDAP Server
By default, OpenLDAP stores its configuration in the
directory. Table 18.5, "List of OpenLDAP configuration files and directories" highlights the most important files and directories within this directory.
Table 18.5. List of OpenLDAP configuration files and directories
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, the
service uses a configuration database located in the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/
directory and only reads the old /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
configuration file if this directory does not exist. If you have an existing slapd.conf
file from a previous installation, you can either wait for the openldap-servers package to convert it to the new format the next time you update this package, or type the following at a shell prompt as root
to convert it immediately:
~]# slaptest -f /etc/openldap/slapd.conf -F /etc/openldap/slapd.d/
configuration consists of LDIF entries organized in a hierarchical directory structure, and the recommended way to edit these entries is to use the server utilities described in Section 22.214.171.124, "Overview of OpenLDAP Server Utilities".
Do not edit LDIF files directly
An error in an LDIF file can render the
service unable to start. Because of this, it is strongly advised that you avoid editing the LDIF files within the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/
directory directly.
126.96.36.199. Changing the Global Configuration
Global configuration options for the LDAP server are stored in the
file. The following directives are commonly used:
- The
directive allows you to specify which features to enable. It takes the following form:olcAllows
: feature…It accepts a space-separated list of features as described in Table 18.6, "Available olcAllows options". The default option isbind_v2
.Table 18.6. Available olcAllows options
Option Description bind_v2
Enables the acceptance of LDAP version 2 bind requests. bind_anon_cred
Enables an anonymous bind when the Distinguished Name (DN) is empty. bind_anon_dn
Enables an anonymous bind when the Distinguished Name (DN) is not empty. update_anon
Enables processing of anonymous update operations. proxy_authz_anon
Enables processing of anonymous proxy authorization control. -
- The
directive allows you to specify the maximum number of pending requests for an anonymous session. It takes the following form:olcConnMaxPending
: numberThe default option is100
. -
- The
directive allows you to specify the maximum number of pending requests for an authenticated session. It takes the following form:olcConnMaxPendingAuth
: numberThe default option is1000
. -
- The
directive allows you to specify which features to disable. It takes the following form:olcDisallows
: feature…It accepts a space-separated list of features as described in Table 18.7, "Available olcDisallows options". No features are disabled by default.Table 18.7. Available olcDisallows options
Option Description bind_anon
Disables the acceptance of anonymous bind requests. bind_simple
Disables the simple bind authentication mechanism. tls_2_anon
Disables the enforcing of an anonymous session when the STARTTLS command is received. tls_authc
Disallows the STARTTLS command when authenticated. -
- The
directive allows you to specify how many seconds to wait before closing an idle connection. It takes the following form:olcIdleTimeout
: numberThis option is disabled by default (that is, set to0
). -
- The
directive allows you to specify a file in which to write log messages. It takes the following form:olcLogFile
: file_nameThe log messages are written to standard error by default. -
- The
option allows you to specify a URL of a server to process the request in case the server is not able to handle it. It takes the following form:olcReferral
: URLThis option is disabled by default. -
- The
option allows you to specify how many seconds to wait before closing a connection with an outstanding write request. It takes the following form:olcWriteTimeout
This option is disabled by default (that is, set to0
22.214.171.124. Changing the Database-Specific Configuration
By default, the OpenLDAP server uses Berkeley DB (BDB) as a database back end. The configuration for this database is stored in the
file. The following directives are commonly used in a database-specific configuration:
- The
directive allows you to use the database in a read-only mode. It takes the following form:olcReadOnly
: booleanIt accepts eitherTRUE
(enable the read-only mode), orFALSE
(enable modifications of the database). The default option isFALSE
. -
- The
directive allows you to specify the user that is unrestricted by access controls or administrative limit parameters set for operations on the LDAP directory. It takes the following form:olcRootDN
: distinguished_nameIt accepts a Distinguished Name (DN). The default option iscn=Manager,dc=my-domain,dc=com
. -
- The
directive allows you to set a password for the user that is specified using theolcRootDN
directive. It takes the following form:olcRootPW
: passwordIt accepts either a plain text string, or a hash. To generate a hash, type the following at a shell prompt:~]$
New password: Re-enter new password: {SSHA}WczWsyPEnMchFf1GRTweq2q7XJcvmSxD -
- The
directive allows you to specify the domain for which to provide information. It takes the following form:olcSuffix
: domain_nameIt accepts a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). The default option isdc=my-domain,dc=com
184.108.40.206. Extending Schema
Since OpenLDAP 2.3, the
directory also contains LDAP definitions that were previously located in /etc/openldap/schema/
. It is possible to extend the schema used by OpenLDAP to support additional attribute types and object classes using the default schema files as a guide. However, this task is beyond the scope of this chapter. For more information on this topic, refer to http://www.openldap.org/doc/admin/schema.html.
18.1.4. Running an OpenLDAP Server
This section describes how to start, stop, restart, and check the current status of the Standalone LDAP Daemon. For more information on how to manage system services in general, refer to Chapter 10, Services and Daemons.
220.127.116.11. Starting the Service
To run the
service, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# service slapd start
Starting slapd: [ OK ]
If you want the service to start automatically at the boot time, use the following command:
~]# chkconfig slapd on
Note that you can also use the Service Configuration utility as described in Section 10.2.1.1, "Enabling and Disabling a Service".
184.108.40.206. Stopping the Service
To stop the running
service, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# service slapd stop
Stopping slapd: [ OK ]
To prevent the service from starting automatically at the boot time, type:
~]# chkconfig slapd off
Alternatively, you can use the Service Configuration utility as described in Section 10.2.1.1, "Enabling and Disabling a Service".
18.104.22.168. Restarting the Service
To restart the running
service, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# service slapd restart
Stopping slapd: [ OK ]
Starting slapd: [ OK ]
This stops the service, and then starts it again. Use this command to reload the configuration.
188.8.131.52. Checking the Service Status
To check whether the service is running, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# service slapd status
slapd (pid 3672) is running...
18.1.5. Configuring a System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP
In order to configure a system to authenticate using OpenLDAP, make sure that the appropriate packages are installed on both LDAP server and client machines. For information on how to set up the server, follow the instructions in Section 18.1.2, "Installing the OpenLDAP Suite" and Section 18.1.3, "Configuring an OpenLDAP Server". On a client, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# yum install openldap openldap-clients nss-pam-ldapd
Chapter 11, Configuring Authentication provides detailed instructions on how to configure applications to use LDAP for authentication.
22.214.171.124. Migrating Old Authentication Information to LDAP Format
The migrationtools package provides a set of shell and Perl scripts to help you migrate authentication information into an LDAP format. To install this package, type the following at a shell prompt:
~]# yum install migrationtools
This will install the scripts to the
directory. Once installed, edit the /usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_common.ph
file and change the following lines to reflect the correct domain, for example:
# Default DNS domain $DEFAULT_MAIL_DOMAIN = "example.com"; # Default base $DEFAULT_BASE = "dc=example,dc=com";
Alternatively, you can specify the environment variables directly on the command line. For example, to run the
script with the default base set to dc=example,dc=com
, type:
~]#export DEFAULT_BASE="dc=example,dc=com" \
To decide which script to run in order to migrate the user database, refer to Table 18.8, "Commonly used LDAP migration scripts".
Table 18.8. Commonly used LDAP migration scripts
Existing Name Service | Is LDAP Running? | Script to Use |
/etc flat files | yes | migrate_all_online.sh |
/etc flat files | no | migrate_all_offline.sh |
NetInfo | yes | migrate_all_netinfo_online.sh |
NetInfo | no | migrate_all_netinfo_offline.sh |
NIS (YP) | yes | migrate_all_nis_online.sh |
NIS (YP) | no | migrate_all_nis_offline.sh |
For more information on how to use these scripts, refer to the
and the migration-tools.txt
files in the /usr/share/doc/migrationtools-version/
18.1.6. Additional Resources
The following resources offer additional information on the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Before configuring LDAP on your system, it is highly recommended that you review these resources, especially the OpenLDAP Software Administrator's Guide.
126.96.36.199. Installed Documentation
The following documentation is installed with the openldap-servers package:
- A copy of the OpenLDAP Software Administrator's Guide.
- A README file containing the description of installed schema files.
Additionally, there is also a number of manual pages that are installed with the openldap, openldap-servers, and openldap-clients packages:
- Client Applications
man ldapadd
— Describes how to add entries to an LDAP directory.man ldapdelete
— Describes how to delete entries within an LDAP directory.man ldapmodify
— Describes how to modify entries within an LDAP directory.man ldapsearch
— Describes how to search for entries within an LDAP directory.man ldappasswd
— Describes how to set or change the password of an LDAP user.man ldapcompare
— Describes how to use theldapcompare
tool.man ldapwhoami
— Describes how to use theldapwhoami
tool.man ldapmodrdn
— Describes how to modify the RDNs of entries.
- Server Applications
man slapd
— Describes command-line options for the LDAP server.
- Administrative Applications
man slapadd
— Describes command-line options used to add entries to aslapd
database.man slapcat
— Describes command-line options used to generate an LDIF file from aslapd
database.man slapindex
— Describes command-line options used to regenerate an index based upon the contents of aslapd
database.man slappasswd
— Describes command-line options used to generate user passwords for LDAP directories.
- Configuration Files
man ldap.conf
— Describes the format and options available within the configuration file for LDAP clients.man slapd-config
— Describes the format and options available within the configuration directory.
220.127.116.11. Useful Websites
- http://www.openldap.org/doc/admin24/
- The current version of the OpenLDAP Software Administrator's Guide.
- http://www.kingsmountain.com/ldapRoadmap.shtml
- Jeff Hodges' LDAP Roadmap & FAQ containing links to several useful resources and emerging news concerning the LDAP protocol.
- http://www.ldapman.org/articles/
- A collection of articles that offer a good introduction to LDAP, including methods to design a directory tree and customizing directory structures.
- http://www.padl.com/
- A website of developers of several useful LDAP tools.
188.8.131.52. Related Books
- OpenLDAP by Example by John Terpstra and Benjamin Coles; Prentice Hall.
- A collection of practical exercises in the OpenLDAP deployment.
- Implementing LDAP by Mark Wilcox; Wrox Press, Inc.
- A book covering LDAP from both the system administrator's and software developer's perspective.
- Understanding and Deploying LDAP Directory Services by Tim Howes et al.; Macmillan Technical Publishing.
- A book covering LDAP design principles, as well as its deployment in a production environment.


text:
This is the third article in a seven part series on careers in wind farm development. The first, second, and third parts can be viewed here.
Meteorological towers provide a large quantity of raw data, which needs to be analyzed to assess the wind resources of a site. Desired information is frequently extrapolated from a data set, often with help from software including Windagrapher, WindFarmer, WindPRO, or Excel. This information then provides vital information for determining the financial viability of a potential wind farm.
"Towers over 60 meters in height require a special permit from the Federal Aviation Administration, so wind energy is normally assessed between 50 and 60 meters," says Diane Reinebach, Senior Energy Specialist for RMT, Inc. "That data is then extrapolated up to 80 meters, which is the hub height of a wind turbine."
Click to continue reading »


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ABBOTSFORD — Phil Berna's second try of the match, coming in injury time, carried the day for the St. George's Saints, lifting the Vancouver school to a 15-12 win over the Shawnigan Lake Stags and its first B.C. boys Triple … Continue reading
shawnigan lake stags RSS
Rugby BC's 2014: West Van foes Collingwood, Rockridge top dogs in deep Double A field
WEST VANCOUVER — On the road to the B.C. Double A boys rugby championships, the Collingwood Cavaliers and Rockridge Ravens have annually steeled their mettle by the matches they have played against each other.
And if you're interested in just … Continue reading
BC boys rugby Final Fours: Saints, Stags live up to 3A ranks, all-West Van derby set in 2A finals
NOTE — This late P.M. update adds results from Triple A semifinal games played today.
ABBOTSFORD –Both managed comeback victories, and in their two prior meetings this season, the outcomes were decided by five points or less.
But on top … Continue reading
Abbotsford the heart of B.C. senior boys high school rugby's championship finale weekend
ABBOTSFORD — It's down to the final eight at the B.C. Secondary Schools Rugby Union provincial boys championships, which centralizes Wednesday at Abbotsford's Rotary Stadium for the remainder of its four-day run to Saturday's Double A and Triple A championship … Continue reading
Saints add more muscle to fleet-footed backfield, St. George's, Shawnigan the top two horses
VANCOUVER — Last season, with both committed to overseas touring schedules, Vancouver's St. George's Saints and Vancouver Island's Shawnigan Lake Stags were unable to find a date to stage a regular-season fixture.
"It just didn't work out until the provincial … Continue reading
Gill, Sauder lead Saints' charge past Shawnigan Lake to 2013 BC Sevens rugby title
VANCOUVER — Led by the inspired play of captain Harjun Gill, Vancouver's St. George's Saints thwarted the three-peat drive of Shawnigan Lake in this past Sunday's B.C. Rugby high school sevens provincial championship final at UBC's Wolfson Fields, blanking the … Continue reading
Sevens game suits Yale's speedy Miller, Lions prepare to chase B.C. title at UBC
ABBOTSFORD — When it comes to rugby at the high school level, 15 will always be the standard number.
Yet in an environment where some schools struggle to find enough athletes to field competitive programs, seven is quickly becoming a … Continue reading
World's best schoolboy rugby sides await Marriott's Mariners at Japan's Sanix '13
SURREY — It's a subtle touch to their game-day jerseys, but one being worn with great pride by the players who make up the senior boys varsity rugby team at Surrey's Earl Marriott Secondary School.
On one side of the … Continue reading


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AB InBev appoints UK marketing chief among restructure
By Gemma Charles, marketingmagazine.co.uk, Tuesday, 15 January 2013 08:00AM
AB InBev has shaken up its European marketing structure, appointing Iain Newell to oversee the UK marketing of its flagship beer brands.
Newell, who was previously Budweiser's Western Europe marketing director, becomes UK marketing director, taking responsibility for all AB InBev brands in the UK. His work will focus on the key Stella Artois, Beck's and Budweiser brands.
He will continue to oversee Budweiser at a European level. Newell joined InBev in 2010 from E&J Gallo, where he was European marketing director.
The creation of the UK role follows the departure of James Watson, Western European marketing director on Stella Artois, who left last year to take the top marketing position at Dairy Crest.
AB InBev had scrapped the UK marketing director job in 2009 when the incumbent at the time, Andreas Hilger, was promoted to vice-president of marketing, Western Europe.
According to off-trade Nielsen figures for the year to October 2012, Stella Artois is the UK's top-selling lager brand with value sales of £462m. Over the same period, Budweiser sales were £251m.
This article was first published on marketingmagazine.co.uk
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Why do people see the Virgin Mary on cheese sandwiches or hear demonic lyrics in "Stairway to Heaven"? Using video, images and music, professional skeptic Michael Shermer explores these and other phenomena, including UFOs and alien sightings. He offers cognitive context: In the absence of sound science, incomplete information can combine with the power of suggestion (helping us hear those Satanic lyrics in Led Zeppelin). In fact, he says, humans tend to convince ourselves to believe: We overvalue the "hits" that support our beliefs, and discount the more numerous "misses."
Michael Shermer On Being Skeptical
November 22, 2008 by MM
Posted in Critical Thinking, Entertainment, Philosophy, Psychology, Religion, Science | Tagged beliefs, faith, Michael Shermer, pseudo-science, Religion, skepticism, superstition | Leave a Comment
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Good food, friendly staff and awesome food. Family friendly with a nice local crowd and cold beer on tap with great margaritas
Good food, friendly staff and awesome food. Family friendly with a nice local crowd and cold beer on tap with great margaritas
Good food, friendly staff and awesome food. Family friendly with a nice local crowd and cold beer on tap with great margaritas
We have been to this restaurant before and it was "pretty good." After last night, we will not be going again! First, the salsa was so hot, we asked for mild (which we had done before with good results). Waitress brought a bowl of hot (heated) marinara sauce! Yuck! Who wants that with chips? Went ahead and ordered our dinner.... More
You can have a full meal for Avery reasonable price! A group of us meet there on Tuesday for $1 taco night! Wait staff and atmosphere are very enjoyable. Service is very fast and they monitor drinks and chips making sure both are full! Highly recommend!
We loved the food and service was good. We were seated immediately , other customers were obviously locals who also liked the food. We ate here twice because the food was delicious!
I ordered the three item combination. The food arrived very quick and was very tastey. I paid $10 with my water drink. The chips and salsa were also excellent. I would highly recommend this place.
When I first arrived at the restaurant I was very pleased with the atmosphere, beautifully painted interior, outdoor seating, and friendly wait staff. I was in a celebratory mood, and ordered one of the most expensive items on the menu (steak). However, once my order arrived, and I began to try to eat it, I found it to be the... More
Mexican restaurants can be a dime a dozen, with every one of them claiming to be authentic. This Mexican restaurant is different from the rest. They take their time and use fresh ingredients. They take the time to make sure it is right and their presentation is awesome. Quantities are great and a take home box will probably be needed.... More
This is our go-to close-to-home Mexican Restaurant. Many patrons are consistent customers as well. Friendly staff, good food and good prices.
My daughter and I would go every Monday for dollar Taco's and after a few weeks it seemed like they didn't want us just going for the Taco's. We actually felt so uncomfortable and stopped going. Atmosphere was very poor.
We usually go here about once a week. We went this afternoon around 4pm. They were not busy, one table with about 8 people. We were seated with no problem, 15 minutes later we were still sitting there. No one came to the table to get drink orders or to bring chips and salsa. We left went across the parking... More
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Hey guys, Put together a Red IPA mainly using the BeerSmith SRM gauge on the side. This is for a 2.5 gallon batch. Please let me know what you think of the malt profile. I am curious to know if these malts will taste good together. 6 lbs 3 oz - Maris Otter 14 oz - Caramel 60 7 oz - Munich 7 oz - Vienna 4 oz - Melanoiden (to obtain the red) I know it is hearty and flavorful malts that are in this Red. As I mentioned, this is my first attempt at putting together a Red IPA. As for hops and their schedules, that is still up in the air. I currently am sitting on a large variety of hops. Have a new few hops that I am looking to experiment with, but here is a list of what I have: Legacy, Columbus, Calypso, Centennial, Belma, Citra, Magnum, Czech Saaz, Fuggle, Williamette, Greater Hall., Cascade, and Amarillo. I was personally thinking some Cascade for bittering, Amarillo for flavor, and a citra whole leaf for dry hopping (or maybe Legacy to try out the new hop).
That's too much crystal, and too much melanoidin, in my opinion. For a more "red" color, you could use some carared instead of the crystal 60L (in the amount of no more than 8 ounces, and that is pushing it) and an ounce of roasted barley for color. Why the 7 ounces of both Vienna and Munich? It's ok, but it's such a small amount I"d probably juse double of of them, or go with a whole pound of one of them. Munich gives an "orange-y" hue, so that might be the one to go with if you want red.
Why Marris Otter and not a Pale Malt? I made a 5 gallon batch of Red Ale that had the following: 7.4 lb Pale Ale 8oz CaraMunich 8oz Crystal 80L 8oz Crystal 120L 2.08oz Barley (Roasted) Turned out very nice with a deep dark red color.
-MattFermenting: AirOn Tap: Irish Red Ale
Yooper, thanks for the input. So the adjusted recipe with your advice is looking like so: 6lbs 3 oz - MO 1lb - Vienna 8oz - Carared 3oz - Melanoiden The BeerSmith SRM picture is showing it Pale Ale looking color, it doesn't look red.
msh227 - Why Marris Otter and not a Pale Malt? Just decided to try something new, never made an IPA with MO, but I am open to suggestions on why not to use it. Don't want to waste and expensive malt.
Sounds good, see how it turns out. I was just curious what your thinking was, experimenting is the best part of brewing.
#redbully "Why must it always be pandemonium?" - George Mueller/Nelson Van Alden "Beer. Good." - Words of House Grogdrinking: Wojtkowiak Piwo, CLB's Barleywine, 8Hearted Pale Ale, O'Rob's Dry Irish Stout, DB8PT Session Ale, Wojtkowiak Grodziskie - bottle conditioning: Otto M. Gourd Pumpkin Barleywine, Jewel Thieves Apple Wine, CLB's Barleywine 1.2
GrogNerd - Thanks for the advice. I think I am going with the combination of the advices. 6 lbs - MO 12 oz - Vienna 8 oz - Carared 5 oz - Melanoiden 4.8 oz - Caramel 120 Est. OG - 1.091 SRM - 14.1 Hops: 1 oz Columbus (12.0 AA) @ 70.2 IBUS 0.5 oz Amarillo (8.5 AA) @ 19 IBUS 0.25 Cascade (5.5 AA) @ 1.6 IBUS Total IBUS: 90.8.... Did I mention this was an Imperial Red IPA!! Going to make the brew this week, bottle in January, and give a report towards the end of January.
I liked that hop schedule, I wish I had a friend that would stand there and do a hop schedule like that for me! Maybe I can find a little beer gnome to do this for me.


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Tweed Coffee Roasters in Dallas is expanding. Though it's one of the more recognizable Dallas coffee brands, Tweed has had a fairly nomadic existence over the past 18 months' roasting out of Cultivar Coffee's east side roastery while the company figured out the hows and wheres of finding a permanent homestead. Tweed has since found that home, a … [Read more...]
A Fresh Take On Coffee T-Shirts
The coffee shop has always been one of the great incubators for artist-types. It's a home base for creative nomads, where those not shackled to desk jobs go to sketch, write, or just ideate into leather-bound notepads, propped up only by a cup of coffee and, depending on your location and era, a pack of cigarettes. With artists having spent so much … [Read more...]
Trend Watch: Nitro Cold Brew In A Can From Cuvée Coffee
Austin, Texas roasting company Cuvée Coffee has put Black & Blue, their "Nitrogenated Cold Craft Coffee" in ready-to-drink cans in a video/social media announcement this morning. According to Cuvée, in 2015 you'll be able to sip on some nitrogen-carbonated cold brew coffee can goodness for yourself. Here's the video released … [Read more...]
10 Coffees You Can Buy From Alex From Target
Alex From Target is the internet's latest viral Twitter crush. He's a hunky teen Target bag boy, and everyone is lining up to wait at that register. I think I speak for the whole team at Sprudge when I say, if I were at Alex From Target's Target in Texas, I'd want him to bag me, too. While shopping at Target, shoppers are blessed with a bounty … [Read more...]
Denton Does Dallas: Cultivar Coffee Expands North
Cultivar Coffee has long been one of the driving forces in Dallas specialty coffee. Back in early 2011 when owners Nathan Shelton and Jonathan Meadows opened the East Dallas storefront for their roastery, a coffee "scene" didn't really exist—there was a micro-roaster or two and a handful of baristas immersing themselves in coffee culture, but they … [Read more...]
Go Inside Cuvee Coffee's State Of The Art Austin Cafe
Cuvee Coffee is a recognizable force in Austin coffee and by extension, Texas coffee. Founded back in 1998, they are today one of the oldest and most established specialty coffee roasters in Texas. The brand's signature light blue packaging has appeared on top cafe shelfs across the city, and Caffe Medici, Houndstooth, and Once Over have all, at … [Read more...]
A Seoul Roaster, Now Brewing In Dallas At Ascension Coffee
It's an exciting time to be a coffee drinker in Dallas. From the opening of Houndstooth to the wide array of shops bringing in solid guest roasters from around the country, the horizons have broadened exponentially from where they were just a few short years ago. More than just guesting a lively cross-section of American roasters, Dallas is now … [Read more...]
Inside The Brand New Houndstooth Coffee Dallas Location
When Austin-based Houndstooth Coffee announced last December that they were planning a store in Dallas, it created an audible hum amongst the city's coffee community. Dallas, where I am based, has in recent years felt like a second fiddle when compared to the wildly exciting food and coffee scene in nearby Austin, a city known around the world as a … [Read more...]
Openings: Figure 8 Coffee Purveyors In Austin, TX
One of the many great characteristics of a thriving coffee city is a prevalence of quality neighborhood shops. While the high-concept cafes often serve as bellwethers for a coffee scene, there are generally few and far-between. A few concept bars does not a coffee scene make, while a robust network of neighborhood shops indicates that a city has … [Read more...]
Topo Chico is Espresso's Best Friend in Texas
As interest in specialty coffee continues its meteoric rise, so too has the number of shops opening in big cities and small towns around the world. Here in the United States, coffee bars have been experimenting for years with different ways to enhance their espresso service for their customers, or at the very least distinguish it from that of their … [Read more...]
Seventh Flag Coffee Unfurls Over South Austin
On June 4th, Seventh Flag Coffee officially opened their storefront at 1506 South 1st Street in Austin, flying their new coffee flag over Texas. Quick history lesson for anyone not living within the borders of the great nation of Texas--throughout the course of its history, six countries have expressed sovereignty over at least some part of Texas. … [Read more...]
Sprudge.com Adds Two New Regional Desks – Now Seeking Writers Worldwide
Allow us this momentary break in bringing you coffee news from around the world to talk, if only briefly, about some exciting internal news at Sprudge. Our publication is rapidly approaching its 5th birthday; it continues to be wholly owned and operated by Zachary Carlsen and Jordan Michelman, and funded by a carefully chosen network of brand … [Read more...]
Method Caffeination & Fare And The Coming Dallas Coffee Boom
In Texas, summer is an ecstatic time of year. Enter triple-digit heat waves and neverending conversations about how hot it is. Bring on mad dashes to the nearest pools, lakes, or rivers in search of cold beer and colder waters. Book time for weekend barbecues where the most temperate spot is right next to the grill. These are the hot, hard facts of … [Read more...]
Houndstooth Coffee Pops-Up (Briefly) Ahead Of Dallas Expansion
Situated amongst gastro pubs, hipster dives, craft beer bars, and a coffee shop or two sits Transit Bicycle Company in Dallas's finally-cool-again Lower Greenville neighborhood. On Saturday, April 12th it was home to the first Dallas pop-up for Austin's Houndstooth Coffee, officially marking the shop's introduction to the North Texas coffee scene. … [Read more...]
"Road Does Not End" — Evocation Coffee Blooms In Amarillo
Tucked discreetly in a business park seven miles south of downtown Amarillo, TX is the roasting lab and espresso bar for Evocation Coffee Roasters. The location is a bit off the beaten path, even for Amarillo, a city of around 200,000 inhabitants in the remote Texas Panhandle. There isn't much in the way of signage at Evocation; only a simple white … [Read more...]
On The Lonely Texas Highway, Coffee's Your Only Friend
Twenty miles south of Amarillo lies Canyon, Texas, a town of around 13,000 inhabitants that in many ways feels like a holdover from frontier times. The terrain is harsh and unforgiving, but ruggedly beautiful. Thanks to the onslaught of dust storms, the sky in Canyon is perpetually fading from blue to golden brown as it nears the … [Read more...]


text:
Reflectometric measurement of birefringence rotation in single-mode optical fibers
Optics Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 20, pp. 2284-2286 (2008)
Enhanced HTML Acrobat PDF (150 KB)
We present a novel reflectometric technique for the measurement of orientation and modulus of the linear birefringence vector in single-mode optical fibers. The technique provides information also on circular birefringence, although this component, if present, appears as a rotation of the linear birefringence. A detailed theoretical analysis is reported and validated by experimental results.
© 2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(060.2270) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber characterization
(060.2300) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber measurements
ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Original Manuscript: June 20, 2008
Revised Manuscript: August 21, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: August 25, 2008
Published: October 2, 2008
Andrea Galtarossa, Daniele Grosso, Luca Palmieri, and Luca Schenato, "Reflectometric measurement of birefringence rotation in single-mode optical fibers," Opt. Lett. 33, 2284-2286 (2008)
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