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Original ReadMe:
This is something i'm working on for myself that i thought i'd share with you guys to get some feedback. Its a theme flasher for 3.30 OE-A. At the moment there are only 2 themes [i can add more really easily]. Make sure you select month JANUARY in theme settings, also back up your current theme when the program start with [LEFT TRIGGER].
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More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Radiographic Image Analysis
by Martensen, Kathy Mcquillen3rd
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
This is the 3rd edition with a publication date of 2/1/2010.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
- The Used copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included.
This comprehensive guide provides all the tools you need to accurately evaluate radiographic images and make the adjustments needed to acquire the best possible diagnostic quality images. You'll discover how to evaluate an image, identify any improper positioning or techniques that caused poor quality, and correct the problem. No other text is devoted to equipping you with the critical thinking skills needed to properly position patients for optimal radiographs and help minimize the need for repeat images. Chapter outlines give you an at-a-glance summary of chapter contentLabeled images with analysis and correction help you develop your skills for producing optimal images, thus reducing the need for repeat proceduresStudent workbook provides additional opportunities to apply what you've learned in the textExpanded digital radiography content includes advances in digital imaging to keep you up-to-date in the fieldChapter objectives help you master key contentQuick reference tables highlight significant informationMore bone photographic images better illustrate difficult-to-evaluate proceduresMore pediatric and trauma images improve your ability to produce optimal images of different procedures
Table of Contents
Guidelines for Image Analysis | |
Digital Radiography NEW! | |
Image Analysis of the Chest and Abdomen | |
Image Analysis of the Upper Extremity | |
Image Analysis of the Shoulder | |
Image Analysis of the Lower Extremity | |
Image Analysis of the Hip and Pelvis | |
Image Analysis of the Cervical and Thoracic Vertebrae | |
Image Analysis of the Lumbar Vertebrae, Sacrum, and Coccyx | |
Image Analysis of the Sternum and Ribs | |
Image Analysis of the Cranium | |
Image Analysis of the Digestive System | |
Bibliography | |
Glossary NEW! | |
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |

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New Dell Imaging Solutions Integrate Cloud Document Sharing Services To Improve Business Collaboration
Today Dell unveiled the Dell Document Hub cloud service which allows users to share, create and print across many common cloud document platforms. Additionally, the company announced four new printers: a color multifunction (C2665dnf), color single function (C2660dn), and two mono multifunction printers (B2375dnf and B2375dfw).
Dell's affordable and flexible imaging solutions improve collaboration from many devices, making Dell printers easy to connect, manage and own for businesses of all sizes. With simple, efficient support and maintenance, Dell's imaging solutions allow companies to collaborate and share digital data and print from devices without disrupting IT processes.
"Our customers are seeking an easy way to access and print documents across a variety of cloud-based file sharing services," said Hui Li Lee, General Manager, Dell Global Imaging. "Our new Dell Document Hub cloud service makes this possible by providing access to cloud-based data directly through the printer."
Use Dell Document Hub to Work Smarter and Collaborate
With single sign-on, the Dell Document Hub (Doc Hub) allows users to share, create and print across many common cloud document platforms including Box®, Dropbox®, Google Drive™, Microsoft® SkyDrive® and Microsoft® SharePoint® Online – simultaneously from a single access point. This unique feature solves the challenge of managing documents from several cloud services and platforms and enables users to edit and collaborate with scanned hardcopies. Dell's Document Hub feature is accessible through an app on Windows 8/8.1/RT devices and through the new Dell Color Multifunction Printer C2665dnf. The Dell Document Hub settings can be personalized through the Dell Document Hub portal and leverage state-of-the-art security standards to help safeguard data transfers. The data center is compliant to widely-recognized security standards, and content transmission is secure with the latest data encryption technology. Dell Introduces the World's Smartest Color Multifunction Printer: C2665dnf The Dell C2665dnf Color Multifunction Printer is the first to feature smart document capture, converting hardcopies to editable files with cloud Optical Character Recognition (OCR) directly from the printer 2. It enables seamless collaboration across cloud platforms with Dell Document Hub and connects from multiple operating systems. The Dell Document Hub feature within the printer enables aggregated file search across multiple clouds at once and preview of up to 10 files (with up to 3 pages per file). NFC-enabled for convenient "Tap and Print," users can operate the printer like a smartphone. Including a 4.3-inch color touchscreen, the C2665dnf supports the Dell Mobile Print app (Android), AirPrint and Google Cloud Print Direct to allow printing from a majority of mobile devices. The printer also enables users to scan documents directly from the printer to a variety of destinations, including FTP, Email, USB and PCs. Hands-free scanning and copying is fast using the Duplex Automatic Document Feeder (DADF), and data is protected with a comprehensive suite of network security.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Home > Lifestyle > Food > News
Published: Friday July 25, 2014 MYT 12:00:00 AM Updated: Friday July 25, 2014 MYT 9:11:47 AM
Paris Baguette Chatelet offers a 'Taste of France' but is 100% Korean. – The Korea Herald
South Korean franchise opens bakery in Paris.
It sounds half-baked, but a South Korean bakery chain has pulled off a gutsy, audacious move and opened a flagship store in central Paris, called Paris Baguette Chatelet.
From the outside, the bakery – located in the heart of the city near Chatelet – betrays no sign of being anything other than French, with its contemporary chocolate brown awning, flaky croissants and flutes of baguettes lining store shelves.
But Paris Baguette is a major bakery chain and offshoot of one of Korea's largest food conglomerates, the SPC Group that claims to offer a "Taste of France" – even though it's 100% Korean.
Born in 1988, the chain has about 3,190 outlets in Korea and began launching an aggressive expansion campaign in 2004 when it entered China for the first time where it now has 125 stores.
The year after, Paris Baguette entered the US market, opening 37 bakeries in cities like Los Angeles and New York.
The franchise also has a presence in Vietnam and Singapore and is likewise eyeing the Middle East, Canada, South America and the rest of Europe for expansion.
According to Yonhapnews.co.kr, the Parisian store spans 200sqm and includes seating for 46 guests – a feature that could help set the concept apart from traditional French bakeries which often don't offer dine-in options.
Yonhap also reports that the bakery franchise plans to staff the store, located on the corner of rue des Lavandieres Sainte-Opportune, with French bakers and tweak the menu to cater to local tastes.
The US menu includes unapologetically distinctive Asian flavours with pastries like red bean sweet doughnut, curry croquette, green tea sponge cake and sweet potato soft cake.
Paris Baguette's entry in Paris – the first in Europe – is part of the chain's ambitious plans to become the largest bakery franchise in the world, with 3,000 stores in 60 countries by 2020.
Meanwhile, a buttery duel is about to go down in Korea as well, as French bakery chain Brioche Doree likewise announced plans to open their first outpost in the country by the end of the year. – AFP Relaxnews
Tags / Keywords: Paris Baguette Chatelet, South Korean bakery
The time to choose your favourite curry laksa stall is now
French chef Richard Toix serves plated artistry at the Mandarin Grill
Heart & Soul: A teenager bears her battle scars proudly
Tohoku – where Japan's past and present co-exist
Malaysians abroad share how they celebrate our local festivals
8 Incredible food and wine adventures you can do in Australia!
Sri Lanka's batting brilliance blows England away
Good customer relations important for the new year
More Malaysians travelling to Japan
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- Home
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- Art, Music, Hobby & Fun
- >
- Costumes
- >
- in Newegg
Satin Jingle Elf Child Costume
The costume includes: a satin elf tunic with alternating red green pattern trimmed in matching glitter pom-poms and includes hat with jingle bell. Stockings and shoes not included. Occasion: Christmas Size: S Color: As Shown


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Mar. 18 Wednesday
Internal Audit Student Club & Institute of Management Accountants meeting
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
6:00PM - 7:45PM Nelson Hall 2406
Add to Calendar
Come on out to the Internal Audit student club and Institute of Management Accountants meeting. Dan Sembler will be speaking on his journey to Risk Advisory at Cherry Bekaert.
Food and driinks will be provided in Nelson Commons beginning at 6 p.m. Dan's presentation will begin at 6:30 p.m. in Nelson 2406.
For more information, contact:


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What does ADG mean in Physiology?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ADG in the Medical field in general and in the Physiology terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ADG in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this ADG abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"ADG." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/386889>.
ADG also stands for:
- ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) Dependent Gene
- Advanced Data Guardian
- Air Driven Generator
- Albinar Design Group
- Alt.Design.Graphics
... and 6 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
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Rep. Tim Huelskamp
Representative from Kansas's 1st District
Elected Positions
Dates | Title | State / District |
Representative | Kansas's 1st District |
See Also: Huelskamp's Official Website | @CongHuelskamp | OpenSecrets | VoteSmart | Bioguide | C-SPAN
2014 Report Card
Read our 2014 Report Card for Huelskamp »Sponsorship Analysis
Our unique analysis of the bills Huelskamp has sponsored and cosponsored provides insight into his position in the House of Representatives.
Each dot in the chart below is a member of the House of Representatives. The dots are positioned horizontally according to our progressive—conservative ideology score and vertically according to our leadership score (leaders toward the top). Huelskamp is shown as a purple triangle. (analysis methodology)
Committee Membership
Tim Huelskamp sits on the following committees:
- House Committee on Small Business
House Committee on Veterans' Affairs
- Member, Subcommittee on Health
- Member, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
Bills Sponsored
Some of Huelskamp's most recently sponsored bills include...
- H.R. 1015: Protecting Business Opportunities for Veterans Act of 2015
- H.J.Res. 32: Marriage Protection Amendment
- H.R. 5788: To designate the Junction City Community-Based Outpatient Clinic located at 715 Southwind Drive, ...
- H.R. 4281: Protecting Business Opportunities for Veterans Act of 2014
- H.J.Res. 51: Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to marriage.
- H.R. 1804: Veterans Accountability Act of 2013
- H.R. 1355: State Nutrition Assistance Flexibility Act of 2013
View All » (including bills from previous years)
Voting Record
From Jan 2011 to Mar 2015, Huelskamp missed 27 of 2,917 roll call votes, which is 0.9%. This is better than the median of 2.2% among the lifetime records of representatives currently serving. The chart below reports missed votes over time.
Primary Sources
The information on this page is originally sourced from a variety of materials, including:
- The House and Senate websites, for committee membership and voting records
- Congressional Biographical Directory for elected positions
- GPO Member Guide for the photo
- THOMAS, for sponsored bills
Recent Legislative Activity
H.R. 33: Protecting Volunteer Firefighters and Emergency Responders Act
Passed 357/60
Feb 27, 2015 9:59 p.m.Vote
On Motion to Instruct Conferees: H.R. 240: Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015
Failed 201/218
Feb 27, 2015 5:23 p.m.Vote
H.J.Res. 35: Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2015, and for other purposes.
Failed 203/224
Feb 27, 2015 5:13 p.m.


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eGov Services • 1300 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA 70112 • (504) 658-4000
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NEW ORLEANS, LA — Today, all 13 City-operated swimming pools opened. The New Orleans Recreation Development Commission will facilitate summer aquatics programs throughout the city that will focus on water skills and education.
NEW ORLEANS, LA – Today, Mayor Mitch Landrieu, City officials, and FEMA reopened the newly renovated, $4.9 million John P. Lyons Memorial Center at 624 Louisiana Avenue in the East Riverside neighborhood.
NEW ORLEANS, LA — Tomorrow, Mayor Mitch Landrieu, City Councilmembers, City officials and FEMA will reopen the newly renovated John P. Lyons Center at 624 Louisiana Avenue.
NEW ORLEANS, LA – Today, Mayor Mitch Landrieu and City officials broke ground on the South Carrollton Avenue Streetscape and Intersection Improvements Project.
New Orleans, LA - This weekend, Launch Pad is hosting a civic hackathon at the Launch Pad work space (643 Magazine St., Ste. 102).
NEW ORLEANS, LA—On Monday, June 3, the City of New Orleans, Evacuteer.org, and the Arts Council of New Orleans will unveil the installation of Evacuspots public art.
NEW ORLEANS, LA--Today, the City of New Orleans announced the NOPD Consent Decree Monitor selection meeting originally scheduled for Friday, May 31, 2013 has been cancelled.
NEW ORLEANS, LA – Tomorrow, Mayor Mitch Landrieu and City officials will break ground on the South Carrollton Avenue Streetscape and Intersection Improvements Project.
NEW ORLEANS, LA--In keeping with his commitment to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of City government , today, Mayor Mitch Landrieu released the City's ResultsNOLA report on performance in the first quarter of 2013.
NEW ORLEANS, LA--Tomorrow, Mayor Mitch Landrieu will join regional parish presidents, State of Louisiana officials, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coast Guard, and regional stakeholders to discuss hurricane preparedness and
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Former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) Site located at 225 West Main Street, in Mount Joy Borough to undergo Interim Remedial Action to remove remnants of historic subsurface MGP structures and MGP byproducts in subsurface soils. Click here to read Environmental Fact Sheet.
Here are some tips for residents about the Borough's winter operations:
Snow and ice is to be removed from all sidewalks in front of or alongside properties, and is to be removed within 24 hours after such snow and ice has stopped. There shall be a clear walk which must be at least 3' wide along the entire length of the sidewalk. In the event the snow and ice becomes so hard it cannot be removed, sand or another abrasive can be placed upon the sidewalk to make travel reasonably safe and, as weather permits, proceed to clear a path.
An accumulation of snow and ice on a building or any other structure which is liable to fall on any sidewalk, roadway or other public way must be removed within a reasonable time, but no later than 24 hours after the cessation of any fall of snow, sleet or freezing rain.
Snow and ice shall also be removed surrounding a fire hydrant, and no snow shall be deposited immediately next to a fire hydrant, or on any sidewalk, travel lane of a street or loading or unloading area of public transportation system.
Collection can begin as early as 5 AM on your assigned pickup day. Basic service includes three (3) 32-gallon refuse bags/cans. Each bag/can is limited to 30 pounds. Customers are asked to place trash/recycling containers at your pickup site the evening before your assigned day and should be removed promptly after 6 PM. If your trash is missed, please do not remove it from your pickup site. Call the Borough Office before 11 AM the next day at 653-2300 and arrangements will be made to have it picked up.
Effective May 1, 2014, MJBA increased their water and sewer rates. For additional information about the increases, please see the related articles in the 2014 annual report that was mailed to all customers in May or by clicking the following link, 2014 Annual Report. You can also view the Rate Schedule/General Information Page.
SWIFT REACH 911 Emergency Notification System Changes
Quick Links |
Borough Council Meetings |
Zoning Permit Forms & Guidelines |
Public Works Meetings |
Administration & Finance Meetings |
Mount Joy Borough Authority Meetings |


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While Flex framework supports working with focus, you need to help it a little bit in some scenarios. For example, if your application starts with a Login view it would be nice if the cursor would be automatically placed in the user ID field so the user can immediately start typing. Calling the function setFocus() on the TextInput will show a blinking cursor, but the this field doesn't respond to the keyboard until the user clicks inside the TextInput. |


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Charles Dutoit Conducts the SF Symphony
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Dutoit Conducts Beethoven & Shostakovich was Saturday June 7, 2014 / 8:00pm.
Currently at Davies Symphony Hall
Soprano Dawn Upshaw & Composer Thomas Adès With San Francisco Symphony
- Full Price:
- $39.00 - $97.00
- Our Price:
- $19.50 - $48.50
Last year, Dawn Upshaw won her fifth Grammy overall and third for Best Classical Vocal Soloist, r … More
Venue Details
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from ratevka
view more less of this reviewThe SFS and Dutoit and Kiril Gerstein were superb! The piano playing was subtle and delightful.
The Shostakovich was over the top! Delightful, thoughtfully done, and the use of the gong also subtle and therefore pervasive as a Russian evening, somber and sad. The "Portrait of Stalin" was a lively josh. We had a great talk before the performance which told us also of the Hopak in the 4th movement, where Stalin falls. Good for understanding! Standing ovation! Everyone loved it!!
star this review starred report as inappropriateGreat conductor, great pianist and interesting selections. Beethoven piece very soothing while Shostakovich was stirring. Audience appreciation apparent by the enormous sustained applause. Enjoyable evening out on the town. Head piece from...continued
star this review starred report as inappropriateTiresome selections plus tiresome playing equals boring concert. No wonder so many people left early.
star this review starred report as inappropriateThe Beethoven Piano Concerto sounded wonderful, but we were seated on the opposite side of the keyboard and I had two people, who lacked concert etiquette, in front of me sitting forward all the time so I could not see the conductor nor pianist at...continued
Approximate running time is one hour, 40 minutes, including intermission.
Inside Music, an informative talk with John Palmer, begins one hour prior to concerts.


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Item: 387973 Model: HEWC5707A
HP 4MM DDS-2 Data cartridge has a native/compressed storage capacity of 4/8GB and offers faster performance. Data cartridge is designed for entry-level/small networks, midrange servers, small and medium businesses.
Manufacturer | Hewlett-Packard |
Format | 4MM |
Compatible With | DDS2 |
Length Details | 120m |
Tape Capacity (Native/Compressed) | 4/8GB |
Blank Media Type | Data Cartridges |
Maximum Recording Time (min) | 120 |
Blank Media Capacity | 8GB |
Need more help? Get advice from your Network REVIEW SNAPSHOT® by PowerReviewsHP 4MM 4/8GB DDS-2 Data Cartridge Reviewed by 1 customer Displaying review 1 12/4/2014 HP 4MM 4/8GB DDS-2 DATA CARTRIDGE BY HP Comments about HP 4MM 4/8GB DDS-2 Data Cartridge: WE HAVE HAD ABSOLUTELY NO ISSUES WITH THIS PRODUCT. GREAT PRICE, WE USED TO PURCHASE MAXWELL PRODUCT....HP WILL BE THE PURCHASE FROM NOW ON. Would you recommend this product? Yes, I would recommend this to a friend Was this review helpful? Yes / No - You may also flag this review Displaying review 1 |
Imation 4MM DDS 3 Data cartridge offers higher efficiency, stable transitions and has a native/compressed storage capacity of ...
Hp® Tape drive has a sustained transfer rate of1TB/hr and LTO 5 ultrium recording technology. Tape drive supports 6 GB/sec SAS as ...
Hp® Tape drive has a data transfer rate of 432 GB/hr and features 64MB of buffer size. Tape drive has a dimensions of 21.3 W x ...
It's specifically engineered and manufactured for extra high capacity data storage..Format: 1/2" Super DLT.Tape capacity ...
Maxell LTO ultrium 2 data cartridge has 200 GB native and 400 GB compressed capacity. Cartridge features 40 MB/sec native speed ...
This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 1998-2014, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


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Mico Designs Ltd. 2905-A Allure Single Hole Faucet
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Shown in mahogany bronze with cross handles
Mico Designs Ltd. 2905-A Allure Single Hole Faucet
Product Description
Available while supplies last.
This Italian version has an understated elegance.
- 1/4-turn ceramic disc valves
- Flexible high grade stainless steel hoses
Materials: | Solid Brass | |
Listing: | Made In Europe | |
Warranty | Limited lifetime warranty |
Dimensions & Weights
Spout Height: | 4.375 inches |
Height: | 6½ inches |
BackToFront: | 7¼ inches |
Spout Reach: | 5½ inches |
Liters per Minute (Max): | 8.34L |
Gallons per Minute (Max): | 2.2gal |
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Category | Bathroom Faucets - 456 |
Style | Transitional - 15 |
Sales Rank | 972 |
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Indieflix Brings the Film Festival Home Keep the Oscar spirit going with your Atlantic County Library System card and IndieFlix! Accessed through our website, this streaming movie service provides patrons unlimited access to award-winning shorts, feature films, and documentaries for free. With thousands of films to choose from across more than 50 countries, IndieFlix offers a viewing experience you can't get anywhere else. Film-festival hits — View films from major festivals all over the world, including Sundance, Cannes, Tribeca, and more! Find the right film for you — Sort by language, genre, or film length with easy-to-use filters. Support filmmakers — Viewing films on IndieFlix directly supports the filmmakers who made them. Available everywhere — No app or software required! Watch movies on any Internet-enabled computer, smartphone, or tablet with a Web browser. Also available on Roku, xBox, and Apple TV via Apple devices. Read more about Indieflix Brings the Film Festival Home
"Orange" you glad to "go green?!" Your donation of $2 gets you this reusable tote and helps support programming at the Mays Landing Branch. Sold by the Atlantic County Library Foundation, any profits from these totes will enable the Foundation to continue funding for programs and projects which benefit the Mays Landing Branch and the Atlantic County library community. At the Mays Landing Branch, the Foundation sponsors programs for kids, teens and adults ranging from crafts, workshops and seminars to yoga and zumba. Also because of this backing, "Book Page," a very popular monthly book review magazine is available free to Atlantic County Library System patrons at the circulation desk. Available only at the Mays Landing Branch circulation desk. Please help keep the support coming and "go green!" Read more about "Orange" you glad to "go green?!"
System Maintenance is Completed! The computer updates forthe Atlantic County Library Systemhave been completed. All library operations are now functioning at our branches. You are also able sign in online to your account through our primary catalog. We thank you for your patience and understanding. Read more about System Maintenance is Completed!
Meet Kadir Nelson, Award-Winning Artist, Illustrator and Author His artwork can be seen in books, in museum collections, at the U.S. House of Representatives, and in the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Meet Kadir Nelson, acclaimed artist, illustrator, and author, and learn about his life and work during a special appearance and book signing at the Pleasantville Branch of the Atlantic County Library System on Monday, February 24, 2014, at 6:00 pm. Mr. Nelson's illustrated works will be featured in a special display in the lobby of the Pleasantville Branch throughout the month of February. Many of the display books bear prestigious stickers signifying that those titles were awarded Caldecott and Coretta Scott King honors for excellence in the field of children's literature. Be sure to check our catalog for Mr. Nelson books, including Baby Bear, published January 7, 2014. To learn more about Kadir Nelson, visit his website. Read more about Meet Kadir Nelson, Award-Winning Artist, Illustrator and Author
Branches Honored The Mental Health Association in Atlantic County honored two branches of the Atlantic County Library System at the Community Appreciation Ceremony on February 5, 2014. Representatives from the branches, Brigantine Branch Manager Elizabeth Bliss and Ventnor Senior Library Assistant Kathleen Tabasso, accepted the certificates of appreciation. The branches were recognized for their support of New Jersey Hope and Healing and assisting it in its efforts to reach persons impacted by Hurricane Sandy. "Having been a victim of Hurricane Sandy and establishing a relationship with Hope and Healing through their presence in our library, I found the ceremony very moving. I was very proud to represent the Ventnor Library and share the experience with Beth Bliss from Brigantine who had forged a very close connection with Hope and Healing." -Kathy Tabasso New Jersey Hope and Healing was formed to provide mental health and emotional support for victims in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. The library branches provided space to New Jersey Hope and Healing which allowed the organization to dispense information and counsel residents right in their communities. Read more about Branches Honored


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Shows professional and amateur photographers how to take advantage of Aperture's advanced photo management tools.
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I am trying to sbf back to stock, to hopefully clear up some problems I am having. I am using RSD lite to do this, but under the status column I get a "chipset 50 not supported" once the sbf file is selected. Anyone know if this is a problem?
That happened to me. But than I just kept unplugging and replugging in my phone till it worked. Try turning off your phone and enter the bootloader again. If that doesn't work try another cord. Sent from my DROIDX using DroidForums


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Wilfred Review: The Game of Games
Bruce returned to town on this week's Wilfred. Did he answer any questions, or just continue to confuse you?
Posted in:
Ryan: I thought it would make me sound Effete.
Wilfred: So does saying the word "effete."
- Permalink: I thought it would make me sound Effete. So does saying the wo...
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Ryan: Get off.
Wilfred: I'm trying to!
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Pronunciation: boracifero
Pronunciation in Italian [it]
- Pronunciation by Isalei (Female from Italy)
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What does AVL mean in Internet?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand AVL in the field in general and in the Internet terminology in particular.
Find a translation for AVL in other languages:
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What does AVL mean?
- AVL(Noun)
- Audio, video and lighting, for a performance.
Discuss this AVL abbreviation with the community:
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"AVL." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/94984>.
AVL also stands for:
- Absent Voters List
- Acadèmia Valenciana de La
- Actuarial Value of Loss
- Adelson Velsky And Landis
- Adelson Velsky Landis
... and 24 more »
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- Search Alabama Virtual Library on Amazon
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Hot DealPseudo Pickpocket by Christopher Congreave and Gary Jones - DVD $19.95 $6.70 Save: 66% off Reward PointsNo points earned yet on current order. Log in to see how many reward points you have already earned Categories
LoginTestimonialsmagic stores.
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Bowes cousins
Chas living at 935 Melon and [Louis] Chas living at 929 Hutchinson. Their fathers are shown further down the page.
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City Directories - Philadelphia
Location: City Directories - Philadelphia ›1913 ›Bowers, Anna M (p. 253)
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Vina Del Mar, Chile: Rafael Nadal has taken a few shaky steps in a comeback he hopes will give him a fighting chance of winning his eighth French Open title.
Sport | Tennis
Nadal starts singles comeback with victory
French Open 'light years away' as Spanish star recovers from knee injury
After being away from singles tennis for more than seven months while getting therapy on an injured left knee, Nadal defeated Federico Delbonis of Argentina 6-3, 6-2 on Wednesday to reach the quarter-finals of the VTR Open. On Tuesday he advanced in doubles with partner Juan Monaco.
Nadal was pushed and won only one point on clay in the first two games against Delbonis.
"For me, Roland Garros [French Open] is light years away," he said. "All I see is doubles tomorrow and my singles again here on Friday."
After falling behind 0-2, Nadal broke back in the fourth game to level it 2-2, racing recklessly to chase down several shots in a long rally and showing no fear of injury to his knee. He was in control after that, wrapping up the set in 47 minutes.
Nadal breezed through the second set, cheered on by a sellout crowd of 4,500. The temporary stadium for the tournament has been increased by 1,200 seats for fans to see one of the sport's biggest stars, playing for the first time in Chile.
The former world No 1 again faced questions about his knee after the match, despite complaining on Tuesday that he was tired of talking about it.
"I have to be sure the knee answers well after a long time without playing at the top level of our sport," he said. "If the recovery goes well and I am able to play week by week at 100 per cent, and I am able to practice every day as much as I want — and that happens quick — then we'll talk about ambitious objectives."
If not, Nadal said he would have to rethink his game, and probably his knee treatment. So far he has avoided surgery.
"If that doesn't happen, we'll talk about different goals," Nadal said. "Let's see how things improve in the next couple of months, in the next couple of weeks. Let's talk in a few weeks, in a few months."
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Jordanian believes he can reach next year's Olympics and inspire Arab triathletes


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Oolong Tea
It's not quite a green tea nor is it a black tea, rather Oolong tea is the category most commonly described as partially-oxidized. Grown and processed primarily in Southern China and Taiwan the typical Oolong will be oxidized anywhere between 20%, which results in a lighter infusion often with floral notes, to 80%, which results in an amber infusion with notes of chocolate and golden raisins. Also due to the artisan process that is passed down through generations, Oolong teas stand up incredibly well to multiple steepings and many even show they best qualities in their 3rd or 4th steeping.
Iron Goddess of Mercy (Tieguanyin)
$8.00 -
Coconut Jade Oolong
$9.00 -
Citron Oolong
$8.00 -
Super Nova
$3.50 -
Dark Chocolate Peppermint Oolong


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Welcome to Hale Kaheiau, our little slice of paradise right in the heart of Kailua Kona. Brad and Su invite you to enjoy real Kona living and an authentic "home away from home" feeling as you awake each day to expansive ocean views, gently swaying palms, a sparkling pool and the wonderful aroma of Kona coffee brewing! The architectual elegance of the hexagon great room and its open beam ceilings is matched by a beautifully landscaped yard that feels more like a garden, complete with plumeria flowers, coconut palms, lime, and avocado trees. The spacious lanai and pool area faces to the West looking out over the Pacific ocean while inside this custom designed home has a cozy yet smart layout that feels "just right". Not too big, not too small. The newly updated kitchen boasts new cabinets, granite counter tops, and a modern flat cooktop. The two bedrooms are situated on opposite sides of the main living area, each with its own bath. Accessibility is enhanced by way of a private driveway with off street parking and a single level layout throughout. Conveniently located, everything from restaurants to snorkeling to Costco is just 5 to 10 minutes away.
No smoking, no pets property 5 nights minimum, 10 nights during Ironman and Christmas. Hawaii Tax ID: W30452564-01
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (US Dollar) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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Welcome to FIVB
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South American Beach Tour reaches final stop in Colombia
Colombia hosts last stop in the 2014 South American Beach Tour
Playa Blanca, Colombia, July 18, 2014 - The 2014 South American Beach Tour ends in Colombia after stops in eight venues across the continent. The ninth stage of the Tour will take place from July 18-20 at Playa Blanca on the shores of Lake Tota, in the Colombian department of Boyacá.
Thirty-two teams will compete for medals at the last stop of the South American Beach Tour and attempt to improve their continental rankings. The competition will take place surrounded by beautiful Andean landscapes, pristine waters and the white sands of Playa Blanca's iconic laguna. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela will be represented. Ecuador and Peru will only field women's pairs. Hosts Colombia, on the other hand, will have no less than 15 teams involved - seven women's teams and eight men's teams.
Chile currently lead the men's rankings with Marco and Esteban Grimalt. Brazil and Argentina occupy ranks two and three. Brazil top the women's rankings, followed by Argentina and Uruguay in second and third place.
Registered teams - Women
Argentina 1: Virgini Zonta / Julieta Puntin
Argentina 2: Camila Hiruela /Irene Verasio
Brazil: Elize Maia Secomandi /Liliane Maestrini
Chile: Maria Francisca Rivas /Camila Pazdirek
Colombia 1: Andrea Galindo /Claudia Galindo
Colombia 2: Cristina Escobar / Rosa Beltran
Colombia 3: Marly Ardila / Melissa Avendaño
Colombia 4: Ketherine Valderrama / Andrea Valero
Colombia 5: Claudia Polo /Paula Martinez
Colombia 6: Yeimy Luna / Viviana Garzon
Colombia 7: Maria Sotelo / Jessica Medina
Ecuador: Ariana Vilela Becerra / Valentina Centeno Arteaga
Peru: Andrea Sandoval / Marisol Mendoza
Uruguay: Lia Fortunati / Florencia Rotti
Venezuela 1: Olaya Pazo Perez / Norisbeth Agudo
Venezuela 2: Orquidea Vera /Gabriela Brito
Registered teams - Men
Argentina 1: Facundo Del Coto / Ian Mehamed
Argentina 2: Santiago Aulisi / Leo Aveiro
Brazil 1: Marcio Araujo / Saymon Santos
Brazil 2: Bruno de Paula /Hevaldo Sabino
Chile: Rodrigo Salinas /Matias Tobar
Colombia 1: Julian Carmona / Juan Camilo Gil
Colombia 2: Julian Castro /Deivi Paez
Colombia 3: Edwin Quintero / Jesus Arias
Colombia 4: Gustavo Piedrahita / Alex Racero
Colombia 5: Carlos Vasquez / Jhon Castro
Colombia 6: Miguel Montoya / David Colmenares
Colombia 7: Johan Murray / Jorge Manjarres
Colombia 8: Luis Granados/ Edwin Rondon
Uruguay: German Varela /Martin Molina
Venezuela 1: Ronald Fayola / Carlos Rangel
Venezuela 2: Vicente Salazar / Jonathan Golindano
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Hosts dominate day one of Brazil-USA showdown
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South American Beach Tour stops in Peru
Beach volleyball set for global expansion with new partners
Draw sets up eight double-gender CEV Continental Cup tournaments
Twelve countries confirm tickets to second phase of CAVB Continental Cup
Walsh Jennings says Brazil test will serve as trial run for Rio Olympics
Player profile: Edouard Rowlandson
Argentina and Brazil win gold in Venezuela
African beach volleyball champions crowned in Tunisia
Beach Volleyball Tour begins in Venezuela
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Burundi and Kenya through to the Zonal phase of the CAVB Beach Continental Cup
World Champs Beach Blog - 18 weeks to go
Beach Volleyball World Championships - Register as a volunteer and be a part of the action
Beach Volleyball World Championships qualification update
Qualifiers confirm African teams at Beach Volleyball World Championships
Burundi defeat Tanzania in CAVB Continental Cup Pool 8 opening
Nineteen African teams compete to qualify for Beach Volleyball World Championships
Baku 2015 European Games announces beach volleyball national team quotas
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2015 FIVB Media Guide launched ahead of exciting season
Cope and Alfaro lead Costa Rica to victory in Central America
Costa Rica and Guatemala advance in NORCECA Continental Cup
World champs world record attempt approved
Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador open with victories in NORCECA Continental Cup
Dutch teams to compete for wild card
Alison, back to fitness and back with Bruno
World Champs Beach Blog – 19 weeks to go
Dutch dreams being built in Florida sun
Morocco celebrate CAVB Continental Cup qualification
NORCECA Continental Cup gets underway in Nicaragua
Mauritius beat the Seychelles to top CAVB Continental Cup Pool 12
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Argentina ready for South American Tour event in Montevideo
New editions of the Rules of the Game available
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Walsh Jennings and Ross "definitely getting there"
Venezuela's beach volleyball athletes gather in Montevideo
Wesselink calls an end to her career
Day hoping it all adds up with Kessy
Brazil and USA to clash on Copacabana
Japanese beach volleyball athletes complete training camp in Brazil
Laura Ludwig: The Unstoppable
Italy launches indoor beach volleyball championship
Bansley and Pavan know hard work is the key to success
Gambia and Senegal move into next round in CAVB Continental Cup Zone 2
Tactical tweaks help Pedro and Evandro to win in Forteleza
Larissa and Talita continue winning ways in Fortaleza
Humana-Paredes says Top Rookie award is "truly an honour"
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Snapshots from Space
by Emily Lakdawalla
Follow the thrilling adventures of planetary missions, past and present, and see the stunningly beautiful photos that they return from space!
Latest Blog Posts:
Lovely, live, continuous, high-definition video of Earth
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/20 05:19 CDT | 3 comments
Have you ever wished you could enjoy the astronauts' view of Earth from the Space Station? Now, you can. Just go to the live feed from the High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) experiment, crank it up to its highest resolution, let it take over your monitor, and watch Earth spin by.
Dust on, dust off: Before-and-after comparisons of rover decks on Mars
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/19 04:16 CDT | 6 comments
Curiosity and Opportunity self-portraits show one rover accumulating dust, the other losing it. Check out these cool before-and-after comparisons.
Venus Express science mission ends; aerobraking experiment beginning
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/16 03:33 CDT | 4 comments
Venus Express, currently the only spacecraft orbiting our nearest planetary neighbor, will soon meet a fiery end in Venus' atmosphere. But its work isn't over yet. ESA will maneuver Venus Express to dip into the uppermost Venus atmosphere and study how the spacecraft responds to atmospheric pressure, giving ESA valuable experience in aerobraking.
Curiosity update, sols 610-630: Drilling work at Windjana
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/15 12:20 CDT | 3 comments
Finally, a new drill site! For the first time in nearly a year, Curiosity has put drill bit to rock and acquired a new sample of Martian material for her analytical instruments to chew on. Scientific data collection at Windjana is now complete; Curiosity drove away last night, on sol 630.
Pretty pictures: Rosetta's comet is now acting like one!
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/15 10:17 CDT | 5 comments
New photos from ESA's comet-chaser show its destination comet, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, developing a coma.
A new Earthrise over the Moon from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's pushframe camera
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/13 11:53 CDT
Earth's brilliant colors shine above the drab lunar horizon in this new "Earthrise" photo from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. An animation that accompanied the image release helped me to write an explainer on how pushframe cameras like Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's Wide-Angle Camera works.
Upcoming public appearances: Spacefest and ISDC
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/08 07:00 CDT | 3 comments
Updates on upcoming appearances in southern California at Spacefest tomorrow, and the International Space Development Conference next week.
Rosetta update: Final orbit matching phase has begun
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/08 04:05 CDT | 1 comment
Rosetta is in the final stage of its approach to comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Yesterday, the spacecraft successfully performed the first of ten burns it needs to match velocity with the comet.
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/06 01:31 CDT | 4 comments
A Mars year's worth of Sun images from Opportunity demonstrates Mars' orbital motions as reflected in the changing apparent position of the Sun: the analemma.
Image processing trick: Removing interline transfer smear from Curiosity photos
Posted by Emily Lakdawalla on 2014/05/01 03:27 CDT | 2 comments
Curiosity took a new self-portrait on sol 613. This post contains a tip for would-be Curiosity image processors on how to make their Curiosity mosaics better: removing the smearing effect of bright objects in MAHLI photos.
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Amarin Reports Fourth Quarter And Year-End 2012 Financial Results And Provides Update On Operations
Excluding non-cash gains or losses for share-based compensation, warrant compensation and change in value of derivatives, non-GAAP adjusted net loss was $42.0 million for the fourth quarter of 2012, or non-GAAP adjusted basic and diluted loss per share of $0.28, compared to non-GAAP adjusted net loss of $10.2 million, or non-GAAP adjusted basic and diluted loss per share of $0.08 for the same period in 2011.
As of December 31, 2012, Amarin had approximately 150.3 million ADSs outstanding as well as approximately 9.9 million, 10.9 million, and 0.5 million equivalent shares underlying warrants, stock options, and restricted stock units, respectively, at average exercise prices of $1.44, $7.29 and $8.86, respectively. In addition, our $150 million exchangeable senior notes issued in January 2012 are exchangeable prior to October 15, 2031 into an aggregate of 17.0 million ADSs (based on an initial exchange price of approximately $8.81 per ADS), subject to certain specified conditions. The notes accrue interest at an annual rate of 3.5%, payable semiannually in arrears on January 15 and July 15, beginning July 15, 2012. The notes will mature on January 15, 2032, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by the company or exchanged by the holders.
Amarin's 2013 operational priorities
Operational priorities in the upcoming year include the following:
- Increasing revenues from Vascepa
- Approval of the ANCHOR indication sNDA
- Additional patent awards from the USPTO
- FDA approval of additional API suppliers
- Managed care migration from Tier-3 to Tier-2 coverage
- Continued publication of data from Amarin's clinical trials
- FDA exclusivity determination
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Case comment: Roche v. Empagran.
A central challenge of modern antitrust law is determining the extent to which U.S. antitrust law applies to actors in foreign countries. (1) Although foreign violations of U.S. antitrust law seem beyond the proper sphere of U.S. courts' subject matter jurisdiction, (2) anticompetitive behavior in foreign countries affects consumers in the U.S., (3) suggesting that the U.S. has an interest in adjudicating these issues. Last Term, in Roche v. Empagran, (4) the Supreme Court held that where antitrust violations cause similar but independent harms to domestic and international purchasers, those international purchasers cannot bring suit in U.S. courts. (5) However, the Court's assumption that the harms were independent was fallacious and thus the Court failed to establish a workable standard for determining when U.S. courts have jurisdiction over foreign antitrust violations. (6)Roche arose out of a class action filed on behalf of both domestic and foreign vitamin purchasers against vitamin manufacturers alleging a price-fixing conspiracy designed to raise prices for vitamins both domestically and abroad. (7) The manufacturers moved to dismiss the complaint of the foreign purchasers (8) because their vitamin purchases occurred outside the United States and thus were not part of U.S. commerce and did not fall under the ambit of U.S. antitrust law. (9) The district court agreed and dismissed the foreign claims. (10) The district court applied the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act of 1982, (11) which exempts commerce with foreign nations from U.S. antitrust jurisdiction when such actions do not injure domestic interests. (12) The court then found that none of the exceptions to the FTAIA applied and thus concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over the foreign purchasers' claims. (13) The domestic purchasers then separated their claims, leaving only the foreign purchasers to appeal. (14)
The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed. (15) The appeals court agreed with the district court that the FTAIA applied, but held that these activities affected domestic commerce, thereby bringing these activities under an exception to the FTAIA. (16) The appeals court went through a two-step analysis, first determining that the conspiracy did in fact lead to higher domestic vitamin prices and then concluding that these higher prices gave rise to an antitrust claim because a domestic consumer could bring a suit under the Sherman Act for these higher prices. (17) The court concluded that the existence of the domestic claim satisfied the requirements of the FTAIA exception, (18) despite assuming that the effect on foreign vitamin prices was independent of the effect on domestic vitamin prices. (19) Then the court, reading the FTAIA broadly, held that the lack of a connection in the harmful effects did not matter because the FTAIA's goal was to deter price-fixing. (20) The dissent argued that for the FTAIA to apply the requisite harm must occur in the United States before U.S. antitrust law can be applied to foreign actors; the dissent would thus have affirmed the district court. (21) An en banc rehearing was denied. (22)
The Supreme Court reversed, vacating the opinion and remanding for further proceedings. (23) Writing for the Court, (24) Justice Breyer began by explaining that the FTAIA excludes all non-import activity involving foreign commerce from the ambit of U.S. antitrust laws but brings some of that conduct back under U.S. jurisdiction if it has a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on American commerce and has a harmful effect as defined by antitrust law. (25) As a preliminary matter, the Court established that the FTAIA was meant to apply not only to export activity but also to wholly foreign commerce that might affect the U.S. (26) This meant that the FTAIA's limitations on Sherman Act subject matter jurisdiction also apply to purely foreign commerce.
The Court then proceeded to the heart of the issue: whether the exception to the FTAIA's general exclusion applied in this case. (27) The Court ultimately held that where price-fixing conduct significantly affects consumers both in the United States and abroad but where the foreign effect is independent of any domestic effect, the exception to the FTAIA does not apply and U.S. courts cannot apply domestic antitrust laws when adjudicating the claims of those foreign consumers. (28) The Court based this decision on two lines of reasoning. The first was that courts should give deference to foreign laws and sovereignty when interpreting ambiguous statutes. (29) The second was based on the history and language of the FTAIA, which the Court read to mean that Congress did not intend for the FTAIA to expand antitrust jurisdiction. (30)
The Court's first reason for not applying the FTAIA exception is that doing so would interfere with the ability of foreign nations to regulate their commercial affairs. (31) While applying antitrust laws to situations involving imports also interferes with foreign nations, the Court argues that this is "nonetheless reasonable, and hence consistent with principles of prescriptive comity, insofar as they reflect a legislative effort to redress domestic antitrust injury that foreign anticompetitive conduct has caused." (32) But where, as here, the foreign effect is assumed to be independent of the domestic effect, the Court found that applying antitrust law would be unreasonable. (33) Although the Court recognized that Congress does have an interest in regulating the activities of American companies abroad, it noted that the essential purpose of the FTAIA was to "release domestic (and foreign) anticompetitive conduct from Sherman Act constraints when that conduct causes foreign harm" and only foreign harm. (34) The Court then addressed the argument that because foreign nations have similar antitrust laws to the U.S.'s the problem of infringing upon foreign sovereignty is moot. (35) The Court observed that it had held differently in the past, (36) but that regardless the remedies and penalties for such violations differ widely between nations. (37) Because it would be unworkable for courts to compare domestic and international antitrust law in every case to make sure both bodies of law are sufficiently similar, (38) the Court chose to apply the FTAIA generally and limit U.S. antitrust jurisdiction over all activities abroad. (39)
The Court's second reason for not applying the exception to the FTAIA in this case is that Congress did not intend the FTAIA to expand the subject matter jurisdiction of U.S. antitrust law. (40) Thus, the question was whether the Sherman Act had been applied to similar facts prior to the FTAIA's passage. The Court examined six cases proffered by respondents supporting the opposite position and distinguished them. Three U.S. Supreme Court cases cited by respondent involved the government as a plaintiff, (41) and the Court noted that the government has a broader legal authority than a private plaintiff because it "must seek to obtain the relief necessary to protect the public from further anticompetitive conduct." (42) The Court found that the three lower court cases cited by respondent were also inapposite (43) and concluded that there was no judicial authority prior to the FTAIA suggesting that antitrust law would apply here. (44)
The Court then disposed of various linguistic arguments respondents made, namely that the exception of the FTAIA applies whenever there is "a [domestic] claim." (45) That is, respondents argued that it does not matter who brings the claim. (46) The Court conceded that while this might be "the more natural reading," it does not compel the Court to accept this interpretation in light of the other considerations discussed above. (47) The Court then noted that, although respondent raised public policy issues, there were countervailing considerations, which it discussed later in the opinion. (48) Finally, the Court admitted that it operated from the assumption that the foreign conduct and injury was wholly independent of the domestic one, but that because the circuit court did not address whether this was in fact the case it also would not address this issue. (49) The Court noted that on remand the circuit court might consider these arguments provided that respondents properly preserved their ability to make them. (50)
Justice Scalia concurred in the judgment. (51) In his one sentence concurrence, Justice Scalia noted that the FTAIA's plain language was susceptible to being read as the Court read it (52) and emphasized the importance of giving deference to how foreign nations regulate activities in their territory. (53)
Although the outcome may be correct due to the strong reasons for denying the expansion of antitrust law to foreign commerce, Roche is problematic because the Court refused to address important questions raised by the case about the scope of the FTAIA. Instead of confronting these issues, the Court hid behind the fallacious assumption that the domestic and international injuries are independent. (54) Instead of disposing with the case by assuming that the harms are independent, (55) the Court should have taken the opportunity to better define the boundaries of antitrust jurisdiction by considering whether the impact of the foreign price-fixing was sufficient to create FTAIA jurisdiction (56) and asked whether the price-fixing activities here had a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on domestic commerce. (57)
The central theoretical difficulty with the Court's approach is that it is hard to imagine a situation where the foreign and domestic harms are entirely independent. Of course, the Court adopted this assumption because the lower courts did so, but the assumption is incorrect and should not have been given deference by the Court.
Markets are interconnected. (58) There is no such thing as wholly independent foreign and domestic markets because money and goods flow between nations. Any claim that a harm caused by price fixing is independent must be based on a notion that the market in which the price fixing occurs is independent, but since markets are not completely independent, the harm caused by foreign price fixing also can never be completely separable from harm done to the domestic economy. Thus, there will almost always be some domestic harm caused by international price fixing.
Although the harm will not always be substantial or even easily recognizable, on a microeconomic level there must be some sort of domestic harm resulting from almost every, foreign antitrust violation. Therefore, the Court's analysis based on the assumption of independence is ultimately unconvincing and, in an important sense, inapplicable to real-world transactions. This is not to say that U.S. antitrust law necessarily should apply to the foreign price-fixing alleged in this case. To address this issue, the Court should have asked whether the degree of domestic harm caused by the foreign price-fixing is sufficient to make the application of U.S. antitrust law reasonable. (59)
This method of analysis is superior for three reasons. (60) First, as noted above, it is based on a correct economic understanding of the interconnectivity of markets and harms, unlike the Court's decision. (61) Second, it comports better with the statutory language of the FTAIA, which says nothing about independence or dependence of the harms but does limit the FTAIA's exception to harm that is above a certain minimum threshold. (62) Third, it would provide a framework to analyze other antitrust actions brought against foreign commercial actors where the markets clearly are related, whereas the Court's decision does not provide such a framework.
If it had not assumed that the harms are independent, the Court would not have had to parse words to try to divine congressional intent and would not have determined jurisdiction based on dubious definitional nuance. Instead, the Court could have established a single, coherent framework that would address not only the jurisdictional questions in this case but would also provide a workable solution for future cases in the same vein. This approach would not involve ignoring Congressional intent; the Court would still be forced to apply the two-prongs of having a claim and having a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on the U.S. market before it could apply the FTAIA exception. However, it would minimize the importance of the first prong by eliminating the debate over whether a claim must be general or specific, since without independence of markets this debate is largely moot. Instead, it would focus the attentions of courts more on the merits of the claim and whether the foreign action implicates U.S. interests.
This approach would also prevent courts from getting involved in difficult comparisons of domestic and foreign antitrust laws. (63) Instead, it would focus only on the degree of harm and could be applied consistently when U.S. interests warrant. Moreover, focusing on the harm caused by the foreign actions would also resolve the Court's concerns about proper deference to foreign sovereignty, since Congress only authorized the application of U.S. antitrust law in cases where the harm is direct and substantial. (64) Thus, the public policy concerns cited by the Court as a reason to decide the case the way it did do not preclude this alternative approach to the FTAIA.
Ultimately, though, the most important reason the Court should have better defined the scope of the FTAIA in Roche rather than relying on a specious assumption to dispose of the case is that the question of U.S. antitrust subject matter jurisdiction over actions that occur in foreign countries will likely be raised again in the near future. As markets are becoming increasingly connected and companies and their operations are increasingly global in their scope and their effect, these questions will only become more pressing. In many of these cases, courts will not be able plausibly to assume that markets are independent and thus lower courts will need to follow the chain of analysis that the Supreme Court declined to go through in Roche, albeit with less guidance than they might have otherwise had. This will set the stage for another dispute in the Court on this topic. (65)
(1.) For a general treatment of how antitrust law applies to foreign nations and foreign transactions, see WILBUR FUGATE, FOREIGN COMMERCE AND THE ANTITRUST LAWS (4th ed. 1991); and SPENCER WALLER, ANTITRUST LAWS AND INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE [section] 6.03 (1992). See also PHILLIP AREEDA & HERBERT HOVENKAMP, ANTITRUST LAW (2d ed. 2000) (generally discussing domestic and foreign antitrust law).
(2.) There are also, of course, questions of personal jurisdiction, but those are not the focus of this Comment. However, since plaintiffs can generally consent to personal jurisdiction by choosing the forum and since most antitrust defendants will he multinational corporations with sufficient minimum contacts with the United States, personal jurisdiction is not as problematic an issue as subject matter jurisdiction here.
(3.) As marketplaces become increasingly global, competitive restraints in one area of the world will affect prices on a global scale, thereby almost always affecting U.S. businesses or consumers, although the magnitude of that effect is unclear and might be unnoticeable.
(4.) 124 S. Ct. 2359 (2004).
(5.) Id. at 2363.
(6.) Technically, the Supreme Court's decision was to remand the case to the appellate court for further consideration on whether the harms here were truly independent. Thus, the ultimate outcome of the case may not be based on this assumption. Nevertheless, Roche presented the Court with an opportunity to resolve important questions about the extent of U.S. antitrust jurisdiction that the Court largely ducked by relying on this independence assumption.
(7.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2363.
(8.) These foreign purchasers were five vitamin distributors, located in Australia, Ecuador, Panama, and Ukraine. Id. at 2363-64.
(9.) Id.
(10.) Empagran, S.A. v. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., No. Civ. 001686TFH, 2001 WL 761360, *1 (D.D.C., June 7, 2001).
(11.) 15 U.S.C. [section] 6a (1982) [hereinafter FTAIA].
(12.) Specifically, the act provides exceptions for activities that have a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on domestic commerce, imports, or American exporters. Id. The language and structure of the FTAIA are confusing and have been roundly criticized by courts and commentators. See, e.g., United States v. Nippon Paper Indus. Co. 109 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1997) (observing that the FTAIA is "inelegantly phrased"); WALLER, supra note 1, at [section] 6.03 (stating that if Congress intended the FTAIA to "clarify the jurisdictional reach of the Sherman Act.. and promote greater certainty" that "it failed"); Edward D. Cavanagh, The FTAIA and Subject Matter Jurisdiction Over Foreign Transactions Under the Antitrust Laws: The New Frontier in Antitrust Litigation, 56 SMU L. REV. 2151, 2167-76 (2003) (describing the FTAIA as "a drafting disaster, the worst nightmare of every legislation professor").
(13.) Roche, 2001 WL 761360 *2-4.
(14.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2364.
(15.) Empagran, S.A. v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Ltd., 315 F.3d 338, 341 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The three-member appeals panel split on the question 2-1. The majority consisted of Judges Edwards and Rogers, with Judge Edwards writing for the majority. Judge Henderson dissented.
(16.) Id. at 348-50.
(17.) Id. at 357-59.
(18.) Id. The FTAIA requires that there be an antitrust claim that can be brought under the Sherman Act. Prior to the Court's decision in Roche, there was a circuit spilt on whether this meant that the competitive restraints must give rise to a claim generally, meaning that so long as some person somewhere, has a valid claim under the Sherman Act that others can bring their claims as well or whether it meant that they must give rise to a claim for the specific plaintiff at issue in the case. Compare Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap As v. Heeremac Vof, 241 F.3d 420 (5th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1127 (2002) (holding that under the FTAIA the claim must be specific and that the plaintiff's harm must arise from an effect on domestic commerce), with Kruman v. Christie's International PLC, 284 F.3d 384 (2d Cir. 2002) (holding that there only must be an effect that gives rise to a claim generally and that this claim need not be the plaintiffs). For a discussion of the varying interpretations of the term "a claim", see Cavanagh, supra note 12, at 2167-76. See also Joshua P. Davis, Supreme Court Review of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act: A Case of a Misleading Question?, 38 U.S.F. L. REV. 431, 432-34, 441-63 (2004) (discussing the two different circuit interpretations of claim and proposing a third, alternative interpretation that only those who are injured domestically may bring a claim but that they may bring all of their claims, be they domestic or international in origin); David V. Dzara, Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap As v. Heeremac Vof: Interpreting the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act to Determine Whether "A Claim" Means "The Claim", 16 TEMP. INT'L COMP. L.J. 411 (2002) (discussing these issues and supporting the outcome in Den Norske); Ryan A. Haas, Act Locally, Apply Globally: Protecting Consumers From International Cartels by Applying Domestic Antitrust Law Globally, 15 LOY. CONSUMER L. REV. 99, 109-14 (2003) (comparing Den Norske and Kruman); Salil K. Mehra, "A" is for Anachronism: The FTAIA Meets the World Trading System, 107 DICK. L. REV. 763, 766-69 (2003) (classifying the three circuit court decisions on this matter into three different categories, those that demand that the plaintiff's claim be a Sherman Act claim (Den Norske), those that demand that some Sherman Act claim exist, even one that can be brought by the government (Kruman), and those that demand that a private Sherman Act claim exist (Empagram)).
(19.) Empagran, 315 F.3d at 343-44. This is the crucial assumption in the case, for it is the Supreme Court's continued reliance upon it that leads to the problematic result critiqued in this Comment.
(20.) Id. at 355-57.
(21.) Id. at 360-62 (Henderson, J., dissenting).
(22.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2364.
(23.) Id. at 2372-73.
(24.) Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Ginsburg, Kennedy, Souter, and Stevens joined Justice Breyer's opinion. Justice O'Connor did not participate in this case.
(25.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2364-65. For detailed explanations of when the FTAIA applies and when it does not, see Cavanagh, supra note 12, at 2159-72; and Davis, supra note 18, at 435-442.
(26.) Id. at 2365-66. This issue arose because if the bill was only intended to not apply antitrust laws against U.S. exporters then the FTAIA would be irrelevant to this case. The Court held that this was not the case because of the language of successive iterations of the bill. The original language of the bill did in fact exclude only, export activity from the ambit of U.S. antitrust law. The Court therefore concluded that the different language of the passed bill, which states that the Sheraton Act "shall not apply to conduct involving trade of commerce (other than import trade or import commerce) with foreign nations," must have a broader meaning and encompasses purely foreign transactions and exclude them from the reach of U.S. antitrust law. Id. See also Eurim-Pharm v. Pfizer, Inc., 593 F. Supp. 1102 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) (discussing the legislative history of the FTAIA); Davis, supra note 18, at 455-57 (same).
(27.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2366.
(28.) Id.
(29.) Id.
(30.) Id. at 2369. That is, the Court found no justification in the case law prior to the enactment of the FTAIA suggesting that the Sherman Act would apply to these facts. Id. Thus, since Congress did not intend for the FTAIA to expand subject matter jurisdiction, these facts would still not give rise to U.S. jurisdiction. See supra notes 42 & 44 and accompanying text (discussing the case law plaintiffs proffered to support Sherman Act jurisdiction over these types of claims and the Court's distinguishing these cases).
(31.) Id. at 2366.
(32.) Id.
(33.) Id. at 2367.
(34.) Id.
(35.) Id. at 2368.
(36.) Id. As an example of when it had previously held that foreign antitrust law substantively differed from U.S. antitrust law, the Court cited Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California, 509 U.S. 764, 797-99 (1993), where conduct in the London insurance market that would have been illegal under U.S. law was assumed to be legitimate under British law. Id. Also, numerous foreign nations filed amicus briefs urging the Court to not permit the U.S. courts jurisdiction in these disputes, suggesting that these nations believe there to be meaningful differences between the laws of different nations. See id. (noting that several nations, including Germany, Canada, and Japan, had filled briefs against applying American law).
(37.) Id.
(38.) Id. at 2368-69.
(39.) Id.
(40.) Id. at 2369.
(41.) Id. See Timken Roller Bearing Co. v. United States, 341 U.S. 593 (1951), United States v. National Lead Co., 332 U.S. 319 (1947), United States v. American Tobacco Co., 221 U.S. 106 (1911).
(42.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2370.
(43.) Id. at 2370-71. See Hunt v. Mobil Oil Corp., 550 F.2d 68 (2d Cir. 1977);. Dominicus Americana Bohio v. Gulf & Western Industries, Inc., 473 F. Supp. 680 (S.D.N.Y. 1979); Industria Siciliana Asfalti, Bitumi, S.p.A. v. Exxon Research & Engineering Co., 1977 WL 1353 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 1977).
(44.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2371.
(45.) Id. See supra note 18 (discussing the dispute over the meaning of "claim").
(46.) Id.
(47.) Id. at 2372.
(48.) Id.
(49.) Id.
(50.) Id. at 2372-73.
(51.) Justice Thomas joined in Justice Scalia's concurrence.
(52.) Roche, 124 S. Ct. at 2373.
(53.) Id. Justice Scalia's analysis is a bit too curt, since he, like the Court, fails to analyze the more interesting question of whether the domestic effect in this case is sufficient to overcome this presumption of deference toward the sovereignty of foreign nation.
(54.) Id. at 2364 (noting that "the question presented assumes that the relevant transactions occurred entirely outside U.S. commerce" (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also id. at 2372 (discussing the assumption of independence and respondents' ability to raise this issue on remand).
(55.) This assumption of independence did not, of course, completely finish the case, since the Court still had to decide how generally the word "claim" in the statute should be read, but it was the underlying basis of the Court's reasoning. Under the most expansive reading of claim, foreign purchasers could still bring a claim if there is some valid Sherman Act claim somewhere that someone could have brought. See supra note 18 (discussing the circuit spilt on the interpretation of claim prior to Roche).
(56.) That is, the exception to the FTAIA does not countenance U.S. jurisdiction over all foreign conspiracies that have a domestic harm; instead, U.S. courts will only have jurisdiction over those conspiracies that have a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on domestic commerce. Instead of deciding the case by saying the harms were independent, the Court should have acknowledged that there was some relationship between the harms and thus evaluated whether this harm was sufficient to trigger the FTAIA exception. Under this approach the requirement that there be a claim must also still be satisfied, but this requirement diminishes in importance.
(57.) See FTAIA, supra note 11. Whether in fact the conduct at issue here had the requisite effect remains an open question. For a discussion on the meaning of this phrase, see Richard W. Beckler & Matthew H. Kirtland, Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Antitrust Law: What is "Direct, Substantial, and Reasonably Foreseeable Effect" Under the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act?, 38 TEX. INT'L L.J. 11 (2003).
(58.) For another criticism of the reading of the FTAIA that relics on an imaginary "United States marketplace" instead of recognizing the existence of the global marketplace, see Mehra, supra note 18, at 773-74. This reading is the one adopted by courts demanding that the plaintiffs own claim be the Sherman Act claim. See supra note 18 (discussing the definition of claim). Mehra argues that while "[t]he United States marketplace concept has some superficial appeal ... [it] is difficult to reconcile with a global trading system." Id. at 773. Mehra identifies four reasons why the United States marketplace approach is unworkable: (1) It "requires definition of the extent of the marketplace": (2) It "requires courts to set up a discrete American marketplace jurisdictional zone within a world trade regime that is supposed to form an integrated whole": (3) It requires defining "some notion of participation in that zone": and (4) it "creates an incentive for violators to structure their enterprises to take advantage of the areas" outside the defined United States marketplace. Id. at 773-74. These types of criticisms are what underlie this Comment's criticism that in a global marketplace the Court's independent markets assumption was an untenable basis on which to make its decision in Roche.
(59.) See FTAIA, supra note 11 (establishing the standard for when this application is justified).
(60.) There are also policy reasons why the outcome in Roche might be incorrect. See, e.g., Salil K. Mehra, Deterrence: The Private Remedy and International Antitrust Cases, 40 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 275 (2002) (arguing that applying U.S. antitrust laws overseas and allowing a private right of action for foreign plaintiffs best serves the antitrust goal of deterrence). However, this Comment does not focus on the substantive implications of the outcome of Roche. Instead, it focuses on the implications of the method of decision-making and the implications of relying on an erroneous economic assumption. The outcome of this case could very well be the same under another standard, but the point of this Comment is to argue that beyond outcome questions there are important reasons why Roche's mistaken assumption is harmful to the process of adjudicating these types of cases.
(61.) Some of the more practical reasons why basing this decision on the correct economic standard would have been preferable are discussed in Mehra, supra note 18, at 773-74. In addition to these considerations, two major motivations for deciding Roche on plausible economic grounds are the simple desire for intellectual consonance and so as to provide a framework for future decisions where the lower courts do not make erroneous economic determinations of the sort made here. If the Court were simply to acknowledge that there is always interconnectivity and that the true question is the degree of the connection, then parties would also be able to better focus their energies on litigating the merits of the case rather than focusing on trying to prove or disprove the general existence of an interconnected global marketplace.
(62.) The statutory language in the FTAIA may not demand the result the Court reached in Roche. See, e.g., Davis, supra note 18, at 443-44 (stating that the "[l]iteral interpretation finds strong support in the language of the FTAIA"); Haas, supra note 18, at 114-16 (arguing that the decision in Kruman was contrary to a plain language reading). But see Dzara, supra note 18, at 438-43 (taking the opposite position on what the plain language says).
(63.) See Roche at 2368-69 (dismissing respondents' suggestion that concerns about comity require only that courts undertake a comparison between domestic and international law and calling such an approach "too complex to prove workable").
(64.) See id. at 2366-67 (describing the Court's concern about applying U.S. antitrust law to foreign actors).
(65.) Perhaps the Court did not want to address these issues because there was relatively little lower court treatment. However, this does not justify the Court's reliance on an incorrect assumption in Roche, since it could have remanded the case for further proceedings on the question of whether the degree of connection was sufficient to give rise to jurisdiction.
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Author: | Reinker, Kenneth S. |
Publication: | Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy |
Date: | Sep 22, 2004 |
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May 08, 2012, 05:12 PM | |
Ive been using simlar hinges in my 25lbs Sprint jet for 3 years now with no issues and close to 200 flights.
just saying.. |
Latest blog entry: Club No Max..
May 08, 2012, 05:36 PM | |||
I have been building planes for a long time now and i asure u there was enough zap ca on them hinges looks like the end 2 hinges gave up first and then riped the other ones out. will get another one for sure they fly loads better than my habu if u go to my youtube page Alanjets i build quite a few and no what im doing |
May 08, 2012, 05:38 PM | |
well we know it was flutter because alan said it fluttered so next is to figure out why it fluttered
Alan can you measure these two points 1)center of servo horn screw out to the clevis hole you used 2) hinge centerline to control horn clevis hole you used these two measurements should be equal or longer length on the elevator control side to eliminate a linkage problem. if its shorter on the elevator side then this was the problem, flutter caused by lack of mechanical advantage in linkage system |
May 08, 2012, 05:51 PM | |
well after watching the video if the control linkages are proper then the next thing I would say is excessive vibration from the fan system caused resonance frequency's to blow up the tail.
alan if I recall correctly doesn't this have the cs 12blade fan in it?....how was the balance? it doesn't sound too good but video's can distort things a bit |
May 08, 2012, 06:07 PM | |
Man that sucks, sorry man! I had my Sniper 90 crash first flight when the elevator horn ripped out of the soft balsa. I feel your pain. I have never heard of fan vibration causing a crash before as was suggested in previous posts. Anything can happen I guess. Were all the linkages still attached to the control horns after the crash? Possible any servos came loose....were they glued in or bolted in?
May 08, 2012, 06:13 PM | |
I just saw the pic of the elevator and thought the same thing. the hinges did not break and did not easily come out based on the fact they ripped the stab apart as they came out. I agree, it appears there is just not enough surface area for the hinges to be glued to.
QUOTE=vettster;21556358]alan...sorry about your loss.. Though it appears as though the problem is not the hinges as they are all in one peice, but more so the surface area holding the hinges since you can clearly see that the area is broken and lifted. Perhaps Flutter?[/QUOTE] |
May 08, 2012, 06:26 PM | ||
United States, TX, Grand Prairie
Joined Nov 2005
6,023 Posts
+1, the hinge surface area near the left knee seems to be 3-4mm thick...maybe not enough to hold the elevator at high speeds |
May 08, 2012, 06:30 PM | ||
Flutter Excitation One of the most dangerous events that can occur in flight is a phenomena called "flutter". Flutter is an aerodynamically induced vibration of a wing, tail, or control surface that can result in total structural failure in a matter of seconds. The prediction of flutter is not a precise science and requires flight verification that flutter will not occur within the normal flight envelope. The aerodynamic surfaces of an airplane are constructed so that they can carry the loads that are produced in flight. For example the wing must be capable of supporting the weight of the airplane as well as the additional lift produced during turning flight. The resulting wing structure can be viewed as a blade or spring extending from the fuselage. If we "tap" the spring with a hammer, it will vibrate at a frequency which relates to the stiffness of the spring. A stiff spring will vibrate at a higher frequency than a more limber spring. This frequency is known as the "natural frequency" of the spring. Flutter will usually occur at or near the natural frequency of the structure, that is, some small aerodynamic force will cause the structure to vibrate at its natural frequency. If this small force persists at the same frequency as the natural frequency of the structure, a condition called "resonance" occurs. Under a resonant condition, the amplitude of the vibration will increase dramatically in a very short time and can cause catastrophic failure in the structure. this would also coincide with the outer hinges failing first as the amplitude is greatest their The aerodynamic forces which can induce flutter are related to the dynamic pressure, or airspeed, of the airplane. If flutter-inducing forces are present they will increase as the airspeed is increased. Flutter characteristics can be explored by "tapping" the surface at progressively faster airspeeds, then watching how fast the vibrations decay or damp out. The vibrations will take longer to decay as the airspeed approaches a possible resonant condition. In this way potential flutter can be approached safely without actually reaching the resonant condition and experiencing sustained flutter. The method for "tapping" the surface varies. On some airplanes a sharp control pulse is sufficient to excite the natural frequency of the surface. In most cases a special flutter excitation device is installed. This device will use either an aerodynamic vane or an unbalanced mass which is driven back and forth at the known natural frequency of the surface. The device is abruptly turned off and the natural damping characteristics of the vibrating surface are revealed. The analysis is similar to the frequency and damping analysis discussed under the "control pulse" maneuver, except that the structural (or flutter) frequencies are much higher. |
May 08, 2012, 06:41 PM | |
Again..sorry about your loss Alan...But what a Spectacular crash!!! There's nothing left of it
Latest blog entry: Club No Max..
May 08, 2012, 06:47 PM | |
if it were me i would pin the hinges with round tooth picks or some .050 " C/F rod .sorry to see this happen .again this thread may help others not have this proplem.
the shape of the elev. may not be helping either .....the wider tips than the center section could really amplifiy the flutter or twisting of the elev.plus there is more weight at the tips.i cant think of any airplane (full scale) that has elev. shaped like that.i'd be using 4-40 rod for the controls too .esp. since you guys are packing some big power into these birds. |
May 08, 2012, 07:19 PM | ||
I am very familiar with flutter, but just don't see how the fan vibration has anything to do with it. No fan vibration could equal the vibration you see on a gas or glow plane.
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