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Applied behavior analysis (ABA), previously known as behavior modification,[1] is defined as the process of systematically applying interventions based upon the principles of learning theory to improve socially significant behaviors to a meaningful degree, and to demonstrate that the interventions employed are responsible for the improvement of behavior.[2] Contrary to popular belief, behavior analysts emphasize that the science of behavior must be a natural science as opposed to a social science.[3] As such, behavior analysts focus on the observable relationship of behavior to the environment, including antecedents and consequences, without resort to "hypothetical constructs".[4] By functionally assessing the relationship between a targeted behavior and the environment, the methods of ABA can be used to change that behavior.
Methods in applied behavior analysis range from validated intensive behavioral interventions—most notably utilized for children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD)[5]—to basic research which investigates the rules by which humans adapt and maintain behavior. However, applied behavior analysis contributes to a full range of areas including: HIV prevention,[6] business management, conservation of natural resources,[7] education,[8] gerontology,[9] health and exercise,[10] industrial safety,[11] language acquisition,[12] littering,[13] medical procedures,[14] parenting,[15] psychotherapy, seatbelt use,[16] severe mental disorders,[17] sports,[18] substance abuse, and zoo management and care of animals.[19]
ABA is defined as an applied natural science devoted to developing and applying procedures for effective and beneficial behavior change.[20] It is one of the three fields of behavior analysis. The other two are radical behaviorism, or the philosophy of the science; and experimental analysis of behavior, or basic experimental research.[5]
B.F. Skinner further revised the traditional theory of Behaviorism in the 1930s, and developed the modern form of it known as Behavior Analysis.
Although deriving from a similar philosophy, behavior modification was one form of behaviorism that modified behavior without addressing what was causing it. ABA uses environmental events. In other words, it analyzes what is prompting that behavior (the antecedent) and then develops consequential strategies. The antecedent also allows the practitioner to teach replacement behaviors for the individual.
Much of the beginnings of ABA can be traced to a group of faculty and researchers at the University of Washington including Don Baer, Sidney Bijou, Bill Hopkins, Jay Birnbrauer, Ivar Lovaas, Todd Risley, James Sherman, and Montrose Wolf.[21] In the 1960s, Baer, Hopkins, Risley, Sherman, and Wolf became faculty in the Department of Human Development and Family Life at the University of Kansas.[22] They and their colleagues began a concentrated effort at developing and perfecting the application of behavior analysis to address a wide variety of human problems. They also founded the Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis in 1968 which publishes research examining the application of behavior analysis to socially-relevant behavior. The term "Applied Behavior Analysis" (ABA) first came to widespread use after the introduction of The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.
ABA is a science used in a wide range of fields to reinforce behavior with various subtypes such as Organizational behavior management (OBM), Positive behavior support,[23] (such as School-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS)),[24][25] and Clinical behavior analysis (CBA, such as Contingency Management). Most of the time people use the subtype term Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI, including the Lovaas model and Pivotal response treatment (PRT)) interchangeably with ABA. However, the latter is a distinct psychological science of reinforcing behavior.[1]
Ole Ivar Lovaas is considered a grandfather of Applied Behavior Analysis and developed standardized teaching interventions based on behavioral principals. Lovaas devoted nearly a half a century to groundbreaking research and practice aimed at improving the lives of children with autism and their families. In 1965, Lovaas published a series of articles that therapeutic approaches to autism. The first two articles presented his system for coding behaviors during direct observations and a pioneering investigation of antecedents and consequences that maintained a problem behavior, a forerunner of what is now called experimental functional analysis.[26] The subsequent articles built upon these methods and reported the first demonstration of an effective way to teach nonverbal children to speak, a study on establishing social (secondary) reinforcers, a procedure for teaching children to imitate, and several studies on interventions to reduce life-threatening self-injury and aggression.
Lovaas was cited in his early career to use low dosages of electroshock therapy to children with extreme self injurious behavior.[26] In 1973, Lovaas published a long-term follow-up for the behavior modification intervention and was dismayed to find that most of the subjects had reverted to their pre-intervention behaviors. After these findings, Lovaas and his colleagues proposed several ways to improve outcomes such as starting intervention during the children's preschool years instead of later in childhood or adolescence, involving parents in the intervention, and implementing the intervention in the family's home rather than an institutional setting. Subsequent articles like the 1987 "Behavioral Treatment and Normal Educational and Intellectual Functioning in Young Autistic Children" reinforce this proposal of early and intensive intervention—without the use of aversives (such as electric shocks)—paired with continual therapy yields the most effective results for children with autism.[26] Lovaas highly believed that the support and involvement in parents applying therapy at home contributed to a higher success rate. Lovaas dedicated his life to the study of autism and was a strong advocate for people with autism even co-founding what is today the Autism Society of America.[26]
Baer, Wolf, and Risley's 1968 article[27] is still used as the standard description of ABA.[28] It describes the seven dimensions of ABA: application; a focus on behavior; the use of analysis; and its technological, conceptually-systematic, effective, and general approach.
ABA focuses on areas that are of social significance. In doing this, behavior scientists must take into consideration more than just the short-term behavior change, but also look at how behavior changes can affect the consumer, those who are close to the consumer, and how any change will affect the interactions between the two.
ABA must be behavioral, i.e.: behavior itself must change, not just what the consumer says about the behavior. It is not the goal of the behavior scientists to get their consumers to stop complaining about behavior problems, but rather to change the problem behavior itself. In addition, behavior must be objectively measured. A behavior scientist cannot resort to the measurement of non-behavioral substitutes. (Obviously multidisciplinary work within behavior and psychology may include, for example, analysis of cognition or demographics and exploration of the individual as well, where experimental standards are maintained.)
ABA must be analytic, which means that the behavior analyst can control the behavior that is being changed by changing the control behavior. In the lab, this has been easy as the researcher can start and stop the behavior at will. However, in the applied situation, this is not always as easy, nor ethical, to do. According to Baer, Wolf, and Risley, this difficulty should not stop a science from upholding the strength of its principles.[27] As such, they referred to two designs that are best used in applied settings to demonstrate control and maintain ethical standards. These are the reversal and multiple baseline designs. The reversal design is one in which the behavior of choice is measured prior to any intervention. Once the pattern appears stable, an intervention is introduced, and behavior is measured. If there is a change in behavior, measurement continues until the new pattern of behavior appears stable. Then, the intervention is removed, or reduced, and the behavior is measured to see if it changes again. If the behavior scientist truly has demonstrated control of the behavior with the intervention, the behavior of interest should change with intervention changes. Here control may be better called "effect" or "influence", of behavior.
This means that if any other researcher were to read a description of the study, that researcher would be able to "replicate the application with the same results."[27] This means that the description must be very detailed and clear. Ambiguous descriptions do not qualify. Cooper et al. describe a good check for the technological characteristic: "have a person trained in applied behavior analysis carefully read the description and then act out the procedure in detail. If the person makes any mistakes, adds any operations, omits any steps, or has to ask any questions to clarify the written description then the description is not sufficiently technological and requires improvement."[29] This is where the experiment is repeatable.
A defining characteristic is in regard to the interventions used; and thus research must be conceptually systematic by only using procedures and interpreting results of these procedures in terms of the principles from which they were derived.[29]
ABA must be effective, which means that the application of these techniques changes the behavior it seeks to change. Specifically, it is not a theoretical importance of the variable, but rather the practical importance (social importance) that is essential.[27] If the application of behavioral techniques does not produce a large enough effects for practical value, then the application has failed.
ABA must be general, which means that it persists over time, in different environments, and spreads to other behaviors not directly treated by the intervention. In addition, continued change in specified behavior after intervention for that behavior has been withdrawn is also an example of generality. It is a goal to identify behavior stimuli with long-lasting and general effect.
In 2005, Heward, et al. added their belief that the following five characteristics should be added:[30]
Behavior is the activity of living organisms. Human behavior is the entire gamut of what people do including thinking and feeling.[33] Behavior can be determined by applying the Dead Man's test:
If a dead man can do it, it isn't behavior. And if a dead man can't do it, then it is behavior.[34]
This is obviously only a simple rubric.
Behavior is that portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment.[35] Often, the term behavior is used to reference a larger class of responses that share physical dimensions or function. In this instance, the term response indicates a single instance of that behavior.[36] If a group of responses have the same function, this group can be classified as a response class. Finally, when discussing a person's collection of behavior, repertoire is used. It can either pertain specifically to a set of response classes that are relevant to a particular situation, or it can refer to every behavior that a person can do.
Operant behavior is that which is selected by its antecedents and consequences. The conditioning of operant behavior is the result of reinforcement and punishment.[37] Operant conditioning applies to so-called "voluntary" responses, which an organism emits and increase or decrease in frequency as a function of the consequences which follow. The term operant emphasizes this point: the organism's behavior operates upon its environment to produce some type of desirable result. For example, operant conditioning is at work when we learn that toiling industriously can bring about a raise or that studying hard for a particular class will result in good grades, in positive reinforcement.
All organisms respond in predictable ways to certain stimuli. These stimulus–response relations are called reflexes. The response component of the reflex is called respondent behavior. It is defined as behavior which is elicited by antecedent stimuli. Respondent conditioning (also called classical conditioning) is learning in which new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents. This is done through stimulus–stimulus pairing, for example, the stimulus (smell of food) can elicit a person's salivation. By pairing that stimulus (smell) with another stimulus (e.g., a light), the second stimulus can obtain the function of the first stimulus, given that the predictive relationship between the two stimuli is maintained. This is also known as "Pavlov's dog's bell".
The environment is the entire constellation of stimuli in which an organism exists.[38] This includes events both inside and outside of an organism, but only real physical events are included. The environment consists of stimuli. A stimulus is an "energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells."[38]
A stimulus can be described:
Reinforcement is the most important principle of behavior[39] and a key element of most behavior change programs.[40] It is the process by which behavior is strengthened, if a behavior is followed closely in time by a stimulus and this results in an increase in the future frequency of that behavior. The addition of a stimulus following an event that serves as a reinforcer is termed positive reinforcement. If the removal of an event serves as a reinforcer, this is termed negative reinforcement.[41] There are multiple schedules of reinforcement that affect the future probability of behavior.
Punishment is a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior which decreases the future frequency of that behavior. As with reinforcement, a stimulus can be added (positive punishment) or removed (negative punishment). Broadly, there are three types of punishment: presentation of aversive stimuli (e.g., pain), response cost (removal of desirable stimuli as in monetary fines), and restriction of freedom (as in a 'time out').[42] Punishment in practice can often result in unwanted side effects.[43] Some other potential unwanted effects include resentment over being punished, attempts to escape the punishment, expression of pain and negative emotions associated with it, and recognition by the punished individual between the punishment and the person delivering it.
Extinction is the technical term to describe the procedure of withholding/discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in the decrease of that behavior.[44] The behavior is then set to be extinguished (Cooper, et al.). Extinction procedures are often preferred over punishment procedures that are frequently deemed unethical and in many states prohibited. Nonetheless, extinction procedures must be implemented with utmost care by professionals, as they are generally associated with extinction bursts. An extinction burst is the temporary increase in the frequency, intensity, and/or duration of the behavior targeted for extinction.[45] Other characteristics of an extinction burst include a) extinction-produced aggression—the occurrence of an emotional response to an extinction procedure often manifested as aggression; and b) extinction-induced response variability—the occurrence of novel behaviors that did not typically occur prior to the extinction procedure. These novel behaviors are a core component of shaping procedures.
In addition to a relation being made between behavior and its consequences, operant conditioning also establishes relations between antecedent conditions and behaviors. This differs from the S–R formulations (If-A-then-B), and replaces it with an AB-because-of-C formulation. In other words, the relation between a behavior (B) and its context (A) is because of consequences (C), more specifically, this relationship between AB because of C indicates that the relationship is established by prior consequences that have occurred in similar contexts.[46] This antecedent–behavior–consequence contingency is termed the three-term contingency. A behavior which occurs more frequently in the presence of an antecedent condition than in its absence is called a discriminated operant. The antecedent stimulus is called a discriminative stimulus (SD). The fact that the discriminated operant occurs only in the presence of the discriminative stimulus is an illustration of stimulus control.[47] More recently behavior analysts have been focusing on conditions that occur prior to the circumstances for the current behavior of concern that increased the likelihood of the behavior occurring or not occurring. These conditions have been referred to variously as "Setting Event", "Establishing Operations", and "Motivating Operations" by various researchers in their publications.
B.F. Skinner's classification system of behavior analysis has been applied to treatment of a host of communication disorders.[48] Skinner's system includes:
For assessment of verbal behavior from Skinner's system see Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills.
When measuring behavior, there are both dimensions of behavior and quantifiable measures of behavior. In applied behavior analysis, the quantifiable measures are a derivative of the dimensions. These dimensions are repeatability, temporal extent, and temporal locus.[49]
Response classes occur repeatedly throughout time—i.e., how many times the behavior occurs.
This dimension indicates that each instance of behavior occupies some amount of time—i.e., how long the behavior occurs.
Each instance of behavior occurs at a specific point in time—i.e., when the behavior occurs.
Derivative measures are unrelated to specific dimensions:
In applied behavior analysis, all experiments should include the following:[50]
Prior to the seminal article on functional analytic methodology for aberrant behaviors, behavior analysts used the behavioral technology available to them at the time. Instead of treating the function of the disruptive behavior, behavior analysts would instead use potent consequences to manage disruptive behaviors. For example, in the past to decrease self-injurious behavior in an individual, behavior analysts may have delivered an aversive stimulus contingent on the response (Iwata, 1988). This type of intervention was successful to the individual, but it was not uncommon to see other variations of aberrant behavior begin to appear. Applied behavior analysis as a field favors reinforcement based interventions over punishment based intervention, but at the time the behavioral technology was not advanced enough and the individuals needing intervention had a right to an effective treatment (Van Houten et al., 1988). In 1977, Edward Carr published a paper on potential hypotheses for the occurrence and maintenance of self-injurious behaviors. This paper laid out the initial groundwork for a functional analysis of aberrant behaviors. In the paper, Carr described five potential causes for self-injurious behaviors that included (1) positive social reinforcement contingent on the response, (2) negative reinforcement in the form of removal of an aversive stimulus contingent on the response, (3) the response produced stimuli possessed reinforcing qualities (automatic reinforcement), (4) the behavior was a byproduct of an underlying psychological condition, and (5) psychodynamic hypothesis in which the behavior was an attempt to reduce guilt. Throughout the paper, Carr cited recent research to support the first three hypotheses, and disprove the latter two hypotheses, but no formal experiment was conducted to determine the controlling variables of the problem behavior. In 1982, Iwata and colleagues conducted the first experimental analysis of the maintaining variables for self-injurious behavior. In the paper, the researchers alternated between specific conditions to examine whether or not the behavior occurred under specific environmental conditions. Through direct manipulation of the environment, the researchers could accurately identify the controlling variables of the aberrant behavior, and provide interventions that targeted the functional relationship between the behavior and the environment. Since this seminal article was published, a wide range of research has been published in the area of functional analyses of aberrant behaviors. The methodology has since become the gold standard in assessment and treatment of aberrant behaviors.
Functional assessment of behavior provides hypotheses about the relationships between specific environmental events and behaviors. Decades of research have established that both desirable and undesirable behaviors are learned and maintained through interactions with the social and physical environment. Functional Behavior Assessments are used to identify controlling variables for challenging behaviors as the basis for intervention efforts designed to decrease the occurrence of these behaviors.
Behavior serves two major functions for an individual: (1) to obtain desired events, or (2) to escape/avoid undesired events. Put another way, individuals engage in behavior to get something or to get out of something. When trying to identify the function of a behavior, it is often helpful to think, "What purpose is this behavior serving the individual." Described below are the common functions of behavior.
Access to Attention (Positive Reinforcement: Social): The individual engages in the behavior to obtain attention from another person. For example, a child throws a toy because it characteristically results in mom's attention. (If this behavior results in mom looking at child and giving him lots of attention—even if she's saying "NO"—he will be more likely to engage in the same behavior in the future to get mom's attention.) Common forms of attention include, but are not limited to, hugs, kisses, reprimands, frowns, smiles, etc.
Access to Tangibles (Positive Reinforcement: Tangible/Activity): The individual engages in the behavior to obtain a specific item or engage in a specific activity from another person. For example, a child hits mom because s/he wants the toy mom is holding. (If this behavior results in mom giving the child the toy, s/he will be more likely to engage in the same behavior in the future to get mom's attention.) Common forms of tangible items include, but are not limited to, food, toys, movies, video games, etc.
Automatic Positive Reinforcement: The individual engages in the behavior because the response-produced stimulation possesses reinforcing characteristics. Said another way, engaging in the behavior produces reinforcing internal stimulation unique to the specific context. For example, a child hits his/her eyes because it produces the specific internal stimulation of various colors and effects. Another example includes a child spinning a bowl on a table to produce the specific auditory stimulation unique to that object. Common forms of automatic stimulation include, but are not limited to, auditory stimulation, visual stimulation, endorphin release, etc.
Escape/Removal of Attention: The individual engages in the behavior to escape aversive socially mediated attention. Put another way, social situations that are aversive to the child are removed contingent on the behavior occurring. For example, a child hits the teacher to avoid talking in front of the class. Common forms of aversive social situations include, but are not limited to, smiles, hugs, frowns, corrections, group settings, etc.
Escape/Removal of Tasks or Activities: The Individual engages in the behavior to escape aversive tasks or demands. For example, when a child is told to take a bath he begins to cry, and his mother tells him he no longer has to take a bath. Another example includes a teacher telling a student to complete a series of math problems, to which the student flips the desk and is sent to the principal's office. Being sent to the principals office reinforced the behavior of flipping the desk because it allowed the child to escape the aversive activity of completing math problems. Common forms of aversive demands/activities include, but are not limited to, difficult tasks, changes in routines, unpredictability, novel tasks, etc.
Automatic Negative Reinforcement: The individual engages in the behavior because it produces a decrease in aversive internal stimulation. Put another way, something aversive is occurring beneath the skin and engaging in the behavior decreases the level of discomfort. For example, a child bangs his head against the wall to decrease the pain experienced from a toothache. Another example includes a child scratching his arm to decrease the level of itchiness experiences from a bug bite. Common forms of aversive automatic stimulation include sinus pain, itching, hunger, etc.
As previously stated function refers to the effect the behavior produces on the environment. The actual form of the behavior is referred to the topography. Different behaviors may serve the same function, thus describing one limitation of treating behaviors based on form alone. For example, a child may scream, hit, and cry to obtain attention from his mother. What the behavior looks like often reveals little useful information about the conditions that account for it. However, identifying the conditions that account for a behavior, suggests what conditions need to be altered to change the behavior. Therefore, assessment of function of a behavior can yield useful information with respect to intervention strategies that are likely to be effective.
FBA methods can be classified into three types: • Indirect assessment • Descriptive assessment • Functional (experimental) analysis
This method utilizes structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires to obtain information from persons who are familiar with the person exhibiting the behavior to identify possible conditions or events in the natural environment that correlate with the problem behavior. They are referred to as "indirect" because they do not involve direct observation of the behavior, but rather they solicit information based on others' recollections of the behavior. This form of assessment typically yields the least reliable information about the function of behavior, but can provide insight as to possible functions of the behavior to be tested in the future, the form of the behaviors (e.g. screaming, hitting, etc.), and environments in which the behavior typically occurs (e.g. school, home, etc.). This type of assessment should be performed as the initial step of any Functional Behavior Assessment to gather relevant information to complete more direct assessments.
Unlike the indirect methods of FBAs, descriptive functional behavior assessment utilizes direct observation of behavior. These observations occur in the environment in which the behavior naturally occurs (e.g. school, home, etc.) therefore there is no direct manipulation of the environment. The most common form of descriptive assessment involves recording the antecedents and consequences that naturally occur when the individual emits the behavior. This is referred to as ABC data collection, in which (A) represents the common antecedent, (B) represents the behavior of interest, and (C) represents the immediate consequences that occur following the behavior. ABC data collection is used to identify the naturally occurring consequences delivered in the environment in which the behavior occurs. ABC data collection can be conducted by a wide array of individuals who have received appropriate training on how to record the data. Another form of descriptive FBA is called a scatterplot. In this assessment, staff record the time and setting in which the behavior of interest occurs over a series of days. The data are plotted on a visual scale to indicate whether there are any patterns in the behavior. For example, does the behavior occur more frequently during math instruction than it does during lunchtime? Although this assessment does not expose the staff member to the consequences of the behavior, it can be used to identify some of the antecedent conditions that typically surround the behavior of interest.
A functional analysis is the most direct form of Functional Behavior Assessments in which specific antecedents and consequences are systematically manipulated to test their separate effects on the behavior of interest. Each manipulation of the antecedent and consequence in a particular situation is referred to a condition. In a functional analysis, conditions are typically alternated between quite rapidly independent of responding to test the different functions of behavior. When data paths are elevated above the control condition (described below) it can be said that there is a functional relation between that condition and the behavior of interest. Below, common examples of experimental conditions are described. A standard functional analysis normally has four conditions (three test conditions and one control):
In this condition, the experimenter gives the individual moderately preferred items and instructs them to go play. After that initial instruction, the experimenter pretends to act busy and ignores all bids for attention from the individual. If the individual engages in the behavior of interest, the experimenter provides the individual with attention (commonly in the form of a reprimand). Behaviors that occur more frequently in this condition can be said to be attention maintained.
In this condition, the experimenter instructs the individual that it is time to work. After the initial instruction, the experimenter delivers a series of demands that the individual is typically required to complete (e.g. math problems, cleaning up, etc.). If the individual engages in the behavior of interest, the demand is removed and the child is allowed to take a break. Behaviors that occur more frequently in this condition can be said to be escape maintained.
In this condition, the child is left alone with a variety of items to engage with. If the child engages in the behavior of interest, no programmed consequences are delivered. Behaviors that occur more frequently in this condition can be said to be automatically maintained.
In this condition, the child is allowed to engage with a variety of items during the session. No demands are placed on the child throughout the duration of the session. The experimenter provides attention to the individual throughout the session on any behavior that is not the target behavior. If the target behavior occurs, the experimenter removes attention until the behavior has subsided. This session is meant to act as a control condition, meaning that the environment is enriched for the purpose of the behavior not occurring. Said another way, by meeting environmental needs for all possible functions, the individual is not likely to engage in the behavior of interest. This condition is used as a comparison to the other conditions. Any condition that is elevated to a large degree form the control condition, shows a higher degree experimental control indicating the functional relationship between the specific environmental conditions and the behavior of interest.
Functional Behavior Assessments are rarely limited to only one of the methodologies described above. The most common, and most preferred, method of identifying the function of behavior can be seen as a four part processes. 1) The gathering of information via indirect and descriptive assessment. 2) Interpretation of information from indirect and descriptive assessment and formulation of a hypothesis about the purpose of problem behavior. 3) Testing of a hypothesis using a functional analysis. 4) Developing intervention options based on the function of problem behavior.
Task analysis is a process in which a task is analyzed into its component parts so that those parts can be taught through the use of chaining: forward chaining, backward chaining and total task presentation. Task analysis has been used in organizational behavior management, a behavior analytic approach to changing organizations.[52] Behavioral scripts often emerge from a task analysis.[53][54] Bergan conducted a task analysis of the behavioral consultation relationship[55] and Thomas Kratochwill developed a training program based on teaching Bergan's skills.[56] A similar approach was used for the development of microskills training for counselors.[57][58][59] Ivey would later call this "behaviorist" phase a very productive one[60] and the skills-based approach came to dominate counselor training during 1970–90.[61] Task analysis was also used in determining the skills needed to access a career.[62] In education, Englemann (1968) used task analysis as part of the methods to design the Direct Instruction curriculum.[63]
The skill to be learned is broken down into small units for easy learning. For example, a person learning to brush teeth independently may start with learning to unscrew the toothpaste cap. Once they have learned this, the next step may be squeezing the tube, etc.[64][65]
For problem behavior, chains can also be analyzed and the chain can be disrupted to prevent the problem behavior.[66] Some behavior therapies, such as dialectical behavior therapy, make extensive use of behavior chain analysis.[67]
A prompt is a cue or assistance to encourage the desired response from an individual.[68] Prompts are often categorized into a prompt hierarchy from most intrusive to least intrusive. There is some controversy about what is considered most intrusive: physically intrusive versus hardest prompt to fade (i.e., verbal).[69] In a faultless learning approach, prompts are given in a most-to-least sequence and faded systematically to ensure the individual experiences a high level of success.[70] There may be instances in which a least-to-most prompt method is preferred. Prompts are faded systematically and as quickly as possible to avoid prompt dependency. The goal of teaching using prompts would be to fade prompts towards independence, so that no prompts are needed for the individual to perform the desired behavior.[71][72]
Types of prompts:
This is not an exhaustive list of all possible prompts. When using prompts to systematically teach a skill, not all prompts need to be used in the hierarchy; prompts are chosen based on which ones are most effective for a particular individual.
The overall goal is for an individual to eventually not need prompts. As an individual gains mastery of a skill at a particular prompt level, the prompt is faded to a less intrusive prompt. This ensures that the individual does not become overly dependent on a particular prompt when learning a new behavior or skill.
Thinning is often confused with fading. Fading refers to a prompt being removed, where thinning refers to the spacing of a reinforcement schedule getting larger.[73] Some support exists that a 30% decrease in reinforcement can be an efficient way to thin.[74] Schedule thinning is often an important and neglected issue in contingency management and token economy systems, especially when developed by unqualified practitioners (see professional practice of behavior analysis).[75]
Generalization is the expansion of a student's performance ability beyond the initial conditions set for acquisition of a skill.[76] Generalization can occur across people, places, and materials used for teaching. For example, once a skill is learned in one setting, with a particular instructor, and with specific materials, the skill is taught in more general settings with more variation from the initial acquisition phase. For example, if a student has successfully mastered learning colors at the table, the teacher may take the student around the house or his school and then generalize the skill in these more natural environments with other materials. Behavior analysts have spent considerable amount of time studying factors that lead to generalization.[77]
Shaping involves gradually modifying the existing behavior into the desired behavior. If the student engages with a dog by hitting it, then he or she could have their behavior shaped by reinforcing interactions in which he or she touches the dog more gently. Over many interactions, successful shaping would replace the hitting behavior with patting or other gentler behavior. Shaping is based on a behavior analyst's thorough knowledge of operant conditioning principles and extinction. Recent efforts to teach shaping have used simulated computer tasks.[78]
One teaching technique found to be effective with some students, particularly children, is the use of video modeling (the use of taped sequences as exemplars of behavior). It can be used by therapists to assist in the acquisition of both verbal and motor responses, in some cases for long chains of behavior.[79][80]
Critical to behavior analytic interventions is the concept of a systematic behavioral case formulation with a functional behavioral assessment or analysis at the core.[81][82] This approach should apply a behavior analytic theory of change (see Behavioral change theories). This formulation should include a thorough functional assessment, a skills assessment, a sequential analysis (behavior chain analysis), an ecological assessment, a look at existing evidenced-based behavioral models for the problem behavior (such as Fordyce's model of chronic pain)[83] and then a treatment plan based on how environmental factors influence behavior. Some argue that behavior analytic case formulation can be improved with an assessment of rules and rule-governed behavior.[84][85][86] Some of the interventions that result from this type of conceptualization involve training specific communication skills to replace the problem behaviors as well as specific setting, antecedent, behavior, and consequence strategies.[87]
ABA-based techniques are often used to treat autism, so much so that ABA itself is often mistakenly considered to be synonymous with therapy for autism.[5] ABA for autism may be limited by diagnostic severity and IQ.[88][89] The most influential and widely cited review of the literature regarding efficacy of treatments for Autism is the National Research Council's book Educating Children with Autism (2001) which concluded that ABA was the best research supported and most effective treatment for the main characteristics of Autism. Some critics claimed that the NRC's report was an inside job by behavior analysts but there were no board certified behavior analysts on the panel (which did include physicians, speech pathologists, educators, psychologists, and others). Recent reviews of the efficacy of ABA-based techniques in autism include:
A 2009 systematic review and meta-analysis by Spreckley and Boyd of four 2000–2007 studies (involving a total of 76 children) came to different conclusions than the aforementioned reviews.[97] Spreckley and Boyd reported that applied behavior intervention (ABI), another name for EIBI, did not significantly improve outcomes compared with standard care of preschool children with ASD in the areas of cognitive outcome, expressive language, receptive language, and adaptive behavior.[97] In a letter to the editor, however, authors of the four studies meta-analyzed claimed that Spreckley and Boyd had misinterpreted one study comparing two forms of ABI with each other as a comparison of ABI with standard care, which erroneously decreased the observed efficacy of ABI.[98] Furthermore, the four studies' authors raised the possibility that Spreckley and Boyd had excluded some other studies unnecessarily, and that including such studies could have led to a more favorable evaluation of ABI.[98] Spreckley, Boyd, and the four studies' authors did agree that large multi-site randomized trials are needed to improve the understanding of ABA's efficacy in autism.[98]
Applied behavior analysts publish in many journals. Some of the ones considered core journals to behavior analysis are:


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Record Label: QLN Entertainment


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Jefferson County Sheriff's Deputy and Lindenwood University student Nina Osia, who was shot in an exchange with a Cedar Hill man earlier this month, will be recognized for her valor and her commitment to academics in a ceremony Monday at Lindenwood's South County extension site at 12224 Tesson Ferry Road.
Osia, who studies criminal justice at Lindenwood, was shot in the ankle early on a Friday morning and sustained a broken fibula. Just three days later, she turned in her criminology homework and shared her harrowing experience with her classmates.
"I went to class but I was obviously on some medication and maybe not 100 percent," said Osia. "I have been working on my degree for too long to go backwards. I wasn't about to let this incident slow me down."
Osia, from Crystal City, will be joined by Lindenwood University President James D. Evans, PhD, and her boss, Sheriff Glenn Boyer.
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1827-2013 Lindenwood University • 209 S. Kingshighway • St. Charles, MO 63301 |
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Renewed every day - Program 753
December 29, 2007 - Sentinel Radio 2007As the new year approaches, are you looking for change in your life, or maybe resolution of long-standing problems? We'll talk about finding change and renewal from a spiritual basis, through the power of prayer. Hear the life-changing experience of one woman who learned more about God's goodness and power, and learn how it's possible to find deep-rooted transformation in your own life.


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The voice of the Universal Family of Schools. Founded by music mogul Kenny Gamble & broadcasting from historic Philadelphia, PA, USA. Mostly R&B with a splash of jazz and world-beat. Learn something new everyday. Visit - www.universalcompanies.org
Universal Institute Charter School (grades K-8) 801 South 15th Street Philadelphia, PA 19146 Phone: 215-732-2876 Fax: 215-732-8066 www.uics.org The mission of the Universal Institute Charter School is to provide a school-to-career academic program that emphasizes self-sufficiency, civic responsibility and problem solving through mathematics, language arts, and the sciences. The educational program uses community resources within the Universal Institute's immediate neighborhood through a variety of before-school, during-class and after-school partnerships with families, businesses, social agencies, civic groups and community organizations to enhance the academic program and to support students and their families.


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POSTED: Monday, January 19, 2009 - 1:22pm
UPDATED: Thursday, February 25, 2010 - 11:32am
A La Feria family is left homeless after a blaze erupted in the home.
Several fire departments from the Valley answered the call to put out the flames. Fire crews from La Feria, Harlingen, and Mercedes all called to a house fire off Rabb Road in La Feria . This home belongs to Elfida and Julin Cantu. Cantu has lived in the home for 25 years. He build it with his own hands and help of his sons. Elfida and Julin where in the home when the fire started in the upper part of the home. They tried to put it out with a hose and then ran out of the home.
The Cameron County Fire Marshall says the fire started in the chimney area. Flames sparked causing the roof to collapse. Cantu says at least $30,000 worth of clothing, furniture, and priceless memories were destroyed. He also just redid his carpeting. The first floor of the home also sustained severe damage from the water used to put out the fire. Cantu says he plans to rebuild. Cantu says he's going to stay with family members until he can rebuild his home.


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Following are the principal roles and tasks of key IMT-GT public and private sector institutions in implementing the IMT-GT Programme:
Leaders' Summit
Ministers' Meeting (MM)
Senior Officials' Meeting (SOM)
Working Groups (WGs)
There are 6 working groups each concentrating on a focused area. The first two are led by Malaysia, the next two by Indonesia while the last two are led by Thailand.
Center for IMT-GT Subregional Cooperation (CIMT)
National Secretariats
Joint Business Council (JBC)
Governors' Forum
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
The ADB is a Development Partner of IMT-GT since 2006. ADB provides capacity building support to IMT-GT institutions and extends assistance in mobilizing technical and financial resources as well as support for establishing an enabling environment for private sector development. ADB is currently supporting capacity building at the new IMT-GT permanent secretariat, and other institutions including Working Groups and Governors' and Chief Ministers' Forum. ADB is also facilitating economic and sector analysis to promote trade, investment, and tourism in the subregion, with a focus on the 5 identified Economic Connectivity Corridors (ECCs).
In February 2007, the ADB initiated the "Expanding Horizons: A Study on the Development of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) Economic Corridors". The study, completed in September 2007, was a preliminary assessment of the opportunities, constraints and challenges to developing the subregion's connectivity and thus strengthening its growth potential. The focus of this study was on identifying the status of existing infrastructure assets, potential areas for intervention and other areas where further research is necessary to fully develop and utilize corridor connectivity.
Subsequently, following the recommendations of the study, two further studies were undertaken during Q4 2007 - Q3 2008, focusing respectively on the identification of logistical costs and constraints on the ECCs (Logistics Development Study of the IMT-GT, April 2008) and, second, on a mapping of maritime links within IMT, including existing cargo and passenger movements, port capacities, and CIQ constraints (Maritime Sector Study of IMT-GT, August 2008). Both studies have been circulated to the respective governments and recommendations from the studies have been provided as inputs to the 15th SOM/MM in October 2008.
The Sumatra Investment and Trade Survey (SITS) is an important component of ADB's sector work on trade and investment in IMT-GT. The primary objective of the SITS is to provide an empirical understanding of factors and policies that influence firm performance, including productivity, profitability, investment, growth and links with external markets, particularly in other regions of IMT. More about SITS.
Here's the ADB's Report to the 15th IMT-GT Senior Officials Meeting on support to IMT-GT in 2008 and proposed for 2009.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
The ASEAN Secretariat is a valuable ally of IMT-GT that provides support and linkage to development in regional cooperation in ASEAN. Subregional cooperation within IMT-GT is consistent with promoting the realization of an ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.


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Women's Merrell® Knit - top Luxe Casuals
Item # WX2-211976
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This item is shipped directly from the factory. To see the expected shipping date, please add to your Shopping Cart. Sorry, no express shipping available. We are unable to ship factory direct items to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico or APO or FPO addresses.
- Details & Specs
Women's Merrell® Knit - top Luxe Casuals. Where comfort meets craft.
How comfortable are they? So comfortable that they received official recognition from the American Podiatric Medical Association. But nothing about this sophisticated Pair suggests you stole 'em from your grandma's closet. Premium oiled leather uppers topped with cozy wool stay a stride ahead of current trends. Breathable pigskin lining, molded arch support, lightweight durable midsole and an air cushion in the heel make each step a pleasure.
More:- Cement construction provides lightweight durability
- Oiled nubuck leather upper
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- Merrell air cushion in the heel absorbs shock and adds stability
- Sticky rubber outsole
- 13 ozs. each.
State Color and Size, as available in Shopping Cart. Order ONLINE Today!
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Now that June is in full swing that means Summer! These sunny days we are having are making me fall more and more in love with the berry brights and citrus tones of the season. Both are cheery color palettes for Summertime nuptials.
Our Pinterest page has inspired me to share just some of the wonderful ideas to personalize your Summer Wedding! Here are several…
For those HOT Summer days and outside festivities – A water station and bug spray section for your guests to get comfortable and hydrated. So clever!!
And on hot days, you want to stay refreshed during the celebrations. These watermelon cups filled with feta and mint are a delicious bite sized treat for the cocktail hour.
During the Wedding Reception, serve a signature drink such as this colorful cocktail consisting of limoncello and prosecco with frozen raspberries. It looks festive and tastes refreshing! And as it is Summer, we suggest a favor for your guests showcasing the delicious berries of the season. A flavorful treat!
For more ideas, check out our Pinterest Board: Summer Wedding Ideas: http://pinterest.com/annebarge/summer-wedding-ideas/
« Real Wedding – Mackinac Island MI Real Bride in Devereaux »


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What does HRDE mean in Non-Profit Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand HRDE in the Community field in general and in the Non-Profit Organizations terminology in particular.
Find a translation for HRDE in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this HRDE abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"HRDE." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/342677>.
HRDE also stands for:
- Harm-Reduction Drug Education
- High Resolution Digital Extensometer
- Human Resource Development and Employment, Inc.
- Human Resources Development Experts
- Hunter, Richey, DiBenedetto, & Eisenbeis, LLP.
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For Samantha's Sake
I've dreamed of visiting Fleur-de-Lys, in search of icebergs. But I doubt I ever will, because the Samantha Walsh murder sits so heavy in my heart.
Living in Ontario at the time, I never heard of the tragedy when it occurred. Or if I was aware of it, I didn't allow such information past the barriers I'd built to protect me from hearing such horrible stories. It's because so many affected feel a need to tell me how they connect the song 'Salt Water Joys', with the young victim ("It was her favourite, and she sang it so sweetly"), that I now know Samantha's story. It's because her killer has recently been granted parole. And now it's the sudden passing of Samantha's father that has resulted in this sad affair being permanently brought to my attention.
I know it's quite possible that there is not one Newfoundland adult who isn't aware of the details surrounding this young girl's death, but if someone from away is reading today's column, on the Internet, I feel compelled to provide a bit of background – that in February of 2000, Samantha, 13, was murdered by a 16-yr old boy she knew and trusted, at a cabin near her Fleur-de-Lys home. Beyond that, all you need to know is that detail is deeply despicable on the part of the perpetrator, and enormously innocent on behalf of the victim.
Fleur-de-Lys is little more than an hour's drive north of the Trans-Canada highway, on Route 410, between White Bay and Notre Dame Bay. I've thought it would be a great place to explore, on my way to the Deer Lake airport perhaps. Along the way, I could check out the effects that mining (asbestos, copper, lead, zinc, and gold) had on the 42 communities that once existed on that Baie Verte Peninsula. But with that investigation, my intention would be to see what crimes have been committed against the land (mountains of mine tailings, and large, ugly, open cut pits), not the people.
I'd like to see Fleur-de-Lys to get an idea why its sheltered harbour has been used off-and-on by humans for 4,500 years – first by the Maritime Archaic Indians, then the Grosswater Paleo-Eskimo 3,000 years ago, and the Middle Dorset 1,000 years after that.
I'd visit Fleur-de-Lys' Interpretation Centre, to get a sense of what the community was like in the 1500s, when it was a seasonal fishing station for the French. I'd look for the rock formation that resembles the homeland's national symbol, thus providing the community with its poetic name ('Flower of the lily'). I'd imagine what the harbour looked like when the first full-time Europeans arrived – two brothers named Walsh, like Samantha. And I would wonder where, in 1888, 12,000 seals were slaughtered as part of what was then a thriving, significant industry. But today, I'm thinking I'll never have enough reason to run up that road to Fleur-de-Lys - because Samantha's murder sits so heavy in my heart.
Yet such a thought would probably hurt Sam – to think that people might not want to come to the community she loved; that someone may not wish to visit the town that her father and mother did so much volunteer work on behalf of, to make it a home for so many. So maybe I'll need to rethink my stance. Maybe I'll have to make Fleur-de-Lys an intentional travel destination this coming summer - for Samantha's sake.


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USA TODAY reporter and product reviewer Ed Baig took time to compile a list of his favorite products from 2011, starting with OS X Lion.
"OS X Lion is the eighth major release (in 10 years) of the Mac's OS X operating system. This latest feline is a beautiful finger-friendly operating system that adds 250-plus new features, from handy reading lists in the Safari Web browser to clever special effects in Photo Booth."


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Yoga Classes in Bad Meinberg Germany |
Yoga Classes in Bad Meinberg |
Yoga Vidya
Sivananda Integral Yoga | |
Wällenweg 42 Bad Meinberg 32805 Map
Contact:Michael Jugov
+49 (05234) 87-0 | |
Haus Yoga Vidya Bad Meinberg is a beautiful and spiritual placeand Europe's biggest yoga seminar house with over 1500 seminars each year. Find out about the courses, teachers' training courses and events we offer! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++The integral practice of yoga and meditation surrounded by wonderful nature, alongside like-minded people and with delicious, wholesome 100%organic food harmonizes and inspires body, mind and soul. A stay in House Yoga Vidya can give you a lot of strength, joy, and positivity for your daily life as well as for deep inner self-knowledge. We look forward to seeing you. Namaste! | ||
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Lyrics » Da Brat Lyrics » Leave Me Alone Lyrics |
Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Leave Me Alone by Da Brat. Please check back for more Da Brat lyrics. |
Leave Me Alone LyricsArtist: Da BratAlbum: Unrestricted [Da Brat] Yo, Dont be talkin' to me about no motherfuckin' problems. Don't be talkin' to me about shit I don't wanna argue. I don't wanna do shit, I just want a motherfuckin' smoke. When I'm smokin don't fuck with me. See what I'm sayin I don't need this shit.
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Kimi Raikkonen was not present for the Thursday media day at Spa, and rumours on why were the main conversations in the paddock.
The ongoing saga of the financial woes of the Lotus F1 team. To top it off they are in the fight for the Formula One championship with the driver who is apparently being wooed by Red Bull and Ferrari.
Lotus is waiting for Kimi Raikkonen to make his decision about 2014
Boullier thinks Grosjean has the strengths of any champion
Raikkonen's manager, Steve Robertson, hopes the situation will be resolved in the not very distant future.
"Sebastian Vettel is staying until 2015 and so it's probably not the best time to become his teammate" - Eddie Jordan
Eric Boullier insists that Kimi iss an intelligent guy and he won't let a single pitstop call define a decision like where to drive for 2014
Reports concern Pirelli again! This time they are accused of not filing a report to the FIA that they had changed the construction of the tyres prior to the British Grand Prix.
Gerard Lopez, co-founder of Genii Capital (which retains now a controlling stake of 65% in the team), will remain Chairman of Lotus F1Team.
Boullier believes Romain Grosjean made an excellent start to the season, correcting everything he was accused of last year
Lotus boss Eric Boullier commented: "So we're actually a little disappointed by this change"
The bosses of the Formula One teams are not on the same side when it comes to the 2013 Pirelli tyres even with the recent changes.
The Lotus F1 team thanks James Allison while the team announces their new technical director.
Eric Boullier believes Kimi feels good at Lotus, and will stay in for 2014 season, as the money question is not the main one for him
Eric Boullier believes that Romain will manage to perfect his car soon
Eric Boullier talks about team orders... (recommended)
Gerhard Berger: "There are drivers like Senna or Schumacher or Vettel who develop an extra selfishness on the track"
Drivers will race from each team's simulator facility.
According to Boullier, Kubica will be among the candidates for 2014 lineup
First target - good team structure, second - to win races.
Walk All Over You – Australian Grand Prix! 'It's a fantastic feeling to open the season in this way.' - Eric Boullier
Lotus team boss intervened on his young driver's behalf after the FIA banned Grosjean from racing in the Italian GP.
Lotus F1 Team will using on tests a development version of the E21.
Following the launch of the Lotus F1 Team E21 earlier this evening, Team Principal Eric Boullier and Technical Director James Allison discuss their thoughts on the season ahead and outlined the Lotus F1 Team's 2013 ambitions.
Harder, better, faster, stronger - Lotus F1 Team E21 unveiled at Enstone and online.
Lotus F1 is the first Formula One team to unveil its new car for the 2013 season. Watching it live were two members of Motorsport.com's staff and our first word on seeing the E21 was beautiful!
American high profile giant has yet to close the sponsorship deal with Lotus F1 team.
Grosjean's victory over sports car ace Tom Kristensen in ROC likely helped propel him to a second season in black and gold.
After victory on Race of Champions, Grosjean finally received the good news.


text: Hi all, I run RickHits Radio, we are a small new online radio station based in the UK. We have recently had a complete redesign of our website and audio and are looking to start fresh and build up a larger base of listeners! To get the listeners in we need more DJ's with variety, I am looking for DJ's to voluntarily air their shows on RickHits at a mutually agreeable timeslot. Most times are currently available and I am very keen to get as many DJ's/Presenters involved as possible. We don't follow a strict genre but we mainly play chart/pop music during the week and then we have some guest chat show DJ's and a Trance music DJ too so we are willing to air all genres! If you would like to know more and are interested in becoming part of RickHits please email me! W: RickHits Radio E: firstname.lastname@example.com S: RickHits F: /RickHitsRadio T: @RickHits Kind Regards, Ben


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CINCINNATI (AP) — Appalachian leaders are seeking ways to use alternative energy initiatives to spark the 13-state region's long-sluggish economy.
The annual Appalachian Regional Commission conference, held in Athens, Ohio, will focus this week on giving the struggling area a big role in the push for more use of sources such as solar and wind, bringing so-called "green jobs" with it.
"The economy throughout the region is struggling," said Ohio Gov. Ted Strickland, a native of Appalachia. "There are huge opportunities available that can be of great benefit to the region."
Nearly 400 people representing a range of interests are expected to participate, including investors, community activists and industry experts, said commission spokesman Louis Segesvary.
James E. Rogers, chairman and CEO of Charlotte, N.C.-based Duke Energy Corp., is the conference's keynote speaker Tuesday morning at Ohio University.
Regional leaders see alternative energy as a potential major source for jobs and for helping residents and businesses save money on energy costs, Segesvary said. The alternative sources are also seen as helping preserve scenic beauty in the region.
The Obama administration has encouraged jobs-creating alternative energy initiatives. In Ohio, Strickland, working with state lawmakers, had signed a bill in 2008 that overhauled the electricity industry and included a requirement for Ohio to produce a certain amount of electricity using renewable energy.
Strickland said in an interview he also supports new technologies to utilize the region's coal supply, and says the state's universities and community colleges can help in research and training for building Appalachia's energy-related economy.
The largely rural belt that runs from southern New York to northern Mississippi, which also encompasses most of southern and eastern Ohio, has been trying to develop its economy to offset the decline in manufacturing and coal-mining jobs. The recession has undercut one such effort involving tourism as most American households cut spending.
The some 420 counties that comprise the Appalachian region have been hit hard by the recession, according to The Associated Press Economic Stress Index, which measures unemployment, bankruptcies and foreclosures at the county level.
Counties in the 205,000-square-mile area have seen a steeper decline than the nation as a whole. The counties had an average Stress Index score of 6.0 in November 2007, the last month before America slid into the recession, compared to a nationwide average of 5.4. In August 2009, Appalachian counties had an average Stress score of 12.46, compared to 10.32 nationwide.
The commission dates to the Kennedy administration as an effort to develop projects for the lagging region's infrastructure and economy.
Associated Press reporter Dionne Walker in Atlanta contributed to this story.
On the Net:
Appalachian Regional Commission: http://www.arc.gov


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Shang Properties aims high with The Rise
Shang Properties, Inc., a premier luxury property developer, introduces a novel, new living concept currently rising at the center of noma, or North Makati � the city�s burgeoning art and inventive center. the increase M..
The Beacon | Resort living in Makati ready
True to its promise, Geo Estate Development Corp. will begin the turnover of units in The Beacon Makati�s Roces Tower to their new owners, this month. The Beacon is a resort-style three-tower condominium development ..


text: #1965: NAS needs updating -----------------------------------------+---------------------------------- Reporter: bdubbs at linuxfromscratch.org | Owner: dj at linuxfromscratch.org Type: defect | Status: reopened Priority: high | Milestone: 6.2 Component: BOOK | Version: SVN Severity: major | Resolution: Keywords: | -----------------------------------------+---------------------------------- Comment (by dj at linuxfromscratch.org): Bootscript is fixed in 6103. Not closing until it is decided if rman is to be grouped in general with xorg7 or if it should be explicitly mentioned by name in the NAS page. Forgot to add in previous reply to the comment: There is nothing in xorg7 to require rman. As mentioned in the xorg7 introduction, the book assumes that all packages are installed for xorg7 and cannot account for all possible dependencies (it'd be about 900 lines long in a simple list!). Again, this doesn't matter much to me, it's one dep. It's redundant, but if it's confusing, then it should be added -- Ticket URL: <http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/ticket/1965> BLFS Trac <http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs> Beyond Linux From Scratch


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Article brought to you by: Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)Laborers in the Vineyard: Inviting the Ecclesial Movements to Catholic Online
By Deacon Keith Fournier
July 11th, 2013 Catholic Online (www.catholic.org) We want to promote all of the ecclesial movements on Catholic Online. We believe they are a work of the Holy Spirit for our time. They are a sign that the Holy Spirit continues to be poured out upon the Church; that Pentecost, and the grace which it brings to the whole Church, is still happening. We issue a call to leaders and representatives of the ecclesial movements to write and tell us of your work, share your way of life and spread the good news of what the Lord is doing in and though your movement. You may write to Deacon Keith Fournier at email@example.com. CHESAPEAKE, VA (Catholic Online) - Our Gospel at Mass is taken from St. Matthew (Mt 9: 32-38) and contains these words: "Jesus went around to all the towns and villages, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the Gospel of the Kingdom, and curing every disease and illness. At the sight of the crowds, his heart was moved with pity for them because they were troubled and abandoned, like sheep without a shepherd. Then he said to his disciples, "The harvest is abundant but the laborers are few; so ask the master of the harvest to send out laborers for his harvest." That same mission of Jesus continues in our own day. It is lived out in His Body, the Church, of which we are members. Every single person reading this article is called to make it real in their own lives. In every state in life and vocation, every job or vocation, no matter where we serve in the world which God still loves, we are laborers in the Vineyard of the Lord. We are the laborers the Lord Jesus asks us to pray for in this Gospel passage. The word pity in the translation we read at Mass in the United States could also be rendered compassion. In the original language it means to enter into the suffering of another out of love; to so identify with them that you give yourself for their healing, deliverance and liberation. That is the motivation of Jesus Christ. That can become our motivation in our own participation in His mission. The more we enter into a relationship with Him, by responding to grace, He lives His Life and continues His mission through us. On May 21, 2013, Pope Francis addressed a massive crowd which included the leaders of what the Church now collectively refers to as the ecclesial movements. It was Pentecost Sunday and he told them: "The Holy Spirit draws us into the mystery of the living God and saves us from the threat of a Church which is gnostic and self-referential, closed in on herself; he impels us to open the doors and go forth to proclaim and bear witness to the good news of the Gospel, to communicate the joy of faith, the encounter with Christ. The Holy Spirit is the soul of mission." "The events that took place in Jerusalem almost two thousand years ago are not something far removed from us; they are events which affect us and become a lived experience in each of us. The Pentecost of the Upper Room in Jerusalem is the beginning, a beginning which endures. The Holy Spirit is the supreme gift of the risen Christ to his apostles, yet he wants that gift to reach everyone." "As we heard in the Gospel, Jesus says: "I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Advocate to remain with you forever" (Jn 14:16). It is the Paraclete Spirit, the "Comforter", who grants us the courage to take to the streets of the world, bringing the Gospel! The Holy Spirit makes us look to the horizon and drive us to the very outskirts of existence in order to proclaim life in Jesus Christ. Let us ask ourselves: do we tend to stay closed in on ourselves, on our group, or do we let the Holy Spirit open us to mission?" Pope Francis sees these movements collectively as one of the missionary resources of the Catholic Church in her work of reaching out to this neo-pagan age with the liberating message of the Gospel of Jesus Christ in this moment in history. He views this time in which we live as a new missionary age. He is a good pastor, who wants to ensure that the members of these ecclesial movements do not fall prey to the temptation faced by enthusiastic movements, to turn inward and become, to use one of his favorite words of warning to the whole Church, self-referential. Over the last few pontificates, the term ecclesial movements has become the term used to refer to the many movements within the Catholic Church which demonstrate that the Spirit of Pentecost is alive and well. Though each movement may have a unique charism and mission, they all invite Christians into a personal relationship, an encounter, with the Lord Jesus Christ. They all proclaim that Jesus Christ is no longer dead but has been raised from the dead and is still alive in our midst in the Church which He founded. These ecclesial movements are 'evangelical' in the fullest sense of the word. They all call men and women into an encounter with Jesus Christ which awakens the grace of Baptism within them and changes them. They invite the men and women of this age to experience the Pentecost of the Holy Spirit which the Lord promised, right here and now. Then, all who experience such an encounter with the the Risen Christ are invited to find their home in the Heart of His Church. From that base of operation they are enlisted into a mission in the world, to take their place in the ongoing redemptive mission of the Lord. This past year, the conference for ecclesial movements exceeded over 120,000 representatives.There were representatives from over 150 ecclesial movements in attendance, reflecting their growing diversity and numbers. The Successor of Peter hopes to unite them - and the entire Church - in the one mission of the Church in this urgent hour. He is issuing a call for laborers in the vineyard. Are we hearing the call? Are we responding? We want to promote all of the ecclesial movements on Catholic Online. We believe they are a work of the Holy Spirit for our time. They are a sign that the Holy Spirit continues to be poured out upon the Church; that Pentecost, and the grace which it brings to the whole Church, is still happening. We issue a call to leaders and representatives of the ecclesial movements to write and tell us of your work, share your way of life and spread the good news of what the Lord is doing in and though your movement. You may write to Deacon Keith Fournier at email@example.com. On the first Pentecost the early followers of Jesus gathered as their Lord commanded them, expecting the fulfillment of the promise he had made. We refer to Pentecost as the birthday of the missionary church for good reason. Their encounter with the Holy Spirit in the Upper Room changed them. They were filled with the same Spirit which raised Jesus from the dead and animated by that Spirit for mission. The Holy Spirit capacitated those early Christians so that they sould carry forward in time the ongoing mission of Jesus Christ. He continues to capaciatate all of those who bear His name to do the same in this age. he calls us to continue that same mission until he returns to complete the work of redemption. The Holy Spirit capacitates you and me in the same way and for the same task.We are all laborers in the Vineyard. Article brought to you by: Catholic Online (www.catholic.org) |


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New member here - I am happy to join the forum and look forward to contributing to the overall discussion.
I am currently carrying a Springfield XD Sub Compact .40. I carry in several different ways. Appendix carry, Cheap cloth and plastic shoulder rig, Blackhawk Level 2 OWB.
I am itching for a 4" 1911 and doing a ton of research on this - that is how I found the forum.
Thinking about starting with an import 1911 and getting a feel for the gun and the carry experience before really getting into the higher end models.
Also going to go with an IWB holster for this (thinking Crossbreed) and finally getting a good quality leather shoulder rig.
I do the occasional IDPA course and am starting the process of exposing my kids to the range.
Any thoughts, greeting and other ideas are welcome.
Thanks again for the great community.


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DID you really want to see Denise Welch sobbing her way through Loose Women this week?
Cringe-making, wasn't it?
There must be better ways to announce the end of a marriage.
Of course it's no fun when a marriage collapses, especially one that's lasted more than 20 years. And when both partners are household names.
And especially when there are children involved.
Which made it seem even more bizarre.
I was at the health club when it came on their TV and so was a bit of a captive audience as I gawped in horror as Denise sniffed and sobbed and talked of going forward. Her fellow presenters reached out and told her how much they loved her, how much we all love her.
She told us how it had all been over for some months and that this was the way and the day they'd agreed to announce it.
And you know that nothing's private any more. And you know that rumours have been flying. But to announce it like that, to the cameras, to the studio audience, to the viewers, with tears streaming, mascara smudging and lots of sniffing, it seemed plain wrong.
Despite the nice things she said about Tim Healy and that they would still be co-parents and best friends, there was no dignity, no respect.
And then, such was the great human drama and compassion, they all moved on to the next item.
Still, I suppose it was good television.
Of a sort.
It's a generation thing
CLAIRE Tomalin, author of a brilliant new biography of Charles Dickens, has said that children these days lack both the reading skill and stamina to read a Dickens novel.
No surprise there. So do most adults.
OK then, when did you last read a Dickens novel all the way through?
Watching The Muppets Christmas Carol doesn't count.
Reading choices and habits change with every generation. If not, we'd all still be ploughing through The Iliad or The Anglo Saxon Chronicles.
Old treasures inevitably lose out to new delights.
At one time, every self-respecting household had a complete set of Dickens on the shelf. But his novels were never really intended to be read all in one great gulp. They were published in weekly episodes, like a soap opera, and then in three volumes, to give you time to breath between sections.
I love Victorian novels, the longer and more detailed the better. But they require a different sort of reading – a willingness to change gear, wind down and give them plenty of time, which not so many of us have as much of.
If adults aren't prepared to do that these days, why on earth should we think that children should?
Non means-tested benefits
MICHAEL and Jean O'Shea won £10m in the Lottery some years ago and yet are still claiming £500 a month disability allowance and a free car under the Motability scheme.
Mr O'Shea, who suffers from osteoarthritis, can't understand the fuss, as he worked for 40 years and is entitled to the benefits.
Just as multi-millionaires are entitled to winter fuel payments and child benefit. Or free TV licences and the Christmas bonus.
Some don't claim it. Some give it back. But a lot just keep it because, like Mr O'Shea, they've paid their dues and are entitled to it.
Universal, non means-tested benefits are a wonderful idea, deeply symbolic of a society with noble aims.
But such nobility costs. Can we really afford it any more?
A big step backwards for mums-to-be
BACK in the Eighties, my sons were born in the old Mount maternity home in Northallerton.
Delightful, but limited – not my boys, but the hospital.
This was fine if everything was straightforward. Otherwise you were put in an ambulance and trundled across town to the Friarage or to Darlington, Harrogate or, as happened to one friend of mine, up the A1 to Newcastle.
Then they opened a super-duper new maternity unit at the Friarage and local mothers could have their babies in safety near home.
Now it seems as if the paediatric and maternity services at the Friarage are under threat. It could be left with a midwife-led unit for lowrisk births only. Just like the old Mount. Other mothers – by definition the most vulnerable – will have to travel to Darlington, Middlesbrough, or Harrogate.
Wolf pie, anyone?
TO prepare for his role as an oil worker surrounded by wolves after a plane crash in Alaska, Liam Neeson and fellow cast members have been eating wolf stew to get them into the part.
Oh for the days when actors just used to act.
Let's hope the wolves in the film hear what the cast had for supper – that could make filming a lot more interesting
The bottom line
TOO many children are arriving at nursery and even at primary school still not toilet trained. Yet another job for teachers.
Parents are too lazy. Modern nappies are too warm and comfortable for children to be bothered.
It's bitterly cold at the moment.
Ouch. Perfect for drastic action.
Put your toddler in thin pants today and I can almost guarantee they'll be potty trained by Monday.
Too fat for what, Karl?
DESIGNER Karl Lagerfeld has described singer Adele as "a little too fat".
Too fat for what? Too fat to be a super successful singer?
Too fat to look good in a curvy talented way? Too fat to be healthy?
Or maybe just too fat to be a size zero clothes horse surviving on lettuce leaves and cocaine to make Lagerfeld's designs look good.
Thank goodness for that.


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User talk:Woodenfan
Welcome to Bulbapedia, Woodenfan! | |
By creating your account you are now able to edit pages, join discussions, and expand the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia. Before you jump in, here are some ground rules:
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Thank you, and have a good time editing here! |
The Preview Button
Instead of editing a page several times in a row, try using the preview button to make sure your edit looks the way you want it to. It's right next to the Save Changes button... Please try it out, so as not to clog up the Recent Changes. Thanks! --電禅Den Zen 20:44, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
- Noticed you aren't really using the preview button much it seems. Instead of editing a page in sections. If you see many edits are needed then go to the top of the page and right beside History click on the edit this page to do them all in one go instead and remember to use the Preview Button as well. Thank you. Frozen Fennec 01:08, 16 March 2012 (UTC)
- Third reminder to use the preview button. You shouldn't have to make 5 edits in a row to a single page. Please make a habit of using the Preview button so you don't clog up the Recent Changes. Thank you. --Pokemaster97 21:05, 23 April 2012 (UTC)
Biker (Trainer Class)
For future reference, instead of requesting people "not to touch" in edit summaries and expect people not to, use the {{Inuse}} template. This will alert users that you are currently making a large edit to that page. It also allows a reasonable time frame of when you think the edit will be done so the page won't be hogged if other editors would like to edit it. --×Rsrdaman× 20:18, 20 March 2012 (UTC) via Pokemaster97


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NCLEX Dates
Must Read Topics
0Mar 14, '04 by georgia peachesThe NCLEX is administered (?) in the US by a company called PearsonVue.
You can visit their website at
There are no set dates, however; each applicant makes their own appointment once they have approval from the board of nursing in the state for which they are making application. Once you get authorization from the state, then you can check with PearsonVue to see what dates and times are available to schedule the exam. This can be done either on the telephone or online via the computer.
It's not like it used to be, with everyone taking the test(s) on certain dates or at certain times of the year. It's pretty much year-round now, with everything done on computer via the above-group.
Hope this helps -
John0Dec 20, '09 by Silverdragon102, RN AdminThis is a very old thread and much will have changed since 2004. For most states you do have a expiry from obtaining ATT and should state on it what the expiry is. For most I believe it is 90 days although eligibility to sit exam from state is a bit longer0Dec 21, '09 by Silverdragon102, RN AdminQuote from florydoryNot all states have this requirements. I know some are 90 days and others was 12 months so a lot will depend on the stateIn the states:
For the NCLEX-RN, the ATT Letter is good for 6-months; after 6-months, it will expire and you will lose ALL money paid!