text:
Saturday, 9 March 2013
what's new, international pussycat?
Let's go.
Brenda at Pink Castle Fabrics has extended the 25% off bundles offer until the end of this weekend. Use code BUNDLE25 for 25% all bundles. She's been making up some really great new ones. Like this black and white bundle
clown stripes!
kiss dots!
Comma by Zen Chic has just arrived - click here!. FQ bundles too - which means 25% off using the coupon code!
Geekly Chic is in stock now at Fat Quarter Shop!
Textures by Angela Walters is in!
Lots of new stuff in at Sew Me A Song
color basics from Lecien - diamonds (I've ordered these!)
First of Infinity in bundles and as yardage/separate prints. Yuwa do text prints better than anyone else.
Sew fresh Fabrics have more spools in stock! Mine arrived this week, and this print is even better in real life than the photo.
See the rest of the collection here.
Garden Party by Dear Stella has arrived at Lola Pink Fabrics.
This is a fantastic blender.
There's 25% off all patterns this weekend (March 9-10) at Sew Sweetness using the code gingermonkey02
Locked and loaded is a great everyday bag that's roomy and big enough for everything. Plus it's structured so it won't go all floppy and hide your essentials.
Back over the pond to the UK and Jessie has a gorgeous quilt on her blog that she made using some of the fabrics from her shop as well bits and bobs in her stash. Read more about the quilt on the blog.
I really love the red, pink and white palette she chose.
Annie at the village haberdashery has some new arrivals
A couple of Amy Butler's Alchemy Studio prints have arrived, that are specifically designed with dressmaking in mind.
A cotton sateen
and a voile
Posy by Aneela Hoey has also arrived, just a few selected prints but each as gorgeous as the next. I think this is the best collection of Aneela's so far, the designs have more depth and layers to them. This print, for example, looks like it could be a Japanese double gauze.
I'm definitely going to get both of these pretty florals, I think they'll work beautifully with so many other fabrics. I'd love to do a traditional grandmother's flower garden in delicate girly prints like these, just keep plugging away on it over a year or 2.
A busy week for new arrivals at M is For Make.
The wonderful Shuffle collection of textured blenders by Riley Blake has arrived. 8 different shades, and all are amazing. I'm loving this one best. Black. I love black.
also a couple of colours of random pencil check from Michael Miller.
Justine came round to mine the other day and we were chatting about new things that she can do for Simply Solids. We also made some kona solids scrap packs that will be listed shortly (it's her first job of the day so expect to see them at some point this morning). She's planning a special offer for every week as well. So get signed up to the newsletter to keep on top of the news, you can find the subscribe button on the left hand side of the page, towards the bottom. Follow them on FaceBook and Twitter and never miss a trick! And here's a weekend treat for you - 10% off all sketch fabrics - including the flannels using the code march10. That is a little treat.
Over at Eclectic Maker Noteworthy from Sweetwater is in stock
Some lovely prints in this collection. Like this great stash builder...
and this just all round awesome print...
Literally just in stock at Backstitch, is Shelburne Falls. It's amazing and Denyse at her absolute best.
This delicious bundle of yum grabbed my attention. Love those blues.
That's it for today and this week. It's my birthday today. Happy birthday to me.
27 comments:
- jill haug said...
Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday Dear Katy, happy birthday to you x
- 9 March 2013 at 00:13
- Katy Cameron said...
Hiccy burpday! Hope you have a great day :o)
- 9 March 2013 at 00:30
- Esch House Quilts said...
Happy Birthday! I hope you have a fantastic day :)
- 9 March 2013 at 00:30
- ~Kelie~ said...
Happy Birthday!! xoxo
- 9 March 2013 at 00:54
- Nicole Hannah said...
way to sneak in the important stuff — happy birthday!!
- 9 March 2013 at 02:40
- Karen said...
HBD! Awesome selections here!
- 9 March 2013 at 02:44
- Mary on Lake Pulaski said...
Happy Birthday!
- 9 March 2013 at 04:06
- Katherine said...
Happy Birthday! Celebrate!
- 9 March 2013 at 05:07
- cat and vee xoxo said...
happy birthday Katy! And what an awesome lot of fabric in your post today, I am shutting my eyes and staying away from (any more) First of Infinity and those fabulous Lecien diamonds!!
But I just clicked through and bought some Geekly Chic - have been waiting for it. I've already got Amy's awesome tapes from her Spoonflower shop, they are so good.
Hope you have a really nice day and a great weekend for your birthday. Catherine.
- 9 March 2013 at 06:49
- Michelle said...
Happy birthday sweet girl! Have a wonderful day ... and thank you for all the goodness that is in this post! SO MUCH!! xxx
- 9 March 2013 at 07:32
- Marit said...
happy birthday!!!
; ) - 9 March 2013 at 08:09
- AmandaA said...
A very happy birthday, Katy. Hope your weather is better than ours here in Suffolk, but anyway, have a great day. I shall probably now be spending a fortune on fabric....
- 9 March 2013 at 08:22
- Charlotte said...
Happy birthday! My son is seven today - it's obviously a good day for birthdays!
- 9 March 2013 at 08:38
- tinymakes said...
Happy Birthday!!
- 9 March 2013 at 08:43
- heart of charnwood said...
Happy Birthday! Hope you have a great day, mine is next weekend, i'll be 37, aaaaargh, edging closer to 40!! i'll be drowning myself in a sea of fabric to make me feel better, and now i've got more ideas! (as if i needed them). x
- 9 March 2013 at 08:46
- joanold said...
Happy Birthday! I hope the sun shines for you, but have a great day anyway.
- 9 March 2013 at 10:09
- Isisjem said...
Lots of temptation there! Sings>>>>Happy Birthday...
- 9 March 2013 at 12:29
- Laura said...
Happy birthday!!!
- 9 March 2013 at 13:08
- Elsa said...
Happy Birthday Katy! Have a really awesome day!!!
Thanks for all the fabric goodness. - 9 March 2013 at 13:49
- mascanlon said...
Happy Birthday dear Katy, Happy Birthday to you! Love ya even though I am always a lot poorer after reading you posts, no restraint when it comes to fabric!
- 9 March 2013 at 16:01
- Gina said...
Happy Birthday Katy !
- 9 March 2013 at 16:34
- Carin Aschan said...
Happy Birthday to you! I've already had cake when celebrating another friends birthday today.
- 9 March 2013 at 17:40
- Flying Blind... said...
Happy Birthday old girl xxx
- 9 March 2013 at 18:13
- Sarah said...
Happy Birthday, hope you've had a great day! x
- 9 March 2013 at 20:40
- Karen said...
Happy Birthday! Wow - that was alot of drool-worthy fabric! :o)
- 10 March 2013 at 23:53
- pandchintz said...
Belated Birthday wishes, Katy! Hope you had a lovely day and were spoilt rotten!!
- 11 March 2013 at 02:14
- Ella said...
Sorry it's belated! Happy birthday!
- 11 March 2013 at 03:27
Post a Comment
I try to reply to comments as often as I can. Sometimes my life gets a bit too busy but please know I really appreciate each and every one!
Blog Archive
- what's new, international pussycat?
- how to make a pillow {part 5}
- voile (french) vwal
- mid week enabling
- let's talk about hex, baby
- what's new international pussycat?
- busy weekends
- how to make a pillow {part 4}
- Robert Kaufman spot on extra wides
- Spring Quilting Blog Hop
- the best friends ever
- what's new international pussycat?
- how to make a pillow {part 3}
- coming soon (ish)
- fun with tumblers
- what's new, international pussycat?
- finished!
- how to make a pillow {part 2}
- the 2 hour quilt top
- this weekend
- what's new, international pussycat?


text:
Application Information
Scholarship Overview
This scholarship is for graduating senior athletes at Hayes High School in Delaware, Ohio. To qualify for this scholarship, applicants must have a 2.5 GPA and be entering an accredited college or university as full-time students in the Fall of 2014. Scholarships will be awarded based on GPA; SAT/ACT; FAFSA/financial need; athletic participation and honors, extracurricular activities, volunteer activities, and work experience; and an essay.
How easy is it to apply?
Not too bad
This scholarship's application process may have items such as essays that could take a couple hours.
How much competition is there?
Relatively little!
This scholarship has a relatively low number of applicants.
GPA: Is this you?
- 2.5
Class Year: Is this you?
- High school senior
Home State: Is this you?
- Ohio
High School: Is this you?
- Rutherford B Hayes High School
Sports: Is this you?
- Badminton
- Baseball
- Basketball
- Bowling
- Cheerleading/Dance Team
- Cross Country
- Crew/Rowing
- Curling
- Cycling
- Equestrian
- Fencing
- Field Hockey
- Football
- Golf
- Gymnastics
- Ice Hockey
- Kayaking
- Lacrosse
- Mountaineering/Climbing
- Rifle
- Rodeo
- Rugby
- Skating
- Skiing/Snowboarding
- Soccer
- Softball
- Sports Management
- Swimming and Diving
- Tennis
- Track and Field
- Volleyball
- Water Polo
- Wrestling
- Other

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Considered one of the Ontario Junior Hockey League's elite franchises only a few years ago, the Hamilton Red Wings reached a new low Monday evening against the Georgetown Raiders.
The Raiders overwhelmed the last-place Red Wings 12-0 in Hamilton's worst-ever home defeat, led by Robbie Murden's four-goal effort.
Brendan Woods (2), Jacob Bauchman (2), Liam Clare, Nick Perruccio, Drake Hart and Richard Court also scored for Georgetown, which outshot the hosts 50-26. Newly acquired netminder Knick Dawe picked up his second shutout of the season.
With the victory, the 22-11-2 Raiders moved to within six points of first-place Buffalo in the OJHL's West Division standings after the Jr. Sabres lost 5-3 at home to St. Michael's Monday night.
Next up for the Raiders is a trip to Milton Friday evening, followed by a home date with the Red Wings Saturday at 7:30 p.m. at the Alcott Arena.


text:
I was just being happy wandering around the net talking on the phone and such (arranging my birthday party). I was bored I went to excite.com and saw at the top "Gay Student Laid to Rest", that got me curious so I clicked. That's what ruined my day. After I read it I felt bad, really bad, I don't feel to well right now. That feeling is fear. For a few weeks now I've been contemplating whether to "come out" or not, I'm 16 last Sunday, I received support from several internet friends but the only other gay male that I know at school doesn't talk much. After this I think it best to wait until either A) the world is kinder or B) I move to a large city where gays are more prevalent. I know that one day I will have to confront friends and family about by preference. Jokes, derogatory statements and stories I hear everyday in school diminish my hopes of ever finding understanding with the people I spend my day with. But yesterday several classmates were discussing gays, they led a decent discussion but were wholly indifferent. I believe that this crime is a Hate-crime it has effected the community as a whole and will prolong the "closetness" of many. I don't pretend to not have motives for writing this, it has made me feel better. Thank you for listening and if anyone else reads this I hope you understand.
-- Thomas, 16


text:
2011 Hunten Outdoors GSC30-30IR 26 count red flash 3 MP day/1.3 MP night camera review
I want to start off and say that this cam is also wrapped in the same pattern as the 70 IR camera and believe me it is a very good color for the woods. It also has the advanced sensing that Hunten has developed and worked so good during the 70 IR tests. This cam comes with a strap and USB cable and warranty card that has to be done within the first couple weeks to be valid for the full year of limited coverage.
A little while back there was a relationship between the WGI system and this system. That relationship split and now we have two different companies using a very similar design as far as appearance. If you were to put the N2 WGI camera and this camera side by side you could see the similarities. No one however is using this camo color which seems to maybe be an exclusive color.
This is just above the mini camera size and just has a small array at the top front and the sensor and lens below that, the only other things is the two sensor indicators and on the back a 6 volt external power port. The door has a good full seal gasket for weather protection.
Inside is the LCD and control buttons sandwiched inside two tube battery holders (4 C cells). The SD card slot (up to 8 gig) and USB port are across the bottom front.
This is a single 3 MP still camera with a single video resolution (20 sec 640X480) plus on the single setting you can also select up to a 4 burst. The programming was strait forward and easy to do and the manual was also easy to follow if needed. Delay is down to 10 seconds and up at 30S, 1M, and 2M. The delay seemed to be fairly accurate.
The initial picture quality showed that this camera possibly has better picture quality than the 70IR we are also testing. The inside pictures was pretty good with good illumination and the outside with color did hot have the amount of fuzziness as the 70 IR did. My estimation as to trigger time is that it is close to 1 second. With a cost of about $75 I think many will value with these cameras. Just having a camera with this color and a 10 second delay/1 second trigger seems to be all that is needed providing the balance of the review holds together.
We will also have to state that we have no reports pro or con about customer service so we cannot report on this at this time but we are very busy trying to gather that data.
09-11-2011 update: Once in the lab the testing went well. The trigger came out about 1.30 seconds for with and without flash. The day and night range came good with good color and a slight degree of fuzziness and the night range showed the flash to be a little weak and good out to 40 feet. The sensing was good to 50 feet at the temperature of 78 degrees.
11-19-2011 update: Battery life lasted 3812 pictures and 86 videos in 68 days total.
Trigger Tests ( without flash 1.29s)
( with flash 1.31s)
Flash Range (camera only)
Day Range/8 Plate
Dead Pixel Test (some dead pixels)
Video Samples
Copyright 2005 - 2014 Chasingame Outdoors, LLC Your Source for scouting camera reviews, performance ratings, sample photos and movies, performance and stress testing.
Please read our disclaimer: As an independent consumer review site our goal is to provide as accurately as possible, our experiences with the cameras and equipment we test. Our findings are based solely on the units we test as are the results. Our statements reflect only our opinions unless stated otherwise. We take pride in being accurate and make every attempt to communicate with manufacturers about our findings. We do not sell cameras, accept kickbacks, or own stock in any camera manufacturers. Thank you for visiting Chasingame.com.


text:
Found the same room at a different price? Tell us, and we'll offer to match it.
Arundel Park Hotel
2 | Self Classified Small Hotel | Ratings explained |
As a historic and quaint town, Arundel is packed full of character; offering something interesting and fun for all ages. Places of interest include the magnificent medieval castle owned by the Duke of Norfolk and the grand cathedral. Activities in the area include fishing, boating, bowls, cricket, rambling, ballooning, golf and horseracing. Visitors can work their way through the local shops twinkling with enticing trinkets or simply browse through the specialist antique shops. The farmers market provides an excellent opportunity to purchase fresh local produce. The wildfowl trust keeps children entertained with interesting birds and specialist craft activities throughout the year, and theres a boating lake/duck pond a stones throw away. The quieter beaches of this part of Sussex are an attraction in themselves with an entertainment area and beachfront train for small children. The lido offers summer fun for all the family.
Special events including celebrity cricket matches and balls in the castle and its grounds, the Arundel festival offering theatrical and musical performances, Goodwood and Fontwell race days, make Arundel a magical place to be throughout the year.
Boating lake/duck pond a stone's throw away


text:
Archive for September, 2009
Flanagan on Noise Wars: where's the beef?
Posted by Media Choice in Audience captivity on September 23rd, 2009
And out-of-home TV consultant asks tough questions of book critical of his industry
For media professionals, there are probably few industries more exciting to be in right now than out-of-home TV. The technology is advancing, the advertisers are climbing on board, the networks are expanding. Anyone who's on the top of their game in this industry is no doubt surveying this realm and finding it good—which makes it quixotic for anyone to step in front of this locomotive and ask the industry to become introspective for a moment, which is what I try to do with my book Noise Wars.
Out-of-home TV is based on a conceit that people who board a train or a bus or who go to a store to buy shoes welcomes a blaring TV, and that if they don't, they can just ignore it. But many people don't welcome it, they resent it, and they can't ignore it. And what's more, people today who don't find out-of-home TV intrusive will find it intrusive tomorrow because at some point the industry will cross a line and start testing even the tolerance level of people who otherwise wouldn't give it much thought.
With a message like that, it's to be expected that anyone involved in the industry would dismiss the book as the tirade of a Luddite, yet industry consultant Paul Flanagan, who writes about the book on his blog Experiate, doesn't do that. Although he's an out-of-home TV professional who has helped develop projects for some impressive and admirable companies and organizations, he takes the concerns raised in the book seriously and tries to see things from the side of the critic.
"Mr. Freedman starts a compelling discussion on the use of media in society," he says. "Clearly there is a problem here. . . . The book brings to light that our industry is not desired by everyone; there are many people and organizations that do not like media in society. This is important. We need to understand that for every action there is a reaction."
Flanagan also acknowledges the black eye the industry is getting from out-of-home media companies that target children on school buses and in the classrooms, captive-audience settings that are simply indefensible.
But then he hits back hard against the limited empirical research in the book to support some of the claims made. How many people are not joining gyms because the TVs are intrusive? The book raises that question but doesn't support it beyond a blog comment. When looking at boom cars (a topic addressed as a form of captive-audience media), the book fails to link research that's mentioned to the affects of boom cars.
More importantly, the book relies too much on the blogosphere and not enough on quantifiable research on the impact of media on society. "[T]he execution may have been better suited to a research paper or critique," he says.
Flanagan's criticism is fair. Although the blogosphere today is too important to ignore, and the book's use of it is appropriate, in my view, the book could do a better job linking the research that's out there to the concerns over invasive media. Until a better job is done bringing the two together, I would agree the book can only serve as a starting point for discussion rather than a definitive report on the problem.
That said, the book tries to find a middle ground and discusses technological solutions to the problems that are raised. Among other things, the book talks about the role directional audio and screen filters in making environments comfortable for willing as well as unwilling audiences. I would have liked Flanagan to have talked about that, because here the book is doing more than expressing a problem; it's expressing a solution as well.
Flanagan deserves credit for not only approaching the book with an open mind but for poking holes in my arguments in a fair and constructive way. I welcome his input.
His review, called "Noise Wars . . . or just noisy?" is posted on Amazon as well as on his blog.
Quiet time: a dozen anti-noise books
Posted by Media Choice in Media noise on September 20th, 2009
We enjoyed quite a bit of interest in our anti-TV book list, which now features 42 titles. So we thought we'd create a similar list for anti-noise titles, but we learned that this is no easy task. There are so many different angles at which to approach noise that it's hard to create a single list. Do you include technical books on sound control? That's at least a hundred titles. Do you include books about the sanctity of silence? That's a list of several dozen, and these books start getting into religion and spirituality. Do you include books that approach noise from an environmental justice standpoint? What about books that look at out aural relationship with space? There are some great books on that topic, and indeed, it seems to be a niche that MIT Press is carving out for itself.
In the end, we decided to select a representative sample from each of the different genres. We hope our list of a dozen titles serves as a good starting point for anyone interested in our relationship with unwanted sounds.
One Square Inch of Silence: One Man's Search for Natural Silence in a Noisy World (Free Press: 2009), Gordon Hempton
Listening Below the Noise: A Meditation on the Practice of Silence (Harper: 2009), Anne Leclaire
Noise Wars: Compulsory Media and Our Loss of Autonomy (Algora Publishing: 2009), Robert Freedman
Mechanical Sound: Technology, Culture, and Public Problems of Noise in the Twentieth Century (Inside Technology) (The MIT Press 2008), Karin Bijsterveld
Manifesto for Silence: Confronting the Politics and Culture of Noise (Edinburgh University Press: 2007), Stuat Sim
Spaces Speak, Are You Listening?: Experiencing Aural Architecture (The MIT Press: 2006), Barry Blesser
Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to Do If You Are Sensory Defensive in an Overstimulating World (Harper: 2003), Sharon Heller
The Soundscape (Destiny: 1993), R. Murray Schafer
Noise Pollution. A Scientific and Psychological Look at a New Hazard (Franklin Watts: 1984), Shan Finney
The dangers of noise (Crowell: 1978), Lucy Kravalar
The Tyranny of Noise (Harper Colophon: 1971), Robert Baron
Noise Pollution, the Unquiet Crisis (University of Pennsylvania: 1971), Clifford Bragdon
Out-of-home TV: incivility institutionalized
Posted by Media Choice in Audience captivity, Media noise on September 19th, 2009
After Mayor Bloomberg announced his plan to ban smoking in parks and beaches, a New York Times reporter wondered around Central Park asking people what they would ban if they had the power. His report, called "Parkgoers suggest things New York could ban," appeared yesterday.
Not surprisingly, most people wanted to ban noisy activities, but not just any noisy activities; people wanted to ban media noise: people talking on their cell phones, playing their car stereos too loudly, playing musical instruments too loudly.
We define media noise in this blog as noise that's related to communication. Thus, drum playing is media noise, because music is communication, but highway traffic isn't.
In fact, about three-quarters of all responses to the reporter, as well as the dozens of comments that the story generated online, involved media noise. The next biggest category was litter. Not surprising, and indeed, media noise has been described by noise activists as audio litter—that is, someone casting off their personal noise the way someone casts off the wrapper of a candy bar and leaves it on the ground without regard to the surrounding environment.
The reaction to the New York Times reporter is consistent with what we learned when we were researching our book, Noise Wars: Compulsory Media and Our Loss of Autonomy. There's a feeling that we're losing control over our ability to find refuge from the media noise of others—that even in our own homes we can't get away from the boom cars, the backyard TVs of our neighbors, the loud cell phone conversations on the sidewalk.
The Times piece made us think of the rise of digital signage, particularly out-of-home TV networks, because they're premised on the same grand conceit of the person who disregards others and leaves his audio litter wherever he wants: that our shared environment is mine to pollute as I will and everyone else must either live with it or go somewhere else.
To be sure, the out-of-home TV network isn't just some selfish person who's so self-absorbed that he can't think why others wouldn't want to listen to his music. There is a difference between the two. In the latter case, the self-absorbed indifference to others is institutionalized.
Once every shoe store in the United States is plugged into an out-of-home TV network, we won't be able to buy shoes without also having to watch TV. That will be great for the advertisers on the TV and the media company that owns the network, but for people who just want to buy shoes, it will be yet one more environment that will have to be endured.
That grand conceit of the polluter might be tolerable in a world where there are other places to go. But in world where there's a boom car around every corner, an out-of-home TV in every restaurant, and a cell phone conversation on every seat next to you in the subway, that conceit is a luxury that will eventually be a target of resentment.
Take our survey
Is TV in public places good or bad? Let us know your thoughts in this Media by Choice survey on the good and the bad of TV in public places such as elevators, taxi cabs, subways, trains, buses, airport gates, doctor's offices, office and hotel lobbies, and so on. Click here to take survey.
The alternate reality of captive-audience media
Posted by Media Choice in Audience captivity on September 9th, 2009
When you read material provided by media companies that specialize in captive audiences it's impressive the lengths they go to to reassure us that we like being made captive to their media.
We learn from their press releases and Web sites that we like to have our lives improved upon by having infotainment and commercials to watch while we wait in line at a store or ride a bus or pump our gas. Captive-audience media companies have lots of surveys, too, that show us how much we love having audio-visual media pushed out at us. We certainly benefit from knowing that large percentages of us love to have a TV in front of us at all times to protect us from having to confront our world without the virtuous content of targeted and engaging programming.
It's because we so clearly love having our lives improved upon by having media pushed out to us unasked for that it's hard to understand why so many people dislike—and even get angry at or feel insulted by—being made captive to TV. It's almost like the two sides are living in parallel universes or that one side operates in an alternate reality.
But there you have it. Despite the virtuousness of the content, there seems to be this large and vocal minority that just doesn't get it and insists on taking issue with being made captive to intrusive and invasive media.
When captive-audience TV started showing up in gas stations, there was the inconvenient fact that quite a number of people made comments like this one:
"I will not go to stations that have [TVs on gas pumps]. So, as a result, I have not been to a Shell station in months. (I live in the Chicago area and they are the only stations with them so far.) I can only hope other people are doing the same thing. If not, this sort of irritating constant sales bombardment will start going on everywhere."
And when TVs started becoming more common in grocery store checkout lines, there were off-message comments like this one:
"The minute I see my first TV at a checkout, I'll tell the manager, 'Watch me. I'm about to walk out of your store because I can't stand TV. You won't see me again until all the other stores in the area have the same damn thing and I must put up with it or starve.' No, no, don't try to tell me how Most People seem to like it. I'm not Most People, I hate it, and I'm leaving now, empty-handed."
And when captive-audience ads started showing up on our cell phones as text messages, suddenly we started seeing comments like this one:
"I serve notice to all those who force me to see their ads by interfering with my ELECTIVE reading – NEVER would I purchase your product. At the same time, I will say the same thing to those who think it's clever to blast my hearing with TV commercials that are 100 times louder than the programming. My solution is simple – I mute ALL commercials. Cha-ching. That's the sound of the cash drawer slamming on your fingers."
The reality is, many people don't like having content pushed out at them. Audio-visual media is by its nature intrusive media. Unlike print, in which we can choose to consume the content or not, audio-visual media is "push" media that takes away our ability to choose. Rather, we're given only the option to try to ignore it. And each of us differs in how effectively we can ignore push media.
To be sure, the U.S. Supreme Court has weighed in on the issue of captive-audience media and found in favor of the captors rather than the captives. But at the time the court looked at the issue, in 1952, push media was as rare as a Japanese car on a street in the United States. It was a non-issue, and the court looked at a single instance of audience captivity. Today, captive-audience media is becoming ubiquitous and stands to fill much of the space in which we conduct the business of our lives: stores, buses, trains, street corners, building lobbies, elevators, restaurants—you name it, it's coming.
What's more, the Court had looked at a different type of captive-audience media a few years before the commuter-train case and ruled against the captors in favor of the captives. That case, Kovacs v. Cooper, confirmed a municipality's right to outlaw the broadcast of captive audio content on a public street. So the legal right of media companies to force-feed intrusive media to people is not at all clear cut.
Push media is replacing print and other "pull" media and is poised to become the dominant media of our future. For that reason it's time to revisit the issue of audience captivity. Too many people simply don't subscribe to the rosy picture that captive-audience media providers try to paint in their press releases and on their Web sites. The reality is, grave differences separate these two sides. We don't live in parallel universes. We live in one universe, and these differences need to be reconciled.
Take our survey
Is TV in public places good or bad? Let us know your thoughts in this Media by Choice survey on the good and the bad of TV in public places such as elevators, taxi cabs, subways, trains, buses, airport gates, doctor's offices, office and hotel lobbies, and so on. Click here to take survey.
Book shines spotlight on boom cars, other noise
Posted by Media Choice in Audience captivity, Media noise on September 2nd, 2009
Quality of life suffers as noise encroaches on shared environments
In the first systematic look at boom cars, outdoor TV, and other "captive-audience" media, a book released this month from Algora Publishing in New York City says a values conflict similar to the one over secondhand smoke is growing because of audio and video technologies that increasingly take away our ability to choose the media we consume.
Written by Robert Freedman, a 25-year veteran communications professional, Noise Wars: Compulsory Media and Our Loss of Autonomy looks at noise through the filter of captive-audience media and finds that continued growth of media that doesn't respect personal boundaries is sparking a values war similar to that over secondhand smoke.
"Noise has been the Cinderella form of pollution and people haven't been aware that it has an impact on their health," an environmental official says in the book.
"The 'outdoor entertainment' equipment pushed by the home electronics industry in the form of outdoor loudspeakers and televisions for the porch and patio makes us wonder, what next?" says Karen Orr of the League of Conservation Voters. "Mega bass boom systems for the riding lawnmower?"
"You used to reliably move to the suburbs and find peace and quiet," says Les
Blomberg of the Noise Pollution Clearinghouse in Montpelier, Vt, in an interview reproduced in the book. "But now "we've made our suburbs noisy. We can't all buy 1,000 acres and hide in the middle of it."
The book quotes Ted Rueter, president of Noise Free America, on the efforts of his and other organizations against cars with ultra-loud stereos. "Boom car owners think they'll beat us down into submission. Their culture is violent, vicious, and hate-filled."
The book is the first to look at noise—both visual and audio noise—through the filter of audience captivity: the intentional effort by commercial interests to impose noise on consumers in such a way that they can't escape it. Among these efforts is the move to introduce TV to settings in which consumers are forced to watch it such as taxis, buses, elevators, gas stations, street corners, school classrooms, and every category of retail setting.
"The minute I see TV at a checkout, I tell the manager, 'Watch me. I'm about to walk out of your store because I can't stand TV," one person says in the book. "You won't see me again until all the other stores in the area have the same damn thing and I must put up with it or starve.' No, no, don't try to tell me how most people seem to like it. I'm not most people, I hate it, and I'm leaving now, empty-handed."
"I will not go to stations that have TVs on gas pumps," another person says. "As a result, I have not been to my neighborhood gas station in months. I can only hope other people are doing the same thing. If not, this sort of irritating constant sales bombardment will start going on everywhere."
"I serve notice to all those who force me to see their ads by interfering with my elective reading. Never would I purchase your product. Cha-ching. That's the sound of the cash drawer slamming on your fingers.
The book talks about the difference between audio and video "push" media and traditional "pull" media such as print. With "pull" media, the audience decides when and where to consume content; with "push" media, the content pushes out to people whether they want to consume it or not, creating a suffocating environment for those who are unwilling to be made a captive.
The book looks at two landmark captive-audience Supreme Court cases, Public Utilities Commission v. Pollak (1952) and Kovacs v. Cooper (1949). In the first case, a divided Court confirmed a public transit agency's right to pipe in commercial media to a captive audience of commuters. Although the case didn't bar audience captivity, William O. Douglas issued a stinging dissent that raised unsettled questions about audience captivity, and Felix Frankfurter abstained, saying he found audience captivity so personally distasteful that he couldn't trust himself to rule on the case objectively.
In the second case, the court confirmed a municipality's right to outlaw the broadcast of captive audio content on a public street, thus siding with critics of audience captivity.
Noise Wars also looks at the growth of "annoyancetech," a new category of devices that consumers are using to fight back against audience captivity. Devices such as TV-B-Gone are being used to disable TV in places where people can't escape it.
Here's what readers are saying about the book:
"This lively and well-researched work talks about how all this noise affects our civil liberties and our peace of mind. . . . Freedman appends William O. Douglas's wise comments on the matter, "Compulsion which comes from circumstances can be as real as compulsion which comes from command," and says fellow Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter was so angry about the issue that he didn't feel he could render a fair opinion at all. . . . Freedman brings his own contemplative voice to the question, quoting philosophers as well as jurists. And adding a dollop of writer Ray Bradbury and composer John Cage for good measure."—Roy Harris, Jr.
"Written with a deep understanding of the role of media in our lives by a veteran award-winning print and Web editor, the book is valuable for several reasons. It confounds the skeptics by marshaling the evidence of noise pollution's physiological and psychological effects (up to and including suicide and murderous acts). It explains First Amendment case law, and it doesn't simply bash the 'evil corporations' but explains the economic pressures that are leading them into captive audience business ventures." —Chris Wright
"The book has excellent research behind it. As I read the book I stopped and thought about all the media that intrudes on my life, as well as the media I invite into my life…. And the unintended consequences that result from the bombardment of noise." —Elisa Robyn
"While most of us are focusing on the transition away from the days of push media (i.e., being forced to watch programs on a limited number of channels), another–more insidious delivery of media–is taking place right before our eyes. Freedman refers to it as "compulsory media," music and audio advertisements that are piped in at the grocery store, the television that plays above the gas pump, or the commercial that runs when you enter a cab. Freedman does an effective job of calling attention to the problem and arming us to do something about it."—Steve Roll
"Our freedom is at risk as more and more outside media infringes on our personal space, on our shared public spaces. Our right to choose is transgressed, lost. We become a captive audience, against our will, to television advertising, boom cars, muzak, etc. And this is especially the point of the book: the scale of annoyance in the breach isn't important; It's the fact that there is a breach in our right to choose is what matters."—Narshe Colliery


text:
«Gi en julegave som hjelper»
Norwegian – Culture/Adventure
Norwegian Language, Norwegian adventure and Norwegian Culture
Do you want to learn Norwegian language and experience Norwegian culture?
Elverum Folkehøgskole is a unique boarding school for students finished with high school. It offers Norwegian academic and Norwegian nonacademic courses to all its students. The school is a one year course with most of its students being between the ages of 18 and 24. The majority of students come from all parts of Norway, but others have come from the United States, Europe and countries from all over the world.
Create your own schedule
The school is not a tool to look for permanent stay or work in Norway. The Norwegian course focuses on learning the language and culture. Students that take the Norwegian course will have class several times a week along with other core subjects such as choir, group activities, discussions on world events, and seminars with the entire school. Other than that it is up to the student to create their own schedule. You can choose among 30 electives (valgfag) - including skiing and snowboarding, kick-boxing, art, digital photography, or soccer and much more.
You will be introduced to the Norwegian written language and grammar, but we emphasize the oral language. You will be able to try activities such as dog-sledging, canoing, skiing, snowboarding, white-water rafting and exploring the Norwegian untouched nature. You will learn about the most famous Norwegian composers, writers, painters and heroes. Norwegian society and industry is also part of the program.
Interacting to learn the Norwegian language
Students in the Norwegian course will have plenty of practice when learning the language, being submerged in a «mini» Norwegian society. They will interact around the clock with other Norwegian students, during breakfast until supper. There are also many activities within the school year planned and held by the students. Some have been a «celebrity wedding», volleyball tournament, and ladies night.
Non academic Norwegian courses
During the school year we have 3 theme weeks. The first is a trip to the mountains where all students and teachers get to know each other better. They hike to the top of Glittertind, Norway's second highest mountain, and also to a glacier. The second theme-week the whole school works with theater and traditional Norwegian fairy tales. Students will utilize their music, art, and acting skills to put on a production for the community. If you're not the performing arts type, then you can take part behind the scenes working with filming, lights or photography. The final theme-week is Elverum folk high schools Olympics. The students are divided into groups and compete in events like ice bathing, poker, skiing and much more.
There are also «studieturer» (field trips). Each class has trips that they take during the school year. For example the Africa course will take trips to Africa or the Theater course will attend a musical in London.
Travel with the Norwegian course
The Norwegian course will travel many times all over Norway and Scandinavia. We will experience more parts of Norway than the average Norwegian ever has, including: the famous mountains and the fjords, western Norway with Prekestolen and an oil museum, southern Norway with cabin life by the water with wake-boarding and water skiing, northern Norway with it's aurora Borealis (northern lights) and big sea fishing in Lofoten, just to mention a few of the highlights. We also visit Sweden and Denmark.
If that isn't enough for you then there is plenty to do in Elverum even though it's a small town. There is a bowling alley, movie theatre/culture center, two shopping centers, café's, gym hall, and more. Elverums bus station is also a connection to other near cities. Trysil, one of Norway's largest and finest ski resorts, is an hour away. Forty minutes in the other direction is Hamar, a larger town than Elverum, and two hours away is Oslo, the capital.
The academic year and holidays
Students will have 33 weeks of school total, beginning in mid-August till mid-May. Throughout the year there will be vacation time as well, one during the fall and winter along with a Christmas and Easter break. During this time the school will be closed. There will also be some weekends with half day Fridays and no school on Saturdays. During these weekends the students have the opportunity to go home, but the school remains open for students who choose to stay (food is still provided). Around the school there is much that the students can take advantage of, for example, a soccer field, a sand volleyball court, a skateboard mini-ramp, a lake and in the winter there is a snowboard park and a lot of cross country ski slopes.
Admission information
Once accepted, students will have to obtain a VISA if necessary and a residence permit from the Norwegian Embassy. More information and instructions will be provided via mail. Unfortunately Elverum Folkehøgskole does not offer scholarships.
The tuition includes room, food, school materials, field trips and books.
Click the link below to view picture galleries from the Norwegian class:
–Norwegian på Sørvestlandet
–Norwegian at the top and bottom of Norway
–Norwegian in Lofoten 2012
–Norwegian, culture and adventure in Scandinavia
Application form


text:
Partners At KnowledgeHut, our promise is to help our clients rapidly and effectively transfer product knowledge throughout their sales channels. From an alliances perspective, this means focusing on partners whose core competencies extend our own.
KnowledgeHut works closely with leaders and quality startups in the training and consulting space to bring high quality output or service to the client.


text:
That kind of thing made Wyatt a bit nervous. "NPR is known for its independent voice," she argues. "You have to wonder, with the Herald doing it all, it kind of narrows the viewpoint. This consolidating of all your media sources into one is a bad idea." On the other hand, WLRN doesn't have a real news department and takes a good portion of its local fodder from the Herald anyway. "We don't really have resources to implement an independent news department," Malagodi admits. "That would cost a lot more than people here are willing to pony up."
Wyatt maintains that she and fellow news reader Tracy Fields asked for more resources to produce independent local newscasts but were told there was no money for that. Fields declined to comment for this article.
But veteran Miami journalist Ed Wasserman, a frequent critic of media consolidation and regular Herald contributor, doesn't see an obvious downside in this case. The public-radio station would gain a local news team it couldn't otherwise afford. The Herald would get a platform to promote its news operation. "It's hard to find a lot of fault with that," he observes. "Where there's concern is when you have two perfectly good companies combining, and you end up reducing the number of reporters on the street and the number of voices. The only concern I'd have is: It would be nice to see more than just the journalism of the Herald represented. There are other local outfits out there."
Richard Krinzman, immediate past chairman and current treasurer of Friends of WLRN, the fundraising arm of the station, says a Herald partnership could only improve the professionalism of the station's news department. While LaBonia won't discuss the details of his talks with the paper, he disputes Wyatt's assertion that she was fired to make room for the new partnership. "The reason she was let go is because her on-air performance was not up to what we feel are our quality standards," he explains. "I got a stack of complaints, and I let it go too long. It didn't work out, and we're going to the next level."
Why would the Miami Herald, already a corporate underwriter of WLRN, want to invest in a partnership with the station? Since neither publisher Ibargüen, General Manager Jesus Diaz Jr., nor Executive Editor Tom Fiedler had much to say, the Sun-Sentinel's communications manager, Kevin Courtney, will have to provide a possible rationale. Courtney says what his paper gets out of its partnership with public radio station WXEL is mainly brand identity -- having its name put in front of people who might not normally read the paper. "But if they're interested in a story," he notes, "they may refer back to the newspaper, website, or one of our other publishing products."
Fiedler, in an e-mail to New Times questioning the relationship, said only the following: "The operative word... is the 'potential' of The Herald partnering with WLRN. Although we've had some discussions with the station management and we are more than a little interested, an agreement remains a ways off and there are many details to work out, not the least of which is the separation between the station and the school board."


text:
In a month or two I'm going to have to choose to go to one college of those that accept me (I hope some will). One thing I noticed in my search for the most accepting universities/colleges was how difficult it was to find information on which were most accepting.
How easy is life in your college/university for GLBTQ students?
Please take into consideration:
• How easy it is to date/get laid
• Prevalence of homophobia (among student body, faculty and the town)
• The level of activism in the gay-rights community there
• The size (apparent or real) of the GLBTQ community there
• Any predominantly gay hangouts (bars, restaurants etc.)
• The university/college policy on sexual orientation and transexualism
For 2005, they thought the most accepting colleges were:
1 Eugene Lang College
2 New York University
3 Sarah Lawrence College
4 New College of Florida
5 Brandeis University
6 Mount Holyoke College
7 Reed College
8 Hendrix College
9 Smith College
10 Bryn Mawr College
11 Bard College
12 Grinnell College
13 Barnard College
14 Simon's Rock College of Bard
15 Harvey Mudd College
16 Oberlin College
17 Emerson College
18 College of the Atlantic
19 Whitman College
20 Lawrence University
But I'm hoping for personal responses, rather than rankings.
You should definitely look into Ohio Wesleyan University. Half of the people who work for the admissions office are also in Pride (the gay organization on campus). The campus is pretty liberal.
well Ohio Wesleyan University actually had a brochure for their GLBT organization in their admissions office, which is the only college I've seen to do that. I'm in the same boat, so I wish you luck! Peace out
Well behaved women rarely make history
As per your research, you should consider Reed or Whitman College. Reed College is in Portland, a very gay-friendly city, and it has an absolutely beautiful campus. It's quite a nice school too, from what I hear. They're VERY liberal artsy, and they have at least one openly gay professor that I know of (there may be more, but I know one of them personally). Anytime there's some sort of liberal protest in Portland, usually you're going to find a good portion of Reed College students there. :)
Whitman is basically in my old stomping grounds in Walla Walla, Washington. It's a liberal arts college, and I know several professors there, as well. If I remember correctly, Walla Walla has a population of about 90,000+, but it still has a small-town feel at the same time. There aren't really a lot of GLBT hangouts, but I guess there are quite a few GLBT students. I know one of them, and he seems to have a great time at Whitman.
I hope this helps.
Some people's kids...I tell ya!
Public universities in the US don't typically have "policies" on homosexuality or transgenderism, and won't generally consider sexual orientation or gender identity as a factor in enrollment. Also, unless you're in some ultra-conservative place like Alabama or Oklahoma, colleges and universities should be pretty accepting environments.
A little bit about my school... I go to Ball State University, which is a liberal arts institute in Indiana. The surrounding area, namely the city of Muncie, is fairly conservative, and we have some homophobic people on campus, but the university community is pretty accepting. We have a lot of GLB (and maybe T, though I haven't met any) students and some faculty, and though there is a gay community outside the university, we don't usually mix together much. As for hangouts, the bar has kind of a bad reputation, but the homos usually congregate at a cafe near the university on Thursday nights following the meetings of our GLBT student group. Muncie is sort of an emerging college town, so activism is still in its infancy, though Indiana's own anti-gay marriage constitutional amendment will soon go to vote in the General Assembly.
Aside from Ball State University (www.bsu.edu, if you're interested), Indiana also has schools like Indiana University in the much more college-townish city of Bloomington, Purdue University in Lafayette, and Notre Dame University in South Bend.
"Sometimes a little brain damage helps."
-- George Carlin
Indiana University is definitely a very welcoming city. It's a liberal arts (mostly) college in a blue county of an otherwise red state. There's an active GLBT student body and the city it's in, Bloomington, even has a gay bar.
While it's a very welcoming and accepting college (it's going to have transgender rooming (genderless) sometime soon) there are still some signs of bigotry. Every now and then we get some backwater church who comes to praise the lord and we even had a professor who said homophobic things in his own blog.
And Bloomington, at least a couple years ago, was rated as one of the top 5 gay-friendly cities in the US.
UC Davis is pretty good. It has a GLBTI club on campus and a scholarship possibility for GLBTI students.
"Do I contradict myself? Very well then, I contradict myself. I am large. I contain multitudes."
I too, am doing the college acceptance thing. Basically what i have found is that most colleges that are in large cities, and are public institutions and are in the north tend to be pretty accepting. University of Michigan is really good. It is in Ann Arbor one of the most liberal cities in Michigan. This is a place where you can display the gay pride flag with no problems. Hope this helps!
I dont no fuck all about American Uni's or Collages but what about the University of New York, New Yorks a pretty liberal place, no?


text:
Guild Wars 2.
Guild Wars 2. News of GW2. Story and Plot of GuildWars. Storybook. This article is about the storybook item type.
For other "book" items, see Book. A storybook is any item that opens up a window depicting a book of tasks. Each storybook contains multiple pages: some have buttons that can be used to trigger the start of a mission while most simply describe the story behind various accomplishments. Elite Mission. Elite Missions are difficult missions designed for high level and well organized parties.
They tend to take a long time to complete and are usually filled with high-level foes. They play much like typical campaign missions, but they are not required to complete the campaign nor to progress the Protector titles. As with any mission, there are no Resurrection Shrines and you will be returned to the last visited outpost or lobby should the party wipe. The Underworld. The Underworld is the realm of Grenth.
Many years ago, the realm was ruled by Dhuum, a cruel and unjust god of death who was eventually overthrown and imprisoned. When the body dies, the spirit will often move on to the Mists, usually the Underworld - though there are cases where spirits end up elsewhere due to external forces. Here the spirits are judged by Grenth for their actions in life and sent to their final resting place. The Deep. Clean map of the Deep Locate and defeat Kanaxai.
[edit] Mission information. Tomb of the Primeval Kings. "Legends remain of noble spirits who stand watch over the tombs.
If there is a passage between the mortal world and the Underworld, surely such spirits would know how to find it. — in-game description [edit] History See also: Letters from Kuro The Primeval Kings of Elona were buried here from 229 DR until 652 DR, when the Scarab Plague decimated the population of Istan and wiped out the Royal House of the Primeval Dynasty. 400 years later, Lord Odran opened a portal from here to the Rift. The Fissure of Woe. The Fissure of Woe, also called the Realm of War, is the realm of Balthazar.
In this realm, the god of war and his Eternals are engaged in a battle with Menzies and his Shadow Army. It is divided into nine known sections and is full of wreckage, battlefields, and fiery landscapes; the sole exception to this is the Forest of the Wailing Lord. According to Admiral Saidon the Eternal, the Fissure of Woe will always be in conflict. [edit] Getting there To get to The Fissure of Woe, all players of the party must be Ascended or Weh no Su (Elonian characters may instead complete the quest Hunted!).
Sorrow's Furnace. Sorrow's Furnace is the largest mine of the Stone SummitDwarves, resting at the base of Grenth's Footprint.
The land surrounding Sorrow's Furnace was once sacred for the Deldrimor Dwarves until it was stripped by the Stone Summit for the metals in the mountain, and turned into a series of mines with Sorrow's Furnace at the base. Within Sorrow's Furnace itself is a series of underground mining operations as well as a multitude of ruins. Within the northern portions of Sorrow's Furnace, a huge crevice opens into the surface in the area known as The Gap, allowing the cold mountain air and snow to met with the burning heat of the furnaces. Guild Wars Wiki. GuildWars.com: Welcome to the Official Guild Wars Website.


text:
Take a closer look to learn why leading brands work with us.
Working with LevLane, Pedrera developed a custom .NET and SQL Server website for the Philadelphia Streets Department. Website design by LevLane Advertising
LevLane Advertising
City of Philadelphia
Government and Non-Profit
Online Marketing System
Content Management Systems
Custom Web Applications
Online Marketing Systems
Web Application Development
Web Development
Well, as "social" as one can be with hyperlinks, that is.
100 Mechanics Street // Doylestown, PA 18901 USA
T: (+1) 215 348 7446 // E: hello [at] pedrera.com


text:
- About this Journal ·
- Abstracting and Indexing ·
- Aims and Scope ·
- Annual Issues ·
- Article Processing Charges ·
- Author Guidelines ·
- Citations to this Journal ·
- Contact Information ·
- Editorial Board ·
- Editorial Workflow ·
- Free eTOC Alerts ·
- Publication Ethics ·
- Reviewers Acknowledgment ·
- Submit a Manuscript ·
- Table of Contents
Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 151794, 15 pages
A Numerical Analysis Method of Hydraulic Seals for Downhole Equipments
1School of Mechatronics and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2Fenghuo Machinery Factory, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Chengdu 611130, China
Received 3 August 2013; Accepted 28 August 2013
Academic Editor: Magd Abdel Wahab
Copyright © 2013 Li Xin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The aim of this paper is to present a numerical method to predict the work performance of hydraulic seals used in downhole equipments. The impact of key factors, namely, compression rate and the number of seals, on the wearing behavior of seal components is studied. To simulate the wear process of sealing contact surface, a methodology is built with the iterative wear prediction procedure in which the geometry of the contact interface progressively changes according to the wear model. In this method, the structural and the thermal coupled mechanism is investigated and the performance of seal structure containing different number of seals is discussed. By taking a gear pump used in the downhole robots as a case study, both numerical analysis with proposed method and practical experiment are presented. The simulation results of the worn volume of the seals are consistent with the experiment data. This work provides an effective computerized approach to aid seal components design and manufacturing for downhole equipments.
1. Introduction
Nowadays more and more people care about the exploitation of the natural resources, such as oil [1]. With the fast increase of population and the appearance of more factories, oil is getting less and less year after year. Deep well exploitation has been a concern in the oil industry. For example, in China, 70 percent of oil resources are distributed in the belts which are five kilometers under the ground. The downhole equipments will encounter harsh work conditions in such an environment, such as high pressure (with an extent of 70~80 MPa) and high temperature (always above 100°C). Therefore, a more rigorous requirement is proposed for the steady working of the downhole equipments.
The seal components may have a rather profound effect on the downhole equipments [2, 3]. It helps to prevent surrounding drilling fluid (often called the "mud") from flowing into the inner structure of equipments. This high temperature, high pressure, and abrasive liquid will lead to eventual seal degradation. So it is important to predict the service life of a seal to replace a new one in time. The method adopted previously is through experience which is used to determine when the seals are not able to meet the engineering requirements. The common method is to set up a test rig which is able to provide the test running conditions. The working process of the seal is simulated and the related environment parameters, such as temperature and pressure, can be monitored during the test. However, as the environment underground is extremely harsh, it is a time and money consuming project to set up a test rig which is able to simulate the downhole environment.
Other than the experiential ways to predict the life of seal components, the numerical prediction method is also available. As the computer technology develops, to predict the service life of seal components through a numerical way is possible. Kim et al. [4] analyzed the sealing performances of O-ring through Finite Element (FE) method and the influence of friction coefficient for the deformation of O-ring was also considered. Lin et al. [5] analyzed the sealing structure of the reactor pressure vessel through FE method. The thermal effect and the plastic deformation were included. However, this investigation focused on the static sealing. Lingerkar and Khonsari [6] obtained the laws on how the sliding speed and the pressure affect the sealing performances through analyzing the flow field in the gap between O-ring and rod with FE method. Azhikannickal and Wild [7] analyzed the stress distribution of elastomeric foam seal through FE method and modified the structure of the area with stress concentration. Ötingün et al. [8] also utilized the FE method to analyze the sealing performances of O-ring under mixed lubricated conditions.
FE method was applied in the researches mentioned above. Many other studies adopted numerical methods. Yuan et al. [9] set up the flow model of the spiral groove face seals with the Reynolds equation. Besides, the thermal effect was also analyzed. Zhou et al. [10] proposed an elastohydrodynamic model to describe the sealing performances of lip seal. Full film lubrication was assumed during the analysis. The Reynolds equation and the deformation equation of the seal were concurrently solved. The laws of relevant parameters such as the pressure distribution in the film and the thickness of the film are obtained. Thomas et al. [11] presented a thermoelastohydrodynamic model to analyze the sealing performances of rotating seals. Nikas [12] described the extrusion behavior of rectangle-section seal numerically. He also analyzed the sealing behaviors of rectangle-section seal with elastohydrodynamic model [13].
The wear behaviors of the seals are not considered in the researches mentioned above. Even though some researches involve the mixed lubrication, they are based on the assumption of low friction coefficient. The seals used in the downhole equipments do not accord with this assumption. High pressure and high temperature make the seals contact tightly with the executive components. So the wear effect of the executive components for the seals cannot be neglected. However, there are few studies concerning the wear of seals through simulation ways. Hambli et al. [14] proposed an FE method to predict the lifetime of the blanking tool considering the wear effect. The similar work was also fulfilled by Hambli et al. [15]. It is easy to realize this simulation method for the "hard" material because the influence of the wear on the change of the mechanical behaviors is apparent but does not work for the "soft" material such as rubber. Bagci and Ozcelik [16] also studied the influence of the wear on the twist drill through FE method. The thermal effect was considered. Mamalis et al. [17] studied the process of material removal during grinding with the FE method in which the thermal factor was included.
Few studies have been presented on the wear simulation of the seals. Nandor et al. [18, 19] proposed an FE method for wear simulation of reciprocating seal. Archard's wear model was included to model the variation of the seal's profile and subsequently the mesh reconstruction technology was applied on the modified field of the seal. The next simulation cycle began. But sharp corners may emerge on the worn profile of the seal and this will bring some troubles for remeshing operation with FE method. So a new FE method for wear simulation of the seals is presented in this paper which is able to overcome this disadvantage.
When designing the sealing components of the downhole equipments, two ways are often adopted to enhance the reliability of seal system, which is increasing the compression rate of the seals and adopting multiple seals. The authors take the rotating sealing system in the downhole equipments as an example in this paper in order to investigate how the compression rate and the seal number affect the wear behavior of O-ring.
In order to model the wear process of the seal, an FE method for wear simulation of the seal component is presented in this paper. This method overcomes the problem of sharp corners on the profile. Besides, due to the fact that the shaft rotates with a high speed, the effect of friction heat is considered during the wear simulation. A thermal-structural coupled algorithm is presented for the simulation process. The worn volumes of O-rings under different compression rates and with different number of seals are given through both numerical analysis and experiment. The comparisons imply that the results from both methods coincide well. The simulation method presented in this paper can be used to predict the life of O-ring in the downhole equipments.
2. Description of Seal Problem
In the downhole equipments, the specified motions for drilling or measurement are accomplished by the executive components and these components are controlled by the hydraulic systems in the equipment. The function of the seals is to prevent the flow of fluid on both sides in order to make sure that there are enough pressure differences to make the executive components run accurately. Once the leakage is extensive, the executive components will not reach their positions correctly. Even worse, some protruding components may not be able to return to their original positions which will lead to the scrap of the well. This brings a huge economic loss.
A typical rotating sealing system is displayed in Figure 1(a). The system is composed of the shaft, the chamber, and the O-ring. The slot holding the O-ring is machined in the chamber in this paper. So the O-ring is installed in the slot and keeps still with the chamber while the shaft rotates with a high speed. The compression rate is decided by the height of the slot and the initial sectional diameter of O-ring . Thus, the compression rate of O-ring can be given as . In order to increase the sealing pressure, one way is to increases the compression rate and another is to increase the number of O-rings. Generally, the depth of the oil well is less than 10 kilometers and three O-rings in one slot are enough to accomplish the sealing mission. Therefore, the upper limit of the number of O-rings is defined as three. The sealing systems with two and three O-rings in one slot are shown in Figures 1(b) and 1(c).
3. Wear Simulation with FE Method
3.1. Sliding Wear
Many factors decide the wear behaviors of mechanical components, for example, the geometry of the contact surfaces, normal loads, relative sliding speeds, hardness of the contact materials, and the friction characteristics. The wear process can be seen as a function of these factors as given in where is the worn volume.
The most widely used wear model is the linear wear model which was proposed by Rabinowicz et al. in the 1900s [20, 21]. This model was based on the experimental data and the results demonstrated that the worn volume is proportional to the normal load and sliding distance while inversely proportional to hardness of the softer material. The linear wear model is given in the following: where is the dimensionless wear coefficient, is the hardness of the softer material, represents the normal load, and is the sliding distance.
In order to apply the wear model into the simulation, both sides of (2) are divided by the time increment and the equation can be modified as where is the volume worn rate, is the wear coefficient, and is the sliding speed.
If both sides of (3) are divided by the contact area , a new form will be given as where is worn height increment and is the normal contact pressure.
In order to model the wear of nodes in FE simulation, the discrete form of (4) is applied: where is the nodal worn height increment and is the nodal normal pressure.
3.2. Structural FE Model
According to the geometric model of the sealing system shown in Figure 1, structural 2D finite element models are built as displayed in Figure 2. The relationship between the compression rate of O-ring and sealing pressure, as well as the relationship between the number of O-rings and the sealing pressure, can be analyzed through these models. Figure 2(a) represents that only one single O-ring is installed in the sealing seat. The sealing systems with two and three O-rings in the sealing seats are shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(c), respectively.
According to the symmetrical characteristic, half of the geometrical model is built in the FE model for saving the computing time. Since rubber is a kind of hyperelastic material, a hyperelastic element is adopted when building the finite element models of O-ring.
In reality, deformation always occurs when the seal is installed in the slot. But the deformation cannot be precalculated in FE model. So O-ring is modeled as an uncompressed state at the beginning of the simulation. The pre-compression effect can be simulated through setting contact pairs between the shaft and O-ring. The influence from the fluid is also considered. The fluid pressure is set as one of the boundary conditions. Left side of O-ring is assumed to undertake the fluid pressure. As the right side of O-ring will be compressed on the surface of the chamber, the fluid pressure is ignored on the right side.
Therefore, two steps are operated to model the deformation of O-ring. The first is to compress the seal along the radial direction to model the precompression when installed ( in Figure 2(a)) and the second is to compress the seal along the axial direction to model the compression effect caused by the fluid ( in Figure 2(b)). Besides, the fluid temperature is set as the initial condition. Before the simulation starts, the temperature distribution in O-ring is assumed to be steady. So the whole domain of O-ring is set with the fluid temperature.
Asymmetrical meshing strategy is adopted when meshing the domain of O-ring. As mentioned above, there is relative motion between the O-ring and the shaft. So the wear of O-ring mainly occurs on the area where O-ring contacts with the shaft. In order to simulate the wear behavior of the seal precisely and reduce the computing time, the area where the seal contacts with the shaft is densely meshed and the other area of the seal is sparsely meshed.
3.3. Transient Thermal Analysis
The influence of friction heat on the wear of the seal cannot be neglected when the shafts rotate with a high speed. The circumferential shear stress at node on the seal's surface can be given as where is the friction coefficient and is the normal nodal pressure.
In high speed rotating sealing system, the friction heat will affect the wear behavior of the seal and the loss of the material will affect the distribution of the contact pressure. The friction heat will be influenced in return. Coupled effect of the thermal and structural stress is required to analyze the wear behavior of the seal. It is a complicated coupled problem. Recently, some researchers have adopted the method that the thermal effect and structural effect are independently analyzed for this subject [22–24]. The heat flux density at node on the surface of the seal can be expressed as where is the percentage of transition from mechanical work to friction heat and is the relative circumferential speed. According to [25], the friction heat can be thought to be completely transformed, it means .
Since the nodal temperature in the seal dynamically changes with time, it belongs to transient analysis problem. The nodal temperature can be solved by the following equation: where is the specific heat matrix, is thermal conduction coefficient matrix, is the thermal load matrix, is the nodal temperature matrix, and is the derivative of . The elements in these matrices can be expressed by the following equations: where represents the contribution to the thermal conduction matrix from elements, represents the contribution to the thermal conduction matrix from boundary conditions, represents the contribution to the specific heat matrix from elements, and and are the thermal loads from elements.
Figure 3 shows the thermal analysis model of O-ring with finite element method. A single O-ring is analyzed in Figure 3(a). Firstly, deformation of O-ring is obtained from the results of the structural analysis. It is more close to reality to set thermal boundary conditions on the deformed finite element model. It is assumed that the seal has reached a thermal equilibrium state before simulation and the fluid temperature is set as the initial condition of the nodes. The value of keeps independent of time. The heat flux density of the friction heat in the sealing area varies with time. The heat flux density at each node on the contact area can be written as follows: where is the coordinate vector of the nodes contacting with the shaft.
The thermal FE models with two and three O-rings are, respectively, displayed in Figures 3(b) and 3(c). The difference between the FE model with two or three seals and the FE model with a single seal is that the boundary of the seal, except the area where the seal contacts with the shaft, is set with the boundary condition of the fluid temperature in the single seal model. However, since the temperature of the seal varies with time in this study, the contact boundary where the adjacent seals contact with each other is set with the temperature of the opposite seal in the two or three seals model which is marked with a red ellipse in Figures 3(b) and 3(c).
Though the thermal conduction coefficient of the steel is several orders of magnitude bigger than that of the rubber, the thermal expansion coefficient of the rubber is several orders of magnitude greater than that of the steel. Thus, the effect of thermal deformation of the seal cannot be ignored. It should be noted that though the thermal conduction coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient of both materials vary with the temperature, the variation stays in a small extent because the friction heat is not enough to change the environmental temperature greatly. Thus, both of the two parameters are thought to be independent of the temperature. Since most parts of the friction heat dissipate through the shaft for its high thermal conduction coefficient, only a little is absorbed by the seal. The heat flux density accepted by the seal in the sealing area is approximately times the total value. So the boundary condition in the sealing region can be calculated as
In addition, the initial condition is given as
The change of temperature will lead to linear expansion of the seal. The shear strain on the contact area can be ignored. The strain caused by thermal deformation can be taken as initial strain set on the finite element model. For 2D model the initial strain can be given as where is the thermal expansion coefficient, is the initial temperature, and is the transient temperature. The equation which is used to solve the coupled stress is given as In (14), is the elemental stiffness matrix, is the nodal displacement matrix, and and are structural stress matrix and equivalent structural stress matrix.
The stress distribution in the seals caused by thermal effect is shown in Figure 4 when the simulation process has been operated for one minute.
3.4. Remeshing Strategy
Mesh reconstruction is a key technique to realize wear process simulation with finite element method. Though global remeshing strategy proposed by Nandor et al. [18] can be used to simulate the wear process of the seal, the whole domain needs to be remeshed. Once the worn profile owns some sharp corners which are generated due to the movement of the profile points, the remeshing work will be more complicated. Killing elements strategy is more suitable for finite element analysis software. If the contact pressures in the elements exceed the predefined threshold, these elements will be "killed." However, the wear depth is limited by the size of the contact elements. Only the wear process whose wear depth is larger than the size of the contact elements can be simulated. To overcome this restriction, in the current work, not only the contact elements are remeshed but also the elements adjacent to them can be remeshed by the wear processor, if required.
Mesh distribution of O-ring after being compressed is shown in Figure 5. The elements near the sealing area are quadrangles. Since the wear only occurs in the elements near the sealing area, the proposed remeshing method is applied to the elements in this region.
The presented remeshing strategy is demonstrated in Figure 6. One of the contact elements and its neighboring elements are chosen as an example. Node N1 is moved based on the wear increment in (5). The wear depth of N1 is equal to . is defined as initial vertical distance between N1 and N2. The current vertical distance becomes where is defined as the critical vertical distance between N1 and N2. Once is no more than , the relative position of N1 and N2 is fixed with the vertical distance and the wear processor moves node N2 to N3. By moving N2, the current vertical distance of N2 and N3 becomes
In this equation, is the initial vertical distance between N2 and N3. is the vertical displacement of N2. Similar to node N1, is defined as the critical vertical distance between N2 and N3. Once is no more than , the relative position of N2 and N3 is fixed with the vertical distance and the wear processor moves node N3 to N4. Here, is the difference of and that can be given as . So the current vertical distance can be expressed as
Repeat this process and the wear depth can be expanded to any number of layers of elements in the proximity of the contact region. More generally, the vertical distance between node Ni and can be written with a similar way:
With this method, the wear depth of the simulation process is no longer limited by the size of the contact elements. Besides, a safe aspect ratio can be ensured for these contact elements through this way. The value of total wear depth can be bigger than the size of the contact elements. The effect of wear simulation of the seal is shown in Figure 7.
3.5. Thermal-Structure Coupled Simulation Algorithm
In general, wear phenomenon is a continuous process. However, in order to simulate the process with an FE method, the continuous material removal in time needs to be approximated at a discrete set of time. Iterative mechanism is widely used in the subject of wear analysis and simulation. In our approach, the geometry of O-ring is updated in the end of each cycle to reflect the evolution of wear behaviors. Entirely coupled thermal-structure simulation analysis is operated in every cycle. The flowchart of the simulation process is shown in Figure 8. One cycle of the simulation contains four main modules, namely, initial contact analysis, thermal analysis, comprehensive contact analysis, and wear simulation.
A precompressed FE model is built in the first module. O-ring is compressed on the surface of the shaft in the first step to simulate the radial compression. The axial load is set on the left surface of O-ring in the second step to model the pressure distribution of the fluid.
According to the contact pressure distribution determined in the first module, a transient thermal FE analysis is run in the second module. The flux density of friction heat at each contact node is calculated as one of the boundary conditions of the FE model. The temperature of the fluid is assumed as the initial condition. The initial temperature distribution in the following cycles can be obtained from the result of the previous thermal simulation.
In the third module, another FE contact model which takes into account the effect of thermal expansion is operated. The nodal wear depths can be calculated in the last module of the cycle. Once the wear depth at each node is known, the worn profile of the seal can be reconstructed. The modified geometry model will be the input of the next simulation cycle.
3.6. Determination of Cycle Time
The selection of suitable time for simulation cycle is a key problem in iterative simulation analysis of wear. As the sealing system with a single seal is the fundamental element of the system with two or three seals, the determination of the cycle time is operated in the sealing system with a single seal.
The cycle of the simulation process presented above is solved for different time increments. The nodal pressure distribution for five stochastically selected contact nodes (namely from node-1 to node-5) is plotted for different time increments in Figure 9. In order to save the computing cost, the process of selecting suitable cycle time is accomplished in the first 30 s. It can be seen that as the cycle time is increased the pressure distribution starts varying considerably. This behavior of FE model affects the overall solution. Though a model solved with a smaller cycle time gives more accurate results, it comes at the expense of computational time. Therefore, the cycle time is to be selected accordingly. In this case, the cycle time 6 s was used.
4. Case Study
4.1. Introduction of the Gear Pump
In order to verify the numerical analysis method presented in this paper, a gear pump in the downhole robots is chosen as the experimental subject. The structure of the gear pump is shown in Figure 10. The power for motions of the robots is supplied by the power source assembly which is composed of oil block, hydraulic valves and the gear pump, as shown in Figure 10(a). Dynamo (which is not displayed in the figure) rotates the driving gear shaft in the gear pump and then the driven gear shaft is also rotated. The space between the two gears is divided into sucking space and compressing space. The two spaces are, respectively, connected with the oil way outside the pump to construct a complete loop which supplies power for the executive components.
Sectional drawing of the pump is shown in Figure 10(b). To make sure that there is enough pressure to drive the executive components to their right positions, it is necessary to prevent the fluid in the pump from leaking. The O-rings marked with blueness are used as static seals. They still keep corresponding to the pump body and there is no relative motion in the sealing area. The O-rings marked with redness are used as dynamic seals. They are installed in the seat and their inner sides contact with the rotating shafts. Once the shafts rotate, there are relative motions where the seals contact with the shafts. The wear of the seals mainly happens in these areas. Because this paper concerns the wear simulation of the seals in the downhole equipments, the static seals are not considered in the following content.
4.2. Worn Volume of the Seal
The wear volume can be calculated through the following way. For the seal which is assembled without eccentricity, the wear on each section is absolutely the same if the influence of gravity is neglected. We can suppose that if O-ring is cut off along the section, the shape of the worn volume can be seen as a column. So the worn volume can be calculated through the volume of column.
The geometry model for the calculation of the worn volume is illustrated in Figure 11, where is the inner radius of O-ring. The height of the column can be approximately replaced by the circumference of the inner circle. Since the worn section is irregular, an approach based on the FE nodes is proposed to calculate the area of the worn region approximately. Only the change of the positions of the contacting nodes, which are distributed on the profile of the seal in the sealing region, is considered during the calculation. If the worn height of node is marked as , make a rectangle with the length of and the width of , and the value of can be obtained through its neighboring nodes and . can be given as follows: where and represent the horizontal distances between node and and between node and , respectively.
So the worn volume of O-ring can be expressed as where represents the number of the contacting nodes on the profile of O-ring.
4.3. Numerical Results
The material and geometry parameters which will be used in the simulation process are given in Table 1. The materials of the shaft and the chamber are defined as steel, while the material of O-ring is defined as fluororubber. The angular speed of the shaft is set to be 3000 r/min.
In order to study the influence of the compression rate on the wear behavior of the seal, three compression rates are selected in this work: 20%, 25%, and 30%. Under each compression rate, the sealing systems with a single seal, a couple of seals, and three seals are, respectively simulated and tested to obtain the worn volume of the seals. The variations of the compression rate and the number of the seals are fulfilled through changing different sizes of sealing seats. The results are displayed in Figure 12.
The worn volume of the seal in the sealing system with a single seal is shown in Figure 12(a). It implies that the wearing speed in the initial period is fast. In about two hours, the tendency of the worn volume varies linearly. According to the wearing law, we can affirm that the seal has entered the running-in period. What is more, as the compression rate is increased, the worn extent of the seal is also increased. And the worn speed in the running-in period is faster.
The result of the worn volume in the sealing system with a couple of seals is displayed in Figure 12(b). In order to obtain the wearing behavior of each seal, the result of each seal is given individually. For convenience, the left seal in Figure 2(b) is simply marked as "Left" while the other one is simply marked as "Right". The tendency of the worn volume of each seal is similar as the result shown in Figure 12(a). Beyond that, we can find that the worn extent of the right-hand seal is bigger.
The result of the worn volume in the sealing system with three seals is displayed in Figure 12(c). The seals in Figure 2(c) are simply marked as "left," "middle," and "right" from the left side to the right side. It can be seen from the result that the worn extent of the "right" seal is the biggest when the three seals are installed in series, while the worn extent of the "middle" seal is the smallest.
4.4. Experiment Results
The test rig is shown in Figure 13. The rig is composed of four modules. (i)Heating module: this part is in charge of heating the oil which will be infused into the testing module. The oil is heated to the required temperature in the heating container by four heaters. Then, the heated oil is transferred to the pressure module. (ii)Pressure module: the oil enters into the pressure container and is pressured by the pressure cylinder laid beside the pressure container. The oil is pressured linearly to the value which the test requires. (iii)Test module: the downhole robot is mounted in a cylinder where the heated and pressured oil representing the harsh environment is also accommodated. The robot accomplishes the specified orders sent by the control module, including the continuous working of the gear pump. (iv)Control module: this module is comprised of electric closet and control cabinet. Its function is to send orders to the robot and other modules to fulfill specified mission. In the meantime, it accepts the signals sent by the sensors to monitor the variation of the parameters. However, the concern of this paper is on the worn of O-rings. This can be finished through weighing the seals before and after the test. So this module is not in charge of recording the parameters in this paper.
The experimental results are shown in Figure 14. The variation of the worn volume of a single seal is displayed in Figure 14(a). The worn volume of the seal under bigger compression rate is also bigger. And the wear speed is faster. These are quite consistent with the simulation results. However, we can note that the experimental data is a little smaller than the simulation data. This can be explained that in reality there is a thin film in the gap between the seal and the shaft. So the wear effect will be weakened due to this film. Thus, the experimental results are smaller than the simulation results.
The variation of the worn volume of the two-seal system is shown in Figure 14(b). The law of the compression rate affecting the worn volume is similar to that in Figure 14(a). In addition, the experimental data prove that the worn extent of the "right" seal is bigger. This agrees with the simulation results.
Figure 14(c) displays the worn volume of the sealing system with three seals in a slot. Similar to the simulation result, the "right" seal is worn most and the "middle" seal is worn least. It implies that the simulation method is able to model the true wear effect of the seals underground.
4.5. Discussion
The results from both simulation and experiment are almost coincident. The worn volume for a single seal displays a tendency that the initial speed of worn volume is faster. This can be explained that the initial contact pressure between the seal and the shaft is larger and the effect of the friction heat is apparent. This leads to an even larger contact pressure. So the wear speed is faster according to Archard's model. With the removal of the seal material, the contact pressure between the seal and the shaft as well as the effect of the friction heat decreased. Consequently, the wear speed of the seal is reduced. A high compression rate increases the contact pressure. So the fact that higher compression rate speeds up the worn behavior can be easily explained.
In the two-seal sealing system, the worn extent of the "right" seal is a little bigger than the "left" one. The explanation of this result is that the deformation of the chamber is much smaller than the seals and the "right" seal is constrained by the chamber on the right surface. So the deformation of the "right" seal is larger than the "left" one which leads to the contact pressure of the "right" seal being bigger than the "Left" one. The subsequent explanation is the same as introduced in last section.
This explanation is also suitable for the three-seal sealing system. The "right" seal is constrained by the chamber. So its deformation as well as the contact pressure is the largest. That is why the "right" seal is worn most. Oppositely, as the "middle" seal is constrained by two seals on both sides, its deformation will be slightly released. Thus, the extent of the "middle" seal's worn is the smallest.
5. Conclusions
The wear phenomenon of seal component in downhole equipments is investigated with a numerical method in this paper. The effect of initial compression rate and the number of seals on the wearing behavior of O-rings is discussed. A structural and thermal coupled FE approach is presented to simulate the wear process of seal component under high temperature and high pressure condition. A remeshing strategy is proposed to simulate the behavior of the material removal of the seal. A rotating hydraulic seal component in the self-developed downhole robot is taken as in experimental subject. Both numerical analysis and practical experiment are conducted. The results of the numerical analysis method are consistent with the experiment data. This work can be used to predict the life of O-ring indirectly through predicting worn volume of the seal.
Since the downhole environment is quite complicated, a further study on the influence of other factors on the wear of the seal is needed. One factor is that sometimes the seal will be working with contamination particles. So the wear type is abrasive wear instead of adhesion wear. How to simulate the wear process of the seal with an abrasive wear is the next aim of the authors.
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 51275119, no. 50905047) and Self-Planned Task of State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) (no. SKLRS201203C). Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
- W. Tang, Y. K. Zhou, H. Zhu, and H. F. Yang, "The effect of surface texturing on reducing the friction and wear of steel under lubricated sliding contact," Applied Surface Science, vol. 273, pp. 199–204, 2013.
- S. Kurokouchi, M. Okabe, and S. Morita, "Taper-seal type metal sealing system and available applications," Applied Surface Science, vol. 169-170, pp. 799–802, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. C. Smith, D. Park, K. J. Titchener, R. E. Davies, and R. H. West, "Surface studies of oil-seal degradation," Applied Surface Science, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 357–371, 1995. View at Scopus
- H. K. Kim, S. H. Park, H. G. Lee, D. R. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, "Approximation of contact stress for a compressed and laterally one side restrained O-ring," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 1680–1692, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Lin, R. Li, H. Long, and H. Ou, "Three-dimensional transient sealing analysis of the bolted flange connections of reactor pressure vessel," Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol. 236, no. 24, pp. 2599–2607, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Lingerkar and M. M. Khonsari, "On the effects of sliding velocity and operating pressure differential in rotary O-ring seals," Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 224, no. 7, pp. 649–657, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Azhikannickal and P. M. Wild, "Finite element analysis of the design of an elastomeric foam seal for an automotive air filter," Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol. 218, no. 1, pp. 37–46, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Ötingün, M. André, D. Bartel, and L. Deters, "An axisymmetric hydrodynamic interface element for finite-element computations of mixed lubrication in rubber seals," Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 222, no. 3, pp. 471–481, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- X. Yuan, G. Zhang, W. Zhao, Z. Li, and S. Yang, "Theoretical and experimental approach for the characteristics of water-lubricated, high-speed double spiral-groove face seals," in Proceedings of the STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference (IJTC '06), San Antonio, Tex, USA, October 2006. View at Scopus
- Q. Zhou, Z. M. Li, S. J. Sang, J. P. Tang, and Q. An, "A numerical simulation method for hydrodynamic lubrication of lip seal," Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 226, no. 2, pp. 99–110, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Thomas, N. Brunetière, and B. Tournerie, "Thermoelastohydrodynamic behavior of mechanical gas face seals operating at high pressure," Journal of Tribology, vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 841–850, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. K. Nikas, "Analytical study of the extrusion of rectangular elastomeric seals for linear hydraulic actuators," Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 217, no. 5, pp. 365–374, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. K. Nikas, "Elastohydrodynamics and mechanics of rectangular elastomeric seals for reciprocating piston rods," Journal of Tribology, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 60–69, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Hambli, D. Soulat, and A. Chamekh, "Finite element prediction of blanking tool cost caused by wear," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 44, no. 7-8, pp. 648–656, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Hambli, F. Guerin, and B. Dumon, "Numerical evaluation of the tool wear influence on metal-punching processes," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 483–493, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Bagci and B. Ozcelik, "Finite element and experimental investigation of temperature changes on a twist drill in sequential dry drilling," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 28, no. 7-8, pp. 680–687, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. G. Mamalis, J. Kundrák, D. E. Manolakos, K. Gyáni, and A. Markopoulos, "Thermal modelling of surface grinding using implicit finite element techniques," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 929–934, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Nandor, V. Karoly, and F. David, "Wear simulation of a reciprocating seal," Journal of Tribology, vol. 133, no. 3, Article ID 031601, 6 pages, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- N. Békési and K. Váradi, "Wear simulation of a reciprocating seal by global remeshing," Periodica Polytechnica, Mechanical Engineering, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 71–75, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Põdra and S. Andersson, "Simulating sliding wear with finite element method," Tribology International, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 71–81, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Rabinowicz, Friction and Wear of Materials, Wiley, New York, NY, USA, 1995.
- Z. Q. Gong and K. Komvopoulos, "Thermomechanical analysis of semi-infinite solid in sliding contact with a fractal surface," Journal of Tribology, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 331–342, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Ye and K. Komvopoulos, "Three-dimensional finite element analysis of elastic-plastic layered media under thermomechanical surface loading," Journal of Tribology, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 52–59, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Z. Q. Gong and K. Komvopoulos, "Mechanical and thermomechanical elastic-plastic contact analysis of layered media with patterned surfaces," Journal of Tribology, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 9–17, 2004. View at Scopus
- H. Uetz and J. Föhl, "Wear as an energy transformation process," Wear, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 253–264, 1978. View at Scopus