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Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Abstract: We adapted a stochastic computer model to simulate productivity of the northern pintail (Anas acuta). Researchers at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service originally developed the model to simulate productivity of the mallard (A. platyrhynchos). We obtained data and descriptive information on the breeding biology of pintails from a literature review and from discussions with waterfowl biologists. All biological parameters in the productivity component of the mallard model (e.g., initial body weights, weight loss during laying and incubation, incubation time, clutch size, nest site selection characteristics) were compared with data on pintails and adjusted accordingly. The function in the mallard model that predicts nest initiation in response to pond conditions adequately mimicked pintail behavior and did not require adjustment.
Recruitment rate was most sensitive to variations in parameters that control nest success, seasonal duckling survival rate, and yearling and adult body weight. We simulated upland and wetland habitat conditions in central North Dakota and compared simulation results with observed data. Simulated numbers were not significantly different from observed numbers of successful nests during wet, average, and dry wetland conditions. The simulated effect of predator barrier fencing in a study area in central North Dakota increased recruitment rate by an average of 18.4%. This modeling synthesized existing knowledge on the breeding biology of the northern pintail, identified necessary research, and furnished a useful tool for the examination and comparison of various management options.
Key words: Northern pintail, Anas acuta, productivity model, mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, breeding ecology, population modeling, waterfowl management, simulation, recruitment.
Waterfowl ecologists have become concerned about substantial declines in numbers of several species of dabbling ducks, most notably during 1979 to 1991 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1985; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service 1991). Although the causes of these long-term declines are not fully understood, losses of wetland and upland habitat in the prairie breeding grounds (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service 1991) and associated effects of predation on nesting hens and nests (Sargeant et al. 1984) are clearly important influences on waterfowl populations (Cowardin and Johnson 1979; Duebbert and Lokemoen 1980). As managers worked to understand the interactions of habitat losses, the effects of predation, and duck productivity, they recognized the utility of simulation models. Models have been used to compare potential management options and at the same time to gain insight into the dynamics of waterfowl and habitat interactions.
Since the mid-1970's, researchers at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed a computer modeling system that simulates the productivity of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), a species for which data are relatively complete. This modeling system includes four components: (1) habitat and nest data bases, (2) a pair-wetland regression model, (3) a stochastic model of the productivity of the mallard, and (4) various routines for the input and summarization of data (Cowardin et al.1988). The present version of the modeling system or "mallard model" (Johnson et al. 1987) is used to compare potential management of mallards at local and regional scales in the prairie pothole region of the United States (Cowardin et al. 1983, 1988). The mallard model is useful for examination and comparison of various management options and as an aid in decision making (Cowardin et al. 1988). In addition to providing benefits for management, the mallard model synthesizes information about the breeding biology of mallards and identifies aspects that have yet to be researched comprehensively (Johnson et al. 1987).
The mallard model is an important breakthrough; modeling systems with similar capabilities are needed for other species of ducks with declining populations. However, necessary biological information for integrating all the components of this modeling system is often incomplete and difficult to acquire for most species.
The mallard model is based exclusively on information on the biology of mallards. But, the model incorporates important variables about the breeding dynamics of any species of dabbling duck, such as daily survival of hens, initiation of nests, selection of nest sites, survival of clutches until hatching, and survival of broods until fledging. We recognized that the basic structure of the mallard model could be used as a framework for modeling other species of dabbling ducks. For species with similar life histories, some components of the mallard model need little or no modification, whereas the main component that models productivity requires major changes. We hypothesized that the mallard model could be adapted to another species if the productivity component is properly modified.
The northern pintail (Anas acuta) is of particular concern to waterfowl ecologists and managers because pintail populations have suffered the most noticeable decline of any duck. In 1991, the breeding population was at a record low of >50% below the 1955-88 average (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service 1991). Because of concern about survival of the species and benefits from modeling for mallards, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service recognized the value of developing and testing a model for northern pintails. Biologists of the Prairie Pothole Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan also identified a need to evaluate responses by populations of northern pintails and other species to habitat management, but, because of a lack of certain biological information and models to integrate this information, reliable estimates of production are restricted to mallards (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service 1992). Researchers at Ducks Unlimited Canada who attempted to evaluate alternative management of prairie habitat in Alberta (Alberta Forestry, Lands, and Wildlife et al. 1989) applied the mallard model but were limited by the unavailability of a northern pintail model (R. T. Clay, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Winnipeg, personal communication).
In response to the need for a modeling system for the northern pintail, we adapted the productivity component of the mallard model to northern pintails. We modified only the productivity component and did not address differences in settling rates and homing between the species. Our specific objectives were to (1) compare the similarities and differences in breeding biology of northern pintails and mallards and identify aspects of northern pintails with inadequate data, (2) modify the productivity component of the mallard model as necessary for northern pintails, (3) conduct sensitivity analysis of the northern pintail productivity component, and (4) test the northern pintail model with available field data or expert opinion on the species breeding biology.
We searched four computerized literature sources (Wildlife Review, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; BIOSIS Data Base; Reinecke and Delnicki [1992]; Julie Moore & Associates Wildlife Database), reviewed data bases on file at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, and identified unpublished sources of information on the northern pintail in discussions with waterfowl biologists. We used data from these sources to modify the model.
We carefully reviewed other models of waterfowl populations and compared their general framework with the mallard model. The models of Walters et al. (1974), Johnson and Sargeant (1977), and Cowardin and Johnson (1979) are noteworthy earlier models that influenced the development of the mallard model. Frederick et al. (1987) simulated refuging populations of geese, including selection of feeding habitat, in some detail. Koford et al. (1992) recently included elements of the productivity model in the development of a stochastic model of the entire life cycle of midcontinent mallards. A series of habitat suitability models for northern pintails was developed by Suchy and Anderson (1987).
Values that are used in the northern pintail productivity model can be classified as parameters or variables. Parameters are fixed throughout an execution of the program and are usually characteristics of the species (e.g., number of days of incubation). Parameters also include the estimated statistical parameters of regression equations. Variables are not constant throughout an application and are usually characteristics of the habitat or wetland condition (e.g., vegetation measurements). Most often variables such as the latter are viewed as input to the model. We were consistent in our use of these terms throughout. We compared each variable and parameter in the productivity component of the mallard model with available data for northern pintails and modified them as needed. Generally accepted published sources usually provided sufficient evidence for changing a parameter (i.e., consider incubation time). We also applied the model to independent data and evaluated the results in terms of the robustness of the extant structure of the model. This interactive process, whereby models are improved and biological understanding enhanced, is described as a boot-strapping process (Starfield and Bleloch 1986) or a spiral approach to modeling (Innis 1979).
The principal computer source code for the model is written in FORTRAN. Two data files are used for a typical application of the mallard productivity model. One file contains information about daily wetland conditions, the number and age distribution of birds settling in an area, duration of arrival period, and upland habitat characteristics. The other file includes the survival rate of ducklings, brood survival rate, and hen survival rates. In addition to these values from external files, the productivity component has several parameters representing scaling factors, regression coefficients, and a variety of maximum, average, and minimum biological values embedded in the FORTRAN source code.
To simplify modification of these parameters, we created a third file named INPUT.PIN (Appendix A) for the northern pintail model. We then placed parameters from the FORTRAN source code of the mallard model into the INPUT.PIN file and substituted corresponding variable names in the FORTRAN source code of the northern pintail model.
Nest Initiation in Response to Wetland Condition
In the mallard model, wetland condition, date, body weight, and remaining
egg-laying potential influence the probability of a hen initiating a nest
on a particular day (Johnson et al. 1987). We analyzed frequencies of nest
initiation by northern pintails relative to wetland condition to determine
whether they were similar to mallards'. We compared observed estimates of
northern pintail and mallard nest initiations per pair in response to wetland
condition with the same approach for each species. Our goal was to determine
whether we could retain the nest initiation function of the mallard model
for the northern pintail model.
Data for this analysis were collected by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel during annual surveys at the Woodworth study area, Stutsman County, North Dakota, during 1965-81 (Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center files; Higgins et al. 1992). We stratified data by year for the following parameters: percentages of wetlands containing water in mid-May and mid-June, pooled data for nest success of upland-nesting duck species, and total acres searched for nests. Throughout this paper, "successful nest" refers to a nest in which at least one egg hatches and "nest success" refers to the proportion of a sample of nests in which clutches survive from initiation through hatching. In addition, we obtained the following data for both northern pintails and mallards: estimated number of pairs in the breeding population, number of found nests, and number of successful nests. Of the years with available data, we selected 10 that were similar in total searched area. Two of these years were omitted because they contained at least one value that we considered extreme and unrealistic. This reduced the sample size to 8 years. Although the cause of these extreme values was unknown, the omitted years had either very high or very low percentages of wetland basins with water.
As an index to nesting intensity, we calculated the number of nest initiations per pair for each year from equations 1 through 4. To account for differences in the area searched each year, we scaled area values by dividing each by the maximum searched area during any year:
Ci = Bi/B' | (1) |
Ci = the scaled searched area for year i,
Bi = the searched area, and
B' = the maximum searched area among the years in the sample.
We estimated the number of successful nests by each species at the Woodworth study area by dividing the observed number of successful nests by the scaled searched area:
i = Yi/Ci | (2) |
i = the estimated number of successful nests and
Yi = the number of successful nests found during the surveys.
Because of low sample sizes of nests found at the Woodworth study area, we estimated numbers of initiated nests by dividing estimated numbers of successful nests by the pooled year-specific nest success of all upland-nesting ducks (Miller and Johnson 1978):
i = i/i | (3) |
i = the estimated number of initiated nests and
i = nest success of all upland-nesting duck species combined.
We calculated the estimated number of nest initiations per pair by dividing the estimated number of initiated nests by the number of pairs in the breeding population:
i = i/i | (4) |
i = the estimated nest initiations per pair and
i = the number of pairs.
We used linear regression analysis to test relations between Hi and three measures of wetland conditions. These were percentages of wetlands containing water in mid-May, mid-June, and the average of May and June. Slopes of the regression lines for northern pintails and mallards were compared with analysis of covariance (Fig. 1).
Nest Site Selection
The productivity component of the mallard model determines nest site selection
by calculating attractiveness values for various habitats based on numerical
indexes of vegetative cover height and density. The index was obtained with
a modified version of a method developed by Robel et al. (1970) termed "visual
obstruction measurement" or "VOM." Visual obstruction measurements usually
range from 0 dm for short and sparse cover to 4 dm for tall and dense cover.
We used data from three study areas in North Dakota to analyze the attractiveness of cover to northern pintails: the Woodworth study area in Stutsman County, the Koenig study area in McLean County, and the Central Grasslands Research Station in Stutsman and Kidder counties. We included data from seven nesting seasons at the Woodworth study area (1975-81), from four nesting seasons at the Koenig study area (1978-81), and from two nesting seasons at the Central Grasslands Research Station (1985-86) in the analysis. For each year and study area, we compiled two sets of VOMs: (1) VOMs from along field transects in available nesting habitat and (2) VOMs from active nest sites of northern pintails and mallards. We used only VOMs that were observed before plant growth affected measurements of the vegetation.
We used a series of steps to relate VOMs observed in available nesting habitat with VOMs observed at nest sites selected by northern pintails and mallards. For each study area and year, we grouped the percentages of VOMs in available habitat and the percentages of VOMs at nest sites according to four vegetative height (decimeter) classes:
Class 0.5—0 < VOM ≤0.5
Class 1.0—0.5 < VOM ≤1.0
Class 1.5—1.0 < VOM ≤1.5
Class 2.0—1.5 < VOM
Then, for each vegetative height class, we divided the percentage of VOMs from nest sites by the percentage of VOMs from available nesting habitat (Fig. 2) and used the ratio as a measure of nest site selection. In this example, the respective ratios of the four vegetative height classes 0.5-2.0 were 0.2, 0.6, 2.5, and 10.0 dm.
This procedure resulted in 52 observations for each species. We performed weighted regression analyses with a General Linear Model procedure (SAS Institute, Inc. 1987) to test relations between the ratios and class levels. Each ratio was weighted by the reciprocal of its approximate variance (Var[ratio]), which was estimated by:
Var(ratio) =
(5) |
(6) |
We compared simple regression, polynomial regression, and simple regression with VOM class designated as the classification variable to examine piecewise linear relations for best fit of the data.
We conducted sensitivity analysis to determine the influence of parameters and variables on simulated results; variation imposed on selected parameters entered into the model (input) was restricted to biologically realistic limits similar to those used by Johnson et al. (1987). We varied six parameters or variables, one at a time, above and below their respective standard values (Table 1). For each parameter or variable, we used values that represented means and ranges for good waterfowl habitat in central North Dakota similar to those used by Johnson et al. (1987).
We simulated cropland to grassland ratios because they represent the two most common habitats in the prairie pothole region. Values of wetland condition in the sensitivity analysis represented the percent of semipermanent wetlands containing water. We altered the mean body weights of yearling and adult birds upon arrival by ±60 g and adjusted daily mortality rates of nests by ±80% in each habitat to alter nest success. We altered the rates for seasonal duckling survival of successful broods by ±50% and brood survival by ±25% (Table 1).
We used simulated recruitment rate, defined as the number of females added to the fall population per female in the breeding population (Johnson et al. 1987), to assess the sensitivity of the model to changes in input variables and parameters. The model was considered sensitive to changes in a variable or parameter if the percent change in recruitment rate was greater than the percent change in the variable or parameter. Each test used the average of three simulations of 1,000 northern pintails, making the effective sample size 3.
Interactions Among Factors
We evaluated interactions among parameters and variables with a full factorial
analysis of variance. The six parameters and variables were employed at two
levels (Table 1). We executed each of the
64 (26) simulations with initial cohorts
of 1,000 northern pintails. To compare the amount of variability of each main
effect, two-way interactions and three-way interactions, we ranked them in
descending order of their respective F-ratios with 1 df.
To test the validity of the model's ability to simulate productivity of northern
pintails, we simulated nesting at the Woodworth study area. We specified actual
habitat conditions at the Woodworth study area in the principal habitat file
of the model. We obtained data for this file from the Woodworth study area
files, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center files, and Higgins et al.
(1992) and through interviews with the Woodworth study area site manager (M.
Callow, Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge, personal communication; Table 2). We executed simulations with dry, average, and wet wetland conditions.
We used three to four replications of each simulation because it is typical
to have only a few years of data with which to make comparisons of field data.
We scaled results to the average estimated number of northern pintail pairs
at the Woodworth study area during each of the wetland conditions. Simulated
numbers of nest initiations and successful nests were compared with field
data from the Woodworth study area during 1970-78 and 1981. Averages of each
wetland condition were compared with t-test procedures.
Predator Barrier Fence Application
To examine the utility of the model in predicting effects of management on
northern pintail recruitment, we simulated the use of predator barrier fencing
at the Woodworth study area. We simulated fencing at about 81 ha (200 acres)
of planted cover to achieve nest success of about 55% inside the fence. We
executed three simulations with dry, wet, and average wetland conditions and
scaled results to 30 pairs, the average number of annually (1965-81) observed
northern pintail pairs at the Woodworth study area (Higgins et al. 1992).
We modified 11 parameters for the northern pintail model (Table 3). The primary source of data on the breeding biology of the northern pintail was Bellrose (1976). Because we found no appropriate data to modify weight loss of hens from laying and incubating eggs, we scaled the values for northern pintails with the same daily rates as the corresponding parameters in the mallard productivity model.
Nest Initiations in Response to Wetland Conditions
Estimated nest initiations (Hi) increased with percentages
of wetlands containing water (P < 0.05; Table 4). Because the correlation
was highest during mid-June, we used this relation in subsequent comparisons.
Neither the slope (F = 0.107; 1, 11 df; P = 0.749) nor the
intercept (F = 2.07;1,11 df; P = 0.178) of the regressions for
northern pintails and mallards were different, and therefore we used the nest
initiation function from the mallard model in the northern pintail model.
Nest Site Selection
Vegetation obstruction measurements were lower in habitats with northern pintail
nest sites than in habitats with mallard nest sites, and northern pintails
were not as strongly attracted as mallards to habitats with high VOMs (Fig. 3). Simple linear regression (F = 6.76, 1 df, P = 0.01) provided
the best fit for the data on northern pintails. The regression equations predicting
attractiveness (A) of available habitats for nesting by northern pintails
(Fig. 4) are as follows:
if VOM ≤2.0 dm, then A = 0.28 + 0.97(VOM)
if VOM > 2.0 dm, then A = 2.23
Attractiveness of habitats with VOMs > 2.0 was determined arbitrarily because small sample sizes of observed data precluded quantitative analysis (Fig. 4). Simple regression with VOM classes as classification variables provided the best fit for data on mallards (F = 17.2, 3 df, P = 0.0001; Fig. 4).
Simulated recruitment rates were most sensitive to nest success and yearling and adult body weight (Table 5). Decreasing nest success caused recruitment rate to decrease by -64%; increasing nest success caused recruitment rate to increase by 207%. Increasing the yearling and adult body weights increased recruitment by 18%, and reducing the body weights decreased recruitment by 15%. Varying the cropland to grassland ratio, wetland condition, seasonal duckling survival rate, and brood survival rate produced small changes in recruitment rate.
Interaction Among Factors
All main effects and two-way interactions in the factorial analysis of variance
of sensitivity on recruitment were significant. Nest success, seasonal duckling
survival rate, and the two-way interaction between them ranked the most significant
(Table 6). Nest success and seasonal duckling survival rate were involved
in all significant two-way and three-way interactions (Table 6).
Simulated values of numbers of successful nests were not different from observed values at the Woodworth study area during wet (t = 1.0, 4 df, P = 0.35), average (t = 0.1, 6 df, P = 0.94), and dry (t = -0.2, 4 df, P = 0.88) wetland conditions (Table 7). Simulated numbers of nest initiations were different from observed numbers during the wet (t = 5.9, 4 df, P = 0.004) and average (t = 3.9, 6 df, P = 0.008) wetland conditions, but simulated and observed values were not different during dry wetland conditions (t =1.7, 4 df, P = 0.16; Table 7). The simulated effect of installing predator barrier fencing increased the recruitment rate of northern pintails during the three wetland conditions by an average of 18.4% (range =16-22%; Table 8).
We determined that the breeding ecologies of northern pintails and mallards are sufficiently similar to permit the use of the mallard productivity model as a basis for a model of northern pintail productivity. Ecological factors controlling nesting attempts, egg laying, incubation, nest success, and hen and brood survival of the two species are similar. For example, we could not detect differences between mallards and northern pintails in nest initiations in response to wetland condition. Consequently, we did not change that model function to adequately model productivity. However, we confirmed that nest site selection between the two species was different. Unlike mallards, northern pintails nested more often in shorter, sparser cover than in taller, ranker cover. The model functions had to be modified accordingly.
We identified several aspects of the breeding ecology of the northern pintail for which data are unavailable. For example, because northern pintail hens generally weigh less than mallard hens and may carry less body fat (Krapu 1979), we suspect the potential for renesting to be less in northern pintails than in mallards (Duncan 1987b), but available data are inconclusive. Data on nest success by northern pintails are needed by habitat class, region, and year (Cowardin et al. 1985, 1988; Lokemoen et al. 1990). More information is needed about brood survival (of both individual ducklings and entire broods; Duncan 1983; Duebbert and Frank 1984; Duncan 1986, 1987a) and on survival of hens during the breeding season. Because of the lack of data on these factors, we were forced to use the parameter values from the mallard model for northern pintails.
Anecdotal observations and speculation reinforced the view that northern pintails are nomadic before settling on nesting grounds. For example, northern pintails use the least predictable wetland habitats and are notable opportunists when habitat conditions are unstable from one year to the next (Johnson and Grier 1988). Northern pintails presumably settle on breeding grounds in direct response to wetland condition and available nesting habitat (Hochbaum and Bossenmaier 1972). Derrickson (1977) found that during the laying and incubation periods, northern pintails are much more mobile than other species of surface-feeding ducks. Quantitative information on this aspect of the northern pintail's breeding ecology is not yet available.
We emphasize that we did not alter the function in the component of the mallard model that determines the settling rate of pairs as a function of semipermanent wetlands. That function is not a part of the stochastic productivity component per se (Cowardin et al. 1988). Settling rates more highly correlate with pond conditions in northern pintails than in other dabblers, and northern pintails exhibit the lowest association with permanent ponds (Johnson and Grier 1988). Much improvement is needed in the modeling of northern pintail settling rates in relation to wetland habitat conditions. Until such work is accomplished, users of the model who wish to simulate northern pintail productivity should base the nest initiation function on the assumption that after northern pintails settle in a nesting area, they remain and attempt to nest and raise a brood to fledging.
Selection of a nest site by females is a complex of behaviors that is poorly understood (Jessen et al. 1964; Johnson et al. 1987). The regression equation that we used to calculate attractiveness of nesting habitats as a function of vegetation obstruction measurements agrees with the tendency of northern pintails to nest in relatively sparse cover (Bellrose 1976; Holm 1984; Duebbert et al. 1986; Duebbert and Kantrud 1987). Northern pintails select open areas with lower vegetation obstruction measurements at their nest sites than do any other species of dabbling ducks (Krapu 1977). The regression equation that we estimated for mallards agrees with mallards' preference for nest sites with tall and dense cover over sites with low or sparse cover (Kirsch et al. 1978; Klett et al. 1988). We speculate that the inclination of northern pintails to nest in a wide variety of habitats with sparse cover is related to their opportunistic behavior toward ephemeral wetlands (Calverley and Boag 1977). We suggest that northern pintails are more discriminating about local wetland conditions, which might be related to food supply and nutrition (Krapu 1974, 1979; Krapu and Swanson 1975, 1977), than about nest sites.
Identification of Influential Parameters
We used sensitivity analysis to determine which parameters and variables had
the greatest influence on simulations. In general, identification of these
parameters helps to suggest future field research to obtain accurate and precise
estimates of sensitive parameters (Steinhorst et al. 1978; Frederick et al.
1987). Examination of parameters to which the model is or is not sensitive
identifies a particular element of the real system that is important or, if
the corresponding ecosystem parameter is previously known to be one to which
the system is sensitive, it furnishes a validation of the model. Sensitivity
analyses also help us to understand the modeled system and to revise and update
a model in light of new information.
Specifically, the productivity component of the northern pintail model was sensitive to the same parameters and variables, varied individually and in interaction, as the model for the mallard. Nest success, yearling and adult body weight, and seasonal duckling and brood survival rates had the greatest influence on simulated results during sensitivity analysis. This similarity is a function of both the common model structure and similarity in the breeding ecologies of the two species.
Changes in simulated recruitment rates from decreasing and increasing nest success were highly nonlinear. An increase in nest success by >60% resulted in an increase of 207% in recruitment. Nest success of northern pintails at this level has been reported in even sparsely vegetated habitats (Duncan 1987b), perhaps, because nesting density is often low. Predators do not develop an efficient search response when prey density is low. Northern pintails may be especially vulnerable to intensified use of the landscape, including grazing or disturbance by tillage that decrease nest success. Habitat fragmentation concentrates nesting ducks and predators into smaller patches of habitat.
Body weight was another parameter small changes of which produced large changes in recruitment rate. Increases in yearling and adult body weights of 6.9% increased recruitment by over 2 times that amount (18%). We suggest that enhancement and protection of ephemeral and temporary wetlands, preferred by migrating and nesting northern pintails as feeding habitat, would substantially improve recruitment.
Survival rates of ducklings and broods are profound influences on recruitment. However, sensitivity analysis showed that changes in recruitment were nearly equivalent to the changes we modeled. We therefore predict that changes in ecological conditions affecting these parameters result in similar changes in recruitment in nature.
Data that could be used to validate the northern pintail model were sparse, consequently, we were limited in the comparisons we could make. We would have preferred to have independent observations of population levels and important internal variables, such as nesting habitat preferences, for comparison with simulations (Frederick et al. 1987). But, we could compare simulations with only limited observed data to determine whether the model performed in a consistent and acceptable manner (Starfield and Bleloch 1986).
The northern pintail productivity model realistically simulated reasonable numbers of successful nests by breeding northern pintails in central North Dakota. However, simulated nest initiations were significantly greater than observed values during two of the three wetland conditions. We speculate that the simulated values may be closer to the unknown actual number of initiations than to the reported observed values. For example, the number of nest initiations observed in a field study is probably always below the number of actual initiations because nest searching techniques are imperfect (Miller and Johnson 1978). Nests are easily missed in dense habitat and nests destroyed or abandoned early in nesting are never found. Because there is no "nest-search" sampling in the model, nests are never "missed." We do not know the true nesting density in the field, but the modeling result suggests that biologists should be as cautious in interpretation of field data as in the interpretation of simulations (Starfield and Bleloch 1986).
We presented an example of how the northern pintail model could be useful for examining the effects of potential management. As expected, simulations indicated that predator barrier fences benefit northern pintails. However, the model does not help to address all related aspects of management. It does not reveal all possible problems of predator barrier fencing, such as the absence of safe exits for ducklings, lack of homing to fenced areas by northern pintails, or consequences of predators penetrating a fence. Managers still have to use their knowledge of the breeding ecology of northern pintails and the subtleties of proposed management to interpret predictions of the model.
The mallard and northern pintail productivity models can aid wildlife managers in choosing management options that increase productivity by these species and can aid biologists in directing future research. The mallard model has been used to compare management options for site-specific and regional applications (Johnson et al. 1987; Cowardin et al. 1988). The northern pintail model should be equally useful. Experimenting with the model is like asking questions about the similarity between intuitively predicted and actual productivity. For example, our simulated predator barrier fencing illustrated how the model can quantify the magnitude of an expected effect of management. The result forces us to see that other complexities in the system not under a manager's control tend to alter a consistent benefit. And it forces the biologist to look at the details that influence the results (Appendix B).
Interest in examining the effects of different land-use practices on attracting breeding hens and improving recruitment is high among waterfowl managers. For evaluations of simulated effects of land-use practices, managers must be aware that benefits from independent management are not additive (Cowardin et al. 1988). For example, if recruits per hectare of cover from several different land uses are added, productivity is overestimated because no adjustment is made for competition among the land-use practices.
Furthermore, we did not alter the functions in the mallard model that determine the settling rate of pairs. The ecology and biology of the northern pintail suggest recruitment is very sensitive to modifications in that part of the modeling system. The northern pintail model, like the mallard model, is best suited for evaluating availability and modifications of habitat for northern pintails in specific areas. An improved model that incorporates empirically derived functions on settling and facilitates evaluation of recruitment at the landscape level is needed.
Starfield and Bleloch (1986) commented that, "The purpose of building models is not to mimic nature but to enable one to think usefully about a problem." Although the northern pintail and mallard models may be considered predictive models, it is important not to focus on the truth or reality of the models but to consider their strengths and weaknesses and to be aware of the range of conditions over which they are useful (Caswell 1976). Modeling and field validation are continually interacting processes (Mankin et al. 1975), and we urge biologists to gather new and pertinent data on the ecology of northern pintails that can be used to improve the current model.
As many modelers have recognized, "field biologists are often suitably suspicious of computer models but have unlimited faith in what they have measured" (Starfield and Bleloch 1986:88). We argue that often this great reliance on imperfect field data stifled biologists' ability to think novelly about ecological systems. Through this modeling, we synthesized knowledge about the breeding biology of the northern pintail, identified necessary research, and developed a useful tool for examining and comparing alternative management of habitat. Biologists and modelers should continue to work together to design further research and management of northern pintails.
We thank the entire staff of the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center for cooperation and hospitality. D. L. Johnson was the project officer and provided hospitality for J. D. Carlson and W. R. Clark during their stay at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. R. R. Koford, K. M. Kraft, and T. L. Shaffer provided advice on modeling and statistical analyses and solved many computing problems. Additional data on breeding pair census and nest success were provided by J. T. Lokemoen and D. Hertel. We thank R. R. Koford and K. J. Reinecke for numerous suggestions that improved the manuscript.
Financial support for this project was provided by the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center and by the Department of Animal Ecology and the Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Iowa State University. This is Journal Paper J-14792 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Projects 2845 and 2401. Copies of the model code and test data sets can be obtained by contacting either the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center or the Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
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Caswell, H. 1976. The validation problem. Pages 313-325 in B. C. Patten, editor. Systems analysis and simulation in ecology. Volume 4. Academic Press, New York. 593 pp.
Cowardin, L. M., D. S. Gilmer, and C. W. Shaiffer. 1985. Mallard recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota. Wildlife Monographs 92. 37 pp.
Cowardin, L. M., and D. H. Johnson. 1979. Mathematics and mallard management. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:18-35.
Cowardin, L. M., D. H. Johnson, A. M. Frank, and A. T. Klett. 1983. Simulating results of management actions on mallard production. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 48:257-272.
Cowardin, L. M., D. H. Johnson, T. L. Shaffer, and D. W. Sparling. 1988. Applications of a simulation model to decisions in mallard management. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Report 17. 28 pp.
Derrickson, S. R. 1977. The mobility of breeding pintails. Auk 95:104-114.
Ducks Unlimited, Inc. 1990. Population recovery strategy for the northern pintail. Ducks Unlimited, Inc., Long Grove, Ill. 30 pp.
Duebbert, H. F, and A. M. Frank. 1984. Value of prairie wetlands to duck broods. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12:27-34.
Duebbert, H. F, and H. A. Kantrud. 1987. Use of no-till winter wheat by nesting ducks in North Dakota. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42:50-53.
Duebbert, H. F., and J. T. Lokemoen. 1980. High duck nesting success in a predator-reduced environment. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:428-437.
Duebbert, H. F, J. T. Lokemoen, and D. E. Sharp. 1986. Nest sites of ducks in grazed mixed-grass prairie in North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist 18:99-108.
Duncan, D. C. 1983. Extensive overland movement of pintail, Anas acuta, brood and attempted predation by hawks. Canadian Field-Naturalist 97:216-217.
Duncan, D. C. 1986. Survival of dabbling duck broods on prairie impoundments in southeastern Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:110-113.
Duncan, D. C. 1987a. Nest-site distribution and overland brood movements of northern pintails in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:716-723.
Duncan, D. C. 1987b. Nesting of northern pintails in Alberta: laying date, clutch size, and renesting. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:234-246.
Frederick, R. B., W. R. Clark, and E. E. Klass. 1987. Behavior, energetics, and management of refuging waterfowl: a simulation model. Wildlife Monographs 96. 35 pp.
Higgins, K. F, L. M. Kirsch, A. T. Klett, and H. W. Miller. 1992. Waterfowl production on the Woodworth station in south-central North Dakota, 1965-1981. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 180. 79 pp.
Hochbaum, G. S., and E. F. Bossenmaier. 1972. Response of pintails to improved breeding habitat in southern Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist 86:79-81.
Holm, J. W. 1984. Nest success and cover relationships of upland-nesting ducks in northcentral Montana. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
Innis, G. S. 1979. A spiral approach to ecosystem simulation, I. Pages 211-386 in G. S. Innis and R. V. O'Neill, editors. Systems analysis of ecosystems. International Co-operative Publishing House, Fairland, Md.
Jessen, R. L., J. P. Lindmeier, and R. E. Farmes. 1964. A study of duck nesting and production as related to land use in Mahnomen County, Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Conservation Technical Bulletin 8(2):26-85.
Johnson, D. H., and J. W. Grier. 1988. Determinants of breeding distributions of ducks. Wildlife Monographs 100. 37 pp.
Johnson, D. H., and A. B. Sargeant. 1977. Impact of red fox predation on the sex ratio of prairie mallards. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research 6. 56 pp.
Johnson, D. H., D. W. Sparling, and L. M. Cowardin. 1987. A model of the productivity of the mallard duck. Ecological Modelling 38:257-275.
Kirsch, L. M., H. F. Duebbert, and A. D. Kruse. 1978. Grazing and haying effects on habitats of upland nesting birds. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 43:486-497.
Klett, A. T., T. L. Shaffer, and D. H. Johnson. 1988. Duck nesting in the prairie pothole region of the United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:431-440.
Koford, R. R., J. R. Sauer, D. H. Johnson, J. D. Nichols, and M. D. Samuel. 1992. A stochastic population model of mid-continental mallards. Pages 170-181 in D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett, editors. Wildlife 2001: populations. Elsevier Science Publishers, Ltd., London, England.
Krapu, G. L. 1974. Feeding ecology of pintail hens during reproduction. Auk 91:278-290.
Krapu, G. L. 1977. Pintail reproduction hampered by snowfall and agriculture. Wilson Bulletin 89:154-157.
Krapu, G. L. 1979. Nutrition of female dabbling ducks during reproduction. Pages 59-70 in T. A. Bookhout, editor. Waterfowl and wetlands—an integrated review. Proceedings of a symposium held at the 39th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, 5 December 1977. North Central Section, the Wildlife Society.
Krapu, G. L., and G. A. Swanson. 1975. Some nutritional aspects of reproduction in prairie nesting pintails. Journal of Wildlife Management 39:156-162.
Krapu, G. L., and G. A. Swanson. 1977. Food of juvenile, brood hen, and post- breeding pintails in North Dakota. Condor 79:504-507.
Lokemoen, J. T, H. F. Sharp, and D. E. Sharp. 1990. Homing and reproductive habits of mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal. Wildlife Monographs 106. 28 pp.
Mankin, J. B., R. V. O'Neill, H. H. Shugart, and B. W. Rust. 1975. The importance of validation in ecosystem analysis. Simulation Council Proceedings Series 5:63-71.
Miller, H. W. and D. H. Johnson. 1978. Interpreting the results of nesting studies. Journal of Wildlife Management 42:471-476.
Reinecke, K. J., and D. Delnicki. 1992. DUCKDATA: a bibliographic data base for North American waterfowl (Anatidae) and their wetland habitats. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 186.7 pp.
Robel, R. J., J. N. Briggs, A. D. Dayton, and L. C. Hulbert. 1970. Relationships between visual obstruction measurements and weight of grassland vegetation. Journal of Range Management 23:295-297.
Sargeant, A. B., S. H. Allen, and R. T. Eberhardt. 1984. Red fox predation on breeding ducks in midcontinent North America. Wildlife Monographs 89. 41 pp.
SAS Institute, Inc. 1987. SAS/STAT guide for personal computers, version 6. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C. 1028 pp.
Starfield, A. M., and A. L. Bleloch. 1986. Building models for conservation and wildlife management. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. 253 pp.
Steinhorst, R. K., H. W. Hunt, G. S. Innis, and K. P. Haydock. 1978. Sensitivity analyses of the ELM model. Pages 231-255 in G. S. Innis, editor. Grassland simulation model. Springer Verlag, New York.
Suchy, W. J., and S. H. Anderson. 1987. Habitat suitability index models: northern pintail. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82(10.145). 23 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Trends in duck breeding populations, 1955-1985. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management, Washington, D.C. 9 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. 1991. Status of waterfowl and fall flight forecasts. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management, Washington, D.C. 38 pp.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. 1992. Monitoring duck populations in the prairie. Waterfowl 2000 4:8-9.
Walters, C. J., R. Hillborn, E. Oguss, R. M. Peterman, and J. M. Stander 1974. Development of a simulation model of mallard duck populations. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 20. 35 pp.
This resource is based on the following source (Northern Prairie Publication 0858):
Carlson, John D., Jr., William R. Clark, and Erwin E. Klaas. 1993. A model of the productivity of the northern pintail. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 7. 20 pp.
This resource should be cited as:
Carlson, John D., Jr., William R. Clark, and Erwin E. Klaas. 1993. A model of the productivity of the northern pintail. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 7. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/2001/npprod/index.htm (Version 13JUN2001).
npprod.zip ( 73K ) -- A Model of the Productivity of the Northern PintailInstallation: Extract all files and open index.htm in a web browser.


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Americanarama 2013 featuring Bob Dylan, Wilco, My Morning Jacket and Ryan Bingham
Saturday, July 27, 2013 2:13 AM
Inappropriate photo? Alert us.
Bob Dylan headlined and Wilco, My Morning Jacket and Ryan Bingham also performed during the Americanarama festival at Pier A Park in Hoboken. Friday, July 26, 2013. Yarleen Hernandez/The Jersey Journal

subset: commoncrawl


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Running Live Steam Engines in the Garden
David Clapper: Live steam has been running through my blood stream since I was a young boy back in the 1940s. I had a stationary steam engine that I used to power Erector Set projects. (Wish I still had them!!!) As an "older boy" I have a Mamod steam tractor and a live steam locomotive. I don't run them as often as I should, it does take a bit of effort to prepare them for running. The loco will pull a light 2 axle car for 20-30 minutes. Love the chuff sound and the steam exhaust!
Geran Miller: I have several live steam engines from the Ruby to a Roundhouse SR&RL and several I have built from kits or from scratch. I also run track power and battery power. My Ruby runs ok but you get what you pay for, my Roundhouse Millie is a much better runner and requires less upkeep. Try live steam if you get the chance, it is really something to watch, it's almost live the engine is alive. Mike Evans: I've watched the Ruby on some demo layouts at shows and noticed it is hard to control and has limited pulling capacity. However, the little Shay I saw run looked to be very reliable and powerful but was a little over my price range. I am also concerned about depositing so much steam oil on my rails - how difficult would it be to clean it off to run conventionally powered trains or even battery operated? Also concerned about how to radio control the live steamer. John Fuller: I have battery, R/C electrics that I started with and still run from time-to-time. There is just something about the working mechanics of a Live Steamer. The sound of the chuffs, the steam from the stack, the live steam whistle making everyones head turn. Live steamers come to life and it is a whole different experience! Chris Wolcott: Just as some folks like steam era and some like diesel, some like battery and others like track power, Live Steam is not for every one. I got into it because I was spending $900+/- on LGB steam engines and the Ruby came out for half that. I thought I'd try the real thing thinking I could always sell it if I didn't like it. For me, I like the mechanical aspect of it. The constant tinkering and hands-on requirements is what draws me to it. I have R/C'd my Ruby, and plan to R/C my Americanized Lady Anne and Accucraft C-21 when I can. |
Get More Answers...
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Unlike other sites, their online message boards are secure and safe.
Your questions are answered quickly and you do not have to worry about
being blasted because of the question you asked.
Join LSOL.com today and you will become part of the largest club dedicated to Large Scale Garden Trains. Click Here to Join! Use the code GARDENTRAINS and save on your membership! They have been online for over 10 years, making them the oldest, largest and most trusted site on the Internet dedicated to Large Scale Garden Trains |


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Christopher Bailey remains fashion's tour de force with a show to end all shows at Kensington Gore today. Battling with the virtual elements in the tent, models with tweed caps, striped pencil skirts and cute cropped jackets belted with stretchy bows waltzed down the runway to Joni Mitchell (this show always has the best soundtrack to LFW).
Hemlines were just below the knee with ruffles up the front, teamed with striped t-shirts or alternatives with cute owl prints (we spotted Kate Bosworth in hers already). It felt like Burberry was going back to its roots for A/W12 – outerwear was key. Jackets and coats were cropped and, as as elsewhere, the quilted bomber jacket was a main theme. The Burberry Prorsum version was a luxurious, gathered at the waist, some with big zips and others with oversized pockets. Compared to the last show, this felt more sophisticated and city girl goes to the country rather than the beads and embellishments of SS/12. There were the classic trenches of course, but Cara Delevigne shone in a quilted almost regal burghundy version that ruffled into itself at the front. Simply breathtaking.
Peplum skirts, autumnal florals and more stripes for next season
The new Burberry mac
Ruffles, bomber jackets and cute owl prints for autumn
A crisp white shirt with billowing sleeves is teamed with stripes in the form of a midi skirt
Cara Delevingne opens the Burberry AW 12 show
Kate Bosworth in A/W12 Burberry Prorsum
A thunderous finale allows for the new collection of Burberry brollies
Burberry A/W12-13
Dresses were demure, the floral print a simple, elegant statement – the feature of everything in the show was the waistline. Perhaps even saying that the curve is finally back in fashion. Chunky knits that looked ridiculously opulent and comfy were forgiving while little herringbone jackets hada peplum at the waist.
When it was time for the final walk of the models, we all expected something spectacular but even this was unexpected. Bailey made it feel like it was raining outside with a little help from some well placed hoses and a soundtrack of thunder helped showcase next season's umbrellas before the end of the show.


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Two explosions rang through the downtown Boston area during the annual Boston marathon, and at least two have been killed and more than twenty have been injured. Watch the live stream.
On the afternoon of April 15, two explosions occurred less than 15 seconds apart at the finish line of the Boston marathon. Two people are reported dead, and at least 28 people have been seriously injured, many losing legs and other limbs. Watch for shocking footage here.
Boston Marathon Hit By Explosion — Watch
"They were probably planned explosions, we are identifying this as a crime scene," said a police spokesperson to WBVC. "They will gather a tremendous amount of information."
At least ten people have lost limbs, and so far two people have been confirmed dead.
The explosions are thought to be a terrorist attack, and the scene has since been evacuated.
The Boston Police Department told HollywoodLife.com, "There was a major explosion today at 2:50 EST. We do not have an official statement yet, but do know there were numerous injuries. We do not know if there were any fatal injuries at this time. We cannot at this time confirm if this was a terrorist attack."
"I saw people's legs blown off. Horrific. Two explosions. Runners were coming in and saw unspeakable horror," tweeted NECN reporter Jackie Bruno.
"We were so close it was scary. Felt the force of the explosion. People were fleeing and victims were scattered."
"My photog @JohnHammann and I are safe. But, we were very very close. Saw people on the ground with limbs missing. Awful."
What do YOU think HollywoodLifers? Are you horrified at the explosion?
WATCH: Boston Marathon Coverage — Live Stream Updates On Explosions
– Eleanore Hutch
More Boston Marathon Explosions News:
- Boston Marathon Hit By Explosions: 28 Wounded, 2 Dead
- Boston Marathon Explosions: Lindsay Lohan & More Tweet Reactions
- Boston Marathon Explosions: Police Cite Possible Terrorist Attack
View Comment
Posted at 8:10 PM on April 15, 2013
This is my city, my country. This is a tragedy and it is evil, that can hit anyones city. We need to pray to whoever you believe in because the only thing strongerr then evil is good. We are a world in a bad way. Lives lost, a child dies hundreds injured and safety shattered for many. God help us!!
Posted at 4:34 PM on April 16, 2013


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- Agriculture
- Breeding
- Commercial
- Economics
- Facilities
- Feeding
- Forages
- General links
- Health
- Industry
- Management
- Marketing
- Production
- Youth
Skin diseases
There are numerous disease conditions that can affect the skin of sheep and goats. Soremouth (orf) is the most common skin disease. It is zoonotic, as are several other skin diseases affecting small ruminants. Links on this page are organized alphabetically by disease: club lamb fungus (ringworm), facial eczema, general skin conditions, lumpy wool, photosensitization, pox, and soremouth (orf).
Club lamb fungus (ringworm)
[PDF] Club lamb fungus - California Dept. of Food & Ag
[PDF] Club lamb fungus - Pipestone Vet Clinic
Club lamb fungus - Virginia Tech | PDF
[PDF] Club lamb fungus: a problem for everyone - Iowa State University
[WORD] Club lamb fungus (atypical ringworm of sheep) - University of KY
[PDF] Club lamb fungus disease - University of Nebraska
[PDF] Preventing club lamb fungus - South Dakota State University
Ringworm and club lamb fungus - Daneke Club lambs
[PDF] Ringworm (club lamb fungus) in sheep - University of Tennessee
Ringworm: a persistant fungus
Ringworm in sheep - NADIS UK | PDF
Ringworm in sheep - Purdue University class project
External parasites
Go To External Parasites Page =>
Facial eczema
[PDF] Development of a slow release bolus for facial eczema
[PDF] Facial eczema - Cambridge Vets
Facial eczema - Totally Vets
[WORD] Facial eczema - VetGate
[PDF] Facial eczema control: the role of pasture species - NZ Res. Brief
Facial eczema: farmer information - Woolshed 1 Blog
Facial eczema of sheep - University of Edinburgh
[PDF] Facial eczema of sheep and cattle - Victoria, Australia
Facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis) - Merck Vet Manual
Facial eczema: the disease - Taranaki Vet Centre NZ
[PDF] Facing up to facial eczema - Ceres Farm NZ (NZ Sheep Council)
Sheep facial eczema - The Vetservice Group
General skin conditions
[PDF] Common defects of sheep/goat skins in Ethiopia
Common skins diseases in goats - Onion Creek Ranch
[PDF] Differential diagnoses of sheep skin conditions Part I - UKVet
Diseases of the skin - GoatWisdom
Diseases of the skin and eye - VEIN
[PDF] Finding the cause of rubbing sheep - Western Australia
Hair loss in Pygmy goats - Kinne's Mini's
[PDF] Skin disease of food animals and horses - University of Wyoming
Skin diseases (module) - Sheep & Goat Management in Alberta
Lumpy wool
[PDF] Dermatophilosis - Iowa State University
Dermatophilosis - Merck Veterinary Manual
[PDF] Mycotic dermatitis (dermatophilosis) of sheep - Sheep Vet Aust.
Lumpy wool in sheep - Queensland, Australia
[PDF] Lumpy wool: a skin disease of sheep - NSW, Australia
[PDF] Lumpy wool (dermo) and fleece rot - Western Australia
Lumpy wool in sheep - Western Australia
Photosensitization - GoatWisdom
Photosensitization - Merck Veterinary Manual
Photosensitization in goats - Onion Creek Ranch
[PDF] Photosensitazation in stock - NSW, Australia
[PDF] Photosensitization of livestock and deer in Texas
[PDF] St. John's Wort Poisoning in livestock - Newf. & Labr., Canada
Sheep and goat pox
[PDF] Sheep and goat pox - Iowa State University | PPT | Images
Sheep and goat pox - Vet Infectious Disease Site
[PDF] Sheep and goat pox: causes, prevention, and treatment - ESGPIP
[PDF] Sheep and goat pox fast facts - Iowa State University
[PDF] Sheep and goat pox - World Org. for Animal Health
Contagious ecthyma (soremouth) - Kinne's Minis
Contagious ecthyma (orf or soremouth) - InfoVets
[PDF] Contagious ecthyma (soremouth) - Iowa State University
[PDF] Contagious ecthyma (soremouth) - LSU Ag Center
[PDF] Controllng soremouth in meat goats - NC State University
Contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats - Alabama Coop. Extension | PDF
My experience with soremouth - GoatWorld
Orf - Organic Vet
Orf (contagious pustular dermititis) - NADIS UK | PDF
Out of the mouths of sheep - NZ Science Monthly
Recognizing soremouth - BoerGoats.com
Scabby mouth - NSW, Australia | PDF
[PDF] Scabby mouth - Western Australia
[PDF] Scabby mouth: a disease of sheep and goats - Victoria, Australia
Scabby mouth disease - Pfizer Animal Health
Soremouth in goats - Goat-link.com
Scabby mouth in sheep - Queensland, Australia
[PDF] Severe persistant orf in young goats - J. Vet. Diag. Invest.
Soremouth - Clear Creek Farms
Soremouth - GoatWisdom
Soremouth - Onion Creek Ranch
Soremouth pictures - Pipestone Vet Clinic
Soremouth (orf) in sheep and goats
[PDF] Soremouth in sheep - University of Tennessee
Boer goat with soremouth (orf)


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Hornet Happy Hour
Hornet Happy Hours are quarterly alumni gatherings occurring the fourth Wednesday of January, April, July and October. For those living, visiting or relocating to these cities, this is an opportunity to meet and network with other Kalamazoo College alumni. Food and beverage are the responsibility of the individual.
M.L. Rose – Craft Beer and Burgers
4408 Charlotte Avenue
Nashville, TN 37209
6:00 – 8:00 p.m.
January 28, 2015
Hosted by Rob Connor '07, Matt Thieleman '07, Mike Morosi '07
For additional information, please contact Sass Havilar at 269.337.7283 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Gourmet Rice (Rosemary Nisbet)
Ingredients |
3 cups or 1 lb. ground beef and 1 cup TSP; or 1 ½ lbs. ground beef and reconstituted TSP Granules |
Salt and pepper to taste |
1 cup |
2 stalks celery, chopped |
½ green pepper, chopped |
1 teaspoon dried basil |
1 teaspoon dried thyme |
2 teaspoons dried parsley |
1 cup brown rice |
2 Tbsp Ellyndale Organics™ Extra Virgin Olive Oil |
- Cook vegetables in olive oil until soft.
- Add rest of ingredients except rice and cook uncovered approximately half an hour until thick.
- Serve over brown rice.
Note: The spices can be varied and fresh may be used in place of dried; just increase the amount of fresh by three times that of dried.
*NOW items available at your local health food store


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quote:The Dream had better stats,
quote:Except for the fact that Hakeem couldn't shut down Shaq on his own at all (double teams didn't help either), and Shaq shut Hakeem's arse down (Made him shoot under 42% when matched up one on one).
quote: So The Dream had a WAY higher FG % when double teamed?
quote: Shut him down??? He scored over 30 points a game in EVERY SINGLE GAME of the NBA Finals and was the MVP. How many other players in history have done that?
quote:In 1998, Jordan shot 42.7% and Malone shot 50.4% in the Finals. Jordan took 45 more shots than Malone over six games. Jordan averaged more points per game - 33.5 to 25.0. Malone averaged more assists (yes), more blocks, and WAY more rebounds than Jordan. The Bulls won the series.
quote:Is this a serious question? Because Shaq was the only player on the Magic that guarded Hakeem, right?
quote:Why didn't Shaq guard him more?
quote:Shaq thoroughly outplayed Hakeem in those Finals.
quote:The #1 story that came out of that Finals was Olajuwon outplaying Shaq!
quote:1978 Washington Bullets 44-38 regular season 3rd in the East (11 GB Philly)
quote: LUL WUT? Shaq has said on many occasions that Hakeem beat his ass.
quote: Khal Drogo


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Bedford-Stuyvesant -
- Elevator / Ground Floor: Yes
- Wheelchair Accessible: No
- Child-Friendly Art: Yes
- Pet-Friendly Building: Yes
- Strollers Welcome: Yes
Special Instructions
closest subway stop, C train, Kingston-Trhoop. A train Nostrand ave. walk to halsey st. between tompkins and throop look for the green building. Groundfloor
Artist Statement
i mostly investigate in the magical realms of symbolism, exploring an innovative way to paint an image of contemporary awareness, that allow the viewer's eye to open up to his/hers spirit. often i turn myself into observation of nature to explore its unlimited animals manifestation.
Regarding media i always being inspired by frescoes tecnique, from Giotto to the oldest pigmented frescoes in the Tibetan Monastry, i then reinvented a new media based on marble dust, acrylic gesso and primer, which i often integrate with paper and fabric collage, embroidery, letters stamp, on a cotton canvas that i distress myself.
The Guestbook
spyi says: Your art is fabulous, but what really made you stick out was you were so warm and really welcomed me into your studio.


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Backstory: If you can think of it, he can deep fry it
I am pressed into a corner of a trailer kitchen called Charlie's Chicken, where owner Charlie Boghosian, mixes batter with yogurt and M&M's. It is an epicenter within the rarefied world of Extreme Deep-Fry. In this long galley scarcely three feet wide, I count eight other people bustling with remarkable calm considering their proximity to giant vats of boiling oil. It's a strikingly thin space to be producing some of the world's fattiest food.
Suddenly, Mr. Boghosian makes a move for a package of sour gummi worms. He tears it open, and drops them into the batter.
"This'll work great," he chuckles with the kind of delight that calls to mind a mad scientist about to throw the giant electric switch. "But you've got to make sure they're completely covered in batter – otherwise they'll liquefy."
I make a note of that.
Having heard that Boghosian could deep-fry anything, I hunted him up, dumped a bunch of ingredients on his counter and threw down the gauntlet. I'm not accustomed to bringing props to a news story, but I'm not above it either, particularly if I may have to ingest them. I will also add right here and now that no animals were harmed in the writing of this story.
Boghosian may not be the undisputed king of extreme deep-fry, because little is undisputed in this world – but he is certainly a king. In his realm, you will encounter deep-fried Twinkies; a deep-fried veggie platter that includes olives, asparagus, and artichoke hearts; deep-fried Oreos (Boghosian's personal favorite), and his hot new creation – a Krispy Kreme chicken sandwich. That's a Krispy Kreme doughnut cut in half, surrounding a fried chicken patty with a viscous wedge of cheese melted in. The whole thing is not, I repeat not, dipped in batter and deep-fried, which makes it some of the lighter fare that Boghosian serves up, and also the cause of recent protest from two San Francisco radio talk-show hosts.
"They were saying, 'We got gypped [because] it's not truly deep fried,' '' recounts Boghosian. "But why would you deep fry something that has already been deep fried?" (Never mind that Boghosian was recently observed deep-frying churros, deep-fried Mexican cinnamon treats.)


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Sorry this item is currently sold out. Please use this discount coupon for an additional 5% off during checkout:
Oakley Off The Hook Hoodie for women- a wonderful jacket for those that want a vintage feel opposed to a just-bought stiffness. With a blend of cotton, spandex, and polyester- this hoodie is comfortable with a hint of extra stretch just in case you need it. The Off The Hook Hoodie is very lightweight and perfect for any kind of outfit for anytime. The logo on the pocket adds a hint of chic and style without taking too much from the simple, solid color look of the hoodie.
Off The Hook


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NATURE | Is That Skunk? | Skunk Stories: What's Yours? | PBS
Duration: 02:13
Program: Nature #2606
Everyone seems to have a skunk story. What's yours? Share it on the NATURE Web site:
Maybe you've been the victim of a direct hit from the dreaded spray. Or maybe you love skunks, and even keep one as a pet. We want to hear your skunk tales -- positive or negative.
Then, tune in when "Is That Skunk?" premieres Sunday, January 25 at 8pm on PBS (check local listings). "Is That Skunk?" is part of the 27th season of the Peabody and Emmy award-winning series produced by Thirteen/WNET New York for PBS. Major support provided by Canon U.S.A. Inc., SC Johnson, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. For more information, visit www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episod...
Post Date: January 9, 2009
Nature | Is That Skunk? | PBS (#2606)
Full Program: Skunks seem to know their power as they navigate the margins of our world. 50:12
Nature | Skunk Spray Chemistry | PBS (#2606)
A look at the chemical properties of skunk spray. 01:24
Nature | Is That Skunk? - Preview | PBS (#2606)
Intrepid researchers and cameramen track skunks day and night, uncovering how they hunt, forage, mate and raise their... 00:31
NATURE | Is That Skunk? | Skunk Spray Chemistry... (#2606)
Professor William Wood of Humboldt State University examined the chemical properties of skunk spray samples. He... 01:24
NATURE | Is That Skunk? | Baby Skunks | PBS (#2606)
Jerry Dragoo shows off some cute skunk kits. Newborn skunk babies have markings on naked skin, which will later be... 03:56
Nature | Trailer: Meet the Coywolf | PBS (#3104)
The mysterious coywolf is a mixture of western coyote and eastern wolf. 00:48
Nature | Parrot Confidential | PBS (#3103)
Full Program: Parrots and the bittersweet world they share with humans. 53:10
Nature | Meet Dolly, the Moluccan Cockatoo |...
Parrot Confidential premieres Wednesday, Nov. 13, at 8/7c on Nature (check local listings). For more, visit:... 04:08
NATURE | Deerduckey -- coming Thanksgiving Eve...
NATURE Thanksgiving Eve featuring "My Life as a Turkey", "An Original DUCKumentary" and "The Private Life of Deer" --... 00:31
Nature | Dance of the Blue-Footed Booby | Love...
Love in the Animal Kingdom premieres on Nature on PBS Wednesday, Nov. 6, at 8/7c.For more, visit:... 03:09
Nature | Welcome to the Lemur Lounge Bar |...
Love in the Animal Kingdom premieres on Nature on PBS Wednesday, Nov. 6, at 8/7c.For more, visit:... 03:21
Parrot Confidential | Nature, Preview | PBS
Premieres Wednesday, Nov. 13 at 8/7c on PBS (check local listing) www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/ Their outrageous... 00:49
Love in The Animal Kingdom | Nature, Preview | PBS
Premieres Wednesday, Nov. 6, 2013 8/7c on PBS (check local listing) www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/ Animals dance, sing,... 00:49
Nature | Saving Otter 501 | PBS (#3101)
Full Program: The Monterey Bay Aquarium's 501st attempt to save an orphan otter. 53:10
Nature | Meet Otter 501 | Saving Otter 501 | PBS
Saving Otter 501 airs Wednesday, October 16 at 8PM ET (check local listings). A baby sea otter abandoned on the... 02:47
Nature | Education of an Otter Pup | Saving...
Otter 501 begins to master otter lessons, but there are plenty of other challenges to face in the wild. Saving... 03:14
Nature | Toola, Surrogate Otter Mom | Saving...
Can a surrogate mother otter accept "Otter 501" so she can learn everything she will need to know in order to be... 03:28
Nature | Saving Otter 501 | Trailer | PBS (#3101)
Premieres Wednesday, Oct. 16, 2013 at 8/7c on PBS (check local listing). This is the story of the Monterey Bay... 00:32
Nature | Earthflight: Flying High | PBS
Full Program: A behind-the-scenes look at how Earthflight was made. 53:54
- Watch more video from this program


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Fanimation F404MW Matte White 4 Light Traditional Medium Base Fitter Light Kit
Item #:
Technical Specs
Bulb Base | Medium (E26) |
Bulb Type | Incandescent |
Height | 5 |
Product Weight | 1.67 |
Wattage | 240 |
Watts Per Bulb | 60 |
Width | 12 |
4 Light Traditional Medium Base Fitter Light Kit
- Bulb Base: Medium (E26)
- Bulb Type: Incandescent
- Watts Per Bulb: 60
- Wattage: 240
- Height: 5"
- Width: 12"
Additional Fanimation Links
- View Manufacturer Warranty
- Shop All Fanimation Products
Our SKU: F404
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Aged Bronze
F404AZ - Aged Copper
F404AG - Antique Brass
F404AB - Antique Nickel
F404AN - Black
F404BL - Bronze Accent
F404BA - Latte
F404LT - Marbled Cream
F404MC - Matte White
F404MW - Oil Rubbed Bronze
F404OB - Pewter
F404PW - Polished Brass
F404PB - Rust
F404RS - Satin Nickel
F404SN - Textured Black
F404TB - Tortoise Shell
F404TS - White
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
2 Questions from the Community
The Fanimation F404 fitter size to the fan is 4 inches.
What is the diameter where the light kit connects to a fan?
A. The Fanimation F404 fitter size to the fan is 4 inches.
The Fanimation F404 has Depth 16 Height 22
what is the diameter where the kit connects to the fan?
A. The Fanimation F404 has Depth 16 Height 22
Product Reviews
Rated 3 out of
5 by
lsent from
overall fine
not difficult to install but after installation fan doesn't work
Date published: 2015-02-21
Rated 5 out of
5 by
caregiver from
Just what I wanted!
The color was the only one I found to harmonize with fan I had. The fixture works perfectly. It was packed fastidiously - best I've ever seen. Perfect for my use.
Date published: 2011-09-30
Warranty Info
Fanimation Fans Limited Lifetime Warranty
Limited Lifetime Warranty
Limited Lifetime Warranty


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Get a feature-packed headlamp for a jaw-dropping price.
These mini LED lights are the best thing to happen to tents since aluminum poles.
Made in Osage, Iowa, the midweight Forester (and women's Cypress) pampers feet.
The Ultras fill the void between technical crampons and simple, dog-walking spikes, making them ideal for low-angle snowfields and variable mountain conditions.
This classic, durable rope now has an added safety feature, which will help prevent accidents and teach good climbing practices.
With larger and more numerous vents than its older brother, this time-tested climber's favorite gets a "cool" upgrade.
This versatile, easy-to-use carabiner is now even simpler to operate in all conditions.
This personal clip-in point is light enough to carry for extra safety on long mountaineering routes.
Communicate with backcountry partners up to 3 miles away with this easy-to-use radio.


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ECDC African Community Center 4310 South Cameron St. Las Vegas, NV 89103 702-836-3324 email@example.com http://www.ecdcinternational.org/
The African Community Center (ACC) in Las Vegas was started in 2003 as an Ethiopian Community Development Council (ECDC) refugee resettlement branch office. The ECDC is a national, 501c3 non-profit organization which is authorized by the Dept. of States to resettle refugees in the United States. Since 2003, the ACC has resettled over 800 refugees in the Las Vegas valley with an average caseload of 150 refugees per year. We are always actively seeking community support and recruiting volunteers to help our new refugee community members establish productive, healthy lives here in Southern Nevada.
The ACC provides our refugees the following services: cultural orientation and adjustment, employment and job placement, and family wellness training and HIV/AIDS education.
You Can Help by Providing Goods
Cash and In-kind donations for: Apartment furniture & accessories Clothing (Adult and Child) Hygiene Kits (Men, Women, Children, Infants) School Supplies
You Can Help by Volunteering
Assisting with the cultural orientation and adjustment for refugee families. Assisting refugees with job searches and interviews. Donating translation services for refugees. Working with ESL (english as a second language) training for refugees.
You Can Help by Offering Your Services
Medical and health services for refugee families.


text: Laying between Sarlat; Bergerac and Périgueux; at the confluence of the rivers Dordogne and Vézère. The campsite "Le Port de Limeuil" is by the riverside; facing one of the most beautiful villages in France; Limeuil. A lot of charm and space for the family campsite. A magnificent beach and a heated swimming pool. In between the Périgord noir; the Périgord pourpre and the Pays des Bastides.


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Yahoo's largest investor doubles down
Capital World Investors increases holdings in the Internet search pioneer by 95 percent in the first quarter, giving it a 10.1 percent stake in the company.
Yahoo's largest institutional investor nearly doubled its stake in the Internet search pioneer, according to a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Thursday.
Capital World Investors increased its Yahoo stake to 10.1 percent, when it bumped up its ownership to 135,542,600 shares, as of March 31.
That's a 95 percent increase from its Yahoo holdings on December 31.
One possible driver that led Capital World to double down on Yahoo is Microsoft's megabillion buyout offer for the company.


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Did you know your Internet Explorer is out of date?
This website makes use of features only available in more recent versions of Internet Explorer. You can quickly and easily upgrade your browser for free by visiting BrowseHappy.com
Awards Recipients
MHA 2014 Award Winners
We congratulate those who received awards at the San Antonio, Texas, conference for work written or published in 2013. Award winners are listed below.
Leonard J. Arrington Award
Ronald E. RomigSpecial Citation
Darius A. Gray
For Books
Best Book Award
J. B. Haws, The Mormon Image in the American Mind: Fifty Years of Public Perception. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Best Biography Award
Todd M. Compton, A Frontier Life: Jacob Hamblin, Explorer and Indian Missionary. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2013.
Best Documentary Editing / Bibliography
Michael H. MacKay, Gerrit J. Dirkmaat, Grant Underwood, Robert J. Woodford, William G. Hartley, Matthew C. Godfrey, and Mark Ashurst-McGee, eds. The Joseph Smith Papers-Documents Volume 1: June 1828-June 1831, and Volume 2: July 1831-January 1833. Salt Lake City: The Church Historian's Press, 2013.
Best First Book Award
Elizabeth O. Anderson, Cowboy Apostle: The Diaries of Anthony W. Ivins, 1875-1932. Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2013.
Best International Book Award
Craig Livingston, From Above and Below: The Mormon Embrace of Revolution, 1840-1940. Draper, Utah: Greg Kofford Books, 2013.
Best Family/Community History Award
Matthew Kester, Remembering Iosepa: History, Place, and Religion in the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
For Articles
Best Article Award
Ryan G. Tobler, "'Saviors on Mount Zion': Mormon Sacramentalism, Mortality, and the Baptism for the Dead." Journal of Mormon History 39, no. 4 (Fall 2013).
Awards of Excellence (2 articles)
Matthew L. Harris, "Mormonism's Problematic Racial Past and the Evolution of the Divine-Curse Doctrine." John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 33, no 1 (Spring/Summer 2013).
Max Perry Mueller, "Playing Jane: Re-presenting Black Mormon Memory through Reenacting the Black Mormon Past." Journal of Africana Religions 1, no. 4 (2013).
Best International Article Award
Richard L. Jensen, "Mr. Samuelsen Goes to Copenhagen: The First Mormon Member of a National Parliament." Journal of Mormon History 39, no. 2 (Spring 2013).
Best Women's History Article Award
Lisa Tait Olsen, "The 1890s Mormon Culture of Letters and the Post-Manifesto Crisis: A New Approach to Home Literature." BYU Studies 52, no. 1 (2013).
For Dissertation, Thesis, and Student Papers
Best Dissertation Award
Brent M. Rogers, "Managing Popular Sovereignty: Federalism and Empire in Utah Territory, 1847-1862." University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2013.
Best Thesis Award
Blair Hodges, "Intellectual Disability in Mormon Thought and History, 1830-1900." Georgetown University, 2013.
Best Graduate Paper Award
Christopher James Blythe, "Emma's Willow: Mormon Pilgrimage and Nauvoo's Mater Dolorosa." Florida State University, 2013.
Best Undergraduate Paper Award
Bradley Kime, "Exhibiting Theology: James E. Talmage and Mormon Public Relations, 1915-1920." Utah State University.
Student Research Paper, Awards of Merit
Jillian Clare, Hannah Eckhardt, Bradley Kime, Mykle Law, Jeremy Lofthouse, Matthew Pitts, and Bridger Talbot.


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Very Best Google Logo Doodle Montage Ever 0
Monday, 18th April, 2011 by admin in Inspiration.
We here at Freelancelogo love Google's doodles. Here is a video with some of the best ones. Enjoy.
Monday, 18th April, 2011 by admin in Inspiration.
We here at Freelancelogo love Google's doodles. Here is a video with some of the best ones. Enjoy.
Thursday, 28th October, 2010 by Jake Rocheleau in Logo Design.
For as long as we've had web designers networking there have been common misconceptions among the community. These have bogged down the minds of many great designers and developers over the years. Today I'll be exploring a few of these myths to discuss the truths behind them.
Though many of these have held true at some point in time they are greatly out-dated and require some light shed over their blemishes. The youth of web design has started to de-bunk many of the classics. Even though the information is out there, research these ideas for yourself to see how you should use the data.
Since the Internet started truly taking off we've had a war waging between software companies to develop the next best browser. Microsoft was the true powerhouse when Windows XP was first released and Internet Explorer showed the most promise.
Tuesday, 26th October, 2010 by Aurora Gatbonton in Logo Design.
A brand is an essential element of your business. Branding not only makes your business company unique, but it also establishes credibility. It creates a long-term idea and impression in the minds of a new possible customer or an existing one. Building an image of a great brand can provide you a considerable chunk of market share.
Thursday, 14th October, 2010 by John in Logo Design.
Technically, all logos should have an international target because the internet is global. However, there are thousands of logos that cater only to a local market, mainly for three reasons: lack of interest to go global; budget for a professional logo designer; and inability to conceptualize their business as being international.
Monday, 27th September, 2010 by John in Logo Design.
Designing a logo usually takes a lot of effort, especially since logo are like an organization's signature. Once you see, you should know what it stands for, even without the presence of any slogan.
Logo design is the first order of business when setting up the identity of any organization. As such, a designer must make it a point to use whatever tools are current, while instilling a sense of balance at the same time. One of the most effective designs is using illustrations. In fact, a logo is an illustration, not just a play on fonts or text.
Initially, the two advantages of using illustrations in logo design are the following:
By using unique illustrations, you are able to set the organization apart. In a sea of logos, a designer should aim to make the logo stand. Playing on text generally does not accomplish much, especially in the face of so much competition.
For instance, everyone is familiar with Google, the search engine. Their logo design has these letter Os right smack in the middle. One could imagine them as googly eyes which fits perfectly with their company. Technically, you would not describe their logo as having an illustration, but it has the hint of something hidden. Thus, it is an excellent example of a company logo asserting its identity in a subtle manner.


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The University of Akron Honors College Alumni Board is now accepting nominations for the 2014-2015 Alumni Board until March 28th.
Alumni are encouraged to nominate themselves or another individual who may be looking for ways to stay connected to the U of A through service on the Honors College Alumni board. By serving on this board you will have the unique opportunity to network with fellow alumni, while furthering the Honors College mission of building a tradition of community.
Involvement on the board requires attendance at a summer workshop, as well as four meetings, held twice a semester in the Honors College. Please note that virtual attendance is offered to individuals whose attendance may be limited by distance. Alumni board members are also asked to serve on one of the following four committees:
180 South College Street
The University of Akron
Akron, OH 44325-1803


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quote:Cross-site scripting?
quote:Go into your IE security settings and you can disable cross site scripting.
quote:You can also try adding tigerdroppings.com to your trusted sites.
quote:I still have some issues and they are only with this site. No other sites.
quote: I forgot to mention to also enable "display mixed content"


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Serial Groper
Police Search For Serial Groper In Eagle County
The search is on for a man groping women in Eagle County.
Suspected Serial Groper Formally Charged
The man accused of groping several women and a young girl remains behind bars on a $20,000 bond.
Police Release ID Of Suspected Serial Groper
Denver police on Wednesday revealed the identity of a suspect who is thought to have groped at least seven women.
Denver Police Believe They Have Serial Groper In Custody
Denver police said they believe they have arrested a man responsible for numerous groping incidents across the city.
Serial Groper Strikes Again, This Time Near DU
A man has been going around accosting women. It's happened seven times in seven different areas of Denver. On Monday police were able to link the crimes to one person.
Denver Police Say Serial Groper Has Struck Again
Denver police are still searching for a man in Denver who they say is groping women.


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I caved after I read Mandy Moore's review in September's Lucky issue. I like her make-up style, simple and natural. And now I'm a fan of Corfu. It's a sheen and glossy colored taupe. I wear it mostly during the weekend days. It gives my eyes a perky glow without looking like I applied eye shadow to run errands, even though I did. ...Shhh... this can be our little secret.
The downside. It does crease. Not a bad crease, but it will happen. Thankfully it's a cream so you just pat your finger back and forth over your eyelid a couple times and crease be gone!
Let it be said that this is a cream eyeshadow and will behave accordingly - some creasing and not being long lasting are to be expected. Having said that - this has the amazing property of being able to be brushed over a powder eyeshadow without causing the power to clump up in bunches. When done as such, it gives a nice glossy effect to the eye. I also like this used alone over a bare eyelid because it livens up the eye without being overly glossy or glittery. The color also works well on multiple eye color (tested beautifully on my hot-lady friends' baby blues and greens as well as my heavenly hazels)
This is the perfect shade for me. I have large hazel-brown eyes with a light-medium complexion with golden undertones (NC25 in MAC-speak) with medium brown hair with auburn undertones. I am a student, but considering I am a "less is more" type & would rather have one really nice quality product than a tonne of mediocre products (*cough* MAC *cough*... keeping in mind that I am educated as a chemist and have also worked as a model). I am also into keeping my mornings & my look simple & effortless -- this is the first product I have found that can do both things.
For those of you looking to complete a natural look for going out... either to dinner or to work and school with a similar colouring to me and want something simple...
days... corfu & belle du jour
nights... same as above with a 'touch' of eyeliner & a little orgasm on the cheeks
I don't usually give a bad review on NARs products because I am such a NARs fan. However I feel obligated to tell fellow MUA reviews about the terrible Corfu. I purchased Corfu under the advise of the girl @ Meccacosmetica.. apparently NARs cream eyeshadows acts as a good base for their eyeshadows... APPARENTLY it's suppose to stop your eyeshadow from creasing and make it last longer... What a load of rubbish! My NARs eyeshadows lasted longer and creased less WITHOUT this silly creameye shadow .. in fact with corfu on as a base my eyeshadow didn't even last til morning tea before it started creasing badly.. I am now too scared to purchase another NARs cream eyeshadow.. I think i'll just stick with purchasing the regular eyeshadow duos I am so fond of.
I'm not cheap, but I will say I never really purchased too much from the NARS brand. it always seemed like great quality makeup but so did MAC.. and mac is more affordable for my student with one job income. I purchased a cream shadow by NARS called corfu a few months ago.
I dont know about you but sometimes I get a bit lazy leaving for work/school early in the morning and just need a cute swipe of color that will last almost all day and look like i actually put some effort in to look good haha.
This shadow is perfect for that. It's also perfect over a MAC paint pot, giving your shadow double coverage..making it stick almost 24 hours, and giving your top shadows a nice sheen from the corfu.
Cannot say enough about this shadow. Will definitely purchase it again. I think it would look absolutely beautiful on anyone. Classy and Sexy all at the same time. Build it up for a night time look, or wear it light for a natural glow. Can also be used as a highlighter!
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This product is definitely not worth the $21 price tag. Gives lids a barely detectable bronzy, iridescent sheen. A similar effect could probably be acheived with a mixture of MAC Tempting Shadow and some Vaseline. This went right back to Sephora. Shame the contents of the cute packaging didn't live up to the build-up.
i really like this product. Its a nice shimmery golden taupe color, but its not overbearing. I wear this on my whole lid without looking too dark. It's a nice mellow brown color. I do wish it had more golden flecks in it, but its nice. I havent noticed it creasing up on me yet, but i do wear a powder eyeshadow on top (NARS Voyage) and it looks great.
This cream eyeshadow was such a disappointment. I, too, read all of the reviewers who said NARS cream eyeshadow creases badly but for whatever reason, I didn't listen. I purchased Corfu because it is such a beautiful color on my eyelids - a gorgeous shimmering taupe that brightens my eyes and compliments my skin tone. This beauty lasted for about 1 hour and then the shadow creased so badly that I'd have to start my eye make-up all over again. I do not have oily skin and I have never (NEVER) had a problem with other eye shadows, cream or powder, creasing like this one did. It was promptly returned to the store where I purchased it.
So after falling in love with the NARS smokey look on the sephora site, I had to get the products to re-create the look. So i got corfu and ashes to ashes (the other colors i had dupes of in my stash already). I am so happy with corfu! Its a gorgeous sheer taupe-y nude shimmery wash of color. I layer it on top of a nude/flesh toned matte e/s. Then layer NARS ashes to ashes on top and its my HG everyday neutral look that i can vamp up and smoke it out or leave wear it alone on top of a flesh/nude e/s for a fresh natural look. I find that applying it as a layer versus a "primer" keeps this from creasing.
I tried this cream eyeshadow and literally fell in love with it. It compliments any color perfectly. Especially browns, taupes, and purples. It does take a few little tricks to keep it from creasing. I definitely recommend applying it with a brush and not a finger, using a primer, and being light-handed. I love Nars packaging. Pricey but Nars is usually worth it.
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No


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Featured speaker is Dr. Dan Arvizu, director and chief executive of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Spring commencement honors graduate candidates of ACC's associate degree and certificate programs for the spring semester and Adult Education students who completed their GED.
A reception on the concourse will follow the ceremony.
Graduates and guests can find details about parking, check-in, and caps and gowns on ACC's Commencement webpage.
posted in: ACC Homepage Announcements, ACC Newsroom, Current Students, Faculty and Staff News


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Class Descriptions
In each type of class, the poses are similar. The sequencing, pace, and class energy differs based on the teacher and their teaching style. Feel free to try all styles of yoga to find one that suits your needs, or mix and match classes for what your body needs in a given day.
Styles of Yoga
Ashtanga Yoga
Ashtanga Yoga is a well-preserved, ancient system that is based on a lineage of teacher to student tradition. It is a focus on yoga as the eight limbs of practice, asana (the poses) being just one eighth of practice. Most characteristic of Ashtanga is its fast pace and routine sequence of asanas [poses], designed to be a journey of moving meditation. The practitioner learns to focus and concentrate their energies into three aspects: posture, breath, and gaze. In this class students will learn the sequence of postures that make up the Ashtanga practice as it is currently taught in Mysore, India. This is a very physical practice in a heated room that will help guide you within. The poses are the same in each class so you can feel your body as it progresses through this system. In addition to the sequence, students will learn how to customize postures and for their own bodies so that everyone feels that they are moving forward in their own individual practice.
Mindful Flow Classes
Community Yoga
A $5 class offered throughout the week. This is a beginning level class that is suitable for first time students, or students who enjoy a slower paced class. Class on Saturday & Sunday is the same gentle flow with an additional meditation to close your practice.
Mindful Flow
Classes are centered around deep breathing and working with each student's needs, as well as the collective needs of the group. Mindful Flow takes into account any injuries or pre-existing conditions you show up with. The pace of class is set by deep, fluid breathing which is taught at the beginning of each class. From there, we move with the breath through standing poses and balance poses to build strength. Next, we move to the floor for poses to release stress and tension from the body. This is a balanced practice that will leave you feeling better than when you walked into class. If no level is stated, it is an all levels class.
- Level 1 & 2 is suitable for beginners or those that enjoy a slower flow. More time is spent on alignment and breathing. Pregnant students welcome to attend.
- Level 2 & 3 is an intermediate practice with slower transitions and longer holds. An understanding of deep breathing and basic alignment in the yoga poses is expected.
Power Yoga
This is Power Yoga in the style of Bryan Kest. This challenging class moves you through poses that will strengthen and awaken every part of the body from head to toe. This practice builds internal heat making you feel enlivened long after class is over. Class includes standing poses, balance poses, floor work, breath work and meditation. This class is for all levels, you just have to listen to your body- don't push and rest when you need to rest.
Yoga for Women's Health
This class is for all women at any stage of life- prenatal and postnatal students are encouraged to attend. The poses taught are beneficial to all women; however, the benefits for those going through life changes or physical changes are even greater. Flow gently through class with poses that will strengthen the body and spirit, while calming the mind. This class is appropriate for all levels and bodies.
Sivananda Yoga
A system of hatha yoga (the yoga of movement) that progresses systematically through the body's major muscle groups and energy (chakra) areas. Be prepared to experience boosts of energy and mental keenness, as well as deeper sleep and personal peace. Appropriate for all levels.
Therapeutic Yoga Offerings
Yin & Restore
A deeply relaxing practice that features fully supported postures on bolsters and blankets paired with soothing breathing practices. Minimal movement with only 4-5 yoga postures per class. Great practice to calm the nervous system and relax body and mind. Great for relieving stress and decompressing from the busy-ness of day-to-day life.
Yoga for EveryBODY!
This class is designed around each individual who is present in class- hence the name 'everyBODY.' Each class will be slightly different depending on each class' specific needs and energy level. Students who have limited mobility, chronic pain, injury or even those who just enjoy a more gentle yoga practice are welcome to attend. The focus of this class is healing the body from the inside out. Class includes instruction on breathing, gentle movement and guided meditation. All poses are done with the support of the floor, blankets, bolsters, a chair, or the wall.
Specialty Class Offerings
Meditation Class
A guided class, perfect for all levels of experience, including beginners. Consistent meditation practice promotes: a calm and peaceful mind, relief from stress and anxiety, physical wellbeing and improved relationships. Each session will include a brief introduction, a guided meditation and a brief closing discussion. Everyone is welcome. No special clothing is required. Classes led by Kelsang Nyema of the Ganden Center in Columbia, SC.
Mom and Baby Yoga
A gentle practice designed for postpartum moms and their infants. This class will address common aches and energy challenges of the postpartum mom. Please come at least 4-6 weeks after your baby has been born out of respect for your body. Please talk to the teacher before class so she can help create a class that addresses your current needs and physical level. Mothers can come who are new to yoga, or those with an existing yoga practice. All mothers are welcome to attend this class.
Breath, Balance & Being
Begin your day in the best possible way in order to support and expand your own personal commitment to health and well-being. This hour class will set the tone for your work day at home, office, or school. This class is suited for all levels and circumstances. Each class will include:
- Balance – that comes from a variety of postures (asana) and sequences
- Breath – breath work (pranayama) that is simple, deliberate and life supporting
- Being – an ongoing and varied practice of walking and seated meditation (dhyana) as well as conversations about how to live wholly, healthfully, and joyfully in this world.
Embracing Stillness
This class will focus on deep breathing techniques to safely guide each student through a series of hip and hamstring yoga postures that will relieve the lower body of tension and calm the mind. All of the postures will be practiced on the floor seated or laying down. The pace of the class is slow and postures will be explored for one to three minutes. Brian will encourage you to find your own perfect degree of intensity. Modifications will be made to ensure safety and promote a healing experience. This class is the perfect compliment to any Yoga practice and is appropriate for all levels of practitioners.
Restorative Practice for Facing Cancer
Greenville Yoga and the Greenville County Cancer Society offer this class to all whose lives have been touched by the challenge of facing cancer. The group comes together to create space for relaxation, healing, returning to peace… There is no cost for this yoga class and no prior yoga experience is needed. More information and additional support programs by the Greenville County Cancer Society at http://www.cancersocietygc.org.


text: Two people are under arrest after they allegedly tried to use a fraudulent check to open an account at a bank in downtown Longview. Clerks at Columbia Bank called Longview Police at about 11:15 yesterday morning, when a red flag popped up on the check, saying that the account had been closed back in April, with a fraud alert also issued at that time. When Longview Police met with Janelle Jill Rodeback, 27, and Cole Edward Jurek, 27, they found that both had outstanding warrants. Officers also claim that Jurek was in possession of illegal drugs. Both are now being held without bail in the Cowlitz County Jail.