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Engine Oil Filter - Genuine Volkswagen 06J115403Q
VW/Audi OE: 06J115403Q, 06J115403C, 06J115403J, 06J115403M
About Engine Oil Filter
Engine Oil Filter by Genuine Volkswagen
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About Engine Oil Filter made by Genuine Volkswagen
This Engine Oil Filter is made by Genuine Volkswagen.
Genuine Volkswagen uses high quality materials and state of the art technology to produce this Engine Oil Filter. You can trust Genuine Volkswagen to provide superior products and value for your money. eEuroparts.com® also offers a 1 year warranty on all parts made by Genuine Volkswagen because we stand behind the quality and longevity of all our parts.
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U.S. Population by Sex and AgeProfile of General Demographic Characteristics, Census 2000 and Census 2010Here is a look at the U.S. population, based on the 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census. Figures are broken down by sex and age. Find more population statistics classified by general demographic characteristics by clicking the links below. Population by Race | Hispanic Population | Population by Relationship |
NOTES: (—) represents zero or rounds to zero;
n.a. = not applicable.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 and Census 2010. Web:
www.census.gov .
Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. |
24 X 7Private Tutor
Explore Algebra 2 Help , Math Homework Help

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Is it usually a safe bet just to get a couple newborn outfits/onesies at first and plan on buying more after baby, if needed?
How long do babies wear newborn clothes?
Is it usually a safe bet just to get a couple newborn outfits/onesies at first and plan on buying more after baby, if needed?
Ava is going to be a big sister.. September 2015
i'd say buy a few newborn things, and then some 3 months, as you don't know the size. ditto with hats.
also, my first child wore mostly pajamas and kimono-onesie tops (the best! because you don't have to get it over their heads and they are so easy to change) with soft pants for the first couple months, apart from a few different picture-taking ocassions. i sort of wish i had saved the money i spent on newborn clothes for bigger sizes later on...
l.o.: Griffin Everett 11-26-10
This is a good question. I'm a FTM and have bought only one set of newborn onesies, everything else is 0-3 months. The newborn stuff says 5-8 pounds, and a lot of babies are close to 8 pounds at birth, so I'm not expecting newborn clothes to be that useful. If our little boy is small though, we'll buy more!
Baby Boy 5/2013.
Lost little ones 8/2014 (8wks) and 1/2015 (5wks)
Hoping for a sticky rainbow baby soon. 3rd time lucky??
Our Babies! Angel Baby (11/12/2009), Joseph (12/31/2010), and Jonathan (5/13/13)
♦ Running Ruby ♦
Married May 1st, 2010. Vincent born Jan. 25, 2011. Little Wade born May 16th, 2013!
Ava is going to be a big sister.. September 2015
ds was a 6lb 12 oz newborn who got big fast but wore newborn clothes for at least 2 months!
different brands run differently, too. he could finally wear old navy or carters 0-3, but he swam in gymboree and gap 0-3. i also like clothes to "fit" versus dressing him in things that were big.
may is tough bc it would stick to get warmer early spring things in 0-3 sizes and then have the weather change before he/she fits into them.
Jaimee (36) andDH (35) SAHM to DS (7/21/09)
2 1/2 yrs TTC#2 3 angels 6 IVFs
IVF#6 - BFP...due 5/13/13!!!
My DD was 8lb6oz and wore newborn for several weeks - the 0-3 stuff just seemed so big!


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In this cover image released by Time Inc. on Monday, Feb. 13, 2012, model Kate Upton graces the cover of the "Sports Illustrated 2012 Swimsuit Issue." The double issue is now on sale at newsstands, tablet, mobile and on SI.com/Swimsuit.
Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue cover model Kate Upton "teaches" Tampa Bay Rays pitcher how to play upcoming video game ''MLB 2K12".
Pretty girl: 'Sports Illustrated' model Ariel Meredith poses for the mag's swimsuit edition, which hits newsstands Tuesday.
"If a model frolics in the Rockies, does anybody notice? And does anybody care?" asks the 'Calgary Herald.'
"We hope they do," replies Lori Cote. She's a spokeswoman for Fairmont's Banff Springs Hotel, which provided accommodations to Sports Illustrated's crew last July and is featured prominently on the magazine's website.
Southwest Airlines also had "SI One," painted for Sports Illustrated.


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Katja Schulz changed the thumbnail image of "Image of Parribacus antarcticus".
Katja Schulz selected "Panulirus marginatus" to show in Overview on "Panulirus marginatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825)".
петя спасова added text to "description" on "Panulirus interruptus (J. W. Randall, 1840)".
it is reddish-black in colour with long legs,broad tail ,small pincers...
Irfan Ahmad commented on "Panulirus interruptus, the spiny or rock-lobster. 1903. Spiny lobsters; Panulirus.":
Panulirus interruptus is called the California spiny lobster by the Food and Agriculture Organization, but a number of other local, vernacular names exist, including California lobster, California marine crayfish, and red lobster in the United States, and langosta colorada and langosta roja in Mexico.[3] The preferred common name of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service is simply spiny lobster.[5] John Witt Randall described the species in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1840, based on material given to him by Thomas Nuttall.[15] The exact locality is not known, being given only as "Upper California", but the most likely sources are the places where Nuttall was most active, namely Santa Barbara and San Diego.[3] The specific epithet interruptus refers to the grooves on the abdominal tergites, which are interrupted in this species.[21] Although originally placed in the genus Palinurus, the California spiny lobster was later transferred to Adam White's new genus Panulirus, together with other spiny lobsters that have long flagella on their first antennae.[3]
Katja Schulz selected "Parribacus antarcticus" to show in Overview on "Parribacus antarcticus (Lund, 1793)".
Eduard Solà changed the thumbnail image of "Ibacus_peronii (2)_213934".
Eduard Solà set "Ibacus_peronii (2)_213934" as an exemplar on "Ibacus peronii Leach, 1815".
Kari Pihlaviita added the Finnish common name "Euroopanlangusti" to "Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)".
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Brothers Charles and William Lusk migrated to Allen County,Ohio, from Tazewell, Virginia in 1832. Closely related familiesthat traveled with them to Ohio: Bailey, Rinehart, Runyon.Other families related to the Lusk's are: Waggoner, Copeland,Ramge, Blank, Bustetter, Ohler, Miller, Naus, Bitler, Harrod,Justice, Hardin/Harden. |
Charles F. Lusk 2232 East 4th St. Rd. Lima, Ohio 45804-4106 United States 419-222-0583 Fax: (419) 222-1767 firstname.lastname@example.com |
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The content shown on this page has been submitted by a Genealogy.com customer, and is not subject to verification by Genealogy.com. Neither Genealogy.com nor its affiliates are responsible for the accuracy of any information contained on this page. The opinions expressed on this page are the author's alone and not the opinions of Genealogy.com.
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Platinum Subscriber exclusive information.
Tweet [1]
Feb. 28th
Return Trip to Idaho for Nebraska
Nebraska has been to Meridian, Idaho twice this season to see class of 2016 point guard Destiny Slocum of Mountain View HS. Managing Editor, Chris Hansen, raved about Slocum's play at the Check Me Out Showcase last fall. She's currently No. 14 in the ELITE 25. — Brandon Clay
Feb. 27th
Wertz Adds An Offer
Class of 2015 guard Frankie Wurtz of Kimberly, Wisc., recently picked up a scholarship offer from Wisconsin Green Bay. The 5-foot-8 guard currently holds offers from Northern Illinois, Bradley, and South Dakota State in addition to Wisconsin Green Bay. Her play as of late has earned her an Elite Basketball Academy Super 64 Camp invitation on June 7-8, 2014. – Keil Moore
Feb. 26th
Walters Putting Up Numbers
Class of 2015 prospect Addison Walters, a 5-9 guard from San Francisco, Calif., is having a strong junior year at Saint Ignatius College Prep. She's third on a very balanced team in scoring (7.3 ppg), second in field goal percentage (49%), lead the team in 3-point field goal percentage (45%) and second in free-throw percentage (77%) despite playing just 16 minutes per game as her 22-4 team has blown out a lot of teams this season. Her team begins the CIF open division playoffs this weekend. — Chris Hansen
Feb. 25th
Frese Checks Out Durr
Maryland coach Brenda Frese and assistant Tina Langley visited St. Pius X last night to watch class of 2015 guard Asia Durr of Douglasville, Ga. Frese and Langley stayed in Atlanta after playing Georgia Tech on Sunday afternoon. Durr, who is the No. 1 ranked junior in the country, has visited the staff in College Park, Md., and lists the Terrapins on her list short list of 12 schools. — Brandon Clay
Feb. 24th
Alabama Visits Triggs
Alabama coach Kristy Curry was in to see class of 2015 wing Jewel Triggs of Thibodeaux, La. Triggs visited Alabama-Birmingham earlier in the academic year and has established herself as one of the top prospects in the state. — Brandon Clay
Feb. 23th
Ortiz Shines on Senior Night
Gabrielle Ortiz of Mount Pleasant, Wisc., has established herself as one of the top senior point guards in the country. Ranked No. 41 overall in the PNELITE150, the 5-foot-6 general has already signed with Oklahoma. On Saturday night, Ortiz scored 29 points in the first half alone as her Prairie School team won big over conference rival St. Cats on TPS' Senior Night. Ortiz finished with 34 putting on a show that rivals any that we've seen all school season long. - Brandon Clay
Feb. 21st
Boensch Will Sit A Year
Class of 2016 prospect Cassidy Boensch of Mich., will be ineligible to play high school varsity for a year after moving schools from Au Gres to Bangor John Glenn. It was originally believed that she would only have to sit for 30 days after the transfer but the state association rules. A 6-foot-3 center, Boensch was on the Associated Press Class D All-State Team after averaging 22 points, 15 rebounds and 10 blocked shots per game as a freshman. — Brandon Clay
Feb. 16th
Konig Draws US Interest
University of Washington head coach Mike Neighbors was in British Columbia this week along with assistant Adia Barnes catching class of 2016 Brookswood guard Aislinn Konig. — Chris Hansen
Feb. 15th
Colorado Checks On Barrier
Class of 2016 wing Lexie Barrier of Ironton, Ohio had Colorado visit her high school this week. Barrier came on strong last club season playing with the West Virginia Thunder. -- Jonathan Hemingway
Feb. 14th
ACL Injury Sidelines Froling
Aussie prospect and SMU signee Keely Froling is out with a torn ACL. Froling recently had surgery on the torn knee. -- Keil Moore
Feb. 13th
Buckeyes Court Harris
Class of 2016 prospect Tyasha Harris of Indianapolis, Ind., has a new scholarship offer from Ohio State. The Heritage Christian sophomore is an ELITE 25 Watch List prospect in the class. — Brandon Clay
Feb. 12th
Romano Sees Corvallis
Class of 2015 prospect Alexa Romano of Albuquerque, N.M., visited Oregon State for their game versus Colorado on Saturday night. Romano is one of the more highly recruited wing players west of the Mississippi River in the junior class. — Chris Hansen
Feb. 11th
Mabrey Eligible to Play
Class of 2015 wing Marina Mabrey of Manasquan, N.J., played in her first high school game since transferring schools midseason from Point Pleasant Beach. Mabrey is now back on the floor at Manasquan where she played her freshman year. – Keil Moore
Feb. 10th
Stevens Is Available
Class of 2014 guard Ebone' Stevens of Kernersville, N.C., has new interest from Savannah State. She was committed to Gardner Webb before changing course in the fall. -- Brandon Clay
Feb. 9th
Colley Visits Pittsburgh
Class of 2014 point guard Shay Colley of Brampton, Ontario was on campus at Pittsburgh for their match up with Georgia Tech. Colley has narrowed her choices down to either Pittsburgh or Georgia Tech and is expected to make a decision here in the near future. -- Keil Moore
Feb. 8th
Rich Out for the Summer
Morgan Rich of Scottsville, Ky., is out with a torn ACL suffered last week. The class of 2015 point guard had emerged as an ELITE 100 caliber prospect with her play during the school season. — Brandon Clay
Feb. 6th
Out-Of-Region Schools Court Walker
Notre Dame, Penn State and Virginia are three of the out-of-region schools recruiting ELITE 25 caliber class of 2015 guard Destinee Walker of Ocoee, Fla. Currently the nation's No. 26 ranked prep, Walker is a legitimate four-star prospect at the shooting guard position.— Brandon Clay
Feb. 5th
Coaches Flock to Clovis
Danni Williams, the 2015 ELITE 60 guard from Clovis, NM, had several visitors out to see her play last week. She averaged 32 points per game over a five-game stretch, including a season high of 42 points against Trinity Christian. Arizona State, Kentucky, New Mexico, Oklahoma State, Stanford and Washington all came through, including UK head coach Matthew Mitchell. -- Chris Hansen
Feb. 4th
No Decision For Kalmer
Taylor Kalmer of Phoenix, Ariz., made a splash with her play at the Nike tournament of Champions in late-December. The 5-foot-8 class of 2015 point guard was rumored to be committed to Oregon but that rumor has been confirmed false. She's being recruited by NCAA Tournament programs nationwide since TOC ended. -- Keil Moore
Feb. 3rd
Haines Has Visitors
Rice, Gonzaga, and San Diego State were all in yesterday to see class of 2015 combo guard Sabrina Haines of Phoenix, Ariz. We mentioned Haines in last month's Blog. She is one of the better perimeter prospects on the west coast in the class of 2015. -- Keil Moore
Feb. 2nd
Vanderbilt Hosts Boley
Erin Boley of Elizabethton, Ky., will visit Vanderbilt today for their game versus Texas A&M. The class of 2016 power forward has been on campus twice with an offer from the 'Dores but never for a game. Boley has established herself as a potential five-star recruit in the sophomore class.-- Brandon Clay
Feb. 1st
Lopez-Flores Injured
Class of 2015 combo guard Faithaleen Lopze-Flores of Bothell, Wash., suffered a season ending knee injury this week. She has a torn anterior-cruciate ligament but the meniscus and other supporting ligaments were good. She will have surgery the first week of February. The sharpshooting junior at Jackson High School (Mill Creek, Wash.) was having a strong season. Her top schools of interest were all Ivy League schools. -- Chris Hansen


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Product Description
6" Jointer
The 6" Jointer features three auto-set knives that align themselves in the cutterhead for rapid knife changes or a helical cutterhead with 40 four-sided indexable carbide knife inserts – this design provides a superior finish and quieter operation compared to conventional cutterheads, and the inserts require no adjustment once they are installed.
If a knife insert becomes nicked, simply rotate it for a fresh edge and continue working. Oversized infeed/outfeed tables are mounted on dovetailed ways.
The fence is 38" in length, with positive stops at 90° and 45° right and left. The fine/quick adjustment lever on the infeed table offers quick set-ups with precision controlled depth of cut. The heavy steel stand features a 1 HP motor with a non-slip v-belt drive for maximum performance. The 4" dust port offers easy connection to any dust collection system.
- 66" Long adjustable infeed and outfeed tables provide more working surface
- Fine/quick adjustment lever on infeed table for precision cuts
- Extra-long 38" two-way tilting fence with positive stops provides quick positioning for 90° or bevel cuts
- Enlarged sheet metal stand provides a sturdy base
Materials: | Iron | |
Voltage: | 120 volt | |
Usage: | Assembly Required | |
Planer and Jointer Style We offer both hand held and stationary units. Stationary units can produce better results on larger pieces of material and when there is a large volume of material to plane. Hand held units offer the convenience of portability and offer a low cost alternative for the occasional project. | Planer and Jointer Style | Bench & Stationary |
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Group # | 730217 |
Category | Planers & Jointers - 1981 |
Style | - 0 |
Sales Rank | 15 |
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text: TOP 10 Top 10 Travel Top 10: Extreme Vacations Back to Top ▲ Top 10: Extreme Vacations 5 Wield the Jaws of Life Share on Facebook Share on Twitter 0 Shares Incredible Adventures Does the end-of-workday beer taste sweeter after you've rappelled down three stories of a burning building, inched through smoke-filled darkness, and doused the flames? We bet it does. If you don't have the good fortune or guts to call this a day's wage, you can still sample the vocation of fire fighting at one of North America's finest training schools: Central Florida Fire Academy in Orlando. You'll use the Jaws of Life to rescue a faux victim from a burning car, test-drive that big, red, shiny truck, and finish the day with a real firehouse dinner (uh, yum?). Next Page TOP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Comments Show Comments More Like This Promoted Around the Web Special Features


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The Zelda Project: The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past
December 9, 2012 3:49 pm [2 Comments]
I finished A Link to the Past way back on November 24th, but I have been too busy to write about it. Now I will!
A Link to the Past is the first Zelda game for the SNES. The upgrade in graphics is pretty evident as soon as it starts up and it just gets better and better. First released in the US in 1992, I would have been about 15 years old. At this point I had my very own TV and the SNES had taken up residence in my bedroom. The game I remember most from this time period was Street Fighter II, which I played constantly with my friends. In fact, I don't actually remember playing A Link to the Past during this time at all. I know I did, because as soon as the game started up I recognized it and I remembered more and more as I played. It's possible that this was one of the games I played duo with a friend.
In any case, A Link to the Past was, so far, the most enjoyable of the bunch. The graphics and sound are so good that they don't look bad even by today's standards so it's easy to forget you are playing a 20 year old game. The gameplay is SO MUCH BETTER than The Adventure of Link. In fact, I might even say it's a little too easy. Where The Adventure of Link was maddeningly difficult, A Link to the Past is really pretty hard to lose at. I died plenty of times, but deaths are quick and easy to recover from and if you are careful it's easy to avoid through potions, fairies, lots of free hearts under pots, etc.
Another nice thing about this game is that while there is plenty of exploration and adventure, it's very easy to get a hint as to what to do next. You can always go to a fortune teller to have your "destiny" read to let you know where you've left off. This is pretty handy when you aren't taking extensive notes and might set the controller down for a few days or a week at a time.
All in all, I feel this may end up being my favorite game when this project is all said and done. I started Ocarina of Time the day after I finished this one and I am sad to say that so far I hate it. The controls are awful, the graphics look incredibly dated and I am constantly fighting with the camera. Ocarina of Time is supposed to be one of the best games ever made, so hopefully I'll get past these issues and start to enjoy it.
That's for another post though!
2 Responses to "The Zelda Project: The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past"
I, too hated OoT at first, too. I wanted to reach into the screen and fucking strangle Navi. Getting used to a 3D environment is a H U G E step in this franchise (same for Mario), but it was well worth it. Stick with it! It really does become much more enjoyable after you're through the learning curve. I actually turned right around and played it again after the first time. It's a lot more enjoyable in the beginning when your skills and confidence are high. Good luck! Wait until you get to Wind Waker! Maybe my favorite video game ever.
Too many toos in that 1st sentence. I have fired mine editor.


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Palatine - Redfin's Free Home Buying ClassRedfinWednesday, July 17, 2013 from 6:30 PM to 8:30 PM (CDT) |
Event Details
Thinking about Buying?
Thinking about buying your first home but don't know where to start? Redfin's expert agents walk you through the home buying process so you know what to expect.
What We'll Cover:
- Is buying for you?
- Chicago home prices, inventory levels, and market conditions
- Finding an agent & tools for home search
- Home finance from pre-approval to mortgages
- Quick review of the purchase process & special property types (short sales, foreclosures)
Your Host, Redfin Agent Ben Price
Ben Price is a lead agent on Redfin's Northwest Suburbs Team. Want to meet him before the class or just have a quick question? Feel free to give him a call at (847) 477-0030 or email him at email@example.com. He's happy to answer all of your home buying and selling questions.
Free and Never any Obligation
Our mission is to reinvent real estate. A big part of this means we want you to be as informed as possible about buying or selling a home. Attending this class doesn't obligate you to work with a Redfin agent; just come to learn, eat, and drink!
When & Where
Rossini di Lucca
1280 Dundee Rd
Wednesday, July 17, 2013 from 6:30 PM to 8:30 PM (CDT)
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Collecting Hotel Silver
Understanding the market for hotel silver today
WHERE TO LOOK Scour flea markets for smaller items such as miscellaneous utensils, sugar bowls, and ice-cream dishes. Domed servers, samovars, and other large pieces are more likely to be found in antiques shops or through dealers specializing in this material.
PRICES TODAY Hotel silver ranges in price from about $2 to $25 at a flea market up to $50 to $300 through a specialty source. Value depends greatly on size, age, and rarity of design (teapots are common, ice buckets rare). Pieces inscribed with a hotel's name are prized; the more prestigious the hotel, the greater the demand.
SHOPPING ONLINEIn addition to Lynn Goldfinger-Abram's site, parishotelboutique.com, try tias.com, rubylane.com, and eBay. Exercise caution when buying unmarked pieces described as hotel silver. If a hotel's name or insignia is missing, review the seller's return policy before making a purchase.
REPRODUCTION ALERT The popularity of hotel silver has spawned lines of respectful reproductions by such firms as Pottery Barn and Williams-Sonoma--everything from flatware to serving pieces. Once you're familiar with the real thing, the shiny, nick-free surfaces of the newer items become easy to spot.


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Writing Productivity
Write a Sellable Self-help Book
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Academic Articles
Rhonda's Articles
Articles about Single Women
Free Newsletter
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The Dating Cure
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Don't Call That Man!
Rhonda's Book, Film, and Music Recommendations About Love, Relationships, Obsession, Break-Ups, and Ambivalent Men & Women
ON VENGEANCE: The Desire to "Get Even"
Charles W. Socarides, M.D.
J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 14(2): 356-375, 1966.
The psychoanalytic study of affects began auspiciously with the early writings on depression by Abraham (1, 2) and Freud (8). It reached a high point of achievement with Freud's work on anxiety (10). Since then several specific affects have received considerable attention, e.g., elation (19), bitterness (3), querulance (22), enthusiasm (12), boredom (11). Affects involve the whole personality which results in chronic ego states, inducing the ego to cope not only with the underlying conflict but also with the resultant affect. The affect itself may then constitute a severe block to our therapeutic endeavors.
This paper presents various theoretical and clinical data concerning the affect of vengeance in order to develop further the psychoanalytic theory of affects. This study, beginning with genetic considerations, will be presented from the point of view of superego, ego, and id manifestations. It should be understood that superego, ego, and id expressions of this affect are in continual interplay, now one, then the other, dominating the clinical pic ture and giving it a particular configuration.
Many vengeful patients suffer from a profound oral deprivation. Some patients, however, in direct contrast, speak of their earliest childhood with fondness and pleasure, though their happy, if not nearly idyllic, childhood memories concerning orality were only rarely borne out during analysis. Perhaps these two observations are not unrelated in their etiological significance. The originally deprived patient can no longer tolerate further deprivation: the originally satisfied (satiated) one is intolerant of any severe deprivation in adulthood. These two factors have also been alluded to by Fenichel (6).
Curiously enough, vengeance—one of the most persistent and powerful emotions of man—has had little attention from scientific investigators. Much attention, however, has been given this state by poets, playwrights, and other artists.
Vengeance is a complex emotional state apparently derived from pain and rage secondary to loss. The usual response to suffering due to loss of a love object is sadness, grief, or depression. These feelings might also tend to provoke aggression, but sadness and depression do not primarily involve an aggressive conflict, either with external reality or endopsychically. Clinical observations suggest, according to Jacobson (14), that "sadness predominates in depression only as long as the libidinous investment in the object world can be maintained by the veering away of aggression to the self." Angry or vengeful moods can be provoked by feelings other than hurt or disappointment. They may be precipitated by narcissistic conflicts, that is, from guilt conflicts or experiences of failure or faults, with resultant feelings of loss where the self-directed aggression is secondarily turned toward the object world.
Surface manifestations of vengeance achieve almost a classic, unvarying pattern. The person is grudgeful, unforgiving, remorseless, ruthless, heartless, implacable, and inflexible. He lives for revenge with a singlemindedness of purpose. Passionately he moves toward punitive or retaliatory action—above all other desires is the one to "get even" (in effect, to get more than "even"). Whether he feels and acts from the conviction that he is engaged in "just retribution" (to avenge a wrong) or "malicious retaliation" (to revenge a wrong), the clinical picture is identical.
The pseudocourageous nature of those in a state of vengeance is strikingly evident in their seeking revenge against all odds and no matter the cost. Such an individual will not let the wrong done him go unpunished. Querulously he complains that he is no inferior to suffer the abuse of others who "bereave my heart" (5). Transiently, the vengeful person may become aware of the irrationality and inappropriateness of his feelings and aims, but this awareness is quickly obscured by the overriding strength of the affect. He does not experience guilt. He shows no concern about the possible moral and social consequences of his act.
Vengeance is usually a private matter; exceptions are the vengeful acts of groups, e.g., vendettas, feuds, lynchings, retaliatory political or military acts solely for the sake of national pride. In group vengeance the affect may often persist beyond the span of a lifetime and be passed on to others (death pact).
At deeper psychological levels the self and the object world are changed, producing alterations in behavior, thinking, attitudes, values, expectations, and feeling tones. If the object of the avenger's wrath is not within his surveyance, an increase in the tension state may occur. He may imagine that new wrongs are being perpetrated against him. A similarity to the sensitive phases of paranoid development is obvious, although a paranoid condition may not occur. As in other intense affective states and moods, there is little possibility for an alteration of the environmental conditions with a resultant decrease in tension because the patient screens out all stimuli which contradict his emotional state. Vengeance is continually fed through imaginings and fantasies of the previous injuries dealt him. He then may unconsciously or consciously provoke acts inimical to his well-being, thereby proceeding to a state of "justified" vengeance. The avenger, furthermore, offers as undeniable proof of the wrong he has suffered his loneliness and the absence of all former pleasure. This is a consequence of his choosing to absent himself from congenial society until his aim of vengeance is achieved.
He is suffused with large amounts of instinctual energy predominantly aggressive in nature. In this respect there is a striking comparison between enthusiasm and vengeance. In the former the instinctual energies are primarily libidinal in nature (12).
The conscious aim of vengeance is retribution, punishment, and a longed-for state of peace. One finds routinely, however, that the act itself is highly overdetermined. Unconsciously the aim of the vengeful individual is to hide a more disastrous damage to the ego, a damage experienced during the earliest years of life and underlying the specific injuries of which he complains. In this sense the act of revenge is a defense mechanism whose function is to conceal the deepest traumata of childhood. In psychoanalytic therapy, once the revenge motif is worked through, these primitive conflicts are revealed.
No introduction to the concept of vengeance could be made without citing a most revered reference from the Bible: "Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord." This injunction which appears in the New Testament progressively developed from a harsh pre-Judaeo-Christian code—the Lex Talionis (An Eye for An Eye). Later we find in Chaucer, "Vengeance is not cured by another vengeance, nor wrong by another wrong"; from Bacon: "A man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green, which otherwise would heal and do well . . . as vindictive persons live the life of witches, who as they are mischievous, so end they unfortunate."
Inasmuch as painful stimuli are ubiquitous in the early months and years of infancy, elucidation of specific factors producing the later-to-be avenger is precarious, difficult, and often problematical. Affective states and mood predispositions are determined by many factors including the child's inherent drive potential, the depth and intensity of his object cathexes, "his inherent tendency to respond to frustration, or deprivation, with lesser or greater, rapidly passing, or more enduring ambivalence" (14). The earliest libidinal or aggressive reactions to specific objects may later be transferred from these experiences to all objects and experiences. This produces a special coloration of the object world for the child.
The genesis of vengeance is intimately related to the origins of love and hate. "Love is derived from the capacity of the ego to satisfy some of its instinctual impulses auto-erotically by obtain ing organ pleasure. It is originally narcissistic, then passes over onto objects, which have been incorporated into the extended ego, and expresses the motor efforts of the ego toward these objects as sources of pleasure" (7).
Following this lead, the opposite condition applies to rage, hate, and vengeance. These originate in the ego's inability to satisfy the instincts autoerotically. The ego therefore incorporates hateful internal objects. In love the mode of striving of the ego is toward these objects as a source of pleasure; in vengeance the striving of the ego is against these objects as a source of pain, to insure their destruction.
Freud (7) believed that love "becomes intimately linked with the activity of the later sexual instincts and, when these have been completely synthesized, coincides with the sexual impulsion as a whole" (p. 138). The preliminary stages of love reveal themselves as temporary sexual aims, while the instincts are passing through their complicated development. These aims are severely interfered with if there is an admixture of rage and hate. Freud, furthermore, saw love progressing through various phases of change in develop ment; first, the phase of incorporation or devouring in which love is compatible with the abolition of any separate existence on the part of the object and which he designated as ambivalence. "At the higher stage of the pregenital sadistic-anal organization, the striving for the object appears in the form of an urge for mastery, to which injury or annihilation of the object is a matter of indifference" (7, pp. 138-139). This preliminary stage of love was hardly to be distinguished from hate in its behavior toward the object and "not until the genital organization is established does love become the opposite of hate" (p. 139). In effect, Freud felt that the relation of hate to objects was older than that of love and was derived from the primordial repudiation by the narcissistic ego of the external world whence flows the stream of stimuli. "As an expression of the reaction of unpleasure evoked by objects, it always remains in an intimate relation with the self-preservative instincts; so that sexual and ego-instincts can readily develop an antithesis which repeats that of love and hate" (p. 139). When the sexual function is governed by the ego instincts, at the stage of the sadistic-anal organization, they impart a quality of hate to the instincts' aim as well.
The admixture of love and hate from which springs vengeance is to be traced to the "preliminary stages of loving which have not been wholly surmounted; it is also in part based on reactions of repudiation by the ego-instincts, which, in view of the frequent conflicts between the interests of the ego and those of love, can find grounds in real and contemporary motives" (p. 139). In both cases, therefore, the admixture of hate may be traced to the source of self-preservative instinct. Furthermore, hate acquires an erotic character and the continuity of the love relationship remains. In effect, ontogenetically, hate may be of earlier origin than love; the earliest conflicts of life are between the interests of the ego and loving objects outside of oneself.
The vengeful person unconsciously still desires to recapture the love object. Both love and vengeance are characterized by the tendency toward activity: in love to secure the love object once again for pleasure; in vengeance to secure the love object for the expression of hatred. The vengeful person, like the person in love, cannot rest without expressing this motoric aspect of his powerful affect.
In reconstructions from adult analyses vengeance was seen to originate in the survival of the retaliation wishes of the infant toward the mother for deprivation during the oral period later reinforced by deprivations during the preoedipal and oedipal periods. The penis envy of women and the castration anxiety of men, including their retaliatory phallic passivity, had at their roots the earliest relationship to the mother and the destructive feelings allied with her. All phallic conflicts in these vengeful patients were based in the initial disturbance in the earliest object relationships.
In the earliest years of life the relationship of maternal goodness, patience, generosity, satisfaction, and the fantasies which accompany these early primitive conceptualizations enrich the child and become the foundation for hope, trust, belief in good ness and the future. Conversely, the aim of the vengeful, greedy, envious, jealous impulses is destructive introjection—not only to rob but to put bad parts of the self onto the hated object in order to spoil and destroy it. This has been previously described as "the destructive aspect of projective identification starting from the beginning of life" (16). (I doubt, however, that these complex conceptual psychic processes as described by M. Klein can exist at such an early age, i.e., three months.) Damaged fundamentally in the capacity to love, the vengeful person is unable to withstand future states of deprivation and attacks individuals in the environment as if they were representatives of the depriving breast, frustrating mother, absent father, lost penis.
It is well known that the introjection of the good mother becomes a source for the satisfactory construction of the good ego and later ego integration and object synthesis. If this is satisfactory, a strong ego is developed and the individual is able to identify with specific objects. Indiscriminate identification is characteristic of a weak ego and leads to confusion between self and object and a grave disturbance in object relations. This shifting from idealization to hatred due to the weakness of the ego aids in changing the formerly idealized person into that of a persecutor and in projecting onto him envy, greed, hostility, anger and vengeful attitudes. He then becomes the despoiler of the avenger from whom the latter must exact revenge.
Individuals who are likely to become vengeful are often found to have defensively idealized their childhood. The underlying envy, greed, and tendency toward vengeance are split off but remain operative and are liable to disturb relationships in the future. These partial identifications allow the avenger to abstain from hateful actions and temporarily simulate good object relationships. Very often powerful and creative figures are identified with but are also envied. A superego figure onto whom strong envy has been projected is the most likely choice to become particularly persecutory and is experienced in the unconscious as one who interferes with thought processes of the patient and with every productive activity in which he engages, ultimately even with his sense of well-being and pleasure in living. This may be the motivational force behind the enigmatic assassination of nationally loved and envied figures whom the assassin did not know personally and against whom he had no actual grudge. The aim of vengeance is to destroy the envied superego figure conceived of in the unconscious as a depriving and persecutory force. The essence of the vengeful state of mind is to rob the loved object of what it possesses and spoil it. These possessions may be beauty, reputation, accomplishments, or even the object's very life (murder) or the assassin's life (suicide) if by so doing pain and harm could be inflicted.
Ordinarily during the oedipal period feelings of guilt and mourning are experienced and resolved. Whether this can be achieved depends largely on the emotions the child once felt to ward his lost love object. Normally the gaining of new objects such as the father, siblings, and other compensations lessens the degree of hate and vengefulness toward the mother. The oedipal stage has a profound effect upon whether vengefulness or envy is to be reinforced or attenuated. During the oedipal period and the genital phase the change from all other desires to genital ones often decreases the importance of the mother as the source of all satisfaction. Hate may then be displaced onto the father or siblings. The girl may identify with the mother and the boy with the father, in which case a range of sublimations becomes possible and decreases the intensity of the affect of vengefulness.
Crimes far in excess of any possible injury suffered by the criminal are commonplace. One need turn only to the pages of the daily press to find reports of violent acts carried out by those who consider themselves rising in justified retaliation to "get even." Most murders are termed "crimes of passion"—clinically, they represent an overwhelming breakthrough of id impulses and their vengeful expression. In a recent study nearly one third of psychiatrically hospitalized murderers were found to have suddenly expressed vengeance in a murderous act as the result of intolerable vengeful feelings secondary to ideas of morbid jealousy and infidelity (18). It has been reported that 29 per cent of all homicides in the United States (of which there were over 7,000 in 1962) are directed against immediate family members, and 19 per cent of murders outside the family were identified as lovers' quarrels. This constitutes a total of 48 per cent (23).
Murder by groups is exemplified in the sacking of cities and even in organized society's demand for the death penalty in crimes where there has been no destruction of life. Sexual molestation of children is punishable by death or life imprisonment in more than half of the states in this country. Sadistic or sadomasochistic prac tices, whether sexual or nonsexual, carried out by groups or singly, contain unconsciously the affect of vengeance.
Often vengefulness undergoes displacement. For example, Don Juan, deserted by his mother in childhood, spent his entire life getting women to fall in love with him and then rejecting them. This was a simultaneous satisfaction of both aggressive and libidinal drives. Don Juan was afraid of being rejected; the women's love served as a reassuring counterphobic measure.
There are women who take revenge on men due to their infantile sadistic conception of sex and continually pay back ("get even") an old grudge against the male ("vengeance masked by love" [21]). Many women so envy (often quite unconsciously) the man's possession of the penis that they may make every effort to make him unhappy in life.
In clinical practice one frequently sees a relationship between sexual passivity and vengeance. The vengeful person seeks to restore his identity and attempts to undo the damage done to his phallic integrity.
Patient A, after feeling rejected because of his girlfriend's critical attitude, dreamed: "I take a piece of wood out of my leg, throw it on the ground and stamp on it." This was an act of vengeance to deprive his lover of his penis since by often demeaning him she had forced him into the role of sexual passivity. In order to get even with her he punished her by punishing himself. At the same time he asserted himself actively by withholding and destroying his penis. As one might expect he developed a severe potency disturbance.
In the above example three fundamental characteristics of vengeance are demonstrated: (i) a desperate attempt to forestall threats of castration and a loss of a sense of identity; (ii) an attempt to ward off depression over loss or disappointment in love (or other severe disappointment); (iii) a joining of superego and ego where the id is free and permits discharge of its drives into aggression. (The patient no longer passively endures his castration but actively induces it—simultaneously punishing his girlfriend— albeit in a self-defeating fashion.)
Myths, legends, and tales of vengeance usually involve the threatened castration of the later-to-be avenger. In Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo, in addition to the hero's, Edmond's, incarceration, one of his persecutors seduced and married his betrothed. Edmond spent much of the later years of his life wreaking vengeance on all those who had attempted to destroy and castrate him. In the legend of Helen of Troy, Helen was stolen from the Greeks by the Trojans. Quite possibly the Greeks felt this was a national "castration"—the result of her abduction was a protracted war.
The affect of vengeance, however, does not require heroic themes. The most common precipitating situation is that of rejection or abandonment in a love relationship. The disappointed one may at first become depressed, masochistic, or suicidal. He may make frantic attempts to become resigned to the loss of the loved one and begin to undergo the normal process of loss and mourning. However, complications may occur. In some instances, he may still proclaim his "love" and turn against others whom he imagines to have robbed him of his love object. At other times, his aggression may be directed toward her and he will begin to seek vengeance against her. This condition leads to a spiraling downhill development. Although the revenger does not acknowledge it, in actuality he no longer can regain the lost love object and his previous relationship with her; he is dominated by his wish to reform and regain her through punishment. His own suffering increases with each attempt at vengeance.
In addition to investigating the origins of love and hate, Freud devoted considerable attention to the problem of the transformation of love into hate. I have found only one reference to vengeance or revenge in Freud's writings, although hate, aggression, and sadism are frequently mentioned. This reference is in connection with the development of depression. A study of his ideas on depression and revenge sheds further light on the problem: "In both disorders [depression and obsessional neuroses] the sufferers usually succeed in the end in taking revenge by the circuitous path of self-punishment, on the original objects and in tormenting them by means of the illness, having developed the latter so as to avoid the necessity of openly expressing their hos tility against the loved ones" (8, p. 152; my italics).
In The Ego and the Id (9), Freud stated that clinical observation showed that love is very often accompanied by hate, that hate is frequently a forerunner of love, and that in many circimstances hate changes into love and love into hate. Of course, someone may first love and then hate the same person without extracting vengeance. Other individuals, however, may be changed into persecutors and express aggressive and often dangerous impulses toward the formerly loved object. In the latter condition Freud assumes that there is no alteration in the behavior of the object which plays a part in this, but there is, on the other hand, an "ambivalent attitude . . . from the outset and the transformation is effected by means of a reactive shifting of cathexis, by which energy is withdrawn from the erotic impulses and used to supplement the hostile energy" (9, p. 61). This is a displaceable energy which is in itself neutral but is able to join forces either with an erotic or with a destructive impulse.
Freud, through his analysis of the obsessional neuroses, indirectly supplied us with a significant insight into a mechanism in vengeance. In obsessional neuroses, "what guarantees the safety of the ego is the fact that the object has been retained...through a regression to the pre-genital organization...the love-impulses transform themselves into impulses of aggression against the object" (9, p. 78). In contrast, in depression, the object has been lost and the destructive component has entrenched itself in the superego and turned against the ego. "...the object love, which cannot be given up, takes refuge in narcissistic identification, while the object itself is abandoned, then hate is expended upon this new substitute object, railing at it, depreciating it, making it suffer and deriving sadistic gratification from its suffering" (8, pp. 151-152). There has been a turning around upon the self.
The development of vengeful feelings from an antecedent love relationship is dependent on the following factors: (i) an ambivalent attitude from the outset—a mixture of love and hate; (ii) the withdrawal of energy from erotic impulses which is then used to supplement the hostile energies of the avenger; (iii) a regression to pregenital organization; (iv) an insuring of the safety of the ego in that the love object is retained.
Above all, in vengeance an attempt is made to: (i) provide for the safety of the ego; the self is not blamed as commonly seen in depression; (ii) the superego is not invaded by destructive com ponents which would rage against the ego; (iii) in place of the latter, love impulses are transformed into impulses of aggression directed against the object secondary to the regression which the patient has undergone.
A vivid example of the transformation of love into hate and vengeful violence was presented in a recent news story concerning a former Hungarian Freedom Fighter, later a physician in the United States. Upon learning of the infidelities of his wife, he poured acid over her body, especially her face, to extract vengeance and because he "loved her" and wanted to "save her" from doing harm to herself by future infidelities.
In the act of revenge the wish is for acknowledgment of one's power, superiority, rights, and judgment. The avenger hopes thereby to regain strength and his former sense of identity. Also, through the bond of hate and vengeance a replacement of the pre vious libidinal bond has occurred. The patient may then succeed in avoiding anxiety, which would otherwise have resulted from the complete loss of any bond with the love object.
In addition, the avenger prefers to experience rage and hate rather than fear. This is commonly seen in those who once felt forced into sexual passivity; in the unconscious this was tantamount to a self-castration. In attempting to reduce castration anxi ety these individuals may be driven to destroy the love object.
The avenger often has considered himself to be a male without any phallic deficiency in adult life. In certain circumstances he may suddenly be threatened by loss of this self-image, loss of the love object, financial distress, etc. Resorting to vengefulness is a startling proof, however, of his unconscious infantile fears, his castration anxiety, feelings of inferiority and smallness. In adult life, the initial infantile aggression become manifest instead of the deeper underlying castration fear. Typically, such persons have developed a defensive screening out of their fear and have imagined themselves to be the proud possessors of a large phallus, the favorite child, loved and admired. This response to the adult frustration contradicts these earlier infantile convictions. This mechanism which consists essentially of attempting to deny the wrong that was done to him in childhood does not sustain him for long. It is a form of 'temporary denial" which may involve depressive and repressive mechanisms, during which time he may feel that he has not been truly injured or harmed by the neglect and lack of love in his family. However, he may suddenly find that he reverts to overt expression of rage and vengeance through displacement and reaction formations. Vengeance may then be expressed through a vivid acting out.
Patient B, a successful young attorney, had been severely neglected by his mother and left to the care of nursemaids. Consciously he never complained of his mother's complete indifference to him as a child. When his girlfriend begged him to marry her, he rejected her because she was of a different faith. Her response was to turn her back and to close the door. A few hours later the patient presented himself at the door, bleeding from self-inflicted razor wounds and smeared with dirt. He thereby demonstrated to his girlfriend (mother) her bad treatment of him when he was a child.
The ego may disguise vengeance as (i) moral masochism; (ii) pathological jealousy; (iii) acts of "justified" aggression (either toward the actual victim or toward others); (iv) reaction formations such as excessive pity, sympathy, benevolence.
An identification with the one who has damaged him may take place. The threatened loss of his identity forces the avenger to behave as he believes the other one behaved toward him. For example, the avenger may engage in promiscuity, lying, or deceit fulness "in response" to the lying, deceitfulness, or promiscuity of the person who wronged him. This identification with the aggres sor increases the feeling of loss of self but at the same time allows for aggressive discharge. The avenger's search for self-esteem and identity is doomed to failure even if he carries out his aims to completion since the difficulty lies within himself.
Vengeance may flourish in the soil of masochism. The great lengths a person may go to in order to wreak vengeance may be masochistic in itself and he may become depleted morally, socially, and financially.
Patient C, a twenty-six-year-old homosexual man, separated from his wife, of definite aesthetic and artistic talent, was destructive in his work, sexual and social relationships whenever anyone began to be "nice" to him, thoughtful, considerate, or favor him. When a business partnership began to become successful, it would lead to his turning his "vitriol" on his partner and finally estrange him. He did not "trust" the friendship, which meant that he would not expose himself to the possibility of deep disappointment and hurt, the loss of ego and identity, which he had experienced at the hands of his mother in early childhood. His father had been forced to leave the family due to his mother's acrimonious attacks when the patient was only one year of age. The patient had "vowed" vengeance against the submission of his ego to the mother's domination. In summary, the loss of his father and the presence of his tyrannical, nonloving, depriving, "crushing" mother led to a loss of ego identity, a loss of his penis, and intense feelings of smallness. In his late teens, this developed into a wish to gain love and affection and a penis through the identification during sexual intercourse with his partner's penis. He also experienced vengeful homicidal impulses toward both male and female. He often told the analyst: "Out of the blue I have the thought I'd like to kill you."
To control his homosexual impulses and his aggressive drives he adopted a masochistic position which kept him bereft of power, success, and satisfaction. This masochistic position warded off murderous impulses—the choice of the lesser evil. However, in his masochism one could easily discern an expression of vengeance and his frantic attempts to control it. At the same time that he assumed the role of the helpless, suffering, weak individual, he said: "I shall not cooperate with you; I am stronger and bigger than all of you; I don't need my 'nothing' job; I do not have to rely on my wife, need no friends, I am invincible."
It became clear during the analysis that he could wreak vengeance on his mother, who constantly told him of how good she was to him despite his father's desertion, through demonstrating to her his complete failure in life. He would take vengeance on the analyst by walking out during sessions and by not getting well.
The affect of vengeance was unconscious for many months in this patient. When the vengeance motif was interpreted, he finally discovered "that I have been so consumed with revenge—makes an awful lot of sense to me. It keeps popping up in my mind. For example, I feel so vengeful toward my wife. I hope her new play fails, that she never remarries and that she never has the children she wants so much. It's like 'Take that—and that—ha ha!' It's so childish. It's not clear hate. It's like when you think, 'I hope you don't have a baby, ha ha!' It's the kind of hate children feel. If I succeed in vengeance, it's a pathetic aloneness I feel, all love is just dead. It makes me feel a little bit like a baby, like I want to cry, ask forgiveness, a hollow triumph. It destroys me—I've done it to you, mother, wife, and I feel a murderous elation, but then I feel a loss of all love and the bottom falls out. I give nothing, I get nothing, I go nowhere, I might as well kill myself, might as well...My complete revenge would lead to a hollow triumph—yes, then I wouldn't want to go to bed with my wife after that. I'd just want to shake. Even if I killed her, what good does it do me to kill her?
"Sometimes I feel like killing my mother and now like killing my wife. I'll kill her, kill her, and then I'll kill myself. I'll zip all the skin off her. But I can't kill her even though I don't like anyone. My mother indirectly made me lose my father and when I see that scene from my childhood with his ripping her hair, she seems to me to be the bad one and I feel guilty for that feeling. She's the horror. When he's ripping her hair, I feel that if I were older and I let out what I really felt when I was three, I would have cheered him on. You remember the time I attacked her and was sent to Bellevue—I stopped and the bottom dropped out. I felt completely destroyed. This way I would like to punish my wife, too. But if I did, I would get nothing but my vengeance. I go nowhere, I might as well kill myself. I think I want to show them both how I have been mistreated, first as a child and now by her. When I become masochistic, not only do I prevent myself from being destructive toward them but I have found out that I can even sustain stronger hate the more masochistic I stay. It keeps the hate good and strong, it feeds it."
Very often the hero—the one exalted in life and in literature—may represent a reaction formation to feelings of vengefulness due to childhood fears and inferiorities. The hero through counterphobic measures performs unnecessary and dangerous feats which will ensure him against castration. He thereby denies his fear of castration and attempts to compensate for it. If never defeated, he may, indeed, remain a hero. The avenger, in contrast, denies the fact that he has already been castrated; he must therefore force his castrators to reinvest him with power and strength and return his lost phallus. Revenge, however, is never completely satisfying. No matter the punishment meted out to his enemies, the uncon scious castration, the loss of identity, persists and cannot be erased from memory. Patient C voices the futility of wreaking complete vengeance on his rejecting mother and wife.
In the vengeful act the apparent absence of the restraining mechanism of conscience and the conscious absence of guilt is a striking phenomenon. The most violent crimes may be committed and sadistic practices carried out; instead of a reduction in the feeling of moral pride there very well may be an increase in the sense of self-esteem. The avenger attempts to masquerade as his victim's superego.
Punishing the victim may also be due to the displacement of guilt and finding of a scapegoat, as Loewenstein described in Christians and Jews (20). In the latter connection, mass vengeance, whether against Jew, Negro or other minority, may allow for the temporary lowering of superego barriers in order to fulfill the oedipal wishes against the father in the presence of the group (sharing the guilt mechanism). Such acts upon a helpless minority may provoke retaliation, which is then used by the avengers to justify their own course. In this fashion one also escapes superego guilt. In vengeance conscious superego guilt is absent and in stinctual aims, especially those of aggression, are paramount. This is in contrast to states of boredom (11) in which instinctual aims and objects are repressed because of guilt. In the final analysis, one gains the distinct impression that the demands of the superego are partially met through the punishment of someone else—the imagined offender. This might be termed a "hypocritical distor tion of the superego" (4). Unconsciously, however, the vengeful person suffers intense guilt feelings which must stay in repression or a severe depression ensues. In effect, he protests: "It is not I who has destroyed the good breast (mother)—it is she." Nonethless, there remains the deeply repressed conviction that this childhood happening is the result of one's own bitterly resentful and destructive impulses toward good objects (satisfactions) (17). The resultant guilt induces a need for self-punishment usually expressed as a decreased evaluation of self and a renewed projection of blame.
Although a seeming overvaluation of the self frequently characterizes the avenger, the underlying diminution of self-esteem leads to his withdrawal, both physical and mental, from all former pursuits. A middle-aged storekeeper, cheated out of his business by a partner, instead of expressing his murderous vengefulness and attacking his former associate, became depressed and extremely self-deprecatory.
Vengeance bears certain similarities to paranoid conditions. Like vengeance, in paranoia there is a superego regression (13) and guilt projection. In both, the projection of guilt onto others is to create a superego for the other supposedly guilty party and to mete out punishment. Vengeance, therefore, as well as paranoia, sets up an alter superego against which the unconscious superego of the patient may wage its tyranny.
The diagnostic difference reveals itself in the following factors. (i) In the paranoiac there is a psychotic elaboration of the injuries perpetrated against the patient; the vengeful patient shows no such dereistic thinking, although he bitterly complains of damage done him. (ii) Whereas the vengeful patient may suddenly erupt in violent action, upon its consummation he is almost always aware of its inappropriateness, although he both lacks this awareness before the act and was unable to inhibit his action; the paranoiac continues in his unreal thinking. (iii) A study of the premorbid personality is of crucial significance diagnostically. (iv) In the paranoiac there is a denial of reality: "I don't hate him; he hates me." The aim of the vengeful act is not only to punish his victim but to elicit from him the admission: "I'm sorry I did it to you; you are superior, more powerful, and I bow to your judgment and decision."
Viewing superego functioning in its broadest conceptualization, not only is vengefulness to be eschewed but its opposite, forgiveness, cultivated. Forgiveness releases the individual from super ego bondage. It is the only relief from the burden of contriving and acting out multiple painful intrapsychic mechanisms which the condition imposes. Freed from this painful affect, new love relationships may be possible and the individual's instinctual energies are again made available for useful and constructive aims. A true victory lies not in vengeance but in overcoming the infantile damage done to the ego and constructing a more stable and mature ego based on reality and able to endure its disappointments.
One cannot, of course, expect a vengeful patient to divest himself readily of so meaningful an affect which has so overwhelmingly pervaded his psyche. To make this change the patient must perceive the true nature of both vengeance (including its infantile origin) and forgiveness—and the privation or enrichment which, respectively, inevitably follow. "Forgiving is not the same thing as exoneration. It does not consist in attesting the other's guiltlessness. One can only exonerate the innocent; one can only forgive the wrongdoer" (15).
The primitiveness of the affect of vengeance severely blocks the total ego development of the individual and deprives him of any pleasurable adaptation. Spinoza, to whom Freud often turned, succinctly stated this premise: "He who wishes to revenge injuries by reciprocal injuries will always be unhappy."
The genetic forerunners of vengeance are found in the earliest object relationships. Initial disturbances due to oral frustrations result in the ego's inability to satisfy the instincts autoerotically and to an incorporation of hateful internal objects.
In contrast to love, in which the mode of striving of the ego is toward objects as a source of pleasure, in vengeance the striving of the ego is against these objects as a source of pain to ensure their destruction.
The aim of vengeful impulses is not only destructive introjection, but to put hated parts of the self onto the hated object in order to spoil and destroy it. Even spoiling of the self may be resorted to in the hope that it will result in the object's pain and suffering. Envied superego figures, e.g., national leaders, conceived of in the unconscious as depriving and persecutory, often become the target for vengeful individuals.
Severely damaged in the capacity to love, the vengeful person reacts to life's losses and disappointments as if they were representatives of the depriving breast and mother. Infantile retaliatory impulses are reinforced by later deprivations of the preoedipal and oedipal periods. Superego, ego, and id manifestations of vengeance are described along with the underlying psychic mechanisms.
Vengefulness constitutes an effort to express and forcibly secure instinctual needs, to assuage guilt, to relieve fear and aggres sion. With the infantile origin of vengeance exposed the ego is strengthened to deal more effectively with reality pursuits.
1. Abraham, K. Notes on the psycho-analytical investigation and treatment of manic-depressive insanity and allied conditions (1911). Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis. London: Hogarth Press, 1927, pp. 137-156.
2. Abraham, K. A short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders (1924). Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis, London:Hogarth Press, 1927, pp. 418-501.
3. Alexander, J. The psychology of bitterness. Int. J. Psychoanal., 41:514-520, 1960.
4. de Forest, I. The self-dedication of the psychoneurotic sufferer to hostile protest and revenge. Psychiat. Quart., 24:706-715, 1950.
5. de Vere, E. Revenge of wrong. In Shakespeare: The Man Behind the Name, by D. Ogburn & C. Ogburn, Jr. New York: Morrow, 1962.
Fain would I sing, but fury
makes me fret,
And rage bath sworn to seek
revenge of wrong;
My mazed mind in malice is so
As Death shall daunt my deadly
dolours long;
Patience perforce is such a
pinching pain,
As die I will, or suffer wrong
I am no sot, to suffer such abuse
As doth bereave my heart of
his delight;
Nor will I frame myself to such
as use,
With calm consent, to suffer
such despite;
No quiet sleep shall once possess
mine eye
Till Wit hath wrought his will
on injury.
My heart shall fail, and hand
shall lost his force,
But some device shall pay
Despite his due;
And Fury shall consume my
careful corse,
Or raze the ground whereon
my sorrow grew.
Lo, thus in rage of ruthful mind
I rest reveng'd on whom I am abus'd.
6. Fenichel, 0. The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York: W. W. Norton,
7. Freud, S. Instincts and their vicissitudes (1915). Standard Edition, 14:111-140.
London: Hogarth Press, 1957.
8. Freud, S. Mourning and melancholia (1917). In A General Selection from the
Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. J. Rickman. London: Hogarth Press, 1937.
9. Freud, S. The Ego and the Id (1923). London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
10. Freud, S. Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety (1926). Standard Edition, 20:77-175. London: Hogarth Press, 1959.
11. Greenson, R. R. On boredom. This Journal, 1:7-21, 1953.
12. Greenson, R. R. On enthusiasm. This Journal, 10:3-21, 1962.
13.Hesselbach, C. Superego regression in paranoia. Psychoanal. Quart., 31:341-350,
14. Jacobson, E. Normal and pathological moods: their nature and functions. The
Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 12:73-114. New York: International Universities Press, 1957.
15. Kecskemeti, P. Punishment as conflict resolution: toward the clarification of the problem of punishment and psychotherapy. Arch. Crim. Psychodyn., 4:700-723,1961.
16. Klein, M. The Psycho-Analysis of Children. London: Hogarth Press, 1932.
17. Klein, M. Envy and Gratitude: A Study of Unconscious Sources. New York:
Basic Books, 1957.
18. Lanzkron, J. Murder and insanity: a survey. Amer. J. Psychiat., 119:754-759,
19. Lewin, B. D. The Psychoanalysis of Elation. New York: W. W. Norton, 1950.
20. Loewenstein, R. M. Christians and Jews. New York: International Universities
Press, 1952.
21. Menninger, K. A. A Psychiatrist's World. New York: Viking, 1959.
22. Schmideberg, M. On querulance. Psychoanal. Quart., 15:472-502, 1946.
23. Uniform Crime Reports. Crime in the United States. Washington: Federal
Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1962.
(C)1999-2007 Rhonda Findling All rights reserved. Site maintained by Art By Tech.


text:
God's Way Recovery Ministries' recovery homes! If you have any questions concerning our recovery homes, how we operate, or where our homes are located then feel free to contact me, Robby Strickland, anytime! My number is at the bottom of every page, or you can go to our "Contact Us" page and send a quick and easy email to me! Thank for all your support!
- Robby Strickland
God's Way Recovery Ministries' purpose is to glorify God by working with the sick, suffering alcoholic, and drug addict. Teaching them a simple kit of spiritual tools taken from Alcoholics Anonymous, combined with spiritual disciplines from scripture. To inform them of the illness of the body, mind, and spirit. How once they consumed the alcohol or drug they can't stop, which is the illness of the body. How if they do stop, why they go back to it, not remembering the affect it will have on their life, which is the illness of mind. Most importantly, teaching them the illness of the spirit, how there is a God size hole in their heart that only He can fill. Along with these teachings, there will be a set of steps and some instructions. I will teach them the proper way to follow, that if followed will bring about permanent recovery and a life filled with value and purpose that brings God glory.
If you would like to be a part of this ministry, donations of any kind will be accepted and used for only the support of this recovery ministry. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact me at any time. My number is at the bottom of every page or you can submit an email very easily on our "Contact Us" page. Thank You!
- Robby Strickland


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Document Actions
City Council initiates a number of studies and projects. Take a look at the many reports completed to date.
Email Councilor Diane Gibson: [email protected]
Contact Policy Analyst Chris Sylvan:
[email protected]
(505) 768-3136
Find me on Twitter
District 7 is located in the center of Albuquerque's east side.
City Councilor Diane Gibson represents District 7, Albuquerque's mid-heights including uptown, parts of the north valley and parts of the near northeast heights. She was elected to the City Council in October 2013.
Learn more about Councilor Gibson.
Events Around the District
- Check out the Esperanza Community Bike Shop for educational classes, repairs or donations.
What's Important in District 7
Councilor Gibson is committed to improving the lives of citizens in District 7 and the City as a whole.
- Uptown Pedestrian Study Presentation- November 2014
- Highlighted Legislation
- Communities
- Projects & Planning Efforts
- Latest News & Events
Get Help for Common Issues
- Contact the Albuquerque Police Department Northeast Area Command or the Southeast Area Command
- Report Weed and Litter Issues
- Contact PNM to report a broken street light
- Find a park in your area
Need more help? Didn't get a response? Contact us right away and we'll help. Send us an online request or call my policy analyst at (505) 768-3136.
Photos from District 7
Latest News & Events
Paseo del Norte I-25 Interchange, Railyards Master Development Plan, Police Oversight Task Force
Downtown Neighborhood Area Sector Plan, Los Duranes Sector Plan, Raynolds Addition / Barelas Stop Sign Reconfiguration, Sawmill Wells Park Sector Development Plan, Summit Park / North Campus Neighborhood Traffic Management Plan, The Modern Roundabout, Zuni Road Study, Impact Fee Ordinance Amendments, West Central Metropolitan Redevelopment Area, Impact Fee Amendments, 2010-2020 Redistricting Process
Volcano Trails Sector Development Plan, Volcano Mesa Amendment to the Westside Strategic Plan, Volcano Cliffs Sector Development Plan
Charter Review Task Force, Form Based Zones, South Yale Sector Development Plan, Uptown Sector Development Plan
"Big Box" Regulations, Nob Hill Highland Sector Development Plan, Volcano Heights Sector Development Plan
12th and Menaul / Former Albuquerque Indian School Site, Huning Highland-East Downtown (EDO) Planning, Montaño Corridor Studies
4th and Montaño Coalition, Community Economic Forum 2004, Downtown Arena, Planned Growth Strategy
Unification Report, Parking Operations and Financial Review, Police Oversight Study, Albuquerque's Industrial Revenue Bond Program: Community Stakeholder Perspectives and Recommendations, Analysis of Albuquerque's Industrial Revenue Bond Program, APD Total Compensation Comparison and Overtime Analysis
Police Oversight Task Force Report to the Albuquerque City Council, Report on the Oversight Mechanisms of the Albuquerque Police Department


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The 2005 season was not going to be another of Ferrari domination. Renault made that clear from the outset by finishing first and third at the opening round in Melbourne.
The new rules were the focus of attention at Albert Park. Less downforce, engines to last two race weekends, one set of tyres for qualifying and race, and a revised two-part qualifying system, with the best times from a Saturday and a Sunday session aggregated to determine the grid. And what an unexpected grid it was, though thanks as much to the weather as to the new format.
A cloud burst midway through Qualifying One caused huge variations in the lap times. Under the new aggregate system, the slow drivers had no way of making up the difference on Sunday morning, hence Renaults Giancarlo Fisichella effectively sealed pole on Saturday afternoon, while then champion Michael Schumacher found himself 18th on the grid. Jarno Trulli put Toyota on the front row, while Red Bull made a sensational debut, locking out row three. It set up the prospect of a thrilling race.
However, with the drivers still unsure as to how their tyres would cope with a full grand-prix distance under race conditions it was not quite as exciting as some had hoped. Fisichella drove impeccably to win on his Renault debut, while team mate Fernando Alonso stormed through the field to take third, justifying everyones suspicions that they would be the team to beat in Australia. Splitting the blue cars was the Ferrari of Rubens Barrichello, whose rise through the pack surpassed even that of Alonso. It was welcome news for the champions, who were still running a revised version of their 2004 car, with the new F2005 still a few races away. Less welcome was Michael Schumacher crashing out after a dubious collision with the Williams of Nick Heidfeld.
There were plenty of other surprises. Williams proved more competitive than pre-season testing had suggested, with Mark Webber fifth. Team boss Sir Frank had tipped Red Bull to raise a few eyebrows and so they did, with David Coulthard beating Webber to fourth and Christian Klien coming home seventh to give the newcomers an opening-race haul of seven points - more than previous incarnation, Jaguar, had scored in the whole of 2004. The result was particularly sweet for Coulthard, whom many had written off after he was dropped by McLaren. To prove the doubters wrong he beat both the man who took his seat, Juan Pablo Montoya (sixth) and former team mate Kimi Raikkonen (eighth).
While Renault and Red Bull toasted their success, BAR and Toyota had less to celebrate. The former, Ferraris biggest rivals in 2004, were nowhere near the pace or the points and controversially retired both cars on the final lap, exploiting a loophole in the new regulations to give them fresh engines for Malaysia. At Toyota, the promise of Trullis second-place grid spot came to nothing as he slipped down the field to a distant ninth, with Ralf Schumacher 12th.
On a more positive note, three of the four rookie drivers completed the race, with Jordans Narain Karthikeyan and Tiago Monteiro 15th and 16th respectively and Minardis Patrick Friesacher 17th. Despite finishing last, Minardi were in plenty of headlines, thanks to boss Paul Stoddarts battle with the FIA over his wanting to run 2004-spec cars in the race. After gaining a court injunction allowing him to do so, Stoddart then made an unexpected U-turn, hastily switching his cars to 2005 spec, after Max Mosley suggested that the affair could threaten the whole future of motorsport in Australia.
Links: Results / Live Timing Archive, Photos, TV images


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Some final reminders for voters
Tuesday, November 6, 2012
In addition to myriad election races on today's ballot, voters will be asked to decide the fate of three questions relating to the state constitution. The editorial board here at Foster's Daily Democrat recommends that you vote no on all three. |


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April 16, 2013
DECISION ALERT Today the Supreme Court issued two decisions, described below, of interest to the business community.
Fair Labor Standards Act—Effect of Offer of Judgment Before Conditional Certification
Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, No. 11-1059 (previously discussed in the June 26, 2012, Docket Report)
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ("FLSA") permits an employee to file a "collective action" for damages against an employer individually and on behalf of other "similarly situated" employees who later choose to join the lawsuit. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). In Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, before any other employee had opted to join the suit, the defendant made an offer of judgment to the named plaintiff for the full relief sought by her individual claims. Today, the Supreme Court held—by a 5-4 vote—that the district court had properly dismissed the FLSA collective action for lack of standing. Writing for the majority, Justice Thomas explained that once the offer of judgment had mooted the named plaintiff's individual claims: "A straightforward application of well-settled mootness principles compels" the conclusion that the entire action "became moot, because she lacked any personal stake in representing" other employees, and thus there no longer was any "case or controversy" for decision, as required by Article III of the U.S. Constitution.
The court of appeals had reversed the dismissal, reasoning that to allow the defendant to "pick off" the named plaintiff with an offer of judgment before the collective action could be certified would "frustrate" the goals of FLSA collective-action provisions. In the Supreme Court, the majority rejected this argument because it rested on distinguishable cases involving class actions. In those cases, the majority explained, either it would be impossible for any other class member to pursue claims for injunctive relief if the class action were dismissed (because of the claims' transitory nature) or the putative class already had acquired "independent legal status" before the offer of judgment was made. Neither is true of an FLSA collective action for damages that no other employee had yet joined.
The plaintiff also had relied on a statement in Deposit Guaranty National Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326 (1980), criticizing the use of offers of judgment to "pick off" the named plaintiff in a class action before class certification. But the majority explained that Roper's holding turned on the fact that the plaintiff in that case had a continuing interest in trying to reduce his share of attorneys' fees by splitting them among an entire certified class. By contrast, in this case, the offer of judgment included the named plaintiff's attorneys' fees and thus "provided complete relief on [the plaintiff's] individual claims." Moreover, the majority suggested that Roper may have been abrogated by a later decision holding that an interest in seeking attorneys' fees is insufficient to confer standing.
Justice Kagan, joined by Justices Ginsburg, Breyer and Sotomayor, dissented, taking issue with the majority's reliance on what they saw as the lower courts' "mistake" that the plaintiff's claim was mooted by the unaccepted offer of judgment. The dissenters noted that the Court had simply assumed that the named plaintiff's individual claims were moot because she had conceded that fact in the litigation. But because plaintiffs in future cases will not make the same concession, the dissenters contended that the Court's holding was a "one-off" result involving a situation "that should never arise again."
Symczyk is of substantial importance to any business that faces collective or class actions of any stripe. Despite the dissent's assertion that the Court's holding is limited to this case only, the logic of the Court's decision applies to all FLSA collective actions—and potentially to class actions in general. Symczyk thus promises to give businesses a powerful method of settling named plaintiffs' claims in the context of meritless collective and class actions. If a business is willing to pay the named plaintiff's demand in full at the very outset of the case, the Supreme Court's decision suggests that a plaintiff may be barred from pursuing a collective or class action and subjecting the business to the enormous costs of class-wide discovery in an effort to coerce a settlement.
Any questions about this case should be directed to Archis Parasharami (+1 202 263 3328) or Kevin Ranlett (+1 202 263 3217) in our Washington, DC office or Marcia Goodman in (+1 312 701 7953) in our Chicago office.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act—Reimbursement of Benefits Paid out of Funds Recovered from Third Parties
US Airways, Inc. v. McCutchen, No. 11-1285 (previously discussed in the June 26, 2012, Docket Report)
Section 502(a)(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA") authorizes a plan fiduciary to enforce the plan against beneficiaries by seeking an injunction or "other appropriate equitable relief." 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). Thus, when a beneficiary obtains benefits under the plan for injuries caused by the negligent or willful acts of a third party, the fiduciary may enforce a right to subrogation established in the plan by imposing an equitable lien or constructive trust on any funds the beneficiary subsequently recovers from the responsible party. Today, in US Airways, Inc. v. McCutchen, No. 11-1285, the Supreme Court held that Section's 502(a)(3)'s reference to "appropriate" equitable relief merely denotes the type of relief that was traditionally available in equity—including, for example, an equitable lien. Under the Court's decision, the statute's reference to "appropriate" equitable relief does not mean that a plan administrator is foreclosed from enforcing a reimbursement provision in an ERISA plan according to its express terms whenever an equitable defense to reimbursement (such as unjust enrichment) would otherwise apply.
Respondent James McCutchen, a defendant below, was injured in a car accident. Petitioner US Airways, the plaintiff below, paid approximately $67,000 for McCutchen's medical expenses in its capacity as administrator of McCutchen's ERISA benefits plan ("the Plan"). McCutchen later engaged the services of a law firm, also a defendant below, and brought suit against the other driver, ultimately recovering a total of approximately $110,000 from a settlement with the driver and under McCutchen's automotive insurance policy. This recovery was subject to a 40% contingency fee that McCutchen paid his counsel, leaving him with a net benefit of just under $66,000.
Petitioner sued both McCutchen and the law firm—which held a portion of McCutchen's recovery in trust—for reimbursement of the full $67,000 in benefits under a provision of the Plan requiring McCutchen "to reimburse [US Airways] for amounts paid for claims out of any monies recovered from [the] third party." Slip op. 3 (alterations made by Court). The district court granted summary judgment to petitioner and ordered respondents to reimburse the Plan according to its express terms. The Third Circuit vacated the district court's judgment, reasoning that, "in a suit for appropriate equitable relief under § 502(a)(3), a court must apply any equitable doctrines and defenses that traditionally limited the relief requested." Id. at 4.
In a 5-4 opinion by Justice Kagan, the Supreme Court vacated the Third Circuit's judgment. Its decision "has two parts, one favoring US Airways, the other McCutchen." Slip op. 16.
The Court first held that Section 502(a)(3)'s reference to "appropriate" equitable relief simply makes clear that the "provision . . . authorizes the kinds of relief 'typically available in equity' in the days 'of the divided bench,' before law and equity merged." Slip op. 5. Where an equitable remedy is properly sought under Section 502(a)(3) to enforce the express terms of an ERISA plan, the Court explained, courts must "declin[e] to apply rules—even if they would be 'equitable' in a contract's absence—at odds with the parties' expressed commitments." Id. at 8. "Those [equitable] principles . . . are beside the point," the Court said, "when parties demand what they bargained for in a valid agreement." Id. at 9. Accordingly, McCutchen could be compelled under the express terms of the Plan to reimburse all of the benefits that he had received, if the express terms required it, notwithstanding any equitable defenses to reimbursement that might otherwise apply.
The Court then held that, while "equitable rules . . . cannot trump a reimbursement provision, they still might aid in properly construing it." Slip op. 13. Here, because the Plan "sa[id] nothing specific" about which party would bear the costs of attorney's fees expended in connection with obtaining McCutchen's settlement awards, the Court found it appropriate to apply an equitable principle known as the "common-fund doctrine," under which McCutchen's attorney's fees would be reasonably apportioned between McCutchen and the fund administrator. Id. at 14. Thus, although the Court vacated the Third Circuit's judgment, it remanded the case for further proceedings, in which the district court could limit petitioner's right to reimbursement by some fraction of McCutchen's legal expenses under the common-fund doctrine.
Justice Scalia filed a dissenting opinion, in which Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Thomas and Alito joined. The dissent agreed with the majority's interpretation of Section 502(a)(3) but disagreed with its decision "to apply the 'common-fund' doctrine" to fill a perceived "'contractual gap'" in the Plan language at issue. Slip op. 1 (dissenting opinion). In the dissent's view, the parties had conceded that the terms of the Plan were unambiguous in all material respects, and any issues related to the potential application of the common-fund doctrine had been neither preserved nor fairly included with the question presented.
The Court's decision in McCutchen establishes that contractual provisions requiring reimbursement of benefits paid according to an ERISA plan will be enforced according to their unambiguous terms. The ruling will thus be of interest to all businesses that offer such plans to their employees or administer them on behalf of other entities. At the same time, the Court's decision highlights the need to draft reimbursement provisions in ERISA plan documents that are as clear and comprehensive as possible. Doing so will minimize (although likely not eliminate) the potential for courts to apply equitable rules as "gap fillers" when the plan language is silent or ambiguous.
Any questions about the case should be directed to Marcia Goodman in (+1 312 701 7953) in our Chicago office or Maureen Gorman (+1 212 506 2679) in our New York office.
Mayer Brown's Supreme Court & Appellate practice ordinarily distributes a Docket Report when the Supreme Court grants certiorari in a case of interest to the business community and a Docket Report-Decision Alert when the Court decides such a case. We hope that you find the Docket Reports and Decision Alerts useful, and welcome feedback on them (which should be addressed to Richard B. Katskee, their general editor, at firstname.lastname@example.com or +1 202 263 3222).
Feel free to forward this message to anyone who you believe might be interested in the Decision Alert.
Mayer Brown Supreme Court Docket Reports provide information and comments on legal issues and developments of interest to our clients and friends. They are not a comprehensive treatment of the subject matter covered and are not intended to provide legal advice. Readers should seek specific legal advice before taking any action with respect to the matters discussed.


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Secrets to saving rainwater and the environment
Sunday, February 2, 2014
SPRINGWVALE, Maine — Southern Maine Garden Club (SMGC) met on Wednesday, Jan. 15, at the Springvale Library for a lecture on water conservation entitled "Don't get washed away".
One important pocketbook issue is the importance of rain barrels. It is very costly to filter all the runoff at our treatment facilities. To meet this added cost many communities are looking into calculating the runoff caused by non-absorbing areas on individual properties that do not protect against soil erosion These include, but are not limited to, roofs, driveways, patios. She advised we should think about saving ourselves money and invest in rain barrels. The goal of water conservation efforts is often to slow the flow.
The next scheduled meeting on the third Wednesday of the month will be on Feb. 19 and it will be a Pot Luck dinner where the members will discuss future workshops, plan committee work assignments, discuss our June plant sale, membership teas and Green Thumb Awards night. It will take place at the Springvale Library at 443 Main St., Springvale, Maine; at 6:45 p.m. and all are invited. FMI about future meetings, please contact in Maine — Mary Stewart-Dore at (207) 490-1833 or in NH — Donna Claveau at (603) 332-4860.