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Barbara Ehrenreich exposes the psychological effects of a world which tells us to put on a happy face and the blindness of nations that refuse to imagine the worst
The delusion of positive thinking
Americans are a 'positive' people. This is our reputation as well as our self-image. We smile a lot and are often baffled when people from other cultures do not return the favour. In the well-worn stereotype, we are upbeat, cheerful, optimistic and shallow, while foreigners are likely to be subtle, world-weary and possibly decadent. American expatriate writers like Henry James and James Baldwin wrestled with and occasionally reinforced this stereotype, which I encountered in the 1980s in the form of a remark by Soviet émigré poet Joseph Brodsky to the effect that the problem with Americans is that they have 'never known suffering'. (Apparently he didn't know who had invented the blues.) Whether we Americans see it as an embarrassment or a point of pride, being positive – in affect, in mood, in outlook – seems to be engrained in our national character.
Who would be churlish or disaffected enough to challenge these happy features of the American personality? Take the business of positive 'affect', which refers to the mood we display to others through our smiles, our greetings, our professions of confidence and optimism. Scientists have found that the mere act of smiling can generate positive feelings within us, at least if the smile is not forced. In addition, good feelings, as expressed through our words and smiles, seem to be contagious. 'Smile and the world smiles with you.' Surely the world would be a better, happier place if we all greeted one another warmly and stopped to coax smiles from babies – if only through the well-known social psychological mechanism of 'mood contagion'. Recent studies show that happy feelings flit easily through social networks, so that one person's good fortune can brighten the day even for only distantly connected others.1
Furthermore, psychologists today agree that positive feelings like gratitude, contentment and self-confidence can actually lengthen our lives and improve our health. Some of these claims turn out to be exaggerated... though positive feelings hardly need to be justified, like exercise or vitamin supplements, as part of a healthy lifestyle. People who report having positive feelings are more likely to participate in a rich social life, and vice versa, and social connectedness turns out to be an important defence against depression, which is a known risk factor for many physical illnesses. At the risk of redundancy or even tautology, we can say that on many levels, individual and social, it is good to be 'positive', certainly better than being withdrawn, aggrieved, or chronically sad.
So I take it as a sign of progress that, in just the last decade or so, economists have begun to show an interest in using happiness rather than just the gross national product as a measure of an economy's success. Happiness is, of course, a slippery thing to measure or define. Philosophers have debated what it is for centuries, and even if we were to define it simply as a greater frequency of positive feelings than negative ones, when we ask people if they are happy we are asking them to arrive at some sort of average over many moods and moments…
In addition to the problems of measurement, there are cultural differences in how happiness is regarded and whether it is even seen as a virtue. Some cultures, like our own, value the positive affect that seems to signal internal happiness; others are more impressed by seriousness, self-sacrifice, or a quiet willingness to co-operate. However hard to pin down, though, happiness is somehow a more pertinent metric for wellbeing, from a humanistic perspective, than the buzz of transactions that constitute the GDP.
Surprisingly, when psychologists undertake to measure the relative happiness of nations, they routinely find that Americans are not, even in prosperous times and despite our vaunted positivity, very happy at all. A recent meta-analysis of over 100 studies of self-reported happiness worldwide found Americans ranking only 23rd, surpassed by the Dutch, the Danes, the Malaysians, the Bahamians, the Austrians, and even the supposedly dour Finns.2 In another potential sign of relative distress, Americans account for two-thirds of the global market for antidepressants, which happen to be the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. To my knowledge, no one knows how antidepressant use affects people's responses to happiness surveys: do respondents report being happy because the drugs make them feel happy or do they report being unhappy because they know they are dependent on drugs to make them feel better? Without our heavy use of antidepressants, Americans would likely rank far lower in the happiness ratings than we currently do...
How can we be so surpassingly 'positive' in self-image and stereotype without being the world's happiest and best-off people? The answer, I think, is that positivity is not so much our condition or our mood as it is part of our ideology – the way we explain the world and think we ought to function within it. That ideology is 'positive thinking', by which we usually mean two things. One is the generic content of positive thinking – that is, the positive thought itself – which can be summarised as: Things are pretty good right now, at least if you are willing to see silver linings, make lemonade out of lemons, etc, and things are going to get a whole lot better. This is optimism, and it is not the same as hope. Hope is an emotion, a yearning, the experience of which is not entirely within our control. Optimism is a cognitive stance, a conscious expectation, which presumably anyone can develop through practice.
The second thing we mean by 'positive thinking' is this practice, or discipline, of trying to think in a positive way. There is, we are told, a practical reason for undertaking this effort: positive thinking supposedly not only makes us feel optimistic but actually makes happy outcomes more likely. If you expect things to get better, they will. How can the mere process of thinking do this? In the rational explanation that many psychologists would offer today, optimism improves health, personal efficacy, confidence, and resilience, making it easier for us to accomplish our goals. A far less rational theory also runs rampant in American ideology – the idea that our thoughts can, in some mysterious way, directly affect the physical world. Negative thoughts somehow produce negative outcomes, while positive thoughts realise themselves in the form of health, prosperity and success. For both rational and mystical reasons, then, the effort of positive thinking is said to be well worth our time and attention, whether this means reading the relevant books, attending seminars and speeches that offer the appropriate mental training, or just doing the solitary work of concentration on desired outcomes – a better job, an attractive mate, world peace.
There is an anxiety, as you can see, right here in the heart of American positive thinking. If the generic 'positive thought' is correct and things really are getting better, if the arc of the universe tends towards happiness and abundance, then why bother with the mental effort of positive thinking? Obviously, because we do not fully believe that things will get better on their own. The practice of positive thinking is an effort to pump up this belief in the face of much contradictory evidence. Those who set themselves up as instructors in the discipline of positive thinking – coaches, preachers, and gurus of various sorts – have described this effort with terms like 'self-hypnosis', 'mind-control', and 'thought control'. In other words, it requires deliberate self-deception, including a constant effort to repress or block out unpleasant possibilities and 'negative' thoughts. The truly self-confident, or those who have in some way made peace with the world and their destiny within it, do not need to expend effort censoring or otherwise controlling their thoughts. Positive thinking may be a quintessentially American activity, associated in our minds with both individual and national success, but it is driven by a terrible insecurity...
While positive thinking has reinforced and found reinforcement in American national pride, it has also entered into a kind of symbiotic relationship with American capitalism. There is no natural, innate affinity between capitalism and positive thinking. In fact, one of the classics of sociology, Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, makes a still impressive case for capitalism's roots in the grim and punitive outlook of Calvinist Protestantism, which required people to defer gratification and resist all pleasurable temptations in favour of hard work and the accumulation of wealth.
But if early capitalism was inhospitable to positive thinking, 'late' capitalism, or consumer capitalism, is far more congenial, depending as it does on the individual's hunger for more and the firm's imperative of growth. The consumer culture encourages individuals to want more – cars, larger homes, television sets, cell phones, gadgets of all kinds – and positive thinking is ready at hand to tell them they deserve more and can have it if they really want it and are willing to make the effort to get it. Meanwhile, in a competitive business world, the companies that manufacture these goods and provide the paycheques that purchase them have no alternative but to grow. If you don't steadily increase market share and profits, you risk being driven out of business or swallowed by a larger enterprise. Perpetual growth, whether of a particular company or an entire economy, is of course an absurdity, but positive thinking makes it seem possible, if not ordained.
In addition, positive thinking has made itself useful as an apology for the crueler aspects of the market economy. If optimism is the key to material success, and if you achieve an optimistic outlook through the discipline of positive thinking, then there is no excuse for failure. The flip side of positivity is thus a harsh insistence on personal responsibility: if your business fails or your job is eliminated, it must be because you didn't try hard enough, didn't believe firmly enough in the inevitability of your success. As the economy has brought more layoffs and financial turbulence to the middle class, the promoters of positive thinking have increasingly emphasised this negative judgement: to be disappointed, resentful, or downcast is to be a 'victim' and a 'whiner'...
At the turn of the 21st century American optimism seemed to reach a manic crescendo. In his final State of Union address in 2000, Bill Clinton struck a triumphal note, proclaiming that 'never before has our nation enjoyed, at once, so much prosperity and social progress with so little internal crisis and so few external threats'. But compared with his successor, Clinton seemed almost morose. George W Bush had been a cheerleader in prep school, and cheerleading – a distinctly American innovation – could be considered the athletically inclined ancestor of so much of the coaching and 'motivating' that has gone into the propagation of positive thinking. He took the presidency as an opportunity to continue in that line of work, defining his job as that of inspiring confidence, dispelling doubts, and pumping up the national spirit of self-congratulation. If he repeatedly laid claim to a single adjective, it was 'optimistic'. On the occasion of his 60th birthday, he told reporters he was 'optimistic' about a variety of foreign policy challenges, offering as an overview, 'I'm optimistic that all problems will be solved.' Nor did he brook any doubts or hesitations among his close advisors. According to Bob Woodward, Condoleezza Rice failed to express some of her worries because, she said, 'the president demanded optimism. He didn't like pessimism, hand-wringing or doubt.'3
Then things began to go wrong, which is not in itself unusual but was a possibility excluded by America's official belief that things are good and getting better. There was the dot-com bust that began a few months after Clinton's declaration of unprecedented prosperity in his final State of the Union address, then the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. Furthermore, things began to go wrong in a way that suggested that positive thinking might not guarantee success after all, that it might in fact dim our ability to fend off real threats. In her remarkable book, Never Saw It Coming: Cultural Challenges to Envisioning the Worst, sociologist Karen Cerulo recounts a number of ways that the habit of positive thinking, or what she calls optimistic bias, undermined preparedness and invited disaster. She quotes Newsweek reporters Michael Hirsch and Michael Isikoff, for example, in their conclusion that 'a whole summer of missed clues, taken together, seemed to presage the terrible summer of 2001'.4 There had already been a terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in 1993; there were ample warnings, in the summer of 2001, about a possible attack by airplane, and flight schools reported suspicious students like the one who wanted to learn how to 'fly a plane but didn't care about landing and take-off'. The fact that no one – the FBI, the INS, Bush, or Rice – heeded these disturbing cues was later attributed to a 'failure of imagination'. But actually there was plenty of imagination at work – imagining an invulnerable nation and an ever-booming economy – there was simply no ability or inclination to imagine the worst...
Positive equals good
What can we be if not positive? 'I do believe in the power of positive thinking,' veteran newspaper editor Ben Bradlee wrote recently. 'I don't know any other way to live.' 5 We've gone so far down this yellow brick road that positive seems to us not only normal but normative – the way you should be. A restaurant not far from where I live calls itself the Positive Pizza and Pasta Place, apparently distinguishing itself from the many sullen and negative Italian dining options. A veteran human resources executive, baffled by my questions about positive thinking in the workplace, ventured hesitantly, 'But isn't positive... good?' He was right: we have come to use the words 'positive' and 'good' almost interchangeably. In this moral system, either you look on the bright side, constantly adjusting your attitude and revising your perceptions – or you go over to the dark side.
The alternative to positive thinking is not, however, despair. In fact, negative thinking can be just as delusional as the positive kind. Depressed people project their misery onto the world, imagining worst outcomes from every endeavour and then feeding their misery on these distorted expectations. In both cases, there is an inability to separate emotion from perception, a willingness to accept illusion for reality, either because it feels good or, in the depressive's case, because it reinforces familiar, downwardly spiralling neural pathways. The alternative to both is to try to get outside of ourselves and see things as they are, or as uncoloured as possible by our own feelings and fantasies, to understand that the world is full of both danger and opportunity – the chance of great happiness as well as the certainty of death.
This is not easy. Our moods affect our perceptions, as do the moods of others around us, and there will always be questions about the reliability of the evidence. Generally it helps to recruit the observations of others, since our individual perceptions could be erroneous, and whether the issue has to do with the approach of a marauding leopard or the possibility of a financial downturn, the more information we can gather the better off we are. This is the project of science: to pool the rigorous observations of many people into a tentative accounting of the world, which will of course always be subject to revisions arising from fresh observations.
But the group – whether it's a prehistoric band of 40 people, the president's National Security Council, or the American Psychological Association – is not entirely trustworthy either. No matter how intelligent and well informed its members are, the group may fall into the grip of collective delusions, frenzies, intellectual fads, or what has been identified in recent decades as group think. There seems to be an evolutionary paradox at work here: human survival in the face of multiple threats depended on our ability to live in groups, but the imperative of maintaining group cohesion can sometimes override realism and common sense, making us hesitate to challenge the consensus or be the bearer of bad news. So, after checking with others, it remains the responsibility of each individual to sift through the received wisdom, insofar as possible, and decide what's worth holding on to. This can require the courage of a Galileo, the iconoclasm of a Darwin or Freud, the diligence of a homicide detective.
At issue is not only knowledge of the world but our survival as individuals and as a species. All the basic technologies ever invented by humans to feed and protect themselves depend on a relentless commitment to hard-nosed empiricism: you cannot assume that your arrowheads will pierce the hide of a bison or that your raft will float just because the omens are propitious and you have been given supernatural reassurance that they will. You have to be sure. Prehistoric humans had to make a careful study of the natural world and the materials it offered them – for example, rocks, clay, plant fibres, animal sinews. Then they had to experiment until, through trial and error, they found what actually works. Without a doubt, throughout our several hundred thousand years of existence on earth, humans have also been guided by superstition, mystical visions, and collective delusions of all sorts. But we got where we are, fanning out over the huge continent of Africa and from there all over the earth, through the strength of the knots we could tie, the sturdiness of shelters and boats, the sharpness of spearheads.
Human intellectual progress, such as it has been, results from our long struggle to see things as they are, or in the most universally comprehensible way, and not as projections of our own emotions. Thunder is not a tantrum in the sky, disease is not a divine punishment, and not every death or accident results from witchcraft. What we call the Enlightenment and hold on to only tenuously, by our fingernails, is the slow-dawning understanding that the world is unfolding according to its own inner algorithms of cause and effect, probability and chance, without any regard for human feelings.
Seeing things as they are
I realise that after decades of positive thinking the notion of realism, of things as they are, may seem a little quaint. But even in America, the heartland of positive thinking, some stubborn strain of realism has persisted throughout these years of delusion. When the stakes are high enough and the risks obvious, we still turn to people who can be counted on to understand those risks and prepare for worst-case scenarios. A chief of state does not want to hear a general in the field say that he hopes to win tomorrow's battle or that he's visualising victory; he or she wants one whose plans include the possibility that things may go very badly, and fall-back positions in case they do...
In our daily lives, too, all of us, no matter how determinedly upbeat, rely on what psychologist Julie Norem calls defensive pessimism to get through the day.6 Not only pilots need to envision the worst; so does the driver of a car. Should you assume, positively, that no one is going to cut in front of you or, more negatively, be prepared to brake? Most of us would choose a physician who is willing to investigate the most dire possibilities rather than one who is known to settle quickly on an optimistic diagnosis. In matters of the heart as well, a certain level of negativity and suspicion is universally recommended. You may try to project a thoroughly positive outlook in order to attract a potential boyfriend, but you are also advised to Google him. When people write to advice columnists about their suspicions as to a spouse's infidelity, they are told not to ignore the warnings and think positively but to confront the problem openly...
When our children are old enough, and if we can afford to, we send them to college, where despite the recent proliferation of courses on happiness and positive psychology, the point is to acquire the skills not of positive thinking but of critical thinking, and critical thinking is inherently sceptical. The best students – and in good colleges, also the most successful – are the ones who raise sharp questions, even at the risk of making a professor momentarily uncomfortable. Whether the subject is literature or engineering, graduates should be capable of challenging authority figures, going against the views of their classmates, and defending novel points of view. This is not because academics value contrarianism for its own sake but because they recognise that a society needs people who will do exactly what the gurus of positive thinking warn us to avoid – 'overintellectualise' and ask hard questions. Physicians are among the highly educated professionals who dare not risk the comforts of positive thinking in their daily work, and as one of them, author and surgeon Atul Gawande, has written: 'Whether one is fighting a cancer, an insurgency or just an unyielding problem at work, the prevailing wisdom is that thinking positive is the key... to success. But the key, it seems to me, is actually negative thinking: looking for, and sometimes expecting, failure.'7
Realism – to the point of defensive pessimism – is a prerequisite not only for human survival but for all animal species. Watch almost any wild creature for a few moments and you will be impressed, above all, by its vigilance. The cormorant restlessly scans the water for unexpected splashes; the deer cocks its head to pick up stray sounds and raises a foot in preparation for flight. Many animals – from monkeys to birds – augment their individual watchfulness by living in groups so that many eyes can be on the lookout for intruders, many voices raised in an alarm call, should one approach. In its insistence that we concentrate on happy outcomes rather than on lurking hazards, positive thinking contradicts one of our most fundamental instincts, one that we share not only with other primates and mammals but with reptiles, insects, and fish.
The rationale of the positive thinkers has been that the world is not, or at least no longer is, the dangerous place we imagined it to be. This is how Mary Baker Eddy saw it: the universe was 'Supply' and 'Abundance' made available to everyone by a benevolent deity. Sin, crime, disease, poverty – all these were 'errors' wrought by minds that had fallen out of resonance with the cosmic vibrations of generosity and love. A hundred years later, Martin Seligman, the founder of positive psychology, was describing anxiety and pessimism as unhelpful vestiges of our Paleolithic past, when our ancestors scrambled to avoid predators, 'flood, and famine'. Today, however, 'goods and services are plentiful', as he put it; there is enough to go around, and we can finally let our guard down. Any lingering dissatisfaction is, as Eddy would have said, a kind of error – correctible through the right self-help techniques and optimism exercises.
Real threats to happiness
But has the human outlook really been improving over time? For affluent individuals in peaceful settings, decidedly yes, but our overall situation is as perilous as it has ever been. Even some of the most positive-thinking evangelical pastors have recently acknowledged the threat of global warming. The notion that the world's supply of oil may have peaked is no longer the province of a few environmentally minded kooks; doomsters are gaining respectability. Everywhere we look, the forests are falling, the deserts are advancing, the supply of animal species is declining. The seas are rising, and there are fewer and fewer fish in them to eat.
Over the last couple of decades, as icebergs sank and levels of debt mounted, dissidents from the prevailing positive-thinking consensus were isolated, mocked, or urged to overcome their perverse attachment to negative thoughts. Within the United States, any talk of intractable problems like poverty could be dismissed as a denial of America's greatness. Any complaints of economic violence could be derided as the whining of self-selected victims.
It's easy to see positive thinking as a uniquely American form of naïveté, but it is neither uniquely American nor endearingly naïve. In vastly different settings, positive thinking has been a tool of political repression worldwide. We tend to think that tyrants rule through fear – fear of the secret police, of torture, detention, the gulag – but some of the world's most mercilessly authoritarian regimes have also demanded constant optimism and cheer from their subjects. In his book Shah of Shahs, about life under the shah of Iran, who ruled until the revolution of 1979, Ryszard Kapuscinski tells the story of a translator who managed to get a poem published despite the fact that it included the seditious line 'Now is the time of sorrow, of darkest night.' The translator was elated at being able to get the poem past the censors, in this country where everything is supposed to inspire optimism, blossoming, smiles – suddenly 'the time of sorrow'! Can you imagine?8
Soviet-style communism, which we do not usually think of as a cheerful sort of arrangement, exemplified the use of positive thinking as a means of social control. Writing of the former Yugoslavia at the beginning of the 21st century, Dubravka Ugresic observed that 'former communists, modern capitalists, nationalists, religious fanatics' were all picking up on the fresh breeze of positivity from the West. 'They have all become optimists.' But this was hardly something new, she went on, because 'optimism has a stain on its ideological record... If anything has survived Stalinism itself, it is the Stalinist demand for optimism.'9 In the Soviet Union, as in the Eastern European states and North Korea, the censors required upbeat art, books, and films, meaning upbeat heroes, plots about fulfilling production quotas, and endings promising a glorious revolutionary future. Czechoslovakian literature was suffused with blind optimism; North Korean short stories still beam with relentless optimism. In the Soviet Union itself, being charged with a lack of historical optimism meant being charged with distortion of the truth or transmission of false truths. Pessimism and ideological wavering meant the same thing... In various disputes, the possibility of an alienated and lonely hero in socialism was forbidden in the name of the demands for historical optimism and a positive hero.10
The penalties for negative thinking were real. Not to be positive and optimistic was to be 'defeatist', and, as Ugresic writes of the Soviet Union, defeatists paid for the sin of defeatism. Accusing someone of spreading defeatism condemned him to several years in Stalinist camps.9 In his 1968 novel, The Joke, the Czech writer Milan Kundera has a character send a postcard bearing the line 'Optimism is the opium of the people', for which the character is accused of being an enemy of the people and sentenced to hard labour in the coal mines. Kundera himself was punished for daring to write The Joke. He was expelled from the Communist Party, saw his works removed from libraries and bookstores, and was banned from travelling to the West.
American preachers of positive thinking would no doubt be appalled to find themselves mentioned in the same breath or even the same book as Stalinist censors and propagandists. After all, Americans exalt individual success, which was not a communist ideal, and no one gets hauled off to labour camps for ignoring their teachings. But even among American proponents of positive thinking, you can find a faint uneasiness about its role as a mental discipline, a form of self-hypnosis involving affirmations, visualisations, and tightly focused thoughts. 'Don't think of "thought control" as a repressive tool out of George Orwell's 1984,' John Templeton advised the readers of one of his self-help books. 'Rather, think of it as a positive force that will leave your mind clearer, more directed, and more effective.'11
The big advantage of the American approach to positive thinking has been that people can be counted on to impose it on themselves. Stalinist regimes used the state apparatus – schools, secret police, and so on – to enforce optimism; capitalist democracies leave this job to the market. In the West, as we have seen, the leading proponents of positive thinking are entrepreneurs in their own right, marketing their speeches, books, and DVDs to anyone willing to buy them. Large companies may make their employees listen to the speeches and may advise them to read the books; they may fire people who persist in a negative attitude. But it's ultimately up to the individual to embrace positive thinking and do the hard work of attitude adjustment and maintenance on him- or herself. And judging from the sales of motivational products and the popularity of figures like Oprah and Osteen, this is a task that large numbers of Americans have eagerly undertaken on their own.
Yet, as the cover story of the January 2009 issue of Psychology Today acknowledges, the American infatuation with positive thinking has not made us happier. Lumping academic positive psychology and the ever-growing host of 'self-appointed experts' together into what he calls the 'happiness movement', the writer notes that, 'according to some measures, as a nation we've grown sadder and more anxious during the same years that the happiness movement has flourished; perhaps that's why we've eagerly bought up its offerings. 12 This finding should hardly come as a surprise: positive thinking did not abolish the need for constant vigilance; it only turned that vigilance inward. Instead of worrying that one's roof might collapse or one's job be terminated, positive thinking encourages us to worry about the negative expectations themselves and subject them to continual revision. It ends up imposing a mental discipline as exacting as that of the Calvinism it replaced – the endless work of self-examination and self-control or, in the case of positive thinking, self-hypnosis. It requires, as historian Donald Meyer puts it, constant repetition of its spirit lifters, constant alertness against impossibility perspectives, constant monitoring of rebellions of body and mind against control. 13
Positive thought control
This is a burden that we can finally, in good conscience, put down. The effort of positive 'thought control', which is always presented as such a life preserver, has become a potentially deadly weight – obscuring judgement and shielding us from vital information. Sometimes we need to heed our fears and negative thoughts, and at all times we need to be alert to the world outside ourselves, even when that includes absorbing bad news and entertaining the views of negative people. As we should have learned by now, it is dangerous not to.
A vigilant realism does not foreclose the pursuit of happiness; in fact, it makes it possible. How can we expect to improve our situation without addressing the actual circumstances we find ourselves in? Positive thinking seeks to convince us that such external factors are incidental compared with one's internal state or attitude or mood. We have seen how the coaches and gurus dismiss real-world problems as 'excuses' for failure and how positive psychologists have tended to minimise the 'C', for circumstances, in their happiness equation. It's true that subjective factors like determination are critical to survival and that individuals sometimes triumph over nightmarish levels of adversity. But mind does not automatically prevail over matter, and to ignore the role of difficult circumstances – or worse, attribute them to our own thoughts – is to slide toward the kind of depraved smugness Rhonda Byrne expressed when confronted with the tsunami of 2006. Citing the law of attraction, she stated that disasters like tsunamis can happen only to people who are on the same frequency as the event. 14
Worldwide, the most routine obstacle to human happiness is poverty. To the extent that happiness surveys can be believed, they consistently show that the world's happiest countries tend also to be among the richest. While the United States ranks 23rd and the United Kingdom 41st, for example, India comes in a gloomy 125th out of 178 nations.2 Some recent studies find furthermore that, within countries, richer people tend to be happier, with about 90 per cent of Americans in households earning at least $250,000 a year reporting being very happy, compared with only 42 per cent of people in households earning less than $30,000.15 When the New York Times surveyed New York neighbourhoods in 2009, it found that the happiest areas were also the most affluent and, not coincidentally, the most thickly supplied with cafés, civic associations, theatres, and opportunities for social interaction. The least happy neighbourhood was a part of the Bronx characterised by abandoned buildings, mounds of uncollected garbage, and the highest unemployment rate in the city.16
For centuries, or at least since the Protestant Reformation, Western economic elites have flattered themselves with the idea that poverty is a voluntary condition. The Calvinist saw it as a result of sloth and other bad habits; the positive thinker blamed it on a wilful failure to embrace abundance. This victim-blaming approach meshed neatly with the prevailing economic conservatism of the last two decades. Welfare recipients were pushed out into low-wage jobs, supposedly, in part, to boost their self-esteem; laid-off and soon-to-be-laid-off workers were subjected to motivational speakers and exercises. But the economic meltdown should have undone, once and for all, the idea of poverty as a personal shortcoming or dysfunctional state of mind. The lines at unemployment offices and churches offering free food include strivers as well as slackers, habitual optimists as well as the chronically depressed. When and if the economy recovers we can never allow ourselves to forget how widespread our vulnerability is, how easy it is to spiral down toward destitution.
Happiness is not, of course, guaranteed even to those who are affluent, successful, and well loved. But that happiness is not the inevitable outcome of happy circumstances does not mean we can find it by journeying inward to revise our thoughts and feelings. The threats we face are real and can be vanquished only by shaking off self-absorption and taking action in the world. Build up the levees, get food to the hungry, find the cure, strengthen the first responders! We will not succeed at all these things, certainly not all at once, but – if I may end with my own personal secret of happiness – we can have a good time trying.This is an extract from Smile Or Die – How Positive Thinking Fooled America And The World by Barbara Ehrenreich, published by Granta, £10.99.
- References:
1. ScienceDaily. Happiness is 'infectious' in network of friends: collective – not just individual – phenomenon. ScienceDaily; 5 December 2008. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081205094506.htm
2. ScienceDaily. Psychologist produces the first-ever 'world map of happiness'. ScienceDaily; 14 November 2006. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061113093726.htm
3. i. Clinton, B. 2000 State of the Union address. The Washington Post; 26 January 2000. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/states/docs/sou00.htm
3. ii. Elliott G. Dubya's 60th takes the cake. Weekend Australian; 8 July 2006.
3. iii. Woodward R. Meet the press transcript. 21 December 2008. http://today.msbc.msn.com/id/28337897/
4. Cerulo KA. Never saw it coming: cultural challenges to envisioning the worst. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2006: 18.
5. Quinn S, Bradlee B. On faith: are you satisfied with where you are now in your life? The Washington Post; 22 May 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/05/18/DI2007051801202.html?tid=informbox
6. Norem JK. The positive power of negative thinking: using defensive pessimism to harness anxiety and perform at your peak. New York: Basic; 2001.
7. Gawande A. The power of negative thinking. New York: New York Times; 1 May 2007.
8. Kapuscinski R. Shah of shahs. New York: Vintage; 1992: 89.
9. Ugresic D. Thank you for not reading. Chicago: Dalkey Archive; 2003: 86.
10. Pesonen P. Utopias to norms: from classicism to socialist realism. http://www.slav.helsinki.fi/studies/huttunen/mosaiikki/retro/en/centre-periphery/pp2_eng.htm
11. Templeton JM. The Templeton plan: 21 steps to personal success and real happiness. West Conshohocken: Templeton Foundation; 1997: 118.
12. Flora C. The pursuit of happiness. http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200812/the-pursuit-happiness
13. Meyer D. The positive thinkers: popular religious psychology from Mary Baker Eddy to Norman Vincent Peale and Ronald Reagan. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press; 1998.
14. Moore V. Promising you can have anything just by thinking about it, it's no surprise The Secret has become the fastest-selling self-help book ever. London: The Daily Mail; 26 April 2007.
15. Leonhardt D. Money doesn't buy happiness. Well, on second thought... New York Times; 16 April 2008.
16. Santos F. Are New Yorkers happy? Some more than others. New York Times; 8 March 2009.


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Reprinted from KPIC
TACOMA, Wash. – Jesse Michener was horrified Tuesday evening when she returned home from work to find two of her three daughters severely sunburned after field day at Point Defiance Elementary School.
It was raining when the girls left for school Tuesday morning, but the sun came out midday and ended up burning Violet and Zoe so severely that their mother took them to Tacoma General Hospital that evening.
Tacoma Public Schools policy prohibits teachers from putting sunscreen on students. Students can apply their own, but are required to have a doctor's note authorizing them to use it.
District spokesman Dan Voelpel says the doctor's note policy is actually based on a statewide law, and is aimed at preventing kids from sharing sunscreen with someone who might have an allergy. He says there are many students in the district with allergies to common additives in sunscreens and lotions.
See original article for more information.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Performance Nutrition Show, hosted by Dr. Jose Antonio and Carla Sanchez is the first radio web and podcast that explores the latest sports nutrition science as well as real-world training and dieting techniques for the fitness enthusiast. This show is for those with an appetite for cutting-edge information delivered in an entertaining format. The show was co-created by Dan Solomon, executive producer of Pro Bodybuilding Weekly — The Voice of Professional Bodybuilding. Jose Antonio, Ph.D. FASCM, CSCS is a leading research advocate in the field of performance nutrition. He is the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) and the Chief Science Officer and co-founder of Javalution. Additionally, he is the Performance Ready Team Nutritionist. Dr. Antonio is a prolific writer and speaker in the field of sports and performance nutrition, and a popular consultant to industry. He has published over 40 peer-reviewed scientific papers and has written several books in the field of sports nutrition and exercise (JoseAntonioPhD.com). Dr. Antonio completed a Ph.D. and post-doctoral research fellowship at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas Texas. Carla Sanchez has extensive experience in the sports and fitness industry as an IFBB professional fitness competitor, fitness and nutrition writer, speaker, model, coach and contest promoter. She is a certified strength and conditioning specialist (CSCS), former Denver Broncos Cheerleader and is the founder, owner and coach of the Performance Ready Fitness & Figure Team, based in Denver, Colorado. She is also a 3-time recipient of the Colorado National Physique Committee, "Trainer of the Year" award and is a leading expert in fitness and figure competition training. Carla has successfully helped many reach their fitness goals by providing education based on her own 'real-world' training, dieting, and competition experiences. Carla was recently featured at Bodysport.com! Visit the official Performance Nutrition Show website, at: PerformanceNutritionShow.com He can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Podcast Information
Please visit the Performance Nutrition Show podcast page here:
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Tim Chapman, M.D. And Sid Shastri Podcast Interview.
Performance Nutrition Podcast: Dawn Gunduz And Jim Romagna Interview.
Performance Nutrition Show Podcast Episode Listing.
PerfNut Podcast: Karlis Ullis, Pete Bommarito & Staci Wilson Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Jacob Wilson & Eddy Garcia Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Jim Rockell, Mike Davies & Terry Goodlad Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Mike Ryan & Shane Hamman Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Dan Solomon Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Jorge Betancourt & Michael Yatcilla Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Gina Lombardi Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Motivation, And Pasquale Scatturo & Andrew Shao Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Dan Benardot & Brian Greenhouse Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Yarixa Ferrao Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Stephen Adele & Robin Green Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Marion Nestle & Ginger Southall Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Jen Hendershott & Lee Labrada Interview.
Performance Nutrition Podcast: Bill Kraemer Interview
Performance Nutrition Podcast: Ian Adamson & Jack Owoc Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Suzy Favor Hamilton & Kelly Kennedy Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Tim Ziegenfuss & John Romano Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Jeffrey R. Stout, Ph.D. Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Rhadi Ferguson & Tony Altieri Interview.
Performance Nutrition Show Podcast - Main Page
PerfNut Podcast: Lee Zohlman & Frank Katch Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Sonja Friend-Uhl & Avery Faigenbaum Interview.
PerfNut Podcast: Raphael Calzadilla Interview.


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Wicked Good Time: A NovelFleeing her painful past, Christina Reynolds hopes to find peace by moving to an isolated house in rural Maine. But the solitude she sought so desperately is soon disturbed by suspicious noises, crank calls, and signs of trespassing. The distraught Christina turns to Forest Ranger Miki Jamieson for help. |
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Anatomy of the Inner Ear
There are two types of canals in the inner ear. One is the hearing canal. The other is a set of balance canals. The hearing and balance canals are made of hard bone lined by membrane.
The canals are filled with a fluid called endolymph. The level of this fluid is maintained by a small organ called the endolymphatic sac. In the hearing canal, sound waves cause vibrations in the fluid. This creates sound messages. In the balance canals, movement of the fluid creates other messages. These are about the position and motion of your body. Messages from both canals travel along a nerve to the brain.


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Monday, August 8 2011
100 Essential Directors - Luis Buñuel
100 Essential Directors celebrates directors of distinct vision, who have honed their respective crafts, who have brought something new and exciting to the medium, and who continue to push the boundaries of the form.
Thursday, August 4 2011
The 100 Essential Directors Part 2: Robert Bresson to David Cronenberg
Our second day of "100 Essential Directors" could loosely be described as one that defines "influential." Each of the auteurs sandwiched in between Robert Bresson and David Cronenberg has left a lasting mark on cinema, each employing a signature style that is unmistakable.
Monday, March 16 2009
Simon of the Desert
This has the confounding, irrational quality of a Zen riddle or Christian parable -- its comic and secular, to be sure, but revelatory nonetheless.
Thursday, February 26 2009
The Exterminating Angel
The point in Buñuel is that there is no point -- only subversive play.
Tuesday, October 23 2007
Past Imperfect: Luis Buñuel's Early Work
Sometimes, filmmaking genius is evident in every movie a cinematic master makes. In the case of this famed Spanish surrealist and his two early efforts, the future achievements are well hidden.
Monday, September 17 2007
The Milky Way
In this surrealist masterpiece, Luis Buñuel poses important questions about religious beliefs and organized religion.
Monday, January 10 2005
Un Chien Andalou (1929)
Made in 1929, Un Chien Andalou is based on the exchange of 'dreams' between two young Spanish artists.


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(706) 364-8501
Hillbrook Family Medicine © 2015
9:00 am - 5:00 pm
Evening hours: Appointment Only
"Happy Healthy Living"
Dr. Pfeifer D.O., is board certified in Family Medicine, earning her degree from Des Moines Medical University and completed her residency in Family Medicine at Eisenhower Army Medical Center. She also holds a B.S. degree in Dietetics, and has been in private practice in the Augusta area since 2001.
Set up an appointment:
Hillbrook Family Medicine
580 Blue Ridge Dr
Evans, GA 30809
Ph: (706) 364-8501
Fax: (706) 364-8503
The philosophy of Hillbrook Family Medicine is to offer the most choices in weight loss so that we can provide an individual approach based on each patient's needs.
Eliz Erman-Britton is originally from Maryland. She studied acupuncture and Chinese herbology at the Canadian College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine in British Columbia, Canada. Through their five year program, she was able to receive a diploma in Acupuncture, Herbology, and received a Doctor's Diploma in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Before receiving her final diploma, she traveled to China to complete a five month internship at the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital in Cheng Du, Si Chuan China.
Proudly offering the premier acupuncture services to Evans, Augusta, North Augusta, Thomson, and Aiken at our Blue Ridge Dr office.
Hillbrook Family Medicine
What are the benefits of Facial Rejuvenation Acupuncture?
What are the Contraindications for Facial Rejuvenation Treatments?
Treatments will not be administered during:
If you have questions about the contraindications for treatment please contact us
How does Facial Rejuvenation Acupuncture work?
Our faces are a reflection of our life experiences and emotions, therefore the entire body must be treated in order to obtain a more vibrant healthy appearance on your skin. The acupuncture needles are very thin and do not hurt. The placement of these needles helps increase circulation to tissue in order to help your skin cells regenerate, drain lymphatic fluids, and receive the nourishment from your blood that it may have been lacking.
What is a standard treatment course?
A standard course of treatment is 12 to 15 facial rejuvenation sessions. Results may be seen after the first treatment, with more sustainable results occurring after the 7th treatment. These treatments can be provided once a week for 12 weeks or twice a week for 6 weeks. A second treatment course may be needed for more stubborn or difficult cases. Maintenance treatments should be scheduled one time per month or seasonally. Recommendations for protecting your rejuvenation investment will be based on your current health conditions, lifestyle choices, and desired results. An initial intake must be completed before receiving facial rejuvenation treatments. There is a substantial risk of bruising during these treatments therefore it is advised to take a homeopathic arnica supplement prior to and after receiving a facial rejuvenation treatment.
How do I prepare for a session?
It is important to eat before receiving any acupuncture treatment. Please wear loose clothing and arrive with clean make-up free skin. Arriving with your skin pre-cleansed and make-up free is essential to helping your facial tissue absorb the oils and flower water essences that may be applied to your face to enhance your results and prevent bruising.
What results can I expect?
The results that can be achieved from these treatments are listed in the benefits section. This is not plastic surgery, and it does not perform miracles. Results may be seen as early as the first treatment. The treatments have the potential to remove 5-15 years off of your skin, and improve your over all complexion and coloring. How long the results of these treatments will last varies; and is greatly influenced by lifestyle choices and diet. There is a substantial risk of bruising during these treatments. It is advised to take a homeopathic arnica supplement prior to and after receiving a facial rejuvenation treatment.
Why acupuncture instead of Botox?
Acupuncture is a painless treatment that helps balance your body as a whole system. Some of the side effects of acupuncture include: full body relaxation, stress reduction, improved sleep, pain reduction, euphoria, body tingles, improved digestion, and increased energy. The possible cautionary side effects of acupuncture include bruising, a low risk of fainting or dizziness, and a low risk pnuemothorax. Over all, acupuncture is a very safe and relaxing treatment that has been used for thousands of years to resolve a wide variety of ailments.
Botox is an injectable neuro-toxin. The botulinum toxin contained in Botox can spread to other body parts beyond where it was injected.
Side effects of Botox include: allergic reactions, rashes, itching, shortness of breath, nausea, weakness, headache, loss of bladder control, problems with vision, respiratory infections such as cold or flu, neck pain, difficulty swallowing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue or throat, and pain or tenderness at the injection site; Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis), inflammation of the cornea (keratitis), eye dryness, double vision, tearing, and sensitivity to light.
Price List:
$250.00 Single Facial Rejuvenation Acupuncture treatment
$60.00 30 minute Facial Rejuvenation Acupressure Massage Treatment
Treatment Packages 7 treatments for $1,400.00
14 treatment for $2,600.00


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2010 Prototypes Protoscar Lampo 2 4WD 350 hp Zero Emission
Press Release:
Protoscar unveils its electric sports car prototype LAMPO2 at the Geneva Motor Show 2010
LAMPO2 is an electric demonstration sports car conceived by Protoscar, a Swiss company which has been developing CleanCar projects for 23 years including consulting of OEMs, power utilities and governments. The LAMPO2 boasts "quick-charging" capability (up to 100 km range extension in just 10 minutes charging time) and will be presented at the Geneva Motor Show (2nd March 2010) on the e'mobile stand Nr. 5141.
LAMPO2 is an even more energy efficient successor to the LAMPO demonstration …


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Here's the scoop… Le Mars, Iowa - "The Ice Cream Capital of the World". Officially designated as such in 1994, Le Mars has been the home to Wells Enterprises Inc. , makers of Blue Bunny® brand ice cream, since the company's founding by Fred H. Wells, Jr., in 1913. Today, more ice cream is produced in Le Mars, Iowa, by a single company than in any other city in the world! While we love to promote ice cream, we have so much more to offer! So, whether you are staying awhile or just passing through, we invite you to experience the "local flavor"!
Le Mars, Iowa... Where Life is sweet!
Killeas Industrial Park
Le Mars Business Park
Le Mars Business Park, 2nd Addition
Le Mars Industrial Park S. Addition
Crescent Ridge
Contact: Sitzmann Real Estate
The 2015 Ice Cream Days dates have been announced!
June 17-20
Download the Flyer!
Odd/Even Parking is in effect from November 1 to April 1
Park on odd-numbered address side of the street on odd-numbered calendar days and even-numbered address side of the street on even-numbered calendar days. When parking for the evening, park for the next calendar day.
Saturday, May 30th
LeMars Chamber of Commerce
5K Powder Walk/Run
City Council meetings now available for your viewing pleasure.
Exciting development downtown:
The Second Floor Project


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COLOMBO Ugg boots, Sri Lanka ugg winterstiefel, Dec. 27 (UPI) -- Police rescued a Sri Lankan minister from a state-owned television station following his alleged assault on the station's news chief ugg schuhe, witnesses said.
A Lanka Business Online journalist who was at the scene said Minister Mervyn Silva was held hostage and covered in pink paint by workers at the state-owned Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corp. -- and it was all captured by television cameras and broadcast nationally www.uggbootsrea.com, Lanka Business Online reported Thursday.
Rupavahini news director T.M.G. Chandrasekera said his colleagues prevented Silva from leaving the station after he grabbed Chandrasekera by the neck and dragged him into the chairman's office where he said the official assaulted him. Chandrasekera said he was assaulted a second time by an associate of the minister after he escaped from the office.
The news chief said his colleagues barred the official from leaving the station and demanded he apologize. Silva was then doused in pink paint while exiting the building under police escort.
Deputy Media Minister Mahinda Abeywardene ugg baratas, who showed up at the scene during the incident ugg onlineshop, promised an inquiry.
U.S., Iranian diplomats to meet in Baghdad
Serbia jails 3 for Tokyo $40M jewel heist
S. Korean trade surplus shrinks


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Quality CareFind out why Mayo Clinic is the right place for your health care. Make an appointment.
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Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations.
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Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics.
Find out what causes different types of abdominal pain.
Anti-seizure drugs often are used to help control the type of pain caused by damaged nerves.
Autonomic neuropathy refers to damage to or disease affecting the involuntary nerves.Autonomic neuropathy refers to damage to or disease affecting the involuntary nerves.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the nerve running through your wrist. Treatment can provide relief.
Here's information about common causes of diarrhea and when to see your doctor.
Dizziness has many possible causes. The cause of dizziness may be simple, or dizziness may be a sign of a more serious disorder.
Learn about the types of problems that can cause foot pain.
Hyperglycemia in diabetes — Comprehensive overview covers causes, symptoms and treatments of high blood sugar.
Hyperhidrosis — Comprehensive overview covers causes, symptoms and treatments for excessive sweating.
Joint pain can have many causes and can often be treated at home.
Numbness in hands: Symptom — Overview covers definition and possible causes of numb hands.covers definition and possible causes of numb hands.
Orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension) is a form of low blood pressure that occurs when you stand up.
Half of all women experience a urinary tract infection during their lifetimes. The condition can be a serious health problem when it involves the kidneys.
Vaginal dryness is a common and uncomfortable condition — but there are effective ways to treat it.
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By Gary Geyer and Deon Melchior
With the recent passing of Jack Lalanne, once again the controversy of men over 50 weightlifting has come to the forefront. Obviously, with Jack living to the age of 96, it doesn't appear to have done him any harm. On the contrary, it may have contributed to his longevity.
"Living is a pain in the butt," Jack was quoted as saying. "Dying is easy. It's like an athletic event. You've got to train for it. You've got to eat right. You've got to exercise. Your health account, your bank account, they're the same thing. The more you put in, the more you can take out. Exercise is king and nutrition is queen: together, you have a kingdom."
You are never too old to start
Recent studies have proven that you are never too old to start weight training and benefit from the wealth of physical benefits of weightlifting. In fact if you have never done any weightlifting or strength training and are over 50, now is the best time to start.
Men lose muscle mass as they age
For each decade of adult life if we do not exercise we lose 5 to 7 pounds of muscle, most guys as they age put on at least that much or more in fat as metabolism slows. Weightlifting and strength training has been shown to not only slow this process, but can replace much of lost muscle tissue.
As you build muscle tissue, metabolism increases, and many benefits result.
Many of the conditions that come with aging: osteoporosis, arthritis, high blood pressure, heart diseases can actually be prevented and in many cases even reversed, with an appropriate weightlifting regimen.
Knees and Hips: The most common surgery in men over 50.
Total joint replacement surgery such as the knee and hip, is probably the most common surgery in men over 50. A proper regimen of strength training and weight lifting has been proven in study after
study to reduce the need for such surgery, as increased muscle strength also helps preserve and in many cases stop the deterioration of weight bearing joints.
Sprained or broken wrists and ankles due to falls.
Also one of the most common injuries among men over 50 is sprained or broken wrists and ankles due to falls. Weightlifting has been shown to prevent these injuries in more then one way. Weightlifting strengthens bones, making them less fragile, and less susceptible to fracture in the event of fall.
Weightlifting and strength training : The best preventive and anti-aging medicine
It makes a fall far less likely. Members of the medical and the fitness community now generally agree that probably the best preventative and anti-aging medicine there is.
Of course especially for men over 50 who may be working out with weights for the first time, it is highly recommended that you consult with your physician before starting any kind of exercise routine.
Then once you are good to go you can join a gym or you can get a good set of barbells and begin resistance training and weightlifting in your own home. If you have never lifted before and since being over 50 you may be at greater risk of certain injuries - joining a gym and working with a personal trainer to learn proper technique and weightlifting safety is definitely a good idea.
A personal trainer can also help…
to tailor a weight lifting routine to your specific goals and personal needs. Also while many professional weightlifters disdain weight machines, for older beginners they are great because they are easier to use, insure proper form and technique, and can be used by just about anyone with little or no instruction or prior weightlifting experience.
Some of Jack Lalanne's feats as reported on his website
1954 (age 40): swam the entire length (8,981 ft/1.7 mi) of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco under water with 140 pounds of air tanks and other equipment strapped to his body; a world record.
1955 (age 41): swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco while handcuffed. When interviewed afterwards he was quoted as saying that the worst thing about the ordeal was being handcuffed, which significantly reduced his chance to do a jumping jack.
1956 (age 42): set what was claimed as a world record of 1,033 push-ups in 23 minutes on You Asked For It, a television program.
1957 (age 43): swam the Golden Gate channel while towing a 2,500- pound cabin cruiser. The swift ocean currents turned this one-mile swim into a swimming distance of 6.5 miles.
1958 (age 44): maneuvered a paddleboard nonstop from Farallon Islands to the San Francisco shore. The 30-mile trip took 9.5 hours.
1959 (age 45): did 1,000 star jumps and 1,000 chin-ups in 1 hour, 22 minutes, to promote The Jack Lalanne Show going nationwide. LaLanne said this was the most difficult of his stunts, but only because the skin on his hands started ripping off during the chin-ups. He felt he couldn't stop because it would be seen as a public failure.
1974 (age 60): For the second time, he swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf. Again, he was handcuffed, but this time he was also shackled and towed a 1,000-pound boat.
1975 (age 61): Repeating his performance of 21 years earlier, he again swam the entire length of the Golden Gate Bridge, underwater and handcuffed, but this time he was shackled and towed a 1,000- pound boat.
1976 (age 62): To commemorate the "Spirit of '76", United States Bicentennial he swam one mile in Long Beach Harbor. He was handcuffed and shackled, and he towed 13 boats (representing the 13 original colonies) containing 76 people.
1979 (age 65): towed 65 boats in Lake Ashinoko near Tokyo He was handcuffed and shackled, and the boats were filled with 6,500 pounds of Louisiana Pulp wood pulp.
1980 (age 66): towed 10 boats in North Miami Florida. The boats carried 77 people, and he towed them for over one mile in less than one hour.
1984 (age 70): handcuffed, shackled, and fighting strong winds and currents, towed 70 rowboats, one with several guests, from the Queen's Way Bridge in the Long Beach Harbor to the Queen Mary, 1 mile.
Gary Geyer is Chief Editor of "Let Life In."
Deon Melchior is the Editor and Publisher of "Article Click."


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Cream of Asparagus Soup
From Good Housekeeping
triple-tested at the Good Housekeeping Research Institute
For the most flavor, choose the thickest asparagus you can find for this creamy soup. If you wish, garnish each serving with a sprinkling of snipped fresh chives or chopped tarragon or parsley
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Nutritional Information
(per serving)
Calories | 194 |
Total Fat | 14g |
Saturated Fat | 8g |
Cholesterol | 38mg |
Sodium | 657mg |
Total Carbohydrate | 14g |
Dietary Fiber | -- |
Sugars | -- |
Protein | 6g |
Calcium | -- |
Illustration by Michael Toland
Yields: 5 cups or 4 first course servings
Total Time: 35 min
Prep Time: 10 min
Cook Time: 25 min
U.S. | Metric | Conversion chart |
- 2 tablespoon(s) butter or margarine
- 1 medium onions, chopped
- 12 ounce(s) asparagus, trimmed and cut into 1-inch pieces (3 cups)
- 3 tablespoon(s) all-purpose flour
- 1/4 teaspoon(s) salt
- 1/8 teaspoon(s) ground black pepper
- 1 can(s) (14 1/2 ounces) chicken or vegetable broth
- 1 cup(s) half-and-half or light cream
- In 3-quart saucepan, melt butter over medium heat; add onion and cook, stirring frequently, until tender and golden, about 10 minutes. Add asparagus; cook 1 minute.
- Stir in flour, salt, and pepper until blended. Gradually stir in broth; heat to boiling, stirring constantly. Reduce heat; cover and simmer until asparagus is tender, 5 to 10 minutes.
- Spoon half of mixture into blender; cover, with center part of cover removed to let steam escape, and puree until smooth. Pour into bowl. Repeat with remaining mixture.
- Return puree to saucepan; stir in half-and-half. Heat through (do not boil). Serve soup hot, or cover
and refrigerate to serve chilled later. If chilled soup is too thick, stir in some milk. Makes about 5 cups or 4 first-course servings.
Nutritional information is based on one serving.
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Probably of little interest except to those dedicate individuals who keep asking: Does SJW potentiate/intensify Buprenorphine (via increased liver metabolism into Norbuprenorphine)? Several forums raised the issue and reported on individual "experiments." But there never was much of a consensus reached (I guess that's impossible), or even much of summary, so here's SWIMine. For what it's worth. SWIMy conclusion: a "real," contagious "placebo effect." Anyone care to add?
(Another hypothesis: SJW + Bup causes long-winded, excessive-compulsive writing. Sorry!)
Caution**** This is not a "real" scientific study (not fake either; it is based on real reports)… just a humorous tabulation of trip reports… Actually doing this combination sounds dangerous: Norbup depresses breathing, potentially lethally, and at least some users experience withdrawal when they combine Bup with SJW….****
This table and the "Results" are what are important:
Experience/Attribution...Number of Individuals...Percent of Total
1. Positively positive......8.................................38 %
2. Possibly positive........5................................. 24%
3. Neutral.....................6..................... ............29%
4. Possibly negative......0................................... 0%
5. Positively negative.....2.................................10%
Total............................21............... .................100%
But just in the interests of full disclosure and killing time:
"An Exploratory Study of User Reports of Subjective Experiences of Concurrent Consumption of Buprenorphine and St. John's Wort." (12/13/2009)
Background: A number of opiate-dependent Suboxone and Subutex users have speculated that St. John's Wort (SJW) may intensify or potentiate the subjective effects of Buprenorphine (Bup) consumption. (See especially: http://forum.opiophi...ead.php?t=14532 )
Other users have reported experiencing withdrawal effects after concomitant consumption. Potentiation with cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 (responsible for breaking down Bup)-inhibitors (e.g. grapefruit juice, cimetidine) has been reported with other opioids and Bup (i.e. extending the duration of Bup's half-life, potentially with corresponding subjective effects). However, based on Bup's curious and sometimes paradoxical psychopharmacology, the hypothesized effects of SJW depend not on increasing plasma levels of Bup itself, but of its major psychoactive metabolite, Norbuprenorphine (NorBup), a drug with potentially greater agonist properties, but which is ordinarily antagonized by Bup. The speculative hypothesis (H1) is as follows: SJW induces the production of CYP3A4, which is responsible for metabolizing Bup into NorBup; by increasing the ratio of NorBup to Bup, pleasurable, agonist effects are purportedly experienced.
Aims: Multiple users have conducted in vivo auto-"experiments" and posted their experiences, but to date these experiences have not been systematically analyzed. The purpose of the present study is to determine, among those who self-report combining SJW with Bup, the proportion of users that report atypical subjective experiences and the proportion that attribute those experiences to SJW's purported potentiation of NorBup, to SJW alone, or to "placebo effect."
Method: Searching Google for all (40) two-term combinations of Term 1 ((St. OR Saint) (John's OR Johns) Wort) OR SJW) AND Term 2 (Subutex OR Suboxone OR Buprenorphine OR Bupe OR Bup OR Norbuprenorphine OR Norbupe OR Norbup), a convenience sample of anecdotal subjective drug experiences ("trip reports") were collected from online message boards (posted between January 26, 2008 and October 29, 2009). (The first three pages of results were examined after each google search.) Trip reports were tabulated quantitatively according to a parsimonious, deductive coding scheme designed to test H1, and analyzed qualitatively in an inductive fashion in order to develop further hypotheses.
Sample: A total of 21 trip reports from different individuals qualified for inclusion in the study. Cases were included that met three criteria.
First: the user reported FIRST-HAND (including experiences by SWIM, but not the experiences of friends, family, co-experimenters, etc. reported second-hand) consuming any quantity of St. John's Wort (range: 300mg – 1200mg; 8 unknown) concurrently (range: 1 hour before – 1.5 hour after; 10 unknown) with buprenorphine (range: 1mg – 32mg; 9 unknown), using any route of administration (3 sublingual alone; 2 insufflated alone; 1 IV; 2 mixed ROA; 13 unknown). A number of second-hand reports were excluded (e.g. "my sister says it works…"). Reports in the form of "general information" (e.g. taimapedia, answers.yahoo, etc.) were excluded.
Second: the user reported no other drug-of-abuse use at the time. Based on this criterion, for instance, one case was excluded of a user who reported pleasurable effects of Suboxone in combination with Fioricet, Tramadol, and SJW (Dr_F on bluelight.ru); another for combining Suboxone with SJW and Xanax (CharlesIV on bluelight.ru). Consequently, any combinatory effects of additional drugs-of-abuse are not investigated in the present analysis. However, one "possibly positive" (coded "2," below) case was included in the dataset in which the user reported consuming SJW and 50mg of diphenhydramine (aka Benadryl), which may confound the potential potentiating effects of antihistamines.
Third: the user reported subjective effects in sufficient detail to code as follows (note: coding of specific cases is somewhat subjective, as it is based on the present author's interpretation of other authors' intentions and often based on minimal information, introducing a real threat to validity of the results):
1. Pleasurable effects definitely perceived and strongly attributed to SJW (e.g. "definitely" real, "for sure");
2. Pleasurable effects possibly or definitely perceived, but not strongly attributed to SJW, attributed to possible placebo effect, or attributed to SJW alone (e.g. "seem to," "could be placebo");
3. Neutral—no atypical effects perceived, effects described as insignificant (e.g. "I've yawned a few times. That's about it."), or effects described as definitely placebo (e.g. "same either way");
4. Negative effects possibly or definitely perceived, but not strongly attributed to SJW, attributed to possible placebo effect, or attributed to SJW alone;
5. Negative effects definitely perceived and strongly attributed to SJW.
The unit of analysis—the individual "case"—is the trip report. Complicating the analysis, some individuals report multiple cases that meet the criteria for inclusion in the study. However, since including multiple reports from the same individual introduces a considerable risk of endogenous bias (i.e. the likelihood of correlated errors between multiple observations made by the same individual, particularly since those reporting positive effects are like to repeat the "experiment" and continue reporting), only one case was included per individual (as identified by users' handles when posting, and any other identifying information; assuming single handles across multiple forums). When multiple trip reports were posted, the user's "summary" or "overall" attribution was used when available; when a summary attribution is not available, the user's first codable reported experience is included.
Limitations: No attempt was made to collect information on the user's level of experience with or dependence on opioids, in general, or Bup, specifically. Some have speculated that the effects may vary between opiate naïve, experienced, full agonist-dependent, and Bup-dependent users. This is a major limitation, but unavoidable since detailed biographical information is often missing from trip reports and too time-consuming to investigate. When human subjects are aware of the substances they are consuming, and particularly when they consume them for the purpose of experiencing a specific effect, the likelihood of "false positives" (i.e. "placebo effect") is exacerbated. Placebo effects are particularly well-documented in studies of the subjective and behavioral consequences of ingesting intoxicating substances (e.g. alcohol; Testa et al., 2006, "Understanding Alcohol Expectancy Effects," Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research). The present analysis makes no attempt to control for placebo effect. Instead, the study only investigates subjective experiences of knowingly combining Bup and SWJ, oftentimes for the explicit purpose of achieving euphoria. More importantly for the present analysis, sample-selection bias is a major threat to the validity of the results. Anecdotal reports of subjective drug experiences are especially vulnerable to "Type 1" error—false positives. Indeed, there is a strong possibility that a large number of users have attempted the combination and experienced no effects, and consequently have not reported the experience. Evidence suggests the possibility is real: numerous users on the relevant opiophile.org forum reported that they had purchased or already taken the SJW, and would report back later, but then never did. In this analysis, there is an added threat of "false positives" in both directions—that is, of reporting both "false" pleasurable experiences and "false" negative experiences (i.e. precipitation of withdrawal). "Type II" error—"false negatives"—in this context would refer to either "true" effects not noticed or "true" effects not reported. The prevalence of such cases is inherently nearly impossible to estimate. Suggestive evidence indicates that some users may experience the effect but attribute it to other drugs: for instance, Dr_F reports an "opiated" feel from adding Fioricet and SJW to Suboxone; he attributes it to Fioricet, however, not SJW. This case is excluded from the quantitative tabulation because of additional drugs (moreover, some barbiturates are also inducers of CYP3A4 enzyme, consistent with H1). Complicating the interpretation of single cases, some users provide mixed reports or ambivalent or changing interpretations over time. Johnny-5, for instance, is coded as a "1" ("positively positive") based on his reports on opiophile.org, but in a later posting on stopdrugprohibition.org, he describes the effect as minimal and not worth it.
Nonetheless, anecdotal reports and case studies are an important tool in preliminarily identifying medical phenomena and pharmacological effects. Consequently, an inductive, exploratory qualitative analysis of the available trip reports is conducted in order to develop additional, speculative hypotheses.
Quantitative Results (more detailed records available upon request): See table above. The modal result of concomitant SJW and Bup consumption was self-reported pleasurable effects, attributed strongly to SJW. Approximately 38% (8/21) described the effects as pleasurable and attributed them positively to SJW-potentiation/intensification (Tool, Inspektahdek, Frank Zito/spinelli77, n0yd, Johnny-5, lib.sOCialist, valentine4, lovelikeheroin). Another 24% (5/21) described ambiguous pleasurable effects and/or could not confidently attribute the effects to SJW (Suboxstitute, kil092286, oxy kid, nodrover, 30 units). Thus, about 62% (13/21) experienced some pleasurable effects, potentially attributable to SJW. However, the remaining 38% (8/21) described no effect or negative effects. 29% (6/21) reported neutral or no effect, or concluded the experience was due to "placebo effect" (trainwrecker, scarlettt, The_Highwayman, limitless_euphoria, bodytec, JahRed24x). Interestingly, 10% (2/21) of the subjects reported intense withdrawal symptoms, definitely attributed to SJW (Bghead8che, Halo657). Either experience—euphoria or withdrawal—can be explained by candidate pharmacological hypotheses, based on the differential effects of Bup and Norbup. Indeed, it is possible that under different conditions SJW might cause either effect. Or that both are placebo effects, achieved under different conditions of "priming" and social experience.
Qualitative results:
Data on the SJW and Bup dosages are very incomplete except those reporting the most positive effects. However, the size of the Bup dosage does NOT appear to have an automatic or uniform effect on whether SJW is experienced as pleasurable, since the Bup dosages ranged between moderate-low (3mg (IV), 4mg (sublingual)) and very high (32mg (SL and intranasal)) in the "positively positive" category. But, suggestively, the only dosage specified for any of the "no effect" or "negative effect" experiences was 1-2 mg (not specified; ROA unknown). (This might potentially depend also on unmeasured differences in user experience with opioids.)
Data on SJW dosage is also incomplete, but it appears that higher dosages of SJW may be associated with greater likelihood of reporting positive experiences and more strongly associating them with SJW. SJW dosages in the "1" category ranged between 600 and 900 mg; and between 600 and 1,200 mg in the "2" category. For the only two "3"/"Neutral" cases in which SJW dosage was reported, it was 300 mg (Bup dosage "1-2 mg," ROA unknown, in one case; Bup dosage unknown in the other).
Although the meaning is unclear, one of the strongest findings is that the more positively a user assessed the effects of SJW, the more detailed the trip report. On the principal quantitative measures (SJW dose, Bup dose, timing, ROA), those coded "1" had 94% full records (2/32 missing values); the "2" reports were 40% complete (12/20 missing); the "3" reports were 29% complete (17/24 missing); the "5" reports were 0% complete (8/8 missing). This finding is certainly consistent with the "false positives"/"placebo effect" hypothesis to explain positive experiences, though clearly not definitively so. (Likewise, reporting more consumption of SJW and/or Bup may lead to greater expectancy of effects.) One interpretation is that those who found positive effects were motivated to share as much information as possible to fellow recreational users, or that users who post to such boards (and in the habit of posting detailed trip reports) were more likely to be "primed" for the placebo effect.
Related, there was considerable clustering by website and forum. Quantitatively, this phenomenon suggests endogenous bias and invalid data. Qualitatively, however, it suggests that information about subjective drug effects is, in a sense, contagious. Users who posted in "harm reduction" forums, geared toward sharing knowledge about recreational drug use, were likely to precipitate other positive experiences in fellow users. Moreover, there was considerable "cross-pollination" between forums; the same users who found positive effects frequently shared them across websites, leading to the rapid dissemination of the effects throughout the online recreational opioid community. The two negative experiences were posted on a single forum, the first apparently attracting the second. The forum was found on a "medical" website oriented to the health concerns of the elderly. These findings are consistent with sociological research on the social interpretation of drug-induced bodily states: opiate addicts must learn to recognize withdrawal symptoms and that continued use will alleviate them (Alfred Lindesmith, 1947, Opiate Addiction, Bloomington, IN: Principia Press); both marijuana and cocaine users must learn not only the technique, but to recognize and appreciate the "high" (Howard Becker, 1953, "Becoming a Marihuana User," American Journal of Sociology; Craig Reinarman et al., 1991, Cocaine Changes, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press). (Crack users need only learn the technique; the "high" is apparently unmistakable [Reinarman et al. 1991].) Thus, sharing one's interpretations of SJW-potentiated-Suboxone use may create or spread the effect in a very real way.
SWIPA's experience is not included in the results above, though the present author would probably code SWIPA a "2," viewing it as slightly pleasurable. He had been primed to experience positive pleasurable effects, having read other users' trip reports over the course of several days. His pleasurable experience may have also been attributable to the fact that, in order to acquire the SJW, he had to leave his one-room apartment for the first time in 24 hours, and walk ½ mile each way to a pharmacy. He took 4mg of Suboxone sublingually on the walk over, then immediately consumed 900 mg of SJW. One hour later he took 4 more mg SL, followed by 300 mg of SJW after 30 minutes. His mood became elevated, although he was not euphoric. He was more active than he had been for the past day or two. Over the course of three hours he conducted a study of subjective user experiences of combining Bup and SJW, using a convenience sample of "trip reports" discovered by searching Google. Although he conducted the study in a humorous mood, he attempted to conduct it in a valid fashion and clearly state the basis for his conclusions and methods of gathering evidence. He did not positively attribute the effects to SJW-potentiation of Bup, but felt positive enough effects to try again tomorrow.
Suboxone and St John's Wort (SJW) Potentiation--Summary Study
Started By
, Dec 14 2009 11:26 AM
3 replies to this topic
Posted December 14 2009 - 11:26 AM
Posted December 14 2009 - 12:50 PM
That's a hell of a first post.
Posted December 14 2009 - 03:27 PM
That's a hell of a first post.
Been reading the forum for a while... including a bunch here on the St John's Wort/potentiation of Suboxone issue. Just now felt I had something I would contribute...
Got to wondering if it's possible to summarize experiences on these forums and get a sense of where opinion stands. Seems like there's a valuable opportunity for sharing experiences, but a lot of it ends up getting lost in space... That, and I felt like killing some time and having some fun with it.
Posted December 14 2009 - 04:39 PM
Good luck.


text:
Tested by the Good Housekeeping Research Institute
Wolf 30 Gas Range Model #GR304
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Update : Aug. 15, 2011
[Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc.]
The upper daily price limit for Chip One Stop, Inc. (Code: 3343) was expanded to twice the range from the base price. However, today, a trade was executed at a price other than the upper daily price limit on the TSE market. As such, TSE wishes to bring to your attention that TSE will return the daily price limits to normal on August 16.
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Can someone please explain to me how I should use cheats on my iPod touch with either Gameshark or another code generator?
And also, would it be possible to give a few examples of cheats?
(I only do this for my brother, who really wanted to complete the game and cannot defeat the Elite Four with his level 70s)


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Former IRS Acting Commissioner Werfel Joins Consulting Firm
Danny Werfel, the former acting commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, who stepped in last year to try to turn around the agency in the aftermath of a series of scandals, has now joined the Boston Consulting Groups public sector practice as a director.
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