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Local Foods for Local Schools September 22-26, 2014 Maine Harvest Lunch Week Theme: "Dig In to Local School Meals" What are the benefits of Farm to School? Health: Kids Win- All kids deserve access to nutritious, high quality food Agriculture: Farmers Win- Farm to School supports farming families Economy: Communities Win-Farm to School strengthens the community For more information on benefits to Farm to School click here Farm to School Tools and Resources:
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Join the Local Food for Local Schools List Serve Today! Local Produce Fund Guidance When funds are available payments will be made as first received, first paid. There is often very little money, but we hope to receive more money in the future. This guidance contains three parts of importance:
20-A §6602. SCHOOL FOOD SERVICE PROGRAMS The fund must be used to match $1 for every $3 that a school administrative unit pays for local product or minimally processed foods purchased directly from a Maine producer or producers cooperative within the State, to a maximum state contribution of $1,000. At the end of the fiscal year, the school administrative unit may provide the department with receipts documenting purchases pursuant to this subsection during that year. For purposes of this subsection, "minimally processed" means only the washing, cleaning, trimming, drying, sorting and packaging of food items or a combination of those activities. Reimbursement or partial reimbursement to school administrative units may only be made up to the amount available in the fund. Failure to reimburse does not constitute an obligation on behalf of the State to a school administrative unit. Local Product Fund Simple Guidelines:
Geographic Preference and Buying LocalGeographic preference does not mean that a decision can be made to purchase locally. There are requirements that must be followed. Geographic preference is a method to evaluate bids/quotes - it is not the sole indicator. Schools still must shop for the product based on their requirements and selection process. This does not mean you must take the lowest quote, but the quote that fits the scoring/evaluation method. Price may be 50% of determining factor and local purchase may be 50% of the determining factor. Local or State laws can not mandate the amount of food purchased locally. The NSLP MUST purchase following the Federal procurement regulations/guidance. Several Districts are already buying local. There is a lot of confusion on the buying local and using geographic preference. This is not allowed under the current regulations. The Harrison Institute Report does not agree with USDA Food and Nutrition Services interpretation of the regulation. The FNS letter is pretty clear. School Gardens and Product UsageProduct from school gardens can not be processed and then sold/transferred to the food service program. This includes canning, preserving, etc. Product can be washed, cut, frozen. Drying fruit would be considered processing and must be licensed to be done in a commercial kitchen. Home processing of this type is not allowed for School Food Service Department use. Maine Harvest Lunch
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December 2012
IOC bans India from Olympics for two years
The International Olympic Committee has imposed a two-year ban on India for "interfering with its election process".
The sanctions deal a death blow to India's 2014 Winter Games hopes, symbolized by its program slogan "Own The Ice".
Also, snow cricket … Continue reading
Editorial: Abbotsford police deserve a pat on the back
Abbotsford police credit anti-gang forums for teens, like this one with gang task force Supt. John Robin in 2007, in helping to slash the number of murders. (Les Bazso/PNG FILES)
When it comes to crime, so much of what you read about or hear in the media can be pretty depressing. So it was wonderful to learn yesterday about Abbotsford's great success in massively cutting its murder rate.
It didn't … Continue reading
Is this the world's worst YouTube video?
A Pennsylvania high school's cover of "Gangnam Style" has been proclaimed the world's worst video by a Reddit user. And they're likely right.
The painful-to-watch video features students, staff and teachers from Spartan High School in New Holland, Pa. … Continue reading
Letters: Surrey casino, bad drivers, community centres, assault, transportation, Port Mann, Scum Village, Israel, Patti Bacchus, suicide
Anita Huberman, CEO of the Surrey Board of Trade, speaks in favour of a proposed casino and entertainmnet facility at a press conference in Surrey on Dec. 4.
Casino good for business, bad for citizens
I would like to see the math behind Anita Huberman of the Surrey Board of Trade's comment that a new casino would pump $3 million into city coffers.
This will make the owners … Continue reading
Megaphone celebrates Night of Joyful Voices with The Belle Game and more
This coming Thursday, Dec. 6, Vancouver's street paper Megaphone hosts its annual Night of Joyful Voices at the ANZA Club. This year they celebrate two decades of providing the city's homeless and low-income individuals with an economic opportunity and, more … Continue reading
Pending CFL free agents revealed
Edmonton's JC Sherritt wont be cashing in on a new deal with the Lions — that'll happen sooner than later with Adam Bighill — but the CFL's top defensive player could well strike a deal if he gets to the … Continue reading
Green Reaper Fresh Hop IPA (Phillips Brewing Co., 6.5%)
Still time for one last fresh-hop beer review of the year.
Phillips brought out Green Reaper as part of its triple release at the tail end of B.C. Craft Beer Month in October (I didn't get to try the other … Continue reading
UFC on FOX: 5 Burning Questions for Fight Week in Seattle
As the UFC invades Seattle, E. Spencer Kyte examines the questions everyone wants to see answered this weekend on FOX. Continue reading
Jordan Klassen & Mike Edel at The Media Club
For both Jordan Klassen and Mike Edel, Saturday night's show at the newly renovated Media Club was a celebration of sorts. Last month Edel was awarded 5th place and $5000, and Klassen 2nd place with $75,000 in The Peak … Continue reading
Future of Internet at stake as world leaders meet in secret
World leaders opened two weeks of secret talks in Dubai yesterday, where they will debate and decide crucial issues concerning privacy, commerce and access.
First on the agenda: how to stop the spiralling out-of-control number of Gangnam Style parodies.
… Continue reading

subset: commoncrawl


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We spent 3 nights in the "Ocre Room", very spacious and decorated with an excellent taste, with even a small kitchen. Marie-Ange (the owner) welcomed us warmly, the breakfast was a feast, the place is ideal surounded by meadows and the property is very well maintained and calm. We had a wonderfull time. They even have a nice smimming pool... More
Phone Number:
France >
Aquitaine >
Dordogne >
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
Number of rooms: 5


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ABC News On Campus reporter Matt Phifer blogs: One evening in August, Syracuse associate professor Anthony Rotolo was in a Twitter chat for young professionals. When some complained that their more experienced professionals and mentors were reluctant to allow them to take the lead, Rotolo tweeted about Enterprise Captain Jean-Luc Picard's decision to allow a 16-year-old character lead an away mission in order to show him responsibility. The reference, of course, is to "Star Trek," and immediately Rotolo got feedback from fellow Trekkies who complimented him and suggested he teach a course on the series. So starting in the spring, SU undergrads can take "Star Trek and the Information Age." The class will use the four "Star Trek" series that ran between 1966 and 2001 and a few of the films to explore issues from management styles to privacy to unmanned, remote warfare. Or to explore the Borg mind. The Borg was a race in Star Trek that had one collective mind. Twitter and Google have each been referred to as the Borg mind, and the class would make comparisons between the fictional Borg and those real information systems. Meghan Dornbrock will be the TA of the class and is an avid Trekkie. The characters on the shows "deal with all sorts of issues like, Is the android who's on our team, is he considered a human? And why or why not?" said Dornbrock. "And how do we deal with this new technology that we had to make up in the last 40 minutes of this episode, you know, to solve whatever our problem is, because we're facing a lot of those exact same issues right now." The class's final project will ask for students to envision Starfleet-esque systems using current technology. Rotolo wants students to find out how we could create a working environment that provides the functionality seen on "Star Trek," such as when a character walks into a room and orders "lights," and all the lights go on. Rotolo noted that a lot of our technologies now are beginning to mirror what appeared on shows like "Star Trek." "A lot of the people who invent emerging technology, who invent the future, had a vision of the future from 'Star Trek,'" Rotolo said, "So whether it's people who create the iPad at Apple — where in 'Star Trek' there's been a device just like it in all those series called the Pad — whether or not that was invented because of 'Star Trek' or just inspiration or whether it was predicted is really a question that's difficult to answer, but the inspiration is definitely there." Syracuse senior Sean Herron may be one of those students who will be inspired. Herron is a public policy major who is interested in space and would like to find a way to fill the gaps in our modern technologies. Although he has never watched "Star Trek" beyond the most recent movie, he is taking the class to mix fun and learning. "I think that's really an important part of education, you know," Herron said, "finding areas where you have interest, but also are enjoyable to you as a person, and so I think this class would kind of fulfill both of those." This is not the first 'Star Trek' class offered by a college. Georgetown University has a class called "Philosophy and Star Trek," in which students analyze major philosophical questions such as whether or not time travel is possible and the nature of time. Indiana University in Bloomington offers "Star Trek and Religion," billed as "the critical study of religion by way of popular culture." So far, Syracuse students and faculty seem enthusiastic. "Almost everybody I've ever told about the class has said either, if they aren't a student currently, 'I wish I could take that,' or if they are a student and they don't like 'Star Trek' they say, 'Well, I haven't really watched Star Trek, is that OK? Can I still take the class?'" Rotolo says, "And of course the answer is yes. I don't think you need to be a Trekkie or a Trekker to take this class. I can't promise you won't be one by the end of the class."
When Tweeters Meet Trekkies
Nov 19, 2010 10:16am
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Set your phone to see if this item is compatible.
Use the Nokia phone selector.
Note: You may be prompted during installation to download a large one-time update for your phone software.
by: InMobiles
Utilities - 1.77 MB
Update(v1.1.6): Arabic names displayed in correct order with new design.
Too much annoying stalkers?! Numbers you can't identify?! InMobiles places the answer in the palm of your hands; welcome the genius of innovation and be the first to Know "Whozcalling"! Get the caller's ID on your screen even if he wasn't saved in your contact list.Requires 3G connection or Wifi.
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Uniqueness is our trend!InMobiles.
Contact publisher for issues found in content:
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For all other issues, please go to support.ovi.com


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After my appointment with the sports massage therapist a week and half ago, I was supposed to spend a week doing my strength exercises then go for a test run last Friday. Unfortunately, I was still feeling that nagging soreness in my ankle, right behind the inside of my ankle bone. I decided I should try to be smart for once in my life and not bother with the test run that would inevitably cause me more pain.
So onto a new plan. I'm going to see a sports medicine chiropractor on Wednesday and hopefully he can work some magic or at least give me some ideas on how to get over this really annoying problem. I'm frustrated that taking such a long break from running hasn't made a difference so far. Le sigh. We shall see.
On the baby bump front, I am now a little over 26 weeks along. Up until a few weeks ago, the baby's movement felt more like weird random poking and popping around in there, but now I'm starting to feel more little body parts sticking out of my belly. It still catches me off guard. When I was pregnant with Zain, I had an anterior placenta – meaning the placenta was in the front of my belly. Even though I felt a lot of movement with him, it was a little more muffled. This time, my placenta is at the top of my uterus so I feel the baby's movements more clearly. It's been really cool to feel and see his little limbs poking out.
We still haven't done anything to actually prepare for little man #2, but I don't really feel like there's much to do anyway. We're lucky to already have all the clothes we need for all the right seasons since I'm due in January which is when Zain was born too. I think we're a lot more relaxed this time around too since we know now that babies don't need 5 million things when they're born – they really just need some comfy clothes, to eat and to get lots of snuggles with mommy and daddy. I guess they also need a name, huh? That one will take us until the day he's born to figure out. Perhaps I need to do a blog baby naming contest? I'm only half joking. Suggestions for boy names that are as cool as the name Zain are surely welcome :).
Hopefully I'll have a happy update about the future of my ankle and pregnant running on Wednesday!
Happy running!


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My name is Avery McCall. I am 13 years old and I live in Winnetka, Illinois. I am in eighth grade at North Shore Country Day School.
My favorite subjects are Math, Science and French. I have a 16 year old brother and an 8 year old sister, as well as two dogs named Button and Beau.
In my free time I enjoy playing soccer and squash and spending time with my family and friends.
This summer I did a service trip to an impoverished village in the mountains of Costa Rica.
We built a basketball court and dug irrigation ditches to prevent flooding to their only classroom.
We also taught English and played with the children at the end of each day. Next summer I hope to work at a school in Namibia.
The inspiration for my interest in human rights and helping girls began when I read "Half the Sky" by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn.
I was shocked that such horrific things could happen to girls my age who live in other parts of the world. Ever since then, I have been on a mission to find some way to help.
Becoming a Teen Advisor for Girl Up is the biggest step that I have taken so far, and it will allow me to begin accomplishing many of my goals.
As a Teen Advisor I will raise awareness amongst my friends and greater community about issues that many girls face in developing countries.
I hope in some small way the work that I do will empower girls elsewhere in the world, one life at a time.


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If you advanced your clocks this morning, you may wish to verify that your time stamp for Oasis is correct:
Click on "My account", then select "Edit." Check the "time zone" at the bottom, correct if needed, then click "Submit."
Of course, you post this now, and so I look back to see if you've ever posted a journal before, because you never do, and you have, and it mentions journals from August 11, and so me being me, and me having been gone at that time, I just have to go back and see those journals, making me look backward through like 150+ pages of journals, then reading those 2 long long hunks of journal, and so basically taking a half hour out of my beautiful morning!!! ARGH!
No one escapes from life alive
Cause now I'm curious!!
Amazingly offensive <3
The time thing doesn't show up right on the DSi, so I just guessed randomly which thing to click. Right now it's 21:44, (9:44); I have no clue what the Oasis clock says. It was never right.


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British, b. 1922.
Genres: Poetry, Air/Space topics, Art/Art history, Geography, History, International relations/ Current affairs, Marine sciences/Oceanography, Transportation, Travel/ Exploration, Autobiography/Memoirs.
Career: Br 8th Army, 1942-46; part-time personal assistant to Benjamin Britten, 1947-58; part-time farmer, Hampshire, England, 1947-56; freelance writer, 1962.
Publications: Grand European Expresses: The Story of Wagons-Lits, 1962; Pullman in Europe, 1962; Railway Holiday in France, 1963; Railway Holiday in Switzerland, 1965; Stanley Spencer at Burghclere, 1965; Jersey Airlines, 1968; Gone with Regret: Recollections of the Great Western Railway 1922-1947, 4th ed., 1992; (with V. Kelly) Yatakli-Vagon: Turkish Steam Travel, 1969; (with I. Scott-Hill) Channel Silver Wings, 1972; Steam over Switzerland, 1974; History of Trains de Luxe, 1982; Luxury Trains, 1982; (with G. Buchanan) Night Ferry: Britain's Only International Train, 1985; (trans.) The Orient Express: A Century of Railway Adventures, 1988; Don't Knock the Southern, 1993; Pullman and the Orient Expresses: 1872-2000, 2001, rev. ed., 2003; (with M. Kelharman) Shooting the Net, 2004; British Fishing 1923-2003, 2004.
Address: 9 Station Rd, Findochty, Buckie, Morayshire AB56 4PN, Scotland.
Online Address: firstname.lastname@example.com; www.georgebehrend. co.uk


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.[1] In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.[2]
Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. Characteristics of a circuit using an op-amp are set by external components with little dependence on temperature changes or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself, which makes op-amps popular building blocks for circuit design.
Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities.[3] Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.
The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).
The circuit symbol for an op-amp is shown to the right, where:
The power supply pins (VS+ and VS−) can be labeled in different ways (See IC power supply pins). Often these pins are left out of the diagram for clarity, and the power configuration is described or assumed from the circuit.
The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a V+ input and a V− input, and ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage. The output voltage of the op-amp is given by the equation:
where V+ is the voltage at the non-inverting terminal, V− is the voltage at the inverting terminal and AOL is the open-loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open-loop" refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input).
The magnitude of AOL is typically very large—100,000 or more for integrated circuit op-amps—and therefore even a quite small difference between V+ and V− drives the amplifier output nearly to the supply voltage. Situations in which the output voltage is equal to or greater than the supply voltage are referred to as saturation of the amplifier. The magnitude of AOL is not well controlled by the manufacturing process, and so it is impractical to use an operational amplifier as a stand-alone differential amplifier. Without negative feedback, and perhaps with positive feedback for regeneration, an op-amp acts as a comparator. If the inverting input is held at ground (0 V) directly or by a resistor, and the input voltage Vin applied to the non-inverting input is positive, the output will be maximum positive; if Vin is negative, the output will be maximum negative. Since there is no feedback from the output to either input, this is an open loop circuit acting as a comparator. The circuit's gain is just the AOL of the op-amp.
If predictable operation is desired, negative feedback is used, by applying a portion of the output voltage to the inverting input. The closed loop feedback greatly reduces the gain of the amplifier. When negative feedback is used, the circuit's overall gain and response becomes determined mostly by the feedback network rather than by the op-amp itself. If the feedback network is made of components with relatively constant, stable values, the variability of the op-amp's open loop response does not seriously affect the circuit's performance. The response of the op-amp circuit with its input, output and feedback circuits to an input is characterized mathematically by a transfer function. Designing an op-amp circuit to have a desired transfer function is in the realm of electrical engineering. The transfer functions are important in most applications of op-amps, such as in analog computers. High input impedance at the input terminals and low output impedance at the output terminal(s) are particularly useful features of an op-amp.
For example, in a non-inverting amplifier (see the figure on the right) adding a negative feedback via the voltage divider Rf, Rg reduces the gain. Equilibrium will be established when Vout is just sufficient to reach around and "pull" the inverting input to the same voltage as Vin. The voltage gain of the entire circuit is determined by 1 + Rf/Rg. As a simple example, if Vin = 1 V and Rf = Rg, Vout will be 2 V, the amount required to keep V− at 1 V. Because of the feedback provided by Rf, Rg this is a closed loop circuit. Its overall gain Vout / Vin is called the closed-loop gain ACL. Because the feedback is negative, in this case ACL is less than the AOL of the op-amp.
Another way of looking at it is to make two relatively valid assumptions.
One, that when an op-amp is being operated in linear (not saturated) mode, the difference in voltage between the non-inverting (+) pin and the inverting (−) pin is so small as to be considered negligible.[4]
The second assumption is that the input impedance at both (+) and (−) pins is extremely high (at least several megohms with modern op-amps).
Thus, when the circuit to the right is operated as a non-inverting linear amplifier, Vin will appear at the (+) and (−) pins and create a current i through Rg equal to Vin/Rg. Since Kirchhoff's current law states that the same current must leave a node as enter it, and since the impedance into the (−) pin is near infinity, we can assume the overwhelming majority of the same current i travels through Rf, creating an output voltage equal to Vin + i × Rf. By combining terms, we can easily determine the gain of this particular type of circuit.
An ideal op-amp is usually considered to have the following properties:
These ideals can be summarized by the two "golden rules":
The first rule only applies in the usual case where the op-amp is used in a closed-loop design (negative feedback, where there is a signal path of some sort feeding back from the output to the inverting input). These rules are commonly used as a good first approximation for analyzing or designing op-amp circuits.[5]:177
None of these ideals can be perfectly realized. A real op-amp may be modeled with non-infinite or non-zero parameters using equivalent resistors and capacitors in the op-amp model. The designer can then include these effects into the overall performance of the final circuit. Some parameters may turn out to have negligible effect on the final design while others represent actual limitations of the final performance that must be evaluated.
Real op-amps differ from the ideal model in various aspects.
Real operational amplifiers suffer from several non-ideal effects:
The op-amp gain calculated at DC does not apply at higher frequencies. Thus, for high-speed operation, more sophisticated considerations must be used in an op-amp circuit design.
Modern integrated FET or MOSFET op-amps approximate more closely the ideal op-amp than bipolar ICs when it comes to input impedance and input bias currents. Bipolars are generally better when it comes to input voltage offset, and often have lower noise. Generally, at room temperature, with a fairly large signal, and limited bandwidth, FET and MOSFET op-amps now offer better performance.
Though designs vary between products and manufacturers, all op-amps have basically the same internal structure, which consists of three stages:
IC op-amps as implemented in practice are moderately complex integrated circuits. A typical example is the ubiquitous 741 op-amp designed by Dave Fullagar in Fairchild Semiconductor after the remarkable Bob Widlar LM301. Thus the basic architecture of the 741 is identical to that of the 301.[9]
The input stage is a composed differential amplifier with a complex biasing circuit and a current mirror active load.
It is implemented by two cascaded stages satisfying the conflicting requirements. The first stage consists of the NPN-based input emitter followers Q1 and Q2 that provide high input impedance. The next is the PNP-based common base pair Q3 and Q4 that eliminates the undesired Miller effect, shifts the voltage level downwards and provides a sufficient voltage gain to drive the next class A amplifier. The PNP transistors also help to increase the reverse VBE rating (the base-emitter junctions of the NPN transistors Q1 and Q2 break down at around 7 V but the PNP transistors Q3 and Q4 have breakdown voltages around 50 V).[10]
The classical emitter-coupled differential stage is biased from the side of the emitters by connecting a constant current source to them. The series negative feedback (the emitter degeneration) makes the transistors act as voltage stabilizers; it forces them to adjust their VBE voltages so that to pass the current through their collector-emitter junctions. As a result, the quiescent current is β-independent.
Here, the Q3/Q4 emitters are already used as inputs. Their collectors are separated and cannot be used as inputs for the quiescent current source since they behave as current sources. So, the quiescent current can be set only from the side of the bases by connecting a constant current source to them. To make it not depend on β as above, a negative but parallel feedback is used. For this purpose, the total quiescent current is mirrored by Q8-Q9 current mirror and the negative feedback is taken from the Q9 collector. Now it makes the transistors Q1-Q4 adjust their VBE voltages so that to pass the desired quiescent current. The effect is the same as at the classical emitter-coupled pair — the quiescent current is β-independent. It is interesting fact that "to the extent that all PNP βs match, this clever circuit generates just the right β-dependent base current to produce a β-independent collector current".[9] The biasing base currents are usually provided only by the negative power supply; they should come from the ground and enter the bases. But to ensure maximum high input impedances, the biasing loops are not internally closed between the base and ground; it is expected they will be closed externally by the input sources. So, the sources have to be galvanic (DC) to ensure paths for the biasing currents and low resistive enough (tens or hundreds kilohms) to not create significant voltage drops across them. Otherwise, additional DC elements should be connected between the bases and the ground (or the positive power supply).
The quiescent current is set by the 39 kΩ resistor that is common for the two current mirrors Q12-Q13 and Q10-Q11. The current determined by this resistor acts also as a reference for the other bias currents used in the chip. The Widlar current mirror built by Q10, Q11, and the 5 kΩ resistor produces a very small fraction of Iref at the Q10 collector. This small constant current through Q10's collector supplies the base currents for Q3 and Q4 as well as the Q9 collector current. The Q8/Q9 current mirror tries to make Q9 collector current the same as the Q3 and Q4 collector currents and succeeds with the help of the negative feedback. The Q9 collector voltage changes until the ratio between the Q3/Q4 base and collector currents becomes equal to β. Thus Q3 and Q4's combined base currents (which are of the same order as the overall chip's input currents) are a small fraction of the already small Q10 current.
Thus the quiescent current is set by Q10-Q11 current mirror without using a current-sensing negative feedback. The voltage-sensing negative feedback only helps this process by stabilizing Q9 collector (Q3/Q4 base) voltage.[nb 5] The feedback loop also isolates the rest of the circuit from common-mode signals by making the base voltage of Q3/Q4 follow tightly 2VBE below the higher of the two input voltages.
The differential amplifier formed by Q1–Q4 drives an active load implemented as an improved current mirror (Q5–Q7) whose role is to convert the differential current input signal to a single ended voltage signal without the intrinsic 50% losses and to greatly increase the gain. This is achieved by copying the input signal from the left to the right side where the magnitudes of the two input signals add (Widlar used the same trick in μA702 and μA709). For this purpose, the input of the current mirror (Q5 collector) is connected to the left output (Q3 collector) and the output of the current mirror (Q6 collector) is connected to the right output of the differential amplifier (Q4 collector). Q7 increases the accuracy of the current mirror by decreasing the amount of signal current required from Q3 to drive the bases of Q5 and Q6.
The input voltage sources are connected through two "diode" strings, each of them consisting of two connected in series base-emitter junctions (Q1-Q3 and Q2-Q4), to the common point of Q3/Q4 bases. So, if the input voltages change slightly in opposite directions, Q3/Q4 bases stay at relatively constant voltage and the common base current does not change as well; it only vigorously steers between Q3/Q4 bases and makes the common quiescent current distribute between Q3/Q4 collectors in the same proportion.[nb 6] The current mirror inverts Q3 collector current and tries to pass it through Q4. In the middle point between Q4 and Q6, the signal currents (current changes) of Q3 and Q4 are subtracted. In this case (differential input signal), they are equal and opposite. Thus, the difference is twice the individual signal currents (ΔI − (−ΔI) = 2ΔI) and the differential to single ended conversion is completed without gain losses. The open circuit signal voltage appearing at this point is given by the product of the subtracted signal currents and the total circuit impedance (the paralleled collector resistances of Q4 and Q6). Since the collectors of Q4 and Q6 appear as high differential resistances to the signal current (Q4 and Q6 behave as current sources), the open circuit voltage gain of this stage is very high.[nb 7]
More intuitively, the transistor Q6 can be considered as a duplicate of Q3 and the combination of Q4 and Q6 can be thought as of a varying voltage divider composed of two voltage-controlled resistors. For differential input signals, they vigorously change their instant resistances in opposite directions but the total resistance stays constant (like a potentiometer with quickly moving slider). As a result, the current stays constant as well but the voltage at the middle point changes vigorously. As the two resistance changes are equal and opposite, the effective voltage change is twice the individual change.
The base current at the inputs is not zero and the effective differential input impedance of a 741 is about 2 MΩ. The "offset null" pins may be used to place external resistors in parallel with the two 1 kΩ resistors (typically in the form of the two ends of a potentiometer) to adjust the balancing of the Q5/Q6 current mirror and thus indirectly control the output of the op-amp when zero signal is applied between the inputs.
If the input voltages change in the same direction, the negative feedback makes Q3/Q4 base voltage follow (with 2VBE below) the input voltage variations. Now the output part (Q10) of Q10-Q11 current mirror keeps up the common current through Q9/Q8 constant in spite of varying voltage. Q3/Q4 collector currents and accordingly, the output voltage in the middle point between Q4 and Q6, remain unchanged.
The section outlined in magenta is the class A gain stage. The top-right current mirror Q12/Q13 supplies this stage by a constant current load, via the collector of Q13, that is largely independent of the output voltage. The stage consists of the two NPN transistors Q15/Q19 connected in a Darlington configuration and uses the output side of a current mirror as its collector (dynamic) load to achieve high gain. The transistor Q22 prevents this stage from saturating by diverting the excessive Q15 base current (it acts as a Baker clamp).
The 30 pF capacitor provides frequency selective negative feedback around the class A gain stage as a means of frequency compensation to stabilise the amplifier in feedback configurations. This technique is called Miller compensation and functions in a similar manner to an op-amp integrator circuit. It is also known as 'dominant pole compensation' because it introduces a dominant pole (one which masks the effects of other poles) into the open loop frequency response. This pole can be as low as 10 Hz in a 741 amplifier and it introduces a −3 dB loss into the open loop response at this frequency. This internal compensation is provided to achieve unconditional stability of the amplifier in negative feedback configurations where the feedback network is non-reactive and the closed loop gain is unity or higher. Hence, the use of the operational amplifier is simplified because no external compensation is required for unity gain stability; amplifiers without this internal compensation such as the 748 may require external compensation or closed-loop gains significantly higher than unity.
The green outlined section (based on Q16) is a voltage level shifter named rubber diode, transistor Zener or VBE multiplier. In the circuit as shown, Q16 provides a constant voltage drop across its collector-emitter junction regardless of the current through it (it acts as a voltage stabilizer). This is achieved by introducing a negative feedback between Q16 collector and its base, i.e. by connecting a voltage divider with ratio β = 7.5 kΩ / (4.5 kΩ + 7.5 kΩ) = 0.625 composed by the two resistors. If the base current to the transistor is assumed to be zero, the negative feedback forces the transistor to increase its collector-emitter voltage up to 1 V until its base-emitter voltage reaches 0.625 V (a typical value for a BJT in the active region). This serves to bias the two output transistors slightly into conduction reducing crossover distortion (in some discrete component amplifiers, this function is usually achieved with a string of two silicon diodes).
The circuit can be presented as a negative feedback voltage amplifier with constant input voltage of 0.625 V and a feedback ratio of β = 0.625 (a gain of 1/β = 1.6). The same circuit but with β = 1 is used in the input current-setting part of the classical BJT current mirror.
The output stage (outlined in cyan) is a Class AB push-pull emitter follower (Q14, Q20) amplifier with the bias set by the VBE multiplier voltage source Q16 and its base resistors. This stage is effectively driven by the collectors of Q13 and Q19. Variations in the bias with temperature, or between parts with the same type number, are common so crossover distortion and quiescent current may be subject to significant variation. The output range of the amplifier is about one volt less than the supply voltage, owing in part to VBE of the output transistors Q14 and Q20.
The 25 Ω resistor in the output stage acts as a current sense to provide the output current-limiting function which limits the current in the emitter follower Q14 to about 25 mA for the 741. Current limiting for the negative output is done by sensing the voltage across Q19's emitter resistor and using this to reduce the drive into Q15's base. Later versions of this amplifier schematic may show a slightly different method of output current limiting. The output resistance is not zero, as it would be in an ideal op-amp, but with negative feedback it approaches zero at low frequencies.
Note: while the 741 was historically used in audio and other sensitive equipment, such use is now rare because of the improved noise performance of more modern op-amps. Apart from generating noticeable hiss, 741s and other older op-amps may have poor common-mode rejection ratios and so will often introduce cable-borne mains hum and other common-mode interference, such as switch 'clicks', into sensitive equipment.
The "741" has come to often mean a generic op-amp IC (such as μA741, LM301, 558, LM324, TBA221 — or a more modern replacement such as the TL071). The description of the 741 output stage is qualitatively similar for many other designs (that may have quite different input stages), except:
Op-amps may be classified by their construction:
IC op-amps may be classified in many ways, including:
The use of op-amps as circuit blocks is much easier and clearer than specifying all their individual circuit elements (transistors, resistors, etc.), whether the amplifiers used are integrated or discrete. In the first approximation op-amps can be used as if they were ideal differential gain blocks; at a later stage limits can be placed on the acceptable range of parameters for each op-amp.
Circuit design follows the same lines for all electronic circuits. A specification is drawn up governing what the circuit is required to do, with allowable limits. For example, the gain may be required to be 100 times, with a tolerance of 5% but drift of less than 1% in a specified temperature range; the input impedance not less than one megohm; etc.
A basic circuit is designed, often with the help of circuit modeling (on a computer). Specific commercially available op-amps and other components are then chosen that meet the design criteria within the specified tolerances at acceptable cost. If not all criteria can be met, the specification may need to be modified.
A prototype is then built and tested; changes to meet or improve the specification, alter functionality, or reduce the cost, may be made.
That is, the op-amp is being used as a voltage comparator. Note that a device designed primarily as a comparator may be better if, for instance, speed is important or a wide range of input voltages may be found, since such devices can quickly recover from full on or full off ("saturated") states.
A voltage level detector can be obtained if a reference voltage Vref is applied to one of the op-amp's inputs. This means that the op-amp is set up as a comparator to detect a positive voltage. If the voltage to be sensed, Ei, is applied to op amp's (+) input, the result is a noninverting positive-level detector: when Ei is above Vref, VO equals +Vsat; when Ei is below Vref, VO equals −Vsat. If Ei is applied to the inverting input, the circuit is an inverting positive-level detector: When Ei is above Vref, VO equals −Vsat.
A zero voltage level detector (Ei = 0) can convert, for example, the output of a sine-wave from a function generator into a variable-frequency square wave. If Ei is a sine wave, triangular wave, or wave of any other shape that is symmetrical around zero, the zero-crossing detector's output will be square. Zero-crossing detection may also be useful in triggering TRIACs at the best time to reduce mains interference and current spikes.
Another typical configuration of op-amps is with positive feedback, which takes a fraction of the output signal back to the non-inverting input. An important application of it is the comparator with hysteresis, the Schmitt trigger. Some circuits may use Positive feedback and Negative feedback around the same amplifier, for example Triangle wave oscillators and active filters.
Because of the wide slew-range and lack of positive feedback, the response of all the open-loop level detectors described above will be relatively slow. External overall positive feedback may be applied but (unlike internal positive feedback that may be applied within the latter stages of a purpose-designed comparator) this markedly affects the accuracy of the zero-crossing detection point. Using a general-purpose op-amp, for example, the frequency of Ei for the sine to square wave converter should probably be below 100 Hz.[citation needed]
In a non-inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in the same direction as the input voltage.
The gain equation for the op-amp is:
However, in this circuit V− is a function of Vout because of the negative feedback through the R1 R2 network. R1 and R2 form a voltage divider, and as V− is a high-impedance input, it does not load it appreciably. Consequently:
Substituting this into the gain equation, we obtain:
Solving for :
If is very large, this simplifies to
Note that the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier will need a path for DC to ground; if the signal source might not give this, or if that source requires a given load impedance, the circuit will require another resistor — from input to ground. In either case, the ideal value for the feedback resistors (to give minimum offset voltage) will be such that the two resistances in parallel roughly equal the resistance to ground at the non-inverting input pin.
In an inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in an opposite direction to the input voltage.
As with the non-inverting amplifier, we start with the gain equation of the op-amp:
This time, V− is a function of both Vout and Vin due to the voltage divider formed by Rf and Rin. Again, the op-amp input does not apply an appreciable load, so:
Substituting this into the gain equation and solving for :
If is very large, this simplifies to
A resistor is often inserted between the non-inverting input and ground (so both inputs "see" similar resistances), reducing the input offset voltage due to different voltage drops due to bias current, and may reduce distortion in some op-amps.
A DC-blocking capacitor may be inserted in series with the input resistor when a frequency response down to DC is not needed and any DC voltage on the input is unwanted. That is, the capacitive component of the input impedance inserts a DC zero and a low-frequency pole that gives the circuit a bandpass or high-pass characteristic.
The potentials at the operational amplifier inputs remain virtually constant (near ground) in the inverting configuration. The constant operating potential typically results in distortion levels that are lower than those attainable with the non-inverting topology.
Most single, dual and quad op-amps available have a standardized pin-out which permits one type to be substituted for another without wiring changes. A specific op-amp may be chosen for its open loop gain, bandwidth, noise performance, input impedance, power consumption, or a compromise between any of these factors.
1941: A vacuum tube op-amp. An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in U.S. Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier" filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell Labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90 dB and operated on voltage rails of ±350 V. It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today's op-amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that would not have been possible otherwise.[11]
1947: An op-amp with an explicit non-inverting input. In 1947, the operational amplifier was first formally defined and named in a paper by Professor John R. Ragazzini of Columbia University. In this same paper a footnote mentioned an op-amp design by a student that would turn out to be quite significant. This op-amp, designed by Loebe Julie, was superior in a variety of ways. It had two major innovations. Its input stage used a long-tailed triode pair with loads matched to reduce drift in the output and, far more importantly, it was the first op-amp design to have two inputs (one inverting, the other non-inverting). The differential input made a whole range of new functionality possible, but it would not be used for a long time due to the rise of the chopper-stabilized amplifier.[11]
1949: A chopper-stabilized op-amp. In 1949, Edwin A. Goldberg designed a chopper-stabilized op-amp.[12] This set-up uses a normal op-amp with an additional AC amplifier that goes alongside the op-amp. The chopper gets an AC signal from DC by switching between the DC voltage and ground at a fast rate (60 Hz or 400 Hz). This signal is then amplified, rectified, filtered and fed into the op-amp's non-inverting input. This vastly improved the gain of the op-amp while significantly reducing the output drift and DC offset. Unfortunately, any design that used a chopper couldn't use their non-inverting input for any other purpose. Nevertheless, the much improved characteristics of the chopper-stabilized op-amp made it the dominant way to use op-amps. Techniques that used the non-inverting input regularly would not be very popular until the 1960s when op-amp ICs started to show up in the field.
1953: A commercially available op-amp. In 1953, vacuum tube op-amps became commercially available with the release of the model K2-W from George A. Philbrick Researches, Incorporated. The designation on the devices shown, GAP/R, is an acronym for the complete company name. Two nine-pin 12AX7 vacuum tubes were mounted in an octal package and had a model K2-P chopper add-on available that would effectively "use up" the non-inverting input. This op-amp was based on a descendant of Loebe Julie's 1947 design and, along with its successors, would start the widespread use of op-amps in industry.
1961: A discrete IC op-amp. With the birth of the transistor in 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a reality. The introduction of the planar process in 1959 made transistors and ICs stable enough to be commercially useful. By 1961, solid-state, discrete op-amps were being produced. These op-amps were effectively small circuit boards with packages such as edge connectors. They usually had hand-selected resistors in order to improve things such as voltage offset and drift. The P45 (1961) had a gain of 94 dB and ran on ±15 V rails. It was intended to deal with signals in the range of ±10 V.
1961: A varactor bridge op-amp. There have been many different directions taken in op-amp design. Varactor bridge op-amps started to be produced in the early 1960s.[13][14] They were designed to have extremely small input current and are still amongst the best op-amps available in terms of common-mode rejection with the ability to correctly deal with hundreds of volts at their inputs.
1962: An op-amp in a potted module. By 1962, several companies were producing modular potted packages that could be plugged into printed circuit boards.[citation needed] These packages were crucially important as they made the operational amplifier into a single black box which could be easily treated as a component in a larger circuit.
1963: A monolithic IC op-amp. In 1963, the first monolithic IC op-amp, the μA702 designed by Bob Widlar at Fairchild Semiconductor, was released. Monolithic ICs consist of a single chip as opposed to a chip and discrete parts (a discrete IC) or multiple chips bonded and connected on a circuit board (a hybrid IC). Almost all modern op-amps are monolithic ICs; however, this first IC did not meet with much success. Issues such as an uneven supply voltage, low gain and a small dynamic range held off the dominance of monolithic op-amps until 1965 when the μA709[15] (also designed by Bob Widlar) was released.
1968: Release of the μA741. The popularity of monolithic op-amps was further improved upon the release of the LM101 in 1967, which solved a variety of issues, and the subsequent release of the μA741 in 1968. The μA741 was extremely similar to the LM101 except that Fairchild's facilities allowed them to include a 30 pF compensation capacitor inside the chip instead of requiring external compensation. This simple difference has made the 741 the canonical op-amp and many modern amps base their pinout on the 741s. The μA741 is still in production, and has become ubiquitous in electronics—many manufacturers produce a version of this classic chip, recognizable by part numbers containing 741. The same part is manufactured by several companies.
1970: First high-speed, low-input current FET design. In the 1970s high speed, low-input current designs started to be made by using FETs. These would be largely replaced by op-amps made with MOSFETs in the 1980s. During the 1970s single sided supply op-amps also became available.
1972: Single sided supply op-amps being produced. A single sided supply op-amp is one where the input and output voltages can be as low as the negative power supply voltage instead of needing to be at least two volts above it. The result is that it can operate in many applications with the negative supply pin on the op-amp being connected to the signal ground, thus eliminating the need for a separate negative power supply.
The LM324 (released in 1972) was one such op-amp that came in a quad package (four separate op-amps in one package) and became an industry standard. In addition to packaging multiple op-amps in a single package, the 1970s also saw the birth of op-amps in hybrid packages. These op-amps were generally improved versions of existing monolithic op-amps. As the properties of monolithic op-amps improved, the more complex hybrid ICs were quickly relegated to systems that are required to have extremely long service lives or other specialty systems.
Recent trends. Recently supply voltages in analog circuits have decreased (as they have in digital logic) and low-voltage op-amps have been introduced reflecting this. Supplies of ±5 V and increasingly 3.3 V (sometimes as low as 1.8 V) are common. To maximize the signal range modern op-amps commonly have rail-to-rail output (the output signal can range from the lowest supply voltage to the highest) and sometimes rail-to-rail inputs.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Operational amplifiers |
Wikiversity has learning materials about Operational amplifier |
The Wikibook Electronics has a page on the topic of: Op-Amps |


text:
Google is offering $20,000 and a CR-48 Chrome OS laptop to anyone who can hack their Chrome browser.
As part of this year's Pwn2Own hacking contest, the prize will go to the first contestant to use security holes in Google-written code to escape the sandbox on a Windows 7 or OS X computer.
The Zero Day Initiative team at HP TippingPoint are also offering $15,000 prizes for those who can hack Safari, Internet Explorer and Firefox, as well as $15,000 and the device hacked for a handful of smart phones, including the Google Nexus S, the iPhone 4, the Blackberry Torch 9800 with Blackberry 6 OS and the Dell Venue Pro running Windows Phone 7.
On top of the prizes, winners will receive monetary bonuses for further ZDI submissions in 2011.
$20,000 and a laptop to hack Chrome? Wow, I imagine someone will do it. It seems like someone always does. But that does seem to be a major throwing of the gauntlet. I see that they aren't the only one's making an offer to hack their products (really, any company that doesn't join in this offer would be essentially admitting to an inferior product), but they are really putting themselves a bit above the pack by offering more money.
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text:
Notice of remittance, 1913 Mar. 19
Click here to view the item (new window) | |
Type: | Checks | Text |
Creator: | Drane, Frank P. United States. Assay Office (Charlotte, N.C.) |
Title: | Notice of remittance, 1913 Mar. 19 |
Date: | 1913 Mar. 19 |
Description: | Notice of remittance from Frank P. Drane, assayer in charge of the Branch Mint of the United States at the Assay Office of the United States, Charlotte, N.C., dated March 19, 1913. Document ID: gcd01. A project of the Digital Library of Georgia in association with the Lumpkin County Library, Chestatee Regional Library System as part of Georgia HomePLACE. This project is supported with federal LSTA funds administered by the Institute of Museum and Library Services through the Georgia Public Library Service, a unit of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia. |
Subjects: | Gold--Assaying--Georgia--Gainesville | States Banking Co. (Gainesville, Ga.) | United States. Assay Office (Charlotte, N.C.) | Gold industry--Georgia--Gainesville | Gold ores--Georgia--Dahlonega | Checks--Georgia--Dahlonega | Gainesville (Ga.) | Hall County (Ga.) |
Contributors: | Chestatee Regional Library System, Lumpkin County Branch |
Online Publisher: | Athens, Ga. : Digital Library of Georgia, 2004 |
Original Material: | [1] p. | Manuscript held by the Chestatee Regional Library System, Lumpkin County Branch, Graham C. Dugas Calhoun Gold Mine papers. |
Rights and Usage: | This work is the property of the Digital Library of Georgia. It may be used freely by individuals for research, teaching, and personal use as long as this statement of availability is included in the text. Cite as: [title of item], [title of series, if applicable], Graham C. Dugas Calhoun Gold Mine papers, Chestatee Regional Library System, Lumpkin County Branch, presented in the Digital Library of Georgia |
Persistent Link to Item: | http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/dahl/id:gcd01 |
Related Institutions: | Chestatee Regional Library System. Lumpkin County Branch Digital Library of Georgia |
Collection Information: | "Thar's gold in them thar hills": Gold and Gold Mining in Georgia, 1830s-1940s |


text:
Dinner & A Book: The Last Time They Met
The video is currently unavailable at this time.
About This Episode
Episode #505 - The Last Time They Met by Anita Shreve
Fortune's Rock, The Pilot's Wife, The Weight of Water, Resistance, Where or When, Strange Fits of Passion, Eden Close
- Original Airdate:
- January 25, 2005
In This Episode
Crab Cakes with Black Bean and Corn Salsa
Peaches with Balsamic Vinegar and Peppercorns
Robert Mondavi Chardonnay
Samuel Adams Beer
On a patio or balcony, set a table with a nautical theme using blue as the main color. Include a bucket of ice filled with Samuel Adams beer and Robert Mondavi Chardonnay white wine. Light some lanterns and scatter white tea lights around the table. String white lights in the trees surrounding the patio or balcony. Enjoy your seaside picnic.
The Book
The Last Time They Met


text:
I'd like to toy around with google's gdata API on my E90
(3rd edition v 07.40.1.2 dated 3-10-2007).
I have downloaded the gdata Python API (18.104.22.168) and the required
Elementtree library. I have installed my Python interpreter at
E:\\Python and in this directory I have the 'elementtree'
directory and I have put the 'gdata' directory here as well.
I have my code in E:\\Python\Test.py and there I modify the sys.path
list to contain the aforementioned directories for gdata and
elementtree so I can import them. Then I get the accesspoint so that
I can connect to the web.
When I run my Test.py via the PED editor the imports work fine,
I am asked for my access point, but after selecting one I get
KErrPermissionDenied [Errno -46]. I suppose this happens because
PED isn't signed for sufficient capabilities for IP access.
When I try to run the same script via the standalone Python interpreter,
elementtree is imported fine, but gdata is not; I get
ImportError: No module named gdata.docs.service
Why this difference? Why is ElementTree nevertheless imported properly?
The 'gdata' directory has several further subdirectories, 'docs'
being one of them, both of them have a file called __init.py__
and there is a file gdata\docs\service.py. I'm not really fluent
in Python so I probably don't quite get the module import
system. Does the subdirectory structure need to be reflected in the
additions to sys.path somehow?
I understand that one way of installing Python libraries is to
make a .sis out of them, but I don't know how to proceed with
something like the gdata library and furthermore I suppose I'd
need to install the SDK. This all sounds like a lot of work.
Am I on the right track with the sys.path modification approach?
I seem to be fairly close of getting this working -- I hope I'm
missing something obvious.
Is there some other, preferred way of dealing with self-installed libraries?
Could PED be tweaked somehow that the interpreter could run
with enough rights to use the network?
I'm using PED 2.17 final (prints out 'Python 1.4.1 final').
Standalone Python interpreter is 1.4.1.
BR, Vesa
Here's the relevant code:
import sys
# Make the interpreter look for the modules in the right place
from elementtree import ElementTree # This works ...
import gdata.docs.service # ... but this does not
import socket
# Get the socket access
# Do what you have to do here ...


text:
Adelaide Brighton (ABC)
PUBLISHED: 29 Nov 2010 11:02:44 | UPDATED: 30 Nov 2010 16:47:42PUBLISHED: 29 Nov 2010 PRINT EDITION: 30 Nov 2010Jenny Wiggins
Adelaide Brighton's shares were on the rise until early November, when it warned it might not be able to renew a key contract in Western Australia. The warning erased the stock's gains from the previous three months, wiping about 18 per cent off its share price. Adelaide Brighton said it could lose half of its 400,000 tonne contract with Cement Australia in Western Australia, which would hit 2011 earnings before interest and taxation by $10 million. Analysts, who had previously been impressed with the group's strong earnings – it reported a 52 per cent increase in interim pretax profits to $92.1 million – downgraded the stock, with Citigroup noting that "a contract of size cannot be made up for with average growth rates". At around $3 a share, Adelaide Brighton is still up nearly 10 per cent on the year, although recent strong demand for cement from roadwork and desalination projects in South Australia, and mining projects in WA, is expected to wane next year.
The Australian Financial Review
Read more
Companies | Adelaide Brighton |
Topics | Company News, Materials & Packaging /Construction Materials |


text:
In a post-modern world running with a global economy, it was only a matter of time before seeing a late-sixties compact Ford Falcon wearing eighties-era Toyota Supra wheels at the boneyard. This Falcon sedan was missing its drivetrain, but still wearing the alloy Supra wheels, which evidently share the same four-lug spacing with jet-age Fords. The Falcon also packed a few extra 1157 light bulbs, one broken square tail light assembly, and two features we would like to see return to the world of economy automobiles – bench front seating and column shift. Perhaps the former Ford Falcon owner saw a few images of an Australian Ford Falcon GT Super Roo sedan, and bolted up the Supra hoops in place of the stock pizza cutters on the way to constructing a 351-powered American road-going approximation of the Bathurst-winning Australian muscle car.
MORE: 1970 Ford Falcon XY GT at New Zealand Classic Car


text:
Optics InfoBase
Efficient numerical method for solving the direct Zakharov–Shabat scattering problem
Tunable storage of optical pulses in a tailored Bragg-grating structure
Fiber grating compression of giant-chirped nanosecond pulses from an ultra-long nanotube mode-locked fiber laser
Measurement of resonant and nonresonant induced refractive index changes in Yb-doped fiber grating amplifier
Plasmonic nanoshell functionalized etched fiber Bragg gratings for highly sensitive refractive index measurements
Fiber optic stress-independent helical torsion sensor
Thermal stress modification in regenerated fiber Bragg grating via manipulation of glass transition temperature based on CO2-laser annealing
Observation of grating regeneration by direct CO2 laser annealing
Nanoscale roughness micromilled silica evanescent refractometer
Switchable dual-wavelength Q-switched and mode-locked fiber lasers using a large-angle tilted fiber grating
Numerical modeling of femtosecond laser inscribed IR gratings in photonic crystal fibers
Near-infrared grating-assisted SPR optical fiber sensors: design rules for ultimate refractometric sensitivity
Angle dependent Fiber Bragg grating inscription in microstructured polymer optical fibers
Polarization effects in polymer FBGs: study and use for transverse force sensing
Ultra-weak FBG and its refractive index distribution in the drawing optical fiber
Highly sensitive liquid level monitoring system utilizing polymer fiber Bragg gratings
Waveform reconstruction for an ultrasonic fiber Bragg grating sensor demodulated by an erbium fiber laser
Measurement of grating visibility of a fiber Bragg grating based on bent-spectral analysis
Distributed strain measurement based on long-gauge FBG and delayed transmission/reflection ratiometric reflectometry for dynamic structural deformation monitoring
Widely tunable LP11 cladding-mode resonance in a twisted mechanically induced long-period fiber grating
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text:
Comet rejects Plymouth cerebral palsy boy's £500 gift card
A mother whose son has cerebral palsy has spoken of her anger after struggling electrical retailer Comet refused to accept a £500 gift card.
Maria Horton was given the card by the charity Family Fund to buy an iPad to help her son Sam, four, with his school work.
But when she visited a Comet store in Plymouth, staff refused to accept it.
Administrators for the retail store say the use of gift cards and vouchers has been temporarily suspended.
Information for customers
- Administrators will have to decide whether Comet vouchers and gift cards will be honoured
- Generally, gift card holders are fairly low on a list of creditors when a business folds
- Extended warranties are overseen by a separate business so will remain valid. Only if that company ceased trading would a trust fund be set up to meet obligations to customers who hold extended warranties
Mother-of-two Mrs Horton, 32, from Plymouth said: "I said to the staff, 'You already have the money, can't you accept it?' and they said, 'We can't do anything for you.'
"I spoke to the manager and he said the same thing, that I would have to go away without the goods.
"I'm not the only one who has lost out. They have the money but they are not willing to provide the goods to the children who need them."
Comet has appointed Deloitte as administrators, putting 6,611 jobs at risk.
Comet's demise is one of the biggest High Street casualties of recent years.
Deloitte says its priority is to stabilise the business and assess its financial position, while the search for a buyer gets under way.
It says that customer orders will be fulfilled "wherever possible", but the use of gift cards and vouchers has been temporarily suspended.
Family Fund was unavailable for comment.


text:
TVLine Items: Five-0's Latest Lost Reunion, Y&R Vet to B&B and More
Rebecca Mader is going back to the island.
The Lost vet is the latest alum from the beloved ABC drama to land a gig on CBS' Hawaii Five-0. READ MORE
Rebecca Mader is going back to the island.
The Lost vet is the latest alum from the beloved ABC drama to land a gig on CBS' Hawaii Five-0. READ MORE
Terry O'Quinn has Dr. Doofenshmirtz all Locke'd up in this exclusive clip from Phineas and Ferb's upcoming Lost-themed episode. READ MORE & WATCH VIDEO
Lost's Terry O'Quinn, Sarah Connor's son and Comedy Central roast regular Jeffrey Ross are among the latest actors to book pilots this season. READ MORE
Former Fairly Legal eagle/current Chicago Fire hottie Sarah Shahi has booked a badass recurring role on CBS' Person of Interest. READ MORE
This Sunday at 9/8c, in the penultimate hour of Falling Skies Season 2, Tom, Anne, Weaver and the rest of the 2nd Mass arrive in Charleston, S.C. There, they have been told, hope lives on in the form of a small but reassembled U.S government. But what really awaits them? READ MORE & WATCH PREVIEW CLIP
Smoke Monster? That's so last decade. Lost's Terry O'Quinn is set to do battle with some new supernatural beings on ABC's drama pilot 666 Park Avenue. READ MORE
Jonathan Groff is about to raise some Kane on the second season of Starz's Boss.
The Glee grad joins the cast of the political drama as …READ MORE
AMC is launching a six-episode Walking Dead web series which will explore the backstory of zombiette Hannah, the infamous "bicycle girl" offed by Rick (Andrew Lincoln) in the gruesome series' pilot episode. READ MORE
As it would turn out, John Locke may be the key to Steve McGarrett's freedom.
The first trailer for the second season of CBS' high-octane Hawaii Five-0 is out, and it offers …READ MORE & WATCH VIDEO
Terry O'Quinn is going baaaack to the island. READ MORE


text:
Comment by Evelyn Lim
Evelyn Lim November 16, 2008 at 5:18 pm
I don't think I'm very good at time management myself. I tend to be overbooked in my schedule. I sure like what you said about "I do the right thing and then I do it right". I'm going to really sit down and think through how I'm allocating my time!
Evelyn Lim´s last blog post: My Vision Board Tops Amazon's Bestseller List?


text:
Nike Air Max 97 Jacquard "Rio de Janeiro" by Brendan Dunne 15 Comments
November 1, 2012 BY Aaron Hope / 0
It was a little over a week ago, that in discussion of a Euro-exclusive Nike Air Max 97 featuring stripes from the Italian flag on its pull-loops, that Sneaker News reminded you of last year's incredible Lux leather edition. It turns out there are more comparisons to be made, as another Italy-striped Air Max 97 has arrived exclusively at Foot Locker EU. This time, they stay rooted more closely to the OG 'Silver Bullet' look with just the aforementioned stripes providing a contrast (even the Swooshes are silver on this one). This metallic leather getup might not have the reflectivity of the originals but there's still plenty of visual impact; will you reach across the Atlantic to get yourself a pair?
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Nike Air Max 97 Jacquard "Rio de Janeiro" by Brendan Dunne 15 Comments
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Paul Griffiths, who was named to the Warren chair of Catholic theology at Duke Divinity School in 2008, is an accomplished philosopher, theologian, author, and editor. Yet he has been liberated enough from all that to offer these reflections as a father, a spouse, and a fellow seeker of the contours of a human life lived in gratitude to the One who creates us. Framed, to be sure, by an astute intelligence, the structure of these reflections is effectively internalized, so as not to distract the reader. So what results?
Try the image of a series of finger exercises to improve our skills of improvising our way through life's obstacle course, or of a scalpel deftly used to lay bare the sinews we exercise in our daily activity. The first image focuses on practice, to which a plethora of examples constantly recalls us; the second alerts us to the fine-grained analysis we will often encounter as well. Both images make it sound grammatical, as the title announces. We seldom welcome grammatical corrections until we have come to be grateful for the way they have saved us from gaffes we can observe others make. Appeals to grammar are meant to be liberating rather than dominating, however, and this guidebook into ways of knowing and loving uses careful analysis to liberate us from sentimentality to realize a healthy relationship to what is good and true in God's creation.
Offering a "properly Christian account of what it is to want to know" (52), it depicts "the way in which you ought to see the world if you are a Christian" (30). His skillful analysis proceeds by way of examples to alert us to healthy or to damaging ways we attempt to engage our world, focusing on creation as an unmerited gift in which creatures are called to participate through an appetite for wonder, yet always ready to be subverted by our tendency to kidnap beautiful things which face us so as to own them and turn them into titillating spectacles to feed our need for novelty, stoking our loquacity rather than nourishing our gratitude. (Bold signals the table of contents.)
Griffiths explores these promising topics by calling on refined discussions that have shaped the Christian tradition over the centuries—beginning each chapter with a pithy quote from Augustine. Yet his treatment of these pregnant issues is also shaped by current debate in philosophical or theological circles, though readers are spared the usual footnotes. While that strategy is explicitly defended in the final chapter, readers by that time will have come to realize that it displays the principal point of this illuminating journey: contrasting curiosity with studiousness, or better, mathesis with a mode of inquiry that attends to creatures as creatures.
"Advocates of mathesis seek, and often take themselves to have found, the perfect method for complete knowledge of an ensemble of spatialized, discrete objects;" (149) the "magical key is method" (148) and the goal mastery if not ownership, like the skilled seducer who views victims as replaceable objects for his insatiable appetite. Yet "the studious Christian, seeking participatory intimacy driven by wonder and riven by lament, cannot coherently seek ownership" (154), since what is brought into being and sustained by God can only be shared. Lament affects these seekers not because they cannot attain what they are after, but because their own propensity to grasp and to possess brings their original desire to naught.
So we are presented with a searing critique, not just of the "entertainment industry" diverting our natural zest for wonder into a feeding frenzy for novelty, but of any form of schooling that hones our skills for knowing in order to satisfy a yearning for power. We are constantly faced with "if the shoe fits, wear it" by an unabashed "Christian advocate of gift, participation, and wonder" (151) toward a universe freely created by a loving God. We are presented with a guidebook inviting mature and searching human beings into attitudes corresponding with a universe said to be good by its gracious author. Yet our possessive propensities ever seek to own and exploit it for our own ends, leaving us to face what we have come to call "the ecological crisis," yet now painfully aware of its source.
David Burrell, C.S.C., is Hesburgh professor emeritus of philosophy and theology at the University of Notre Dame. A scholar of comparative issues in philosophical theology in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, he is the author of many books, including Freedom and Creation in Three Traditions, (Notre Dame, 1993). He currently serves as professor of ethics and development studies at Uganda Martyrs University, Nkozi, Uganda.


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International Grant Program
International Grant Program for Fiscal 2014
"Cultivating empathy through learning from our neighbors: Common issues in Japan and other Asian countries"
This is the second year of our pilot program, which supports projects whose focus are on reviewing current challenges and issues shared among Japan and other Asian countries, and proposing policy recommendations. The primary focus of the program is on selected countries in Southeast Asia and Japan.
The program pays special attention on drawing lessons from existing practices made by local communities, especially in terms of following points: i) how local communities address the challenges and find solutions; ii) the role of various stakeholders in those processes; and iii) policy frameworks and social settings to support such efforts.
Through this program, we try to build a new form of partnership among Japan and other Asian countries, based on empathy shared among peers who face common challenges, instead of conventional ones such as donor / recipient relationships.
Grant Framework
Target Countries | Indonesia, Japan , Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam |
Thematic Areas | a) Aging society; b) Multicultural society; c) Renewable energy practices for sustainable community development |
Project Duration | One year (Nov 2014 – Oct 2015) |
Expected output | A review of a policy issue in one or more of targeted countries, with a policy recommendation (encouraged to have a dissemination) |
Potential Applicants | A team or a network of members from various backgrounds, with a proven record of delivering results in one of the thematic areas (priority is given to habitants in those five countries) |
Grant amount (maximum per project) | a) Project focusing in one of the target countries: 3 million yen b) Project focusing in more than two countries: 6 million yenmillion yen |
Total amount of grants | 60 million yen |
Project Proposal Period | Application period: From April 7th, 2014 to June 13th, 2014 5pm Japan Standard Time |
Applications | Web-based application via Foundation website only |
Selection of grants | Formal decisions on the awarding of grants will be made by the Toyota Foundation Board of Directors at meetings to be held in late September 2014, based on the deliberations of responsible Selection Committee consisting of external experts. |
Please click the right button to see FAQs.


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Foodbank WA's Choose to Move aims to promote physical activity within our School Breakfast Program schools.
Choose to Move
Getting into Physical Activity
Choose to Move is a school-based physical activity program aimed at children in years 4 to 7, and a new Foodbank WA Healthy Food for All® initiative. It aims to increase student physical activity through structured lessons and unstructured play during the school day. Choose to Move is closely aligned with the Department of Education's FUNdamental Game Strategies (FGS) Resource.
Schools that participate in Choose to Move will be provided with FREE sporting equipment pack/s. All the sporting equipment provided with Choose to Move is closely aligned with the games included in the FGS Resource. Foodbank WA will also support teachers to obtain the FGS activities manual and encourage staff to attend the FGS professional learning workshops, which are facilitated through the Department of Education. Dates for upcoming professional learning workshops can be found at the Department of Education Website. State-wide roll-out of Choose to Move to registered School Breakfast Program schools started in 2011.
Choose to Move - Goal
To increase the proportion of children in years 4 to 7 who report participating in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day, during the school week.
Choose to Move - Objectives
Increase student participation in physical activity through structured lessons and unstructured play during the school day
Improve the physical activity opportunities for school children through the provision of equipment and teacher support
Build the capacity of school teachers to deliver physical activity programs
Assist schools to meet the Department of Education's curriculum, assessment and reporting policy requirements that opportunities are provided to enable all students in years 1 to 10 to participate in a minimum of 2 hours of physical activity each week, during the school day as part of learning programs
Enhance the physical activity culture within the schools
For more information about Choose to Move, please contact Jenny Tartaglia on 9463 3210 or via email email@example.com.


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Volunterning with AkihabaraNews: Apps Due This Friday!
How do you become a professional writer? Photographer? A video maker person… a videographer!? Simply, and honestly: You do it by doing it. Gradually improve, work your angles, build a body of work… but where, right? Well, AkihabaraNews.com is pleased to announce a handful of publishing opportunities: Volunternships!
• • •
Sanwa outs a new transmitter and receiver aptX compatible Bluetooth adapter
Sanwa supply announced this week the launch of the 400-BTAD002, a new 4,480 Yen aptX and SBC and Bluetooth adapter (2.1 +EDR and A2DP/AVRCP) than work either as a receiver or transmitter. The 400-BTAD002 comes in a compact package of just 38x50x13mm for 50g with a 10h batter lifetime when turned into a transmitter or 9h as a receiver.
Japanese Technology from the Future Friday!
This week, given that Japan's backing off their CO2 emissions pledges, it's no surprise that Sumitomo wants to frack with an American gas company, and, continuing the nation's ongoing energytech exportation efforts, Japan wants to sell its high-tech thermal turbine thingys to Turkmenistan.
• • •
Japanese Robots: iREX Multimedia Wrap-Up (VIDEOS & GALLERY)
Japan's premier robot expo is over, and all that remains of iREX 2013 are the things we learned, contacts we made, and the videos, photos, and desperate attempts to effectively communicate the breadth of what exactly went down. Something beyond "Wow, it was like… so many awesome robots." Not so easy, that.
• • •
The Kong Show, Episode 4: Featuring AkihabaraNews, Japan Today, and More! (AUDIO)
This Week on Episode #4 of The Kong Show
PlayStation 4 or Xbox One? Whatever, Give Props to Ralph Baer!
Appreciating Ralph Baer, Inventor of the First Video Game Console
VENTURE DAY TOKYO - Last Chance to Pitch Your Startup!
Venture Day Tokyo
Startups & VC in Japan
Canon - EOS Kiss X7 - Entry model light & small DSLR in new white color
"EOS Kiss X7," the world's lightest and smallest digital single-lens reflex camera among cameras with APS-C sensors, was released on April 2013 by Canon. It's a compact entry model camera that can motivate DSLR newcomers to easily carry it around with them anywhere and try to take full-fledged photos.


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Pro-Form Abs Review
h2>What You Should Know
Pro-Form Abs is an exercise machine that works to distinguish your abdominal muscles. The premise of the product is to situate your body in the perfect position to work your abs. Pro-Form is a company that operates out of Logan, Utah. This manufacturer produces fitness and strength building equipment that includes exercise bikes, elliptical machines, treadmills as well as ab machines.
Not applicable
Product Features
The Pro-Form Abs system claims to put your spine in the correct position so that ab exercises will be most effective. This product allows users to perform abdominal exercises off the floor and in an upright position. The Pro-Form Abs design process folds up for easy storage. The machine consists of a headrest, backrest pad, ab strap, seat, and frame. The rear wedge offers a hook resistance strap and pivot option. This allows those working out to add more opposition to their abdominal exercises. This unit ships intact and requires little time to put together. New owners must connect only the resistance straps to the machine in order complete assembly. Included in the manual is a full part listing and pricing guide for replacement pieces. In addition to the Pro-Form exercise unit, purchasers get a workout plan and diet guide. Pricing is currently offered with free shipping. One Abs unit runs around 149.00 dollars. This company offers a limited warranty. Replacement or repair performed through authorized service centers. The customer must pay all shipping charges involved for machines sent to a repair center. Some service centers offer in-home work, but the client may be charged a fee for this service.
- Online support and workout programs.
- Easy assembly
- Resistance straps for enhanced workouts
- Fold away design
- Pro-Form is a well-known company with an established history.
- Those seeking a total-body workout will require a more comprehensive mechanism. The Pro-Form Abs is strictly for abdominal strengthening.
- Many home gyms or combined units will provide the same features and include programs for other areas of the body. The additional purchase of a machine just for abdominal workouts may not be cost effective.
The overall reviews of this product are positive. Those seeking a way to strengthen abdominal workouts may find the Pro-Form Abs system a worthwhile investment. The resistance band program offers an additional opportunity to work stomach muscles not found in traditional ab exercises. The problems come is the exclusiveness of the design. Most taking on a body-strengthening program will not want to be limited to abdominal workouts. Comprehensive home gyms will feature many of the same abdominal options. Those seeking total body toning will find this product falls short. It is what it says it is, a way to isolate ab muscles for more effective strengthening and back support.


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I have been going round-and-round for months trying to decide on what folder I should carry and what multi-tool I should carry. I finally decided to pick up a Cold Steel Recon 1 Tanto with the serrated edge and a Gerber Legend 700 mutli-tool. I have come across many situations while out on the street where these tools would have been a valuable asset to me if I had had them ready on my belt during MVCs or many other situations where those tools would have been needed.
Once I get them from the friendly postman, I'll throw up my general impressions and then update how well they work out in the field over the next few months while I'm on the bus.


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Deus Ex: Human Revolution Videos, Questions, Answers, Hints, Screenshots, Cheats. (Xbox 360)
Also on: PC PlayStation 3
Absolute Steve has furnished his with his guide to Deus Ex: Human Revolution. This is a visually enhanced version of his guide, complete with tons of videos and is exclusive to SuperCheats.com.
Click here to go to our guide
This is really good news for Mac gamers -- so few mainstream titles are released on the Mac platform these days that most gamers who are solidly committed to the Mac en.. Read More
We have 7 questions and 10 answers for this game. See if your question has already been asked or ask your own to get the exact game help you need for Deus Ex: Human Revolution.
If you think you are great at Deus Ex: Human Revolution then test your knowledge by trying to answer the questions asked by our members, and help them out at the same time!
Can't break into the computer terminal at the penthou..
I'm close to the end of the game and still can not ex..
Just wondering if there's a code for unlimited Praxis..
There are 51 achievements for Deus Ex: Human Revolution, click here to see them.
Get rated on SuperCheats.com as an expert for a game by answering questions and submitting stuff. Our experts for Deus Ex: Human Revolution are:


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I intend to host Wargames today, the new beta that came out should improve the speed of transactions between the host and clients as Wargames uses some icon manipulation.
The only downside to this is that you'll need the same version as a client in order to log in, and in the past I tend to steer clear of using betas even if it would hold benefits.
So I put it to you, host in 483 or not.
There are some new medals available in the version I intend to upload tonight before I host, and perhaps some other minor changes.


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Real Estate In Numerous American States
The current development in real estate may be the beginning of several luxurious homes in areas with strong economic growth and plenty of career opportunities. A good example is the increased amount of owning a home in the northern section of Charlotte, N.C., near and around the waters.
Due to the upcoming expansion of the state of Oklahoma, areas around the town of Tulsa had forecast the rise of these homes price.
In Scranton, Pennsylvania, homes are expected to go up in price as a result of efforts of the mayor to boost its areas and change vacant homes in to a great deal more saleable empty lots.
The outside of your home also affects its asking price. In Alabama, where people take pleasure within their southern heritage, yards are held well-manicured and the houses are well-maintained. My boss found out about mh pomanders by browsing Yahoo. Prices are anticipated to slowly increase.
In Texas, builders still show their confidence on the market through the constant catalog of new homes, specially in where property is quite cheap Edinburg. Discover more on this affiliated paper - Click here: in english. But, prices are anticipated to be just about the same as a result of the incidence of low-paying jobs in the region.
Realtors in Florida are expressing confidence on the power of the local economy and are expecting market stability as result of low-interest rates.
In Nevada, but, prices are expected to drop as a result of growing stock, with exception of houses near services like golf and spa.
Florida real-estate is likely to maintain its small catalog as population is growing.
The current slump internal prices, nevertheless, have influenced states in the nation. To research additional information, please consider checking out: website. Due to several layoffs particularly in the manufacturing industry, properties in the Midwest area are lowered in price and houses with prices of more than a million might be reduced merely to have it off the market. This thrilling privacy article has several offensive aids for the reason for it.
It may pay to find out first which locations are considered most ideal, If you are looking for value in your real estate investment. In accordance with a study completed by CNN, the town of Fort Collins in Colorado is opted for as the best town to reside in, followed by Illinois, Naperville and Sugar Land, Texas where various communities abound. http://www.States-RealEstate.com offers essential resources for buyers, dealers, property owners, real estate professionals, real estate people, or any one seeking to connect with the entire world of real estate.


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Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Teaches CS3 users how to use Bridge and Version Cue to manages files for individual and group projects.
"I learn most effectively through seeing and doing and lynda.com lets me do that. The movies are very well done." —Mike I.
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Welcome back! After hopefully debugging a problem with feed generation that has possibly left subscribers hanging for about five weeks, we have a new episode. Previous episodes remain available for manual download and an experimental initiative is underway to additionally deposit copies with the Internet Archive, California's digital virtual library.
In light of the Dale Askey and Jeffrey Beall cases in Canada for libel, we talk in this episode about the dangerous possibility of challenges erupting in those cases to the notion of librarianship actually being a profession. The case is laid out as to how librarianship may not necessarily be considered truly a profession in contemporary terms on a level with medicine or law. Following that a new miscellany is presented and the show is concluded with USDA Radio's Susan Carter presenting a feature about the Agriculture Department's Rural Utilities Service working to bridge the Digital Divide in parts of the United States.
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Download here (MP3) (Ogg Vorbis) (Free Lossless Audio Codec), or subscribe to the podcast (MP3) to have episodes delivered to your media player. We suggest subscribing by way of a service like gpodder.net. The purchasing requests list can be found via our Amazon Wishlist.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/


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Publication detail
Reference | IEC 60684-3-228 ed2.0 |
> preview |
Title | Flexible insulating sleeving - Part 3: Specifications for individual types of sleeving - Sheet 228: Heat-shrinkable, semi-rigid polyvinylidene fluoride sleeving, flame retarded, fluid resistant, shrink ratio 2:1 | |||||||||
Publication date | 2004-05-11 | |||||||||
Format, price (Swiss francs) and language |
Abstract | Gives the requirements for one type of heat-shrinkable, flame retarded, with a nominal shrink ratio 2:1, fluid resistant polyvinylidene fluoride sleeving for use at temperatures up to 175 C. This sleeving is normally supplied with an internal diameter up to 25,4 mm, and the standard colour is transparent. Sizes or colours other than those specifically listed in this standard may be available as custom items. These items are considered to comply with this standard if they comply with the property requirements listed in Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5, with the exception of dimensions and mass. Materials which conform to this specification meet established levels of performance. However, the selection of a material by a user for a specific application should be based on the actual requirements necessary for adequate performance in that application and not based on this specification alone. This edition includes the following significant technical change with regard to the previous edition: Replacement of the thermal endurance test method according to IEC 60216 with a long term ageing test, i.e. 3 000 h at the recommended maximum temperature found suitable for use,in order to provide safe thermal test data within a workable time scale. | |||||||||
Technical Committee | 15 - Solid electrical insulating materials | |||||||||
ICS Codes |
Stability date | 2019 | |||||||||
Work in progress |
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Induction of immune tolerance to human embryonic stem cell-derived allografts
Funding Type:
Transplantation Immunology
Grant Number:
Award Value:
Disease Focus:
Immune Disease
Stem Cell Use:
Embryonic Stem Cell
Cell Line Generation:
Embryonic Stem Cell
Public Abstract:
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can undergo unlimited reproduction and retain the capability to differentiate into all cell types in the body. Therefore, as a renewable source of various cell types, hESCs hold great promise for human cell replacement therapy. Significant progress has been made in establishing the conditions to differentiate hESCs into cells of therapeutic value. However, a major obstacle to the clinical application of these promising hESC-based therapies is the immune-mediated rejection of hESC-derived cells by the recipient because these cells express antigens that differ from those of the recipient patients. While rejection of grafts expressing different antigens can be delayed for a period of time if the recipient's immune system is persistently suppressed, most grafts are rejected eventually. In addition, persistent immune suppression also increases the risk for cancer and infection. Therefore, to develop hESC-based therapy, it is critical to develop effective approaches to induce immune tolerance to hESC-derived cells.
Extensive studies indicate that transplantation of donor's hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into the recipient prior to graft transplantation can induce tolerance of the recipient to the graft. Therefore, one promising approach that may be used to induce tolerance to hESC-derived cells is to transplant hESC-derived HSCs into the recipient. However, several bottlenecks hinder the evaluation of this promising approach. For example, due to the lack of specific markers for human HSCs, the differentiation and identification of hESCs into HSCs remains to be optimized. In addition, the animal model to study the human immune responses to hESC-derived cells remains to be established and validated.
To address these challenges, I have assembled a team of researchers with complementary expertise. We will genetically modified hESCs to improve our ability to identify and purify hESC-derived HSCs. In addition, we will develop humanized mouse models with functional human immune system to test whether transplantation of hESC-derived HSC and/or hESC-derived dendritic cells are sufficient to induce tolerance to hESC-derived cells such as cardiomyocytes. The ability to identify hESC-derived HSCs would facilitate the effort to provide a renewable cell resource for therapeutic bone marrow transplantation. In addition, our research could optimize the conditions to transplant hESC-derived HSCs in order to induce immune tolerance to differentiated cells derived from matched hESCs.
Statement of Benefit to California:
Limited therapeutic options are available for several devastating and costly diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases in California and our nation. In the case of diabetes, 1 of every 10 Californians (2.7 million) were afflicted with diabetes in 2007, costing the State $24.5 billion annually. Heart diseases remain the number one cause of death in California and nation, costing California even more than diabetes. Therefore, these diseases have devastating consequences on both those afflicted and on State/National healthcare costs. There remains an urgent and critical need for a cell-based cure of these diseases.
While significant progress has been made in the derivation of functional beta cells and cardiomyocytes from human ES cells, these allogenic cells will be rejected by the recipient upon transplantation unless the immune system of the recipient is persistently suppressed. However, immune suppression itself has severe consequences with significantly increased risk of cancer and infection. Therefore, it is critical to develop effective approaches to induce immune tolerance to hESC-derived cells. Our proposed research is aimed to develop approaches to induce immune tolerance to a wide range of hESC-derived cell types such as cardiomyocytes. The millions spent now on research is nominal when compared to the billions that will be saved in treatment costs and the improved quality of life for patients.
Progress Report: