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Olaf II of Norway
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Olaf II Haraldsson
King of Norway
from 1015 to 1028. He was posthumously given the title
Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae
Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae
Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae , i.e. Norway's Eternal King) is an in the 12th century appearing term for Olaf the Holy.-Background:In written sources, the term Perpetuus rex Norvegiæ appears only in Historia Norvegiæ from the second part of the 12th century.The 1163 Succession Law stated that all kings...
(Norway's Eternal King) and canonised in
Nidaros or Niðarós was during the Middle Ages, the old name of Trondheim, Norway . Until the Reformation, Nidaros remained the centre of the spiritual life of the country...
Trondheim , historically, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. With a population of 173,486, it is the third most populous municipality and city in the country, although the fourth largest metropolitan area. It is the administrative centre of...
) by Bishop
-Life:Little is known of Grimketel's background. There was some speculation that he was taken over to Norway by Olav Haraldsson in 1017 to evangilize the country. After Cnut defeated and killed Olav, Grimkel, was asked to go to Trondheim and officially declare Olav Haraldsson a saint.Cnut is said...
, one year after his death in the
Battle of Stiklestad
Battle of Stiklestad
The Battle of Stiklestad in 1030 is one of the most famous battles in the history of Norway. In this battle, King Olaf II of Norway was killed. He was later canonized...
on 29 July 1030. Enshrined in
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the...
. Olaf's local canonisation was in 1164 confirmed by
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle...
Alexander III
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
, making him a universally recognized saint of the Catholic Church. The exact position of Saint Olaf's grave in Nidaros has been unknown since 1568, due to the Lutheran iconoclasm in 1536-37. Saint Olaf has today a prominent legal as well as cultural position in the country. He is symbolised by the axe in
Norway's coat of arms
Coat of arms of Norway
The coat of arms of Norway is a crowned, golden lion rampant holding an axe with an argent blade, on a crowned, triangular and red escutcheon. Its elements originate from personal insignias for the royal house in the High Middle Ages, thus being among the oldest in Europe...
, and the
Olsok is now the Norwegian name for 29 July, traditionally the date of the death of King Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway in the Battle of Stiklestad, east of Nidaros , Norway, in 1030...
(29th July) is still his day of celebration. The Order of St. Olav is named after him.
Olaf II's
Old Norse
Old Norse
Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300....
name is
Ólafr Haraldsson
. He was during his lifetime known as
Olaf digre
(modern orthography). Today, he is commonly referred to as
Olav den hellige
Bokmål is one of two official Norwegian written standard languages, the other being Nynorsk. Bokmål is used by 85–90% of the population in Norway, and is the standard most commonly taught to foreign students of the Norwegian language....
; Olaf the Holy) or
Nynorsk or New Norwegian is one of two official written standards for the Norwegian language, the other being Bokmål. The standard language was created by Ivar Aasen during the mid-19th century, to provide a Norwegian alternative to the Danish language which was commonly written in Norway at the...
; the Holy Olaf) in honour of his sainthood.
Olaf Haraldsson had the given name Óláfr in
Old Norse
Old Norse
Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300....
. (Etymology:
– "forefather",
– "heir".) Olav is the modern equivalent in
Norwegian language
Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is the official language. Together with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants .These Scandinavian languages together with the Faroese language...
, formerly often spelt Olaf. His name in
Icelandic language
Icelandic is a North Germanic language, the main language of Iceland. Its closest relative is Faroese.Icelandic is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages. Historically, it was the westernmost of the Indo-European languages prior to the...
is Ólafur, in
Faroese language
Faroese , is an Insular Nordic language spoken by 48,000 people in the Faroe Islands and about 25,000 Faroese people in Denmark and elsewhere...
Ólavur, in
Danish language
Danish is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people, principally in the country of Denmark. It is also spoken by 50,000 Germans of Danish ethnicity in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, where it holds the status of minority language...
Oluf, in
Swedish language
Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along its coast and on the Åland islands. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish...
Olof. Olave was the traditional spelling in England, preserved in the name of medieval churches dedicated to him. Other names, such as Oláfr hinn helgi, Olavus rex, and Olaf are used interchangeably (see the
Heimskringla is the best known of the Old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson ca. 1230...
Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was twice elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing...
). He is sometimes referred to as
Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae
Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae
Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae , i.e. Norway's Eternal King) is an in the 12th century appearing term for Olaf the Holy.-Background:In written sources, the term Perpetuus rex Norvegiæ appears only in Historia Norvegiæ from the second part of the 12th century.The 1163 Succession Law stated that all kings...
(Norway's Eternal King), a designation which goes back to the thirteenth century. The term
Ola Nordmann
Ola Nordmann
Ola Nordmann is a name for the typical Norwegian person, a personification of the whole population in general.-As a national personification:The media often uses "Ola Nordmann" to describe trends in the population....
as epithet of the archetypal Norwegian may originate in this tradition, as the name Olav for centuries was the most common male name in Norway.
Olaf was born in
oskar er kjempe kulRingerike is a municipality in Buskerud county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Ringerike...
. His mother was
Åsta Gudbrandsdatter
Åsta Gudbrandsdatter
Åsta Gudbrandsdatter was the mother of two Norwegian kings, King Olaf II of Norway and King Harald III of Norway.According to the sagas, Åsta Gudbrandsdatter was from Vestfold. Åsta's father was Gudbrand Kula from Oppland...
, and his father was
Harald Grenske
Harald Grenske
Harald Grenske was the petty king in Vestfold in Norway.Harald Grenske was the son of Gudrød Bjørnsson. Gudrød was a grandson of Harald Fairhair and the king of Vestfold. Harald's cognomen Grenske is due to his being raised in the district of Grenland, Norway. When Harald was only 11 years old,...
, great-great-grandchild of
Harald Fairhair
Harald I of Norway
Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair , , son of Halfdan the Black, was the first king of Norway.-Background:Little is known of the historical Harald...
, the first king of Norway. Harald Grenske died when Åsta Gudbrandsdatter was pregnant with Olaf. She later married
Sigurd Syr
Sigurd Syr
Sigurd Syr Halfdansson was a petty king in northern Ostlandet in Norway.Sigurd was subking of Ringerike, an ancient territory in the county of Buskerud, southern Norway. Through his marriage with Åsta Gudbrandsdatter, he was the stepfather of King Olav II of Norway and father of King Harald III...
, with whom she had other children including Harald Hardrada who would reign as a future king of Norway.
Olaf was the subject of several biographies, both hagiographies and sagas, in the Middle Ages, and many of the historical facts concerning his reign are disputed. The best known description is the one in
Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was twice elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing...
Heimskringla is the best known of the Old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson ca. 1230...
, from c. 1230. That saga cannot be taken as an accurate source for Olaf's life, but most of the following description is based on the narrative there.
About 1008, Olaf landed on
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
n island
Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring 2,673 km². The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago...
(Osilia). The Osilians, taken by surprise, had at first agreed to pay the demands made by Olaf, but then gathered an army during the negotiations and attacked the Norwegians. Olaf nevertheless won the battle.
As a teenager he went to the
Baltic region
The terms Baltic region, Baltic Rim countries, and Baltic Rim refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea.- Etymology :...
, then to
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
and later to
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
Olaf saw it as his call to unite Norway into one kingdom, as his ancestor
Harald I of Norway
Harald I of Norway
Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair , , son of Halfdan the Black, was the first king of Norway.-Background:Little is known of the historical Harald...
largely succeeded. On the way home he wintered with Duke Richard II of Normandy. This region had been conquered by the Norseman in the year 881. Duke Richard was himself an ardent
A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the Canonical gospels and the letters of the New Testament...
, and the
The Normans were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock...
had also previously converted to Christianity. Before leaving, Olaf was baptized in
Rouen , in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages...
Olaf returned to Norway in 1015 and declared himself king, obtaining the support of the five
petty kings
Petty kingdom
A petty kingdom is one of a number of small kingdoms, described as minor or "petty" by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it...
of the Uplands. Norway during the reign of St. Olaf (1015–1028) showing areas under the control of hereditary chieftains (petty kingdoms). In 1016 he defeated
Earl Sweyn
Sveinn Hákonarson
Sveinn Hákonarson was an earl of the house of Hlaðir and co-ruler of Norway from 1000 to c. 1015. He was the son of earl Hákon Sigurðarson. He is first mentioned in connection with the battle of Hjörungavágr, where the Heimskringla says he commanded 60 ships...
, hitherto the virtual ruler of Norway, at the
Battle of Nesjar
Battle of Nesjar
Battle of Nesjar was a sea battle off the coast of Norway in 1016. It was a primary event in the reign of King Olav Haraldsson . Sigvatr Þórðarson composed the poem Nesjavísur in memory of the battle....
. He founded the town Borg by the waterfall
, later to be known as
is a city and municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Sarpsborg.Sarpsborg is part of the fifth largest urban area in Norway when paired with neighbouring Fredrikstad...
is a county in southeastern Norway, bordering Akershus and southwestern Sweden , while Buskerud and Vestfold is on the other side of the bay. The seat of the county administration is Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad is the largest city.Many manufacturing facilities are situated here. Moss and...
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
. Within a few years he had won more power than had been enjoyed by any of his predecessors on the throne.
He had annihilated the petty kings of the South, subdued the aristocracy, enforced the acceptance of
Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...
throughout the kingdom, asserted his
Suzerainty occurs where a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which controls its foreign affairs while allowing the tributary vassal state some limited domestic autonomy. The dominant entity in the suzerainty relationship, or the more powerful entity itself, is called a...
in the
Orkney Islands
Orkney Islands
Orkney also known as the Orkney Islands , is an archipelago in northern Scotland, situated north of the coast of Caithness...
, and conducted a successful raid on Denmark. He made peace with King Olof Skötkonung of Sweden through
Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker
Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker
Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker is the name of one of at least three generations of lawspeakers by the name Þorgnýr, who appear in the Heimskringla by the Icelandic scholar and chieftain Snorri Sturluson, and in the less known Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa and Hróa þáttr heimska...
, and was for some time engaged to his daughter, Princess Ingegerd Olofsdotter, though without Olof's approval.
In 1019 Olaf married
Astrid Olofsdotter
Astrid Olofsdotter
Astrid Olofsdotter was the Queen Consort of King Olav II of Norway.-Biography:...
, Olof's illegitimate daughter and half-sister of his former fiancée. Their daughter Wulfhild married
Ordulf, Duke of Saxony
Ordulf, Duke of Saxony
Ordulf was the duke of Saxony from 1059, when he succeeded his father Bernard II, until his death. He was a member of the Billung family.-Reign:...
in 1042. Numerous royal, grand ducal and ducal lines are descended from Ordulf and Wulfrid, including the
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a German dynasty, the senior line of the Saxon House of Wettin that ruled the Ernestine duchies, including the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha....
Maud of Wales
Maud of Wales
Princess Maud of Wales was Queen of Norway as spouse of King Haakon VII. She was a member of the British Royal Family as the youngest daughter of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark and granddaughter of Queen Victoria and also of Christian IX of Denmark. She was the younger sister of George V...
, daughter of King
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910...
, was the mother of King
Olav V of Norway
Olav V of Norway
Olav V was the king of Norway from 1957 until his death. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Olav was born in the United Kingdom as the son of King Haakon VII of Norway and Queen Maud of Norway...
, so Olav and his son
Harald V
Harald V of Norway
Harald V is the king of Norway. He succeeded to the throne of Norway upon the death of his father Olav V on 17 January 1991...
, the present king of Norway, are thus descended from Olaf.
But Olaf's success was short-lived. In 1026 he lost the
Battle of the Helgeå
Battle of the Helgeå
Battle of the Helgeå was a naval engagement which took place during 1026, between joint Danish and English forces and a combined Norwegian and Swedish force, at the estuary of a river called Helgeå in Sweden.King Olaf II of Norway and King Anund Jakob of Sweden took advantage of the commitment...
, and in 1029 the Norwegian nobles, seething with discontent, supported the invasion of King
Canute the Great
Canute the Great
Cnut the Great , also known as Canute, was a king of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden. Though after the death of his heirs within a decade of his own and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, his legacy was largely lost to history, historian Norman F...
of Denmark. Olaf was driven into exile in Kievan Rus. During the exile he stayed some time in
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
in the province of Nerike where, according to local legend, he baptized many locals. In 1030, Canute's Norwegian vassal king, Jarl
Håkon Eiriksson
Håkon Eiriksson
Håkon Eiriksson was Earl of Lade and king of Norway as a vassal under Knut the Great.Håkon Eiriksson was from a dynasty of Norwegian rulers in the eastern part of Trondheim, bordering the Trondheimsfjord. He was the son of Eirik Håkonson, ruler of Norway and earl of Northumbria...
, was lost at sea. Olaf seized the opportunity to win back the kingdom, but he fell at the
Battle of Stiklestad
Battle of Stiklestad
The Battle of Stiklestad in 1030 is one of the most famous battles in the history of Norway. In this battle, King Olaf II of Norway was killed. He was later canonized...
, where some of his own subjects from central Norway were arrayed against him.
Canute, though distracted by the task of administrating England, managed to rule Norway for five years after Stiklestad, with his son Svein as viceroy. However, when Olaf's illegitimate son
Magnus I of Norway
Magnus I , known as the Good or the Noble, was the King of Norway from 1035 to 1047 and the King of Denmark from 1042 to 1047. He was an illegitimate son of king Olaf II of Norway, but fled with his mother in 1028 when his father was dethroned. In 1035 he returned to Norway and was crowned king at...
(dubbed 'the Good') laid claim to the Norwegian throne, Canute had to yield.
Olaf, a rather harsh ruler and prone to rough treatment of his enemies, ironically became Norway's patron saint. His canonization was performed only a year after his death by bishop
-Life:Little is known of Grimketel's background. There was some speculation that he was taken over to Norway by Olav Haraldsson in 1017 to evangilize the country. After Cnut defeated and killed Olav, Grimkel, was asked to go to Trondheim and officially declare Olav Haraldsson a saint.Cnut is said...
. The cult of Olaf not only unified the country, it also fulfilled the conversion of the nation, something for which the king had fought so hard. While divisive in life, in death Olaf wielded a unifying power no foreign monarch could hope to undo.
Owing to Olaf's later status as the patron saint of Norway, and to his importance in later medieval historiography and in Norwegian folklore, it is difficult to assess the character of the
Olaf. Judging from the bare outlines of known historical facts, he appears, more than anything else, as a fairly unsuccessful ruler, who had his power based on some sort of alliance with the much more powerful King
Canute the Great
Canute the Great
Cnut the Great , also known as Canute, was a king of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden. Though after the death of his heirs within a decade of his own and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, his legacy was largely lost to history, historian Norman F...
; who was driven into exile when he claimed a power of his own; and whose attempt at a reconquest was swiftly crushed.
This calls for an explanation of the status he gained after his death. Three factors are important: his role in the Christianization of Norway, the various dynastic relationships among the ruling families, and the needs for legitimization in a later period.
Conversion of Norway
Olaf and Olaf Tryggvasson together were the driving force behind Norway's final conversion to Christianity. However, large stone crosses and other Christian symbols suggest that at least the coastal areas of Norway were deeply influenced by Christianity long before Olav's time; with one exception, all the rulers of Norway back to
Håkon the Good
Haakon I of Norway
Haakon I , , given the byname the Good, was the third king of Norway and the youngest son of Harald Fairhair and Thora Mosterstang.-Early life:...
(c. 920–961) had been Christians; and Olav's main opponent,
Canute the Great
Canute the Great
Cnut the Great , also known as Canute, was a king of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden. Though after the death of his heirs within a decade of his own and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, his legacy was largely lost to history, historian Norman F...
, was a Christian ruler. What seems clear is that Olav made efforts to establish a church organization on a broader scale than before, among other things by importing bishops from England, Normandy and Germany, and that he tried to enforce Christianity also in the inland areas, which had the least communication with the rest of Europe, and which economically were more strongly based on agriculture, so that the inclination to hold on to the former fertility cult would have been stronger than in the more diversified and expansive western parts of the country.
Although Olav was certainly not the first to introduce Christianity to Norway, he established the first codification of the faith in 1024, thus laying the basis for the Church of Norway. So high did Olaf's legal arrangements for the Church of Norway come to stand in the eyes of the Norwegian people and clergy, that when
Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII
Pope St. Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Sovana , was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal...
attempted to make clerical celibacy binding on the priests of Western Europe in 1074–5, the Norwegians largely ignored this, since there was no mention of clerical celibacy in Olaf's legal code for their Church. Only after Norway was made a metropolitan province with its own archbishop in 1153 —which made the Norwegian church, on the one hand, more independent of its king, but, on the other hand, more directly responsible to the Pope — did
canon law
Canon law (Catholic Church)
The canon law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code and principles of legal interpretation. It lacks the necessary binding force present in most modern day legal systems. The academic...
gain a greater predominance in the life and jurisdiction of the Norwegian church.
Sigrid Undset
Sigrid Undset
Sigrid Undset was a Norwegian novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928.-Biography:Undset was born in Kalundborg, Denmark, but her family moved to Norway when she was two years old. In 1924, she converted to Catholicism and became a lay Dominican...
noted that Olaf was baptized in
Rouen , in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages...
, the capital of
Normandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is in France.The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part of Normandy and roughly 5% of the territory of France. It is divided for administrative purposes into two régions:...
, and suggested that Olaf used priests of Norman descent for his missionaries. These priests would be of Norwegian descent, could speak the language, and shared the culture of the people they were to convert. Since the Normans themselves had only been in Normandy for about two generations, these priests might, at least in some cases, be distant cousins of their new parishioners and thus less likely to be killed when Olaf and his army departed. The few surviving manuscripts and the printed
A missal is a liturgical book containing all instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year.-History:Before the compilation of such books, several books were used when celebrating Mass...
used in Archdiocese of Nidaros show a clear dependence on the missals used in Normandy.
Olaf's dynasty
For various reasons, most importantly the death of King Canute the Great in 1035, but perhaps even a certain discontent among Norwegian nobles with the Danish rule in the years after Olaf's death in 1030, his illegitimate son with the concubine Alvhild,
Magnus the Good
Magnus I of Norway
Magnus I , known as the Good or the Noble, was the King of Norway from 1035 to 1047 and the King of Denmark from 1042 to 1047. He was an illegitimate son of king Olaf II of Norway, but fled with his mother in 1028 when his father was dethroned. In 1035 he returned to Norway and was crowned king at...
, assumed power in Norway, and eventually also in Denmark. Numerous churches in Denmark were dedicated to Olaf during his reign, and the sagas give glimpses of similar efforts to promote the cult of his deceased father on the part of the young king. This would become typical in the Scandinavian monarchies. It should be remembered that in pagan times the Scandinavian kings derived their right to rule from their claims of descent from the Norse god
Odin is a major god in Norse mythology and the ruler of Asgard. Homologous with the Anglo-Saxon "Wōden" and the Old High German "Wotan", the name is descended from Proto-Germanic "*Wodanaz" or "*Wōđanaz"....
, or in the case of the kings of the Swedes at Old Uppsala, from
Freyr is one of the most important gods of Norse paganism. Freyr was highly associated with farming, weather and, as a phallic fertility god, Freyr "bestows peace and pleasure on mortals"...
. In Christian times this legitimation of a dynasty's right to rule and its national prestige would be based on its descent from a saintly king. Thus the kings of Norway promoted the cult of St. Olaf, the kings of Sweden the cult of St. Erik and the kings of Denmark the cult of St. Canute, just as in England the Norman and Plantagenet kings similarly promoted the cult of St. Edward the Confessor at
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey
The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, popularly known as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in the City of Westminster, London, United Kingdom, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English,...
, their coronation church.
Saint Olaf
Among the bishops that Olaf brought with him from England, was Grimkell (Grimkillus). He was probably the only one of the missionary bishops who was left in the country at the time of Olaf's death, and he stood behind the
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of...
Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name . Beatification is the third of the four steps in the canonization process...
of Olaf on August 3, 1031. Grimkell later became the first bishop of
Sigtuna is a locality situated in Sigtuna Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 18 inhabitants in 2005. It is the namesake of the municipality even though the seat is in Märsta....
in Sweden.
At this time, local bishops and their people recognized and proclaimed a person a saint, and a formal
Canonization is the act by which a Christian church declares a deceased person to be a saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the canon, or list, of recognized saints. Originally, individuals were recognized as saints without any formal process...
procedure through the papal
A curia in early Roman times was a subdivision of the people, i.e. more or less a tribe, and with a metonymy it came to mean also the meeting place where the tribe discussed its affairs...
was not customary; in Olaf's case, this did not happen until 1888.
Grimkell was later appointed bishop in the
diocese of Selsey
Selsey Abbey
Selsey Abbey was almost certainly built at Church Norton, Selsey, Sussex, England. It was founded in 683AD, and became the seat of the Sussex bishopric, until it was moved in 1075AD to Chichester.-Historical Context :...
in the south-east of England. This is probably the reason why the earliest traces of a liturgical cult of St Olaf are found in England. An office, or prayer service, for St Olaf is found in the so-called Leofric collectar (c. 1050), which was bequeathed in his last will and testament by Bishop Leofric of
Exeter is a historic city in Devon, England. It lies within the ceremonial county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of Devon County Council. Currently the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district, and is therefore under the administration of the...
Exeter Cathedral
Exeter Cathedral
Exeter Cathedral, the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter at Exeter, is an Anglican cathedral, and the seat of the Bishop of Exeter, in the city of Exeter, Devon in South West England....
. This English cult seems to have been short-lived.
Adam of Bremen
Adam of Bremen
Adam of Bremen was a German medieval chronicler. He lived and worked in the second half of the eleventh century. He is most famous for his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum .-Background:Little is known of his life other than hints from his own chronicles...
, writing around 1070, mentions pilgrimage to
Saint Olav's shrine
St. Olav's shrine
St. Olav's Shrine was the resting place of the earthly remains of St. Olav, Norway's patron saint, behind the high altar of Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, from the mid 11th century. For nearly five centuries the shrine was of major religious value to Norway and the other Nordic countries,...
Nidaros or Niðarós was during the Middle Ages, the old name of Trondheim, Norway . Until the Reformation, Nidaros remained the centre of the spiritual life of the country...
, but this is the only firm trace we have of a cult of St. Olaf in Norway before the middle of the twelfth century. By this time he was also being referred to as
Norway's Eternal King
. In 1152/3, Nidaros was separated from Lund as the archbishopric of Nidaros. It is likely that whatever formal or informal — which, we do not know — veneration of Olav as a saint there may have been in Nidaros prior to this, was emphasised and formalized on this occasion.
During the visit of the papal legate, Nicholas Brekespear (later
Pope Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV , born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair...
), the poem
("the ray of sun") was recited. In this poem, we hear for the first time of miracles performed by St. Olaf. One is the killing and throwing onto the mountain of a
still visible
sea serpent. One of these took place on the day of his death, when a blind man got his eyesight back again after having rubbed his eyes with hands that were stained with the blood from the saint.
The texts which were used for the liturgical celebration of St. Olaf during most of the Middle Ages were probably compiled or written by Eystein Erlendsson, the second Archbishop of Nidaros (1161–1189). The nine miracles reported in
form the core of the catalogue of miracles in this office.
The celebration of St. Olaf was widespread in the Nordic countries. Apart from the early traces of a cult in England, there are only scattered references to him outside of the Nordic area. Several churches in England were dedicated to him (often as
St Olave
St Olave's Church, York
St Olave's Church, York
St Olave's is an Anglican church in York, England. It is situated on Marygate by St Mary's Abbey.The church is situated within St Mary's Abbey walls, which was ruined in the Dissolution of the Monasteries. It is dedicated to St Olaf, patron saint of Norway...
is referred to in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle for 1055 as the place of burial of its founder Earl Siward. This is generally accepted to be the earliest datable church foundation to Olaf and is further evidence of a cult of St Olaf in the early 1050s in England.
St Olave Hart Street
St Olave Hart Street
St Olave Hart Street is a Church of England church in the City of London, located on the corner of Hart Street and Seething Lane near Fenchurch Street railway station....
in the
City of London
City of London
The City of London is a small area within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which the modern conurbation grew and has held city status since time immemorial. The City's boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, and it is now only a tiny part of...
is the burial place of
Samuel Pepys
Samuel Pepys
Samuel Pepys FRS, MP, JP, was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament who is now most famous for the diary he kept for a decade while still a relatively young man...
and his wife. Another south of
London Bridge
London Bridge
London Bridge is a bridge over the River Thames, connecting the City of London and Southwark, in central London. Situated between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge, it forms the western end of the Pool of London...
gave its name to
Tooley Street
Tooley Street
Tooley Street is a road in South London connecting London Bridge to St Saviour's Dock; it runs past Tower Bridge on the Southwark side of the River Thames, and forms part of the A200 road. - St Olave :...
and to the
St Olave's
Poor Law
Poor Law
The English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief which existed in England and Wales that developed out of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws before being codified in 1587–98...
, later to become the
Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey
Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey
The Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey was a Metropolitan borough in the County of London, created in 1900 by the London Government Act 1899. It was abolished and its area became part of the London Borough of Southwark in 1965.-History:...
: its workhouse in
Rotherhithe is a residential district in inner southeast London, England and part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is located on a peninsula on the south bank of the Thames, facing Wapping and the Isle of Dogs on the north bank, and is a part of the Docklands area...
became the
St Olave's Hospital
St Olave's Hospital
St Olave's Hospital was a general hospital serving the Rotherhithe area of London until its closure in 1985.-History:Built originally as the Rotherhithe Infirmary in Deptford Lower Road , Rotherhithe, London in the early 1870s on land adjoining Rotherhithe Workhouse, the buildings became the...
, now an old-people's home a few hundred metres from
St Olaf's Church
, which is the Norwegian Church in London. It also led to the naming of
St Olave's Grammar School
St Olave's Grammar School
St Olave's and St Saviour's Grammar School is a super-selective boys' secondary school in Orpington, Greater London, England. The school is consistently one of the top achieving state schools in the UK and it was The Sunday Times State School of the Year in 2008...
, which was established in 1571 and up until 1968 was situated in Tooley Street. In 1968 the school was moved to Orpington, Kent.
St. Olaf was also, together with the Mother of God, the patron saint of the chapel of the
The Varangians or Varyags , sometimes referred to as Variagians, were people from the Baltic region, most often associated with Vikings, who from the 9th to 11th centuries ventured eastwards and southwards along the rivers of Eastern Europe, through what is now Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.According...
, the Scandinavian warriors who served as the bodyguard of the
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
emperor. This church is believed to have been located near the church of
Hagia Irene
Hagia Irene
Hagia Irene or Hagia Eirene , often erroneously rendered in English as St Irene, is a former Eastern Orthodox church located in the outer courtyard of Topkapı Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. It is open as a museum every day except Monday but requires special permission for admission.-Church:The...
in Constantinople. The icon of the Madonna Nicopeia
, presently in St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, which is believed to have been one traditionally carried into combat by the Byzantine military forces, is believed to have been kept in this chapel in times of peace. Thus St. Olaf was also the last saint to be venerated by both the Western and Eastern churches before the
Great Schism
East–West Schism
The East–West Schism of 1054, sometimes known as the Great Schism, formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively...
There is also an altar dedicated to St. Olaf in the church of Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso in Rome with a painting of the saint given to Pope Leo XIII in 1893 on the occasion of the golden jubilee of his ordination as a bishop by
Wilhelm Wedel-Jarlsberg
Wilhelm Wedel-Jarlsberg
Wilhelm Christian Wedel-Jarlsberg was a Norwegian nobleman. He was the son of Baron Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg and Edle Frederikke Rosenørn Lehn. He was made a Chamberlain of the Pope in 1882....
as its altarpiece.
Recently the
A pilgrimage is a journey or search of great moral or spiritual significance. Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith...
route to
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the...
, the site of St. Olav's tomb, has been reinstated. The route is known as Saint Olav's Way. The main route, which is approximately 640 km long, starts in the ancient part of
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...
and heads North, along Lake Mjosa, up the
The Gudbrandsdalen is a valley and traditional district in the Norwegian county of Oppland. The valley is oriented in a north-westerly direction from Lillehammer at Mjøsa, extending 230 km toward Romsdal...
Valley, over
Dovrefjell is a mountain range in central Norway that forms a natural barrier between Eastern Norway and Trøndelag, the area around Trondheim. As a result, it has been heavily trafficked during and probably preceding historical times...
and down the
Orkdal is a municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Orkdalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Orkanger. Other villages in the municipality include Kjøra, Geitastrand, Gjølme, Thamshavn, Fannrem, Vormstad, Svorkmo, and...
Valley to end at Nidaros Cathedral in
Trondheim , historically, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. With a population of 173,486, it is the third most populous municipality and city in the country, although the fourth largest metropolitan area. It is the administrative centre of...
. There is a Pilgrim's Office in Oslo which gives advice to Pilgrims, and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under the aegis of the Cathedral, which awards certificates to successful Pilgrims upon the completion of their journey. But, the relics of St. Olaf is no longer in the Nidaros Cathedral. They rest in St. Olaf's Cathedral in Oslo.
On 29 July the Faroe Islands celebrates
Ólavsøka is a national holiday of the Faroe Islands, celebrated on July 29. It is the day when Løgting, the Faroese Parliament, opens its session....
(Saint Olaf celebration), the National Day also, when they remember Saint Olaf, the king who Christianized the islands.
Propers of the Mass for the Feast of St. Olaf
Entrance Verse:
Let us all rejoice in the Lord on the feast of blessed Olav, Norway's eternal king. The angels exult over his martyrdom and praise the Son of God.
Opening Prayer (Collect):
Almighty, eternal God, you are the crown of kings and the triumph of martyrs. We know that your blessed martyr, Olav, intercedes for us before your face. We praise your greatness in his death and we pray you, give us the crown of life that you have promised those who love you, through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever.
Old Testament Reading:
Wisdom of Solomon 10: 10–14.
Responsory Psalm
: Psalm 31 (30): 1–7 with the response: "Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit."
James 1: 2–4, 12.
Allelua Verse:
Alleluia. Holy Olav, you who rejoice with the angels of heaven, pray for us that we may be worthy to present our sacrifice of praise before the Lord. Alleluia.
Matthew 16:24–28
Prayer over the Offerings (Secret):
Almighty God, in awe we call upon your inscrutable might. Make holy these created things which you have chosen so that they may become the body and blood of Christ, your Son. Through the intercession of the holy Olav, king and martyr, let them for the salvation of body and soul. Through Christ our Lord.
Communion Verse:
Great is his glory through your saving help. With glory and honor will you clothe him, Lord.
Closing Prayer (Postcommunion):
We who have been fed at the table of the Lamb implore you, almighty God, through the intercession of your blessed martyr Olav let us always stand under the protection of your Son who redeemed us by his death on the cross, he who lives and reigns from eternity to eternity.
Other instances of St Olaf
St. Olaf College
St. Olaf College
St. Olaf College is a coeducational, residential, four-year, private liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. It was founded in 1874 by a group of Norwegian-American immigrant pastors and farmers, led by Pastor Bernt Julius Muus. The college is named after Olaf II of Norway,...
was founded by Norwegian immigrant
Bernt Julius Muus
Bernt Julius Muus
Bernt Julius Muus was a Norwegian-American Lutheran minister and church leader. He helped found St. Olaf College.-Background:Muus was born in the parish Snaasen in Throndhjems Stift in Snåsa, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway...
Northfield, Minnesota
Northfield, Minnesota
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,147 people, 4,909 households, and 3,210 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,452.2 people per square mile . There were 5,119 housing units at an average density of 732.1 per square mile...
, in 1874.
St Olav's Church
St Olav Tallinn
St. Olaf's Church or St. Olav's Church in Tallinn, Estonia, is believed to have been built in the 12th century and to have been the centre for old Tallinn's Scandinavian community prior to the conquest of Tallinn by Denmark in 1219. Its dedication relates to King Olaf II of Norway...
is the tallest church in
Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of with a population of 414,940. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list...
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
, and between 1549 and 1625 was the tallest building in the world.
coat of arms
Coat of arms
A coat of arms is a unique heraldic design on a shield or escutcheon or on a surcoat or tabard used to cover and protect armour and to identify the wearer. Thus the term is often stated as "coat-armour", because it was anciently displayed on the front of a coat of cloth...
of the
Church of Norway
Church of Norway
The Church of Norway is the state church of Norway, established after the Lutheran reformation in Denmark-Norway in 1536-1537 broke the ties to the Holy See. The church confesses the Lutheran Christian faith...
contains two axes, the instruments of Saint Olav's martyrdom.
The oldest picture of St. Olav is painted on a column in the
Church of the Nativity
Church of the Nativity
The Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is one of the oldest continuously operating churches in the world. The structure is built over the cave that tradition marks as the birthplace of Jesus of Nazareth, and thus it is considered sacred by Christians...
in Bethlehem.
The only country which keeps July 29 as a holiday is the
Faroe Islands
Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Scotland and Iceland. The Faroe Islands are a self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark proper and Greenland...
; see
Ólavsøka is a national holiday of the Faroe Islands, celebrated on July 29. It is the day when Løgting, the Faroese Parliament, opens its session....
The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav is a Norwegian order of chivalry that was instituted by King Oscar I of Norway and Sweden on August 21, 1847, as a distinctly Norwegian order. It is named after King Olav II, known for posterity as St. Olav. Nobility was abolished in Norway in 1821...
was founded in 1847 by
Oscar I
Oscar I of Sweden
Oscar I was King of Sweden and Norway from 1844 to his death. When, in August 1810, his father Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was elected Crown Prince of Sweden, Oscar and his mother moved from Paris to Stockholm . Oscar's father was the first ruler of the current House of Bernadotte...
, king of Norway and Sweden, in memory of this king.
Saint Olaf Catholic Church
in downtown Minneapolis and the statue of the saint from the sanctuary.
Tower of St. Olav
Tower of St. Olav
The Tower of St. Olav is the one remaining tower of Vyborg Castle. It is a symbol and an architectural landmark of the city of Vyborg.- History :...
is the only remaining tower of the Vyborg Castle
T.S.C Sint Olof is a Dutch student organisation with St. Olav as its patron.
See also
Legendary Saga of St. Olaf
Legendary Saga of St. Olaf
The Legendary Saga of St. Olaf or Helgisaga Óláfs konungs Haraldssonar is one of the kings' sagas, a 13th century biography of the 11th century Saint Olaf II of Norway. It is based heavily on the largely lost Oldest Saga of St. Olaf. The composition is primitive and clumsy and the saga essentially...
Oldest Saga of St. Olaf
Oldest Saga of St. Olaf
The Oldest Saga of St. Olaf or the First Saga of St. Olaf is one of the kings' sagas. It is the earliest Norse biography of King Óláfr Haraldsson. Early scholars judged it to be among the very first sagas written, perhaps around 1160, but later scholarship has moved the date up to the end of the...
Separate Saga of St. Olaf
Separate Saga of St. Olaf
The Separate Saga of St. Olaf is one of the kings' sagas. It was written about King Olaf II of Norway , later Saint Olaf , patron saint of Norway.-History:...
Heimskringla is the best known of the Old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson ca. 1230...
(contains a history of Olaf's life)
Ólavsøka is a national holiday of the Faroe Islands, celebrated on July 29. It is the day when Løgting, the Faroese Parliament, opens its session....
Olsok is now the Norwegian name for 29 July, traditionally the date of the death of King Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway in the Battle of Stiklestad, east of Nidaros , Norway, in 1030...
Saint Olaf College
St Olaves, a village in Norfolk, England
St. Olave's Church (disambiguation)
Saint Olave's Grammar School
Olavinlinna is a 15th century three-tower castle located in Savonlinna, Finland. It is the northernmost medieval stone fortress still standing.- Construction :...
(medieval castle in
Savonlinna is a town and a municipality of inhabitants in the southeast of Finland, in the heart of the Saimaa lake region. The Finnish name of the town means "Castle of Savonia" and the Swedish name means "Newcastle".- History :...
Rauðúlfs þáttr
Rauðúlfs þáttr
Rauðúlfs þáttr is a short allegorical story preserved in Iceland in a number of medieval manuscripts. The author is unknown but was apparently a 12th–13th century ecclesiastical person...
, a short allegorical story involving St. Olaf
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral is a Church of Norway cathedral located in the city of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the...
Eysteinn Erlendsson
Eysteinn Erlendsson
Eysteinn Erlendsson was Archbishop of Nidaros from 1161 to his death in 1188.-Background:...
is commonly believed to have written
Et Miracula Beati Olaui
. This hagiographical work written in the Latin language is about the history and work of St. Olaf, with particular emphasis on his missionary work.
Texts of the Roman Sacramentary and Lectionary of the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo
Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo is an exempt diocese located in the city of Oslo in Norway.-History:* 1070?: Established as Diocese of Oslo* 1537: Suppressed...
translated from the Norwegian into English and English translation copyrighted by Arvid Nybroten.
Other sources
Hoftun, Oddgeir
Kristningsprosessens og herskermaktens ikonografi i nordisk middelalder
(Oslo. 2008) ISBN 978-82-560-1619-8
Rumar, Lars
Helgonet i Nidaros : Olavskult och kristnande i Norden
[Stockholm. 1997) ISBN 91-88366-31-6.
Passio Olavi
Lidingssoga og undergjerningane åt den Heilage Ola
(Oslo. 1970) ISBN 82-521-4397-0
Inger Ekrem ; Lars Boje Mortensen ; Karen Skovgaard-Petersen
Olavslegenden Og Den Latinske Historieskrivning I 1100-tallets Norge
(Museum Tusculanum Press. 2000) ISBN 978-87-7289-616-8
Myklebus, Morten
Olaf Viking & Saint
(Norwegian Council for Cultural Afffairs. 1997) ISBN978-8278760048
External links
St. Olavs Orden
St. Olavsloppet


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GEMF Crowd Funding Project on Now!
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Event Date: Tue, 18 Mar 2014
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We've got 24 days to raise 4,000 euros for this year's festival, and we're asking you to help out at whatever level you can. There are lovely rewards for your support, including tickets to concerts, and CDs. Check out our FundIt trailer at www.Fundit.ie. Just search for AD/BC and you'll find it. Your support helps us to programme a number of free events, which open early music to an audience that wouldn't normally go to a concert. Your support also supports the wonderful musicians who work hard to make a living playing the music they love.


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Reviews - Jurys Inn Nottingham
3 | AA Assessed Hotel | Ratings explained |
We offer large spacious air conditioned rooms which can accommodate up to two adults and two children, three adults sharing or one person in complete comfort. Our fixed room pricing offers outstanding value for money.
Enjoy the relaxed atmosphere of Innfusion Restaurant serving international cuisine at reasonable prices or you can dine in the more informal setting of Inntro Bar perfect for a quick lunch or a drink with colleagues or friends, the hotel also offers Il Barista coffee bar where we serve Costa Coffee.
A leisurely walk takes you to the central hub of Nottingham pivoting around the Old Market Square with stores expanding out across the city and a plethora of restaurants, bars and entertainment bursting out of the Lace Market area and 'Hockley village'.
Jurys Inn Nottingham offers FREE WIFI to all guests and car parking is a 2 minute walk away, postcode NG2 3AS.
Breakfast can be added to any room only rate at the booking stage for just £10.00 per person.
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Welcome to the Richland College Adjunct Faculty Team!
New Adjunct Faculty Academy
Richland College enjoys a unique, robust culture inspired by our vision, mission and values. As a new Adjunct Faculty member you will be given opportunities for personal growth while accepting responsibility to help strengthen Richland's mission, vision, and values through scheduled professional development expectations. As a valued Richland College employee, your professional growth helps assure Richland College will be the best place to we can be to learn, teach, and build sustainable local and world community.
Please review the Richland College ThunderDocuments
Your discipline program coordinator will work closely with you to help you meet the professional development expectations of our adjunct faculty. The ACCESS Center and the Thunderwater Organizational Learning Institute (TOLI) are also prepared to assist you.
To begin, go to eConnect to register for professional development sessions. Once you have registered, please go to eCampus and enter your employee ID and eCampus password. If you have difficulties entering eCampus, please call the help desk at 972-669-6402. Once in eCampus; Click-On the Courses tab. Under the courses tab, you will find all of your courses listed. All courses that begin with an X are professional development courses; click on the training course you have registered for and begin.
Professional Development Schedule for All New Adjunct Faculty:
Prior to Teaching First Semester:
All Richland College employees who teach will be certified in eCampus, our DCCCD virtual campus, prior to teaching their first semester. Certification training specific to your teaching environment is provided through the following modules:


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At Red Carnation Hotels we value guest feedback as it helps us to improve our service. Here are some of our favourite guest testimonials:
Thank you for making our recent visit to The Montague on the Gardens extra special. This being our honeymoon we wanted lavish, romantic and relaxing, all of our expectations were exceeded tenfold. The little touches made all the difference, the way the room was dressed, the gifts of flowers, chocolates and the card signed by all the staff was a lovely heartfelt touch. We could not single out any member of staff for extra praise as everyone went beyond the call of duty, we were made to feel special and felt that everyone went the extra mile to make our stay perfect. We would be delighted to recommend this hotel to anyone and when we visit London again we will definitely stay at the Montague. Mr Bell, July 2014
I had a wonderful time at the Montague on the Gardens. Excellent service and all your staff members are very friendly. I do not remember all of their names, but do want to mention Lucia and George. Looking forward to coming back to London and the Montague. Miss T, June 2014
"We just recently stayed with you from June 4th - 6th and I would to say what a fantastic stay it was all of your staff are fantastic I would to give a special mention to Eva and Wayne in the Blue Door at breakfast also Chief and Declan in the bar they were just great and not to forget Stella and Madalina in reception and a great big thank you to you for making my wife's birthday so special." Mr and Mrs S, June 2014
We thoroughly enjoyed our 2 night stay with you earlier in the month. From the moment we walked in the door (very early, since we had caught an overnight ferry) the staff made both my wife and I, and our Miniature Schnauzer, Spencer, feel very welcome. All the staff were wonderful to us the whole time, and Tomasz even found me, a non-tea drinker, a tea I liked for our afternoon tea :-) I think Spencer enjoyed the attention too! Please thank all your staff for us, we had a lovely time. Mr And Mrs C, June 2014
The level of service at the Montague was outstanding! You may not appreciate how unusual this is. On most travels you can expect one or two service people who do not like their job, and make no effort to mask it from you, the guest. This is always an unpleasant experience that can spoil any vacation. This just never happens at the Montague. Bravo! It makes every penny we spend worthwhile and makes us feel welcome and more than grateful. THANK YOU!!! Mr and Mrs J, May 2014
It has been a pleasure once again to stay at the Montague-my sixth visit since 1 February as I have been in London more often than usual for business reasons in this period. Over this period I have found all of the staff to be very welcoming and friendly especially Declan, Kendra, Arjeta and Daria. I look forward to my next visit. Mr W, April 2014
"I had indeed a most pleasant stay at The Montague, certainly one of the loveliest places I ever stayed in. I really wish to commend all the staff as very nice, competent and friendly. I enjoyed very much your Afternoon tea: Daria even offered me a cucumber sandwich, to celebrate the immortal Oscar Wilde "The importance to be Ernest". I really was swept away by this very elegant Bloomsburian touch. I wrote a review on Trip advisor and certainly I'll be back soon." Miss C, April 2014
Once again I write to congratulate you - your excellent staff made our stay extremely pleasant once again and we were delighted to be able to have our favourite room 30 as usual. In terms of going the extra mile it was an extra half an hour that made the difference to us this time as we learned on departure day that my son would be appearing on national television at 1215 pm and the reception team kindly allowed us to keep our room an extra half hour so we could watch him. It's the little touches that count thank you. Mrs L, April 2014
I had a suite facing the gardens at the back and it was very quiet. The service was excellent. Whatever item I needed or small repair was done promptly and graciously. Breakfast was great -- and so is room service. I really liked Bea Tollman's special recipes! We were spoiled with a lovely gift basket on day one, followed by daily canapés. This is a really special hotel and highly recommended for its charm and top-notch service. Keep up the good work, Red Carnation! Ms B, April 2014


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Involvement:General (knows how to use it) - Ownership:more than 1 month
Pros:Took only minutes to mount in my old 1981 Benz - mounted at the top - ran wiring around window, down through a hole in the rear panel straight into the boot and to the brake light fittings and bingo all working just fine.
Had to add a couple of meters of wire - but easily done.
Also adjusted the wiring to come from the centre of the unit in a few moments - screw driver and a sharp knife to drill a hole and it was done.
Watch out for the 3M tape - when it grabs it is on for life :-) - I have a tinted rear window and the 3M just grabbed as I was positioning it. Ended up about 1/2 an inch away from where I wanted it but, that's life :-)
Really think this one should have the wires coming out of the centre - but only a couple of minutes to correct.
For the price - this is an excellent 3rd Brake light - dead easy to install and works well.
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Yesterday my alternator started rumbling and whirring. It was almost louder than the engine. The car wouldn't tick over very well and the battery light was on when driving.
Me thinks my alternator has shot it's bolt. I have been quoted £330 for a new one fitted all in from my local dealer. A quick look around the net shows the part is over £200 new.


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Pink has been called the "Hank Aaron of divas." She's never hit 50 round trippers in a year but she's still one of the all-time leaders in home runs. For more than a decade, Pink has been one of the world's top pop singers without ever being "The One." Since her debut single "There You Go" dropped in 2000 Pink has trailed one diva or another: Brittany, Christina, Beyonce, Carrie, Taylor, Katy, Adele, Rihanna, and Lady Gaga. While the careers of those divas have ebbed and flowed, Pink's musical output has been consistently very good.
Pink has sold more than 40 million albums and 70 million singles. She's released five top ten albums and 12 top ten singles. Billboard named her the artist of the decade for the 2000s. On her mantle sits three Grammy Awards as well as a slew of other trophies. She has also established herself as one of the best live performers in business. Pink tickets are coveted by fans all over the world and her shows consistently sell out. In 2009, the Australian leg of her "Funhouse Tour" drew more than 660,000 fans and grossed more than $60 million. Needless to say it was a record-setting trek of the land down under.
Pink has an impressive resume yet she's always played second fiddle. This phenomenon has prompted many music critics to dub her the "most underrated pop star of all-time." The reason why she's overrated is quite simple. It's not a matter of fans (she clearly has enough to hang with the previously mentioned divas). It's a matter of diversity. Pink is so successful at so many genres that the press doesn't know what to do with her. She's not a pure pop singer nor is she a pure rock star.
Pink is an amalgamation. She can be as classy as Beyonce and Adele or as outrageous as Katy and Lady Gaga. She can out sing Brittany; she's more artistic than Carrie; and she's more relatable than Christina. Her music is more substantial than Taylor's but she can be as frivolous as Rihanna. No one can outperform her and no one more is more courageous. Pink's music and style is definitely hard to describe apart from accolades like "great," "amazing," and "legendary."
Pink was born Alecia Beth Moore in 1979. She grew up in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Her first stint as a performer wasn't on the stage but in the gym. Pink was a gymnast for a large part of her childhood. When she realized the Olympics wasn't going to be a part of her future she turned to music. She grew up singing at home and writing song lyrics as a hobby. When she was just 14, Moore began singing in clubs all over Philadelphia. It was around this time that she picked up the nickname "Pink." At age 16, she joined an all-girl group called Choice. They never released an album but one of their songs appeared on the soundtrack to the film Shazaam.


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The Kitchen's Hummingbird Cake
From Country Living
The Kitchen's pecan-topped Hummingbird Cake is iced with cream-cheese frosting.
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Nutritional Information
(per serving)
Calories | 957 |
Total Fat | 52g |
Saturated Fat | -- |
Cholesterol | 105mg |
Sodium | 385mg |
Total Carbohydrate | 119g |
Dietary Fiber | 2.4g |
Sugars | -- |
Protein | 8.5g |
Calcium | -- |
Ryan Benyi
Serves: 12
U.S. | Metric | Conversion chart |
- 1 jar(s) (8-ounce) crushed pineapple in unsweetened juice
- 3 cup(s) all-purpose flour
- 1 teaspoon(s) baking soda
- 1 teaspoon(s) cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon(s) salt
- 1.25 cup(s) vegetable oil
- 2 cup(s) sugar
- 3 large eggs, at room temperature
- 2 cup(s) (about 5) very ripe mashed bananas
- 1 tablespoon(s) pure vanilla extract
- 1.5 cup(s) chopped toasted pecans
- 12 ounce(s) cream cheese, cut into small pieces and slightly softened
- 1/2 cup(s) (1 stick) unsalted butter, cut into small pieces and slightly softened
- 5 cup(s) sifted confectioners' sugar
- Prepare cake pans: Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Lightly coat two 9-inch cake pans with softened butter. Cut two 9-inch circles out of parchment paper and fit them into the bottoms of the cake pans. Lightly coat the paper circles with butter and set aside.
- Make the batter: Drain the pineapple, reserving 1/4 cup juice, and set aside. In a large bowl, sift together the flour, baking soda, cinnamon, and salt and set aside. In another large bowl, using a mixer set at medium speed, beat the oil and sugar together until smooth -- about 3 minutes. Add the eggs one at a time and beat after each addition until light -- about 2 minutes.
- Reduce mixer speed to low, add the bananas, pineapple, the juice, and 1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla and mix until just combined. Add the flour mixture in thirds, beating after each addition until smooth. Stir in 1/2 cup pecans.
- Bake the cake: Divide batter evenly between the prepared pans and bake on center rack until a tester inserted into the center of each cake layer comes out clean -- about 45 minutes. Cool cake in the pans on a wire rack for 20 minutes. Release cake from pans and cool completely on the rack.
- Make the frosting: Combine cream cheese and butter in a medium-size bowl. Using a mixer set at medium speed, beat until smooth -- about 3 minutes. Add the remaining vanilla. Gradually beat in the confectioners' sugar until well incorporated. Set aside.
- Assemble cake: Trim both cake layers to make them level. Place a cake layer, trimmed side down, on a serving plate. Spread 3/4 cup frosting evenly over the top of the first layer.
- Place the second cake layer, trimmed side down, on top of the first and finish by icing the top and sides of the cake with the remaining icing. Top with remaining pecans and serve at room temperature or store refrigerated for up to 4 days.
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EthniEthni (ĕthˈnĪ) [key], in the Bible, an ancestor of Asaph the singer, perhaps the same as Jeaterai. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Ethni from Infoplease:
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Samedi 26 mai
The door opened and there was Corrine returned from 3 weeks to send their children. As soon as the door closed when I was undoing my zip out of my cock. ' I've been lost ' for this all the time, he said. She took me to the stairs. 'I'm so wet I think I had to change my underwear twice on the track. could not wait until after the halfway point, so he lifted the short skirt and pink panties pushed aside and went to get her wet pussy. She pushed back so hard it almost balanced. a few minutes later we were both hard to come. Bouncing back into the bedroom to pull the clothes on the floor. We were in bed and kissed her wildly. I caressed her breasts and broke a kiss on the nipple cucumbertube nibbling. She screamed joy. I slid my hand into her slit and pushed aside her silky blonde hair, I found with her clit. cucumbertube He got up and stroked gently. Corrine overcrowding excited and shouted to a huge climax. 'No more!Fuck me now! 'She screamed pushed my dick inside her, it was great there was not more than 3 weeks and it was tight and wet She squeezed me and said :.... ' Go ahead. ' started feeling at the pump, because his muscles were tense. E No pressure support in my eggs and sperm tail and my career was broken in her pussy when she released her muscles and culminated with me. My cock slid out of her, and she got up and started licking the juices from me. ' I'm going to take a shower now. Go get us a bottle of wine and then we play a little slower. ' I have the wine and became the computer to read my breaks combat, while she was gone. came and leaned over the desk to read. Show your pussy ass. Slipped my cock cucumbertube in her and what she found was dry and firm. she continued to read, while gently slid into and out of me. ' bum sex 'he said. So out of her pussy and use your fingers to pick up their pussy juices to moisten your butt hole. I slid the head of my cock gently to extend your ring. In this, she leaned back and took the entire length inside. He reached between her legs and fingers her pussy. I started riding when she cucumbertube took the finger. It took some time to climax, when my balls a lot, but I finally kick his ass left my semen dripping. A then going to sit in bed and drink in my stories. She said we have to arrange a 3some with Helene soon. A cucumbertube then picked up again and slept for an hour or so before the rest of the day in hell.


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- 171Promote
Art Print
HYPNOTIC BLUE SUNSET - Simply Beautiful Royal Blue Navy Turquoise Aqua Sunrise Abstract Nature Decor
by EbiEmporiumDESCRIPTION
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
Title "Hypnotic - Blue Sunset" Acrylic Painting
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Thanks a bunch, Aimee :) I'm new on Society6 (normally just on Etsy and social media), but I am so pleased at how kind and receptive everyone here is already! :)
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OMG I am almost at 100 Promotes on my very first item! That's awesome~ Will someone please help me hit it? ;)
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The Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec: Pterror Over Paris and The Eiffel Tower Demon
- Posted by Johanna on October 31, 2010 at 10:05 am
- Category: Graphic Novel Reviews
- CREDITS: by Jacques Tardi; translated by Kim Thompson
- PUBLISHER: Fantagraphics; $24.99 US
I don't read enough European comics. I like many of their visual styles, but I've found often that the package seems expensive for the amount of story you get, or worse, they're written from and for a very male perspective. (The science fiction books, for example, tend to have lots of undressed busty robots.)
When I saw this at the Fantagraphics table at SPX this year, then, I jumped at it. A creative historical adventure starring a woman? With the kind of detailed, setting-based art I associate with European works, but with minimal cheesecake? Looked like just what I was searching for.
It turns out that the comic was originally created in French in the 1970s (!). There was a previous attempt at American publication by NBM in the early 90s, but Fantagraphics has relaunched the series in English in attractive oversized hardcovers with new translations and the intent "to collect every one of its nine (soon ten) volumes." (Note that this volume contains the first two, thus the lengthy title.) There's also a media tie-in. Director Luc Besson (The Fifth Element) released the first in a planned series of French films adapting the comics in April 2010.
Some call it "steampunk", but there's a lot more mystery and adventure than retro technology in this series set pre-World War. Adele starts as one of many players, but she's firmly in charge by the second chapter. When we first see her, she's kidnapped another woman in order to steal the use of her father's invention to break an innocent out of jail.
There is a pterodactyl, as promised, plus changing loyalties and attempted murder and socio-political commentary, with a police bureaucracy, doddering professors, and a cowardly gentleman hunter. In the second story, a mysterious Assyrian statue of a demon leads to a secret society, an on-stage killing, and revenge on the double-crossers from the previous story. I was reminded, in the way events inexorably become stranger and stranger in an historical setting, of Rick Geary's Adventures of Blanche.
I enjoyed Tardi's art, which made me feel as though I was visiting 1911 Paris. It can be difficult keeping all the characters straight, what with the similar suits and bowler hats, but that was the way fashion worked, and it contributes to the feelings that everything we know might change any moment. The stories are dense and packed with outrageous events, providing a sense of adventure. The recaps, as characters explain what's going on to each other, were both a help — I often got lost in terms of who was allied with whom at any given moment — and a satire, reinforcing just how much Tardi is playing with the conventions of the genre and layering event upon event, a kitchen-sink approach to plotting that keeps the reader interested in a world that seems so sedate but where anything can happen.
The publisher's blog has some preview pages, as does Publishers Weekly. Author Jacques Tardi is considered quite the grand master of the artform, as discussed in this interview with translator/editor Kim Thompson about the artist from last year, when Fantagraphics started reprinting some of his other works. The second Adele volume, The Mad Scientist/Mummies on Parade, is planned for Fall 2011. It will be difficult to wait that long, but in the meantime, I can reread this book. I'll likely discover more in its pages each time. It's fun, but with the knowing remove of self-awareness and satire.
9 Responses to "The Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec: Pterror Over Paris and The Eiffel Tower Demon"
- Grant Says:
November 1, 2010 at 4:20 PMThis looks pretty good. I really enjoy stories set in late 19th and early 20th century. Having just finished re-reading Margaret MacMillan's Women of the Raj and Paris 1919, I think I'm definitely in the mood for something like this.
- Skye Says:
November 2, 2010 at 10:27 PMI just wish the film had been released in the U.S. I was hoping to see it.
- Budget for Good Books: Comics Out November 10 » Comics Worth Reading Says:
November 10, 2010 at 7:30 AM[…] shopping earlier this year, I don't have to make one. If I hadn't already bought The Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec (Fantagraphics, $24.99), it would be a very difficult choice for me this week between that and […]
- SPX Snuck Up on Me — It's Next Weekend! » Comics Worth Reading Says:
September 5, 2011 at 12:50 PM[…] the second volume of The Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec by Jacques Tardi, because I appreciated the first. I'd like to get the second Mickey Mouse comic strip volume, "Trapped on Treasure […]
- Fantagraphics Puts International Comics on Sale » Comics Worth Reading Says:
October 7, 2011 at 12:50 PM[…] upcoming Volume 2 can be pre-ordered at the same discount), A Drunken Dream, Jacques Tardi's Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec and his other works, and anything by Lewis Trondheim. Check out the sale and see some of the […]
- Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec Movie Coming to US » DVDs Worth Watching Says:
December 10, 2012 at 1:57 PM[…] Tardi's graphic novel series The Extraordinary Adventures of Adele Blanc-Sec had a live-action movie adaptation that came out in France two years ago. The film was directed and […]
- Adele Blanc-Sec Movie Announced for Blu-ray and DVD » DVDs Worth Watching Says:
May 14, 2013 at 8:39 PM[…] French movie adaptation of Jacques Tardi's graphic novel series The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec has been announced for Blu-ray and DVD from Shout! […]
- Interview With Jacques Tardi About the Adele Blanc-Sec Movie » DVDs Worth Watching Says:
October 12, 2013 at 2:36 PM[…] The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec provided this interview with Jacques Tardi, the original comic creator. I'm reprinting it here because I admire Mr. Tardi's attitude toward a movie adaptation […]
- The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec » DVDs Worth Watching Says:
October 12, 2013 at 2:42 PM[…] I liked most about the comic book version of The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec by Jacques Tardi was the sheer number of imaginative concepts carried in its pages. I'm […]


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Akon - Shine Like a Star
Shine Like a Star Akon
Editor Rating: HOTTTTT
User Rating:
Give Shine Like a Star a spin - it's the latest release from Akon, having dropped on Wednesday, December 7th, 2011.
Check out Shine Like a Star, the latest from Akon. The track was released on Wednesday, December 7th, 2011. Akon's chances in this game are improving with each new release, and Shine Like a Star is no exception - quite the opposite, in fact. It's a nice addition to the impressive catalogue Akon has been building over the years. We're definitely anticipating the next move.
Have you heard Akon's Get High? If you dig this, visit Akon's profile for the latest info, news, songs, and mixtapes.
Let us know what you think, folks.


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The event, which had originally been planned for January but was postponed due to heavy snow, saw chairman of the Dockyard Trust, Admiral Sir Ian Garnett KCB, inaugurate the new community space located at the Lower Lines on Gillingham's Medway Road.
Undeterred by wet weather, more than 100 special guests and residents from the local community gathered to watch the Sir Ian Garnett cut a ribbon to mark the park's official opening. "At least it's not snowing," he joked, before continuing, "I'm delighted to officially open the Lower Lines Park here today. May it give you many years of pleasure."
Designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument, the Lower Lines comprise a series of fortifications and brick trenches constructed from 1803 onwards to help defend Chatham Dockyard from attack during the Napoleonic wars. Construction of the Lower Lines Park has seen 5.5 hectares of the open land linked to the Lines - and next to MidKent College's Medway Campus - revitalised thanks to college funding. The picturesque community space now features a view of the historic Lines, as well as woodlands and a wildlife trail for local residents and visitors of the park to enjoy.
The new park is the first step in many planned improvements to Chatham's historic Lines and the construction of the Great Lines Heritage Park, and is owned and managed by a Charitable Trust chaired by John Spence. Mr. Spence said, "I would like to thank the Friends of the Admirals Gardens group and all those within the local community who continue to support this project.
"The Lower Lines Park is not just a park; it signifies the historical importance of the Lower Lines, and forms an important part of the regeneration taking place across Medway."
The ceremony was attended by local sea cadets who performed a guard of honour, as well as the Mayor of Medway, Cllr David Brake, and senior staff from MidKent College.


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Within the Turner Home and its extensive landscaped gardens there are widely used facilities for recreation and leisure. The games room is popular, while the library and four spacious lounges offer comfortable areas for residents' use. Various other forms of recreational activities are enjoyed, as well as specially arranged entertainments. Holidays and short breaks are organised by staff, the Turner Home having its own minibus, and a large tent.
Recreation and Occupation
The Home recognises the importance of recreation and employs a full time activity organiser who assesses each resident and tries to ensure they maintain any hobbies and interests they already have. On the first floor is a purpose built activities room to which residents have free access and the facilities of pool/snooker, cards, dominoes and board games etc. Staff are always available via the Key-worker system, to help those who need assistance in their recreation. As many residents as possible are taken on holiday each year. In addition long weekend and day trips are arranged throughout the year. The finance for the holidays is obtained by the fund raising efforts of the staff. There are bar facilities at the home, but the free bar paid for by the League of Friends is only open when the residents are having a "get-together" such as a birthday party.
Voluntary Partnership
The League of Friends of the Turner Home provides a much appreciated financial contribution to the life of the Home, especially during the innumerable fundraising activities that occur, staff and volunteers join forces to raise money.
The chefs provide three meals a day. A menu is displayed each morning, should the resident wish to order an alternative. Special diets can be provided by the kitchen staff, for example, diet, fat free, high protein, diabetic or reducing.
Laundry is completed by the staff of the home. All clothes are individualised and marked. A chiropodist visits weekly, as does a hairdresser. A local GP visits weekly attending those who are in need of treatment. The home also has the support of a consultant psycho-geriatrician who attends regular reviews.
Religious Observance
Residents religious beliefs are recognised and accepted and efforts are made to assist those whose religious beliefs are not common to the home. The Home holds two services a week conducted by a Church of England Vicar. Service Users may attend religious services either within or outside the home as they so desire. If services are outside the home, the Service User should, if necessary and where possible, arrange for transport and accompaniment with friends or relatives. In the event of this not being possible, care staff may accompany Service Users on specific occasions if staffing levels permit.
Service Users have the right to meet clergy of their chosen denomination at any time. If required, a private room will be made available for such meetings.
The Turner home has its own Chapel of much historical importance.
Contact with Family and Friends
Service User's family, relatives and friends are encouraged to visit the Service User regularly and maintain contact by letter or telephone when visiting is not possible. In these cases, staff will offer to assist the Service User to respond where help may be needed. Visitors will be welcomed at all reasonable times, and are asked to let the Person in Charge know of their irrival and departure from the home. For Security and Fire Safety reasons, visitors must sign the visitor's book on each occasion.
Rules and Regulations
The rules of the Home are kept to a minimum to commensurate with the welfare and safety of the residents. Those that exist are necessary to care for a large group of men with varied characteristics and personalities. For the well being of all the residents the following guidelines have been formulated.
- No smoking is allowed in any of the residents bedrooms or corridors.
- When leaving the home for any length of time residents must let the staff know where they are going and the approximate time of return, (to comply with fire regulations).
- If a resident will not be in for a particular meal but would like one provided when he returns, he or his relative should inform the staff before leaving, because the kitchen staff leave at 5.00pm. However, it is possible to have a meal cooked and left to be heated in the microwave.
Smoking and Alcohol
The Home has a designated smoking area. With regard to alcohol. Service Users will normally make their own arrangements, but, as with smoking, may require to be supervised. There are no restrictions about the time a resident must be in at night, or what time he goes to bed. If he wishes to stay in bed late in the morning, then this is quite acceptable. Residents are encouraged to make the Turner Home their home. Families and relatives are encouraged to contribute to the care of the residents and to play an active role.


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Toronto ALPHA is the Executive Producer for "Within Every Woman," a documentary film directed by Canadian-born Chinese filmmaker Tiffany Hsiung of Golden Nugget Films.
This film will document the systematic rape of over 200,000 young girls between the ages of nine- to twenty-years-old during World War II in Asia. These atrocities and war crimes occurred between 1931 and 1945 and, to this day, the Japanese government has not offered an official apology and many survivors still hide their dark past due to shame and this denial.
With only a few survivors left and the majority nearing their 90s, the time is now to ensure that their stories are preserved and shared. To finally break over 50 years of suppression and silence, "Within Every Woman" will address the isolation thousands of women and their families have suffered. Following the inter-woven narratives of these survivors from Korea, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan and Holland, "Within Every Woman" will illuminate the sheer scale of one of the most widespread, institutionalized systems of mass rape known to the history of mankind.
"Within Every Woman" will explore the invaluable perspectives of these survivors offer about the challenges facing women today. This film will resonate with millions of girls and women worldwide and will help to plant a crucial seed of hope and promote women's rights around the world.
To learn more about the film, please visit: http://www.wewoman.org.
To see a trailer of "Within Every Woman," please visit: http://vimeo.com/7550777.
March 9, 2011 -- Within Every Woman has been accepted to the Toronto Hot Docs Forum pitch contest at North America's largest documentary festival, conference and market. From April 28 to May 8, 2011, Hot Docs will present WEW alongside an outstanding selection of 170+ documentaries from Canada and around the world to Toronto audiences and international delegates, all competing for a $40,000 no-strings attached production grant. Read the official Hot Docs press release.


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Archives and Special Collections: Wayne S. Knutson Papers
23 linear ft., 60 boxes
Distinguished Professor Emeritus Wayne S. Knutson joined the University of South Dakota faculty in 1952 as professor of Speech and Dramatic Art and as the director of the university theatre. He served as chair of the English Department from 1966-1971. From 1972 until 1980, Knutson acted as dean of the College of Fine Arts, followed by a two year term as Vice President for Academic Affairs. He directed the merger of the University of South Dakota, Springfield, with the university in Vermillion in 1972. Upon his retirement in 1987, he became the first faculty member to receive the title University Distinguished Professor, an honor provided by the South Dakota Board of Regents. Knutson has also served on the South Dakota Arts Council and the South Dakota Humanities Council.
Scope and Content:
The Knutson Papers contain photographs, programs, and other memorabilia from the 1939-1973 USD theatre seasons. Also included are box office final reports from 1939-1981.
Related Subjects:
University of South Dakota--Faculty
Please e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com with your comments.


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Blogging TV, one show at a time
Monthly Archive for October, 2007
C'mon, get happy with the Private Practice gang
Private Practice "In Which Addison Has a Very Casual Get-Together" Oct. 17, 2007 I think we're making progress, folks. Not a single crumb of cake in the whole episode! That's not to say Naomi's depression over Sam has magically disappeared, or that Violet's finally moved on from Alan – no, far from it. But the […]
[Read More]
Twinkies Last Longer than Bionics
Carol Segal : NBC Or we could just give up and not even bother thwarting these lasers. That's cool, too. Bionic Woman 01×04 Faceoff Jamie, in fabulous heels again, is on a frantic run down a back alley way. She's leaping over fences and crashing down on man hole covers. She gets to a car […]
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Gossip Girl keeps it really real
By REBECCA GOLDSTEIN</strong Can I just start this blog off by saying that I have been really impressed with the first few episodes of Gossip Girl? They were quite amazing, and as a past avid reader of the books, which tend to be better than television shows or movies (I don't know if Gossip Girl […]
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Stay away from my husband and stay out of my way!
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[Read More]
Pushing Daisies: The funeral home director's twin
"The Fun in Funeral" Oct. 17, 2007 This week, again, started when Ned was young. Fireflies died, he resurrected them. He learned that something else had to die — but he didn't know how long. So they showed us his lab experiment where he figured out that he had one minute to keep something alive […]
[Read More]
Guest blogging The Biggest Loser
Trae Patton : NBC He doesn't look all that threatening. Poor, poor Bruce had to go on vacation, so I'm stepping in for a week to blog my favorite show on television. This week NBC cut the show to an hour, which allowed more than enough time to cheer on the Losers, love Bob, hate […]
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HIMYM: There's always a "but"
This week's episode of How I Met Your Mother had Robin in yet another relationship that quickly went wrong. Ted is the only guy she has dated that has lasted longer than a fat kid in a Hollister store. It seems like they only make clothes for stick figures. How it went down: The episode […]
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That's why I say hey man, nice shot.*
Lost "Outlaws" Originally aired February 16, 2005 Disc 4 Mario Perez: ABC I hear they make a mean Caipirinha at the bar in Hell. "Through me is the way to the woeful city; through me is the way into the eternal woe; through me is the way to the lost people." –Inscription above the Gate […]
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An apple a day keeps evil souls away
By Jonathan Harris Poor Sam, you would think that having powers given to you by the Devil would provide you at least some advantages right? Wrong. After Sam's bug problem last week he finds himself causing his valuables to disappear on this week's installment of the CW's Reaper. Sam wakes up as though it were […]
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You're probably asking … why a stick shift .. aren't all cars automatic? Well with the down economy you may consider purchasing a fine old school stick shift car for you teenager at a lesser price than their automatic counterpart, or for yourself. In the other spectrum of price, many high end cars are also manual.
There is actually along list of cars offering the manual option: from BMW Z Series, to Volkswagen and the Ford Fiesta, the latter which is aimed at the younger crowd. So now that you've decided hey maybe driving manually is the way to go, we include the best way to learn how to drive defensively on the road with a stick shift car:
Time to waste? Ford has created the FIESTA MOVEMENT campaign trying to instill the love of "stick" to the 21-35 something social media climbers. Watch a YouTube flick produced by one of the Ford Team Agents La Lucia.