text:
Mark DellaGrotte never thought getting hit with a boxing glove would lead to getting bit by the acting bug.
DellaGrotte (Twitter: @MarkDellaGrotte), owner of Sityodtong gym in Somerville, Mass., is a world-renowned martial artist. After devoting his life to many walks of martial arts, DellaGrotte moved to Thailand to train Muay Thai kickboxing under Kru Yodtong, and then he was appointed as one of two US representatives eight years later.
As martial arts modernized and MMA popularized, DellaGrotte grew with the times and began instructing mixed martial artists. Martial arts have served as DellaGrotte's vehicle for travels and opportunities that span the world, but when Kevin James walked into Sityodtong in 2010, it led to an opportunity the Bostonian couldn't see coming.
"I never looked at martial arts to do half the things I've done in my life," DellaGrotte told Jason Kelly on MMA DieHards Radio on the MMA DieHards Radio Network. "I never knew that martial arts would take me around the world and show me different cultures, I never thought that martial arts would help me provide for my family and keep a roof over their head. I certainly never thought martial arts would land me alongside an actress like Salma Hayek or an actor like Henry Winkler in a major motion picture. I'm truly blessed at what the sport has done for me and I'm truly grateful."
James, star and director of "Here Comes The Boom," offered DellaGrotte a role in the MMA-romantic-comedy as himself; an MMA cornerman. DellaGrotte gladly accepted the proposition. He worked with the aforementioned Winkler and Hayek, as well as "King of Queens" star James and fellow martial artist Bas Rutten on "Here Comes The Boom," which he described as all great co-workers.
"It was a tremendous experience," DellaGrotte said. "I'm glad that I got to contribute to not only the growth and prosperity of the sport, but I also got to appear in a major motion film."
While playing cornerman to James' character, Scott Voss, DellaGrotte was called upon to give some insight behind the scenes,
"Kevin and I had discussed prior to the movie, alongside Bas Rutten," DellaGrotte explained. "He said, 'Hey, look, if there is anything we're doing in this movie that is not the way it is supposed to be, let us know.' There was one particular time that I can remember. I was wrapping his hands once and there was no commissioner there. We all know that in the state of Nevada, if a fighter is getting his hands wrapped, there's a red coat watching. There was one particular scene where it was off and Bas and I had to play the director role."
DellaGrotte said acting is something he never imagined himself doing, and playing himself was not a big challenge, therefore, he would like the chance to play an actual character. He enjoys the fun roles, but could even see himself be cast as a serious martial artist in a film.
Martial arts is DellaGrotte's true passion, so don't expect him to abandon his lifestyle in an effort to win an Oscar, but don't be surprised if you see him in front of the camera again.
"The one day I said to Kevin (James), 'I think I got bit hard,'" DellaGrotte explained. "Bas said, 'I think I got bit hard,' you know, he mocked my Boston accent and we laughed about it. (Rutten) said, 'You got bit? You love this stuff, don't you?' I said, 'How could you not?' I get to hang out with cool people, I get to do what I like to do – in this case it was mixed martial arts- and I get paid to do it all. It wasn't much, but it was a great experience and something I would thoroughly enjoy doing again."


text:
Maitles, Henry and Cowan, Paula (2008) 'Why are we learning this?' Does studying the Holocaust encourage better citizenship values?: preliminary findings from Scotland. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 3 (3). pp. 341-352. ISSN 1911-0359
| PDF (strathprints012968.pdf) Download (317Kb) | Preview |
The relationship between learning about the Holocaust and the development of positive values may seem common sense but in reality there is a complex level of development and understanding. This research (which was sponsored by the Scottish Government) was designed to ascertain whether learning about the Holocaust impacts on young people's general citizenship values and attitudes; does learning about the Holocaust allow them to extrapolate from the events of the Holocaust to present day issues, such as racism and discrimination. The research followed a cohort of approximately 100 pupils (aged 11-12) who had studied the Holocaust and compared their values one year later both in comparison to their earlier attitudes and compared to their peers who had not studied the Holocaust. This paper reports the findings. As we might expect, the results were not always as predicted, particularly when it came to the pupils understanding of anti-Semitism or genocide; in general though, our core group had maintained more positive values than they had before their lessons on the Holocaust and were more positive than their peers.
Item type: | Article |
ID code: | 12968 |
Keywords: | holocaust, values, citizenship, curricular studies, Scotland, schools, Curriculum, Secondary Education. High schools, Scotland, Education (General) |
Subjects: | Political Science > Political institutions (Europe) > Scotland Education > Theory and practice of education > Curriculum Education > Theory and practice of education > Secondary Education. High schools Education > Education (General) |
Department: | Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HaSS) > School of Education > Education |
Related URLs: | |
Depositing user: | Mr Henry Maitles |
Date Deposited: | 28 Aug 2009 13:13 |
Last modified: | 05 Sep 2014 13:23 |
URI: | http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/id/eprint/12968 |
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mingalaba!This is one of two Burmese words I know, and it means "Hello."
Here are a few things I've done in the past week that I never thought I'd do:
1) Direct a staff meeting.
2) Say to my roommate: "Remind me to put oranges on the shopping list for the maid."
3) Have dinner with a Burmese man and chat casually about Aung San Suu Kyi and the upcoming elections.
4) Cheer out loud when opening my gmail account takes less than 3 minutes.
I've been in Myanmar a week but it feels like months already. Let's start from the beginning.
The City:
I love this city. LOVE. I feel like I'm irritating my roommates because I comment at least 5 times a day on how wonderful Yangon is. It is green, beautiful, run down and old, traditional, slow paced yet hectic… I don't know how to describe it really. It just feels 100% real.
Most people here, men and women, still wear longhis and thanaka. A longhi is a traditional floor-length skirt made out of a single piece of fabric and wrapped around the body. Men will sometimes tie this up under their knees to make shorts. Thanaka is a white paste for the face and arms that acts both as a decorative product and a sunscreen. My Burmese students come to school everyday with delicate swirls and patterns of thanaka on their face and arms. Everyday I see women walking the broken sidewalks or dirt roads of the city, with thanaka on their faces, balancing massive baskets of fruit or vegetables on their heads with one hand and holding their longhi in the other. It's a beautiful sight.
Also, the landscape of the city itself has a very unique feel. Due to economic sanctions, there are no western chains in Burma and little development either. Tourism is just starting to take off, so the people here haven't seen too many foreigners. Everyone on the street stares at me when I go out, and it is not a "look at the foreigner!" stare like Thailand, but a (friendly) "What on earth are you doing here?!" stare, as if they can't understand what a person like me would come here for.
The Job:
I'm working at an international school, teaching kids who already speak a decent amount of English, as a full time classroom teacher for a group of 13 4-year-olds. I have 4 teaching assistants that I am responsible for managing and directing. (Yes, that is 5 teachers for 13 students.) This is not your average ESL job; it's got a lot more responsibilities and expectations, and to be honest I'm feeling a bit stressed and underqualifed for my position. Friday I held my first "staff meeting" and couldn't believe my assistants were actually taking me seriously.
Also, I learned last week that 1) I am the youngest teacher here for the summer program, and 2) over 450 people applied for the 25 positions they offered for the summer. This sets the expectations bar pretty high for me, and it is stressing me out a little. I'm hoping things will get easier in time, and I'm really glad to get this experience and learn through it, but I'm worried about doing a bad job and the school wondering why they hired me. I really can't complain, though—the school has all the books, materials, and curriculum ideas I could ever want, and I've got 4 Burmese assistants who are incredibly helpful, hardworking, and fantastic at their job.
The People:
The upside of being the youngest and one of the least experienced teachers here is that I am meeting a lot of awesome people who have been teaching for a long time in places literally all over the globe. It's exciting to meet some of the other teachers, in their 30s, 40s, even 60s who have made a career out of teaching around the world and have been successful at it. When I was younger I would tell people I wanted to "travel the world and get paid for it," but didn't think it was really possible. I've met people here who have been teaching and traveling for years, and that is inspiring to me.
My roommates are also great. I'm living with 2 other girls in an apartment just north of the city center. We get along well, and it's nice to have people to hang out with in the evenings after work and do things with on the weekends.
My students are really sweet. (Except one, but no need to go there…) Their names are a bit of a problem, since most Burmese people don't take English nicknames like the Thais do. My students names are: Tin Nyan Zwe, Pooja, Poo Poo, Zin Ko Ko, Min Thet Kine, Sim Meyn Ken, Thefsalin, Romana, Moe Saint Saint Dwe, Moe Zet Nyi, Su Yati, and two more that I can't remember at the moment. Their level of English is really impressive, and I'm always reminding myself to speak to them normally and not in the baby-sentences I got used to using in Thailand.
Finally, the staff and administration at my school have gone out of their way to welcome and take care of us. How many 24-year-olds can say they live in a rent-free apartment, with all utilities paid for, have free transportation to and from work, are given 3 free catered meals a day, and have a full time maid to do all of their cleaning, shopping, and laundry?
I feel like I have pages more I could write and tell, but this is getting super long already. Unfortunately, I won't be able to post pictures at all while I am here, since the internet is so slow. I'm just thankful to have access to my blog at all, honestly.
Anyhow, more later. Thanks for reading!


text:
Research Opportunities
Summer 2010
To the RIT-ULSAMP program in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. A centralized resource for collaborative research across STEM disciplines. Stay updated on the latest current events and student research and internship opportunities.
- Imaging Science
- Engineering
- Biological and Medical Sciences
- Environmental Science
- Chemistry
- Computer Science
- Physical Science
- Astrophysical Concepts
- Cancer Research
Imaging Science
Advisor: Dr. Anthony Vodacek - firstname.lastname@example.com
Long term satellite image analysis of Lake Kivu from Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo.
Work with advisor to use ENVI software for analysis of long-term land cover changes and deforestation, including time and location of major change.
Advisor: Dr. Satish Kandlikar - firstname.lastname@example.com
Fuel Cell Heat Transfer
Develop a new type of transient temperature measurement device for correlating thermal conductivity of a fibrous medium such as cloth or aluminum mesh.
Advisor: Dr. Satish Kandlikar - firstname.lastname@example.com
Fuel Cell Heat Transfer
Develop a water dispensing unit and a high temperature smooth surface.
Biological and Medical Sciences
Advisor: Dr. Andre Hudson - firstname.lastname@example.com
The student will characterize the enzyme DAPL from chlamydomonas that has been shown to be involved in Lysine biosynthesis.
Environmental Science
Advisor: Dr. Paul Shipman - email@example.com
Method to reduce negative impact on Public Fisheries
There is a need for a way to hold a fish, photograph and reliably measure it without causing injury to the fish.
Environmental Science
Advisor: Dr. Elizabeth Hane - firstname.lastname@example.com
Evaluation of Black Swallowwort Invasion
Research will determine the extent of the black swallowwort invasion at Ganondagan - New York State Native American Historic Site.
Advisor: Dr. Thomas Smith - firstname.lastname@example.com
Polyionic Liquids
Student will be engaged in the synthesis and characterization of room temperature ionic liquid monomers and their polymerization to form poly (ionic) liquids.
Computer Science
Advisor: Dr. Reynold Bailey - firstname.lastname@example.com
Research Experience for Undergraduates
Student will work in an interdisciplinary environment with focus on data visualization and distributed high performance file systems.
Computer Science
Advisor: Dr. Reynold Bailey - firstname.lastname@example.com
Research Experience for Undergraduates
Student will work in an interdisciplinary environment with focus on data visualization and distributed high performance file systems.
Computer Science
Advisor: Dr. Brian Koberlein - email@example.com
Science Media
The student will assist in the development and set up a website to be used as part of a science outreach program. The student should be a Computer Science major or related field with computer programming and web technology skills.
Physical Science
Advisor: Dr. Brian Koberlein - firstname.lastname@example.com
Physics, Chemistry and Biology
The student will assist in the development and set up of experimental demonstrations for videos. This is part of a multimedia project to increase interest and understanding of the sciences.
Astrophysical Concepts
Advisor: Dr. Manasse Mbonye - firstname.lastname@example.com
This research will expose students to astrophysical topics, special relativity, black hole physics etc.
Concepts Space Weather Alert System
Advisor: Dr.Chance M. Glenn, Sr - firstname.lastname@example.com
This research team will implement a nonlinear dynamics-based anomaly detection algorithm to detect patterns in the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere. TEC is used as a measure of the sun's influence on the earth's atmosphere and therefore is a measure of space weather. Our sun is entering a solar maximum phase where solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are more prevalent. CMEs can send harmful, high energy particles towards the Earth as well as any point in the solar system. Space travelers, without the protection of Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field, will suffer harmful effects. In support of a future mission to Mars, RIT has been funded to study methods for predicting severe space weather. We have formed a research team as a collaboration between different departments. A student working on this team will support the group's effort in collecting and processing data as well as developing new algorithms for analysis.
Cancer Detection from Digital X-Rays
Advisor: Dr. Chance M. Glenn, Sr - firstname.lastname@example.com
This research team has collected a number of digital X-rays from the National Cancer Institute. We are studying methods to scan these images and detect cancerous tissue in an effort to create an automated system for early cancer detection. We have developed new signal/image processing methods based on chaotic dynamical systems theory. This research group will apply these methods to a series of digital images and determine the validity of the algorithms as they apply to the images. A student working in this group will implement processing algorithms, develop graphical user interfaces for analysis, and collect data on the results of the analysis.
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Past Research


text:
Los Angeles, May 17 Hollywood actor Tom Hanks says he took steroids to cure cold while working in Nora Ephron's Broadway play "Lucky Guy".
The Oscar-winning actor admits the drug cured his inflamed throat quickly and that he even had the bonus of rejuvenating his performance because he felt so good.
"You take the steroid, and the only repercussion is you will not be in the hall of fame. But you do get back on that horse and you are on stage and you feel great," femalefirst.co.uk quoted Hanks as saying.
"I was on steroids for two performances, never felt better in my life, came off the show was tighter, it was quicker. I just blew through the performance feeling like a million bucks. I felt like I was 23 again," he added.


text:
The openSUSE and Ubuntu Rollercoasters
The Linux World is rarely dull, but last week was an emotional roller coaster for users of openSUSE and Ubuntu. First Novell was sold to Microsoft and Attachmate with no mention of the fate of openSUSE. Then Ubuntu founder Shuttleworth told reporters that Ubuntu may switch from the six-month release cycle to daily updates. Both items garnered lots of speculation, elation, and worry until both parent companies finally addressed them.
In the wake of Sun's sell to Oracle and subsequent defunding and closing of several Open Source projects, FOSS advocates are understandably leery of any of our respected companies going to outsiders. So, when the news of Novell's sell to Attachmate hit the Web, users and developers of openSUSE were a bit worried. The news was later updated to include that a Microsoft holding company purchased many of Novell's patents. That set off more concern Linux-wide for the implications to Linux if Microsoft were to own UNIX. Some alarmists were afraid it would be SCO vs Linux all over again.
Even though not all of the details of the sale have been released and discussed, calmer heads pointed out that Linux was never proven to infringe upon UNIX in the first place, but Novell finally issued an announcement that UNIX was not sold to Microsoft. Just prior Attachmate had released their announcement that openSUSE would continue to be funded as before. While these announcements were a bit reassuring and most take them at face value, Andy Updegrove posted one of the most intelligent and comprehensive analysis of the situation. In summary, it's far from a straight-forward sale and Linux still may or may not be subject to litigation.
Then Ubuntu users were taken for a ride last week as well. The Register quoted Mark Shuttleworth, founder of Canonical and Ubuntu, as saying he would be moving the popular distribution from its six-month release cycle to daily updates through the Ubuntu Software Center. This sent shock waves throughout Ubuntu with lots of cheers and a few jeers, but mostly lots more speculation. Some thought this was another indication of Canonical's newly forming direction while many worried that more bugs and instability would result.
Then Rick Spencer, Director of Ubuntu Engineering, issued a statement on his blog retracting the statement. He said unequivocally, "Ubuntu is not changing to a rolling release" adding, "having a stable release with a six month cadence plus the option to stay cutting edge on certain packages (at your own risk) is not really a rolling release." Shuttleworth was quoted as saying they would be moving away from the six-month release cycle in favor of using daily updates. While the original source has been reworded and updated erasing that key quote, the original wording was the very definition of a rolling release. Whatever the reason for the turnaround, it was yet another up and down, back and forth, and to and fro in the Linux World last week.
Susan Linton is a Linux writer and the owner of tuxmachines.org.
M$ by Novell ...
Rolling release...
It sucks
Previously I using OpenSuse
Previously I using OpenSuse and Ubuntu, but righ now Im more comfort using Snow Leopard, Nice share
I have to agree, open SUSE is
I have to agree, open SUSE is REALLY cool !
Cindy, from http://www.tendances-de-mode.com
First time Im using linux I
First time Im using linux I using OpenSuse 9.
Mufti from http://www.developerquestion.com
Couple of more news from openSUSE
Hi Susan
A couple of news for you too
openSUSE may also come up with its own rolling distro, also its own LTS version for servers
open suse is cool. fuck off
open suse is cool. fuck off satan
OpenSuSE may be a bloated old tart, but there's no need to be offensive.
Hell no rolling release for me
If Ubuntu would become a true rolling release only distro, it would be an easy decision to move to another distro. I use Ubuntu for my work and private computer experience, and while not minding a rolling release on my private computer, I do mind it on my work computer.
Getting commercial support for a rolling release is impossible, if not affordable. I do have a second linux distro I could use for my work, but migrating an entire office takes time and involves risks.
a jeer
Haha no way has someone at Canonical finally started telling Mr. S he should put a sock in it!
Rolling Ubuntu
I for one would welcome it!
All it would really need is to have some flags added to the package manager on a per package basis to "stay current" or "stay stable". For example, for things like gstreamer "stay current" would be very helpful since what Ubuntu ships with is usually a version or more behind the current release.
The stable flag would update things on something like the LTS version schedule.
That's already possible and quite a bit easier than the retarded idea you are suggesting. You don't actually understand package management at all do you?
As Linux continues to play an ever increasing role in corporate data centers and institutions, ensuring the integrity and protection of these systems must be a priority. With 60% of the world's websites and an increasing share of organization's mission-critical workloads running on Linux, failing to stop malware and other advanced threats on Linux can increasingly impact an organization's reputation and bottom line.
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In this one hour webinar, learn how to enhance your existing backup strategies for better disaster recovery preparedness using Storix System Backup Administrator (SBAdmin), a highly flexible bare-metal recovery solution for UNIX and Linux systems.
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text: Survive The Tribe About the Show Survival instructor and wilderness guide Hazen Audel travels to some of the world's most remote tribal communities to learn how they have survived for thousands of years in the planet's toughest environments. Hazen joins tribes in the rainforests of Ecuador, the Kalahari Desert of Namibia, a remote island in the Pacific Ocean, the mountains of western Mongolia, the frozen Arctic of Canada, and in equatorial Kenya to learn firsthand the skills and traditions of these masters of survival. Videos 3:18Gone Ice Fishing3:01Igloo Building 1011:45A Lesson in Ancient Know-how2:07An Unwanted Visitor2:59Does He Have What It Takes?2:17Shark Hunting Islanders1:23Wild Horses1:54A Frustrating Day1:28Climbing Trees1:24Sweet Tooth1:53Precious Water0:55Light Sleepers2:27Hive Find2:11Making A Blow Gun2:56Foraging Under the Ice


text:
The EMMAs 2011 US
The EMMAs 2011 US Awards were held in Chicago as part of the US Global Mobility Summit in 2011 on the 12th September.
The FEM annually recognize excellence in Global Mobility with The EMMAs. A series of over 20 international awards were independently judged by some of the most respected names in the Global Mobility profession.
Over 500 entries were received from both Corporate HR and Service Providers. The winners, highly commended, Runners Up and the ultimate "Outstanding Contribution To Global Mobility Award" has been announced in our EMMAs Gala Dinner. These events are prestigious gala dinners where the giants of the industry meet to celebrate the successes of colleagues and meet fellow professionals.
A full list of the EMMAs Winners are available here.
See the Photos from the amazing evening here.
The EMMAs 2012 US awards will be held as part of the US Global Mobility in September 2012 in Las Vegas.


text:
Trampoline Parts Center is one of only a few manufacturers/distributors of certified trampoline replacement parts. We're glad you found us because selecting the right product is critical not only for optimum performance, but to ensure maximum safe use. We've made finding the exact match for your trampoline part easy with the "Wizards" we post on select product pages - no matter what trampoline you own and no matter where you purchased it. The truth is, while some parts are exactly the same, many are not. We want you to bounce as safely and as high as you did the day you first assembled your trampoline - that's our mission. Once you obtain the key measurements for your part, please use the "Wizard" on each product page to find the proper replacement. During regular business hours, a knowledge product representative is also available via our toll free or live chat assistance.
Measurements Needed for Replacement Nets:
Measurements Needed for Replacement Mats:
Measurements Needed for Replacement Pads:
Measurements Needed for Replacement Springs:
Frame Size | Pad Size | Mat Size | Spring Length | Ring Count | Rectangular Trampoline | Trampoline Frame | Rectangular Pad
This is the DIAMETER OF THE FRAME of your trampoline (from end to end).
Length x Width (end to end) for square and rectangular shaped trampolines.
You should take at least 2 to 3 separate measurements to make sure you arrive at the same measurement.
The most common trampoline sizes are 8 ft, 10 ft, 12 ft, 13 ft, 14 ft, 15 ft, & 16 ft.
This is the DIAMETER OF THE MAT WITHOUT THE STEEL RINGS.
For the best results take multiple measurements from different points, making sure you are measuring in the middle of the mat.
Keep in mind that your original mat may be stretched and will give you an inaccurate measurement. To find the correct replacement mat it is best to use the Frame Size, Spring Size, and Ring Count.
Measure from HOOK TO HOOK UNSTRETCHED.
You should take at least 2 to 3 separate measurements to make sure you arrive at the same measurement.
Typical spring sizes range from 4.75" – 9".
Count how many STEEL RINGS are on your mat, or how many SPRING HOLES are in your frame to find your ring count.
You should take at least 2 to 3 separate counts to make sure you arrive at the same number.
Typical spring counts range from 72 – 104.
Measuring A Rectangular Trampoline Mat
Measured in LENGTH x WIDTH (edge of mat to edge of mat) WITHOUT including the steel rings.
You should take at least 2 to 3 separate measurements to make sure you arrive at the same measurement.
You always want to have your frame size, spring size, and spring count to make sure your new mat will fit.
Measured in LENGTH x WIDTH (end of frame to end of frame).
3 Measurements are Needed:
Rectangular trampoline pads have three measurements: the Length and Width of the trampoline frame which will cover the size of the frame, and the width of the pad itself, which will cover the length of the springs.
To measure your frame, please refer to the "Measuring A Square Trampoline Frame" instructions above.
You should take at least 2 to 3 separate measurements to make sure you arrive at the same measurement.
To measure the width of your pad, you will want to measure from the outer edge of the frame to the beginning of the mat, past the v-rings. It is important that the all springs and v-rings are entirely covered to prevent injury.
All prices are in USD Copyright 2015 TrampolinePartsCenter.com. Sitemap | Ecommerce Solution by Bigcommerce


text:
What does ITEP mean in International Business?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ITEP in the Business field in general and in the International Business terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ITEP in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this ITEP abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"ITEP." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/110301>.
ITEP also stands for:
- Illinois Teacher Education Partnership
- improved turbine engine program
- Independent Technical Evaluation Plan
- Individual Training Evaluation Program
- Information Technology for Education Policymakers
... and 6 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search International Traineeship Exchange Program on Amazon
- Search International Traineeship Exchange Program on Google


text:
Zombie Housewives of the Apocalypse > Zombie Housewife Husband > Zombie Housewifes Husband T-Shirt
A silhouette of a zombie housewife holding her sweetie zombie husband's hand with the words "Zombie Housewife's husband" next to them.
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Click done if you're happy with the way it looks.
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Don't Have an Account? Join the IHG® Rewards Club
Redeem when you want, for what you want. Your points never expire and there are no blackout dates.
Reward Nights
When redeeming points for a Reward Night, you may only book one room at a time.
Once you complete your Reward Night reservation you will be given the option to duplicate this reservation.
* Requires affiliation in the respective organization.
** Best Available Rate Search does not include affiliation rates.
To book more than 9 rooms for one stay or request a quote, please use our Easy Meetings tool, call 1-800-MEETING (in United States, Mexico and Canada) or contact a Global Sales Office.
The Holiday Inn Gaziantep – Sehitkamil is located at the junction of the Silk Road, combining the East and the West. The hotel is right in the new heart of Gaziantep's modern commercial and medical district, with easy connection to Gaziantep Airport. The Gaziantep Museum of Archaeology and the Bayazhan City Museum are both within walking distance from the hotel, while the Castle of Gaziantep and the Coppersmith Bazaar are only 2.5 km away.
The Holiday Inn View More
The Holiday Inn Gaziantep – Sehitkamil's modern design combines well-being with great functionality attracting both business travellers as well as leisure guests. The hotel offers 93 spacious and elegantly decorated rooms and suites, all equipped with lush bedding, a choice of pillows, air conditioning, a beautiful bathroom with walk-in rain shower and free high speed Internet access. Guests can begin their day with open all inclusive buffet breakfast at No: 8 Bar&Restaurant located on the lobby floor; while the restaurant tells a story of tradition and evolution by combining assorted traditional and international specialties. The Tea Lounge welcomes to guests all day long for an exceptional tea experience with traditional Turkish desserts and delicious cakes while the Sandal Fish Restaurant located on the 11th floor, serves ambrosial Aegean mezzes and a variety of fresh fish from the seas surrounding Turkey. The hotel's Spa Centre includes a mini gym, sauna, steam bath.


text:
Game vs Glory: Starbound vs Terraria
2D Sandbox Trials: Starbound vs Terraria
With the rise in Minecraft's popularity, there have been a rising number of games that focus on open word exploration and crafting, with a focus on low-resolution 'pixel' graphics. Two such games that have been rising in popularity are Starbound and Terraria, both of which are 2D sandbox games that focus on similar concepts. Starbound, developed by Chucklefish Ltd, is based in a sci-fi universe, where players can take the role of one of several races as they fly their ship from planet to planet, seeking refuge from an unfortunate fate. Terraria on the other hand, which is developed by Re-Logic, drops players in a large generated world, teeming with all sorts of biomes for the player to explore. Unlike its competition, Terraria is a fully fleshed out game, which is available on iOS, Android, PSN, Xbox Live, PSVita, and Windows Phone.
While the two share similar roots, only one can be deemed victorious. So which 2D sandbox game is better? Let's find out!
Starbound |
Terraria |
- Players travel across worlds versus one map per game
– Different biomes exist underground depending on depth – Hazardous blocks and traps exist through dungeons and caves (with the latter being salvageable) – While there's only one dungeon per planet, the vast number of planets allow for greater numbers. |
- Some biome boundaries are unusual (snow next to desert)
– Only a few dungeons per generated world – Backdrops are much nicer in comparison – Terrain has a much greater amount of destructible 'scenic' objects, such as grasses and vines (which vanish upon breaking) |
Advantage: Starbound |
Rather than starting off going into detail with the graphics of these games (as the sprite artist from Terraria apparently was the lead designer for Starbound), I decided to focus on the environments that both Starbound and Terraria offer . Each give a great variety when it comes to the different environments they allow players to travel through, making this a close call. What Starbound has over Terraria though, is the ability to travel to different worlds. Instead of traversing great distances to encounter one type of biome, Starbound allows players to jump between different worlds which have 1-2 biomes. In rare cases though, players will start on a planet which supports no wood-granting plants, at which point things become more challenging (as no wood means no torches or pickaxes to make mining coal easier). Many dungeons are also accessible from the surface, making spotting them easier. And as a minor preference, I do find entering and exiting caverns easier to do in Starcraft, as many I have encountered in Terraria involve a steep drop, which require quite a bit of work to get out of.
Starbound |
Terraria |
- Necessary survival equipment can be built without crafting table, including healing items
– Tools can be upgraded, which restores durability – Players can cook using raw food items and a cooking table – Crafting menu shows what players can build without needing all items, and can be filtered based on what the player has available |
- Some ore is only available in hard mode
– Crafting, smelting, etc. is all instant – Much greater variety in tools than Starbound – Many different types of arrows can be crafted |
Advantage: Starbound |
Since only Starbound has a storyline to it, I decided to focus on the aspect of crafting rather than story plots between the two. While the fact that smelting ore into bars is instant in Terraria, I found it nearly impossible to get past the layout of the crafting menu given. There is no way to search through possible recipes, or even see what materials are required while in the game to build certain things. Rather, players are forced to scroll through a potentially massive list of different craftable items. Starbound cleans things up in a nice little UI, which shows everything available to craft at the time. If players don't want to scroll through the whole list, they can sort the options based on the type of recipe, and even filter out recipes that don't have all the necessary items.
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04-14-2012, 06:46 AM | #1 (permalink) |
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Best books/videos about Backcountry Wisdom
I know there are special courses and camps to learn & put this stuff in practice, but i'm wondering if someone knows any usefull and informative books or vids about everything backcountry, off piste & on mountain (how to's, snow conditions, regonizing dangers, etc etc..)
thx! Last edited by Tjarco; 04-14-2012 at 06:48 AM. |
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04-18-2012, 10:24 AM | #2 (permalink) |
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Posts: 13
thx for the tips Snowolf!
Definitely gonna try to find those books you mentioned, I'd love to come on your splitboard tour unfortunately i live in the Netherlands! and don't have a splitboard so i'll keep on dreaming and wish ou the best of luck with your training program! |
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Open Source Programming in Python, IT 413
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Contemporary open-source programming languages and frameworks are presented. The student considers design and development topics in system, graphical user interface, network, and web programming. Dynamic scripting languages are covered using object-oriented, concurrent, and functional programming paradigms. Concepts gained throughout the course are reinforced with numerous exercises which will culminate in an open-source programming project.
IT 311 Introduction to programming with Java , Participants should have some programming background as well as knowledge about HTML and CSS.
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Doug Barr: It's been our experience at Goodwill that work transforms lives. If I had to think of, in order of priority, what transforms lives most, first would be a faith, second would be doing something for a significant other, someone you love, someone you care about. The third thing would be work.
People come to Goodwill out of work. Their self esteem is down about this low. Their spouse is upset. Their kids don't respect their parents because everyone else's dad is working. And we find that through giving them education, increasing their training skills, we can in fact increase their self-esteem. They're more confident when they go to a job interview, and as a result when they get the job. Now they're a producing member of society.
It's just the most transformative thing, outside of those other two I mentioned, that we can do.
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Remember that 2008 movie "The Happening" where it turned out the trees were kind of rejecting us, trying to get rid of this pest, the human race. Except for Mark Wahlberg and Zoey Deschanel?
Well, it's, um, happening. The trees hate us. And they are making us very sick this spring.My son is especially miserable, so I asked -- on Facebook -- if anyone was finding relief. The word that came back was overwhelmingly a story about Neti Pots and other alternative therapies. And I realized that, especially when it comes to something as relentless and hard to treat as allergies, we are a society of tongue-scraping, oil-pulling, ear-candling, neti-potting, tissue-cleansing, naturopathic, ayurvedic, pharma-rejecting seekers. How did this happen?
Maybe part of the issue is that the very nature of allergies suggest an out-of-sync-ness. It's not them. It's us!
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Penang drug suspect takes his baby hostage to ward off police
Published on Sep 21, 2013 3:02 PM
BUKIT MERTAJAM, Penang (The Star/Asia News Network) - In an act of cowardice, a 26-year-old suspected drug pusher armed with two parangs used his four-month-old baby girl as a hostage to keep policemen at bay.
He threatened to harm her when the police tried to close in on him, and was brandishing the blades close to the child's face and head during the incident at about 9.45am at Kampung Bukit Teh near here yesterday.
The tense situation ended when police sharpshooters wounded the man in the legs, causing him to let go of the baby, who slid to the ground unhurt.
Shot in the left thigh and both ankles, the man has been warded at the Bukit Mertajam district hospital and is in stable condition.
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Next week's episode of 'Law & Order: Special Victim Unit' is being billed as "a familiar story of two celebrities intertwined by abuse." Oh, you don't say?
Instagram Lovin'
NBC describes the thinly veiled Rihanna and Chris Brown-inspired episode 'Funny Valentine' as follows: "A promising singer is brutally attacked by her boyfriend, a popular hip hop star. ADA Barba (guest star Raul Esparza) works to build a case, but the victim refuses to aid the prosecution and, despite Detective Benson's (Mariska Hargitay) best efforts, continues to put herself in danger. The case quickly spirals into a media circus, perpetrated by both the defendant and his uncompromising attorney (guest star Jeffrey Tambor)."
Here's the twist you've all been waiting for — someone ends up murdered.
The central characters of Joi and Caleb Brown — lean all the way into that one — are played by Starshell Menzies and Eugene Jones. The episode will also feature special appearances by Wendy Williams, Perez Hilton, and Dave Navarro.


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Governments are not always overthrown by direct and open assaults. They are not always battered down by the arms of conquerors, or the successful daring of usurpers. There is often concealed the dry rot, which eats into the vitals, when all is fair and stately on the outside. And to the republics this has been the more common fatal disease. The continual drippings of corruption may wear away the solid rock, when the tempest has failed to overturn it.
Often, the American form of government has been put forward as one of the best in the world. With its system of checks and balances, it has at times been viewed as being exempt from corruption. Yet, I challenge any American to take a hard look at the current political climate with honesty. It is not so immune, after all.
You know, the election is over. It is time to let the hype die down. However, it seems that some of us are having a harder time than others to let it all unwind. Politics is not the answer. It never was. It is not now. It never will be.
Some people want to be "for" big business and/or "for" big government. Some want to be "for" or "against" unions. Really? Do you really want to go there?
The commission that investigated the crisis casts a wide net of blame, faulting two administrations, the Federal Reserve and other regulators for permitting a calamitous concoction: shoddy mortgage lending, the excessive packaging and sale of loans to investors and risky bets on securities backed by the loans.
~ "Financial Crisis Was Avoidable, Inquiry Finds", The New York Times
Sounds a lot like what I said at the very beginning. Blaming either party alone or blaming either big business or big government alone is just plain foolish. It is time to grow up. It is time to stop blaming Clinton, George W, Obama, Wall Street, the Federal Reserve or even the big banks and mortgage companies and face the fact that the entire system is corrupt.
Checks and balances don't prohibit corruption; they only slow it down. It just means it takes longer for the rot to set in, as it must pervade all of society first. Structure of government does not prohibit corruption, either. No matter what, if the pool of perspective rulers are not righteous, then wicked rulers will be the result.
God's way of life is not about form and outward show. God's way of life is about each person individually submitting to the One True King and learning to govern themselves. That is the lynchpin. As long as the subjects of the Kingdom rule themselves willingly, there is no need of a huge bureaucracy that weighs down upon the masses, doling out unfeasible laws and punishing people for infractions for things they didn't even know were laws to begin with.
In the end, corruption kills empires. When the greed of rulers and authorities take over, then it is greed that is really in charge.
2 When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice;
But when a wicked man rules, the people groan.
We are given various types of government throughout history to compare ourselves to, and in every case corruption led to the downfall of an empire. Empires fall because the people at the top become greedy and corrupt. The corruption was precipitated by a loosening of morality that opened the door to the acceptance of bad behavior amongst rulers.
The Roman Empire officially fell due to "multiple causes", but there are a couple that stand out.
A decline in morals, especially in the rich upper classes and the emperors, had a devastating impact on the Romans. Immoral and promiscuous sexual behaviour including adultery and orgies. Emperors such as Tiberius kept groups of young boys for his pleasure, incest by Nero who also had a male slave castrated so he could take him as his wife, Elagabalus who forces a Vestal Virgin into marriage, Commodus with his harems of concubines who enraged Romans by sitting in the theatre dressed in a woman's garments. The decline in morals also effected the lower classes and slaves. Religious festivals such as Saturnalia and Bacchanalia where sacrifices, ribald songs, lewd acts and sexual promiscuity were practised….
The power of the Praetorian Guard, the elite bodyguards of the emperor, led to political corruption and grew to such an extent that this massive troop of soldiers decided on whether an emperor should be disposed of and who should become the new emperor! The story of Sejanus, who was the commander of the Praetorian Guard during the reign of Tiberius, illustrates the extent of their power. At one point the Praetorian Guard sold at auction the throne of the world to the highest bidder.
~ "Reason why the Roman Empire fell", Roman Colosseum (bolding mine)
The French once had a rather sizable empire. King Louis XVI of France was arrested in 1792 after centuries of the rule of the monarchy. This eventually paved the way for Napoleon Bonaparte to rule.
The Second Coalition was formed in 1798 by Austria, Great Britain, the Kingdom of Naples, the Ottoman Empire, Papal States, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and other states. During the War of the Second Coalition, the French Republic suffered from corruption and internal division under the Directory. …Bonaparte, the main architect of victory in the last years of the First Coalition, had gone to campaign in Egypt. Missing two of its most important military figures from the previous conflict, the Republic suffered successive defeats against revitalized enemies whom British financial support brought back into the war.
Bonaparte returned from Egypt to France on 23 August 1799, and seized control of the French government on 9 November 1799 in the coup of 18 Brumaire, replacing the Directory with the Consulate.
~ "Napoleonic Wars", Wikipedia
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) had corruption so bad that it was a wonder it lasted so long.
When Brezhnev rose to power, the Soviet system was already deeply corrupted. The bureaucracy at this stage was also large and inefficient. Corruption and the black market grew under Khrushchev, as people were less afraid of the state during his thaw.(7) The two problems also grew because of a lack of consumer goods. These issues would increase under Brezhnev, being as he was mainly unwilling to reform the economy. His polices were actually overtly protective of the elites privilege.(8) The Party was still used as a tool, as it was in the beginning by some members for their personal benefit. Ministries and subagencies "grew like mushrooms" and had many bureaucrats with "ill-defined responsibilities", but very agreeable salaries.(9) The system was huge and unwilling to reform. The Communist Party apparatus became the most gigantic mafia the world has ever known.(10) The elite shopped at special stores, and had luxury cars with drivers. They owned country dachas and took extravagant trips abroad.(11) Like Lenin had predicted, these apparatchiks would also defend these privileges at any cost. They guarded this monopoly of power with a phony consensus and constitution.(12) The actions of the Party at that time were what Lenin had feared. The Communist Party under Brezhnev had become a complete betrayal of Lenins vision of socialism in Russia.
The black market in the Soviet Union was so massive by the 1970s it actually amounted to a counter economy.(28) It not only involved the Party elite, but it engulfed most of the nation. Common people would go through the motions of working in the official economy, but when they wanted goods and services such as clothes, rugs, apartment space, car parts and many other things, they had to turn to the black market.(29) The black market of course, also reflected the obvious problem of corruption not only in the Party but also throughout the entire system. It became a direct outgrowth of the process of privatization within the Soviet system, because most of the goods on the black market were offered by those who had exploited their official positions.(30) People who were not within the Party also exploited their positions. For instance, bribes were generally needed for most healthcare.(31) Soviet corruption cannot be compared to corruption in the West. Corruption in Western nations was optional, while most Soviet citizens would have to "deal" a little to survive.(32) Frustrations would continue to rise within the public, as even with the black market all the items sought after were not always available. Party elite would enjoy their luxuries while the common citizen would lack new clothes, medicine or other goods. This discontent within the public would lead to criticism towards the Party. The strict hand of the regime was starting to lose its power of fear. As most of the population was dragged into corruption and the black market, the very existence of the two undermined the publics morality and sense of law.(33) Crime and corruption therefore would steadily increase, hurting the economy. More people were beginning to lose faith in the Party and it was beginning to show.
~ Essay on "The Growing Problem of Corruption Under Brezhnev", Eric's Soviet Collectibles Page, 2002
We are following in their footsteps, including implementing many of the socialistic programs that many European nations have implemented and failed miserably at. In fact, it looks like government corruption in the US is already being compared to ancient Rome.
With public sector salaries and benefits continuing to expand at the expense of Rhode Island's beleaguered taxpayers and business owners, some policy analysts see a historical parallel with the waning days of the Roman Empire.
The fact that state and local government employees enjoy generous benefits and compensation in comparison to their private sector counterparts, according to a new study, is not surprising. But the fact that Rhode Island is the only New England state where the average wage earnings of government workers exceeds that for all private sector workers does come as a jolt to some concerned citizens. The recently released study from William Even of Miami University and David MacPherson of Trinity University was compiled on behalf of the Rhode Island Center for Freedom and Prosperity, the parent organization of the Ocean State Current.
~ Kevin J Mooney, "Public Employee Pay and Benefits Draw Historical Comparison with Corruption in Roman Empire", 5 December 2012, The Ocean State Current
Before bankrolling special interests like Beacon Power Corp, Ener1 and Solyndra, before uncovering Congressional insider trading, before the GSA scandal, before Operation Fast and Furious, and so on, LewRockwell.com issued an article on "25 Bizarre Examples That Show That the U.S. Government Is Absolutely Brimming With Idiots, Incompetents and Incredibly Corrupt Politicians". One item:
#23 The "entitlement mindset" that permeates not only the U.S. government but also much of the voting public was clearly displayed recently when a union protester in Wisconsin asked a Tea Party activist the following question: "Why do you have a right to your money?" Of course with politicians such as Howard Dean publicly declaring that it is the "job of the government" to redistribute wealth this is the kind of nonsense that you are going to get.
Right. Unions. That's political as well. Supporting unions is not only supporting the very causes of off-shoring in the first place (which includes paying too much for shoddy and incompetent work), but it is supporting organizations that were the original terrorists. Union organizers bombed the Los Angeles Times building on 1 October 1910. Twenty employees were killed, but it could have been worse since two other time bombs failed to go off. As you can read on Start Thinking Right blog in "Labor Unions: A Century of Genuine Evil":
In it's day, The Times bombing was equivalent to the 2001 destruction of the World Trade Center. It was called "the crime of the century," and it remains the deadliest crime to go to trial in California history.
"Bomb." "Violence." "Murder." "The equivalent to the 2001 destruction of the World Trade Center." The "the crime of the century." "The deadliest crime to go to trial in California history" to this very day. Labor unions. All of those words and phrases go hand in hand together.
A century of evil. That's the legacy of labor unions.
So, if you are in the Church, you are going to support such a thing? Do you really want to consider yourself "pro-union"? My suggestion is to check where your allegiance really lies!
Unions are just as political as any political party, and they come with a bloody past to boot. They take a worker's money and gives it away to political causes and organizations that don't even reflect Christian values. They are more than happy to take your money, but it is an unusual organization that really is there to represent you. They exist to perpetuate their own existence. They would rather close down a Hostess plant than have people working.
Even their premise has evolved to where people are entitled to certain benefits, not because of work ethic, ability or professionalism, but because of belonging to an elite club. Unions were what brought to power the communists and fascists alike, as it is easier to manipulate people by threatening their income than in most other ways.
Unions were the reaction to the greed of companies that treated workers like they were less than the machinery that the industrial revolution made available. Companies were not always that way, either. Henry Ford became famous in part for providing good wages to his workers. However, not all operated that way, and that was just not right. However, unions only temporarily fixed the problem. In the end, greed took over the unions as well, it was just now that the power was on the other foot.
My dad used to tell me some of these things for years, but I didn't want to believe things could really be that way. After all, this is America! We are a democracy, right? Well, the older I've gotten, the less I'm sure about that, and the more I realize that youthful idealism really clouded a lot of what was going on.
Still, it honestly has gotten worse. Politicians have always been snakes that can slither out of your hands, but they used to at least pretend they weren't corrupt. Nowadays, the arrogance is so great that they don't even think what they are doing is anything wrong or unusual. Line their own pocket? While you are watching! Lie to the American people? Not only that, but look you straight in the eye the whole time!
Like the saying goes, if you vote for the lesser of two evils, you are still voting for evil. If you openly support unions, you are openly supporting their past and all of their causes.
Politics is not the answer. It never was the answer. It is not the answer now. It will never be the answer. Changing the human heart is the answer. Structure of governments do not matter. They all become corrupt because the human heart is corrupt.
9 "The heart is deceitful above all things,
And desperately wicked;
Who can know it?
10 I, the LORD, search the heart,
I test the mind,
Even to give every man according to his ways,
According to the fruit of his doings.
The human heart affects all things, taints all things and makes all things corrupt. That applies to leadership and government perhaps even more than anything else. The human problem is a heart problem, and God is the One with the answer.


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International Journal of Biomaterials
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 369063, 6 pages
Clinical Management of Implant Prostheses in Patients with Bruxism
1Department of Oral Function and Rehabilitation, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
2Department of Oral Kinesiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1066 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven and Department of Dentistry, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
4Department of Oral Implantology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
Received 27 January 2012; Revised 2 April 2012; Accepted 15 April 2012
Academic Editor: Yo Shibata
Copyright © 2012 Osamu Komiyama et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
There is general agreement that excessive stress to the bone-implant interface may result in implant overload and failure. Early failure of the implant due to excessive loading occurs shortly after uncovering the implant. Excess load on a final restoration after successful implant integration can result in physical failure of the implant structure. Many clinicians believe that overload of dental implants is a risk factor for vertical peri-implant bone loss and/or may be detrimental for the suprastructure in implant prostheses. It has been documented that occlusal parafunction, such as, bruxism (tooth grinding and clenching) affects the outcome of implant prostheses, but there is no evidence for a causal relation between the failures and overload of dental implants. In spite of this lack of evidence, often metal restorations are preferred instead of porcelain for patients in whom bruxism is presumed on the basis of tooth wear. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of the occlusal scheme used in implant restorations for implant longevity and to suggest a clinical approach and occlusal materials for implant prostheses in order to prevent complications related to bruxism.
1. Introduction
The most important factor in implant longevity as a factor for clinically successful implant treatment is the formation of a direct interface between the implant and the bone, without intervening soft tissue, a process called "osseointegration". Osseointegrated dental implants represent an advance in modern odontology, which has become a great option for the rehabilitation of missing single teeth in partially or totally edentulous patients. Despite the very high success rates [1], complications associated with implant treatment may occur. Early loading failure may affect 2% to 6% of implants, and as many as 15% of restorations fail as a result of this problem [2, 3]. Excess load on a final restoration after successful implant integration can result in failure of the implant itself [4]. Therefore, it is important to clarify the risk factors for failure of implant prostheses in order to further improve the good success rate.
The consequences of overload of dental implants can be divided into two groups: biological and biomechanical complications [5]. Biological complications can be divided into early failures and late failures [6]. In case of early failures, osseointegration was insufficient: the implant is lost before the first prosthetic loading. Late biological failures are characterized by pathological bone loss after full osseointegration was obtained at an earlier stage [7]. Late biological implant failures are associated with overload. Some insight into bone physiology is needed for a proper understanding of these mechanisms [8–11]. In case of biomechanical complications, one or more components of an implant system fail, for example, fracture of an implant itself, loosening or fracture of connecting screws or abutment screws, loosening or excessive wear of mesostructural components in overdentures, and excessive wear or fracture of suprastructural porcelain or acrylic teeth [12, 13].
Bruxism is a movement disorder of the masticatory system that is expressed, among others, by tooth grinding and clenching, during sleep as well as during wakefulness [14, 15]. Especially, sleep bruxism is a repetitive sleep movement disorder characterized by rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) at a frequency of approximately 1 Hz and by occasional tooth grinding. It is reported that during light sleep, most episodes of sleep bruxism (SB) are observed in relation to brief cardiac and brain reactivations termed "micro-arousals". RMMA is secondary to a sequence of events in relation to sleep microarousals: as a result of the increase in autonomic sympathetic activity, the heart and brain are activated in the minutes and seconds, respectively, before the onset of activity in the suprahyoid muscles and finally, RMMA occurs in the jaw-closing masseter and temporalis muscles [16]. Since SB is controlled by the central nervous system [17], it may be difficult to prevent the occurrence of bruxism events.
Clinical trials regarding the influence of bruxism on implant prostheses are scarce. Brägger et al. [18] recognized a causal relation between bruxism and fracture of the suprastructure, but they could not show the relation between bruxism and failure of the implant itself. On the other hand, Engel et al. [19] suggested that bruxism never affected the marginal bone loss of the dental implant. From these studies, it is difficult to conclude that bruxism is a risk factor for dental implants. Since most of the clinical research in dental implants excluded subjects with bruxism, there are only few research data on the influence of bruxism on dental implant outcome, and there is still no scientific evidence for a causal relation between bruxism and implant failure.
In this paper, the relation between occlusion and overload of dental implants is described, and the available evidence for a possible cause-and-effect relationship between bruxism and implant failure is discussed. Further, the possibility of clinical management of implant prostheses using an alteration of occlusal materials in the suprastructure and night guards in patients with bruxism is being presented.
2. Occlusal Considerations for Implant Prostheses
Taylor et al. suggested that since mastication is a side-to-side action that does not lend itself to axial loading of teeth or implants in the jaws, the damaging effects of bruxism are created through lateral friction between the occlusal surfaces of maxilla and mandible [20]. The attachment of natural teeth through periodontal ligaments and osseointegrated implants with a rigid bone contact in the jaw presents a significantly different environment, and this needs consideration. A natural tooth can be intruded about 50 μm by a light force (20 N) compared to only 2 μm for an osseointegrated implant [21]. In an animal study, Miyata et al. investigated the relationship between occlusal overload and peri-implant tissue and suggested that peri-implant bone resorption occurred under occlusal overload [22–24]. On the other hand, Heitz-Mayfield et al. demonstrated that a period of 8 months of excessive occlusal load on titanium implants did not result in loss of osseointegration or marginal bone loss when compared with nonloaded implants in animal study [25]. However, much of oral and masticatory function seems to be similar in natural and implant-supported dentitions [26–28]. The periodontal ligament is lost after tooth extraction, but most of its functional role as related to occlusion and mastication seems to be taken over by other mechanisms, such as, muscle spindles, mechanoreceptors in the temporomandibular joints [29]. Since successful long-term results of implant prostheses have been reported repeatedly, it may be concluded that the variety of methods related to occlusal morphology used in fixed prosthodontics on natural teeth are equally acceptable for rehabilitation on dental implants. The simple principles described for conventional prosthodontics may therefore be followed also for implant prostheses [21]. A literature review concluded that the occlusal scheme for an implant prosthesis should be designed to decrease cuspal interferences, centralize forces along the long axis, and minimize lateral forces; that is, it should be like that of a similar prosthesis on a natural dentition [30].
Since the occlusal perception level is higher for implant prostheses than for natural teeth, complaints of implant patients should be carefully considered when checking their occlusion. It is established that the lack of periodontal receptors leads to impaired fine motor control of the mandible in implant patients [31]. However, early studies concluded that the functional clinical capacity of patients with implant prostheses was almost equal to or approaching that of dentate subjects [32]. A study showing that the tactile sensibility of single-tooth implants opposing natural teeth was similar to that of pairs of opposing natural teeth led to the conclusion that the implants can be integrated in the stomatognathic control circuit [33].
3. Bruxism as Occlusal Risk Factors
In 1996, Lavigne et al. [34] proposed sleep bruxism research diagnostic criteria (SB-RDC) for polysomnographic recording, as follows: (1) a history of frequent tooth grinding occurring at least 3 nights per week for the preceding 6 months, as confirmed by a sleep partner; (2) clinical presence of tooth wear; (3) masseter muscle hypertrophy; (4) report of jaw muscle fatigue or tenderness in the morning. Bruxism is frequently considered an aetiological factor for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), tooth wear (e.g., attrition), loss of periodontal support, and failure of dental restorations, although conflicting evidence for many of these purported aetiological relationships can be found in the literature [35–40]. Bruxism has also been suggested to cause excessive (occlusal) load of dental implants and their suprastructures, ultimately resulting in bone loss around the implants or even in implant failure. Therefore, bruxism is often considered a cause of concern or even a contraindication for implant treatment. In addition, many researchers use bruxism as an exclusion criterion for the selection of their participants in clinical studies concerning treatment modalities with dental implants [5].
Bruxism, other oral parafunctions, fractures of natural teeth resulting from occlusal forces, and lateral occlusal contacts on the implant prostheses were listed as important risk factors for dental implants and their suprastructures [41]. In a study of 379 patients who had used implant prostheses for many years, occlusal wear had no statistically significant impact on vertical peri-implant bone loss [19]. It was presupposed that occlusal wear was closely related to bruxism, and thus bruxism did not seem to be a risk factor for the examined variables. Tooth wear does not represent the actual/current bruxism status. It must be emphasized, of course, that bruxism is not the only cause of tooth wear and in fact is not a major factor [42]. A review of literature on dental implants in patients with bruxing habits concluded that, so far, studies on bruxism and implant failure do not yield consistent results [43]. However, a careful approach was recommended, although it was admitted that these recommendations were "experience based," not evidence based [21].
As many clinicians still have the impression that there is some relevance in these risk factors, it may be prudent to exercise caution, perform careful clinical control, and acknowledge the need for occlusal adjustments of the suprastructure in all implant patients [21]. When alarm signals are found, for example, repeated loosening or fracture of abutment screws and fracture of veneering material, a careful analysis of potential reasons for these signals should follow with the aim to modify the situation and reduce excessive risks [41].
4. Occlusal Material for the Suprastructure in Implant Prostheses
In the past decades, for implant prostheses, it was strongly recommended to use a shock-absorbing material, such as, acrylic resin on top of the superstructure, in order to protect the implant-bone interface [21]. Based on biomechanical analyses, acrylic resin denture teeth were therefore predominantly used during the initial years of dental implant use [44]. However, biomechanical calculations do not always stand the test in the clinic. In a clinical study on five subjects using fixed prostheses with either acrylic resin or porcelain occlusal surfaces, masticatory forces were recorded while the subjects chewed various foods. No differences related to tooth material could be detected in the load rates [45]. In a study covering 6 years, the use of porcelain instead of composite resin as occlusal material had no influence on the marginal bone height around the implants [46]. These findings can be interpreted as a support for the use of porcelain as occlusal material because no serious biological consequences of the hard material were reported. Furthermore, the most common complications of implant prostheses have been related to fractures of the acrylic resin of the prostheses [47]. Wear of acrylic occlusal surfaces increased substantially with time, according to a 15-year followup of fixed implant-supported prostheses in the edentulous maxilla [48].
In current clinical practice, porcelain has become the primary occlusal material for single-tooth and partial fixed implant prostheses (Figure 1). It is generally agreed that ceramic occlusal surfaces provide superior esthetics and wear resistance [21]. Regarding full-arch fixed prostheses on implants, metal ceramic prostheses are sometimes presented in clinical reports, but in many centers acrylic resin teeth continue to be the material of choice. In removable types of implant prostheses, for example, overdentures, polymer teeth are the most common ones [49]. Although there is no evidence regarding the preferred restorative materials in implant prosthesis for patients with bruxism, some clinicians prefer metal restorations and not porcelain to protect the implant prostheses in patients with bruxism, especially for second molar teeth in the maxilla (Figure 2). Evidently, more clinical trials are needed to provide evidence for these recommendations. More recently, framework or crowns in zirconia was also developed in this field. However, in a clinical trial on fractured dental zirconia implants, Gahlert et al. reported that "the patient with the fracture of the 4 mm diameter zirconia implant was adversely affected by strong bruxism" [50]. Recently, some investigators demonstrated zirconia as a new dental implant material [51–53]. The development of new dental implant material might change the relationship between fractured dental implants and bruxism.
5. Night Guard and Pharmacological Approach for Bruxism
A night guard fabricated for the maxillary teeth can be a useful tool to evaluate the influence of the occlusion scheme and its relationship to nocturnal bruxism [4, 54]. Occlusal schemes and designs of fixed and removable implant prostheses must satisfy the requirements for an innocuous vertical loading of dental implants. Parafunctional habits (clenching or grinding) can transmit forces to the supporting bone that may result in destructive lateral stresses and overloading. The consequences of nocturnal parafunctional habits may be prevented by acrylic resin night guards [55]. A hard stabilization splint for nightly use (night guard) contributes to optimally distributing and vertically redirecting forces that go with nocturnal teeth grinding and clenching [5]. A night guard that promotes even occlusal contacts around the arch in centric-related occlusion can be helpful to prevent fractures of implant prostheses. This device may be fabricated with 0.5- to 1-mm colored acrylic resin on the occlusal surface. If the patient wears this device for 1 month, the consequences or intensity of the bruxism habit may be directly observed. If the colored acrylic is not worn through, the parafunction was not excessive [4]. As examples, when partial implant prosthesis is present in the maxilla, the night guard is hollowed out at the implant sites so no occlusal force is transmitted to the implant prostheses. When the partial restoration is in the mandible, the occluding surface of the guard is relieved over the implant prostheses so no occlusal force is transmitted to the implants. A soft material may also be placed around the crowns for stress relief and to decrease the impact force on the crowns (Figure 3). In this field, future clinical trials on possible new materials should be planned to investigate the protection of implant prostheses from bruxism.
On the other hand, some investigators proposed a pharmacological approach for bruxism patients with implant prostheses [56, 57], especially in cases where oral implants failed as a probable consequence of severe, polysomnographically confirmed sleep bruxism. As the patient had the wish to be reimplanted after this failure, the operators decided to try diminishing the frequency of bruxism and duration first. The selected management strategies, the administration of low doses of the dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist pergolide finally resulted in a substantial and lasting reduction in the bruxism outcome measures under study.
6. Conclusion
Only little research has focused upon the clinical approach to protect implant prostheses from bruxism. The presented results do not reflect a high level of scientific evidence and may need modification when new research results or new dental implant materials appear. It is a fact that clinicians feel that the overload caused by bruxism may result in failure of implant supported prostheses. Following the recent developments with the introduction of immediate or early loading, the clinical management of bruxism will become an important subject for implant prostheses. The lack of well-designed clinical trials regarding the consequence of bruxism on implant prostheses poses a serious problem. At present, expert opinion and cautionary approaches are still considered the best available sources for suggesting good practice indicators. There is an urgent need for those actively engaged in clinical research centers and university research institutes to provide evidence on whether the subjective feeling of clinicians regarding the approach of bruxism in implant patients is correct or not.
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Last month, Erica Goldson graduated as valedictorian of Coxsackie-Athens High School. Instead of using her graduation speech to celebrate the triumph of her victory, the school, and the teachers that made it happen, she channeled her inner Ivan Illich and de-constructed the logic of a valedictorian and the whole educational system.
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