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Princess Elizabeth of Toro
The first Africans began to break into fashion in the USA in the late 1960s, on the back of the gains made by the civil rights movement, which had simultaneously ushered in the first famous African American supermodels, Donyale Luna and Naomi Sims. While the African American beauties were essentially working class girls made good, by contrast the first Africans were the well-to-do daughters of kings and diplomats, who were educated and well travelled. Yahne Sangare was a Liberian diplomat's daughter, who combined modelling with a post as a news correspondent for the United Nations. She had studied at the Sorbonne in France, and attended finishing school in Switzerland.
Young princess Elizabeth Bagaya
Princess Elizabeth Christobel Edith Bagaaya is a living fairy tale princess. She was was born in 1936 to His Royal Highness Lieutenant Sir George David Matthew Kamurasi Rukidi III, the eleventh (11th) Omukama of Toro kingdom in Uganda, who reigned between 1928 and 1965. Her mother was Lady Kezia Byanjeru Abwooli, a daughter of Nikodemo Kakoro (a senior chief of the king). Her title from birth was Omubiitokati or Princess. Elizabeth of Toro was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. Born into the Toro Royal family at the height of its glory, she was raised in the typical, privileged fashion and style that we associate with fairy tale princesses.
Young. Princess Elizabeth Bagaaya of Toro with her mother Lady
Kezia Rukidi Abwooli
Within and outside the kingdom, Princess Elizabeth's mesmerizing beauty was equaled only by her warmth of heart, and counterbalanced by her academic prowess. She excelled in her studies, which she started in Gayaza High School, a prestigious girls' boarding school in Buganda, continued at Sherborne School for Girls, a boarding school in England, where she was the only black student. ""A Princess of Toro is groomed, trained from childhood to be well educated, cultured and prepared for her ancestral regal role as the official sister (Batebe) of the future King". The princess of Toro,"
Elizabeth of Toro in her youth
"So I stoically denied myself any sexual activity or emotional involvement with any man, leaving Cambridge a virgin..." ~Princess Elizabeth of Toro.
Princess Elizabeth of Toro in Vogue, 1967.
She wrote in her autobiography that "I felt that I was on trial and that my failure to excel would reflect badly on the entire black race." After one year (1959), she was accepted to the prestigious Cambridge University. She earned her place in history as being the third African woman to graduate from Cambridge in 1962 with a law degree. Amongst her tutors were E.M. Forster and F.R. Leavis, and her classmates included Germaine Greer and David Frost.
When not studying hard, Ms Bagaaya, not unlike the typical undergraduate, was partying hard because, she says, she was "in great demand". Amongst the many smitten by our princess was Prince William of Gloucester, nephew of King George VI, who roamed about in a private jet. Like most royals, Ms Bagaaya serves up some cockiness. Before the prince, she dated a "tall, handsome, wealthy, sophisticated, and amusing Scot" who "entertained lavishly the rich and the beautiful. I was not rich."
Princess Elizabeth of Toro
Three years later, in 1965, Elizabeth Bagaaya became a Barrister-at-Law, becoming the first woman from East Africa to be admitted to the English Bar.
George Rukidi, the Omukama of the Toro Kingdom of Uganda, photographed with his daughter, Princess Elizabeth, after he had been created a Knights Bachelor by H.M. Queen Eliizabeth II at the Investiture
A pupilage followed in the chambers of Sir Dingle Foot – the UK solicitor-general and the man who would successfully represent Abu Mayanja, another Cambridge-trained lawyer, in Kampala in the famous sedition case of 1969. To celebrate her achievement, the princess hosted a gala party in London on December 20, 1965 "dressed in a pink silk Guy Larouche gown that contrasted with my dark skin and eyes..." In the morning, news came of her father's death.
Fashion Model Princess Elizabeth of Toro February 1974.
Elizabeth of Toro
The mid sixties were characterized by political upheaval in Uganda, and one of the victims were the kingdoms. King Fredrick Mutesa II of Buganda, another of Uganda's traditional kingdoms, was now the President, with his Prime Minister, Milton Obote. Barely one year after the coronation of the Omukama Olimi III, Obote attacked the Buganda Palace, sending Sir Edward Muteesa II in exile, and declared himself president. Soon he "abolished" all Ugandan traditional kingdoms including Toro. Elizabeth was afraid for her brother's life, but he escaped to London.
Elizabeth poses for fashion editorial
Elizabeth later completed an internship at a law firm, and became Uganda's first female lawyer. Elizabeth was a virtual prisoner in her own country, until in 1967 she was introduced to modelling by her friend Princess Margaret, who invited her to appear as a guest model at a Commonwealth runway show in London.
Elizabeth Princess of Toro, Charly Stember by Penn
"I will not do a nude.
A princess is a princess." ~ Princess Toro of Uganda
She was a big hit, and decided to ditch law for modelling. Her connections proved vital once more, as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, whom she'd met at a party, introduced her to the New York fashion scene, where her royal status catapulted her into the mainstream fashion titles. Her accidental hairstyle became the rage in black America as "the Elizabeth of Toro hairstyle." The June 1969 edition of Vogue featured her in a four-page spread, and in November of the same year she made history in becoming the first black model to be photographed for the cover of Harper's Bazaar.First black model to be on the cover of Happer's Bazaar
Alas, this historic first cover was marred by the fact that Nyabongo had her face obscured by the magazine title's logo. Nevertheless, she was inundated with offers of work, shooting with major fashion photographers Bill King and Irving Penn. She was even offered a large sum to pose nude, but she considered this a step too far for a woman of her position.
Elizabeth of Toro
"I embarked on a new career as an actress where I was asked by an American firm to play a role in a film titled "Bullfrog in the Sun", which was based on Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" and "No Longer at Ease." (a film based on igboland , a region of eastern Nigeria, meant to expose the impact of Western civilization on Africa)
She also starred in several motion pictures, including "Sheena" and Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart and No Longer at Ease" in which she acted the leading female role. 'I was also featured in the film "Cotton Comes to Harlem." and "Sheena".While recently in Nigeria, I watched some Nollywood films and I was quite impressed with the story lines and good acting.'
Elizabeth of Toro
In the end, Nyabongo had bigger ambitions than modelling, and so her career was short. She returned to Uganda in 1971, taking up a career in politics.
Elizabeth of Toro as Shaman in Sheena movie
Following the military coup of 1971, Princess Elizabeth was extended a special invitation to return and serve as Uganda's roving ambassador, in the government of Idi Amin. Later, she was appointed Uganda's ambassador to the United Nations. Her stint at the U.N. was short lived as she fell out of Amin's grace. What followed is a heart rending, sad story of humiliation and real danger to the princess and those close to her. She barely escaped with her life and went into exile in neighboring Kenya.
Elizabeth of Toro,1974, Manhattan, New York, New York, USA --- United Nations: Former New York model Princess Elizabeth Bagaya, Foreign Minister of Uganda.
Princess Elizabeth returned to Uganda following the overthrow of Idi Amin's regime. The return of Milton Obote to Uganda, and his eventual assumption of power as president started yet another reign of terror in the newly liberated nation. The political and security situation proved too hostile for Princess Elizabeth and her lover, Prince Wilberforce Nyabongo, son of Prince Leo Sharp Ochaki, escaped to London in 1980, and married secretly in 1981. Our princess was happy. "I brushed his hair daily, washed his feet with warm water, and massaged his body," she writes. When he said he would give anything to fly, the princess summoned her vast network of highly connected friends and had him learning to fly in no time. When Ms Bagaaya was being considered for a role in the film Sheena and Wilbur said he wanted the pilot's bit, she made sure. And together they would rally support for the NRM in Africa and Europe.
Elizabeth at the hotel Plaza in NY
In 1986 Elizabeth was appointed ambassador to the United States, a job she held until 1988. Later that year Nyabongo, an aviation engineer/co-pilot, was killed in a plane crash in Casablanca at age 32 years. Following the death of her husband, Elizabeth opted to leave public service and get involved in charity work
Elizabeth Toro,1974 --- Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger chats with attractive Elizabeth Bagaaya, Foreign Minister of Uganda, during a luncheon hosted by Kissinger at the U.S.
The restoration of cultural leaders by President Museveni's government in 1993 beckoned Princess Bagaya to return and serve her people as Princess Royale to her brother, King Patrick Kaboyo Olimi VII. She was one of the key players in restarting the kingdom as most of the elders who knew all the rituals and protocol were dead or scattered all over the world. Upon the untimely death of King Olimi VII, she was named as one of the guardians to her nephew, the three-and-one half years old infant king, His Royal Highness Omukama Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV.
Elizabeth of Toro
She is, today, one of the key players in the kingdom reconstruction activities of The Batebe of Toro Foundation, to which she devotes most of her time. Following a period of service as Uganda's Ambassador to Germany and the Vatican, Princess Elizabeth accepted an appointment as Uganda's High Commissioner to Nigeria, based in Abuja, that country's capital.
Portrait of Elizabeth of Toro in her full regalia
The story of Princess Elizabeth of Toro relates the highs and lows in the life of a living legend, a fairy tale princess. You may read it for yourself in her autobiography "Elizabeth of Toro: The Odyssey of an African Princess", published by Simon and Shuster.
The Princess Who Stole The Heart Of The West
Meet the first woman from East Africa to be admitted to the English Bar, who went on to become the first black model to grace the front cover of the American VogueMagazine in 1968, and before then Harper's Bazaar magazine. She later became the foreign minister of Uganda in the 1970s, and addressed the UN General Assembly in 1974 as chairman of the OAU group. She is none other than Princess Elizabeth Bagaya of Toro, now 75, a woman who turned heads in her heyday. Curtis Abraham went to meet her.
Elizabeth Princess of Toro by Penati
In late 1974, Princess Elizabeth Bagaya of Toro, as Uganda's minister for foreign affairs, led a colourful delegation to the 29th session of the United Nations General Assembly. The occasion was to be one of her finest hours as a diplomat and a pan-Africanist.
Bagaya and her delegation travelled to New York aboard Idi Amin's presidential jet, which had been a gift to the Ugandan president from the Israelis. In New York, the then US secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, gave a luncheon for all the African foreign ministers who were attending the UN session. Bagaya, as the elected chairman of the Organisation for African Unity (OAU) group, thanked Kissinger for his hospitality and for his peace building
efforts in the Middle East and Indo-China, and then emphasised Africa's agenda to Kissinger.
efforts in the Middle East and Indo-China, and then emphasised Africa's agenda to Kissinger.
She explained to him and the other dignitaries that a radical new economic order, which would encompass fair trade among other issues, was needed if Africa was to achieve economic independence and poverty alleviation. Turning to South Africa, Bagaya told the gathering that "apartheid was a policy that was completely contrary to any civilised and humanitarian principles, and continued to make a mockery of African dignity and independence. So long as colonialism and imperialism continued, the world would continue to have human rights problems."
Sheena queen of Jungle Movie
he concluded her speech by asking "Kissinger to support the African liberation movements, and to visit Africa instead of depending on distorted reports about the African people and their societies". A photograph of Bagaya at the podium of the United Nations General Assembly shows her wearing a stylishly long, narrow dress of gold Chinese brocade, a gift from the Chinese government, and her hair plaited into a crown.
The photograph also depicts a very beautiful African woman whose posture communicated a certain defiance of the Malcolm X variety; a defiance in line with the "black power" ideology. Her speech was critical of the West in every facet.
She pointed out the hypocrisy and vindictiveness of Britain and Israel – both countries undoubtedly helped Amin in the overthrow of former President Milton Obote – in blackening Uganda's image abroad. Both countries, Bagaya pointed out, had convinced the IMF and the World Bank to stop financial relations with Uganda.
Elizabeth of Toro and a friend
When I first met the now 75-year-old Princess in early 2011, international politics was not on her mind – but culture. What is the role of traditional African culture in today's society? Bagaya was pondering when we held an impromptu meeting in the colonial-esque lobby of the aptly named Grand Imperial Hotel in Kampala, the Ugandan capital.
BaToro culture has always been a source of strength and pride for Princess Bagaya – who holds the title of Batebe or "Princess Royal", which traditionally makes her the most powerful woman in Toro (one of Uganda's five kingdoms), and the most trusted adviser of the Omukama or BaToro King.
As a princess of the Toro Kingdom, duty to the monarchy was uncompromising and simply non-negotiable. This held true even during her brief career as an international fashion model and actress. During the late 1960s, the renowned Ford Modelling Agency in New York asked her to pose nude for a substantial sum of money. Bagaya staunchly refused.
Elizabeth of toro, when she was Ugandan Ambassador to UN
Are you a model or are you not," a Ford Agency representative quizzed her over the telephone."Yes, I am a model. But one day I will go back home," Bagaya replied.
Growing up in the Toro Kingdom during the 1940s and 50s, Princess Bagaya had no illusions about the devastating impact the British colonial administration had on the monarchy and on its traditional cultural practices and beliefs.
"When Christian missionaries later banned the institution of blood brotherhood as cannibalistic and barbaric, they sliced through the moral fibre of our society," Bagaya wrote in her 1988 autobiography "Elizabeth of Toro: The Odyssey of an African Princess". "In pre-colonial times, betrayal of one's country, clan, tribe, or neighbourhood was anathema. In the aftermath, betrayal became rampant."
Elizabeth of Toro dances for the King
In spite of the near-cultural genocide in Toro by the British, Bagaya held no such bitterness when it came to individuals from the British Isles. During the early years there were a number of English expatriates who would have a profound influence during her formative years.
After finishing elementary school, she was sent to Gayaza High School, a prestigious female boarding school in Buganda, central Uganda. At school she was good at basketball mainly because of her height. She also excelled at singing and acting – she played Julius Caesar. She later attended Sherborne School for Girls in England where she was the only black student.
Bagaya was later admitted to Cambridge University (Girton College) as only the third African woman to go there – Olu Abisogom of Nigeria and Lulu Coker from Sierra Leone were the other two pioneers.
At Cambridge, she studied law, politics and history. She had a tight circle of notable friends there: Broadcast journalist Sir David Frost; Australian author, journalist and feminist Germaine Greer; Leon Brittan, home secretary in Margaret Thatcher's government.
Elizabeth of Toro was United Nations ambassador from 1986 to 1988
This was the time of African independence, and London was a beehive of diplomatic activity. Bagaya met some of the architects of Africa's liberation struggles. Always the socialite, Bagaya gave a cocktail party and dinner in honour of the visiting Jomo Kenyatta and Tom Mboya of Kenya.
Years later, during Bagaya's brief imprisonment and later detention by Idi Amin, Jomo Kenyatta would come to her aid by personally telephoning Amin and telling him that no harm should come to someone whom he considered his daughter, and reminded the Ugandan president that one of Bagaya's most successful missions as her country's roving ambassador was to Kenya.
At the end of the conversation, Kenyatta threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Uganda if Bagaya was harmed in any way.
Beautiful Elizabeth as Sheena
Princess Bagaya graduated from Cambridge University in 1962 and in November 1965, she became a barrister-at-law, becoming the first woman from East Africa to be admitted to the English Bar. However, due to the untimely death of her father and the ascension to the throne of her brother, Rukirabasaija Patrick David Matthew Koboyo Olimi III, the 12th Omukama of Toro, Princess Bagaya returned home and joined Kazzora and Co, a law firm in Kampala where she completed a six-month internship before she was called to the Ugandan bar.
"I became the first African woman to do so, and to mark the occasion the then attorney general, Godfrey Binaisa, who later briefly became president, came to court unexpectedly and introduced me himself to the bar," says Bagaya.
This was 1966 and the then Ugandan president, Milton Obote, had violently (at least in the case of the Kabaka or king of Buganda) abolished Uganda's traditional monarchies. An unfair twist of fate as her brother Patrick had just assumed the Toro throne following the death of their father – Lieutenant Sir George David Matthew Kamurasi Rukidi III, the 11th Omukama of Toro.
Elizabeth the model
Bagaya's own life was in serious jeopardy. So it was fortuitous that a personal invitation came from HRH Princess Margaret and her husband Lord Snowdon to participate in a widely publicised Commonwealth fashion show at Marlborough House in London. Princess Bagaya walked out on the stage with an outfit from a Uganda collection designed by Philippa Todd, a prominent member of the Makerere University's Art Department.
"Princess Margaret looked pleased and led the applause as I strode on the stage, feeling proud and animated by the spirits of my ancestors."
"Princess Margaret looked pleased and led the applause as I strode on the stage, feeling proud and animated by the spirits of my ancestors."
Bagaya was a fashion hit.
"A major consideration in making this decision was which career would be the most effective way of symbolising, projecting, and preserving the torch of my black culture," says Bagaya. "Modelling was considered a rather frivolous thing to do, and I had a hard time convincing my friends and advisers that it would help me achieve my goals. Modelling was a means to an end for me, enabling me to make an important point regarding my beloved country. Beauty is not one's own but rather a reflection of one's people, one's country. It is an asset one holds in trust. At that time, a black model appearing in top magazines was rare. I wanted to destroy the myth of white superiority in terms of beauty and sophistication." Almost immediately British modelling agencies and fashion magazines were making overtures to her. Bagaya signed up with the Peter Lumley Agency – at the time the top agency in London. She started high on the pay scale.
Elizabeth in London
According to her, black models were unusual in those heady days of the 1960s. And so with her new career came a host of influential friends – these included the Tory MP Sir Hugh Fraser. A noted enthusiast of African affairs, Fraser was married to the historian/author Lady Antonia Fraser.
It was Fraser who introduced Bagaya to William David Ormsby-Gore (Lord Harlech), a prominent Tory politician and diplomat, who served as British ambassador to the United States during the early to mid-1960s and was close friends with the Kennedy political clan.
During her years in London, she was photographed by David Bailey as the Queen of Sheba for the British edition of Vogue magazine. Patrick Lichfield, a British earl and cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, also photographed Bagaya for the American version of Vogue. Bagaya also featured on the cover of Harper's Bazaar and Queen magazines.
"If I had chosen the path of law, I never would have been exposed to the people I met through modelling," Bagaya reflected.
The legendary Princess Elizabeth of Toro, and Charlene Dash,1969 Harper's BAZAAR.
Perhaps her most important friendship during this period was with Ballerina Dame Margot Fonteyn, whom Bagaya had met at Covent Garden with Rudolf Nureyev. It was Dame Fonteyn who introduced Bagaya to Jacqueline Kennedy, the wife of the then US president, John F. Kennedy. According to Bagaya it was Jacqueline Kennedy and Lord Harlech who got her onto the New York fashion scene.
"One morning, Lord Harlech had walked into the Lexington Avenue offices of American Vogue, much to the astonishment of its editor in chief, Diana Vreeland. Harlech's standing in America was second only to [Winston] Churchill's... It was Jacqueline who had arranged the interview between Lord Harlech and Diana Vreeland. He told her, 'America loves beauty and the princess cannot fail,' remembered Bagaya.
Not long after, Diana Vreeland issued a formal invitation to Bagaya to come to the US and model for Vogue. Vreeland, who "discovered" actress Lauren Bacall in the 1940s, was advisor to Jacqueline Kennedy in matters of style. The money was not the best but the magazine offered the ultimate exposure that any high fashion model on either side of the Atlantic would crave. It was a watershed in Bagaya's modelling career.
A Glamtastic Flashback of Princess Elizabeth of Toro for Vogue 1970.
Her first photoshoot with Vogue was with an Italian photographer named Penati, who according to Bagaya was one of the premiere fashion photographers of his day in the USA. Not long after, the Elizabeth of Toro hairstyle, which was born during the Penati photoshoot, became the vogue among the African-American community. Vogue magazine would devote an entire layout to Bagaya in their 1968 summer issue – the first time a black model would be accorded such an honour.
Princess Bagaya eventually signed with the Ford Modelling Agency – the leading agency in America – and did photoshoots with Harper's Bazaar, Life, Look and Ebony magazines. On one occasion, Bill King, a noted English photographer based in New York, photographed Bagaya but neglected to mention to her that she would be on the cover of Harper's Bazaar. Bagaya would see the magazine at a Fifth Avenue newspaper stall when she went to buy the latest issues of Vogueand Harper's Bazaar.
"My heart missed a beat as I stared down at the magazine in my hand and my face stared back up at me. Dumbfoundedly, I handed the vendor some money, and as he handed me change, he said, 'congratulations!' Dazed, I headed home. My phone had begun to ring incessantly with friends and colleagues who had seen the issue."
Princess Elizabeth of Toro. VOGUE 1969
It was the first time a top fashion magazine had featured a black model on its cover. The Ford Agency advised her to enrol in acting classes and so she did, with the American Place Theatre, and was taught by Wynn Handman, who is credited with the training of many outstanding US actors including Denzel Washington, Richard Gere, Michael Douglas, and others.
Bagaya eventually went on to act in a number of films, including the female lead in "Bullfrog in the Sun" based on Chinua Achebe's two books: "Things Fall Apart" and "No Longer at Ease."
Princess Elizabeth
Bagaya, however, is perhaps best remembered for her role in Sheena: Queen of the Jungle, a 1984 Columbia Pictures film shot on location in Kenya. It was far from a box office hit (Bagaya herself thought little of the script and says that it was badly written).
"But for me, Sheena expressed a certain truth, a certain reality, namely, that an indigenous culture, a way of life of a people, had suffered an assault at the hands of an alien one," Bagaya says in her autobiography. "The role of the Shaman, the defender of the indigenous culture in Sheena, had parallels with my own life and what had come to pass for Africa and our people."
Princess Elizabeth of Toro for VOGUE circa 1969
Sheena, Elizabeth starred in the movie, his character was a Shaman
Princess Elizabeth of Toro
Princess Elizabeth
Golden Triangle developer Craig Nassi with Princess Elizabeth of Toro in Uganda, in Denver on a short mission
Article source:http://www.newafricanmagazine.com/features/culture/the-princess-who-stole-the-heart-of-the-west


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My old Xbox & New 1080i 52" TV
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Posted April 27, 2012 at 11:01PM
Is my new 52" HD TV putting a strain on the graphic card of my 2005 Xbox 360?
If so why? If not why not?
I found this written by someong proffessing to be an expert of Facebook: "The First Batches of 360 s Were Produced - 2004-2005 The Games Were,nt as Graphically Demanding - And Even then prolonged Playing, Was Burning out The Consoles. My Point Being, As Games Have Become More Advanced, and More Graphically Demanding. Users Want To Display At Max res ? 1080P And on TV,s 32-50" LCD. The Latest Game,s. Are Very Taxing on The Graphics Chip."
Is he right that the TV is demanding more from the Xbox or does the TV just take whatever the xbox supplies and then amplifies?
Many thanks John
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Posted April 28, 2012 at 10:51AM
A graphics card gota do what a graphics card does. Facebook and Experts are not synonymous.
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Posted April 28, 2012 at 11:57AM
Thanks for that wiz-king but kinda hoping for a more technically reasoned answer or a pointer to what one might be had.
The facebook page where this is from is https://www.facebook.com/?ref=tntnmn#!/groups/319106044805380/349500168432634/?notift=group_activity if anyone is interested. It.s a console selling page.
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Posted April 28, 2012 at 9:24PM
Any graphics card will be able to output a certain number of resolutions, as long as your TV accepts one of those resolutions you will get a picture.
Its the games that put the strain on the graphics cards driving gamers to by better cards to take advantage of the graphics the games offer, older cards will not be able to offer the frame rate or resolutions that work best with new games and therefore the game has to be played at lower resolutions than the game is capable of.
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Title 10: Energy
§1303.107 Timing of responses to requests.(a) General. The Board shall normally respond to requests in the order of their receipt. (b) Acknowledgement of requests. On receipt of a request, the Board shall send an acknowledgment letter or an e-mail confirming the requestor's agreement to pay fees under §1303.108 and providing a request number for further reference. (c) Granting requests. The Board shall have 20 business days from when a request is received to determine whether to grant or deny it. Once the Board determines whether it can grant a request entirely or in part, it shall notify the requestor in writing. The Board shall advise the requestor of any fees to be charged under §1303.108 and shall disclose records promptly on payment of the fees. Records disclosed in part shall be marked or annotated to show the amount of information deleted unless doing so would harm an interest protected by an applicable exemption. The location of the information deleted also shall be indicated on the record when technically feasible. (d) Unusual circumstances: (1) If the statutory time limits for processing a request cannot be met because of "usual circumstances" as defined in the FOIA, the Board shall promptly notify the requestor in writing, explaining the circumstances and giving the date by which the request can be completed or if the Board cannot complete the request. If the extension is for more than 10 working days, the Board shall provide the requestor with an opportunity either to: (i) Modify the request so that it can be processed within the time limits; or (ii) Arrange an alternative time period for processing the original request. (2) If the Board believes that multiple requests submitted by a requestor or by requestors acting in concert constitute a single request that would otherwise involve unusual circumstances, and if the requests involve clearly related matters, they may be aggregated. Multiple requests involving unrelated matters will not be aggregated. (e) Expedited processing: (1) Requests and appeals shall be taken out of order and given expedited processing whenever it is determined that they involve: (i) Circumstances that could reasonably be expected to pose an imminent threat to the life or physical safety of an individual; or (ii) An urgency to inform the public about an actual or alleged activity if made by a person primarily engaged in disseminating information. (2) Requests for expedited processing may be made either at the time of the initial request or at a later time. (3) Requests for expedited processing must include a statement explaining in detail the basis for requesting expedited processing. For example, a requestor under §1303.108 must demonstrate that their professional activity involves news reporting or otherwise disseminating information to the public, although this need not be their sole occupation. A requestor also must establish a particular urgency to inform the public about government activity involved in the request, beyond the public's right to know about government activity generally. (4) Within 10 calendar days of receipt of a request for expedited processing, the Board shall decide whether to grant the request and notify the requestor of its decision. If a request for expedited treatment is granted, the request shall be processed as soon as practicable. If a request for expedited processing is denied, an appeal of that decision shall be acted on expeditiously.


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Constance is so fun to play with. I love her hairy butt. She lets me kiss her toes and spread her cheeks. She loves it..Lots of closeups and ass spreading
Constance is so fun to play with. I love her hairy butt. She lets me kiss her toes and spread her cheeks. She loves it..Lots of closeups and ass spreading
Laticia, a girl from Hungary has a perfect ass and asshole, she is shaking her ass like a pro just to makes you cum
Constance is so cool. She came to the studio to model and I asked her if it was ok to touch her and she said cool. As long as I dont actually touch her VJ..Cool. So this clip is all about me rubbing her feet, kissing her toes and spreading her legs open for a good thigh squeeze and ass inspection. The more I ponder what actually happened that day, the hotter it is. I mean she actually was digging all this attention…thats all I have for now….:O)
More of sexy Lexi! You get to see her lying down, carressing her breasts and bum. The lady is very sexy and hot! Part 2 lets you have a peek between Lexi's cheeks even! Clip length is 8:17!
Take a better look under my mini skirt while i am teasing you with my firm hips…. Oiling it up for wild fingering, spreading pussy lips, inserting all fingers deep in ass, stretching and pulling it all the way so it opens and gapes.
Now it's time for the brat to give up her anus to our prying eyes. Watch as she spreads her cheeks wide and gives us a full view of her huge brown anus. It's so beautiful. Don't you just want to make out with it?>br> to play mp4 !
In this clip I am on the floor with my ass up in the air spreading my ass. Watch as I wink my asshole. Listen while a queef and fart for you. Awesome close-ups.
Sexy thick BBWs spread their asses and each others ass. Fat ass n pussy


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Matisyahu Doesn't "Really Love Shaving," But He's a Big Fan of Florida
Categories: Concert Preview, Interviews
Sure, we could easily eliminate the mess by shaving. However, we're far too insecure to lose the beard. It's grown on us, both figuratively and literally, and has protected us over the years.
And throughout most of his career, Matisyahu's beard has done the same.
See also:
-Matisyahu Shaves His Beard, Says: "No More Chassidic Reggae Superstar"
-Q&A: Matisyahu Talks Late-Night TV, Beatboxing, and Growing Up Jewish
"I don't really love shaving, to be honest with you," the introspective Spark Seeker MC says with a minimal touch of humor. "And since I'm off the road, I have a beard right now."
A little over a year ago, Matisyahu made headlines when he posted a picture on Twitter of himself sans facial hair.
"At the break of day, I look for you at sunrise," he tweeted. "When the tide comes in, I lose my disguise."
The then 32-year-old singer had begun the process of "reclaiming" himself, "trusting [his] goodness and [his] divine mission" as he prepared for "an amazing year filled with music of rebirth."
It worked.
"Letting go of the beard meant stripping back all the rules and regulations, and trying to live more for myself," he tells Crossfade. "The main theme in my life during that time -- during this time, even -- is really about learning how to strip back as I try to learn how to do less. Less is more."
But Matisyahu's definition of less almost certainly differs from yours. He's still one of the busiest men in show business.
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Cold-Weather Trout
- By: Dave Hughes
- Photography by: Dave Hughes
The standard advice for trout fishing in nippy winter weather is TO rig with a sinking line and a big streamer (to coax idle fish into action), or with a pair of weighted nymphs (to roll along the bottom and right into open mouths). Both formulas have their appropriate places, when temperatures fall and also when water levels rise. But rigging takes second seat, in winter, to something far more important: Reading water to find the trout. If you cast those sunk streamers and tumbling nymphs in water that holds few fish, or just as often no fish at all, you'll have system failure, even if you do everything else precisely right.
Riviera Redfish
- By: Walter Kirkland
- Photography by: Tosh Brown
- , Greg Thomas
- and Walter Kirkland
Looking forward to the late fall and winter, my neighbors in Fairhope, Alabama, duckaholics for the most part, work themselves into apoplexy anticipating the beginning of their annual bird slaughter. Those not as mad at them ducks might turn their attention to catching redfish in Louisiana or Texas. But, I don't care for freezing my butt off in futile attempts to blast mallards from the sky, nor for hauling my boat down to the Biloxi Marsh to stalk fickle redfish that disappear on anything other than a perfect bluebird day.
Sight-Casting for Black Drum
- By: Chico Fernandez
- Photography by: Chico Fernandez
Black drum get no respect. And I really don't know why: THEY TAIL while feeding on the flats, you can sight-cast to them in shallow water, they are plentiful, they grow to more than 100 pounds (that's not a typo), they can fight hard and they are not easy. If you haven't cast to a big, tailing black drum, I recommend you give it a try. You may become a better angler for it. I have always thought that when you go after a new species, you can't help but learn more about the fish's environment and the different foods in their habitat, while improving your casting accuracy, fly manipulation and fish-fighting.
Cape Cod Stripers
- By: Rob Conery
- Photography by: Bob Mahoney
You can hear it as soon as you step on the Centerville property. It gets louder as you walk down the grassy path, past the flats skiff and the old Bahamian smuggling vessel up on stands. From the open barn door near a small pine grove, in the humming, electric air, an urgent buzzing pops. Inside, from the rafters hang fly rods, surfboards and yacht club burgees.
Confluence Films Premiers Connect
Submitted by Greg Thomas on Mon, 10/10/2011 - 09:52.Connect shows at Bozeman's Ellen Theater
Headed out last Friday for the Bozeman, Montana premier of Confluence Films' new release, Connect. Connect is the third offering in a line of quality films and it follows Drift and Rise. Knowing the crew that would be in attendance, I figured I was in for a fun and somewhat wild time. And the evening didn't disappoint.
Sashimi Salmon, Alaska West Style
Submitted by Greg Thomas on Tue, 10/04/2011 - 17:41.Don't Be a Wimp, Eat Raw Salmon
Was checking out a friend's site the other day and came across this recipe made by another friend, Chris Price. Price works at Alaska West for Andrew Bennett and Deneki Outdoors. Price and I grew up together in a duck blind and when I was fishing AK West a few years ago we asked each other a series of questions that promted memories in our heads, until, until, after, like, 38 years of having not seen each other we realized that we were reunited. Crazy weird, but so fly fishing. World is small for sure.
Going Coastal
- By: Greg Thomas
- Photography by: Greg Thomas
I have adventure-seeking in my blood; my great grandfather hunted sharks for their oil from a wood skiff during World War II and was a market hunter during the Klondike gold rush; my sister used to cruise around Alaska on commercial fishing boats and now runs fish-buying operations there; my father was a part-time commercial fisherman and hunted mountain goats and brown bears in Alaska; and an uncle and a cousin are cut from that mold, too, one brewing moonshine and prospecting for gold in Idaho, the other a trapper, a bow-hunter and a sailor who now wants to ride a horse, solo, across Mongolia.
Maine's Smallmouth Bass
- By: Rick Ruoff
- Photography by: Barry Beck
- , Val Atkinson
- and Cathy Beck
Flip open a copy of Delorme's Maine Atlas and Gazetteer and you might be amazed at all the water in the state. Probably best known for big brook trout and classic landlocked-salmon fishing, Maine has everything required to fulfill fishing fantasies. Throw in some wonderful saltwater fishing for stripers and blues along the coast, not to mention the big bluefins shouldering along the continental shelf, and what else do you need? Well, bass, for one thing. Largemouth and smallmouth inhabit areas of the state as large and varied as the trout and salmon habitat, in some spots even overlapping those salmonids.
Overtime in Ireland
- By: Joe Healy
- Photography by: Joe Healy
The weather report was fantastic, with the news coming from no less than a sea captain on the rugged Atlantic Coast: Mary Gavin-Hughes sent blessings about incredible spring temperatures (global warming, anyone?) on the West Coast of Ireland. Yes, Mary Gavin, as in the one and only woman runner of the sea in this region of the Emerald Isle. Blue skies and hot, an early summer, no talk of rain, is what Mary said. The more Mary and I corresponded by e-mail last spring, the more I thought about bringing a 9-weight to try for ocean fish, such as mackerel and sharks and who knows what—sea bass, maybe?
Hold on—I was to visit the Great Fishing Houses of Ireland, inland, to fish tidal rivers and lakes. This was to be about Atlantic salmon. But I've always been drawn to the rebellious types. And along came Mary.
Off the Water
- By: Jim Dean
Fly fishermen were shocked and saddened when eastern Idaho's fabled A-Bar closed in 2008 [see "Last Call," March 2010 Fly Rod & Reel] but the good news is this: The A-Bar, legendary among parched trout fishermen, road-weary travelers and rambunctious locals, was purchased by TroutHunter, its next-door neighbor, and is being refurbished with plans to reopen this summer.
"Our goal is to fix the roof, do some painting and repairs and reopen on July 4, 2011, or as soon after that as possible," says Rich Paini, one of the A-Bar's new co-owners. Other partners include Paini's wife, Millie, Jon Stiehl, Allen Ball and renowned fly tier René Harrop.


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Broadcast serial drama, characterized by a permanent cast of actors, a continuing story, tangled interpersonal situations, and a melodramatic or sentimental style. Its name derived from the soap and detergent manufacturers who originally often sponsored such programs on radio. Soap operas began in the early 1930s as 15-minute radio episodes and continued on television from the early 1950s as 30-minute and later hour-long episodes. Usually broadcast during the day and aimed at housewives, they initially focused on middle-class family life, but by the 1970s their content had expanded to include a wider variety of characters and situations and a greater degree of sexual explicitness. In the 1980s similar series began to be aired in prime-time evening hours (e.g., Dallas and Dynasty). Seealso Carlton E. Morse; Irna Phillips.
Learn more about soap opera with a free trial on Britannica.com.


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According to the below article from Transworld Media (which has now been removed from the site), Quiksilver is doing more pruning than just at the executive level. If there's any truth to this, even World Tour surfers like Jeremy Flores, Tiago Pires, Travis Logie and Fred Patacchia will be looking for new homes. Further, if this is true, Stephanie Gilmore will be looking for a new sponsor after so recently moving over from Rip Curl.
As of this posting, the team appears unchanged on the Quiksilver surf team website.
If true, this is very sad and scary news. Let's hope for our sport's sake that this is all bad gossip.
Drop us a note if you have any insight.
Quiksilver And DC Cut Athlete Teams, Staff, & Brands By Mike Lewis
Tue, Feb 26 2013 10:54 am | 0 Comments
Yesterday was a rough day in Huntington Beach according to sources at Quiksilver, where broad-reaching cuts affected team riders, approximately 30 staffers, and entire brands were shuttered.
On the athlete front, the decision was made to cut all but the marquee riders. In surf, everyone but Kelly Slater, Dane Reynolds, and Mark Healy were let go. On the snow side, Travis Rice is the sole rider left on the program, and in skate, Tony Hawk is the last man standing. DC apparently let its full BMX and surf squads go as well.
On the brand front, DC Womens, Quiksilver Womens, and Quiksilver Girls were cut as well, along with their staff members, and several high ranking marketing staffers were also let go.
According to internal sources, there's more to come as new Quiksilver CEO Andy Mooney reshapes the brand.
Stay tuned for more as this story unfolds.


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Products. Sounds & Software - Instruments Virtuels, Effets et Logiciels. Windows. POLYEDRIC. Audio Applications. SPECTRASONICS. Omnisphere - Power Synth This epic 'Power Synth' breaks completely new sonic ground by combining a wide variety of hybrid realtime synthesis techniques, an epic library of remarkable 'Psychoacoustic' sounds, and many innovative features that have never been seen before in any hardware or software synthesizer....
Stylus RMX - Realtime Groove Module Stylus RMX™ is a best-selling groove-based virtual instrument plug-in for Mac and Windows. Prominy. Ueberschall. Propellerhead. Cakewalk. Modartt company. Conception of the physical model by Pr.
Philippe Guillaume. Before his current career within applied mathematics, he was a piano tuner and restorer. ReFX. Synthogy. Gforce. Synapse Audio Software. Izotope. Rob Papen. FXpansion. Arturia. Ableton. LinPlug. Zicinf annuaire de logiciels. Nord. Tone2. Vir2. Spectrasonics. Virsynth. Angular Momentum. Native Instruments. Steinberg. KVR. The Wizooverb W2 "High-End True Stereo Room Emulator" includes 15 HDIR (High Definition Impulse Response) models providing acoustic fingerprints of excellent sounding rooms with a precision and clarity apparently only possible with this "ground breaking" technology.
Wizoo claims that HDIR is the difference between 'adding an effect' and 'putting your track into a real room'. The W2 also includes the flexible, transparent and natural sounding AIR algorithmic reverb which can be combined seamlessly with the HDIR models. Naturally the W2 will load your existing impulse responses and Wizoo claims that the IR optimization will make your imported impulse responses sound much better than in any other conventional response reverb. Features:


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How do I remove the bearing races once the bols are removed? (Model is a 2007 FSR). Do I need a special tool or does it just require some tough love?
Bike Forum
Stumpjumper bearing service - HELP
Posted 5 years ago #
Topic Closed
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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triple threat
A person who is adept in three areas, as in She's a triple threat on the editorial staffshe can edit, write, and design pages. This term comes from football, where it signifies a player who is good at running, passing, and kicking. [c. 1920] Also see hat trick.
Dictionary.com presents 366 FAQs, incorporating some of the frequently asked questions from the past with newer queries.


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1965 Porsche 356C Karmann Coupe shell for full restoration. Rare factory color combination: Irish Green 6406 with Grey Leatherette interior. No engine or transmission,... More
This 1964 Porsche 356C Cabriolet is a very nice driver quality example. The engine was recently rebuilt and the car comes with chrome wheels.... More
One of a kind 1965 Porsche 356C Custom Outlaw Speedster, Dink Farmer, an exceptionally talented metal worker from California has done extreme modifications to... More
Incredibly beautiful 1965 Porsche 356C. This was the factory disc brake 356 with all the power. This car has been built correctly by some... More
Porsche delivery documents, that prove: this car has matching numbers. Bills and documents from the american years, and today. 1 owner from 1978 until... More
1964 Porsche 356 C" Coupe. Vin# 217504, Engine # 712682. Certificate of Authenticity. Red with Black interior. Three documented owners from new with only 68000... More
Ferdinand Porsche's first roadgoing model bearing his own name was the 356. Introduced in 1948, it underwent continuous development during the production run, which... More
PORSCHE: 1965 356C for auction, one owner, ready for restoration, runs, great project to be a truly excellent and valuable show piece. 973-984-6900, NJ;... More
PORSCHE: 1965 356C, unrestored, rebuilt original engine, Porsche COA, originally dolphin grey, recent major service by 356 expert, original floors, longitudinals, chrome, excellent gaps,... More
PORSCHE: 1964 356C cabriolet, black/black, restored with low miles on 1750 kitted 912 engine, well cared for, runs and drives very well, chrome wheels,... More
1964 Porsche 356C OUTLAW Coupe. This Outlaw started as a 1964 356 C Coupe. It was stripped to bare metal and has been restored to... More
1965 Porsche 356 C Porsches are known the world over. It was the early Porsche 356 models that forged the legacy the Porsche enjoys today.... More
1965 Porsche 356C Cabriolet , Silver with Black Leather, Matching number with Porsche Certificate of Authenticity (Kardex). No apparent accidents. Meticulously Restored to Original... More


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Lenses / Re: Recommendations for Selling Expensive Telephoto
« on: February 21, 2013, 12:40:51 AM »
I will. I go back and forth. On one hand the much lighter weight is really nice. On the other hand if I get a 600 how often would I go to the 400 instead. I'll definitely let you know if I do decide to sell.


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Faculty-Staff Digest - (04/14/2014 @ 4:30 PM)
Thursday noon: Susan Wegner and Nathaniel Wheelwright speak on "The Object Show" (Suzanne Bergeron)
Multiple Perspectives in "The Object Show: Discoveries in Bowdoin Collections"
Thursday, April 17 | noon | Bowdoin College Museum of Art
Susan Wegner, associate professor of art history, and Nathaniel Wheelwright, professor of natural sciences, lead an interdisciplinary discussion of select works in "The Object Show: Discoveries in Bowdoin Collections."
Third in a series of three gallery talks during the Spring 2014 semester.
RSVPs are kindly requested, but not required. Contact Christine Piontek: email@example.com.


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Trimethoprim (top) and sulfamethoxazole (bottom)
Combination of | |
Trimethoprim | Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor |
Sulfamethoxazole | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Bactrim, Bactrimel, Biseptol, Co-trimoxazole, Cotrim, Resprim, Septrin, Septra, Sulfatrim, Trisul, Polytrim |
Legal status | |
Routes | Oral, Intravenous[1] |
Identifiers | |
CAS number | 8064-90-2 |
ATC code | J01EE01 |
PubChem | CID 358641 |
DrugBank | DB00440 |
ChemSpider | 318412 |
(what is this?) (verify) |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-trimoxazole (BAN) is an antibiotic used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections. It consists of one part trimethoprim to five parts sulfamethoxazole. The drug has been marketed worldwide as generic preparations and under multiple brand names, including Septra (GlaxoSmithKline plc) and Bactrim (Hoffmann-La Roche). Co-trimoxazole is generally considered bactericidal, although its components are individually bacteriostatic.[2] Its actions are antifolate in nature, inhibiting both de novo folate biosynthesis and metabolism.[3]
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[4]
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is often abbreviated as SXT, TMP-SMX, TMP-SMZ, or TMP-sulfa, although the abbreviating of drug names is not best practice in medicine.
Medical uses[edit]
Co-trimoxazole was claimed to be more effective than either of its components individually in treating bacterial infections, although this was later disputed.[5] Because it has a higher incidence of adverse effects, including allergic responses, its use has been restricted in many countries to very specific circumstances where its improved efficacy has been demonstrated.[6] It may be effective in a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, renal and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections, skin and wound infections, septicaemias, and other infections caused by sensitive organisms. The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in the use of co-trimoxazole more recently.[7]
Organisms against which co-trimoxazole can be effective include:[3][8]
- Acinetobacter spp.
- Aeromonas hydrophila
- Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
- Bartonella henselae
- Bordetella pertussis (pertussis)
- Brucella spp.
- Burkholderia cepacia
- Burkholderia mallei (glanders)
- Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia)
- Chryseobacterium meningosepticum
- Citrobacter spp.
- Enterobacter spp.
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Hafnia alvei
- Kingella spp.
- Klebsiella granulomatis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Legionella spp.
- Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis)
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Morganella morganii
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea)
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal disease)
- Nocardia spp.
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Pneumocystis jiroveci
- Proteus mirabilis
- Proteus vulgaris
- Providencia rettgeri
- Providencia stuartii
- Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
- Non-typhi Salmonella
- Serratia spp.
- Shigella spp.
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus faecalis
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus viridans
- Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis)
- Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple's disease)
- Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague)
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
The only notable nonsusceptible organisms are the mycoplasmae[8] and Francisella tularensis (the causative organism of tularaemia).[9][10]
Pregnancy and breast feeding[edit]
Its use during pregnancy is contraindicated, although it has been placed in Australian and American pregnancy category C.[3] Despite this, its use during the first trimester (during organogenesis) and 12 weeks prior to pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially malformations associated with maternal folic acid deficiency (which is most likely related to the mechanism of action of co-trimoxazole) such as neural tube defects such as spina bifida, cardiovascular malformations (e.g. Epstein's anomaly), urinary tract defects, oral clefts, and club foot in epidemiological studies.[3] Its use later on during pregnancy also increases the risk of preterm labour (odds ratio: 1.51) and low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.67).[11][12] Animal studies have yielded similarly discouraging results.[13] It is also excreted in breast milk and hence nursing during treatment with co-trimoxazole is generally advised against.[3]
Indication | FDA-labelled indication? |
TGA-labelled indication? |
MHRA-labelled indication? |
Literature support |
Acute infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis | Yes | No | No | Clinical trials are lacking. |
Prophylaxis in HIV-infected individuals | No | No | No | Effective in one Ugandan study on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection.[14] |
Otitis media | Paediatric population only | No | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in chronic active otitis media[15] and acute otitis media.[16] |
Travellers' diarrhoea, treatment & prophylaxis | Yes | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy as a treatment for travellers' diarrhoea.[17][18][19] |
Urinary tract infection | Yes | No | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in this indication.[8] |
Bacterial infections | ||||
Acne vulgaris | No | No | No | At least one clinical trial supports its use in this indication.[20] |
Listeria | No | Yes | No | Well-designed clinical trials are lacking. |
Melioidosis | No | Yes | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy, with or without adjunctive doxycycline; although, co-trimoxazole alone seems preferable.[21][22][23] |
Pertussis (whooping cough) | No | No | No | One cochrane review supports its efficacy in preventing the spread of pertussis.[24] |
Shigellosis | Yes | Yes | No | Generally accepted treatment for shigellosis.[25] A recent Cochrane review found that while it is an effective treatment for shigellosis it also produces more significant adverse effects than other antibiotic drugs.[26] |
Staphylococcus aureus infections | No | No | No | In vitro and in vivo activity against both non-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] |
Tuberculosis | No | No | No | In vitro and in vivo activity against both nonresistant and MDR strains of TB.[34][35][36] |
Whipple's disease | No | No | No | Co-trimoxazole is the recommended standard treatment for whipple's disease in some treatment protocols.[37][38][39] |
Fungal and protozoal infections | ||||
Isosporiasis | No | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its use in this indication.[40] |
Malaria | No | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in both the treatment and prevention of malaria.[41] |
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Its use as a prophylactic treatment is supported by one clinical trial involving children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.[42] Other than this and one other clinical trial into its efficacy as a treatment for pneumocystis pneumonia,[43] data on its use in both the treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia is significantly lacking. |
Toxoplasmosis | Yes | Prevention only | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its prophylactic and therapeutic utility in cases of toxoplasmosis.[44][45][46][47][48][49] |
Other indications | ||||
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener's) | No | No | No | Two clinical trials have supported its efficacy in this indication.[50][51] |
Adverse effects[edit]
Adverse effects by incidence:[3][13][52][53][54][55]
Common (>1% frequency):
- Fever
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- Rash
- Muscle aches
- Joint pain
- Itch
- Sore mouth
- Hyperkalaemia (high blood potassium)
- Thrombocytopenia (low number of platelets in the blood)
Infrequently (0.1-1.0% frequency):
- Headache
- Jaundice
- Elevated liver transaminases
- Peripheral neuritis
- Drowsiness
- Constipation
- Photosensitivity (light sensitivity)
- Blood dyscrasias (e.g. neutropaenia)
Rare (<0.1% frequency):
- Megaloblastic anaemia
- Methaemoglobinaemia
- Erythema multiforme
- Hypoglycaemia[Note 1]
- Hepatitis (liver swelling)
- Crystalluria (crystals in the urine)
- Urinary obstruction causing difficulty passing urine
- Lowered mental acuity
- Depression
- Tremor
- Aplastic anaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Hyponatraemia
- Purpura
- Eosinophilia
- Agranulocytosis
- Serum sickness
- Anaphylaxis
- Allergic myocarditis
- Angioedema
- Drug fever
- Peri-arteritis nodosa
- Hepatic necrosis
- Pancreatitis
- Myelosuppression
- Haemolysis[Note 2]
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome[Note 3]
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis[Note 4]
- Ataxia[Note 5]
- Clostridium difficile-associated disease
- Aseptic meningitis[Note 6]
- Pseudomembranous colitis
- Interstitial nephritis
Unknown frequency adverse effects:
- Hallucinations
- Cough
- Glossitis
- Stomatitis
- Fatigue
- Insomnia
- Impaired kidney function
- Pulmonary infiltration[Note 7]
- Shortness of breath
Contraindications include the following:[3][53]
- Known hypersensitivity to trimethoprim, sulphonamides or any other ingredients in the formulations
- Pregnancy – especially in the period prior to birth
- Severe hepatic failure, marked liver parenchymal damage or jaundice.
- Serious haematological disorders and porphyria (due to the sulfonamide component of the preparation).
- Severe renal insufficiency (CrCl <15 ml/min) where repeated measurements of the plasma concentration cannot be performed
- Co-trimoxazole should not be given to neonates during the first 6 weeks, except for the treatment/prophylaxis of pneumocytosis jiroveci (P. carinii) in infants of four weeks of age or greater.
Its use is advised against in patients being concomitantly treated with:[3][13][52][53][54][55]
- ACE inhibitors like captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, and ramipril due to the potential for additive hyperkalaemic effects[53]
- Prilocaine — additive risk of methaemoglobinaemia
- Antiarrhythmics like amiodarone (increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias) and dofetilide (increased risk of QT interval prolongation)
- Antibacterials like dapsone (increases plasma levels of both drugs), methenamine (increased risk of crystalluria) and rifampicin (as it may lead to an increased plasma level of rifampicin and lower plasma levels of trimethoprim)
- Anticoagulants like warfarin and acenocoumarol — anticoagulant effects of either drug is potentiated by this combination
- Sulfonylureas — effects enhanced
- Phenytoin, half-life of phenytoin is increased
- Antifolates like pyrimethamine, proguanil and methotrexate increase the risk of associated side effects like blood dyscrasis, folic acid supplementation should be considered. A significant risk of megaloblastic anaemia exists with doses of pyrimethamine in excess of 25 mg/wk.
- Antivirals, more specifically, lamivudine (increased plasma concentrations of lamivudine), zalcitabine (increased plasma concentrations of zalcitabine) and zidovudine (increased risk of haematological reactions)
- Procainamide and/or amantadine may have their plasma concentrations increased bilaterally or unilaterally.
- Clozapine and other antipsychotics — increased risk of haematological side effects
- Nucleoside analogue antineoplastics like azathioprine and mercaptopurine — increased risk of haematological toxicity
- Digoxin — increase in digoxin levels in a proportion of elderly patients
- Diuretics — elderly patients receiving thiazide antidiuretics are at a heightened risk for developing thrombocytopaenia while on co-trimoxazole
- Ciclosporin — patients that have received a kidney transplant and are receiving co-trimoxazole and ciclosporin concomitantly are at an increased risk of having a reversible deterioration in their kidney function.
- Potassium aminobenzoate — effects of sulfonamides (like sulfamethoxazole) inhibited.
- Laboratory tests; trimethoprim and sulfonamides have been reported to interfere with diagnostic tests, including serum-methotrexate and serum-plasma creatinine levels, also urea, urinary glucose and urobilinogen tests.
Likely signs of toxicity include:[13]
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Mental depression
- Confusion
- Bone marrow depression
- Loss of appetite
- Colic
- Drowsiness
- Unconsciousness
The recommended treatment for overdose includes:[13]
- Administration of activated charcoal
- Stomach pumping
- General supportive measures
- Haemodialysis, which is moderately effective in clearing co-trimoxazole from the plasma.
- Calcium folinate treatment in cases of blood dyscrasias
- Forcing oral fluids
Alkalinisation of the urine may reduce the toxicity of sulfamethoxazole, but it may increase the toxic effects of trimethoprim.[13]
The synergy between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was first described in the late 1960s.[56][57][58] Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole have a greater effect when given together than when given separately, because they inhibit successive steps in the folate synthesis pathway. They are given in a one-to-five ratio in their tablet formulations so that when they enter the body their concentration in the blood and tissues is roughly one-to-twenty — the exact ratio required for a peak synergistic effect between the two.[8]
Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide, induces its therapeutic effects by interfering with the de novo (that is, from within the cell) synthesis of folate inside microbial organisms such as protozoa, fungi and bacteria. It does this by competing with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the biosynthesis of dihydrofolate.[8]
Trimethoprim serves as a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), hence inhibiting the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, the biologically active form of folate.[8]
The effects of trimethoprim causes a backlog of dihydrofolate (DHF) and this backlog can work against the inhibitory effect the drug has on tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis; this is where the sulfamethoxazole comes in, its role is in depleting the excess DHF by preventing it from being synthesised in the first place.[8]
Component | Tmax (hrs) | Vd (L) | Protein binding | t1/2 (hrs) | Excretion |
Sulfamethoxazole | 1-4 | 20 | 66% | 8-10 | Renal |
Trimethoprim | 1-4 | 130 | 42-45% | 10 | Renal |
Trade names[edit]
Co-trimoxazole is manufactured and sold by many different companies. The following list of brand names is incomplete:
- Bactrim, Bactrimel (Roche)
- Bactrom (Venezuela)
- Bibactin (manufactured by PPM and distributed in Cambodia and some African countries)
- Biseptol
- Co-trimoxazole (Sandoz)
- Cotrim
- Graprima Forte Kaplet (manufactured by PT Graha Farma and distributed in Indonesia)
- Primotren (Lek in Slovenia and other countries)
- Sanprima (manufactured by PT Sanbe Farma and distributed in Indonesia)
- Septra (Aspen Pharmacare and formerly GlaxoSmithKline)
- Septram (Panama)
- Sulfatrim
- Trisul
- Vactrim (manufactured and distributed in Laos)
- ^ Low blood sugar; may affect consciousness and cause seizures
- ^ Breakdown of red blood cells. This side effect most often occurs in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- ^ A potentially fatal skin reaction that causes the skin to slough off
- ^ Basically a worse form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- ^ Incoordination; most often after IV use in HIV patients
- ^ Swelling of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord without any obvious infectious cause
- ^ Sign of hypersensitivity
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- ^ "Co-trimoxazole". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Bactrim, Bactrim DS (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
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- ^ "Co-trimoxazole use restricted". Drug Ther Bull 33 (12): 92–3. December 1995. doi:10.1136/dtb.1995.331292. PMID 8777892.
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- ^ "TULAREMIA" (PDF). Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section. Louisiana Office of Public Health. 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ Harik, NS (1 July 2013). "Tularemia: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment" (PDF). Pediatric Annals 42 (7): 288–292. doi:10.3928/00904481-20130619-13. PMID 23805970.
- ^ Yang, J; Xie, RH; Krewski, D; Wang, YJ; Walker, M; Wen, SW (May 2011). "Exposure to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but not other FDA category C and D anti-infectives is associated with increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight" (PDF). International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15 (5): e336–e341. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.01.007. PMID 21345707.
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- ^ Goldberg, E; Paul, M; Talker, O; Samra, Z; Raskin, M; Hazzan, R; Leibovici, L; Bishara, J (May 2010). "Co-trimoxazole versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: A retrospective cohort study" (PDF). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 65 (8): 1779–1783. doi:10.1093/jac/dkq179. PMID 20507860.
- ^ Cadena, J; Nair, S; Henao-Martinez, AF; Jorgensen, JH; Patterson, JE; Sreeramoju, PV (December 2011). "Dose of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole To Treat Skin and Skin Structure Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55 (12): 5430–5432. doi:10.1128/AAC.00706-11. PMC 3232808. PMID 21930870.
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- ^ Lagrange-Xélot, M; Porcher, R; Sarfati, C; de Castro, N; Carel, O; Magnier, JD; Delcey, V; Molina, JM (February 2008). "Isosporiasis in patients with HIV infection in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in France". HIV Medicine 9 (2): 126–30. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00530.x. PMID 18257775.
- ^ Manyando, C; Njunju, EM; D'Alessandro, U; Van Geertruyden, JP (2013). "Safety and Efficacy of Co-Trimoxazole for Treatment and Prevention of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: A Systematic Review" (PDF). PLoS ONE 8 (2): e56916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056916. PMC 3579948. PMID 23451110.
- ^ Agrawal, AK; Chang, PP; Feusner, J (January 2011). "Twice weekly Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 33 (1): e1–4. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181fd6fca. PMID 21102354.
- ^ Safrin, S; Finkelstein, DM; Feinberg, J; Frame, P; Simpson, G; Wu, A; Cheung, T; Soeiro, R; Hojczyk, P; Black, JR (May 1996). "Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycin-primaquine. ACTG 108 Study Group.". Annals of Internal Medicine 124 (9): 792–802. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00003. PMID 8610948.
- ^ Canessa, A; Del Bono, V; De Leo, P; Piersantelli, N; Terragna, A (February 1992). "Cotrimoxazole therapy of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis in AIDS patients". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11 (2): 125–130. doi:10.1007/BF01967063. PMID 1396726.
- ^ Torre, D; Casari, S; Speranza, F; Donisi, A; Gregis, G; Poggio, A; Ranieri, S; Orani, A; Angarano, G; Chiodo, F; Fiori, G; Carosi, G (June 1998). "Randomized Trial of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole versus Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine for Therapy of Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in Patients with AIDS" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42 (6): 1346–1349. PMC 105601. PMID 9624473.
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Politics are confusing. One day Obama and Romney join forces for a rendition of 'Hot and Cold' and the next thing we know, Big Bird is thrown into the debate debacle. Seriously, presidential candidates? How can you expect to be taken seriously among these ridiculous shenanigans? We think it's about time you take some tips from a truly determined politician-- one who puts the people first and knows our country like the back of his...paw.
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The Humane Society of Central Washington is off to a grand start in the ASPCA's National 100K Challenge. With a first place finish out of the entire nation in the first round, Outreach Coordinator Erica Seaver-Engel speaks for all staff and volunteers when she shares how "overwhelming and humbling" the outpouring of community support has been thus far


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Prolotherapy and diabetes – Hemoglobin A1c and Your Diet
Prolotherapy and Diabetes: Hemoglobin A1c and Diet
"I eat healthy, I exercise, and I'm not overweight like others, so I am sure that my diet is exactly as it should be."
That's what Mary thought, and she's not alone!
Many people who come to Caring Medical for Prolotherapy for their painful conditions or sports injuries also receive Hauser Diet Typing in order to optimize their health and healing. When tested, we often find terribly abnormal numbers and Mary was no exception. At Caring Medical we test glucose, insulin, pH, and Hemoglobin A1c levels as part of the Hauser Diet program. Many patients are surprised to find their test results are out of the normal range.
Risks for Diabetes
Commonly patients with elevated HbA1c levels are in a pre-diabetic condition, and will need to drastically change what they perceive as "healthy" eating habits. They are often following one of two types of diets. (1) The "SAD" diet or the standard American diet which is high in carbs, fat, and processed food, low in vegetables, protein, and good fats OR (2) the so-called "healthy" American diet that consists of a low-fat, low-sodium, high carb diet. Both of these diets are not the right Diet Type for a person with high HbA1c levels.
What causes elevated HbA1c levels?
The culprit of elevated HbA1c levels is a typically high intake of carbohydrates in various forms such as those mentioned above, as well as high fruit and/or fruit juice consumption. Interestingly enough, many of these individuals would rate their diets as healthy AND high in protein prior to their lab testing. However, things are not always as they seem. We recommend that our patients write down what they eat in a food diary. It is amazing what is revealed through these if the patients are completely honest! People also have misconceptions about what constitutes protein, fat, and carbohydrates as well. So we find that our book (The Hauser Diet: A Fresh Look At Healthy Living!) and diet materials help clarify this for many people and give them a whole new outlook on food!
How does testing HbA1c levels affect your health?
Testing the HbA1c or glycosylated hemoglobin levels has been a very helpful tool for us in getting patients back on a healing path. Along with our Hauser Diet Typing results, we are able more fully assess our patients' average glucose levels over time, thus we know if their bodies are able to adequately process glucose (or sugar/carbs). In other words, this form of hemoglobin is measured to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over a prolonged period of time. Normal levels of glucose produce a certain amount of glycosylated hemoglobin, and as the glucose levels in the blood rise, so does the glycosylated hemoglobin. It provides us an idea of the average glucose levels from the previous months. When we change a person's higher carbohydrate diet like that of Mary's, to a higher protein and fat diet (such as the Hauser Lion and Otter Diets), the previously elevated HbA1c will decline.
To put it into food choices:
Before testing Mary was eating these foods: Fruit, juice, bagels, rice, potatoes, a few veggies, a small amount of chicken, pizza, sandwiches, snack foods, low-fat yogurt, low-fat ice cream, low-sodium canned soups, and the like.
After testing Mary was eating these foods: Beef, chicken, pork, eggs, salmon, avocado, salads, vegetables, quinoa, nuts, olive oil, and only 1 piece of fruit every other day.
What are the health risks of elevated HbA1c levels? Poor blood glucose control and an elevated HbA1c increase the risk for poor healing, as well as development of adult onset diabetes and its associated health risks, which can lead to heart disease. Every day we treat patients with joint pain, arthritis, and sports injuries whose goal is to heal and return to their normal lives. High glucose levels compromise that goal and put them at risk for further diseases in the future.
The combination of Prolotherapy, or regenerative injection therapy, using dextrose, PRP, or stem cells, for the joint pain along with a proper diet has consistently proven to be a successful means for patients to meet their goals of pain-free living with optimal health and well-being. Never underestimate the power of food!
At Caring Medical we have treated people with brittle diabetes, those on pumps, as well as many other diabetics (on oral pills and just one insulin/day). Likewise, we have treated people who are a little overweight to those who were very overweight.
Can Prolotherapy help overweight patients?
So what happens when an overweight person gets Prolotherapy? Usually, their pain goes away. Obesity, diabetes, and other medical conditions can slow the effects of Prolotherapy. If this occurs, instead of the person needing three to six visits of Prolotherapy they may need six to ten visits. If they heal normally, in the patients we treated, they have a great chance to be relieved of pain.
Can Prolotherapy help patients with diabetes?
Over the course of the last two decades doing thousands of Prolotherapy sessions on diabetics we have found it very well tolerated. Most of the diabetics tell us that it raises their blood sugar only a mild amount (like 10-30 points). This is also for a short time (perhaps a few hours).
Caring Medical can guide you for overall health improvement
In regard to those who are very overweight, they do not need to lose weight for the Prolotherapy to help them. I would encourage them to lose weight because it would mean less stress on their joints. When there is less stress on the joints, they need less Prolotherapy. So if they want to need less Prolotherapy, then lose some weight. For the person with the complicated medical condition, all I can say is that it would be best to get a comprehensive natural medicine evaluation and treatment. The healthier you are, the better you will heal from the Prolotherapy. You can still get Prolotherapy alone, but your healing may be slower.
If you have joint pain and are having difficulty healing, we would love to help you find a solution.
Please give us a call! 708-848-7789. Or email email@example.com.


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Tag: matteo lolli
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Cullen Bunn Uncovers the "Secret" of "Secret Wars" with Deadpool
Cullen Bunn tells CBR about his new "Secret Wars" series that finds the Merc With a Mouth embroiled in the events of Marvel's original 1980s epic.
X-POSITION: Duggan Makes "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool" "The Odd Couple"
Gerry Duggan describes his approach to "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool" and what's in store for the Merc with a Mouth in the "Death of Wolverine" tie-in.
PREVIEW: Prepare for Mayhem in "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool" #1
Gerry Duggan & Matteo Lolli deliver more madcap action in Marvel's "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool," featuring the Merc with a Mouth and the Avenging Archer.
PREVIEW: Merc Vs. Marksman in "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool" #0
Courtesy of Marvel, CBR has a first look at Gerry Duggan and Matteo Lolli's "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool" #0, which pits the Avenging Archer against the Merc with a Mouth.
Duggan Pits Hawkeye & Deadpool Against Crime - and Each Other
Gerry Duggan pits Avenger against merc in "Hawkeye Vs Deadpool," a buddy action tale that finds the duo both battling it out and teaming up.
Duggan & Lolli Pit "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool" in October
Gerry Duggan and Matteo Lolli's "Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool" pits the two characters against one another in a Halloween SHIELD espionage mystery.
"Thrilling Adventure Hour" Creators Get Meta with "Deadpool," Strange with "Thunderbolts"
Ben Acker and Ben Blacker, the writing duo behind podcast/live radio drama "The Thrilling Adventure Hour," talk their two new Marvel annuals.
NYCC EXCLUSIVE: Bunn Hunts Down Literary Icons in "Deadpool Killustrated"
In January's "Deadpool Killustrated," the titular merc traverses dimensions on a hunt for classic literary characters. CBR News spoke exclusively with writer Cullen Bunn about the 4-issue miniseries.
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I really need to break down and shell out the thirty-six dollars this magazine will cost me because it's making quite the impression on lots of my online friends these days. It's called Dujour magazine, their roots are in America, and I've pointed you to it before but I've not included photos or anything. Just look at some of these spreads — talk about inspirational eye candy. I want the vintage issue quite badly as the theme really suits me…
Each issue is limited-edition (only 1,000 distributed worldwide) with custom wrapping and a special gift inside making the $36 investment somewhat easier to swallow. I think in America it's harder for us to drop that kind of cash on a single magazine when we've been trained to pay $12 for 12 issues or at most, $4 for a copy of our favorite magazine. I'm interested to see if Dujour will be a hit here because of that or not. In Europe and beyond, it's not so difficult to market a magazine like this as so many pay $10-12 an issue on average for high end design and fashion mags as it is. I have yet to see a copy so I can't give a very good review, but from what I'm noticed around the web, it looks delicious and I'm intrigued. You can also buy digital copies — a full year is only $10 but a year doesn't mean 12 issues, it's 2 6 total (not 12) just so you know.
Have you purchased Dujour? What did you think? First impressions?
(images: first – the fabled needle, bottom two – dujour)
Crafter and blogger Tara Anderson has a sweet little Etsy store called With A Twist where she sells all sorts of delights for creative types who enjoy making things, including vintage paper kits (love!).
I peeked in on her Flickr photostream this week to see what she's been up to and noticed a few scrapbook pages that she pulled together that looked more like something you'd frame and put on the wall – I did a double take and thought you'd like to see them. Lovely! One can truly find inspiration from so many things, especially when you peek outside of your own circle to see what others are doing in their world… It's only to our own benefit that we keep an open mind and remain curious, don't you think?
(images: tara anderson)
I've been around the web this week and collected the breadcrumbs I've left below in case you see anything that catches your fancy…
Real Simple:
- Wayne Pate
- Simplify 101
- A Favorite Craft Shop – Revealed!
Haus Maus:
(image: wayne pate)
A big hearty thanks to Susannah Conway from Ink on my Fingers, an English photographer and writer who interviewed me today on her beautiful blog.
It was fun to really open up like this in an interview, I definitely am learning to drop my guard and feel more at ease when approached with questions. Or perhaps it's that Susannah just knows how to ask the right questions. In any sense, I talk about my recent class and experience as a teacher, childhood hobbies, favorite books and I list four people that I'd love to see mildly intoxicated… Ha! I hope that you enjoy it. :)
Thank you Susannah!
(image: susannah conway)