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Moderators: Adam, ElGuano, LuvMyTJ, DeweyAXD, OI Photography, gunslinger
mroberts wrote:Any chance you can post a "read" copy of the survey? I haven't had a flyaway, but I'm curious about the questions you're asking.
Jenniar wrote:flyaway is cool
Driffill wrote:How many surveys have been completed so far? When can we see some results to look for trends?
Of the 120 that responded, 32% have had a "flyaway" happen. Note that the definition of flyaway is pretty loose, and who knows if it was actually one or just inexperience, but that is still a really high number to me. Also note that it's pilots, not flights, and many people report flying most of the time with no problems... but still...
IOC was overwhelmingly in the "Off" mode - It would be interesting to see how often anyone actually uses those modes, as I never do myself, so this is probably irrelevant to the flyaway problem.
Also, 87% of flyaways happen while in GPS mode, but a small number (5 total, 13%) reported flyaways in ATTI mode - this could be within our margin of error or close to it.
32% reported regaining control of the copter after losing control. This is good.
Of those 32%, the top action that they did was "nothing, control came back automatically". A small number also reported switching GPS/ATTI mode, but most (61%) never regained control and the copter was lost or crashed.
55% of responses reported 25+ flights of their copter in its "current configuration."
61% reported an issue when flying in the "same location" as the previous flight. A hunch I had was that the GPS in the copter could be remembering a previous location as home and somehow activating RTH, but this question seems to have assuaged that thought.
Flying experience is a little interesting. 16% of the pilots with flyways reported that this is their first RC flying device, and only 16% reported being able to fly circles around indoors (ie very good). The majority reported being comfortable flying, so this could potentially rule out the problem being just "noobs".
The FPV question seems to rule out any interference with an FPV system. I was surprised to learn that 92% of pilots weren't using any FPV device at all, and the other 8% were using Fatshark 5.8Ghz (8% is within the margin of error here, so is likely negligible). So we can't blame interference from that.
Most people were using GoPro v3s, with half reporting the Black version, and 24% with no camera at all. So it seems like the camera (wifi interference) is probably not a problem.
66% of pilots reported doing an IMU calibration "0-5 flights" before the flyaway, so this could potentially rule out issues with the IMU getting out of whack after many flights. Perhaps in another survey we can dig into what happened just before the flyaway (ie a crash, or something like taking the copter on a plane or something).
66% also reported calibrating the compass within 0-5 flights of the flyaway, which seems pretty good to me and shows that it can happen even if you have a fully freshly calibrated copter.
Reading through the text descriptions I don't really see any patterns, but feel free to read through if you are interested.
I did send this to DJI and got a response saying "thanks" and that they would have a look at it, so perhaps it will help them narrow down the problem by eliminating some guesses.
Thanks all for the replies! And feel free to keep sending this around to other phantom pilots, more data is good!
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Pongsapat clears himself with EC
- Published: 16 Jan 2013 at 17.35 | Viewed: 4,622 | Comments: 23
- Online news:
- Writer: Online Reporters
Pol Gen Pongsapat Pongcharoen on Wednesday submitted related documents to the Election Commission to clear himself of an allegation that he had a record for stealing a radio while studying in the United States.
The alleged theft occurred in 1980 while he was studying criminology in the US under a scholarship.
Pol Gen Pongsapat said the Royal Thai Police Office investigated this matter in 2000 and found the allegation was not true.
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subset: commoncrawl


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- January 26: Audi Recalls 26,000 Cars With Fuel Injectors That Leak
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Still loved. Forever missed.
Satuday will be one year since I lost my Shadow to DM. It still hurts so bad!
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I'm really sorry. It was 1 year ago last week that I lost my heart dog, Elsa. I thought it would get easier but it still really hurts.
I'm sure Shadow and Elsa are running free somewhere. Hugs to you!
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| Economy
| Culture
| Opinion
| Lifestyle
| Nature |
Volume 15,
Number 4 |
Also in this section: Cold War journalist, diplomat and historian, key
figure in the Panama Canal treaty negotiations
William J. Jorden,
by Eric Jackson He was one of John F. Kennedy's "best
and brightest," a Pulitizer-winning foreign policy writer recruited into the US
State Department in 1961. He served Democratic and Republican presidents at a
time when there was something left of the bipartisan consensus that "politics
ends at the water's edge," in an era when decolonization was the main trend
sweeping through the Third World, in that period just before the Republicans
began to embrace the ideas that serious diplomacy and international law lie
somewhere on a spectrum between wimpish idealism and treason. He was one of
Johnson's top State Department people on the scene during the Vietnam war,
served on Nixon's National Security Council, and was Carter's holdover
ambassador to Panama during the talks that led to the end of the old Canal Zone.
He was the ghost writer of Lyndon B. Johnson's memoirs and the author of one of
a small group of books that's indispensable for English-language readers who
would truly understand Panama.
Now William J. Jorden is a subject for history. He died on February 20, of lung cancer at a nursing home in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He was 85 years old. Jorden was survived by his wife, Mildred Xiarhos Jorden; three adult children from a prior marriage, W. Temple Jorden, Eleanor Haller-Jorden and M. Telva Jorden; and six grandchildren. Having studied Japanese at the University of Michigan and Yale and served in the US Army in World War II, Jorden returned to his studies after the war and got his degree from Yale and then a master's in journalism from Columbia. Starting out as a reporter with the Vineyard Gazette in Edgartown, Massachusetts, Jorden moved up to the old New York Herald Tribune and in 1952 joined the staff of the New York Times. In 1958 he was the head of the Times Moscow bureau that collectively won a Pulitzer Prize for international reporting. He was in Russia for the late 1957 launch of Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, and thus the accompanying rise of the intercontinental ballistic missile threat that changed the dynamic of the Cold War. Although John F. Kennedy's 1960 campaign allegation of a "missile gap" by which the United States trailed the Soviet Union turned out in hindsight to be an exaggeration that should be attributed to Kennedy alone, the New York Times Moscow bureau's reports on the early Soviet lead in the "space race" lent credibility to that claim. Kennedy hired Jorden away from the world of journalism, in which he had moved on to Washington to become chief Times diplomatic correspondent, and appointed him to the State Department Policy Planning Council and then as special assistant to Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs W. Averell Harriman. Jorden, who had worked as a journalist in Japan and Korea in the waning days of the Korean War, became Harriman's Southeast Asia specialist as the United States became ever more deeply entangled in the Vietnam War. As such he became one of the policy architects who populated David Halberstam's award winning history, "The Best and the Brightest." In Vietnam Jorden became something of a prototype for that stream of Democratic liberalism which held that the basic concept of "defending South Vietnam from communism" was neither unwise nor immoral per se, but that many of the assumptions made and policies adopted in pursuit of that goal were erroneous. He advised Kennedy against linking his Vietnam policy too closely with any individual or administration --- in this case Ngo Dinh Diem, but later taking a similar position with respect to Nguyen Van Thieu. In the discussions leading up to Lyndon Johnson's escalation of the war in 1965, he was skeptical about Defense Department claims that a quick military victory was possible. Jorden saw the pre-Tet Offensive Vietnam War as essentially a civil war in a peasant society rather than a matter of one country being invaded by another, and thus urged a different set of military and political tactics from those that were adopted. Promoted to the National Security Council, Jorden became a member of the first US delegation to the prolonged Paris peace talks. He left that post for a time to help by that time former President Johnson write his book of memoirs, "The Vantage Point." In 1972 Henry Kissinger asked Jorden to rejoin the National Security Council as its Latin America specialist, which he did. Some day diplomatic archives will be made public and historians will be able to assess Jorden's role in the September 11, 1973 right-wing coup and ensuing reign of death squad terror in Chile. Kissinger's ability to travel in the world is limited not only by his age, but because he is a wanted man over allegations of crimes against humanity with respect to those events. As one of the Nixon administration's top Latin America specialists at the time Jorden surely was involved. One of Richard Nixon's last official acts in 1974 was to appoint Jorden as US ambassador to Panama. Despite the ordinary three-year rotation in State Department diplomatic postings here, Jorden was held over by the Ford and Carter administrations and served about four years in Panama. These were the years when US-Panamanian negotiations toward a new agreement to replace the 1903 Hay - Bunau-Varilla Treaty were renewed in earnest. The talks had commenced soon after the January 1964 events known to Panamanians as The Day of The Martyrs and in US government annals as The Flag Riots but had gone through fits and starts as administrations changed in Washington and Panama. The result of the negotiating process was the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. One of these concerned the transfer of the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone to Panamanian ownership over a 22-year period and ran its course to a December 31, 1999 termination. The other was an open-ended agreement about the canal's neutrality, the right of US naval vessels to move to the head of the line for canal transits, and joint defense of the waterway that included certain ill-defined American rights of military intervention. After his service in Panama, there was a sea change in Washington best exemplified by the election of Ronald Reagan, a stern critic of the Panama Canal Treaties, as president of the United States in 1980. Within the Republican Party the hard-nosed "realpolitik" foreign policy ideas best exemplified by Henry Kissinger's thinking were progressively eclipsed by the highly ideological "neo-conservative" attitudes promoted by the likes of Jeanne Kirkpatrick and Elliott Abrams. While there was no mass purge of State Department career employees and thus certain out-of-fashion ideas lived on in American diplomatic missions around the world, when the Republicans were in office there was no longer any room in key leadership positions for the bipartisan foreign policy concepts under which Jorden had operated for all of his diplomatic career. Jorden was approaching retirement age as this sea change was brewing, and he took the opportunity to leave the world of diplomacy and resume his writing. He wrote on a number of foreign policy subjects, but one book in particular stands out as his masterpiece. Published in 1984, "Panama Odyssey" is Jorden's account, much of it first-hand, of the negotiations and political maneuvering that led to the Panama Canal Treaties. It's a long book, which has been criticized by some for containing too many anecdotes and vignettes from his times in Panama. However, the critics who said that are or were generally unfamiliar with Panama and generally inattentive to the paucity of scholarly writings about Panama that are available in the English language. The diplomat's-eye glimpses of Panama and some of its leading characters of the time are actually one of the strengths of Jorden's book, one of the things that places it among a few indispensable volumes for those who would understand Panama under the dictatorship. (The other indispensable volumes, each with its strengths and flaws? In this reporter's estimation they are Dinges's "Our Man in Panama," Koster and Sánchez Borbon's "In the Time of the Tyrants," and Greene's "Getting to Know the General." For those who also read Spanish there are a number of important works from various points of view, including for starters the Moscoso administration's Truth Commission report, Loteria magazine's two-volume "Torrijos: figura - tiempo - faena" anthology and former Christian Democrat politician / current hotelier and environmentalist Raul Arias's "Así Fue el Fraude." Read all of the books mentioned in this paragraph plus "Panama Odyssey" and your education in Panama will be far from complete, but you will pretty much understand the roots of today's PRD and know most of its playbook.) Let us recognize, however, that the things that Jorden decided to exclude from "Panama Odyssey," as well as the things that he decided to include, say much about the man and his times. During the treaty negotiations and the effort to win ratification by the United States, it was the State Department and US Embassy line that the more than 100 disappearances or murders of various adversaries of the military dictatorship never happened. We now know that the US Southern Command headquarters in Quarry Heights had specific detailed knowledge of all of this as it was going on, and although the State Department record is mostly unavailable to the public we know from bits and pieces that the American Embassy here surely knew the nature of General Omar Torrijos's regime. Most of the plainclothes kidnappings, abuses at clandestine torture facilities and extrajudicial executions were over by the time that Jorden came to Panama, but to the extent that you really don't get the impression that he was dealing with murderous thugs in his mission here it's a matter of Cold War diplomatic hypocrisy seeping over into his work as journalist and historian. A number of the US political figures associated with the passage of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties have kept up their ties with Panama, and some of them more or less add up to an influential pro-PRD faction within the Democratic Party. However, if Jorden kept up ties with Panama after his service here, he did so very privately. It seems to have been part of his philosophy that diplomats should deal with whatever crook, tyrant or nice guy whom they must, making all of the proper diplomatic gestures, but should never become too attached. To the PRD cheering section within the Democratic Party, "Panama Odyssey" may be an appropriately "fair and balanced" look at a critical juncture of US-Panamanian relations. But now the Cold War is a memory from a past century and we have a Democratic president who knew not Torrijos. Let the works of William J. Jorden take their honored place in the record, but let us have a record that's substantially more extensive and diverse than this one man's monumental contribution. Also in this section: News
| Economy
| Culture
| Opinion
| Lifestyle
| Nature
Noticias | Opiniones | Archive | Unclassified Ads | Home The
Panama Report: What's best and where to go in Panama --- http://www.thepanamareport.com |
2009 by Eric Jackson email:
firstname.lastname@example.com Mailing
address: |


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Buy Shoes at Marshalls and Benefit the Hotline
Buying a pair of shoes at any Marshalls store between October 1 and 15, 2009 will benefit the Hotline. As part of the Marshalls Shop 'til It Stops program, $1 will be donated to the Hotline for each pair of shoes sold.
Rihanna/Chris Brown: Ending Violence Against Women and Girls
Writer, activist and author Kevin Powell discusses ending violence against women and girls.
Sheryl Cates Weighs in on Chris Brown's Controversial Statements
September 4, 2009
Sheryl Cates, CEO of the National Domestic Violence Hotline was recently interviewed by MTV in regards to Chris Brown's most recent television appearance on Larry King Live.
Lost Faith, Abused, Raped and Hopeless…
Read this piece by survivor Ren R. Royal, author of Lost Faith to Living Faith.
Chris Brown Guilty Plea
Leslie Morgan Steiner shares her thoughts on Chris Brown and Rihanna.
White House Advisor on Violence Against Women Appointed
June 30, 2009
Lynn Rosenthal was recently chosen as White House Advisor on Violence Against Women by President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden.
Domestic Violence Training in Hospitals
Survivor and blogger Maria Phelps shares her personal experience with DV, addresses current DV issues and advocates for victims' rights.
Hope, Help, Heartfelt Thanks
Regan Martin, survivor and subject of a blog post on GPS tracking written by her mother Cherry Simpson writes a follow up to that story and reveals new developments in her case.
Technology Safety for Survivors
Technology safety is a very important issue in the domestic violence community. Technological advances have great benefits but there are also drawbacks and caution must be used, especially when communicating online.
Sheryl Cates Honored by Congressional Victims' Rights Caucus Group
May 19, 2009
Sheryl Cates, CEO of the Texas Council on Family Violence, National Domestic Violence Hotline and loveisrespect.org received the Congressional Victims' Rights Caucus Ed Stout Memorial Award for Outstanding Victim Advocacy.
Meadows and H-E-B Answer Emergency Call for Funding
May 12, 2009
The Meadows Foundation, Dallas, and H-E-B, San Antonio, have donated $639,000 in 2009 for direct services to aid Texans seeking emergency assistance because of domestic violence.


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Urban Outfitters Finds Itself in Legal Maize
Do you find the "Native American-inspired" headline offensive? Jezebel reports on an open letter posted to Racialious.com on October 10th, addressing Urban Outfitters' recent inundation of products to its store and website accompanied by the descriptor "Navajo." The author, Sasha Houston Brown, points out that not only is the descriptor offensive to Native Americans (and Americans) everywhere, but it also is illegal, according to The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. The Act states, in pertinent part:
"All products must be marketed truthfully regarding the Indian heritage and tribal affiliation of the producers, so as not to mislead the consumer. It is illegal to market an art or craft item using the name of a tribe if a member, or certified Indian artisan, of that tribe did not actually create the art or craft item."
The overwhelming majority of the 23 products for sale on the Urban Outfitters website are imported. Violation of the Act can result in civil penalties and fines up to $1,000,000.
Furthermore, Jezebel reports that the Navajo Nation holds 12 trademarks on the term "Najavo" (including two that cover various forms of clothing and one that covers online retailing).
Urban Outfitters has found itself in legal hot water quite recently with the parents of an underage model, as reported on CaseClothesed last month.


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Mourning Gorilla Mother?
Photograph courtesy Virunga National Park
It may be one of nature's more heartbreaking scenes: a mountain gorilla mother refusing to let go of her dead infant.
Last month in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Virunga National Park, ranger Innocent Mburanumwe captured pictures of the first-time mother, Ruzuzi, appearing to grieve over her less-than-two-week-old baby. Ruzuzi kept the body with her for more than a week, according to Mburanumwe.
Gorillas have long been known to exhibit care for the dead. Mburanumwe, for instance, has seen behavior similar to that of Ruzuzi's on at least three occasions.
(Related video: "Chimps 'Mourn' Nine-year-old's Death?")
Virunga veterinarian Jan Ramer said, "While we can never know what is really going on in their heads, it sure seems some gorillas do mourn—or don't accept that the individual is dead.
"When an adult female died last year, her three sons stayed with her body for 24 hours," added Ramer, a regional vet manager for the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project who has studied mountain gorillas since the mid-1980s.
"I believe they were sad and confused, which is how I feel when I am mourning."
—Stefan Lovgren
Published May 26, 2011
Family Affair
Photograph courtesy Virunga National Park
Surrounded by relatives in April, Ruzuzi (center) reclines with her baby's body by her side.
Ruzuzi belongs to the Kabirizi family, which is, at 38 individuals, the largest gorilla family in Virunga National Park. Like most Virunga gorillas, she was named after a park ranger slain in the line of duty.
(See "Inside the Gorilla Wars: Rangers on Risking It All.")
The death of a baby may hit gorillas particularly hard, ranger Mburanumwe said. With a long gestation period and a high infant mortality rate, mountain gorillas successfully rear an infant only about every six to eight years.
In the case of Ruzuzi's baby, the cause of death is not known. But accidents to newborn gorillas are common, Mburanumwe said.
"When they're playing, they can kick each other," he said. And a first-time mother like Ruzuzi "doesn't always know how to protect the baby."
(Read more about the Virunga gorillas.)
Published May 26, 2011
Gathering "Like Human Beings"
Photograph courtesy Virunga National Park
Young gorillas and adult females gather around Ruzuzi and her dead baby in an act of apparent sympathy or possibly even ceremony in April. Sometimes, the family members made soft, crying noises, ranger Mburanumwe said.
At times, he said, "it was like they were trying to see if the baby could get up."
Scientists generally resist the temptation to project human emotions on animals.
But watching the gorillas care for the dead baby, Mburanumwe said, he felt it was impossible to not draw similarities with people. "They were like human beings."
(See video: "'Phenomenal' Gorilla Baby Discovery in Congo.")
Published May 26, 2011
Resting Place?
Photograph courtesy Virunga National Park
As another female and her baby sit nearby, Ruzuzi lies next to her dead baby in April.
"Many mother gorillas carry their dead babies for days, but some simply put them down after death," Jan Ramer, the veterinarian, said. "So there is a lot of individual variation."
(Also see "'Spectacular' Gorilla Growth in Congo, Despite War.")
Published May 26, 2011
The Future of Food
Why Food Matters
How do we feed nine billion people by 2050, and how do we do so sustainably?


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lol that was a good one :)
-suddently there came a tapping, tapping at my closet door.
Only this and nothing more.
that considers the above options to be non-factors when considering what kind of guy he's into.
If my past dating/trick history, and Facebook flirting, is any indication, I can only select Asian, hehe.
"People who are happy are slugs... They do not move the human race forward."
-- Camille Paglia, on Oasis
i kinda have high standards. my "type" is sorta someone who is just there. but i was rased to like ppl of my own skin color, sorry if that was offenceive to anyone.
"One joy shatters a thousand greifs" - - - Chineese Proverb


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Welcome To Greystone Group
Greystone Group is an established company based in Cape Town and is active in providing solutions for all the home owner's needs.
At Greystone Group, we go to great lengths to provide a financial solution to meet your needs. Our dedication extends to assisting clients with an adverse credit rating.


text:
An opening week in which only one ranked team lost meant few changes in the first poll of the regular season.
Kansas beat Hofstra 101-65 in its only game and was the runaway No. 1 in The Associated Press' college basketball poll, just as it was in the preseason Top 25. The Jayhawks received 58 first-place votes from the national media panel, three more than in the preseason poll.
Michigan State beat Florida Gulf Coast 97-58 in its opener and was again No. 1 on five ballots to hold second.


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One way to alienate moderate Muslims: deport Cat
Cat Stevens, the pop artist best known for his songs "Wild World" and "Morning Has Broken" in the 1960s and 70s, was detained onboard a flight from London to Washington when US transportation and immigration officials flagged his Muslim name, Yusuf Islam, on a security watch list that tracks known terrorist groups and their followers. He stands accused of associating with one or more of the banned entities on that list, and of providing funds to certain ones (Hamas allegedly among them) known to support terrorism in the Middle East.
As an American-born Muslim of Pakistani heritage and a strong supporter of the Bush administration's essential thesis that it is better to go after the terrorists wherever they hide than to let them migrate to our shores and attack us, I am outraged by the actions of our government in detaining and deporting Mr. Islam. I do not and have never condoned the terrorist activities of Hamas in Israel or anywhere else, nor have I ever supported such groups with a penny of my money.
But Mr. Islam's expulsion from the US shows how ill-equipped the Bush administration still is - three years after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 - to ferret out the real terrorists from the quirkier followers of a religion that is increasingly the target of Islamophobes. For Muslims like me who have worked tirelessly to bring moderate voices forward as our religion is seized by extremists from within and put under siege by Islam's detractors from without, the Yusuf Islam episode is mostly counterproductive because it not only increases the rage in rational segments of Muslim society, it violates the fundamental principles by which America holds itself out as a beacon of freedom and liberty to the rest of the world. We have to be better if we are to hold others accountable for their misdeeds.


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As you know, all of your employees must be able to read and understand your company's policies operating procedures, and related materials. Vital information for employees such as company regulations, explanations of medical benefits, HIPAA regulations, vacation policies, compensation, attendance, employee evaluations, dress code, expected work hours, etc. must be clearly understood by all of your employees, even if their knowledge of English is limited. The best way to insure that your Hispanic workforce to understands your company policies and related health and safety regulations is to have them professionaly translated into Spanish, in a way which conveys the original meaning effectively and accurately without distortion or exclusion of any of the ideas expressed in the original document. Bilingual Communications helps you communicate effectively with your workforce. For a quote to translate your business documents, please contact us at:
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A Harvard University graduate student has been accused of stealing an ambulance and leading police on a high speed chase.
Heather Sullivan, 37, was brought in by the Buffalo Police Department and was being treated for probable intoxication and an injury early Sunday morning, according to the Erie County Medical Center.
"While awaiting medical evaluation, the patient fled the emergency room and drove off in an ambulance," a spokesman for the hospital said in a statement.
The ambulance, owned by Rural Metro, was sitting outside the hospital at the emergency room ramp, unattended, with the keys in the ignition.
Rural Metro spokesman Jay Smith would not comment on whether it was proper protocol to leave the keys in an unattended amublance, but said it was the first time one of their ambulances had been stolen.
"The whole thing is still under investigation. As I think most of the law enforcement community would say, we're just happy no one else was hurt in this event," Smith said.
Buffalo Police say Sullivan began to drive the vehicle at a high speed. Police immediately began to pursue the vehicle. Officers say the ambulance almost struck several pedestrians and vehicles at an intersection and Sullivan eventually lost control of the ambulance, causing it to crash.
Sullivan was arrested and charged with reckless endangerment, grand larceny, criminal possession of a stolen vehicle and other charges, according to a report obtained by ABC Buffalo affiliate WKBW.
"This ambulance is not going to be a drivable resource for us, it's totaled," Smith said. "Ambulances run usually from $80,000 to $100,000. This one ran closer to $100,000."
Sullivan's attorney Paul Cambria said they are starting to do their own investigation into the incident.
Sullivan entered a plea of not guilty in court Monday. Her bail was set at $10,000 and posted for her release.
"There are vastly extenuating circumstances that explain the conduct and we'll get into those a later date," Cambria told ABC News.
Harvard University School of Design, where Sullivan is a graduate student, would not comment on their student's legal trouble, but said they were in communication the office of general counsel.


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International Journal of Endocrinology
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 674069, 9 pages
Effect of GAS6 and AXL Gene Polymorphisms on Adiposity, Systemic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Adolescents
1Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
4School of Public Health Department, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
5Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
6Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
7Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan
Received 18 October 2013; Revised 21 December 2013; Accepted 7 January 2014; Published 18 February 2014
Academic Editor: Yi-Hao Yu
Copyright © 2014 Fone-Ching Hsiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The present study was designed to explore the effects of GAS6 and AXL gene polymorphisms on adiposity, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance in adolescents. After multistage sampling from the data of the Taipei Children Heart Study-III, we collected 358 boys and 369 girls with an average age of 13.3 years. We genotyped the adolescents' GAS6 rs8191973, GAS6 rs8191974, AXL rs4802113, and AXL rs2304232 polymorphisms. Significantly higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and hsCRP levels were found in boys with the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 than A allele carriers; higher IL-6 and insulin levels and increased HOMA-IR were found in boys with the GG genotype of AXL rs2304232 than the A allele carriers. There was a significant difference in hsCRP levels of boys with the TT, TC, and CC genotypes of AXL rs4802113. Boys with both the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191973 and the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 exhibited higher BMI, WC, IL-6, and hsCRP levels than the boys carrying both the C allele of the GAS6 rs8191973 and the A allele of the GAS6 rs8191974. In conclusion, GAS6 and AXL polymorphisms are associated with adiposity, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance in adolescents, especially in boys.
1. Introduction
Childhood obesity is a serious and growing public health problem that has arisen over the past three decades [1]. The increasing occurrence of disorders such as type 2 diabetes during childhood is believed to be a consequence of this obesity epidemic [1]. In addition to several behavioral and dietary risk factors, genetic predisposition is an important factor in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity [2]. It is estimated that 40–70% of adiposity variance can be explained by direct or indirect genetic factors [3].
Growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), cloned in 1988 and characterized in 1993, is a secreted vitamin K-dependent protein present in the human circulatory system [4, 5]. Initially, Gas6 was shown to be upregulated in growth-arrested fibroblasts, suggesting that it plays a protective role in certain cellular stresses such as during apoptosis [6]. Gas6 expression is widespread in many tissues, including immune cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and adipocytes [7–9]. The protein is also a ligand for the TAM (Tyro-3/Axl/Mer) family tyrosine kinase receptor [4]. The Gas6/TAM system has been implicated in cell survival and proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, hemostasis, and inflammatory cytokine release [4, 10].
Recently, the Gas6/TAM pathway was found to be involved in mediating adipocyte survival and proliferation in vitro [11, 12]. Experiments with mice fed a high-fat diet indicated that overexpression of Gas6 might enhance body-fat accumulation [9], but blocking Gas6 signaling using an Axl antagonist could reduce body-fat mass and body weight [13]. Interestingly, transgenic animals that ectopically express the Axl tyrosine kinase receptor also develop progressive obesity with elevated circulating proinflammatory cytokines and severe systemic insulin resistance [14]. This protein-array study also revealed higher levels of Axl mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese humans than their lean control counterparts had. This indicates that the Axl receptor may be involved in the development of human obesity [15]. In addition, some studies in transgenic mice indicate that Gas6/Axl signaling might recruit macrophages and other immune cells into the adipose tissue resulting in the production and secretion of proinflammatory mediators. This suggests that the Gas6/Axl signaling might play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated systemic inflammation [8, 16, 17]. Recent studies have indicated that systemic inflammation, a hallmark of childhood and adult obesity, is a pivotal mechanism linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [18–21].
Although GAS6 gene polymorphisms are reported to be associated with stroke, acute coronary syndrome, and type 2 diabetes [22–24], to our knowledge, both GAS6 and AXL gene polymorphisms associated with childhood obesity have not yet been identified. In order to address this issue, we conducted a community-based study to determine whether common variations in the GAS6 and AXL genes correlate with adiposity, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance among adolescents.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
The Taipei Children Heart Study-III was an epidemiological survey that investigated obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors among adolescents in Taipei City during 2006. The sampling method and results have been previously described [25]. Briefly, the survey included junior high school students in Taipei City to collect a representative distribution of demographic, lifestyle, and biochemical characteristics to measure their risk for cardiovascular disease. After multistage sampling, researchers randomly selected 1283 Taipei adolescents. Those with autoimmune diseases, cancers, or active infection and those taking medications known to interfere with insulin or glucose metabolism were excluded. Excluding any missing data, 727 adolescents (358 boys and 369 girls) were included in the final analyses.
2.2. Data Collection
The institutional review board of the Tri-Service General Hospital approved these studies and obtained informed consent from both parents and adolescents. All the participants completed a structured questionnaire detailing their gender, age, puberty development, and lifestyle characteristics (including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity). Based on their responses, the subjects were divided into young adolescents with history of smoking, those without, and those who currently smoke. The study divided alcohol consumption into 2 categories: present or no consumption. Physical activity was divided into 5 levels based on amount of exercise per week: less than 1 h, 1–3 h, 3–5 h, 5–7 h, and over 7 h. Survey questions concerning puberty onset included the development of the penis/testis and pubic hair for boys and development of breasts and pubic hair for girls. Pubertal status was evaluated according to the Tanner criteria [26].
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
Body weight was measured of barefoot students wearing light indoor clothing and was rounded to the nearest 0.1 kg. Body height was recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the midway point between the inferior margin of the last rib and the crest of the ilium in a horizontal plane and was recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. Hip circumference was measured at its widest point to the nearest 0.1 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
2.4. Analytical Methods
To reduce extraneous variation between subjects, we collected blood samples from the students after 12 h fasting and who had consumed their usual diet for the previous 3 days. Children who had recently attended a holiday or family celebration were contacted for a blood sample several weeks after the event. Biochemical assays were performed within 2 weeks of blood collection and storage at −4°C. Plasma was stored at −70°C until used for biochemical analysis.
Plasma glucose concentrations were determined by the glucose oxidase method by using the Beckman Glucose Analyzer II (Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA). The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) for glucose were 0.6% and 1.5%, respectively. Plasma insulin was measured using a commercial immunoradiometric kit (BioSource Europe, Nivelles, Belgium). The intra- and interassay CVs for insulin were 2.2% and 6.5%, respectively. Serum levels for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured using the Tina-Quant (Latex) high-sensitivity assay (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). The intra- and interassay CVs for hsCRP were 3.7% and 4.9%, respectively. Serum IL-6 concentrations were determined using a human high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Innotest, Besancon, France). The intra- and interassay CVs for IL-6 were 1.5% and 5.3%, respectively. Serum TNF-α was measured with the Biotrak high-sensitivity human ELISA kit from Amersham Biosciences (Buckinghamshire, UK). The intra- and interassay CVs for TNF-α were 3.5% and 5.3%, respectively. All concentrations of the above biochemical variables are the means of 2 samples. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), in which the HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) = fasting insulin (μU/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5 [27].
Gas6 protein concentration was measured using a sandwich ELISA and a polyclonal mouse anti-human Gas6 antibody (R&D Systems, Lille, France) as a catcher and a biotinylated goat antiserum as a detector (R&D Systems), using previously described methods [28]. The technique has been validated by Food and Drug Administration guidelines in a previous study (intra- and interassay CVs of 6.5% and 8.5%, resp.; mean recovery on 10 patients of 97%; lower limit of quantification 0.26 ng/mL) [29].
2.5. DNA Extraction and Genotype Analysis
DNA was isolated from buffy coats using the QIAamp DNA blood kit and following the manufacturer's instruction (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). The qualities of isolated genomic DNAs were quantified using agarose gel electrophoresis, and the quantities were determined using a spectrophotometer. Genotyping was performed using quantitative real-time PCR. The SNP selection and primer design are described in a previous study [30]. SNPs rs8191973 and rs8191974 in GAS6, as well as rs4802113 and rs2304232 in AXL, were genotyped using a TaqMan assay with allele-specific probes on the ABI Prism 7900HT Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) according to the standardized laboratory protocols [24].
2.6. Statistical Methods
Descriptive results of continuous variables were expressed as means ± SD. Prior to statistical analysis, the normal distribution and homogeneity of the variables were evaluated using the Levene test for quality of variance, and the variables were then given a base logarithmic transformation if necessary. The parameters HOMA-IR, triglycerides, hsCRP, IL-6, and TNF-α were analyzed and tested for significance using a log scale. The studied adolescents were categorized into subgroups based on their GAS6 rs8191973 genotype (CC, CG, and GG), GAS6 rs8191974 genotype (GG, GA, and AA), AXL rs4802113 genotype (CC, CT, and TT), and AXL rs2304232 (AA, AG, and GG) with gender specification. The differences between anthropometric and biochemistry data across genotypes were analyzed using a general linear model after adjusting for age, Tanner stages, smoking status, drinking status, and physical activity. Chi-square tests were used to determine the genotype distributions for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and to compare the proportions of abnormal anthropometric and biochemistry variables across genotypes. We tested different genetic inheritance models, and a recessive model was applied in the final analyses for GAS6 and AXL. To determine whether the GAS6 and AXL SNPs are predictors of obesity and obesity-associated complications, logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each genotype and combined genotypes. A two-sided -value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using PASW Statistics 18.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
In total, 727 adolescents (358 boys and 369 girls) were included in this study. The mean age of all adolescents in this study was 13.3 years (range, 12–15) and was similar between boys and girls. In general, boys had higher BMI (22.3 ± 4.0 versus 21.2 ± 3.3 kg/m2), WC (80.0 ± 10.1 versus 75.1 ± 8.1 cm), hsCRP (0.9 ± 1.3 versus 0.6 ± 0.9 mg/L), and glucose levels (93.8 ± 6.3 versus 91.5 ± 6.5 mg/dL) than the girls (all ). However, girls had higher Tanner stages (3.2 ± 0.5 versus 3.0 ± 0.4) than the boys (). There was no statistically significant difference in the ages, TNF-α, IL-6, and insulin levels, and HOMA-IR between the boys and girls.
3.2. Genotype and Allele Frequencies
The genotype frequencies of the 4 polymorphisms are presented in Tables 1–4. All genotype frequencies were found to be within the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequency for the least frequent allele in boys was 12.6, 22.1, 41.9, and 29.7%, and 13.4, 19.6, 32.7, and 33.5% in girls for the GAS6 rs8191973, GAS6 rs8191974, AXL rs4802113, and AXL rs2304232 polymorphisms, respectively. There was no significant difference in allele or genotype distribution between boys and girls at the 4 polymorphisms.
3.3. Association of GAS6 Gene Polymorphisms with Adiposity, Inflammatory Markers, and HOMA-IR
No statistically significant association between anthropometric characteristics, biochemistry data, and the GAS6 rs8191973 genotypes was observed in the boys and girls (Table 1). However, there were significantly different hsCRP levels between GG, GA, and AA genotypes of GAS6 rs8191974 in boys, regardless of their age, Tanner stages, smoking status, drinking status, or physical activity (Table 2). Moreover, boys with the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 had significantly higher BMI, WC, and hsCRP levels than those carrying the A allele. The GAS6 rs819174 genotypes were not significantly associated with any anthropometric characteristics and biochemistry in girls. The -values of all comparisons between anthropometric and biochemistry data across GAS6 genotypes were presented in Supplemental Tables 1 and 2 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/674069.
In addition, the association between circulating Gas6 protein levels and GAS6 polymorphisms was investigated. We found that the GAS6 rs8191973 or rs8191974 genotypes were not significantly associated with circulating Gas6 protein levels in both the sexes.
3.4. Association of AXL Gene Polymorphisms with Adiposity, Inflammatory Markers, and HOMA-IR
There were significantly different hsCRP levels between TT, TC, and CC genotypes of AXL rs4802113 in boys, independent of their age, Tanner stages, smoking status, drinking status, or physical activity (Table 3). In addition, boys with the GG genotype of AXL rs2304232 had significantly higher IL-6 and insulin levels and increased HOMA-IR than those carrying the A allele (Table 4). However, in girls, AXL rs4802113 or rs2304232 polymorphisms were not significantly associated with any anthropometric characteristics or biochemistry (Tables 3 and 4). The -values of all comparisons between anthropometric and biochemistry data across AXL genotypes were presented in Supplemental Tables 3 and 4.
3.5. Association of GAS6 and AXL Gene Polymorphisms with Elevated Adiposity, Inflammatory Markers Levels, and HOMA-IR
Boys with the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191973 were 1.87-fold more likely to have higher hsCRP levels than the C allele carriers. Even after adjusting for age, Tanner stage, smoking status, drinking status, and physical activity, a significant relationship between the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191973 and higher hsCRP levels was still observed in boys (Table 5). Moreover, boys with the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 exhibited a 1.40-fold greater risk for developing high BMI, a 1.58-fold greater risk for developing high WC, and a 2.68-fold greater risk to have higher IL-6 levels than the A allele carriers. Even after adjusting for all possible confounding factors including age, Tanner stage, smoking/drinking status, and physical activity, the relationship between the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191974, higher BMI/WC, and higher IL-6 levels still remained significant in boys. However, the AXL rs4802113 or rs2304232 polymorphisms showed no significant association with abnormal adiposity, inflammatory markers, and HOMA-IR in boys or girls (see Supplemental Table 5).
3.6. Combined Effect of the GAS6 and AXL Polymorphisms on High Adiposity, Inflammatory Marker Levels, and HOMA-IR
Logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate whether the combination of the GAS6 rs8191974 and rs8191973 polymorphisms is a stronger risk factor for high adiposity, inflammatory markers levels, and HOMA-IR than when alone. The combined effects of the 2 GAS6 gene polymorphisms in the risk of high BMI, WC, IL-6, and hsCRP levels are shown in Figure 1. After adjusting for the relevant confounding factors, we still observed that boys with the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191973 and the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 exhibited a 4–7-fold higher risk of high BMI, WC, IL-6, and hsCRP levels than the individuals with both the C allele of the GAS6 rs8191973 and the A allele of the GAS6 rs8191974 did (OR = 4.92, 95% CI: 1.08–23.6, ; OR = 4.18, 95% CI: 1.05–22.5, ; OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 1.06–28.56, ; OR = 7.22, 95% CI: 1.46–35.72, , resp.). However, for girls, there was no statistically significant association between the combination of the GAS6 rs8191974 and rs8191973 polymorphisms and abnormal variables.
In addition, we evaluated the combined effect of the GAS6 rs8191973 or rs8191974 marker with AXL gene polymorphisms and its association with risk of high adiposity, inflammatory marker, and HOMA-IR. However, combinations of GAS6 markers with AXL gene polymorphisms were not found to be significantly associated with any abnormal variables in both boys and girls (data not shown).
4. Discussion
In this study, a strong association between GAS6 and AXL polymorphisms with body adiposity, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance was identified among boys. The risk of possessing high adiposity and inflammatory markers levels was higher in boys carrying the GG genotype with GAS6 rs8191973 or rs8191974 than the noncarriers. Moreover, the combination of both GAS6 polymorphisms had an additive effect on the development of obesity and obesity-associated inflammation in boys. These data strongly suggest that GAS6 and AXL genes play a role in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity and its associated complications.
GAS6 was originally identified as a gene that is expressed in fibroblasts and increases with serum starvation and contact inhibition [6]; Gas6 is also a potential growth factor for fibroblasts [11]. Maquoi and colleagues demonstrated that when fed with a high-fat diet, GAS6-deficient mice had significantly less fat than their wild-type counterparts [9]. The authors also reported the expression of Gas6 and its 3 receptors (Tyro-3, Axl, Mer) in murine adipose tissues, thus suggesting that Gas6 may act in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner to promote murine adipose tissue development [9]. Previous experiments in transgenic mice demonstrate that Gas6 might also induce obesity-associated inflammation via recruiting immune cells into the adipose tissue to producing and secreting proinflammatory cytokines [8, 16, 17]. Our recent clinical study found that circulating Gas6 protein levels are associated with adiposity and inflammatory markers in overweight/obese adolescents [5]. In this study, GAS6 is further implicated as a candidate susceptibility gene for obesity and systemic inflammation. However, the association between GAS6 genotypes and circulating Gas6 protein levels was not observed among adolescents. We hypothesize that GAS6 polymorphisms could affect the biology of the Gas6 protein itself rather than its transcription or process rate, thus influencing adiposity regulation and systemic inflammation. To validate this, further studies regarding the association between Gas6 protein biology and GAS6 polymorphisms are required.
Recent studies demonstrated that Gas6/TAM signaling is involved in releasing inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and hsCRP) in diverse human diseases [23, 31, 32]. In addition, the Gas6/TAM signaling is also known to be involved in several inflammation-related systems, including maturation of immune cells [33], endothelial activation [7], and immunoregulation [34]. Our present study found that the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191973 and the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 are strongly associated with higher circulating IL-6 and hsCRP levels in boys. Therefore, the GAS6 polymorphisms presumably influence Gas6/TAM signaling and could further activate inflammatory reactions and result in releasing circulating IL-6 and hsCRP. However, the comprehensive effects of the GAS6 polymorphisms in regulation of inflammatory cytokines still remain to be determined by more researches.
Interestingly, a previous study found that the A allele or the AA genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 is associated with decreased risk of stroke [22]. Moreover, the A allele and the AA genotype are also thought to be related to a lower risk of developing acute coronary syndrome or type 2 diabetes, suggesting that this genotype exhibits protective activities against developing acute coronary syndrome and type 2 diabetes [23, 24]. We also observed similar results in those with the A allele or AA genotype of GAS6 rs8191974. These subjects exhibited a lower risk for developing obesity and systemic inflammation than those with the GG genotypes. Together, these findings suggest that the GAS6 rs8191974 polymorphisms play an important role in the development of obesity and obesity-associated complications (e.g., type 2 diabetes, cerebrovascular, and cardiovascular diseases). The protective role of the AA genotype of GAS6 rs8191974 against the developing childhood obesity and obesity-associated complications requires further study.
The Axl protein is a membrane-bound receptor that belongs to the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Gas6 and protein S are the known ligands of the TAM receptor family [35]. Axl exhibits the highest affinity for Gas6 as compared to the other members of the TAM family, whereas protein S predominantly binds Mer and Tyro-3 [36]. Gas6/Axl signaling has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and systemic inflammation [13–15]. However, our study demonstrates that AXL polymorphisms are associated with systemic inflammation rather than childhood obesity. Moreover, the combination of GAS6 and AXL gene polymorphisms is not significantly associated with any variables in adiposity among adolescents. Our findings indicated that AXL gene polymorphisms might not play a significant role in childhood obesity. Recently, Scroyen and colleagues [37] have published similar findings indicating that deficiency in a single Axl receptor did not significantly affect adipogenesis or adipose tissue development in mice. This is because an Axl deficiency can be partially compensated by other TAM family members (Tyro-3 and Mer) via Gas6 interaction. Axl may not be the only TAM receptor through which Gas6 could modulate adipogenesis. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of Tyro-3 and Mer receptors on the development of childhood obesity.
In addition, our present study also indicates that gender disparity exists regarding the effects of the GAS6 polymorphisms on anthropometric characteristics and inflammatory markers. We found no significant difference in genotype frequencies between boys and girls; however, the effects of the GAS6 polymorphisms, individually or combined, only manifest in boys. The GAS6 gene contains an estrogen response element in its promoter and is upregulated by estrogen via an activated estrogen receptor in mammary epithelial cells [38]. Moreover, androgen was reported to directly regulate GAS6 transcription via the androgen receptor [39]. Therefore, we hypothesized that the gender-specific effect of the GAS6 polymorphisms on childhood obesity might be due to a disparity in sex hormone distributions. This has been previously reported to be associated with GAS6 expression and body composition [40, 41].
Despite these results, our study does have certain limitations. First, this was a cross-sectional study, as such we might not be able to assess GAS6 polymorphisms on weight dynamics and the development of obesity-associated complications throughout life. Furthermore, longitudinal studies are required to confirm our results. Second, because of the limitations of our questionnaire, we were not able to comprehensively estimate every adolescent's daily intake. The impact of dietary energy intake on genetic susceptibility also requires further investigation to better understand any confounding effect.
In conclusion, we indicate an association between the GAS6 and AXL polymorphisms with adiposity, circulating inflammatory markers, and insulin resistance of adolescents, especially in boys. Moreover, the GG genotype of GAS6 rs8191973 or rs8191974 strongly correlates with susceptibility to develop obesity and systemic inflammation in boys. Nonetheless, these results together with those from studies in cellular and animal models encourage the study of the Gas6/TAM system in childhood obesity and its potential complications and further support the hypothesis that modulation of Gas6 activity may indeed provide an important intervention point for future therapies.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
The authors would like to thank all adolescents, parents, and school staff who participated in this study. This study was supported by a Grant (NSC 102-2314-B-016-044-MY2) from the National Science Council, Grants (TSGH-C100-011-015-S04 and TSGH-C101-006-011-015-S04) from the Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center, and a Grant (100swf02) from the Wan Fang Hospital of the Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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Halloween is just around the corner! Build a nice candy stash and save a little money at the same time with this week's Halloween candy coupons and deals.
Dollar Tree
If you need to round out your selection of candy in your candy bowl or you just want to make sure you have enough, Dollar Tree sells bags or individually wrapped candies for $1.00.
Get $3.00 ECBs wyb $10 of select Hershey's, Nestle or Mars limit 1
$1.50/3 M&M's or Mars Brand Fun Size Candies Bags, exp. 10/31/12 (RP 09/16/12)
Snickers, Milky Way, or Twix Bagged Candy, $1.88
$1.50/3 M&M's or Mars Brand Fun Size Candies Bags, exp. 10/31/12 (RP 09/16/12)
$1.38 each wyb 3 after coupon
Brach's Candy Corn, 4/$5
$1.50/2 Brach's Candy printable
$0.50 each wyb 2 after coupon
Hershey's & Cadbury candy bars 3.5-4.5 oz; Get 750 Balance Rewards wyb 3/$5.00 w/ in-ad coupon
Halloween activity books 3/$1.00 (limit 12 w/in ad coupon)
Halloween pencils or gift bags 8/$1.00 (limit 16 w/in ad coupon)
Smarties, 5 lb bag (approx 250 rolls) $17.96 = less than $.08 per roll
Hershey's Candy Assortment (Hershey's Milk Chocolate, Whoppers, Kit Kat and Reese's Peanut Butter Cups),36.22-Ounce Bag $12.77 = less than 13c per piece
Hershey's Halloween Snack Size Assortment (Heath, Almond Joy, Whoppers & Reese's), 100-Piece, 39.9-Ounce Bags (Pack of 2) $26.35 = 13c per piece
M&Ms Candy Corn White Chocolate Candies, 9.9-Ounce $9.99
Wonka Laffy Taffy Candy (1 lb) $6.75
Be sure to check out Coupons.com, Coupon Network, RedPlum, SmartSource, and SavingStar for any additional printable coupons that you may need!
Don't forget to check out the rest of the store deals I've posted!
Thanks, $aving Toward A Better Life!


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The Telegraph is one of the UK's longest-standing newspaper and has remarkably been involved with delivering daily news online since 1994. The publisher has three apps in all, for iPad, iPhone and Android, with Horner telling TabTimes today that it will 'look' at' creating a tablet-optimized Android app, should demand for such a demand arise in future.
The Telegraph currently offers the iPad version for £9.99 (approximately $15.85) a month and the iPhone and Android phone editions for £1.99 ($3.15) a month. The phone editions can be used for free as part of a one month trial, and a similar trial with the iPad costs 99p ($1.57).
Horner said that The Telegraph has made some significant changes to its iPad app of late, even if he admits that the app has still not been optimized for the high-resolution 2048 x 1536 display of the new iPad. The new changes were introduced in the last weeks, and see The Telegraph now promising to bundle the aforementioned iPhone and Android mobile apps, as well as membership to The Telegraph's Loyalty Club, to those subscribing to the iPad edition. The iPad edition is also free to those who buy the print edition, and Horner is adamant that the decision makes a lot of sense.
"This kind of package can give a son, husband or a whole family access to The Telegraph. So as long as someone in that family has a subscription, we're happy. We want to showcase The Telegraph to a new audience, and it's important that these users see the breadth of our content."
The Telegraph marketing director said that there has been 'huge demand' for puzzles, crosswords and Sudoku on the iPad, but did admit that publishers, like The Telegraph, are 'having to become technology companies' in order to keep up with the rise of tablets, such is the secretive nature of Apple and what the company is doing with the iPad.
Horner added that publishers have now settled on offering 'good content' for around £9.99 a month, and reckons that tablets have changed the print reading experience, but not to the extent where print is going to go away anytime soon.
"You might sit down with the iPad app to get in-depth information, and turn to your iPhone for breaking news, but you'll read the newspaper for the definitive report. The iPad also can't replace that sharing print experience, where you have various family members reading the newspaper or the different supplements."
Horner does however seem realistic about the future of print, even if he does believe that tablets like the iPad act as 'complimentary' reading devices. "We're realistic about print. As a publisher, you have to have digital options, although we know that print is very hard to sustain long-term."


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The Student Bar Association is the student government organization of the Law School.
All students are members of the SBA. SBA is governed by an Executive Board and representatives from each class in the full-time and part-time divisions. Representatives are elected annually. The SBA is an active partner in governing the school and setting school policy. This organization fosters relationships among students, faculty, and administration, conducts programs and interacts with student bar organizations of other law schools.
President: Max Hoff
Day Vice President: Ryan Sander
Evening Vice President: Tara Mondjack
Secretary: Demi Johnson
Treasurer: Lina Abbaoui
4L Evening Representative: Emily McBane
3L Day Representatives: Nathan Forb, Steve McCoy
3L Evening Representative: Mindy Yocum
2L Day Representatives: Jared Buker, Greta Heid
2L Evening Representative: David Pulcheon
1L Day Representatives: Noah Kurucz, Clarissa Smith
1L Evening Representative: Theodore Kelly
At-Large Day Representative: Adam Slone
At-Large Evening Representative: Joel McKinney
President - Ben KleinVP-Day - Brynn SaundersVP-Evening - Heather WorthingtonTreasurer - David MoserSecretary - Nicole ThurnerABA Representative - Joel GlasserActivities Chair - Jen GrantCommunity Service Chair - Ryan HetslerElections Chair - Sabrina SellersCommunication Chair - Demi Johnson Faculty Council Representative - John Ryan2L Evening Representative - Mindy Yocum3L Day Representative - Tommy Saunders3L Day Representative - Lou Steiner3L Evening Representative - Tara MondjackAt-Large Evening Representative - Joel McKinney
Email SBA at email@example.com.
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Day 32
Fantastic prizes up for grabs every day and YOU could win a life changing £100,000!
This is why Amal Clooney is our fashion muse.
Find out what the 'Twilight' actor has given his quirky girlfriend.
Which Oscar-winning actor is the voice of our favourite train?
Celebrations throughout Cornwall on Thursday will celebrate St Piran, the Patron Saint of Cornwall.
Catch up on all of Matt & Caroline's best bits here!
Fantastic prizes up for grabs every day and YOU could win a life changing £100,000!
According to reports David Walliams and model Lara Stone have split up. Find out more here.
The kids are alright! Kendall Jenner, Dylan Brosnan and Lily-Rose Melody Depp are just some of the famous sproglets carving out a name for themselves.
The 'Harry Potter' author's new biography is set to reveal new behind-the-scenes mysteries about the creation of the popular children's book series...
Madonna's dress designer Georgio Armani describes singer as "difficult" when designing THAT damning cape responsible for her BRIT AWARDS fall. Watch!
Discover this season's unmissable TV like Moone Boy, and win Sky TV free for a year
Get a 200% Welcome Bonus. Deposit £10, get £30 to play! T&C's apply.
See this weeks' fantastic deal on your next family holiday. Book NOW!
Find your local four day weather report here.
What's happening on the roads where you are?
Make Heart the soundtrack to your day and you could be a winner with great prizes up for grabs throughout the day.
Check all the latest reports round Cornwall
Find out more about some of the companies advertising on Heart.


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Julio Robaina Has Raised $1.2 Million, More than Ten Other Candidates Combined
Categories: Politicks
The man with the cash. |
Robaina has cashed in $1.2 million -- more than the ten other candidates combined -- and spent $900,000, twice again the spending of his closest competitor.
Robaina's latest reports show that he raised $1,208,855 through last Thursday, just short of three times the cash brought in by the next biggest fund-raiser, Carlos Gimenez's $450,018.
Ex state Rep. Marcello Llorente was a close third with $448,418, and Jose "Pepe" Cancio has booked a surprising $119,305. If our admittedly shaky arithmetic is correct, all ten of the other candidates combined have reported $1.19 million.
Robaina reports spending just over $900,000 of that cash, most of it on consulting and advertising. The biggest recipients: consulting firms Rise Strategies and G&R Strategies and consultant Alfredo Balsera.
As for Uncle Luke: he raised $12,105. Yeah, that's exactly one percent of Robaina's treasure chest -- but that's only going to make the victory party all the sweeter, right?
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A Quadrature Signals Tutorial: Complex, But Not Complicated
Understanding the 'Phasing Method' of Single Sideband Demodulation
Complex Digital Signal Processing in Telecommunications
Introduction to Sound Processing
Introduction of C Programming for DSP Applications
Language: Matlab
Processor: Not Relevant
Submitted by Julius Orion Smith III on Nov 8 2010
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
In the 1980s I wrote the matlab function invfreqz that implements a fast (FFT-based) equation-error method for recursive filter design given samples of the desired frequency response. This method designs causal filters, fitting both the phase and magnitude of the desired (complex) frequency response. As a result, one must be careful about the specified phase response, especially when it doesn't matter! This article gives some pointers on this topic.
The case I see most often is where there are no phase data at all. For example, a filter response may be specified simply as a desired (real) gain at various frequencies, i.e., only the amplitude response is specified. The easiest choice of phase response in this case is zero, but that would correspond to an impulse response that is symmetric about time zero, and causal filters cannot produce any response before time zero. In this case, phase-sensitive filter-design methods such as invfreqz will generally give their best results for minimum phase in place of zero phase. In other words, we need to convert our desired amplitude response to the corresponding minimum-phase frequency response (whose magnitude equals the original desired amplitude response).
A commonly used method for computing the minimum-phase frequency response from its magnitude is the cepstral method. The steps are as follows:
These steps are illustrated by the matlab example below (tested in Octave, version 3.2.4, on Mac OS X). Copy-paste it and give it a try!