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Volume 11 (2011), Article ID 671453, 9 pages
The Role of CD40/CD40 Ligand Interactions in Bone Marrow Granulopoiesis
1Department of Hematology, University of Crete School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1352, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
2Graduate Program "Molecular Basis of Human Disease", University of Crete School of Medicine, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
Received 29 August 2011; Accepted 5 October 2011
Academic Editor: Marco Antonio Cassatella
Copyright © 2011 Irene Mavroudi and Helen A. Papadaki. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD40 are two molecules belonging to the TNF/TNF receptor superfamily, and their role in adaptive immune system has widely been explored. However, the wide range of expression of these molecules on hematopoietic as well as nonhematopoietic cells has revealed multiple functions of the CD40/CD40L interactions on different cell types and processes such as granulopoiesis. CD40 triggering on stromal cells has been documented to enhance the expression of granulopoiesis growth factors such as granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte/monocyte-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and upon disruption of the CD40/CD40L-signaling pathway, as in the case of X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M (IgM) syndrome (XHIGM), it can lead to neutropenia. In chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) of adults, however, under the influence of an inflammatory microenvironment, CD40L plays a role in granulocytic progenitor cell depletion, providing thus a pathogenetic cause of CIN.
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a type II transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, and its gene is located on the q arm of chromosome X [1]. Following activation, it can be upregulated predominantly on CD4+ T-cells and platelets, but also on CD8+ T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells, B-cells, dentritic cells (DCs), monocytes/macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, and endothelial cells [1, 2]. Its receptor, CD40, is a type I transmembrane protein, belonging to the TNF receptor superfamily and is encoded by the gene located on the q arm of chromosome 20 [3]. CD40 is constitutively expressed on normal and leukemic B cells, as well as on monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), DCs, fibroblasts, and adipocytes [1, 4].
The cytoplasmic domain of CD40 lacks intrinsic signaling activity, and upon ligation, it recruits adaptor proteins, namely, the tumour receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) to initiate different downstream signaling pathways resulting in a wide spectrum of cell-type specific actions [5]. The role of CD40-CD40L interactions on adaptive immunity has been extensively studied [6, 7]. Upon ligation, CD40 stimulates B-cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells, germinal center formation, immunoglobulin switching, and somatic hypermutations [8, 9], while it is also involved in the development of thymocytes and differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells [10–13]. Furthermore, CD40-40L interactions play an important role in innate immunity [6, 14], apoptosis [15, 16], inflammtion, and a number of autoimmune diseases [17–20].
The role of CD40-CD40L dyad, however, has not been elucidated in normal granulopoiesis as well as in neutropenia states. In this paper we will highlight the role of CD40L in the development of granulocytic cells.
Granulopoiesis is a complex process in which a large number of granulocytes is formed from a small number of hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that can replicate and differentiate into multilineage-(common myeloid progenitors; CMPs), double-lineage-(granulocyte/macrophage progenitors; GMPs), and unilineage-committed progenitor cells which further multiply and differentiate into functional mature neutrophils [21, 22]. In early granulopoiesis, granulocyte/monocyte-colony-forming units (CFU-GM), which express the CD34+ surface antigen, give rise to granulocyte-colony-forming units (CFU-G), while in the later stages of neutrophil maturation, myeloblasts, being the first morphologically distinguishable cells of granulocytic lineage expressing both CD34 and CD33 antigens, can divide and differentiate into promyelocytes (CD34−/CD33+), myelocytes (CD34−/CD33+), which further differentiate into metamyelocytes, band cells (CD33−/CD15+), and finally neutrophils [23–26].
The whole process is strictly controlled by transcription factors, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (c/EBPα), PU.1, c-Myb, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF-1), c/EBPε [27–30], and growth factors and cytokines like stem-cell factor (SCF), FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L), interleukin(IL)-3, granulocyte/monocyte-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) [31–36]. In vivo, the growth factors that promote granulopoiesis are produced mainly in the bone marrow (BM) stromal microenvironment as indicated from in vitro experiments with long-term BM cultures (LTBMCs), where a stromal layer of adherent cells consisting mostly of fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, and adipocytes can produce constitutively or after stimulation the above mentioned growth factors [37–40].
Among the major regulators of granulopoiesis are the GM-CSF and G-CSF that can act through their receptors on a range of hematopoietic as well as nonhematopoietic cells [41–43]. G-CSF is produced by monocytes and macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-1, IL-3, GM-CSF, TNFα, and interferon (IFN)-γ [44–48]. It controls the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cells along the granulocytic pathway and is necessary for their terminal differentiation to mature neutrophils [49–51]. GM-CSF is produced by macrophages, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stromal cells, which in most cases require stimulation with cytokines, antigens, or inflammatory agents [39, 52–55].
GM-CSF promotes the proliferation and maturation of neutrophils, and macrophages from BM progenitors can interact with other factors, which may elevate or decrease cell growth in the presence of different amounts of the cytokine [35, 36, 56, 57].
As mentioned above, BM stromal cells express constitutively or under stimulation CD40 on their surface, and upon engagement with CD40L and/or other stimuli, they can upregulate the expression of GM-CSF and G-CSF, two of the key regulators of granulopoiesis. It has been demonstrated that CD40 triggering on endothelial cells as well as on SMCs enhances the production of GM-CSF [58, 59]. Endothelial cells and macrophages have also been reported to upregulate IL-1β and IFNγ expression upon CD40 ligation [6, 60–62], which, in turn, act synergistically with CD40L on fibroblasts to induce GM-CSF expression [63]. Consistent with these hypothesis was the observed upregulation of GM-CSF on thymic epithelial cells following activation with IL1, IFNγ, and CD40L [64]. Furthermore, in a recent work from our group, it was demonstrated that CD40 engagement on BM stromal cells from healthy donors resulted in increased levels of both G- and GM-CSF in the supernatants of LTBMCs [65]. In addition, when BM mononuclear cells (BMMCs) obtained from healthy subjects were cocultured with the adherent-cell layer of normal LTBMCs in the presence of CD40L and assessed for clonogenic progenitor cells, the number of granulocytic-colony-forming units (CFU-G) was increased comparing with the untreated cultures [65]. Our data corroborate the granulopoiesis-inducing effect of CD40/CD40L through G- and GM-CSF induction BM stroma.
Flt3-L, which is another hematopoiesis/granulopoiesis-promoting factor that acts on primitive and myeloid-committed hematopoietic cells [66, 67], was shown to be upregulated upon CD40 stimulation on fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stromal cells from LTBMCs. Furthermore, in CD40L-induced cocultures of endothelial cells (ECs) with CD34+ cells, the production of Flt3-L increased the number of clonogenic cells [68]. In the same work, CD40 ligation on all stromal cell types resulted in thrombopoietin (TPO) expression, a regulator of early hematopoiesis [69].
The CD40-CD40L couple is implicated in different types of neutropenia with distinct pathogenetic cause. The X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M (IgM) syndrome (XHIGM) is a rare immunodeficiency disease characterized by normal or elevated serum IgM, reduced levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE, and defective T-cell function. The most common clinical signs are infections, arthritis, and mucosal ulcers. In the majority of patients, the syndrome is due to mutations of the gene encoding for CD40L on chromosome X, and almost 70% of these patients have neutropenia, 45% of whom having chronic neutropenia, without the presence of antineutrophil antibodies [70–72] (Table 1). The etiology of neutropenia in XHIGM is not well known, but it has been hypothesized that abnormal CD40L interactions with stromal cells resulting in ineffective synthesis of granulocyte-inducing growth-factors may have a role. In favor of this hypothesis is the finding that treatment of patients with recombinant G-CSF results in increased or normal levels of neutrophil counts [73, 74].
Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) of adults is an acquired form of neutropenia representing the mild form of the spectrum of BM failure syndromes that are characterized by T-cell and cytokine-mediated suppression of hematopoiesis. The pathogenetic cause of neutropenia is in large due to impaired BM granulopoiesis, and it has been documented defective CFU-G growth potential of BMMCs as well as a lower frequency of CD34+/CD33+ cells which was correlated with Fas overexpression and accelerated Fas-mediated apoptosis within this strictly defined cell compartment [76]. In addition, an inflammatory BM microenvironment with elevated levels of TNFα, IL-1β, TGFβ1, IL-6 as well as IFN-γ and Fas-ligand-producing activated T-lymphocytes has been documented previously in CIN patients [75, 77, 78] (Table 1).
In a recent study of our group, it was demonstrated that CD40 was minimally expressed on normal BM granulocytic progenitor and precursor cells, namely, the CD34+, CD34−/CD33+, and CD34−/CD33−/CD15+ cell subpopulations; however, CD40 was upregulated upon TNFα stimulus in in vitro cultures, and upon ligation with CD40L, it resulted in the increased amount of apoptotic cells in the CD40+ cell compartment compared to untreated cells or TNFα-treated cells [65]. Furthermore, CD40 triggering resulted in Fas expression on these cell populations, which upon stimulation with rhFasL in the presence of both TNFα and CD40L, it resulted in a further increase of apoptotic cells in an additive way. However, when Fas receptor was blocked, CD40L could still initiate apoptosis on granulocytic subpopulations, leading to the assumption that CD40-CD40L interactions can act either directly or indirectly via the Fas-FasL system to induce apoptotic effects on granulocytic progenitor and precursor cells [65]. By evaluating the clonogenic potential of normal and CIN BMMCs under the influence of rhCD40L, it was shown that the number of CFU-G of both groups was decreased although not in a statistically significant way in healthy controls. The prominent decrease of CFU-Gs in CIN patients could be due to increased endogenous TNFα levels in these patients [75] with a subsequent overexpression of CD40 on progenitor and precursor cell surface, rendering those cells more susceptible to the apoptotic effect of CD40 as shown above [65].
Finally, when clonogenic assays were performed with the nonadherent cells of LTBMCs following coculture with the adherent cells of stromal layer of LTBMCs in the presence of CD40L alone, the number of CFU-Gs was increased in the case of normal supernatant cells incubated on normal stromal layer as opposed to the decrease in the CFU-Gs in the case of CIN supernatant cells incubated on CIN stromal layer [65]. However, when the nonadherent cell of LTBMCs of CIN patients were incubated with normal stromal layer in the presence of CD40L alone, the decrease in CFU-Gs previously seen was less (unpublished data). These observations lead to the assumption that CD40L which can be expressed by activated T-lymphocytes present in the BM of CIN patients is a potent effector of granulocytic progenitor cell depletion, resulting in neutropenia, even counterbalancing the beneficial effect of elevated G-CSF found in those patients [75].
The fact that CD40L induces the expression of granulopoiesis-promoting factors such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, and Flt3-L from normal stromal cells leads to the hypothesis that the cytokine could act as a granulopoiesis stimulating molecule under steady state conditions. However, under the influence of an inflammatory microenvironment as in the case of CIN, where there are elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines like TNFα and IFN-γ, which can induce further the expression of CD40 on granulocytic progenitor and precursor cells, CD40L can act as a granulopoiesis-inhibitory molecule due to increased apoptosis of these cell populations. Accordingly, the CD40-CD40L interactions display a dual effect on granulopoiesis (Figure 1).
I. Mavroudi wrote the paper and H. A. Papadaki critically reviewed and revised the paper.
The studies conducted in Professor H. A. Papadaki's laboratory were partly supported by a grant from the University Hospital of Heraklion and Grant no. 09SYN-13-880 of the Greek Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs to H. A. Papadaki.
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text: GALLERIES Jessica Gomes © Getty Images Nicole Trunfio Nicole Trunfio Susan Johnson Susan Johnson Jose Rivera Jose Rivera Talib Kweli Visits MTV's "Sucker Free" - February 20, 2008 Talib Kweli Visits MTV's "Sucker Free" - February 20, 2008 Coming Next OR 0 26 Back to Top ▲ Jessica Gomes Jessica Gomes Jessica Gomes Picture 17 AskMen Editors Share on Facebook Share on Twitter 0 Shares Jessica Gomes is a beautiful model of Singaporean and Portuguese heritage. She is probably best known for her work in the SI Swimsuit Issues, of which she has appeared in six, but can also be heard as the voice of Rick Ross' label, Maybach Music Group. Continue reading Jessica Gomes's profile. Next Page gallery news Comments Show Comments More Like This Promoted Around the Web Special Features

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06/24/2014 UMass Men's Lacrosse 2014 Season-In-ReviewCampaign marked Greg Cannella's 20th as the UMass head coach 02/04/2014 Men's Lacrosse Begins 2014 Season At ArmyMinutemen head to West Point, N.Y., for Saturday, Feb. 8 game at 11 a.m. 2014 - Freshman: Did not compete due to injury. Before UMass: Earned four letters on attack for head coach Derek Wintermans at Terry Fox Secondary School, which competes as part of British Columbia High School Division I ... Helped the squad to a provincial championship as a senior in 2012 and a VIC Championship as a sophomore in 2010 ... Totaled 84 points on 51 goals and 33 assists as a senior ... Produced 320 career points on 212 goals and 108 assists ... Played Box Lacrosse for the Port Coquitlam Saints Junior "A" Team ... Was a first team all-star in the British Columbia Intermediate "A" Box Lacrosse Division ... Named the No. 8 player from Canada during his junior year according to Inside Lacrosse ... Scored five goals in British Columbia's Alumni Cup victory over Team Ontario for the province's first title at the Field Lacrosse Championships on Sept. 7, 2011. Personal: Tyler James Klarner ... Goes by "Ty" ... Son of Steve and Janice Klarner ... Has one brother, Mitch. |
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Hulu Apparently Won't Take on COMMUNITY, Sony Looking Elsewhere
By Jake Kroeger on June 24, 2014
Against the most unlikely odds, our hopes for Community's #sixseasonsandamovie has been kept alive. Through low ratings, Community's creator Dan Harmon being let go for a season, and its recent cancellation, Community and its faithful fan base have lasted this far. Recently, there have been discussions between Sony Pictures Television, the show's distributor, and Hulu as to the possibility of keeping Greendale and its students enrolled via the online streaming giant.
However, talks with Hulu have reportedly been abandoned. Harmon has yet to comment on this new development, but he has stated previously that he's open to the idea of keeping Community alive. Currently, Harmon's busy with his podcast and accompanying documentary Harmontown. The podcast, which regularly records at our very own Nerdmelt Showroom in Los Angeles, had a documentary following them on a nationwide tour. That documentary just premiered at The Los Angeles Film Festival.
Sony Pictures Television is still working towards finding a new home for Community, especially given that they only have until June 30th. (The 30th just so happens to be the contract expiration date for the cast.) Supposedly, there's another "player in the mix" that Sony thinks that might be the answer, but we have a week to see exactly who that is and what will happen. It wouldn't be hard to imagine Community living at any of the online streaming services (Netflix and Amazon come to mind) given how strong of an online following Community has. Even Xbox or Playstation, who are both looking to start producing original content, could be a possibility.
HT: TV Line
Any news on possible Season 3 for Revolution on Netflix or Hulu?
By the vapors of Magmawrath, we shall have our Six seasons & a movie!
(Least I'll hope and pray that we may.) -
Still have hope #SixSeasonsAndAMovie !
With Sony owning both Community and Playstation,I don't see how it wouldn't be renewed.
Doesn't sony own a free streaming video service already?
Sony owns Crackle. Good content. I think season 6 of Community could be a big boost for it.
[…] Dawson Joins the Marvel / Netflix Series – Daredevil [NerdFu] Hulu passes on Community Season 6, but there's "Another Player in the Mix"- [Nerdist] Mr. Freeze may join the Gotham series …. eventually – [Collider] The Leftovers […]
I love this show so much! come on sony!
[…] Television – Noooo! Community's hopes of a pick-up from Hulu, keeping our sixseasonsandamovie dream alive, has crashed. But Sony hasn't given up quite yet. They still claim to have one more possible outlet to explore before the actors' contracts expire at the end of the month. I still have hope, but I won't be caught holding my breath. [Nerdist] […]


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How to Survive a Game of Poker as the Underdog
As a beginner poker player, the chances of you being the underdog are very high. This, of course, is not the best situation. However, there are certain tactics that can help you out.
Creating the right image
Try and pigeonhole yourself as a tight player. Only play very good hands at first, so that with any large bets you present your opponents fold. Once you've made this impression, you can bluff as much as you want and win yourself some small pots.
Choose the right buy-in
Don't choose a buy-in that is too large for you. Your betting will be tainted with fear and you probably won't make the right decisions. However, if you're at such a table, a good move is to convince your opponents that you're not afraid to lose. For example, if you know your opponent won't call, go all-in. This will make the other players more wary.
Playing the fish
If you're the only beginner poker player at the table, your opponents will no doubt underestimate your skill. Play with this assumption and make yourself look worse before taking all their money. The traits of a fish are running after flush draws and holding onto aces. If you discover you always have the ace and suited cards, you can bluff a lot of pots.
Visit PokerSchoolOnline for more betting information and advice or try out your poker skills and some free bets at PokerStars.net.


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Do you teach Maths to people of all ages and all learning backgrounds?Yes, I have experience in teaching Maths to the following: - Maths for Children/ Young people attending school - I tutor Mathematics to pupils from Primary School (KS1 and KS2) to Secondary School (KS3 and KS4) including GCSE Level, as well as GCSE Statistics. - Maths for Parents - I run sessions for parents who are nervous about helping their children with their Maths homework and would like to brush up on their basic Maths skills. - GCSE Maths resits - I provide specialised Maths tuition for GCSE re-sits during the school day and have had several students from local colleges eg SEEVIC College. |
- Home learners - I welcome children who are being home educated and can work alongside parents and children to ensure that the Maths they learn will be relevant and in line with their existing Iearning experience.
- AS Level Maths and A Level mathsI have some availability during the school day for AS Level and A Level Maths students, Core 1, Core 2, Core 3 and Core 4
- Maths for gifted children - I have additional experience in helping "gifted children" to make the most of their natural talents and am happy to work to challenge them above the levels set within the national curriculum.
- Maths for professional exams I have been able to help trainee engineers, trainee teachers and other professionals with the Maths areas of their various exams with great success and am available during the day for those studying for professional qualifications |
- Online tuition - There is also an online tutorial service at "ask a maths question" where, for a small fee, I will give GCSE Maths model answers, explanations and demonstrations on video, to individual homework or coursework questions.
Maths during school holidaysThere are dates and time available for one off or blocks of lessons during the day in the School Summer holidays
Where do you teach the Maths lessons?I teach in the early evenings from my home in Thundersley, near Benfleet in Essex and cover Rayleigh, Leigh, Benfleet, Basildon, Southend, Wickford and surrounding areas. My students come from schools such as King John School Thundersley, Applegate School Benfleet, Belfairs High School Southend, Fitzwimarc School Rayleigh, Sweyne Park School Rayleigh, Our Lady of Ransom Catholic Primary School Rayleigh, the Deanes School Thundersley etc .
Tuition in your own home is available in South East Essex for those pupils, who, for health or other personal reasons, are unable to attend school, at a cost of £30 per hour (plus travel expenses etc.) during school hours. |
Please contact Mrs Sue Comber Private Maths Tutor for more information or a booking form


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1479 schools meeting the following criteria: Technology
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Community College of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Approximate Cost: $13,800.00
Community College of Philadelphia provides an affordable education that prepares you for transfer to a four-year college or university and for your future career. Affordable tuition and opportunities for financial assistance make it easy for you to pursue your goals. With a range of student…
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Florida Institute of Technology
Melbourne, Florida
Approximate Cost: $34,990.00
Founded at the dawn of the Space Race in 1958, Florida Tech is the only independent, technological university in the Southeast. The university is ranked in the top 200 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2013-14, has been named a Barron's Guide "Best…
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Grayson College
Denison, Texas
Approximate Cost: $3,192.00
Grayson College, as the community's college, embraces lifelong learning focused on educational, cultural, social, and public service activities designed to tangibly enrich the individual and our community.
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McNeese State University
Lake Charles, Louisiana
Approximate Cost: $13,205.00
McNeese State University is a public university located in Lake Charles, Louisiana, in the United States. Founded in 1939 as Lake Charles Junior College, it was renamed McNeese Junior College after John McNeese, an early local educator. It adopted its present name in 1970. McNeese is…
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Miami University - Ohio
Oxford, Ohio
Approximate Cost: $29,755.00
Miami is a residential university with faculty who are dedicated to learning and discovery. A liberal education core provides the foundation for the more specialized studies of the majors. Immersing students in both academic and co-curricular experiences has enabled Miami to achieve a top-tier national…
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Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, Mississippi
Approximate Cost: $14,670.00
Mississippi State University, established in 1878, offers bachelor's, master's, educational specialist's and doctoral degree programs. The university is home to more than 19,000 students who hail from every county in Mississippi, all 50 states and 75 countries. Currently, there are more than 750 international students…
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National University
La Jolla, California
Approximate Cost: $11,376.00
Founded in 1971, National University is the second largest private, not for profit institution in California. The University offers more than 100 undergraduate and graduate degrees in the area of business management, engineering,education, media and communications, liberal arts, and healthcare. Our English Language program accepts…
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Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester, New York
Approximate Cost: $35,252.00
Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) is a private, co-ed, four-year school offering Bachelors, Masters and PhD degrees in Art, Crafts, Design, and Graphic Communications; Business, Management, and Communication; Computing and Information Sciences; Engineering and Engineering Technology; Health Sciences; Multidisciplinary; Science, Mathematics, and Imaging Science; Social…
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Slippery Rock University
Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
Approximate Cost: $11,804.00
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Mississippi , Mississippi
Approximate Cost: $12,000.00
StudyMississippi is a consortium of accredited educational institutions in the U.S. State of Mississippi whose purpose is to connect international students and professionals with quality Mississippi education and training. Members include high schools, community colleges, public and private colleges and universities, and professional English language…
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Tidewater Community College
Norfolk, Virginia
Approximate Cost: $8,098.00
Tidewater Community College, also known as "TCC," is a two-year higher education institution in South Hampton Roads with campuses in Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Virginia Beach. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award the associate degree;…
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University of Maine - Pathway Program
Orono, Maine
Approximate Cost: $26,356.00
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Valencia College
Orlando, Florida
Approximate Cost: $9,005.00
As the inaugural winner of the Aspen Prize for Community College Excellence, Valencia is recognized as one of the best colleges in the nation. At Valencia, you'll get a quality education at a price you can afford. We offer the same education as a state…
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Western Washington University
Bellingham, Washington
Approximate Cost: $18,103.00
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Widener University - Pathway Program
Chester, Pennsylvania
Approximate Cost: $34,762.00
California State University-Dominguez Hills
Carson, California
Public University
Approximate Cost: $32,350.00
International Students: 290
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InfoCalifornia State University-East Bay
Hayward, California
Public University
Approximate Cost: $34,932.00
International Students: 1,547
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InfoCalifornia State University-Fresno
Fresno, California
Public University
Approximate Cost: $32,229.00
International Students: 725
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InfoCalifornia State University-Long Beach
Long Beach, California
Public University
Approximate Cost: $34,168.00
International Students: 1,982
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InfoCalifornia State University-Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Public University
Approximate Cost: $32,495.00
International Students: 1,486
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InfoCalifornia State University-Northridge
Northridge, California
Public University
Approximate Cost: $36,040.00
International Students: 2,654
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InfoCalifornia State University-Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Public University
Approximate Cost: $34,587.00
International Students: 680
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InfoCalifornia University of Pennsylvania
California, Pennsylvania
Public University
Approximate Cost: $27,696.00
International Students: 162
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InfoCambridge Institute of Health & Technology
Delray Beach, Florida
Private for-profit University
International Students: 0
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InfoCamden County College
Blackwood, New Jersey
Public University
Approximate Cost: $5,550.00
International Students: 0
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InfoCameron University
Lawton, Oklahoma
Public University
Approximate Cost: $20,748.00
International Students: 517
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InfoCape Cod Community College
West Barnstable, Massachusetts
Public University
Approximate Cost: $9,888.00
International Students: 23
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InfoCape Fear Community College
Wilmington, North Carolina
Public University
Approximate Cost: $9,709.00
International Students: 0
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InfoCapital Area Technical College-Baton Rouge Campus
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Public University
Approximate Cost: $4,264.00
International Students: 0
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InfoCapital Community College
Hartford, Connecticut
Public University
Approximate Cost: $11,780.00
International Students: 32
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InfoCapitol College
Laurel, Maryland
Private not-for-profit University
Approximate Cost: $30,942.00
International Students: 12
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InfoCareer and Technology Education Centers of Licking County
Newark, Ohio
Public University
International Students: 1
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InfoCarl Sandburg College
Galesburg, Illinois
Public University
Approximate Cost: $7,658.00
International Students: 0
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InfoNote: Some of the schools in the InternationalStudent.com School Search database have not reported all of the data we make available. When this is the case, it is indicated by 'N/A' (not applicable).


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Tag: 3 story
Showing results 1-3 of 3
Matt Kindt Shares the Secrets of "3 Story" & "Mind MGMT"
CBR spoke to "Frankenstein, Agent of S.H.A.D.E." writer Matt Kindt about returning to the world of espionage with "Mind MGMT," a new ongoing series from Dark Horse, & his "3 Story" collection.
PRESS RELEASE: Dark Horse and Warner Bros. Bring "3 Story" to the Big Screen
The Crow, Xerxes, Captain America: June 2nd Comic Reel
"The Crow" to fly again soon. "Xerxes" to have his story told. "Captain America's" costume defined. Also, "3 Story" picked up for feature films and Adam Beach joins "Cowboys & Aliens."
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (May 2008) |
Relationships |
Living Apart Together (abbreviation: LAT) is a term to describe couples who have an intimate relationship but live at separate addresses. LAT couples account for around 10% of adults in Britain, a figure which equates to over a quarter of all those not married or cohabiting. Similar figures are recorded for other countries in northern Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden.[1][2] Research suggests similar or even higher rates in southern Europe, although here LAT couples often remain in parental households.[3] In Australia, Canada and the US representative surveys indicate that between 6% and 9% of the adult population has a partner who lives elsewhere.[4][5][6] LAT is also increasingly understood and accepted publicly, is seen by most as good enough for partnering, and subject to the same expectations about commitment and fidelity as marriage or cohabitation.[7]
Some researchers have seen living apart together as a historically new family form. From this perspective LAT couples can pursue both the intimacy of being in a couple and at the same time preserve autonomy.[8] Some LAT couples may even de-prioritize couple relationships and place more importance on friendship.[9] Alternatively, others see LAT as just a 'stage' on the way to possible cohabitation and marriage. In this view LATs are not radical pioneers moving beyond the family, rather they are cautious and conservative, and simply show a lack of commitment.[10] In addition many may simply be modern versions of 'steady' or long term boy/girlfriends.[11] Research using more comprehensive data suggests LAT couples are a heterogeneous social category with varying motivations for living apart.[12] About a third see their relationship as too early for cohabitation, while others are prevented from living together, although they wish to do so, because of constraints like housing costs or (more rarely) job location. Many, however, prefer not to live together even though they have a long term relationship and could do so if they wanted. In practice motivations are often complex, for example one partner might wish to preserve the family home for existing children while the other might welcome autonomous time and space. Sometimes 'preference' can have a defensive motivation, for example the emotional desire to avoid the recurrence of a failed or unpleasant cohabiting relationship. Overall, LAT couples may be 'gladly apart; 'regretfully apart' or, for many, undecided and ambivalent where they experience both advantages and disadvantages.[13]
People living apart from their partner can be found in all age groups, although they are on average younger than cohabiting and married couples.[14] In Britain almost 50% of LAT couples are in the youngest age group (18-24) although significant proportions are found in the 25-55 age group. Non-parents (those without current dependent children) are significantly more likely than parents to live apart from their partner. LAT couples are also found in all socio-economic groups, and in Britain show little difference to the class profile of the population as a whole.
Living apart as a couple is increasingly understood and accepted. By 2006, in Britain, a majority (54 per cent) agreed that "a couple do not need to live together to have a strong relationship", with only 25 per cent disagreeing.[15] By 2000 about one fifth of people aged 16–44 in Britain described 'living together apart' as their 'ideal relationship', compared to over 40 per cent for exclusive marriage and just under 20 per cent for unmarried cohabitation.[16]
Attitudinally, LATs couples themselves resemble cohabitants in a 'young partners' group, as opposed to a more conservative 'older married' majority.[17] Controlling for age LATs appear to be somewhat more liberal than other relationship categories for issues that directly affect them, for example about the effect of independence in relationships. However, for other controversial 'family' issues (like acceptance of same-sex partnership or of single motherhood) being a LAT in itself makes little difference, rather it is the relative traditionality of older married people that stands out compared to generally younger, and more liberal, unmarried cohabitants and LAT couples.
Famous and celebrity couples are often named in the media when discussing LAT. For example, a 2007 Times article [18] names Woody Allen and Mia Farrow (then living either side of Central Park, New York), Margaret Drabble and Michael Holroyd (married 24 years as of 2007, separate homes), Helena Bonham Carter and Tim Burton and their two children (two houses next door to each other in Hampstead, London), and Booker prizewinner Arundhati Roy and husband Pradip Krishen (with separate homes in Delhi, India).
In the 1840s, the famous composer Frédéric Chopin and the female novelist George Sand had an "unusual" relation that would be called LAT nowadays. The LAT relationship between philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) and the feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) is often cited (although was exceptional in that Sartre apparently made other contemporaneous, if temporary, liaisons). It is important to remember, however, that it is not just the rich and famous who live apart together, LAT is common amongst ordinary people in all social groups.
The documentary Two's a Crowd documents a New York couple that was forced to give up a LAT relationship because of the economic downturn of the late 2000s. The film depicts how the couple tries to set up two separate "apartments" within one, after they are forced to move in with each other.[19]


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Funding plans made for Stage Coach/Reche intersectionFive-year plan allocates $1.1 million in future dollars to projectThursday, March 20th, 2014 Issue 12, Volume 18.
"At the communitys request, the intersection of Reche Road and Stage Coach Lane will be improved by adding new turn lanes," said Supervisor Bill Horn. "Originally the $1.12 million in TransNet funding now slated for the intersection had been set aside to improve Fallbrook Street, but with the communitys help we decided that improving the intersection would be the best way to reduce congestion." In November 2004, the countys voters passed an extension of the half-cent TransNet sales tax which is divided between highways, transit, and local streets and roads. The County of San Diego receives approximately $12 million of TransNet revenue each year for local streets and roads. The Regional Transportation Improvement Program (RTIP) is coordinated by the San Diego Association of Governments, which administers the TransNet funding, and the RTIP includes the TransNet Local Street Improvement Program. The county updates its Local Street Improvement Program annually. The RTIP is updated every other year but amended on a quarterly basis. SANDAG is expected to amend the RTIP in April and to adopt its next update in September. The five-year program plan allocates $1,123,000 in future dollars to the Stage Coach Lane and Reche Road intersection. The county plans to spend $260,000 during 2015-16, $53,000 in 2016-17, and $810,000 in 2017-18. The county had not previously included road maintenance in its RTIP expenditures, but the 2014 Local Street Improvement Program allocates $7 million for asphalt concrete overlays between fiscal year 2015-16 and fiscal year 2018-19, including $2,612,000 for roadway maintenance and overlays in the Fifth Supervisorial District. 10 comments
Cut the costs in half by using non-union and non-prevailing wage contractors. $40.00/hr laborer plus $16.00/hr goes into their pension. There would be many a happy man to get just the $30.00/hr- without pension.
@DR DR - Agreed - you have my vote!!
My dear fellow Fallbrookers, here's my "beef" with this story. (And btw I agree with you, DR DR #1.) Remember when this intersection was improved with the addition of the new traffic light a few years ago? Well, WHY was this NEW proposed improvement (turn lanes) mentioned in this article . . . not done already then? Why drag out these improvements? Was it not obvious already THEN -- and it was! -- that this intersection needs these new improvements, i.e., new turn lanes? Of course, it was. Why this stringing along and partitioning out these improvements in segments instead of implementing them at ONE time? Why? Job security, baby. So the real culprit and abuser of power and money are those who plan, organize and approve these changes: our county's board of supervisors! Comment Continued : The comment above was written from the same location.
PS. And you and I PAY for this abuse and misuse of power with our taxes.
I've got a brilliant idea. Why not put the stop signs back in and save 7 figures!
@Lee, yes I remember, and I wondered then, why they didn't put a right turn lane, going east wasn't put in, but a stupid curb, which serves no purpose. @DJ - that would work, but there is always someone with road rage that wouldn't follow the rules, in which one goes on their turn...no my turn, my turn, my turn!!! @DR DR - because Bill Horn is paid by the state, of course - there is NO WAY, he'd cut out the public works (State prevailing wage) from monies, it is paying HIS pension.
Why don't they raise money for the changes by putting in a red light camera on Fallbrook Street and Mission so that I don't have to worried about my child and myself getting slaughtered every morning on the way to work? They could make a boat load of cash on everyone racing down Mission to go through base! I always sit and wait until another car goes before me even after the light turns green. I can't even tell you how many times we would have died over the last 10 years if I didn't do that. It's very scary. Have any of you ever seen a cop there? I never have, but I have called to ask FPD to watch that intersection many, many times. Until they do something, I will not be taking any chances with my life or my little boy's life. As for the issue at hand, I go down Stage Coach and Reche every morning and don't really see a need for an additional lane, at least at my time, 6:45am. Traffic is flowing fine. Spend the $$ on something that will make a difference in this village!
They need to put a sidewalk all the way to Fallbrook St. The Potter kids are forced to walk much too close to the road! I'm glad they're going to put in the turn lanes, but 5 years??? @DJ - I agree! I have driven through that intersection for the last 10 years at school start & stop and there was nowhere near the traffic problem we have now until they put up the light. But it'll never happen.
To Fed-up #7 What is the phone number you called to complain to FPD? As far as I know, Fallbrook doesn't have a police department.
@Old Woman- I called the Fallbrook sheriff dispatch. You know the building on Alvarado where our cops supposedly come from. I've also called the CHP about this before. Any other suggestions as to whom I am supposed to call?
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I did it!
I used up the last three of my EIGHT bananas and I did it all without resorting to a simple smoothie or basic banana bread.
And I gotta say, out of the vegan peanut butter banana whole wheat waffles with pb sauce, the banana coffee cake with brown sugar pecan streusel and these guys, I think these might be my favorite.
Though I did steal the streusel from my banana coffee cake (because it was just that good) – so maybe those two need to be tied.
Either way, I'm happy to have added to my arsenal of recipes to use when I have browning bananas.
These suckers are pretty good on their own, but if you wanna get really fancy, I would suggest adding a glaze…
Cinnamon rolls just kind of need glaze. At first I figured I would forgo it given that I added the streusel topping, but they just didn't look quite right that way.
Those look much better, right?
{whole wheat banana cinnamon rolls with pecan brown sugar streusel} adapted from Cooking Light
makes 12 rolls
- 1 1/2 packages dry yeast (about 3 1/4 teaspoons)
- 3/4 cup warm fat-free milk (100° to 110°)
- 1/4 cup warm water (100° to 110°)
- 1/4 cup butter, softened
- 1/8 cup honey
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 3/4 teaspoons white vinegar
- 1 large egg
- 1 large egg white
- 3 mashed bananas
- 4+ cups white whole wheat flour
- Cooking spray
- 1/4 cup packed brown sugar
- 1 1/2 tablespoons pumpkin pie spice
- 1/8 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1/2 cup pecans, chopped
- 1/2 cup white whole wheat flour
- 1/4 cup packed brown sugar
- 1/4 cup granulated sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon pumpkin pie spice
- 4 tablespoons unsalted butter, cubed and slightly softened
- 3/4 cup powdered sugar, sifted
- 3/4 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 5 teaspoons fat-free milk
- To prepare dough, dissolve yeast in warm milk and 1/4 cup warm water in a large bowl; let stand 5 minutes or until foamy. Add butter and next 5 ingredients (through egg white); stir well. Add mashed bananas stirring until well mixed.
- Add flour, 1 cup at a time, stirring until a soft dough forms. Continue adding flour until dough no longer sticks to your fingers (this can take up to 5 cups).
- Turn dough out onto a floured surface. Knead until smooth and elastic (about 8 minutes); add flour, 1 tablespoon at a time, to prevent dough from sticking to hands (dough will feel sticky but you just don't want it sticking completely to your hands).
- Place dough in a large bowl coated with cooking spray, turning to coat top. Cover and let rise in a warm place (85°), free from drafts, 1 hour or until doubled in size. (Gently press two fingers into dough. If indentation remains, dough has risen enough.)
- Punch dough down; roll into a 16 x 12-inch rectangle on a floured surface. Coat surface of dough with cooking spray.
- To prepare streusel, combine all ingredients together in a bowl, mixing with your hands until crumbly. Store in the refrigerator until ready to top rolls.
- To prepare filling, combine brown sugar, pumpkin pie spice, and cinnamon; sprinkle over dough, leaving a 1/2-inch border.
- Roll up rectangle tightly, starting with a long edge, pressing firmly to eliminate air pockets; pinch seam to seal. Cut the dough into rolls. Place the rolls, cut sides up, in a 13 x 9-inch baking pan coated with cooking spray.
- Cover and let rise 45 minutes or until doubled in size.
- Top risen rolls with streusel.
- Preheat oven to 375°.
- Uncover rolls. Bake at 375° for 20-25 minutes or until lightly browned. Cool in pan on a wire rack.
- To prepare glaze, place powdered sugar and vanilla in a small bowl. Add 5 teaspoons milk, 1 teaspoon at a time, stirring to form a thick glaze. Drizzle glaze evenly over rolls.


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Gym Manjimup
Western Australia > Manjimup Directory > Health and Fitness > Manjimup Gym
Your search returned 1 Manjimup Gym listings
Manjimup Gym
Basic ListingsGym in Manjimup
If you own a business in Manjimup and would like to have your business listed here then add your business to the guide. You can get a Classic Listing where you will be able to feature your business including a photo, opening hours, specials and more in our Manjimup Gym directory.Related terms: Manjimup Gymnasium
Gym in surrounding locations
Bunbury Gym Busselton Gym Margaret River Gym Australind Gym Dunsborough GymBrowse other businesses in Manjimup
Sheds n Homes Manjimup
Phone: (08) 9772 4591 | Location: Unit 2 Corner of Plunket & Rose Streets, Manjimup, WA
Sheds n Homes Manjimup specialise in premium steel kit buildings for a wide range of applications: rural, industrial, residential and equine. With most designs able to be customised, you are sure to find your dream farm shed, barn, stable, machinery shed,
Manjimup Towing Services
Phone: 0400 698 585 | Location: South West Highway, Manjimup, WA
24 hour towing service - Any thing, Any where, Any time!
Hardwoods WA | Middlesex Mill
Phone: (08) 9777 1996 | Location: RMB 212, Middlesex Rd Manjimup, WA, 6258, Manjimup, WA
Middlesex Mill (08) 9777 1996 manufacture an enormous range of timber products for both commercial and residential needs. We have developed an efficient and first rate service for industrial and commercial hardwoods.
See the Gym main category for all Gym business listings.


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David Britto's Mother Faces Life in Prison for Allegedly Helping Her Son Escape to Brazil
David Britto, federal fugitive, has been in Brazil for three weeks and change. |
Contempt of court -- one of the three charges Vieira faces -- carries a maximum sentence of life in prison.
Britto took a flight from Miami to Brasilia, Brazil, on August 24, with a one-way ticket purchased by Vieria the day before at a Pompano Beach travel agency, the documents say.
Not only did Vieira buy the plane ticket in Britto's name, the feds also allege she told Drug Enforcement Administration the next day that she did not help and assist Britto in obtaining or purchasing the plane ticket to Brazil.
Britto, as you may remember, also faces life in prison after being arrested in July for conspiring to possess more than 500 grams of methamphetamine with intent to distribute.
According to Vieira's arrest warrant, filed on September 2, a DEA agent states that Britto's ankle monitor had signaled a "tamper alert" after he cut it off on August 24 -- the same day Britto boarded that flight to Brazil -- but the U.S. Probation Office did not notify the DEA until the next day.
The agent writes that the DEA was notified by U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement "later that afternoon" of August 25 that Britto was scheduled to board a one-way flight from Miami to Brasilia, Brazil, on a TAM Airlines flight.
That day, DEA agents went to the travel agency in Pompano Beach -- Chang Express Travel -- where they found that Vieira had paid cash for Britto's ticket, which was verified from audio/video security footage.
On September 2, federal agents managed to capture Vieira trying to leave the country from JFK International Airport in New York to San Paulo, Brazil.
Vieira was extradited from New York to South Florida on Thursday and will face charges of contempt of court -- which carries the aforementioned maximum sentence of life in prison -- as well as conspiracy to fail to appear before the court and making a false statement, which both carry maximum sentences of five years in prison.
Follow The Pulp on Facebook and on Twitter: @ThePulpBPB. Follow Matthew Hendley on Facebook and on Twitter: @MatthewHendley.
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text: Turmeric for acne is a great natural treatment for many reasons. Not only does it help to reduce bacteria naturally, but it also has the health benefits of possibly strengthening the immune system and reducing toxins in the body that may cause diseases. It is commonly use in Indian cuisine, which is also known for its healthful qualities. Turmeric also adds rich flavor to many dishes.


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What does GLS mean in Unclassified?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand GLS in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Unclassified terminology in particular.
Games Learning Society
Find a translation for GLS in other languages:
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Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"GLS." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 6 Mar. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/1517849>.
GLS also stands for:
- Across Datafile
- Gamboa, Lagman, and Sarte Educational center
- Gay and Lesbian Sierrans
- Gear Lubricant Special
- General Lighting Service
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Meek Mill - Work Feat. Rick Ross (Prod. By Lex Luger)
Work Meek Mill Feat. Rick Ross Produced by Lex Luger
*This sounds like a smash!! Meek we need that full CDQ ASAP
Listen to Work (Prod. By Lex Luger) [Snippet], the latest track from Meek Mill, featuring Rick Ross. The cut dropped on Thursday, March 3rd, 2011. Meek Mill's future brightens with every new release, and Work (Prod. By Lex Luger) [Snippet] certainly isn't an exception. It's a fitting addition to a solid catalogue that Meek Mill has been developing since stepping foot in the game. We're excited to hear more.
Hear more of Meek Mill on Push Bricks, featuring GI The General & Gillie Da Kid. Check out Meek Mill's profile page for the most recent info, news, songs, and mixtapes.
How do y'all feel about this collabo? What do y'all think of this joint?


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I have had my hops in the ground for a little over 2 weeks still no visual growth wondering if its pretty normal or not by the way I'm living in mn and we have been getting some kinda cold weather
Mine that I planted a little over two weeks sprouted yesterday. So with that, and based on other threads about the same issue, I'd guess you are fine to wait another week or two. Plus we had a couple days of hot weather 70+ degrees right before they sprouted. I'm guessing the warm weather helped, so if your weather has been cold it may be delaying them a little. That's just a guess on my part though.
Are we talking plants or rhizomes? Don't let them dry out.
Rhizomes I'm not to worried about them drying out we have been getting a little rain almost every day last week and the ground is pretty moist
I'm about 150 miles north of you and I planted 7 rhizomes about 2.5 weeks ago. Two of my rhizomes sprouted out about a week after planting. Another 3 sprouted at about 2 weeks. The other 2 still have yet to break the surface, but I know they are doing OK since I was curious yesterday and pulled some of the dirt away and found some beautiful sprouts just 1/4 inch beneath the surface. This cooler weather we are having here in the Upper Midwest probably isn't helpful. As long as your rhizomes were healthy when you planted them you should be OK, heck some critter even dug up one of my rhizomes and it was out of the soil for over a day and I stuck it right back in the ground and it is doing OK. I would be patient and once soil temps come up they should take off. Also certain varieties are a little slower than others. BTW, I've got all Cascades.
Ya I pulled a little dirt away and there is shoots just under the surface so hopfully soon ill be seeing some thing above ground soon. Got trellis up ready to rock
All my second years are up. The first year sterlings are just poking out with the exception of one that has buds on the eyes but no sprouts. I figure once we get some 70+ days and decently warm nights they will all shoot up quite rapidly. No worries, they are hardy little suckers.
No worries. I planted my first hops in mid-March and didn't see anything until a week ago. About 4 weeks, I'd estimate. I was a little worried as I thought I had waited for our "cold" Washington weather to pass... and then it proceeded to snow on my hops they day I planted them. Go figure crazy Northwest weather. Anyway, once they sprouted, they grew about 4 inches in less than a week. All is probably well.
Chinook coming up


text:
- Home
- What can I study?
- Postgraduate study
- School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences
- Mathematics
- Taught programmes
- Applied Mathematical Sciences
Applied Mathematical Sciences MSc/Diploma
- Delivery: Full Time, Part Time
- Programme type: Taught Programme
- Study location: Edinburgh
- Entry date: September
Applied Mathematical Sciences offers a clear and relevant gateway into a successful career in business, education or scientific research. The programme arms students with the essential knowledge required by all professional mathematicians working across many disciplines. You will learn to communicate ideas effectively to peers and others, as well as the importance of research, planning and self-motivation.
*Accept your offer before 31st March 2015 and receive our Early Bird Scholarship (10%
tuition fee reduction) No need to apply - the scholarship will be awarded automatically provided you enrol in September 2015. Usual t&c's apply*
Programme duration
Award |
Duration |
MSc |
One year |
Diploma |
9 months |
Also available part-time over 2 to 3 years.
Programme content
Students will take a total of 8 courses, 4 in each of the 1st and 2nd Semesters followed by a 3-month Project in the summer. A typical distribution for this programme is as follows:
Core courses:
- Modelling and Tools;
- Optimization;
- Dynamical Systems;
- Applied Mathematics (recommended);
- Applied Linear Algebra (recommended).
Optional Courses:
- Mathematical Ecology;
- Functional Analysis;
- Numerical Analysis of ODEs;
- Pure Mathematics;
- Statistical Methods;
- Stochastic Simulation;
- Software Engineering Foundations;
- Mathematical Biology and Medicine;
- Partial Differential Equations;
- Numerical Analysis;
- Geometry.
Typical project subjects:
- Pattern Formation of Whole Ecosystems;
- Climate Change Impact;
- Modelling Invasive Tumour Growth;
- Simulation of Granular Flow and Growing Sandpiles;
- Finite Element Discretisation of ODEs and PDEs;
- Domain Decomposition;
- Mathematical Modelling of Crime;
- The Geometry of Point Particles;
- Can we Trust Eigenvalues on a Computer?
More detailed information is available at: http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/maths/courseinfo/index_msc.php
Your career
Entry requirements
Preferably, but not exclusively a First or Second Class Honours degree in a suitable numerate science or engineering subject.
English language requirements
If your first language is not English, or your first degree was not taught in English, we'll need to see evidence of your English language ability. The minimum requirement for English language is IELTS 6.5 or equivalent. We offer a range of English language courses to help you meet the English language requirement prior to starting your masters programme:
- 14 weeks English (for IELTS of 5.5 with no more than one skill at 4.5);
- 10 weeks English (for IELTS of 5.5 with minimum of 5.0 in all skills);
- 6 weeks English (for IELTS 5.5 with minimum of 5.5 in reading & writing and minimum of 5.0 in speaking & listening)
Tuition fees
Status* | Full-time | Part-time |
Scotland / Non-UK EU | £4980 | £2690 |
England/Northern Ireland/Wales | £5880 | £3180 |
Overseas | £13420 | £6970 |
* If you are unsure which category you fall in to, you should complete a fee status enquiry form, which allows us to assess your fees.
Scholarships & bursaries
- Alumni Scholarship Scheme
Heriot-Watt Alumni - Carnegie-Cameron Taught Postgraduate Bursaries
Applicants must be Scottish by birth, have at least one parent born in Scotland or have been continuously resident in Scotland for a period of three years for the purpose of secondary or tertiary education. - Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan
International (Commonwealth citizens) - Department for International Development (DFID) Commonwealth Shared Scholarship Scheme
Commonwealth citizens - East Lothian Educational Trust
Applicants must be a resident of the old county of East Lothian (ie excluding Musselburgh, Wallyford and Whitecraig.) - GoEuro Scholarship Programme
Enrolled students in any academic year - Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship(MACS)
Scholarship for female Bachelor?s, Master?s and PhD students studying Computer Science or a closely related technical field - Google Europe Scholarship for Students with Disabilities(MACS)
- Leverhulme Trade Charities Trust
Restricted to residents of the UK who are a son, daughter, spouse, widow or widower of a commercial traveller, chemist or grocer. - Local Education Authority Awards
Various - MACS Alumni Scholarship(MACS)
- MACS Head of School Scholarship(MACS)
- MACS Postgraduate Scholarships(MACS)
New applicants - Music Scholarships
All students - Part-time Fee Grant (SAAS)
See SAAS residence conditions. - Postgraduate Student Allowance Scheme (SAAS)
EU and UK applicants who meet the SAAS criteria on eligible courses - Rapid Formations Entrepreneur Scholarship Programme
All students except exchange program students - Remission of Fees (families of staff)
Spouses/civil partners and children of members of staff, also retired members of staff of the University - Royal Caledonian Schools Trust
Applicants must be of Scots parentage (conditions apply - see below) - SFC Key Skills Funded Places (MACS)(MACS)
Applicants resident in Scotland who accept an offer for an eligible course - Schlumberger Scholarships for Women in Engineering(MACS)
Women working on their bachelor's or master's degrees in engineering and science - Scotland's Saltire Scholarships
Citizens of Canada, the People's Republic of China, India or USA (2 awards for each country) - Sports Scholarships
All students - Staff Scholarships
Employees of Heriot-Watt University - The Consumer Affairs UK Scholarship Programme
All currently enrolled students - The Muirhead Trust
Scottish, female applicants for science and engineering courses - West Lothian Educational Trust
Individuals must have originated in West Lothian or have lived there for the last 3 years.


text:
Humor is the best excuse for men to travesty themselves without any taboo nor shame. This new trend shows how easy it can be to dress original. It only takes two steps to turn your sport clothes into a dress. This is some comical, gender-free, fashion inspiration for everyone:
This entry was written by Craftsmanship, Fashion, Folk, Gender, Selfies, Styling, Trending, Uncategorized. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on September 20, 2013 at 10:12 am, filed underIt's, after all, not just L.G.B.T. members, but all of Turkey under oppression #direnayol
For further information please see the article in New York Times and the coverage in Hurriyet Daily News.
This entry was written by #OccupyTurkey, Gender, Glam Chaos, Lifestyle, Political glam, Queer, Various. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on July 2, 2013 at 8:40 am, filed underLast but not least, a selection of the recent creative marriage equality profile pics with a P&V addition.
This entry was written by Gender, Lifestyle, Political glam, Queer, Trending. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on April 1, 2013 at 9:42 am, filed underRob Portman and Will Portman: Will Portman has become a national figure in the world of LGBT rights now that his dad, Sen. Rob Portman, has revealed his son's sexuality and completely ditched his anti-gay marriage stance in order to fully support his son.
Dick Cheney and Mary Cheney: Former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney is not only famous for his high-ranking job, but because he is the most prominent conservative with a gay child, his daughter, Mary. Mary, who has worked as an aide to her father and is now the vice president for consumer advocacy at AOL, is married to her longtime partner, Heather Poe.
Matt J. Salmon and Matt R. Salmon: In 2010, it was revealed that former conservative Arizona state Sen. Matt J. Salmon's son, also named Matt, is gay. The younger Matt is now a Republican, like his father, and wants to make progressive changes to his political party.
Barry Goldwater and Ty Ross Goldwater: Former Arizona Sen. Barry Goldwater, who opposed gay rights on several occasions, also had a gay grandson, Ty Ross Goldwater, who came out publicly in 1994.
Alan Keyes and Maya Jeane Marcel-Keyes: Former Republican politician Alan Keyes' youngest daughter, Maya Jeane Marcel-Keyes, came out to her parents in high school and her sexuality became public fodder during her father's 2004 presidential campaign. Marcel-Keyes is now a staunch liberal and LGBT advocate and has even opposed her father's policies.
Sonny Bono and Chaz Bono: Late Republican congressman and music icon Sonny Bono was the father of Chaz Bono, the daughter of Cher, who is also famous for being a transgender icon.
This post, images and text is taken by Rollingout
This entry was written by Gender, Political glam, Research, Things 'n Flings, Various. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on March 22, 2013 at 5:47 pm, filed underA look at 11 (real!) niche dating sites from around the Internet.
This compilation is made by Allison McCann for Bloomberg Businessweek.
Cougar Life 4,000,000 users
the average age of a cougar is 39, while the average cub is 29.
Sudar Daddie 3,000,000 usera
The average Sugar Daddie relationship appears to last four months, as indicated by the gap between users logging off and signing back on.
Beautiful People 750,000 users
6.5 million peole apply for membership each year, only one in eight is accepted.
Farmers Only 250,000 users
The fastest growing number of users by crop crown: wheat. The top state by number of female members who can drive a tractor: Missouri.
Geek2Geek 200,000 users
Top male user interests include video games and computers; females prefer film and fantasy. The site's most active from 2 a.m. to 3.a.m.
Tattoed Singles 1000,000 users
The average number of tattoos per user: 7. The oldest member is 82.
Cupidtino 30,000 users
The first dating site for Apple fans: Users can log on only via Apple products
Purrsonals 15,000 users
The average number of cats per user: two. Users are 70 percent woman and 30per cent man.
Crew Dating 5,000 users
Where pilots and flight attendants go to find love. most dates occur on land.
Waiting Till Marriage 4,000 users
Born-again virgins account for 5 percent to 10 percent of members. The other 90 percent are actually waiting till marriage.
Scientific Singles 3,5000 users
Ninety percent of users are employed as scientists; the other 10 percent are merely hobbyists.
This entry was written by Digitalization, Efficiency, Folk, Gender, Internet, Research, Various. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on March 6, 2013 at 11:49 am, filed underFor the December issue, BULLETT Magazine interviewed sensational Courtney Stodden and her mother. We made the artwork illustrating the article. A year ago Courtney made the headlines with marrying Doug Hutchison at the age of 17. She is quite loud about her religious beliefs, putting an emphasis on God being her only plastic surgeon. While respecting her Christian beliefs (in glitter) we played with her teenager meets woman, playboy looks meets church aesthetics, coming together with her infamous prune lips and her fashion.
This entry was written by Decadence, Ecstatic Surface Design, Gender, Ghetto gold, Glam Chaos, Graphic design, Pinar&Viola, Published, Visual ecstasy. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on December 16, 2012 at 3:37 pm, filed underThis entry was written by Dematerialization, Digitalization, Gender, Internet, Persona, Queer, Various. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on November 14, 2012 at 11:48 am, filed underThis entry was written by Decadence, Fashion, Gender, Glam Chaos, Queer, Subculture, Things 'n Flings, Various. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on November 13, 2012 at 9:55 am, filed underHartjesdagen is an old tradition in Amsterdam. It has existed since the Middle Ages and boasts a history as colorful as its followers. According to local folklore, it was the only day in the medieval calendar when the regular public would hunt wild deer (harts), a sport traditionally reserved for the nobility. The game was then roasted on big barbecues and eaten in the streets. Hartjesdagen developed itself into a type of cross-dressing carnival, where men dressed as women, and women dressed as men. A typical scene was captured in the oil painting entitled Hartjesdag, by the artist Johan Braakensiek in 1926. WWII later interrupted the tradition but it was finally revived in 1997 on the Zeedijk. Hartjesdagen finishes with the crowning of the Queen of Hearts (best cross-dresser).
This entry was written by Amsterdam, Gender, Glam Chaos, Queer. Leave a comment or view the discussion at the permalink.
, posted on August 19, 2012 at 8:48 pm, filed under