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Tobacco |
Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and inhaling the resulting smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases). The practice may have begun as early as 5000–3000 BC.[1] Tobacco was introduced to Eurasia in the late 16th century where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the Western world onwards, but embedded itself in certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus.[2][3]
German scientists identified a link between smoking and lung cancer in the late 1920s, leading to the first anti-smoking campaign in modern history, albeit one truncated by the collapse of the Third Reich at the end of the Second World War.[4] In 1950, British researchers demonstrated a clear relationship between smoking and cancer.[5] Scientific evidence continued to mount in the 1980s, which prompted political action against the practice. Rates of consumption since 1965 in the developed world have either peaked or declined.[6] However, they continue to climb in the developing world.[7]
Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives[8] and then combusted. The resulting smoke is then inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs.[9] The active substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings, which heighten heart rate, alertness,[10] and reaction time.[11] Dopamine and endorphins are released, which are often associated with pleasure.[12] As of 2000, smoking is practiced by approximately 1.22 billion people. In most communities men are more likely to smoke than women,[13] although the gender gap tends to be less pronounced in lower age groups.[14][15]
Many smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood. During the early stages, a combination of perceived pleasure acting as positive reinforcement and desire to respond to social peer pressure may offset the unpleasant symptoms of initial use, which typically include nausea and interrupted sleep patterns. After an individual has smoked for some years, the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms and negative reinforcement become the key motivations to continue.
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Smoking's history dates back to as early as 5000–3000 BC when the agricultural product began to be cultivated in South America; consumption later evolved into burning the plant substance either by accident or with intent of exploring other means of consumption.[1] The practice worked its way into shamanistic rituals.[16] Many ancient civilisations — such as the Babylonians, the Indians, and the Chinese — burnt incense during religious rituals. The practice was later adopted by Christians. Smoking in the Americas probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies of shamans but was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool.[17] The smoking of tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs was used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world.
Eastern North American tribes would carry large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item and would often smoke it in pipes, either in sacred ceremonies or to seal bargains.[18] Adults as well as children enjoyed the practice.[19] It was believed that tobacco was a gift from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke was capable of carrying one's thoughts and prayers to heaven.[20]
Apart from smoking, tobacco had a number of uses as medicine. As a pain killer it was used for earache and toothache and occasionally as a poultice. Smoking was said by the desert Indians to be a cure for colds, especially if the tobacco was mixed with the leaves of the small Desert Sage, Salvia Dorrii, or the root of Indian Balsam or Cough Root, Leptotaenia multifida, the addition of which was thought to be particularly good for asthma and tuberculosis.[21]
In 1612, six years after the settlement of Jamestown, John Rolfe was credited as the first settler to successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco, referred to as "brown gold", reviving the Virginia joint stock company from its failed gold expeditions.[22] In order to meet demands from the Old World, tobacco was grown in succession, quickly depleting the soil. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent, and likewise an expansion of tobacco production.[23] Indentured servitude became the primary labor force up until Bacon's Rebellion, from which the focus turned to slavery.[24] This trend abated following the American revolution as slavery became regarded as unprofitable. However, the practice was revived in 1794 with the invention of the cotton gin.[25]
Frenchman Jean Nicot (from whose name the word nicotine is derived) introduced tobacco to France in 1560, and tobacco then spread to England. The first report of a smoking Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils".[2] Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants that was originally used as a form of medicine.[26] Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what today is modern-day Gambia and Senegal. At the same time caravans from Morocco brought tobacco to the areas around Timbuktu and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by the 1650s.
Soon after its introduction to the Old World, tobacco came under frequent criticism from state and religious leaders. Murad IV, sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1623-40 was among the first to attempt a smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public moral and health. The Chinese emperor Chongzhen issued an edict banning smoking two years before his death and the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. Later, the Manchu of the Qing dynasty, who were originally a tribe of nomadic horse warriors, would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime than that even of neglecting archery". In Edo period Japan, some of the earliest tobacco plantations were scorned by the shogunate as being a threat to the military economy by letting valuable farmland go to waste for the use of a recreational drug instead of being used to plant food crops.[27]
Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral or outright blasphemous. In 1634 the Patriarch of Moscow forbade the sale of tobacco, and sentenced men and women who flouted the ban to have their nostrils slit and their backs flayed. The Western church leader Urban VII likewise condemned smoking on holy places in a papal bull of 1624. Despite some concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were largely ignored. When James I of England, a staunch anti-smoker and the author of a A Counterblaste to Tobacco, tried to curb the new trend by enforcing a 4000% tax increase on tobacco in 1604 it was unsuccessful, as suggested by the presence of around 7,000 tobacco outlets in London by the early 17th century. From this point on for some centuries, several administrations withdrew from efforts at discouragement and instead turned tobacco trade and cultivation into sometimes lucrative government monopolies.[28][29]
By the mid-17th century most major civilisations had been introduced to tobacco smoking and in many cases had already assimilated it into the native culture, despite some continued attempts upon the parts of rulers to eliminate the practice with penalties or fines. Tobacco, both product and plant, followed the major trade routes to major ports and markets, and then on into the hinterlands. The English language term smoking appears to have entered currency in the late 18th century, before which less abbreviated descriptions of the practice such as drinking smoke were also in use.[2]
Growth in the US remained stable until the American Civil War in 1860s, when the primary agricultural workforce shifted from slavery to share cropping. This, along with a change in demand, accompanied the industrialisation of cigarette production as craftsman James Bonsack created a machine in 1881 to partially automate their manufacture.[30]
In Germany, anti-smoking groups, often associated with anti-liquor groups,[31] first published advocacy against the consumption of tobacco in the journal Der Tabakgegner (The Tobacco Opponent) in 1912 and 1932. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden, Germany, published a paper containing formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer–tobacco link. During the Great Depression Adolf Hitler condemned his earlier smoking habit as a waste of money,[32] and later with stronger assertions. This movement was further strengthened with Nazi reproductive policy as women who smoked were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family.[33]
The anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany did not reach across enemy lines during the Second World War, as anti-smoking groups quickly lost popular support. By the end of the Second World War, American cigarette manufacturers quickly reentered the German black market. Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent,[34] and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced.[35] As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States shipped free tobacco to Germany; with 24,000 tons in 1948 and 69,000 tons in 1949.[34] Per capita yearly cigarette consumption in post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963.[4] By the end of the 20th century, anti-smoking campaigns in Germany were unable to exceed the effectiveness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research was described by Robert N. Proctor as "muted".[4]
In 1950, Richard Doll published research in the British Medical Journal showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer.[36] Beginning in December 1952, the magazine Reader's Digest published "Cancer by the Carton", a series of articles that linked smoking with lung cancer.[37]
In 1954, the British Doctors Study, a study of some 40 thousand doctors over 20 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related.[5] In January 1964, the United States Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health likewise began suggesting the relationship between smoking and cancer.
As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco companies claimed contributory negligence as the adverse health effects were previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility. Health authorities sided with these claims up until 1998, from which they reversed their position. The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, originally between the four largest US tobacco companies and the Attorneys General of 46 states, restricted certain types of tobacco advertisement and required payments for health compensation; which later amounted to the largest civil settlement in United States history.[38]
From 1965 to 2006, rates of smoking in the United States declined from 42% to 20.8%.[6] The majority of those who quit were professional, affluent men. Although the per-capita number of smokers decreased, the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. This paradoxical event suggests that those who quit smoked less, while those who continued to smoke moved to smoke more light cigarettes.[39] The trend has been paralleled by many industrialized nations as rates have either leveled-off or declined. In the developing world, however, tobacco consumption continues to rise at 3.4% in 2002.[7] In Africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the West receive much less attention.[40] Today Russia leads as the top consumer of tobacco followed by Indonesia, Laos, Ukraine, Belarus, Greece, Jordan, and China.[41]
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. The genus contains a number of species, however, Nicotiana tabacum is the most commonly grown. Nicotiana rustica follows as second containing higher concentrations of nicotine. These leaves are harvested and cured to allow for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves which can be attributed to sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavors. Before packaging, the tobacco is often combined with other additives in order to: enhance the addictive potency, shift the products pH, or improve the effects of smoke by making it more palatable. In the United States these additives are regulated to 599 substances.[8] The product is then processed, packaged, and shipped to consumer markets. Means of consumption has greatly expanded in scope as new methods of delivering the active substances with fewer by-products have encompassed or are beginning to encompass:
The active substances in tobacco, especially cigarettes, are administered by burning the leaves and inhaling the vaporised gas that results. This quickly and effectively delivers substances into the bloodstream by absorption through the alveoli in the lungs. The lungs contain some 300 million alveoli, which amounts to a surface area of over 70 m2 (about the size of a tennis court). This method is not completely efficient as not all of the smoke will be inhaled, and some amount of the active substances will be lost in the process of combustion, pyrolysis.[9] Pipe and Cigar smoke are not inhaled because of its high alkalinity, which are irritating to the trachea and lungs. However, because of its higher alkalinity (pH 8.5) compared to cigarette smoke (pH 5.3), non-ionised nicotine is more readily absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth.[47] Nicotine absorption from cigar and pipe, however, is much less than that from cigarette smoke.[48]
The inhaled substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings. The cholinergic receptors are often triggered by the naturally occurring neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine and Nicotine express chemical similarities, which allows Nicotine to trigger the receptor as well.[49] These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors takes are located in the central nervous system and at the nerve-muscle junction of skeletal muscles; whose activity increases heart rate, alertness,[10] and faster reaction times.[11] Nicotine acetylcholine stimulation is not directly addictive. However, since dopamine-releasing neurons are abundant on nicotine receptors, dopamine is released.[50] This release of dopamine, which is associated with pleasure, is reinforcing and may also increase working memory.[12][51] Nicotine and cocaine activate similar patterns of neurons, which supports the idea that common substrates among these drugs.[52]
When tobacco is smoked, most of the nicotine is pyrolyzed. However, a dose sufficient to cause mild somatic dependency and mild to strong psychological dependency remains. There is also a formation of harmane (a MAO inhibitor) from the acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke. This may play a role in nicotine addiction, by facilitating a dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens as a response to nicotine stimuli.[53] Using rat studies, withdrawal after repeated exposure to nicotine results in less responsive nucleus accumbens cells, which produce dopamine responsible for reinforcement.[54]
As of 2000, smoking was practised by around 1.22 billion people. At current rates of 'smoker replacement' and market growth, this may reach around 1.9 billion in 2025.[13]
Smoking may be up to five times more prevalent amongst men than women in some communities,[13] although the gender gap usually declines with younger age.[14][15] In some developed countries smoking rates for men have peaked and begun to decline, while for women they continue to climb.[55]
As of 2002, about twenty percent of young teenagers (13–15) smoked worldwide. From which 80,000 to 100,000 children begin smoking every day, roughly half of whom live in Asia. Half of those who begin smoking in adolescent years are projected to go on to smoke for 15 to 20 years.[7]
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that "Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor". Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world.[56] In the developing world, however, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year as of 2002.[7]
The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally,[57] from which 5.4 million are tobacco-attributed,[58] and 4.9 million as of 2007.[59] As of 2002, 70% of the deaths are in developing countries.[59]
Most smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood. Smoking has elements of risk-taking and rebellion, which often appeal to young people. The presence of peers that smoke and media featuring high-status models smoking may also encourage smoking. Because teenagers are influenced more by their peers than by adults, attempts by parents, schools, and health professionals at preventing people from trying cigarettes are often unsuccessful.[61][62]
Children of smoking parents are more likely to smoke than children with non-smoking parents. One study found that parental smoking cessation was associated with less adolescent smoking, except when the other parent currently smoked.[63] A current study tested the relation of adolescent smoking to rules regulating where adults are allowed to smoke in the home. Results showed that restrictive home smoking policies were associated with lower likelihood of trying smoking for both middle and high school students.[64]
Behavioural research generally indicates that teenagers begin their smoking habits due to peer pressure, and cultural influence portrayed by friends. However, one study found that direct pressure to smoke cigarettes played a less significant part in adolescent smoking, with adolescents also reporting low levels of both normative and direct pressure to smoke cigarettes.[65] A similar study suggested that individuals may play a more active role in starting to smoke than has previously been thought and that social processes other than peer pressure also need to be taken into account.[66] Another study's results indicated that peer pressure was significantly associated with smoking behaviour across all age and gender cohorts, but that intrapersonal factors were significantly more important to the smoking behaviour of 12–13 year-old girls than same-age boys. Within the 14–15 year-old age group, one peer pressure variable emerged as a significantly more important predictor of girls' than boys' smoking.[67] It is debated whether peer pressure or self-selection is a greater cause of adolescent smoking.
Psychologists such as Hans Eysenck have developed a personality profile for the typical smoker. Extraversion is the trait that is most associated with smoking, and smokers tend to be sociable, impulsive, risk taking, and excitement seeking individuals.[68] Although personality and social factors may make people likely to smoke, the actual habit is a function of operant conditioning. During the early stages, smoking provides pleasurable sensations (because of its action on the dopamine system) and thus serves as a source of positive reinforcement.
The reasons given by some smokers for this activity have been categorised as addictive smoking, pleasure from smoking, tension reduction/relaxation, social smoking, stimulation, habit/automatism, and handling. There are gender differences in how much each of these reasons contribute, with females more likely than males to cite tension reduction/relaxation, stimulation and social smoking.[69]
Some smokers argue that the depressant effect of smoking allows them to calm their nerves, often allowing for increased concentration. However, according to the Imperial College London, "Nicotine seems to provide both a stimulant and a depressant effect, and it is likely that the effect it has at any time is determined by the mood of the user, the environment and the circumstances of use. Studies have suggested that low doses have a depressant effect, while higher doses have stimulant effect."[70]
A number of studies have established that cigarette sales and smoking follow distinct time-related patterns. For example, cigarette sales in the United States of America have been shown to follow a strongly seasonal pattern, with the high months being the months of summer, and the low months being the winter months.[71]
Similarly, smoking has been shown to follow distinct circadian patterns during the waking day—with the high point usually occurring shortly after waking in the morning, and shortly before going to sleep at night.[72]
In countries where there is a publicly-funded healthcare system, society covers the cost of medical care for smokers who become ill through smoking in the form of increased taxes. Two broad debating positions exist on this front, the "pro-smoking" argument suggesting that heavy smokers generally don't live long enough to develop the costly and chronic illnesses which affect the elderly, reducing society's healthcare burden, and the "anti-smoking" argument suggests that the healthcare burden is increased because smokers get chronic illnesses younger and at a higher rate than the general population. Data on both positions has been contested. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published research in 2002 claiming that the cost of each pack of cigarettes sold in the United States was more than $7 in medical care and lost productivity.[73] The cost may be higher, with another study putting it as high as $41 per pack, most of which however is on the individual and his/her family.[74] This is how one author of that study puts it when he explains the very low cost for others: "The reason the number is low is that for private pensions, Social Security, and Medicare — the biggest factors in calculating costs to society — smoking actually saves money. Smokers die at a younger age and don't draw on the funds they've paid into those systems."[74] Other research demonstrates that premature death caused by smoking may redistribute Social Security income in unexpected ways that affect behavior and reduce the economic well-being of smokers and their dependents.[75]
By contrast, some non-scientific studies, including one conducted by Philip Morris in the Czech Republic called Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic[76] and another by the Cato Institute,[77] support the opposite position. Philip Morris has explicitly apologised for the former study, saying: "The funding and public release of this study which, among other things, detailed purported cost savings to the Czech Republic due to premature deaths of smokers, exhibited terrible judgment as well as a complete and unacceptable disregard of basic human values. For one of our tobacco companies to commission this study was not just a terrible mistake, it was wrong. All of us at Philip Morris, no matter where we work, are extremely sorry for this. No one benefits from the very real, serious and significant diseases caused by smoking."[76]
Between 1970 and 1995, per-capita cigarette consumption in poorer developing countries increased by 67 percent, while it dropped by 10 percent in the richer developed world. Eighty percent of smokers now live in less developed countries. By 2030, the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts that 10 million people a year will die of smoking-related illness, making it the single biggest cause of death worldwide, with the largest increase to be among women. WHO forecasts the 21st century's death rate from smoking to be ten times the 20th century's rate. ("Washingtonian" magazine, December 2007).
Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of Crohn's disease as well as the severity of the course of the disease.[79] It is also the number one cause of bladder cancer. The smoke from tobacco elicits carcinogenic effects on the tissues of the body that are exposed to the smoke.[80]
Tobacco smoke can combine with other carcinogens present within the environment in order to produce elevated degrees of lung cancer.
The World Health Organization estimate that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004[81] and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.[82] Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."[83]
Lung cancer occurs at non-smokers in 3.4 cases per 100 000 population. At people smoking 0.5 packs of cigarettes a day this figure rises to 51.4 per 100 000, 1-2 packs - up to 143.9 per 100 000 and if the intensity of smoking is over 2 packs a day - up to 217.3 per 100,000 population.[citation needed] Tobacco smoke can combine with other carcinogens present within the environment in order to produce elevated degrees of lung cancer.[84]
Rates of smoking have generally levelled-off or declined in the developed world. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults.[85] In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.[86]
Second-hand smoke presents a very real health risk, to which six hundred thousand deaths were attributed in 2004.[87]
Famous smokers of the past used cigarettes or pipes as part of their image, such as Jean Paul Sartre's Gauloises-brand cigarettes; Albert Einstein's, Douglas MacArthur's, Bertrand Russell's, and Bing Crosby's pipes; or the news broadcaster Edward R. Murrow's cigarette. Writers in particular seem to be known for smoking, for example, Cornell Professor Richard Klein[disambiguation needed]'s book Cigarettes are Sublime for the analysis, by this professor of French literature, of the role smoking plays in 19th and 20th century letters. The popular author Kurt Vonnegut addressed his addiction to cigarettes within his novels. British Prime Minister Harold Wilson was well known for smoking a pipe in public as was Winston Churchill for his cigars. Sherlock Holmes, the fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle smoked a pipe, cigarettes, and cigars. The DC Vertigo comic book character, John Constantine, created by Alan Moore, is synonymous with smoking, so much so that the first storyline by Preacher creator, Garth Ennis, centered around John Constantine contracting lung cancer. Professional wrestler James Fullington, while in character as "The Sandman", is a chronic smoker in order to appear "tough".
The problem of smoking at home is particularly difficult for women in many cultures especially Arab cultures where it may not be acceptable for a woman to ask her husband not to smoke at home or in the presence of her children. Studies has shown that pollution levels in door places are higher than levels found on busy roadways, in closed motor garages, and during fire storms. Furthermore, smoke can spread from one room to another, even if doors to the smoking area are closed.[88]
The ceremonial smoking of tobacco, and praying with a sacred pipe, is a prominent part of the religious ceremonies of a number of Native American Nations. Sema, the Anishinaabe word for tobacco, is grown for ceremonial use and considered the ultimate sacred plant since its smoke was believed to carry prayers to the heavens. In most major religions, however, tobacco smoking is not specifically prohibited, although it may be discouraged as an immoral habit. Before the health risks of smoking were identified through controlled study, smoking was considered an immoral habit by certain Christian preachers and social reformers. The founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith, Jr, recorded that on February 27, 1833, he received a revelation which discouraged tobacco use. This "Word of Wisdom" was later accepted as a commandment, and faithful Latter-day Saints abstain completely from tobacco.[89] Jehovah's Witnesses base their stand against smoking on the Bible's command to "clean ourselves of every defilement of flesh" (2 Corinthians 7:1). The Jewish Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (1838–1933) was one of the first Jewish authorities to speak out on smoking. In the Bahá'í Faith, smoking tobacco is discouraged though not forbidden.[90]
On February 27, 2005 the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, took effect. The FCTC is the world's first public health treaty. Countries that sign on as parties agree to a set of common goals, minimum standards for tobacco control policy, and to cooperate in dealing with cross-border challenges such as cigarette smuggling. Currently the WHO declares that 4 billion people will be covered by the treaty, which includes 168 signatories.[91] Among other steps, signatories are to put together legislation that will eliminate secondhand smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport, indoor public places and, as appropriate, other public places.
Many governments have introduced excise taxes on cigarettes in order to reduce the consumption of cigarettes.
In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that each pack of cigarettes sold in the United States costs the nation more than $7 in medical care and lost productivity,[73] around $3400 per year per smoker. Another study by a team of health economists finds the combined price paid by their families and society is about $41 per pack of cigarettes.[92]
Substantial scientific evidence shows that higher cigarette prices result in lower overall cigarette consumption. Most studies indicate that a 10% increase in price will reduce overall cigarette consumption by 3% to 5%. Youth, minorities, and low-income smokers are two to three times more likely to quit or smoke less than other smokers in response to price increases.[93][94] Smoking is often cited as an example of an inelastic good, however, i.e. a large rise in price will only result in a small decrease in consumption.
Many nations have implemented some form of tobacco taxation. As of 1997, Denmark had the highest cigarette tax burden of $4.02 per pack. Taiwan only had a tax burden of $0.62 per pack. The federal government of the United States charges $1.01 per pack.[95]
Cigarette taxes vary widely from state to state in the United States. For example, Missouri has a cigarette tax of only 17 cents per pack, the nation's lowest, while New York has the highest cigarette tax in the U.S.: $4.35 per pack. In Alabama, Illinois, Missouri, New York City, Tennessee, and Virginia, counties and cities may impose an additional limited tax on the price of cigarettes.[96] Sales taxes are also levied on tobacco products in most jurisdictions.
In the United Kingdom, a packet of 20 cigarettes typically costs between £5.22 and £8.00 at 2007 prices, depending on the brand purchased and where the purchase was made.[97] The UK has a significant black market for tobacco, and it has been estimated by the tobacco industry that 27% of cigarette and 68% of handrolling tobacco consumption is non-UK duty paid (NUKDP).[98]
In Australia total taxes account for 62.5% of the final price of a packet of cigarettes (2011 figures). These taxes include federal excise or customs duty, and Goods and Services Tax (Australia) .[99]
In June 1967, the US Federal Communications Commission ruled that programmes broadcast on a television station which discussed smoking and health were insufficient to offset the effects of paid advertisements that were broadcast for five to ten minutes each day. In April 1970, the US Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act banning the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio starting on January 2, 1971.[100]
The Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 expressly prohibited almost all forms of Tobacco advertising in Australia, including the sponsorship of sporting or other cultural events by cigarette brands.
All tobacco advertising and sponsorship on television has been banned within the European Union since 1991 under the Television Without Frontiers Directive (1989).[101] This ban was extended by the Tobacco Advertising Directive, which took effect in July 2005 to cover other forms of media such as the internet, print media, and radio. The directive does not include advertising in cinemas and on billboards or using merchandising – or tobacco sponsorship of cultural and sporting events which are purely local, with participants coming from only one Member State[102] as these fall outside the jurisdiction of the European Commission. However, most member states have transposed the directive with national laws that are wider in scope than the directive and cover local advertising. A 2008 European Commission report concluded that the directive had been successfully transposed into national law in all EU member states, and that these laws were well implemented.[103]
Some countries also impose legal requirements on the packaging of tobacco products. For example in the countries of the European Union, Turkey, Australia[104] and South Africa, cigarette packs must be prominently labeled with the health risks associated with smoking.[105] Canada, Australia, Thailand, Iceland and Brazil have also imposed labels upon cigarette packs warning smokers of the effects, and they include graphic images of the potential health effects of smoking. Cards are also inserted into cigarette packs in Canada. There are sixteen of them, and only one comes in a pack. They explain different methods of quitting smoking. Also, in the United Kingdom, there have been a number of graphic NHS advertisements, one showing a cigarette filled with fatty deposits, as if the cigarette is symbolising the artery of a smoker.
Many countries have a smoking age. In many countries, including the United States, most European Union member states, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, Israel, India, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Australia, it is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors and in the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Denmark and South Africa it is illegal to sell tobacco products to people under the age of 16. On September 1, 2007 the minimum age to buy tobacco products in Germany rose from 16 to 18, as well as in the United Kingdom where on October 1, 2007 it rose from 16 to 18.[106] Underlying such laws is the belief that people should make an informed decision regarding the risks of tobacco use. These laws have a lax enforcement in some nations and states. In China, Turkey, and many other countries usually a child will have little problem buying tobacco products, because they are often told to go to the store to buy tobacco for their parents.
Several countries such as Ireland, Latvia, Estonia, the Netherlands, France, Finland, Norway, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Portugal, Singapore, Italy, Indonesia, India, Lithuania, Chile, Spain, Iceland, United Kingdom, Slovenia, Turkey and Malta have legislated against smoking in public places, often including bars and restaurants. Restaurateurs have been permitted in some jurisdictions to build designated smoking areas (or to prohibit smoking). In the United States, many states prohibit smoking in restaurants, and some also prohibit smoking in bars. In provinces of Canada, smoking is illegal in indoor workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants. As of March 31, 2008 Canada has introduced a smoke-free law ban in all public places, as well as within 10 metres of an entrance to any public place. In Australia, smoke-free laws vary from state to state. Currently, Queensland has completely smoke-free indoor public places (including workplaces, bars, pubs and eateries) as well as patrolled beaches and some outdoor public areas. There are, however, exceptions for designated smoking areas. In Victoria, smoking is restricted in railway stations, bus stops and tram stops as these are public locations where second-hand smoke can affect non-smokers waiting for public transport, and since July 1, 2007 is now extended to all indoor public places. In New Zealand and Brazil, smoking is restricted in enclosed public places including bars, restaurants and pubs. Hong Kong restricted smoking on January 1, 2007 in the workplace, public spaces such as restaurants, karaoke rooms, buildings, and public parks (bars which do not admit minors were exempt until 2009). In Romania smoking is illegal in trains, metro stations, public institutions (except where designated, usually outside) and public transport. In Germany, additionally to smoking bans in public buildings and transports, an anti-smoking ordinance for bars and restaurants was implemented in late 2007. A study by the University of Hamburg (Ahlfeldt and Maennig 2010) demonstrates, that the smoking ban had, if any, only short run impacts on bar and restaurant revenues. In the medium and long run no negative effect was measurable. The results suggest either, that the consumption in bars and restaurants is not affected by smoking bans in the long run, or, that negative revenue impacts by smokers are compensated by increasing revenues through non-smokers.[107]
An indirect public health problem posed by cigarettes is that of accidental fires, usually linked with consumption of alcohol. Numerous fire safe cigarette designs have been proposed, some by tobacco companies themselves, which would extinguish a cigarette left unattended for more than a minute or two, thereby reducing the risk of fire. Among American tobacco companies, some have resisted this idea, while others have embraced it. RJ Reynolds was a leader in making prototypes of these cigarettes in 1983[108] and will make all of their U.S. market cigarettes to be fire-safe by 2010.[109] Phillip Morris is not in active support of it.[110] Lorillard, the US's third largest tobacco company, seems to be ambivalent.[110]
The relationship between tobacco and other drug use has been well-established, however the nature of this association remains unclear. The two main theories are the phenotypic causation (gateway) model and the correlated liabilities model. The causation model argues that smoking is a primary influence on future drug use,[111] while the correlated liabilities model argues that smoking and other drug use are predicated on genetic or environmental factors.[112]
Smoking cessation, referred to as "quitting", is the action leading towards abstinence of tobacco smoking. There are a number of methods such as cold turkey, nicotine replacement therapy, antidepressants, hypnosis, self-help, and support groups.
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text: 14729 SE Royer Rd Status: Off Market MLS#: 12554887 Contact Email this listing Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Calculate Mortgage Print Flyer Get Directions Request a Showing Off Market 14729 Royer Rd, Damascus, OR 97089 is no longer on the market or has been removed from the MLS. Similar to 14729 Royer Rd: Ask an Agent About 14729 Royer Rd * Required fields Send Your Question × Monthly Payment Estimator Price: Down Payment: % Loan Amount: Loan Type: 30 Year Fixed 15 Year Fixed 5/1 ARM Interest Rate: % Est. Tax & Insurance: % ($/mo.) × Email a Listing 14729 Royer Rd, Damascus OR, 97089 From: Name: Email: To: Name: Email: Subject: Message: Take a look at this property I found on portland.UnitedHomeGroup.com: http://portland.unitedhomegroup.com/homes/14729-SE-Royer-Rd/Damascus/OR/97089/26490951/ Send a copy of this message to me Send Email

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Beyonce is almost ready to have children.
In a recent interview with Access Hollywood, the "Best Thing I Never Had" singer reveals a long list of things she wants to do before she turns 40.
"Before I hit the age of 40 I'd love to have some children. I would love to direct. Continue to learn video and maybe by then a short film," Beyonce gushed.
PHOTOS: The Best Looks From Beyonce's Best Thing I Never Had Video
Beyonce is so filled with love that the only thing we can do is wait until she gives birth.
Is it us, or is Beyonce really opening up as of late? That year off did wonders for her, but as of now, it's back to work.
Beyonce Reveals When She Wants To Have Children With Jay-Z!


text: In an effort to promote the development of future concrete industry professionals, the Chicago Chapter of ICRI has established the ICRI Chicago Chapter Scholarship Award. The annual scholarship award is intended to provide financial assistance for undergraduate-level students pursuing course work in fields directly related to concrete construction or repair. Funding for the Scholarship Award is provided through the Chicago Chapter of ICRI. Download the Scholarship Award Application form HERE. Contact Scholarship Committee Chairman Steve Genovese for more information. Our Scholarship Award winners also receive a complimentary student membership to our Organization and therefore have full access to all benefits of ICRI Membership. Please join us in acknowledging these individuals as the future of our industry! 2013 Scholarship Award Winners: Emily Jakubiak - Milwaukee School of Engineering Kailey Lietzke - Milwaukee School of Engineering Congratulations to our Award Winners!


text:
I've searched high and low for a red-orange lipstick for some time. During a random trip to Rite Aid, I decided to give this a shot and boy am I happy I did. The color pigment is amazing and it moisturizes my lips. This will forever be in my makeup arsenal!
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No


text:
Soon after storming Milton Keynes with a double show at The Ritz, Subhumans have yet another extensive list of UK gig dates lined up to thaw you out of winter. From Brighton to Newcastle, they'll be weathering the country's roads to bring you their infectious wail of punk; a way to experience live the volatile tracks we know and love.
And seeing as time flies (but aeroplanes crash), get your tickets now!
- Feb 24 – The Hydrant, Brighton UK
- Feb 25 – Champions, Bournemouth UK
- Feb 26 – The Adam & Eve, Birmingham UK
- Feb 27 – Coroporation, Sheffield UK
- Feb 28 – Trillians, Newcastle UK
- Feb 29 – The Queen Victoria Inn, Derby UK
- Mar 1 – Witchwood, Ashton-Under-Lyne UK
- Mar 2 – The Tivoli, Buckley UK
- Mar 3 – Green Park Tavern, Bath UK
- Mar 4 – The Boston Arms, London UK
All remastered Subhuman records available in the WebShop.


text:
RAGGED Exclusive: Royal Teeth: Down Low in the Big Easy
Straight from the pages of the new issue of RAGGED, we're thrilled to give you an exclusive excerpt from our featured story with Royal Teeth! Be sure to grab the full issue download (for free!) for the rest of the article and more photos with the band. (Full issue download here!)
You can't blame the members of Royal Teeth for beaming a little. In just two short years, the Lafayette/New Orleans band has gone from bedroom acoustic project to full-fledged sound machine, with their heartfelt pop- rock blasting its way through Fox television dramas and Canadian car commercials, and the band themselves playing the infield at U.S. Cellular Field before a Chicago White Sox game. "It's been a mixture of everything you'd imagine. It's flattering and exciting; it's fun but kind of scary and overwhelming at the same time," says singer Gary Larsen. "Nora and I had never been on tour before."
Check that. Co-singer Nora Patterson had never even been in a band before being asked to join Royal Teeth. "We had a previous female singer, but she had to quit the band," Larsen explains. "We were desperate: We had a show coming up, and all of our songs were written to have female vocals. We found Nora on Facebook through some friends."
"I'd been singing for a long time, but had never been in a band before," Patterson says. "I thought it'd be fun, and I didn't really have anything else going on."
Patterson joined Royal Teeth-—Larsen, bassist Joshua Wells, percussionist Josh Hefner, guitarist Stevie Billeaud and singer/multi-instrumentalist Andrew Poe—-in time to participate in the recording of Act Naturally, the debut EP they recorded with Shinedown's Eric Bass. "He said, 'What do you want from your EP, and don't tell me that you want to get signed,'" Larsen says. "We said, 'We want a big record—we're not kidding ourselves, we're writing a pop record, but we want it to have a lot of heart, to be very big and to have a lot of energy.' Those were the basics: good pop music, but with some character that people can connect to."
Bass—-and the band—-delivered. Though its melodies are carefree, Act Naturally is powered by the high-romantic tension of boy–girl drama, punched up with handclaps and soaring on harmony. Patterson takes the lead on a standout cover of The Knife's "Heartbeats," while "My Donna" skips by on tip-tapping percussion ripped from Speaking in Tongues–era Talking Heads. But don't let those alt-press-approved names fool you: this is big music for big tents and big parties.
"When we started playing music, we weren't playing pop at all," Larsen says. "It took some time to figure out what we were happy doing and what we could do together the best. We've all come from so many influences and styles that Royal Teeth really could have ended up becoming anything. This is what felt the most natural."
RAGGED tagged along as Royal Teeth shared some of their favorite hometown New Orleans spots, just in time for the Voodoo Music Experience festival. Those gators are real; so are the smiles.
Was it scary being close to those gators?
Gary Larsen: Yeah, that was scary. I tried to sit on one. The alligator handler was holding one down, and they allowed somebody to come sit on it. But then they walked away, so the handlers were gone. So this guy, the stylist, was sitting on it, and the alligator wasn't moving, so when he got up, I tried to convince Nora to go sit on it.
Nora Patterson: He tried to get me to sit on it, and I got scared, so Gary decided that he was going to sit on it. As soon as the guy got up, and Gary tried to sit on it, the alligator—
Larsen: Death-lunged at my leg! Had it not been for the tape [on its mouth], I'd be missing my leg right now. Those things are powerful. It basically head-butted me in the leg to get away. I felt like I'd just been punched. They're so strong, and they're very intimidating: they've got this crazy hiss. But once the handlers came and put them in the position that they needed to be put in, they didn't really move. They just hung out.
Patterson: They just sit there and hiss at you.
Patterson: Cafe du Monde is definitely a New Orleans tourist spot, but it was really fun.
Larsen: The owner is such a nice guy. He made sure we were taken care of, and he hung out with us and gave us a shout-out on their Facebook. The people there are really nice.
As locals, do you guys ever go to Cafe du Monde?
Patterson: I have a few times. It's a good spot, because it's in the French Quarter, and there's so much to see and do there. If someone's never been to New Orleans, it's definitely a spot you should take them. I'll even go there by myself to get beignets, because they're delicious.
Larsen: It's one of the most-visited spots for a reason. Anytime I have relatives in from out of state, it's one of the first things they say: I need to go to the French Quarter to get some beignets.
(Continued in the new issue of RAGGED…)
posted by Staff


text:
Lil Twist - Wind It (Shut The Club Down) (Prod. By KE)
Wind It (Shut The Club Down) Lil Twist Produced by KE
Official Single from Lil Twist's "The Takeover" (Carte Blanche Edition) Dropping on HNHH Friday!!!
Stream Wind It (Shut The Club Down) (Prod by KE), the newest drop from Lil Twist. The cut was released on Monday, October 25th, 2010. Lil Twist continues to impress with each new leak, and Wind It (Shut The Club Down) (Prod by KE) is no exception. It's strengthens Lil Twist's already impressive body of work, which has seen positive change over the years. We're most definitely anticipating Lil Twist's next offering.
Hear more of Lil Twist on Carte Blanche (Prod by J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League). If you're down, make sure to visit Lil Twist's profile page for the newest info, news, songs, and mixtapes.
Are y'all feeling this one?


text: US Night Vision AL Guardian Dual Function IR Beacon w/ Clip is currently unavailable. We are working with our suppliers to secure additional supply as quickly as possible. If you are looking for a comparable replacement you can receive sooner, please consider the suggestions from our product experts below, or explore other items in the Night Vision Accessories category.


text:
Black Jack Book 5
Posted in Manga Reviews on August 5, 2009 by Johannaby Osamu Tezuka
published by Vertical; $16.95 US
Now that I'm no longer astounded by the sheer medical craziness of this classic series about a rogue doctor, I'm reevaluating why I read these stories. They do, at times, bear signs of age (especially in the treatment of female characters and women's roles; I found book 4 particularly bad in this respect). And the stories have started making winking allusions to being comics — early in this book, characters left at the end of a long string of people say, "We don't even get our faces drawn in" — which tend to annoy instead of amuse me.
Now, that said, they're still wildly imaginative and ridiculously dramatic. As mental popcorn (or maybe caffeinated soda is a better metaphor), a new book is fun to see just what Black Jack will do next to break the laws of anatomy and logic and establish his own brand of justice.
The first story here is remarkably timely in its portrayal of medical bureaucracy ignoring the needs of the patients. A hospital is run by a graduate of a prestigious university who is treated like an emperor. If employees didn't go to that school, they're treated as second class. No one questions the leader, and his decisions ignore patient wishes. In this case, it's a talented young pianist with a growth in his arm. Fancy Doctor says "amputate," which would give the boy no reason to live.
A young doctor at the hospital asks Black Jack for advice in solving this dilemma. He wants to acknowledge the boy's wishes, but he also wants to keep his job and not cross the big boss. Black Jack, as expected, tells the doctor it's not his problem and to make his own decision. (He also kind of rubs in his independent status in that he doesn't have to deal with the politics of a big hospital.) It's only when Black Jack overhears the big man insulting the doctor that saved his life, resulting in the scars on his face, that he becomes interested in assisting, just to show up the blowhard.
That's one of the factors that I suspect keeps people reading about Black Jack: his super-human surgical skills are the only comic-booky thing about him. Otherwise, he's selfish, greedy, and motivated by the kinds of drives you don't normally see in a comic book hero. (Were it created in a later era, I think we'd also see him sleeping around and never calling again.)
As in some other Tezuka works, big issues are tackled in sometimes superficial ways. Does the hospital head learn anything from being shown up? No, he fires the doctor friend of Black Jack's, who's out on the street for finding a better choice. If there any long-term effects, we won't see them, because these are single-chapter stories. Once we hit the common punchline — Black Jack can do things other doctors can't — that's it, move on. Artistically, there's also a conflict, with simple, cartoony people having very detailed insides.
A story about a determined boy (an abacus champion, of all things, and thalidomide baby) given new hands from a corpse is similarly full of contradictory points. A reporter wants to cover the medical miracle, to "give hope to all handicapped children", but Black Jack, who isn't about to help them all, says no, because they'd only be jealous of the kid who got assistance they won't. As he departs, viewers sum him up:
Who was that?
A brilliant surgeon named Black Jack.
A bit of a jerk, though.
Part of the message of these stories seems to be that if you're skilled and determined enough, you will be able to do things others won't. If you're a musical prodigy, and your doctor insults him, you will get your arm back. If you're best at the abacus, you will magically regain your hands. If you're the best surgeon, you can annoy people all you want and they'll still need you. Thinking about the bigger picture — what about other deserving patients? — is foolhardy, because chance means they won't be able to obtain Black Jack's services.
Then again, maybe looking for a message is pointless. Taking things to extremes keeps the readers entertained, even if the result is a mass of contradictions. For example, there's an over-booked hospital owner who kicks his mother out every time he needs an extra bed. She'd been staying with friends, but they're all getting sick of seeing her. When a disaster occurs, Black Jack is given the opportunity to sell her back to the negligent son. This strays from the other stories in that Black Jack acts unselfishly at first, as a force to teach a needed lesson. Since he doesn't use his medical talent, it reads as though it could have been part of a different series with insignificant changes.
The next story is even more uncharacteristic, as a cat gets the better of the doctor, scraping him up (although with his face, it's hard to tell). It's all about the will to live, and how doctors can't make those decisions for patients. I found the Black Jack shown here had more in common with the blowhard of the first story than the independent who showed him up. But that's what happens when collecting stories told over a period of decades — sometimes the comparisons shed new light on interpretation.
Also in this volume is another appearance of the Black Queen, the female doctor who resembles Zephyrus. This story ages particularly badly, as Black Jack forces her into quitting her successful surgery career so she can be with her husband overseas. She is happier that way, but she didn't have the strength herself to make the choice. What old-fashioned rubbish it all is. She even hits on Black Jack, which contradicts the author's supposed message that she needs to remember her true love.
One story suggests that doctors should never give patients a peaceful death, that they should respect life — which sits oddly with Black Jack's tendency to refuse people who want to live who can't pay him. Then again, somehow, they always come through, so maybe the message is that if life is at stake, you'll find enough money to pay even the most outrageous bills.
Some of the stories — an alternate history for Pinoko, a visit to the master swordsmith who keeps Black Jack's scalpels sharp, a bug that infects people with water — I'm not even sure I even understand. Others are simple trials of loyalty, as when Black Jack replaces a criminal's fingers to change his prints, or when he assists a former teacher who's going blind. In the latter story, other doctors want to force out the old man by making him operate to reveal his weakness. That this would sacrifice a patient doesn't seem to matter to anyone. Others — a girl with a cleft palate on the border of a repressive country, a ghost surgery after an airplane crash — are over-the-top melodrama, although they have lovely art that strongly establishes the necessary moods.
I think many of my quibbles are due to the frequency of publication. Vertical has been releasing volumes of the series every two months:
I appreciate getting them out on a relatively timely basis, but for me, more time between the volumes would better suit my reading pattern (and allow me to recover in between). I need to remind myself that if I don't want to read them that quickly, I don't have to. They'll be ready whenever I want another hit of medical insanity. And yet, book 6 is on its way to me, because I just can't quit! The wackiness is just too enjoyable.
9 Comments
This is currently my favorite Manga. I eagerly read every book as it comes in. I think the pace of production is right, I have time to read other stuff in between.
[…] Manga Reviews) Carl Kimlinger on vol. 14 of Baby and Me (ANN) Johanna Draper Carlson on vol. 5 of Black Jack (Comics Worth Reading) Lorena Nava Ruggero on vol. 2 of Bride of the Water God (i heart manga) […]
- Journalista - the news weblog of The Comics Journal » Blog Archive » Aug. 6, 2009: Killing interest
08/06/2009 at 10:41 AM[…] [Review] Black Jack Vol. 5 Link: Johanna Draper Carlson […]
- David
08/06/2009 at 11:23 AMWhen I first start reading Black Jack, I kept thinking that I wish Tezuka had made it an ongoing story rather than a series of short episodes. But now I've realized that the series benefits from reading just 1 or 2 stories in a sitting, rather than trying to make it through a large chunk at once. Somehow I find it works better that way.
[…] can win a complete set of the Black Jack series by designing a cover for an upcoming volume. Wait! It's not hard! Due to the cover […]
[…] has been a good year for English-language Osama Tezuka fans. Vertical is printing his Black Jack series in beautiful editions. DMP published Tezuka's experimental manga, Swallowing the Earth. Frederick […]
[…] values give this a deluxe feel that makes this a good gift choice. Publisher's catalog page Johanna Draper Carlson's review of volume 5 Buy it on […]
[…] Black Jack 5 […]
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text:
Breakfast Burritos
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This recipe was submitted by a reader and has not been tested in our kitchen.
Scrambled eggs, cheese, sausage, bacon, and giardiniera, wrapped in a warmed flour tortilla.
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Serves: 6
Total Time: 20 min
Prep Time: 15 min
Cook Time: 5 min
U.S. | Metric | Conversion chart |
- 6 small sized flour tortillas
- 12 eggs
- 1/1 cup(s) cheddar cheese
- 1/4 pound(s) breakfast sausage, cooked and crumbled
- 1/4 pound(s) bacon, cooked and chopped into bite-size pieces
- 1/4 cup(s) giardiniera
- Beat eggs. Add all other ingredients, except tortillas. Scramble until eggs are cooked and cheese is melted. Meanwhile heat tortillas on a flat pan sprayed with cooking spray. Flip the tortillas once. Place a portion of the egg mixture on each tortilla; fold and serve.
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text:
For Immediate Release
June 16, 2009
Contact: Pam Joseph (419) 995-8284 or Lesley King
Fry (419) 995-8671
Media Alert: Ohio State Lima kicks off Fourth
Annual Kids College
Day camp goes offers a fun, economical educational opportunity
for children entering 6th, 7th and 8th grade
The Ohio State University at Limas
Fourth Annual Kids' College day camp will be going green June 17- 19, 2009.
Workshop sessions will run from 10:00 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Wednesday and Thursday
with group activities all day Friday.
This year's theme focuses on being more
eco-friendly. The workshops reflect the theme and offer hands-on activities
that will engage children in a positive and educational experience. Kids
College is designed for campers going into sixth, seventh or eighth grade in
Autumn 2009.
All media are asked to check-in at the
registration table in the Reed Hall Lobby. The best photo and video
opportunities will be from 10:00-11:30 a.m. or after 1:00 p.m. each day.
For more information, contact the Office of Continuing Education
at (419) 995-8863 or Lynn Trinko at firstname.lastname@example.com.
# # #


text:
HopeBookstore Registered: 31 May 2011 Feedback: 83% positive feedback over the last 12 months Location: UK Visit Store Contact Merchant
83% Positive Feedback *Based on last 12 months ratings Feedback Summary 1 month 6 month 12 month Lifetime Positive % 0% 83% 83% 95% Positive 0 5 20 1109 Neutral 0 0 0 24 Negative 0 1 4 62 Total 0 6 24 1195
Merchant Feedback History Results 1 – 50 (of 1195) Feedback Comment Buyer Date Positive Speedy delivery! Johan1967 09 October 2013 Negative It says Posted 24/09/2013 and I still haven't received the book. It's 7/10/2013 now. Surely the delivery can't take that long? Pimpernel1 07 October 2013 Positive very quick delivery essexgrumpy 07 October 2013 Positive excellent & very quick transaction DeathII 23 September 2013 Positive thank you konception 17 September 2013 Positive Great service and a speedy delivery! Johan1967 16 September 2013 Positive An excellent item - many thanks, A+. buyer571 07 September 2013 Neutral Long time before dispatched but delivery extremely quick, Absolutely perfect item arived, thank you. Wouldn't recommend this seller if you are relying your purchase to arrive eg as a gift. ReniaK 30 August 2013 Positive Item as described, fast delivery. voidfin 27 August 2013 Positive Reasonably priced item and would buy from again. GavLyo 19 August 2013 Positive I thought that the illustrations are better. howardgem 11 August 2013 Positive Thanks very much :-) didyoubook 07 August 2013 Positive All ok lauri82 24 July 2013 Positive item received thanks stevieblue 21 July 2013 Positive Fast delivery, great service Rodders72 20 July 2013 Positive Fast delivery thanks Marso07 09 July 2013 Positive Quick delivery and great item as described. ravensd 29 June 2013 Positive great service thank you STARTREKDAVE 26 June 2013 Positive Very fast delivery. Definitely recommended! steinarp 22 June 2013 Neutral Very quick delivery.i wouldn't say this item was new as it says in the description as the front nd back cover are quite creased.but for what i paid thats fine.again quick service. fizzyade 20 June 2013 Positive great thanks Joodily 20 June 2013 Positive though I did not receive the first copy, as soon as I contacted HopeBookstore they sent me another copy in an excellent condition. I will surely buy again. maria62 18 June 2013 Positive Very happy with purchase thank you brinkburnlad 12 June 2013 Positive quick delivery many thanks caomhain74 06 June 2013 Positive Fantastic. Also their customer service is very helpful and thorough. Amy1980 05 June 2013 Positive They couldn't deliver the book I ordered. They notified me about this and refunded the money without delay. Good service. Macandamug 04 June 2013 Neutral It took twice as long to arrive on what was advertised. Ordered early so it wasn't bad. beagle1982 03 June 2013 Positive Super quick delivery, good condition. Jeanina 26 May 2013 Positive Fine expert26 21 May 2013 Positive great -thanks ste1971 21 May 2013 Positive received in excellent condition litanei 17 May 2013 Positive Thank you very much... it came in perfect condition .... Spycatcher 16 May 2013 Positive Excellent seller. Fast shipping and book was in perfect condition. Thanks a lot for a smooth transaction. Will come back! 666heretic666 11 May 2013 Positive Item as described and arrived within a few days paulpdjh 11 May 2013 Positive Arrived within the time and fully as described. Would recommend seller. KM4444 11 May 2013 Positive very good transaction a+++ pionono 28 April 2013 Positive Thanks very much for this item...very well packed. A+ seller gizzu1974 28 April 2013 Positive Great thanks. starwars66 25 April 2013 Positive Arrived yesterday and was in perfect condition. Thank you very much. nice and quick delivery. Iammoviegeek 25 April 2013 Positive Excellent service, thank you. Podrick 24 April 2013 Positive Excellent service, thank you. LiverpoolLancs 24 April 2013 Positive Took a while to get here, but did get here and was of high quality and competitively priced thanks John jonnieb 22 April 2013 Positive Ten out of ten for a fast delivery service. Highly recommended IrishJason 18 April 2013 Positive Great - many thanks. angusbatey 17 April 2013 Positive Great book, thanks CRGalea 12 April 2013 Positive great seller MusiclandLtdGreece 09 April 2013 Positive It took a little longer than usual to arrive, but the book was packed very safely and arrived in perfect shape. Thanks, would buy from again! hbites 05 April 2013 Positive The book came in a very good condition and eithin the estimated delivery time. I would order from here again in the future:) shannon02 29 March 2013 Positive 12 day delivery VicVic 27 March 2013 Positive Thankyou for an excellent item, A+. buyer571 26 March 2013 Negative I ordered because they advertised 2-3 days for delivery, however this changed to 6-7 days after my money and order had been taken. Took them two and a half days just to process order and a further five days in post. Dissapointing from an indepedent Crasana 26 March 2013 Negative I ordered because they advertised 2-3 days for delivery, however this changed to 6-7 days after my money and order had been taken. Took them two and a half days just to process order and a further five days in post. Dissapointing from an indepedent Antemo 26 March 2013


text:
Remarks of John Murphy, Pennsylvania coordinator of the 2004 Ralph Nader campaign, at the kickoff rally for the Voter's Choice Act
or, how Pennsylvania's egregious ballot access laws were used by the Democratic party to destroy the 2004 Nader campaign
Harrisburg State Capitol
September 24, 2005
Ladies and gentlemen there are two ways you can destroy democracy. One way is by preventing people from voting, the other is by preventing worthy candidates from ever appearing on the ballot. In the 2004 presidential elections the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania chose the second method by using our already egregious ballot access laws in such a way that can only be called political profiling.
Here in Pennsylvania, the Democratic Party sued the Nader campaign in twelve separate courts simultaneously in their efforts to prevent Pennsylvania citizens from voting for the candidate of their choice. This indicates the magnitude of the effort to thwart the democratic process in Pennsylvania. Not just one lawsuit in one court but twelve suits in twelve separate courts simultaneously! The greater the level of the challenge, the more havoc that can be created! The very basis by which we aspire as a democratic nation to put people on the election ballot has now been turned into the very basis by which we have kept someone off the ballot! When the kind and magnitude of resources which the Democratic Party marshaled in Pennsylvania are designed to keep someone off the ballot, the very magnitude of that effort itself indicates that, under any conception of a democratic system, it is that very person who should be on the ballot.
Consider what actually happened in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania law required that Ralph Nader obtain nearly 27,000 signatures but unlike the 2000 election Mr. Nader had no organization in place like the Green Party to help him. The Nader campaign hired a contractor who would be able to organize the signature gathering process. This contractor then placed an ad in the newspaper announcing that people were needed to gather signatures for Mr. Nader's petition and that a fee of one dollar per signature would be paid for this job.
When the people who were engaged to perform this function began to turn in the petitions, the Nader workers noticed that the signatures were obviously forged. (It could be seen that maybe three or four people simply passed these petitions back-and-forth to one another copying names directly from the phone book.) While many of these petitions were pulled, nevertheless many still went undetected because of insufficient time for examination. When these petitions were brought to the attention of Mr. Nader's attorney in open court they were voluntarily removed.
As the law suits were unfolding one of the Nader campaign workers parked his car in the street outside of Nader headquarters. His car was clearly identifiable as belonging to a Nader supporter by displaying a number of Nader bumper stickers. A person who is now unidentified pulled up next to the Nader worker and asked if indeed he was with the Nader campaign. When he responded "yes" this unidentified driver then said to him, "you know what happened to you here in Philadelphia don't you". The Nader worker said "no, what". He was then told that "you people were paying a dollar per valid signature but the mayor's office is paying two dollars to forge each name". "Now we got you" he said, "now you're going to have to go into court, present these signatures and you'll have to claim that they are valid and since you didn't pay us for them, now we're going to sue you because they're invalid".
A law firm working for the Democratic Party even engaged a computer scientist to compose a proprietary piece of software just in order to examine Mr. Nader's petitions! They then went about the process of challenging 35,000 of Nader's signatures. When you challenge 35,000 signatures you overwhelm the system. It is unheard of for anyone to engage a computer scientist to develop a piece of proprietary software specifically to keep someone off the ballot. No such challenges were made to the Green Party candidate's signatures since he was not perceived as a threat by the Democrats.
When one of the major political parties commits those kinds of resources specifically for the purpose of removing an independent candidate it is incontestably an effort to destroy the democratic election process. This is precisely what Mr. Terry McAuliffe, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, promised and precisely what he delivered. The Democratic Party successfully ended free elections not only in Pennsylvania but across the nation by fulfilling their promise to dry up Mr. Nader's funds through a series of legal maneuvers that would prevent the candidate from ever getting his message to the people of Pennsylvania and any other state.
These efforts to destroy the democratic election process could have happened only under a set of ballot access laws which required such an extraordinary burden of collecting 27,000 signatures while the candidates from the major political parties had no signature requirements at all! Imagine the ease of destroying our democracy in Pennsylvania next year when statewide candidates will be required to get over 67,000 signatures on their nominating petitions!
When eleven lawyers show up in a courtroom in order to keep a candidate off the ballot, that is proof positive that you have matched the statutory requirements to be a nonfrivolous candidate with community support which is what ballot access laws were really intended to ensure!
In all, 32,681 signatures were rejected. Nader's campaign was only short 6,879 valid signatures. In the final analysis however only 1.4% of the signatures were rejected as forgeries! The other signatures were all rejected because of poor handwriting, or because a husband filled in the address for both he and his wife or because they forgot to include their middle initial or they signed their name as William Smith then printed it as Bill Smith or forgot to include the date!
There is a question that begs to be answered. "Is the ballot access system in Pennsylvania a process that truly protects the interests of Pennsylvania voters?"
As a result of the 2004 election we now have a model. All we have to do is engage the archaic and burdensome ballot access laws and challenge the legitimacy of every signature on any conceivable basis with potentially dozens of lawsuits. It is not even necessary to win the suits. We can successfully destroy any challenge from any "third party" or Independent candidate by completely draining their resources and make it impossible for them to deliver their message to the people. The burdensome and archaic ballot access laws in Pennsylvania which encourage this kind of discrimination and political chicanery against "third party" and independent candidates must come to an end.


text:
- Filed Under
The 25th annual Taste of Mississippi: Homegrown Hunger Relief event will bring together dozens of Mississippi chefs and fine restaurateurs to share their culinary favorites on Monday, March 26, 2012, at 7 p.m. at Highland Village. The event has been a Jackson-area favorite for two decades and was recently named a Top 20 Event by the Southeast Tourism Society.
This years Taste of Mississippi event will offer samplings from several of the metro areas finest restaurants; a live and silent auction featuring local artwork, dinners and merchandise; and live music.
Were very fortunate that during this tough economic time, there are still many Mississippians who are willing to share with the underprivileged people in our area, said the Rev. Frank Spencer, Executive Director of Stewpot Community Services. This is the largest annual fundraiser for Stewpot, and we are delighted to be celebrating more than two decades of generosity from our supporters.
Last year, Taste of Mississippi raised more than $100,000 to fight homelessness and hunger in the Jackson area.
The money we raise through Taste of Mississippi is a critical part of our ability to perform our 17 different ministries throughout the year, said Spencer. We cant say thank you enough to those who contribute.
Started in 1981 by Jackson churches and the Jewish Synagogue, Stewpot Community Services provides assistance at no charge to central Jackson residents who are in need of food, shelter, clothing, love and encouragement. Headquartered in the Central Urban Ministry Center at 1100 West Capitol Street, Stewpot has grown to encompass 17 programs and is supported through volunteers and funds by more than 100 congregations and hundreds of individuals and businesses.
In 2011, Stewpot served more than 238,000 people in its Jackson Stewpot Kitchen and its Meals on Wheels program, or through one of the three Stewpot shelters.
Tickets for this years event are $65 in advance and $80 at the door. Tickets can be purchased through the Taste of Mississippi website, tasteofms.org, or by calling Stewpot at 601.353.2759.


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Have your wedding ceremony by the sea shore, within a totally romantic ambience, the Caribbean Style …
Type of Ceremonies
Weddings by Riu celebrates three different types of ceremonies: Civil, Symbolic & Renewal of Vows.
- Civil ceremonies: Are performed by an official Judge in Spanish, his speech is translated from the On-Site Wedding Coordinator, are legally recognized. Paperwork is required. The newlyweds will receive a legal marriage certificate in Spanish Language.
- Important:
Civil weddings are legally recognized in the country where they are performed. We recommend you to contact your respective Embassy or Consulate in order to get the complete information regarding the procedure that you'll have to follow in order to legalize your Marriage Certificate in your home country. *Riu Hotels and Resorts is not responsible for this legal procedure.
Please note that the Judge officially works from Monday to Friday. On Saturdays he charges $150.00 USD over the regular Riu Wedding Package price.
- Symbolic & Renewal of Vows Ceremonies: Are Blessing Ceremonies performed by a Non-denominational Minister and are not legally recognized. No paper work or witnesses are required. After the ceremony, wedding couple will receive a "symbolic" marriage certificate. This wedding takes from 20 to 25 minutes.
- Important: If you bring a Minister of your own please be aware the price will be the same and the minister must stay for 3 nights minimum.
In order to apply for a renewal of vows ceremony is a must to send a photocopy from the legal marriage certificate of your home country.
- Locations: All of our resorts offer different locations to hold the wedding ceremony. At Riu Bachata you may choose from:
- • Beach: Maximum capacity 60 persons
- • Cliff Gazebo : Maximum capacity 50 persons Please be advice that to perform weddings at the Cliff Gazebo (over looking the ocean) the Judge will charge extra $50 USD for clients staying at the Riu Bachata. However, couples staying at the Riu Merengue or the Riu Mambo will have to pay $80 USD. Fee subject to change without prior notice.
- • Garden Gazebo: Maximum capacity 60 persons
Do you want to to get married here from ?
Discover our destinations
Recommendations, photos and maps to help you choose


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First day? Welcome!
True or False: You're ready to achieve your higher education and career goals? That's what we thought. And that's what we're here for. From college to career-we've got you covered. So get going! Your future's waiting.
1 UNF Drive
Jacksonville, Fl 32224-7699
United States
Phone: 904-620-1360
Fax: 904-620-1362


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If you're in need of information about Household Medical Waste click on this link.
St. Louis County operates two permanent household hazardous waste facilities. In addition, during the summer months the County conducts mobile collections in outlying communities.
East Range: 5345 Regional Landfill Road, Virginia. East of Virginia off of Hwy 135 at Regional Landfill. Hours: Tuesdays and Saturdays, 8am - 1pm. Phone: 741-8831
West Range: 3994 Landfill Road, Hibbing. 1 mile west of Hwy 73, north of Hwy 169 on Landfill Road. Hours: Saturdays, 8am - 1pm. Phone: 362-5922.
Hazardous wastes from household use may be brought free of charge. Allowable items include (click on links to read more):
Transport in containers that don't leak. Keep in original packaging if possible. If not, label the container with content ingredients. Secure fluorescent lights and glass containers so they do not break and release hazardous vapors in your vehicle.
The following items are also handled differently than your household garbage. Some are collected at several County Solid Waste Facilities.
St. Louis County contracts with the Clean Shop Program to facilitate annual drop off of hazardous wastes from businesses. Call 218-726-1602 for more information. (Complete list of 2014 collections.) If your business generates minimal quantites of hazardous waste (less than 100 pounds per year) you may register for our M-Q Program by calling 218-741-8831. Click here for a Business waste resource list or call our office at 800-450-9278 for more information.
Waste in Your Home Mercury spill clean up Mercury info Fluorescent Lights Medical Waste Environmental Services Facility hours and services Reduce toxics in your home
Don't Burn Garbage Medical Waste Mercury reduction
EPA Healthy Home Tox Town HHW fact sheets WLSSD
St. Louis County Environmental Services Department 307 First St. S., Ste. 115 Virginia, Minnesota 55792 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 1-800-450-9278


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Town Business Center stocks a complete line of refurbished used business machines, used copiers from most major business machines like Konica Copiers, ...
Visit eBay for great deals in Office Copiers. Shop eBay! ... RICOH AFICIO MP2550 Used Multifunction Copier Printer Finisher LOW METER. $1,599.00; or Best ...
This one of the many reasons why we have sold thousands of refurbished copiers nationwide and house one of the largest inventories of used copiers- over ...
Midwest Copier Exchange, LCC, a division of Asset Remarketing Company of America (ARCOA), is your resource for buying and selling used copiers, printers ...
Impact Technology buys and sells used copiers. Sell us your used copier for cash . Make Impact Technology your one stop shop.
Reach active buyers and immediately increase your visibility
Get StartedBuy and Sell used copy machines with Impact Technology. Over 6000 used copy machines in stalk for our copier dealers to choose from.
webuycopiers buys used and refurbished digital copiers throughout the US and internationally.
Buy Used Copiers, Sell Used Copiers, Used Copier Wholesaler, Copy Machines, Canon Copiers, Ricoh Copiers, Toshiba Copiers.
Future Copiers - Used Color Copiers Canada, Used Copiers Canada, Color Copiers Canada, Photocopiers Machines, Fax Machines, Used, Wholesale Copiers.
We Buy and Sell Used Copiers and off-lease Printers and offers the best price. If you want to sell your Old Copier, visit us and fill out the copier information form.
Used copiers can be a cost effective way to get an important piece of equipment in your office. As a versatile piece of equipment, you're looking to spend a lot of ...
Copier Consultants specializes in low metered, top condition Xerox, Konica Minolta and Canon copiers and printers. All of our copiers are sold used, guaranteed ...
Used copiers can be a cost effective way to get an important piece of equipment in your office. As a versatile piece of equipment, you're looking to spend a lot of money. Purchasing used copiers can save you up to 75%, yet you get the same quality copier. While many might shy away from purchasing equipment that has already been used, it's a smart investment to make. Before you make your purchase, be sure to check a few important points, first.
· Always go with name brand. You can be sure you are getting your money's worth on a good deal a Canon or Ricoh.
· Check the company with the Better Business Bureau. Here you can see their overall score, any complaints filed, etc.
· Always get a warranty. Buying used can save you a lot of money, but can end up costing you more if you don't take the right precautions.
· Check the model number online. This will give you an idea of what price range it's in as new, and also how old it may be.
Depending on the brand you choose, you will find options in a variety of price ranges. At well over half off, you are going to save a hefty amount of money on a necessary product. With an MSRP of $27,300 you will find the Canon Image Runner 6570 for $6,000 on Copiers Refurbished. At 65 pages per minute, this copier is going to keep everyone in your office moving quickly and efficiently.
Both Canon and Ricoh copiers are known for their dependability and solid build, making them a good choice when purchasing used.
Background Checking
Buying used is a great idea, until you get scammed. Although this isn't common, you can avoid the problem all together by checking on the company before making your purchase. "BBB is also a significant distributor of consumer and business education information and tips and alerts about marketplace scams," as said on the Better Business Bureau website.
When looking on the website, check two important things.
· Their overall rating, from an A to F. This can depend on a variety of qualifications, from amount of known information to complaints and length of time in business.
· View their complaint history. You can see a simple graph which will lay out in which departments the complaints we in, as well as whether they were resolved.
This is important in determining where you should do business. As an elite bureau that supports on those businesses that fall under certain credentials, you can trust the information you find here.
Another major factor in deciding where to purchase your used copier will be available warranty options. If a company doesn't offer any warranty, do not buy from them. While purchasing a used copier is a great decision for your business, you don't want to get a bad product and be stuck with it. It is recommended to go with the longest warranty offered, and preferably one with full coverage and regular maintenance checks.
Model Number
You want to have this number before hand to decipher the printer's current worth. If it's newer, you can see how much it's going for. If not, you can see how old it is. With technology constantly updating, you don't want to get into a product that will be outdated in a year. You'll also need it to download the necessary drivers.
Deciding to purchase a used copier is a smart financial decision that can save you up to 75%. As most used products function like new, there is no reason not to do it.
Buying a used copier can be a great decision for your company. As the centerpiece in a busy office, the copier you choose will make a big difference in your budget and productivity flow. Buying a used copier can save you money while delivering a product that is like new. When purchasing used, you want to consider a variety of qualifications.
Choosing a solid brand such as Ricoh or Canon will guarantee that you're getting a good product. Both companies are known for their dependability and product quality. Once you find the right copier, you should be sure the company you are purchasing from has a good track record. The Better Business Bureau is a trustworthy source for this information. If the business checks out, be sure they have a warranty program. While purchasing used is a smart choice, it will end up costing you more if a problem arises and you don't have the necessary protection. Finally, you should obtain the model number. This will allow you to decide where the product is priced as new. You'll also need it to obtain drivers and user manuals from the product's website. Begin your search with our approved listings to the left.
Briefly describe your project and get matched with the top vendors!


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Stories Tagged "ice cream"
Displaying 1 to 2 of 2 results.
Ice cream makers try to eat high ingredient costs
posted on August 12, 2011 at 5:11 PM
The cost of the milk, butter fat and sugar that are key to Jim Capannari's ice cream have spiked this year, but he hasn't passed much of the cost along to customers.
Full Story
Humane Society Blasts Ben & Jerry's
posted on August 25, 2006 at 8:08 PM
Ice cream producer Ben and Jerry's is receiving criticism from the Human Society of the United States for buying eggs from a company the animal welfare group believes mistreats chickens.
Full Story
Displaying 1 to 2 of 2 results.


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Today's green hotels meet performance goals without compromising the guest experience.
Miami / Grimshaw Architects
Wastewater-treatment plants used to be dirty buildings. Today, architects are cleaning them up.
2011 Annual Design Review: Live: Honorable Mention
In the attached slideshow we highlight several past CHDA winners that make solar orientation, sustainable materials, and products a priority.
Low-tech sustainable solutions help a St. Peters, Minn., home achieve LEED Gold.
From pre-construction meetings through each stage of coordinated construction, the team building this home integrated their efforts every step of the way.
Modern technology comes to bear on an 1888 home that needed an energy-efficient upgrade and more space.
A Greenville, S.C., house points to a natural affinity between sustainability and modernism.
This 1941 house, covered in standing seam metal and tongue-and-groove fir, is now open to its large site.


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Selling my Knoxx SpecOps NRS stock off my Remington 870. This one does NOT have the recoil reduction mechanism. Includes the long allen wrench to install. Stock was used very little. No scratches or blemishes. Went back to the factory stock for hunting. Will sell for $40 shipped to the cont. 48 states. Email email@example.com for quickest response
.P1040733 (1024x768).jpgP1040734 (1024x768).jpg


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HolidaysAll Ages6 Comments
The Creative Christmas Countdown is well under way.
Mama Pea Pod has today's advent activity, Making Paper Decorations!
I found a few inspirational ideas from last week's It's Playtime to get us in the mood to get creating some wonderful paper decorations for today's Christmas Countdown activity!
[Gratefully Growing in Grace: Paper Advent Activity Chain]
A classic paper decoration from Gratefully Growing in Grace. A paper chain garland, complete with activities on each link for the holidays!
Above, from left to right:
- A cute button wreath! Ready. Set. Read! created this brilliantly simple craft for the holidays!
- Collage together odds and ends wrapping paper and make some seriously cute ornaments! Love this idea from Toddler Approved! [Kind of reminds me of our wrapping paper stockings we did last year!]
- Create a snow globe with your very own snow scene! A pretty art decoration from I Heart Crafty Things.
- My Little Princess World made a tree of handprints and decorated it!
It's Playtime is a community for play loving bloggers to share ways to play.
Head on over to my playtime co-hosts:
The Imagination Tree, Messy Kids, Quirky Momma, Let the Children Play.
New to It's Playtime? Read How to Play to get all the details.
Basically, share your play ideas at the party below and browse for more play ideas from others!


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In Focus | Zayed Remembered
Tuesday Jul 15
10 years on, Shaikh Zayed's memory still inspires
10 years on, Shaikh Zayed's memory continues to inspire
Monday Aug 6
Shaikh Zayed remains a guiding force
Founding father's vision of a state for the people as relevant as ever
Sunday Aug 21
Zayed's generosity praised by Imam
God favoured late leader, says Al Aqsa scholar
Saturday Aug 20
Memories remain alive of leader who put the UAE on world map
Shaikh Zayed is still a role model across the Arab world
Friday Aug 19
A day to remember the great leader
Starting this year, Ramadan 19 will be a special day for the country as the UAE will be commemorating the death anniversary of Shaikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the nation's founding father, on this day.
Friday Aug 19
Living on in his people's hearts
UAE citizens and residents share their views and memories of Shaikh Zayed.
Friday Aug 19
'The ruler should not have any barrier which separates him from his people'
Shaikh Zayed was also a strong supporter of women's rights and believed that they must participate in building the nation in accordance with Islam
Thursday Aug 18
Media to mark Zayed's death anniversary
The media is currently preparing to mark the anniversary of the death of Shaikh Zayed through national television and radio programmes
Thursday Aug 18
Shaikh Zayed — simple man of visionary ideas
The UAE's founder was committed to the education and welfare of his people and an exemplar of islam and tolerance
Wednesday Aug 17
Shaikh Zayed death anniversary on Ramadan 19
The 19th of Ramadan (Friday) will now be a day to mark the the death anniversary of the founding father of the UAE Shaikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan


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This year the opening of the rafting season will be combined with the rafting race for the European more...
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Location: Family hotel Martin is situated in the winter resort of Chepelare, located in the picturesque Rhodope mountain, only 10 km. away from the resort of Pamporovo.
Hotel Martin is a real architectural pearl just 1 kilometer away from a ski truck. You will definitely experience an unforgettable holiday away from the bustle and noise of the big and noisy resorts!
Accommodation: The 3-star family hotel Martin offers coziness and comfort in 5 double, 4 triple rooms, and 2 suites. They are well and conveniently furnished and dispose of:
- WC and bath
- TV-set
- Telephone
- Internet connection
Services: The hotel offers its guests the following services:
- Room services
- Safe at the reception desk
- Laundry / Ironing
Hotel amenities: Hotel Martin offers comfort and hospitality! Individual and efficient service will satisfy all of your wishes. You can also enjoy a pleasant high quality restaurant and a day bar. A guarded parking lot is at your disposal.;
This year the opening of the rafting season will be combined with the rafting race for the European more...
A record number of more than 30 thousand tourists have visited Bulgaria's historical capital Veliko more...
2014/03/21 19:08:07
Bulgaria's capital city of Sofia is the most affordable destination for tourists in Europe in March more...


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First sailing in November 2014, our luxurious all suite ship will take you in style on voyages of breathtaking beauty and discovery on the mysterious rivers of Myanmar (Burma). You'll visit the majestic Ayeyarwady between Bhamo and Yangon visiting temples, pagodas, palaces and monasteries along the way, while journeys on its great tributary, the Chindwin, will take you to places visitors rarely see – through the jungles of the north, forgotten villages, ancient towns almost to the Indian border.
Sanctuary Ananda is custom built by local craftsmen using traditional materials while offering sleek contemporary luxury. Sanctuary Ananda set sail on the Myanmar Rivers in November 2014 and offers 20 spacious suites on three decks, the luxurious Owner's suite, a sundeck with an outdoor pool and the Kansi panorama lounge.
Enjoy our 10 night Chindwin River sailings at discounted rates when booking before 8 March 2015. With our 10 night Chindwin River sailings on board Sanctuary Ananda guests can indulge in a luxury cruise to some of Southeast Asia's least-visited sights.
Our below discounted rates include accommodation, meals, soft drinks and local beer throughout each day of the sailing, wine with dinner, and the full programme of excursions and experiences.
TERMS & CONDITIONS - This offer, subject to availability, is valid for new bookings only and may be removed at any time. This offer cannot be combined with any other offer, and must be booked before 8th March 2015, exclusively for 10 night sailings on 26 July, 5, 15 or 25 August 2015. The above mentioned rates, provided in US$, are on a 'from' basis per person sharing in double occupancy and have already had discount applied. These rates are inclusive of accommodation, meals, soft drinks and local beer throughout the day, wine with dinner, and the full programme of excursions and experiences. Dates promoted are cruise departure dates. Cancellation fees apply and payment policies should be referred to as per standard.