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South Africa: Constitutional Court
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Case CCT 46/02
J First Applicant
B Second Applicant
OF HOME AFFAIRS First Respondent
AFFAIRS Second Respondent
PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA Third
Heard on : 27 February 2003
Decided on : 28 March
[1] The Children's Status Act of 1987[1] (the Status Act) deals with, amongst other matters, the status of children conceived by artificial insemination. The challenged provisions apply to children so conceived within the context of a heterosexual marriage.
[2] Since 1995, the two applicants have been partners in a same-sex life partnership. In August 2001 the second applicant gave birth to twins, a girl and a boy. They were conceived by artificial insemination. The male sperm was obtained from an anonymous donor. The female ova were obtained from the first applicant. In order to protect the identity of the twins, the applicants have been referred to in these proceedings only as "J" and "B".
[3] It is the wish of both applicants that they be registered and recognised as the parents of the twins. There was no legal impediment with regard to the second applicant, as the "birth-mother", being registered as the mother of the children under the regulations made in terms of section 32 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act of 1992[2] (the regulations). However, the regulations and the forms annexed to them make provision for the registration only of one male and one female parent.
[4] When the first applicant was unsuccessful in her attempt to be registered as a parent of the children, the applicants approached the Durban High Court for appropriate constitutional relief. They sought an order requiring the first respondent (the Director General in the Department of Home Affairs) to issue to both of the applicants birth certificates in respect of each of the children and to register their births reflecting the second applicant as their mother and the first applicant as their parent. They also sought an order requiring the second respondent to amend the form annexed to the regulations to allow for the recordal of a person in the position of the first applicant as the parent of the child, i.e. where such person is the donor of a gamete used in the conception of the child.
[5] The applicants also sought to have section 5 of the Status Act declared constitutionally invalid on the grounds that it was inconsistent with rights entrenched in the Bill of Rights. Section 5 reads as follows:
"(1) (a) Whenever the gamete or gametes of any person other than a married woman or her husband have been used with the consent of both that woman and her husband for the artificial insemination of that woman, any child born of that woman as a result of such artificial insemination shall for all purposes be deemed to be the legitimate child of that woman and her husband as if the gamete or gametes of that woman or her husband were used for such artificial insemination.
(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a) it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that both the married woman and her husband have granted the relevant consent.
(2) No right, duty or obligation shall arise between any child born as a result of the artificial insemination of a woman and any person whose gamete or gametes have been used for such artificial insemination and the blood relations of that person, except where –
(a) that person is the woman who gave birth to that child; or
(b) that person is the husband of such a woman at the time of such artificial insemination.
(3) For the purposes of this section –
'artificial insemination', in relation to a woman –
(a) means the introduction by other than natural means of a male gamete or gametes into the internal reproductive organs of that woman; or
(b) means the placing of the product of a union of a male and a female gamete or gametes which have been brought together outside the human body in the womb of that woman,
for the purpose of human reproduction;
'gamete' means either of the two generative cells essential for human reproduction."
[6] At the request of the applicants, the High Court appointed Advocate A.A. Gabriel as the curatrix ad litem to represent the interests of the children. She prepared a full and helpful report for the High Court. This Court also had the benefit of that report. We are additionally grateful to Advocate Gabriel for the oral submissions she made in this Court.
[7] The High Court made the following order:[3]
"1 THAT the first respondent is ordered to:
(a) issue to the applicants a birth certificate for each of the minor children . . . ; and (b) register the birth of each of the said minor children in the population register reflecting:
(i) the second applicant as their mother;
(ii) the first applicant as their parent;
(iii) their surname as being the surname of the second applicant.
2 THAT the second respondent is ordered to cause annexure 1A of the Regulations in terms of section 32 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992 to be amended so as to allow for the recordal of a non-anonymous donor of a gamete used in artificial insemination as contemplated in section 5 of the Children's Status Act 82 of 1987 from which a child is born, as a parent of that child.
3 THAT it is declared that for all relevant purposes the first applicant is a natural parent and guardian of the aforesaid minor children.
4 THAT in section 5 of the Children's Status Act 82 of 1987 the word "married" be struck out wherever it appears as being constitutionally invalid and that the section be read as including the words "or permanent same-sex life partner" after the word "husband" wherever it appears, save that the relief in this paragraph is suspended pending confirmation thereof by the Constitutional Court.
5 THAT the respondents, jointly and severally, pay the costs of the application.
6 THAT the rule nisi in the first order prayed be confirmed."
[8] The applicants have approached this Court for confirmation of the order relating to section 5 of the Status Act. This application is made under the provisions of section 172(2)(a) of the Constitution which, insofar as now relevant, provides that:
"The Supreme Court of Appeal, a High Court or a court of similar status may make an order concerning the constitutional validity of an Act of Parliament . . . but an order of constitutional invalidity has no force unless it is confirmed by the Constitutional Court."
The relief granted in paragraph 2 of the order of Magid J
ordering the second respondent to cause annexure 1A of the regulations to
amended is not an issue before us. The extent to which the relief granted in
respect of the regulations is appropriate in the
light of the relief granted in
terms of section 5 is also not an issue in this appeal. Those issues were not
raised in argument
in this Court, and I express no opinion on their
constitutionality or appropriateness.
The judgment of the High
[9] In the High Court, Magid J held that the provisions of section 5 of the Status Act constitute discrimination on the ground of marital status "and probably sexual orientation". As far as the children are concerned, the learned Judge held that the statutory provision amounts to discrimination on the listed grounds of social origin and birth. He went on to hold that the presumption of unfair discrimination created by section 9(5) of the Constitution[4] applies. Because the government did not seek to justify the discrimination under section 36 of the Constitution,[5] Magid J held the section to be constitutionally invalid.
[10] With regard to appropriate relief, Magid J found this to be a proper case for both striking out and reading in to cure the unconstitutionality of section 5. He struck out the word "married" where it appears in subsections (1)(a) and (b). And he read in the words "or permanent same-sex life partner" after the word "husband" where it appears in subsections (1)(a) and (b) and (2)(b) of section 5. Treated in this way, subsections (1) and (2) of section 5 read as follows:
"(1) (a) Whenever the gamete or gametes of any person other than amarriedwoman or her husband or permanent same-sex life partner have been used with the consent of both that woman and her husband or permanent same-sex life partner for the artificial insemination of that woman, any child born of that woman as a result of such artificial insemination shall for all purposes be deemed to be the legitimate child of that woman and her husband or permanent same-sex life partner as if the gamete or gametes of that woman or her husband or permanent same-sex life partner were used for such artificial insemination.
(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a) it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that both themarriedwoman and her husband or permanent same-sex life partner have granted the relevant consent.
(2) No right, duty or obligation shall arise between any child born as a result of the artificial insemination of a woman and any person whose gamete or gametes have been used for such artificial insemination and the blood relations of that person, except where –
(a) that person is the woman who gave birth to that child; or
(b) that person is the husband or permanent same-sex life partner of such a woman at the time of such artificial insemination."
attitude of the respondents
[11] The respondents are not opposing the confirmation of the order of constitutional invalidity granted by Magid J with regard to section 5 of the Status Act. They have not appealed against the orders he made relating to the regulations. On behalf of the respondents it was submitted that:
(a) in order not to discriminate unfairly against unmarried heterosexual couples, the words "or permanent life partner" should be read into section 5 of the Status Act rather than the words "or permanent same-sex life partner";
(b) the order of invalidity should be suspended for one year in order to allow the legislature to amend the statute.
The issues in this
[12] The issues in this Court are thus the following:
(a) whether this Court should confirm the order of invalidity, striking out and reading in made by the High Court;
(b) whether the terms of the order should also include unmarried heterosexual permanent life partners;
(c) whether the order of suspension sought by the respondents should be granted.
Confirmation of the order
[13] The provisions of section 5 of the Status Act do not permit the first applicant to become a legitimate parent of the children. This unfairly discriminates between married persons and the applicants as permanent same-sex life partners. The section is accordingly inconsistent with section 9(3) of the Constitution[6] which prohibits the state from discriminating directly or indirectly against anyone on the ground of sexual orientation.
[14] An analogous differentiation was held by this Court to be unconstitutional in Du Toit and Another v Minister of Welfare and Population Development and Others.[7] The Child Care Act[8] (the Child Care Act) precluded partners in a permanent same-sex life partnership from adopting children. Skweyiya AJ pointed out that "the applicants' status as unmarried persons which currently precludes them from joint adoption of the siblings is inextricably linked to their sexual orientation."[9] The same applies in the present case with regard to the inability of the first applicant to be recognised as a parent and legal guardian of the children. It is unfairly discriminatory to deprive the first applicant of such recognition. In my opinion, the provisions of section 5 of the Status Act are clearly in conflict with the provisions of section 9(3) of the Constitution.
[15] Because the respondents did not attempt to justify the limitation of the applicants' rights in section 5 of the Status Act, Magid J did not embark upon a limitations inquiry under the provisions of section 36 of the Constitution.[10] As Skweyiya AJ pointed out in the Du Toit case[11] the failure by the government to support the limitation of a right contained in the Bill of Rights does not relieve a Court from considering whether such a limitation is justifiable.[12] In my opinion it cannot be justified. An effect of section 5 of the Status Act is to legitimate children born to married couples in consequence of artificial insemination. It does not do so in respect of permanent same-sex life partners. In the Du Toit case,[13] Skweyiya AJ said the following with regard to the impugned provisions of the Child Care Act:
"In this regard, they are not the only legislative provisions which do not acknowledge the legitimacy and value of same-sex permanent life partnerships. It is a matter of our history (and that of many countries) that these relationships have been the subject of unfair discrimination in the past. However, our Constitution requires that unfairly discriminatory treatment of such relationships cease. It is significant that there have been a number of recent cases, statutes and government consultation documents in South Africa which broaden the scope of concepts such as "family", "spouse" and "domestic relationship", to include same-sex life partners. These legislative and jurisprudential developments indicate the growing recognition afforded to same-sex relationships." [Footnotes omitted]
The same considerations apply in the present case. Given that
section 5 is unconstitutional on these grounds, it is not necessary
to consider
the other grounds raised by the applicants.
[16] The finding by the High Court that the impugned provisions of the Status Act are unconstitutional must be upheld. As far as the remedy is concerned, I am of the view that the approach of Magid J is fully in accord with that adopted by Ackermann J on behalf of a unanimous court in National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Others v Minister of Home Affairs and Others.[14] It was not suggested to the contrary on behalf of the respondents. It is clear from the report of the curatrix ad litem, that the order made by Magid J also meets the interests of the two children of the applicants in this case as section 28(2) of the Constitution requires.[15]
[17] During argument the Court's attention was drawn to the concluding words of section 5(1)(a) of the Status Act. Prior to any order requiring words to be read into the statute, the clause reads as follows:
". . . as if the gamete or gametes of that woman or her husband were used for such artificial insemination."
The effect of these words in section 5(1)(a) is merely clarificatory. They make plain that if a husband consents to the process of artificial insemination, it does not matter whose gametes are used to conceive the child, the child will nevertheless be the legitimate child of the woman bearing the child and her husband. The applicants propose that the words "or permanent same-sex life partner" be read in after the word "husband" in this portion of this section as elsewhere. If such words were to be introduced into the subsection, it would read as follows:
". . . as if the gamete or gametes of that woman or her husband or her permanent same-sex life partner were used for such artificial insemination."
The deeming provision has reference to the legitimacy of a child
born to a married couple. A child born by artificial insemination
is deemed to
be legitimate in a situation where the common law would not recognise such
legitimacy. In the case of a child born
by artificial insemination in the
context of a permanent same-sex life partnership, the deeming provision is
inappropriate as a child
could not be conceived using the gametes only of the
same-sex life partners. Furthermore, the legitimacy of such a child at common
law could not arise.
[18] This Court set out the principles that should be followed when reading words into a statute in the case of National Council for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Others v Minister of Home Affairs and Others.[16] One of those principles is that the Court should interfere with the laws adopted by the legislature as little as possible. However in this case, were words to be read into the concluding words of section 5(1)(a) as the applicants proposed, the effect would be inappropriate; as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it would incorrectly assume the common law legitimacy of a child of same-sex partners. It seems to me that given that the concluding words of section 5(1)(a) play no substantive role in themselves, but merely repeat or clarify the earlier substantive portions of the subsection, it would be proper for this Court to sever the concluding words. In so doing, I acknowledge that at times where either the tools of severance or reading in are employed to achieve a constitutional result, a consequential severance may be required to ensure that the statutory provision is clear and achieves its purpose. In such circumstances, the Court will always be astute to ensure, on the one hand, that the laws adopted by the legislature are interfered with as little as possible, and on the other, that a constitutional result is achieved.
Should the order include
permanent heterosexual life partners?
[19] The submission on behalf of the respondents is that, in the form it was made by Magid J, the order unfairly discriminates against permanent heterosexual life partners. The provisions of section 5 of the Status Act would have the same consequences for such partners as they have for same-sex partners. It was submitted that the words "permanent life partner" should be read into section 5 rather than the words "permanent same-sex life partner". A similar submission was made in this Court in Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another.[17] It was disposed of as follows by Madala J:
"This Court is not at large to grant any relief under its power to grant 'appropriate relief' – it cannot import matters that are remote to the case in question – otherwise it will be intruding too far into the legislative sphere. The intended accommodation of heterosexuals cannot be introduced via the backdoor into this case. It was not properly before us, nor did we hear argument on the complexities involved."[18]
The same applies in the present case and the respondents'
submission must be rejected.
Should the order be suspended?
[20] The respondents' further submission was that this Court should suspend the confirmation of the whole order of constitutional invalidity for a period of one year to enable Parliament to pass legislation to cure the constitutional deficiencies in section 5 of the Status Act. This submission was based upon the "wide-ranging" issues involved and the current investigation of these and related issues by the South African Law Reform Commission.[19] In my opinion this submission is also without merit for the reasons which follow.
[21] The suspension of an order is appropriate in cases where the striking down of a statute would, in the absence of a suspension order, leave a lacuna. In such cases, the Court must consider, on the one hand, the interests of the successful litigant in obtaining immediate constitutional relief and, on the other, the potential disruption of the administration of justice that would be caused by the lacuna. If the Court is persuaded upon a consideration of these conflicting concerns that it is appropriate to suspend the order made, it will do so in order to afford the legislature an opportunity "to correct the defect".[20] It will also seek to tailor relief in the interim to provide temporary constitutional relief to successful litigants.
[22] Where the appropriate remedy is reading in words in order to cure the constitutional invalidity of a statutory provision, it is difficult to think of an occasion when it would be appropriate to suspend such an order. This is so because the effect of reading in is to cure a constitutional deficiency in the impugned legislation. If reading in words does not cure the unconstitutionality, it will ordinarily not be an appropriate remedy. Where the unconstitutionality is cured, there would usually be no reason to deprive the applicants or any other persons of the benefit of such an order by suspending it. Moreover the legislature need not be given an opportunity to remedy the defect, which has by definition been cured.[21] In the present case, the effect of the order is not to leave a lacuna but to remedy the constitutional defect complained of by the applicants by a combination of reading in and striking down. Under the circumstances, it is not an appropriate case for our order to be suspended.
[23] Comprehensive legislation regularising relationships between gay and lesbian persons is necessary. It is unsatisfactory for the courts to grant piecemeal relief to members of the gay and lesbian community as and when aspects of their relationships are found to be prejudiced by unconstitutional legislation. The legal consequences of marriage are many and complex. This Court[22] has previously referred to a South African common law marriage as creating "a consortium omnis vitae" which was described in the following passage from Peter v Minister of Law and Order[23] as
". . . an abstraction comprising the totality of a number of rights, duties and advantages accruing to spouses of a marriage . . . . These embrace intangibles, such as loyalty and sympathetic care and affection, concern . . . as well as the more material needs of life, such as physical care, financial support, the rendering of services in the running of the common household or in a support-generating business . . .".
Similarly, the mutual relationship between parent and child is
complex, valuable and multi-faceted. There is also the relationship
children and members of their extended family which merits
[24] Where a statute is challenged on the ground that it is under inclusive and for that reason discriminates unfairly against gays and lesbians on the grounds of their sexual orientation, difficult questions may arise in relation to the determination of the particular relationships entitled to protection, and the appropriate relief. The precise parameters of relationships entitled to constitutional protection will often depend on the purpose of the statute. For instance in Satchwell[24] where the issue was pensions and related benefits, a mutual duty of support was an essential element. In the present case, where the rights of children are implicated, this was not an essential element, though it might have been an appropriate one.
[25] The state is required by section 7(2) of the Constitution to "respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights." And, by section 8(1) of the Constitution, "[t]he Bill of Rights . . . binds the legislature, the executive, the judiciary and all organs of state." The executive and legislature are therefore obliged to deal comprehensively and timeously with existing unfair discrimination against gays and lesbians.[25] Moreover, courts considering unfair discrimination cases of this sort need carefully to evaluate the context and nature of the discrimination and, where unfair discrimination is found, remedies must be carefully tailored to that context.
[26] It is not appropriate for courts to determine the details of the relationship between partners to same-sex (or for that matter heterosexual) partnerships. So, too, it is not for the courts to work out the details of the relationship between any such partners and their children. In the present case, for example, this Court has heard no argument and has not considered the respective duties which might arise between the applicants in respect of the children. Those are matters for the legislature to consider when drafting comprehensive legislation to regulate such relationships. I would also add that the nature and detail of remedies which the courts fashion in cases of unfair discrimination do not bind the legislature. It is at large to fashion what it considers to be appropriate consequences of personal relationships in any way consistent with the provisions of the Constitution.
[27] There is no reason to deprive the applicants of the costs of the confirmation proceedings. They were successful in the High Court and had no option but to approach this Court for confirmation of the order made by it.
[28] The following order is made:
(a) Paragraph 4 of the order of the High Court is set aside.
(b) (i) Section 5 of the Children's Status Act 82 of 1987 is declared to be inconsistent with the Constitution to the extent that the word "married" appears in that section and to the extent that the section does not include the words "or permanent same-sex life partner" after the word "husband" wherever it appears in that section.
(ii) In section 5 of the Children's Status Act 82 of 1987 the word "married" is struck out wherever it appears in that section.
(iii) In section 5 of the Children's Status Act 82 of 1987 the words "or permanent same-sex life partner" are read in after the word "husband" wherever it appears in that section.
(iv) The words in subsection 5(1)(a) "as if the gamete or gametes of that woman or her husband were used for such artificial insemination" are struck out.
(c) The respondents are ordered, jointly and severally, to pay the costs of the confirmation proceedings including the costs of the curatrix ad litem.
Chaskalson CJ, Langa DCJ, Ackermann J, Madala J, Mokgoro J, Moseneke J, O'Regan J and Yacoob J concur in the judgment of Goldstone J.
For the Applicants: A.M. Stewart instructed by the Legal Resources Centre,
For the Respondents: T.G.
Madonsela instructed by the State Attorney, Durban.
Curatrix ad
Litem: A.A. Gabriel.
[1] Act 82 of 1987.
[2] Act 51 of 1992.
[3] The judgment of Magid J was delivered on 31 October 2002 and is as yet unreported.
[4] Section 9(5) provides that:
"Discrimination on one or more of the grounds listed in subsection (3) is unfair unless it is established that the discrimination is fair."
[5] Section 36 provides that:
"(1) The rights in the Bill of Rights may be limited only in terms of law of general application to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom, taking into account all relevant factors, including-
(a) the nature of the right;
(b) the importance of the purpose of the limitation;
(c) the nature and extent of the limitation;
(d) the relation between the limitation and its purpose; and
(e) less restrictive means to achieve the purpose.
(2) Except as provided in subsection (1) or in any other provision of the Constitution, no law may limit any right entrenched in the Bill of Rights."
[6] Section 9(3) provides that:
"The state may not unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth."
[8] Act 74 of 1983.
[9] Para 26.
[10] Above n 5.
[11] Above n 7.
[12] Id para 31 and the cases cited in n 32 of that judgment.
[13] Above n 7, para 32.
[14] [1999] ZACC 17; 2000 (2) SA 1 (CC); 2000 (1) BCLR 39 (CC), paras 61 – 88.
[15] Section 28(2) provides that:
"A child's best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child."
[16] Above n 14, paras 62 – 76.
[18] Id para 33. See too National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Others v Minister of Home Affairs and Others, above n 14, para 87.
[19] Project Number 118.
[20] Section 172(1)(b)(ii) provides that:
"(1) When deciding a constitutional matter within its power, a court –
. . .
(b) may make any order that is just and equitable, including –
. . .
(ii) an order suspending the declaration of invalidity for any period and on any conditions, to allow the competent authority to correct the defect."
[21] As mentioned in para 26 below the legislature is free thereafter to amend such a statutory provision in any way consistent with the Constitution.
[22] National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Others v Minister of Home Affairs and Others, above n 14, para 46.
[23] 1990 (4) SA 6 (E) at 9G-H.
[24] Above n 17.
[25] See the remarks of Madala J
in Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another,
above n 17, para 29, and of Skweyiya AJ in the passage from the Du Toit
judgment quoted in para 15 above. Numerous European countries have passed
comprehensive legislation granting legal recognition to
same-sex partnerships.
Denmark was the pioneer in this area, passing the first law permitting same-sex
couples to legally register
their partnerships in 1989, Registered Partnership
Act, 7 June 1989, no. 372. Several other Scandinavian countries have followed
suit and passed legislation based on Denmark's example. See Registered
Partnership Act, 30 April 1993, no. 40 (Norway); Registered
Partnership Act, 23
June 1994, SFS 1994:1117 (Sweden); Confirmed Cohabitation Act, 12 June 1996, no.
87 (Iceland). More recently,
Germany joined this trend passing the Law of 16
February 2001 on Ending Discrimination Against Same-Sex Associations: Life
[2001] 9 Bundesgesetzblatt 266. In addition to
establishing a separate legal category for same-sex partnerships, as these
countries have done, Belgium has
passed legislation offering the status of legal
marriage to same-sex couples: Act of 13 February 2003, Moniteur Belge,
Ed. 3 at 9880. The Netherlands has achieved the same result in a series of
statutes: Act of 21 December 2000 authorising marriage
for same-sex partners,
Staatsblad 2001, no. 9; Act of 21 December 2000 on adoption by same-sex
partners, Staatsblad 2001, no. 10; Act of 13 December 2000 on various
matters including the further equality between marriage and partnership
Staatsblad 2001, no. 11; Act of 8 March 2001 adjusting
various other laws as a result of authorising marriage and adoption,
Staatsblad 2001, no. 128.


text:
Kershaw Could Make a Big Jump in 2010
At the close of the season the Dodgers were extremely cautious with 21 year old Clayton Kershaw. And with good reason. Coming into the season he had just under 330 total innings pitched in three minor league seasons. Last year he finished with 169 inning between the majors and minors. After his start on September 4th against the Padres, Kershaw had already pitched 159 innings, and if the Dodgers were going to make it in October as far as they hoped then Kershaw would be looking at a dangerous overall increase. So he sat and watched for eighteen days before finally making a 2 inning relief appearance against the Nationals on September 22nd. After making two more regular season starts and three postseason appearances Kershaw's innings odometer stopped at 184.1. The Dodgers successfully managed to make the postseason without compromising the future of their ace.
And what a future it can be. Kershaw's stuff is electric. His fastball heats up to an average velocity of 94 MPH. He isn't afraid to throw the curve ball (17% of his pitches) and introduced a slider this season that gave hitters one more thing to think about.
Overall his season doesn't merit him being called an ace in fantasy circles as he was ranked in the 80s by both Yahoo and ESPN. This season only scratches the surface of what Kershaw will become though. Next season his innings odometer will be in the 200s and in all likelihood there will be no stopping in September. Considering that he finished with only 8 wins to his credit, there are certain luck factors that are also going to turn in his favor. Johan Santana for instance had five more wins playing for a worser team and pitching five less innings.
Everything else in his game from a fantasy perspective showed already this past season. His ERA was below 3.00 and his FIP was better than Felix Hernandez, Jon Lester, or Adam Wainwright – all of whom could be a top ten pitcher next season. The strikeout rate has always been terrific. Kershaw has exceeded 8.00 K/9 in every professional season he's pitched and has flashed glimpses of striking hitters out at the same level as divisional rival Tim Lincecum.
Much hype was made about making Kershaw the game one starter against the Phillies in the NLCS, but don't be shocked if he's the game one starter in the NLDS next year. While the Dodgers probably won't send him out on Opening Day until 2011 out of respect to a veteran, this is the Dodgers best arm.
3 Responses to Kershaw Could Make a Big Jump in 2010
your big fat greek mother says:
When you bold people's names, you should link to their baseball-reference page so I can easily check their stats….
Schruender says:
Great point. I did that for the first four or five months I was posting, but got away from it just because it added another minute or two that sometimes I just don't have time for. I will try to do it from now on especially on the posts about one particular player (like Kershaw here).
john says:
It's intriging to guess what kind of pitcher Kershaw will be when the inning limits come off.
The thing about wins is they really do go up and down based on bullpens and what not and the Dodgers seem to be a team moreso then most that have starting pitchers with very low win totals.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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12"x12" All Purpose Microfiber Cloth
Construction: Microfiber Wholesale's 12"x12" All Purpose Microfiber Cloth is a great microfiber towel for any clean up job. They're available in Blue, Green, Yellow, Red, White and Black. These lint free terry type microfiber towels are made up of hundreds of thousands of split fibers which allow the cloths to clean aggressively without being abrasive. They are safe to use on windows, smooth and coarse surfaces as well as automotive finishes. Our All Purpose Microfiber Towels are constructed from woven polyester / polyamide blend microfiber. The open spaces in the fibers created by the splitting process are what give the towels its ability to hold dust and dirt as well as its ability to absorb liquid. The edges of the towels are sewn with over lock stitching which greatly increases the life of the towel. When cared for properly our 12"x12" All Purpose Microfiber Towels can last hundreds of washings.
Click here to read about washing microfiber towels. We also sell detergent that's safe for microfiber.
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Spring time in Paris
I was in France last month, on my second honeymoon with my wife. We have been married for the last 10 years! It didn't seem so long, but looking back at old photographs when we were still in school, and then pondering over these ones below made me really look at the collected creases in the mirror and how they reflected back on her face. Seeing how our lives intertwined and changed over the years made wonder how things would have been if I didn't gather all my courage that one day 17 years ago and asked her to go out with me.
Anyway late spring is a great time in France, sunny weather yet not too hot to make you break out in sticky sweat. We went roaming around the countryside with Ying Chow and his Taiwanese friend, visting the beautiful Fountaine de Vacluse with its green wavy gushing spring and paper mill, the lavender fields Abbey of Senanque and the amazing wild poppy fields peppering the sides of the road as we rumbled merrily over the Provencal countryside in Ying Chow's sturdy green Twingo.
Paris was a different matter altogether, with gray clouds and gloomy skies, but that was Paris, land of the Eiffel Tower and the Lourve the shopping malls of Hausmann Boulevard. We went roaming around by foot, taking in the sights and sounds of Paris and her monuments, strolling along Champs Elysees, drinking the marvelous French cafe and avoiding the jangling Eiffel Tower model touts.
Web Mashups with Ruby on Rails
I'm going to write a book! Tentatively titled 'Web Mashups with Ruby on Rails' for now, I'm working with Packt Publishing to finalize the paperwork but I'm already starting on it. I've categorized web mashups into 3 different types, and is writing 2 – 3 mashups projects for each category. The book will take about 7 months to complete writing, but will likely take close to 9 months to be completed.
In the meantime, I have a blog post on mashups if you're interested.


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PR System One REMstar Pro CPAP Machine with C-Flex Plus |
Respironics introduces "System One" and C-Flex Plus through a new line of CPAP machines. The PR Pro CPAP machine is an intelligent solution that provides the highest level of comfort. New System One technologies like Humidity Control with Dry Box and Resistance Control for use with any mask, all are helping users achieve effective therapy.
Manufactured by Philips Respironics.
Item #DS450S
"I have a previous model of the CFLEX Pro CPAP, so I'm used to the cyclic breathing pattern, getting exhalation relief of pressure. Many folks may find this breathing pattern much more natural and comfortable than getting a solid blast of high pressure all of the time. The CFLEX+ settings that I can personalize are helpful. The default setting of CFLEX+ Level 2 was too much pressure reduction for me, making a suction instead of relief. Level 3 was much worse, causing me to stop breathing. I found that Level 1 was closest to the original CFLEX pattern, without causing as much of a pressure reduction problem for me. Apparently, the CFLEX is a two speed system and the CFLEX+ is a three speed system. If you are used to breathing with the CFLEX pattern (2 speeds), and it works for you, stay with it. If you can adapt to the CFLEX+ (3 speed) pattern, take advantage of the three available levels to adjust the CPAP to your needs. As for the actual device itself, I found that it's more compact, leaving the power supply as a separate external unit, and the CPAP is rugged, made for a household environment. Take the time to review the directions and understand the capabilities of this device. That's how I learned how to make adjustments to meet my personal needs without asking for tech support."
"I disabled the C-Flex Plus feature, as it proved to be too distracting while trying to fall asleep. Even with this feature disabled, the CPAP doesn't seem to provide a steady flow of air. It seems as though there are minor fluctuations in air flow, which is still distracting, but at lease I can now fall asleep.
I would not purchase this product again."
"I purchased this new PR System One CPAP machine to replace the previous old model I have had for several years...the REMstar Pro with C-flex. This new machine is much better than my old one. It is smaller, lighter, easier to operate, and has many more features than the previous model. The C-flex+ may take some getting used to as it is a bit different than plain C-flex, but I find that I now prefer it as it does seem to make my breathing easier. The SD card is a great improvement over the old cardboard data storage cards and stores a huge amount of data. It is also easier to access the data as it can be read by any SD reader. The new Performance Tubing that comes with this machine is also better than the old tubing. It is lighter and does not pull on the mask during sleep as much as the old heavier tubing did. I connect two of these 6-foot long tubes together into one 12-foot long piece so I can keep my CPAP machine on a small stool at the foot of my bed. The machine is so quiet I can barely hear it from there. The Heated Humidifier works exactly as advertised and has several different heat settings to choose from so I don't have to keep the heat in my house turned up as high during the night to keep the air from freezing my nose. The humidifier also automatically reads the amount of humidity in the room and adjusts its output accordingly. There is virtually no rain-out in my mask or tubing. Overall, and excellent CPAP machine at a very reasonable price. 5-stars+++"
"Excellent Machine and is very user friendly. This machine exceeds my expections and cpap.com does a good job on their follow up to see if you have any question or need help."
"Small, quiet and wonderful--it's great to get a good night's sleep again after several weeks of a gradually fading CPAP!"


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Reports & Research
Understanding Childhood Issues & Highlighting Them
The Financing of California's After School Programs, 2005
Jul 01, 2005
Download file: afterschool_report_2005.pdf
As one of California voters' largest commitment of funding to children, Proposition 49 is an important bellwether. If Proposition 49 fails to roll out successfully due to limited demand for dollars or through an inability to show positive student outcomes, it will be a setback not only for after school in California, but for the entire children's policy agenda. With the implementation of Proposition 49 approaching, this report aims to identify and address inequities and inefficiencies in the state's current after school programs before the new funds come into the system.
Through both structured telephone interviews and an Internet-based survey, Children Now collected information from after school administrators about their experience with the ASES and 21st CCLC programs, their thoughts about Proposition 49's likely impact, and the barriers they have encountered in financing high-quality after school programs. Respondents to the Internet-based survey included 141 after school program administrators.


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ACHLA Designs MINI-08 Five Piece Mini Ball Handle Fireplace Tool Set
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Product Description
Available while supplies last.
This five piece mini ball handle fireplace tool set by ACHLA Designs comes in a black finish.
Five Piece 22" Mini Ball Handle Fireplace Tool Set
Another attractive alternative for those who opt for the basic black style.
- All parts are individually wrapped in plastic
- Each rod is identified for easy assembly
Finish: | Black | |
Materials: | Cast Iron | |
Usage: | Assembly Required | |
Warranty | 90 Day From Manufacturer Defect | |
Fireplace Tool Type This option group allows you select the tools applicable to your fireplace needs. | Fireplace Tool Type | Sets |
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UBS Training-BPAs & Pcards
Wednesday, September 18, 2013 from 2:00 pm - 3:30 pm
Strand Union Building, 233
Strand Union Building, 233
University Business Services is pleased to invite you to this upcoming training opportunity on BPA forms and Purchasing Cards.
SUB Room 233 accommodates 50 people.
Please RSVP to firstname.lastname@example.com so we are sure there is adequate space to meet demand.
For questions regarding this event, please contact:
Sponsored by:
Controller's Office
Listed as: Audience Staff Classified Professional


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- Follow HabsWorld
- Must Read
- 2015 Trade Odds: Montreal's Goaltenders and Defencemen
By B. La Rose - Deadline Primer: How much cap space do the Habs have?
By B. La Rose - Montreal Trade Targets: Forwards
By Paul MacLeod - 2015 Trade Odds: Hamilton's Forwards
By B. La Rose - 2015 Trade Odds: Hamilton's Goaltenders and Defencemen
By B. La Rose - HabsWorld Podcast - Episode 37
By HW Podcast
- 2015 Trade Odds: Montreal's Goaltenders and Defencemen
- Did you know?
- Dustin Tokarski hasn't fared too well at the Bell Centre early in his career. In 6 home starts, he has a 2-2-2 record but a subpar 3.50 GAA and a .886 SV%.
Generally, the thought of acquiring a player who has scored more than 20 goals in each of the past three seasons would be exciting to fans. When Pierre Gauthier dealt away the struggling Mike Cammalleri for Rene Bourque, there wasn't a whole lot of enthusiasm about the move and after Bourque struggled mightily upon joining the Habs, there was even less. With a new coach and a chance to start his first full year with the Habs, Bourque has a chance to rebound in 2012-13.
Although his assist totals were way down from previous years, Bourque was scoring goals at a quality rate with the Flames (on a 28-goal pace) before joining Montreal. Despite getting off to what could be called a decent start with the Habs (four points in his first seven games with an even rating), it went downhill in a hurry as he collected just four points (three goals and one assist) in his final 31 games with an appalling -16 rating. On the plus side, his hit per game total improved from 2011-12 as did his takeaway-giveaway ratio. Unfortunately, those things don't matter much to the fans and certainly mean less to fantasy owners.
Season Stats: 76 GP, 18 G, 6 A, 24 PTS, -19 rating, 68 PIMS, 3 PPG, 1 GWG, 158 shots, 17:49 ATOI
5-Year Averages
Goals: 21
Assists: 15
Points: 36
+/-: -1
Shots: 169
2012-13 Role
Assuming that the centres from last year remain at that position and not tried on the wing, Bourque is the current top candidate to play on the second line which would be alongside Tomas Plekanec and Brian Gionta. That alone should provide some hope for him to get back to 20-goal form. If Michel Therrien prefers the idea of going with three lines capable of scoring goals, Bourque could be a candidate to play with Lars Eller on the third line. Although that might provide some more ideal matchups, the probable drop in ice time wouldn't help his numbers any. In terms of special teams, he will see some second unit powerplay time but I wouldn't expect him to be a regular on the penalty kill unit like he was with Montreal in 2011-12.
Projected Stats
I can't see Rene Bourque having as bad a year as he did last season, he should be more consistent at the very least. That said, I also don't foresee him getting back to the 50-point plateau which is something he had accomplished the previous two years, especially with an offseason abdomen injury that will keep him out of the opening night lineup. If he does play with Plekanec/Gionta, he isn't going to be the primary scoring threat and he certainly won't be the go-to guy on the powerplay. I also expect him to be demoted/benched in late-game defensive situations in place of Travis Moen or even Brandon Prust which won't help his production either. Given his previous scoring prowess he is still worth drafting late in fantasy drafts despite his injury as a 3rd or 4th winger, just stash him on IR until he returns.
Goals: 16
Assists: 12
Points: 28
+/-: -4
Shots: 149
Have Your Say
Also Read
- Fantasy Focus: Travis Moen posted by Alex Létourneau
- Fantasy Focus: Max Pacioretty posted by Justin Wright
- Fantasy Focus: Brian Gionta posted by Ken Beaumont
- Fantasy Focus: Carey Price posted by Naqeeb Shaikh
- Fantasy Focus: P.K. Subban posted by Matt Dilworth
- Fantasy Focus : Erik Cole posted by Jonathan Rebelo
- Fantasy Focus: David Desharnais posted by Alex Létourneau
- Fantasy Focus: Tomas Plekanec posted by B. La Rose
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Relic Entertainment has announced that it will release a free mod called Insect Invasion to expand on its real-time strategy game Impossible Creatures, which was released in January. Insect Invasion will feature 15 new base insects and animals that can be combined with the existing creature library to create a large number of new unit designs. The add-on will also add new environments and multiplayer maps, as well as nine additional special creature abilities and other unnamed gameplay enhancements.
The Impossible Creatures engine was designed to allow creative fans to modify the game with custom content, and Relic has also announced the release of a sample SDK that includes the game's engine, updated tools, and a packager to make mod distribution simpler. More information on modifying Impossible Creatures can be found on the Relic Developer Network Web site.
Insect Invasion is scheduled to be released sometime this spring.


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African American History Month: Miscegenation or the Millennium of Abolitionism, 1864
WARNING: The below 19th century cartoon includes racist slurs.
We open this year's coverage of African American History Month, with the above cartoon broadsheet, published by G.W. Bromley & Co., on July 1st, 1864. It is part of a series of anti-Lincoln / anti-Abolition cartoons, published by Bromley, on how the abolition of slavery, would lead to (among other things) that horror to whites of the time — interracial marriage! Pictured in the cartoon are Republican abolitionists President Abraham Lincoln, Senator Charles Sumner, and editor Horace Greeley.
Click on the above picture, to view the broadsheet in detail, and be able read its word balloons & captions.
— Doug


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By Amazing Candid Videos in Candid Nude Videos, Candid Sex Videos, Candid Videos, Candid Voyeur Videos, Hidden Camera Videos, Security Cam Videos on December 1 2008
Today we have a crazy security camera sex video. These two just site down on the floor of what appears to be a liquor store and start stripping down right there. She gives a blowjob and rides him right there all caught by a nice little store security camera watching the whole thing.


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Joined Stern 2008
Leonard N. Stern School of Business
Tisch Hall
40 West Fourth Street, 723
New York, NY 10012
Joined Stern 2008
Leonard N. Stern School of Business
Tisch Hall
40 West Fourth Street, 723
New York, NY 10012
Gabriel Natividad is an assistant professor of strategy at New York University, Stern School of Business. His research focuses on strategies of firm boundaries and scope, and on the real consequences of information and finance. His research has been published in the Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Organization Science, the Review of Financial Studies, and the Journal of Finance. Professor Natividad teaches the core MBA course on Corporate Strategy and his originally-developed elective MBA course on Merger and Acquisition Strategies. As a professional strategist, Professor Natividad has advised private and publicly-held companies in a wide range of industries such as manufacturing, textiles, fishing, and consumer goods.
Ph.D., Management, 2008
University of California, Los Angeles
M.A., Economics, 2005
University of California, Los Angeles
Natividad, Gabriel (2013)
Financial Capacity and Discontinuous Investment: Evidence from Emerging Market Multibusiness Firms
The Review of Financial Studies, forthcoming
Garmaise, Mark J. and Natividad, Gabriel (2013)
Cheap Credit, Lending Operations, and International Politics: The Case of Global Microfinance
The Journal of Finance, forthcoming
Garmaise, Mark J. and Natividad, Gabriel (2010)
Information, the Cost of Credit and Operational Efficiency: An Empirical Study of Microfinance
The Review of Financial Studies 23, 2560--2590


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The service here was amazing. The lady at the front desk was so sweet. She helped with everything. She helped with places to eat to things to do. The rooms was clean and nice. It was very quiet and peaceful. The man at the counter helped me get to a barbecue place on the other side of town that place... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Expedia, Hotels.com, Despegar.com and Tingo so you can book your Sands Central Inn Hot Springs reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Say hello to Shulk.
For many players, Shulk's first appearance is not Xenoblade Chronicles – the 2010 Wii game he actually stars in – but Super Smash Bros. for Wii U/3DS. There, Shulk can boost his abilities to become harder, better, faster, stronger. He's also the only character possessing a costume equivalent to Samus' sports bra/short-shorts combo thanks to his form-fitting boxer-briefs.
So, why does Shulk get to change his fighting abilities in a way that no one else can? To answer that, we have to go back. Way back. No, further. To the beginning of the world.


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Where do you keep cleaning supplies?
I have always kept cleaning supplies under each bathroom sink and under the kitchen sink. DH just replumbed our house and now wants me to keep them elsewhere sink he says it causes the pipes to corrode. I know he is right as he showed me the one for our kitchen faucet which wasn't that old and it was in bad shape. We were replacing it anyway because of having a new one put in for our granite install.
But I am having a problem coming up with a place that will be convenient for everything I need for all the rooms.
Do you have a laundry room or shelving above a washer and dryer? I used to keep my cleaners there.
As close to where they are used as possible. Kitchen cleaners in the cabinet under the sink, bathroom cleaners in the bathroom cabinet, laundry supplies on a shelf above the washer, rug cleaners on a shelf in the family room, etc. Think about it before you store cleaners, and make sure they are not near young children and pets. My daughter once picked up a jug of bleach and took a drink. She thought it was fruit juice.
Unless you are keeping dried pool chlorine or leaking bottles of bleach, ammonia or acid, the pipes should be OK. Point out to him that it's not a common problem for anyone else.
I keep a minimal cleaning kit in a plastic basket in each bath and in the kitchen: wipe towels, a spray bottle of counter cleaner, one of window cleaner. The bath kits have a bottle of toilet cleanser, and the kitchen has the dishwasher supplies and the powdered cleanser.
The big bottles for refills are in the garage. Miscellaneous marble cleaner, silver polish, shoe polish etc is in the laundry room because it has room.
I moved all of mine to a wall hung wire shelving unit inside my attic stairwell. (It has a door so I don't have to see it.) The nice thing is that I don't have to bend over to peer under the sink, as it's all right there. I felt brilliant the day I decided I could use this space for something. I added another shelving unit (skinny, freestanding) to hold things like paper towels, toilet paper, trash bags, dish washing and laundry soaps/powder.
They are all in the containers they come in. I haven't been good about closing the tops, maybe that's the problem. Have been doing so since he mentioned it. Our house is 30 years old. I use normal cleaning products, Windex, Soft and Scrub, Lysol Disinfectant Spray cleaners,
Lysol Toliet Bowl Cleaners, Dawn, etc. No ammonia except in the windex or small amounts in others as I am sensitive to it and brings on my allergies if I use it too much. I keep them in a tote or bucket so they are not directly on the shelves and shelves are lined anyway.
I don't see how just keeping cleaning stuff under the sink would do anything unless you had something caustic under there. I have kept my cleaning stuff under the sink for over 30 years. In my mind it would be more likely have to do with what ever you clean the drains with. I use baking soda and vinegar for that.
However peace has to be kept in the house. Get yourself a plastic container with a tight fitting lid and store them in there under the sink. If hubby thinks they can corrode the plumbing without doing anything to the box--well that's impossible
I use a minimal number of cleaning varieties. I keep the two for the bath in the bath closet and the 2 for the kitchen under the kitchen sink. Other furniture polishes, etc, all 2, are in the laundry room.
Personally I don't like anything under the sink cabinets in the bath or the kitchen because if there is a leak, it's a mess and even with pull out trays, I find it difficult to keep things organized and easy to reach.
Since I don't know much about how your household works, my first thought would be to keep your cleaning supplies in 1 tote that you can carry around from room-to-room. Where you store it...I've got no ideas since I don't live at your house.
I am not understanding why keeping cleaning supplies under the sink can cause problems. As said above, I can see if something really strong leaks/spills and comes into contact with the pipes or wood & never gets cleaned up. Is that what happened, or is there more to it?
I used to keep cleaning supplies in an upper cabinet, to keep the kids safe. Then one day the kids were taller than their mom and got the supplies down for me. How did that happen?
After we redid the kitchen, we had a narrow cabinet next to the sink. In the sink cabinet we keep the trash can and the pet food, so I didn't want the cleaners there. I found a long, narrow bin, which I can load up with cleaners. I can slide it in and out of the little cabinet, so there's no reaching into the back.
I also keep cleaners in the bathrooms. Cleaners are kept in a linen closet or under the sink.
> he says it causes the pipes to corrode
No, they don't.
I keep mine in an upper cabinet. I can't put child safety locks on the sink cabs because one of the doors to the kitchen sink broke off. Because of the material it's made of and the (now no longer made) hinges required, it'd be really hard to fix. So no door until we get a new kitchen.
I keep cleaning supplies as close to each point of uses as possible. Back-stock and rarely used products are in a cabinet in the laundry room.
I'm baffled by the idea that cleaning products damage pipes by just sitting there. I haven't had that problem is 40 years. Furthermore, my mother didn't either, and her idea of a good, basic, cleaning product was Red Devil lye!! In case you've never used lye, it's highly corrosive.
how many things do you really USE in the kitchen..keep small amounts of those items in the kitchen under the sink..i keep dishwasher detergent, counter wipes, dishsoap, disinfectant spray, scrubber, watering can, cleanser, and that is about it under the kitchen sink, in a plastic pull out.
under the bathroom sink i have none, as we have a pantry beside the toilet that holds all of our bathroom cleaning supplies in our master
guest bathroom has toilet and sink cleaning supplies, but that is about it..we just don't need that much in there.
i use vinegar to clean the sinks in the bathrooms so just a small bottle of that is all in each.
our other household supplies are closer to where they are used..laundry is in laundry including stain stuff..there is a rack behind the door in the laundry room with a mop, brooom, and a few dusters..etc..and one shelf has a few cleaning products to go with those..in the other end of the house a craft and cleaning closet has a behind the door rack there as well with another set of brooms, mops, dusters etc..so that our long house has some at each end.
we have a cabinet area in our gym room where we keep extra cleaning things..like window and mirror cleaner, all purpose,extra polishing and dusting things..etc..a closet holds vacuums and a few tools..etc..


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On December 3rd, 1999, Jay and five of his fellow firefighters gave the ultimate sacrifice when they perished in the Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire. In Jays memory, his high school classmates (Doherty High, 1983) have established a scholarship fund through the Greater Worcester Community Foundation. Established in January 2001, the Lt. James "Jay" Lyons Memorial Road Race has raised more than one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the sole purpose of funding the Jay Lyons Memorial Scholarship.
The scholarship is awarded annually to a Doherty High senior at graduation and is made available to the recipient in each of the four college years. For example, in 2010, the scholarship was utilized by four college students.
The Jay Lyons Road Race is held every April as the major fundraiser for the scholarship.
Also, it is an opportunity to gather and honor Jay. In so doing, we are able to give back to the community that Jay served so faithfully.
Please go to the new web site for the race: www.jaylyonsmemorial.com


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"This is so cute and perfect for Christmas packages next year! I love the color and that the from is already printed! So handy :)"
"We were looking for a sticker photo for my daughter's sorority recruitment cards. It needed to be small. The size was perfect, but I would've liked to have seen a few more designs. In particularly more "grown up" designs. The ones you currently offer have a baby/child theme."
"I removed the writing so my daughter could stick a photo of her much loved cat on her correspondence. They look beautiful."
"These labels are great to use instead of birthday cards. When our kids go to a party, we place this label on the gift and write in the birthday boy or girls name. The parents appreciate it because they don't have to deal with a card they're only going to throw away. And you will save a ton of money on birthday cards!"
"I purchased these labels for packaging to use for my business. I loved the design so much I have since purchased the rest of the matching items to go along with my stickers. Beautiful work from Petite Alma!!"


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Getting Here
Located in the heart of Jamaica, Queens, the Jamaica Center Business Improvement District is easily reached by a number of transportation options. Whether you are traveling by train, car, subway, or bus – getting here is easy.
Directions for:
Subway | Bus | LIRR | Airtrain | Car
Additional Information:
Parking facilities
By Subway
Take the E, J, or Z train to the Jamaica Center/Parsons Blvd. station (last stop).
Take the F train to the Parsons Blvd/Hillside Ave station; walk 3 blocks south. MTA New York Subway Map
By Bus
Take any of the following New York City buses to get to Jamaica Center:
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q8, Q9, Q9A, Q17, Q20A, Q20B, Q24, Q25, Q30, Q31, Q34, Q36, Q41, Q42, Q43, Q44, Q54, Q56, Q65, Q75, Q76, Q77, Q84, Q85, Q110, Q111, Q112, Q113 MTA New York Bus Map
Take any of the following Long Island buses to get to Jamaica Center: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 22, 22A, 24, 26
For more information, visit www.mta.info or call 718-330-1234.
For mass transit directions from any location in New York City, visit www.hopstop.com.
By LIRR
Take the Long Island Rail Road to Jamaica Station. Walk 2 blocks north to Jamaica Avenue; turn right, heading east. Coming from Brooklyn or Manhattan on the weekend? Check out Long Island Railroad's CityTicket which can get you to downtown Jamaica in under 20 minutes for just $3.75.
By Air Train
Take the AirTrain to Jamaica Station. Walk 2 blocks north to Jamaica Avenue; turn right, heading east. JFK Airport AirTrain Information
By Car
From the Grand Central Parkway
Take the Grand Central Parkway (GCP either east or west) to Parsons Boulevard Exit (16). From the west, make a right at the traffic light onto Parsons (opposite from the east). Follow Parsons till it intersects with Jamaica Avenue.
From the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678)
Take the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678) to the Liberty Avenue Exit (4). From the north make a left onto Liberty to head east. Pass under the JFK AirTrain trestle heading east on Liberty. Take a left at 160th Street and proceed two blocks to Jamaica Avenue.
From the Long Island Expressway (I-495)
Take the Long Island Expressway to exit 23 (Kissena Boulevard) and proceed south. It will turn into Parsons Boulevard. Follow Parsons until it intersects with Jamaica Avenue.
Parking Facilities
For a map of parking options downtown, click here: Parking Spaces in Downtown Jamaica (note: parking options are subject to change without notice)
Laz Parking Lot
159-02 Jamaica Ave.
The entrance is located on 160th Street (between Archer Ave. & Jamaica Ave.).
Jamaica First Midblock Garage
89-47 162nd St.
The entrances are located on 162nd and 163rd Streets (between Jamaica Ave. & 89th Ave.).
Jamaica First Parsons Garage
90-15 Parsons Boulevard
The entrance is located on 90th Ave. (between Parsons Blvd. & 160th St.).
Jamaica First 168th Street Lots
90-01 168th Street
The entrance is located on 168th St. (between 90th Ave. & 91st Ave.).
Jamaica First Archer Garage
90-30 165th St.
The entrance is located on Archer Ave. (between Guy Brewer Blvd. & 165th St.).
Central Parking Garage
163-27 Archer Ave.
The entrance is located on Archer Ave. (between Guy Brewer Blvd. & 165th St.).
Colosseum Mall Parking Garage
164th Street
The entrance is located on 164th Street (between 89th Ave. & Jamaica Ave.).
Safe Parking
160-17 Archer Ave.
The entrance is located on Archer Ave.


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Michael Clarke Duncan had a health scare on Friday morning.
The actor, 54, best known for playing John Coffey in the 1999 Tom Hanks hit The Green Mile, was rushed to the hospital for a heart attack, his spokesperson confirms to us.
"According to doctors, Duncan suffered a myocardial infarction," his rep says. "He is now stable and we look forward to his full recovery."
According to TMZ, Duncan"s girlfriend, The Apprentice contestant Omarosa Stallworth, discovered him in a state of cardiac arrest, performed CPR and was able to resuscitate the actor.
Related posts:
- Michael Clarke Duncan Hospitalized — Cardiac Arrest
- Michael Clarke Duncan — Verbal Throwdown with Fiancee Over Kim Kardashian Running for Office
- Justin Timberlake gives fans the chance to become his personal photographer
- Andy Griffith Cause of Death — Actor Suffered Heart Attack
- Whitney Duncan (Almost!) Divorced From Donny Fallgatter


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Dino Felipe, "Like a Snake Biting Its Tail," Returns to His Rock Roots with Rockettes
Categories: Interviews
The illustrious, brilliant Dino Felipe is anything but musically predictable. He's also one of the most prolific artists and interesting people you'll ever encounter, if you're fortunate enough to encounter him yourself.
Thanks to Tachyons Records, with Rockettes, the Felipe will have released over 55 albums. It's soon to be pressed on what the Miami-native calls: "DIY vinyl. The finest." He's thrilled this will be Tachyons' first release.
"I am very happy with this one," Felipe admits of his collection of songs created over the past four years, "This is a rare thing for a defeatist like me."
Though we'll have to wait till mid-December to pick up a copy at Radio-Active or Sweat Records, a video for the first song, "Anything You Got," written and performed with This Heart Electric's Ricardo Guerrero, will be up on the web within two weeks. We spoke with the musician about, well, everything, and as we expected, he delivered a raw, thoughtful interview.
New Times: How'd you get hooked up with Tachyons Records?
Dino Felipe: Logan, he's a somewhat old pal of mine on and offline. He will be uploading a debut video within a couple weeks. He used to be in Telepathic Friend, and plays often at International Noise Conference.
Who shot the video?
He is creating the video with machines he builds to mess with and manipulate VHS tapes. He is working on it. He also sells these machines, a scientist of sorts.
Do you know which VHS tapes he's going to be working with to make your video?
Nope! I like surprises, and I trust him. In that way. The album is: Dino Felipe - Rockettes, a spoof on the San Francisco Cockettes. They rule.
Are your songs influenced by the Cockettes' songs?
Nope. I just liked the name "Rockettes" and thought of them, and said "Indeed!" I like their stuff, but no, the album is just a collection of songs from the past three to four years that I was waiting to get released on something tangible as opposed to another digital release. I am very glad this will be on vinyl.
So, I feel like, and correct me if I'm wrong, but your sound's gotten a lot more rock and roll lately. There's more instruments.
Yes, for the past six years, I have slowly gathered and was given instruments by friends who knew I can't afford them, really. And all my old guitars were damaged in the early 2000s. Yes, "rock" has been a theme for me these past five to six years. Like a snake biting its tail, I am regressing and listening to what I did 20 years ago. Sorta like the Mayan calendar, I suppose!
You're getting back to your roots.
Yeah, I guess, and also doing the same ol' random genre comparisons, but this album, as a whole, is essentially rock, the root of it, I don't wanna call it "psych rockadelic pop fusion" the root is rock.
Which is your favorite instrument to play, I know you play drums and guitar.
That's a hard question. I started drums at nine. I love beating the shit outta a drum set as opposed to someones face. Guitar and drums have their own exorcism to them. Physical: Drums. Emotional: Guitar. At least, for me. I love those two instruments. I use my synth when recording, but that is its own alien.
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Senior Member
Hi guys. I started playing this game over a year ago, and only played TT until about level 25. The map taught me a lot, like how important initiation is (getting to bottom bush to gank taught me first strike was everything in team fights). Since then I've only played SR. I feel like I'm going to be playing SR a lot less and I'd like to see if anyone here is a good TT player that would want to team up. I have good reflexes and sense. I'm ranked on SR, albeit only having a top elo of 1346 (hoping to get to 1500, of course ). Anyway, if anyone wants to play with someone that can play to win, add me. I'd like someone that's willing to teach me a bit about the map, such as jungling and what-not. I learn fast and capitalize on what I learn. Drunkwarpig
Hello bro, I'm just like you, I started playing SR basically when I got lvl 30 and didn't have any friend to play TT with anymore (my friends got bored of TT and I started enjoying SR). So I think I have potential to be a 1500 player too, but I still don't have the courage of playing ranked (will start playing soon), but I know a lot of the game, and a lot of the map, so add me and we play some matches together and we see what we do after that. Bye.


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In the race for the Labour leadership the best price you can get on David Miliband is a miserly 4-11 with Bet365, while all the other bookmakers have him even tighter. These odds at this stage make him a near certainty, which I don't think he is. My guess is that the combative Ed Balls (10-1 with SkyBet), Andy Burnham (11-1 with Stan James) or Ed Miliband (9-1 with Betfred) might fit the bill better.
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This week's news headlines were undoubtedly fixated on the first presidential debate of the election season, where the consensus says Obama suffered the first blow from a confident Romney. As the American people keep a close watch on the performances of their presidential hopefuls, the U.S. economy exhibits conflicting outlooks — drawing even more focus to the people's task of choosing the person who will lead the nation for the next four years.
On Friday, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that the unemployment rate fell 0.3 percent to 7.8 percent in September, the first time it has been below 8 percent since January 2009. Every drop in the unemployment rate returns us closer to the days when we didn't wake up to a contracting economy, when we didn't worry about the ability to make the mortgage payment, when Wall Street wasn't evil.
Much of the presidential debate centered on disagreements over whether anyone was actually calling for a a $5 trillion tax cut for the rich. Our suggestion: How about a tax break on rising bank fees, instead?
Meanwhile, the Federal Reserve's latest announcement on monetary-policy actions breeds a gloomier sentiment. The central bank's decision to initiate a third round of quantitative easing indicates lower interest rates in the near future. Savers can expect a lower return on their cash, especially if it's in long-term CDs.
So is the economy getting better or worse? That's up for debate.
Fortunately, some things are not debatable. Mobile devices, for example, are sure to become a crucial part of our financial future. Old-time personal financial management tool Quicken accepted that fact and introduced itself in mobile-app stores. And, the platform behind the Isis mobile wallet made its first appearance in New Jersey (though we still don't know when the actual app will launch).
Despite the tarnished reputation at the biggest banks, they do tend to surprise customers from time to time. For instance, Citibank recently started testing personalized deals for credit-card customers. And, it instituted a new layer of security for online banking, which has become the mainstream method of keeping bank accounts in check.
But, before we enter the next few weeks of political back-and-forth (filled with fat-cat bankers, taxes, the economy and the jobs market), let's use Columbus Day for some quiet time. We wonder what Christopher would think of today's political climate and craze for the mobile wallet.


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New Days Ahead
Our all-volunteer group is raising money because we know there are going to be financial needs for years to come. In the short term, we're here to help the families of the 26 victims, those who were wounded but survived, the twelve kids who witnessed the massacre first-hand, and those affected by the shooting as students/faculty/staff of Sandy Hook Elementary and Newtown-located schools, and first responders from the area who were dispatched to Sandy Hook Elementary.
We are actively seeking to assist who fall within these groups to simply let us know how we can help. Just contact us.
We issue press releases and have this Web site because we want the world to know where they can direct their good will, but we also have the Web site so those affected know we're here to help, support, and honor them and their lost loved ones. We will continue to work on behalf of the those affected knowing that although we can't take their pain and suffering away, we can help with expenses and treatment, such that they can focus on themselves and their family's wellbeing. While we will remain financially transparent and will be audited annually to be in compliance, we will make no announcements about who specifically we have made disbursements to. We are not looking to publicize nor exploit those we're trying to help.
We place our faces and backgrounds on this page not for self-ingratiating reasons, but so that you may know we are real, concerned volunteers with real lives relating to Newtown, and are dedicated to assisting in the long-term healing needs of those who remain, and the respectful honoring of those lost. If you see us in the grocery store or at church, we are happy to hear ideas, constructive criticism, or commentary so that we can continue to evolve to better serve the needs of those who are affected by this tragedy.
For more ways to help us, please visit our VolunteerMatch page.
Newtown Memorial Fund Board Members:
Brian Mauriello
Chairman, Founder
I established the Newtown Memorial Fund on the afternoon of December 14th , 2012. As a near-lifetime resident of Newtown and parent, it was something that I felt I absolutely had to do. My family moved from upstate New York to the Sandy Hook area of Newtown, Connecticut in 1984, where I attended Middle Gate Elementary School in the Botsford borough of Newtown. I graduated from Newtown High School with many friends from my elementary school as well as Sandy Hook Elementary, Head O' Meadow, and Hawley elementary schools here in our great town. In my early professional career after college, I worked in the Midwest and California, but in 1999 I moved back to Connecticut and eventually moved back to Newtown in 2005, where I now reside.
My child is a member of the class of 2024, and attends school here in Newtown at a different elementary school than where the attack occurred. But that day, I decided to help our community have a proper fund for the memory of those who did perish, and to support and help strengthen all of those affected by this tragedy.
Consequently, I've chosen to help create something here that our great community will need — not just today or this month, but for generations to come — an enduring memorial and assistance fund. You can read more about this on our Mission page as to its purpose and intended projects. Newtown Memorial Fund, Inc. is an all-volunteer 501(c)3 non-profit organization. We can accept tax-deductible donations from individuals and corporations alike.
Rick Mazzariello
Vice Chairman
Rick Mazzariello has been a resident of Sandy Hook for more than 30 years. The Mazzariello family moved from New Jersey and carefully screened area schools and chose Sandy Hook because of the Sandy Hook Elementary School and the wonderful administration and teaching staff there. All of his children attended Sandy Hook Elementary School. Mazzariello's wife, Cathy, worked there for 25 years, initially as a teacher and later as the Assistant Principal until she retired in 2007. She volunteered to go back to work in that capacity for the last half of the school year in 2013 to help with the transition to the new school location in Monroe. After a long career in Marketing and Sales in the chemical industry, Mazzariello presently runs his own business as a Manufacturer's Representative for several major chemical companies. He has served on the Boards of many industry organizations. He is a former Member of the Board of The Newtown Fund, a local charitable organization that organizes charitable activities and uses donated funds to help Newtown residents in need. He draws upon that experience to help further develop the Newtown Memorial Fund.
Robert Davenport, C.P.A.
Robert M. Davenport is a Certified Public Accountant and a Partner with the firm of Nanavaty, Nanavaty & Davenport, LLP. Over Bob's career, he has specialized in serving the tax and financial needs of entrepreneurial companies and their owners. Bob holds a Bachelors of Science in Business Administration, Accounting and a Master of Accountancy with an emphasis in Taxation from the University of South Carolina. He is licensed to practice in the state of Connecticut. Bob is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Connecticut Society of Certified Public Accountants, Newtown Chamber of Commerce, St. Rose of Lima Church Finance Council, Treasurer of Newtown Nighthawks Football Association, and past Treasurer of Newtown Youth Football & Cheer Association, Newtown Youth Services, Inc., and Newtown Youth Baseball Association.
Susan Belanger, Ph.D.
Licensed Psychologist
Dr. Susan Belanger resides in Newtown and is a licensed psychologist in independent practice. Dr. Belanger holds Masters of Arts and Doctorate degrees in Applied Developmental Psychology and has been practicing, publishing, and presenting in the field of child welfare and mental health with children, adolescents, and their families for over 16 years. She currently serves on the Board of Directors of Kevin's Community Center, a free medical clinic in Newtown, CT. She formerly worked with the Community Health Center providing mental health counseling to children and their families, as well as the Department of Children and Families providing assessments to children entering the foster care system. Dr. Belanger has served on several local and national advisory boards, including Middletown CT's Multi-Interdisciplinary Team and New York City's Council of Family and Child Care Agencies (COFCCA) Managed Health Care Task Force, collecting data aimed at improving the delivery of quality medical services to children in foster care in New York City.
Christian is a Newtown resident and a father of two young children. He and his wife moved from New York to the Sandy Hook borough of Newtown 8 years ago to start their family. He is a Co-Founder and Managing Partner of GSS, a locally-based executive search firm that exclusively services the healthcare industry. He also plays an active role in forming and raising funds for innovative, start-up businesses.
Jim Gaston, Esq.
Newtown Selectman
James O. Gaston, Sr. has lived in Newtown for more than 23 years. He is married with four children, ages 24 through 16. He majored in Finance and Economics and is a practicing lawyer. Gaston served long on both the House of Delegates and the Board of Governors of the CT Bar Association, the Board of Governors of the CT Trial Lawyers Association, and he sits on two Non-Profit Boards. He was elected and served 10 years on Newtown's Board of Finance, and presently he is a Selectman on Newtown's three-member Board of Selectmen.
Amy Holland-Bailey
Amy Holland Bailey is a mother of two young children and a 1992 Newtown High School graduate. Her professional background is concentrated within the public relations / communications field with previous agency experience handling media relations, content development, community relations, crisis management, branding and corporate communications. She holds a B.A. in Communication and a concentration in Public Relations from North Carolina State University. Amy and her husband reside in the Raleigh / Durham area, but have family still living in Newtown.
David Howard attended Sandy Hook Elementary School, graduated from Newtown High School and currently resides in Sandy Hook with his wife and two young children. As a Senior Manager with Grant Thornton LLP in NYC, David services clients nationally advising hospitals, health systems and physician organizations on strategy and financial performance. David has a B.A. from the Univ. of New Hampshire, an M.B.A from the Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and an M.P.H from Columbia University.
John Kortze
John has lived in Newtown for most of his life and grew up in Sandy Hook. He is married with two daughters, both of whom attend Newtown Middle School currently and attended Sandy Hook School. John has a B.S. degree in Applied Economics and Business Management with a minor in Marketing from Cornell University and is now Managing Director at Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC. John has been an elected member of the Town of Newtown's Board of Finance for the past fourteen years where he has served as the chairman since the board's creation. Prior to serving on the Finance Board, John was an elected representative for six years on the Town of Newtown's Legislative Council. John has also served as the Treasurer and President of Rock Ridge Country Club, a family oriented country club in Newtown.
Michael Navin
Michael was born and raised in Connecticut and grew up in Enfield. After attending Southern Connecticut State University, Michael embarked on a professional career in numerous Sales and Marketing positions for some of the Nation's largest corporations. Michael, and his wife moved to Newtown on 10-31-2003 and their first experience as a family was walking up and down Main Street during Halloween and recognizing the residents of Newtown are unique, passionate, and extremely family oriented. This environment was exactly the type of environment they wanted for their children and later their business. Michael's true passion is with the Life Sciences and in 2007 he started his company Element Marketing Group Inc. which is based in Newtown. EMG has grown steadily and now counts some of the world's leading pharmaceutical manufacturers among its clients and employs over 35 employees Nationwide and over 20 in Newtown.
Andy Sachs
Development/Community Relations
Andy Sachs is the father of two young children and the husband of a Newtown native. Professionally, he is a Realtor with Coldwell Banker and team leader of "The Around Town Team." He also proudly serves as an elected member of the Board of Newtown Police Commissioners. Before entering real estate, he worked in non-profit development, campaign fundraising, and national sales and marketing management.
Julie has been a volunteer member of the Newtown Scholarship Association since 2004, currently serving as the Association's President. She is the Executive Director of University Financial Assistance at Sacred Heart University (SHU) in Fairfield, CT, a position she has held since 1987. For over 30 years, Julie has helped countless students attain a higher education through the administration of financial aid. She is well known and respected in her chosen field, serving on several Boards of Directors and a frequent presenter at College Board activities. She regularly interacts with students and parents at high school financial aid nights and college fairs. Her technical knowledge of the field of financial aid is extraordinarily broad and her passion for helping students achieve their dreams of a college education is as strong today as it was in 1979 when she first joined SHU's financial aid department as an assistant director. Julie and her family have called Newtown home since 1980. They moved to their current home in Sandy Hook in 1994. Their son Nicholas was educated in the Newtown public school system, as was his wife Kaitlin, both graduating from Newtown High School in 2001. The Newtown Scholarship Association, the people of Newtown, and especially the borough of Sandy Hook, are close to Julie's heart, and she considers it an honor to be able to be a part of the Newtown Memorial Fund.
Contact us for more information.


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Flavors of San Diego Culinary Gala | September 7, 2014 |
Loved this year's event and can't wait until next September for another Flavors Gala? Give us a call to reserve seats and tables for Flavors of Coronado on March 15, 2015 at the Loews Coronado Bay Resort! Call Kristin at 619-291-5483 or email email@example.com Take your dining experience to the next level at the 11th Annual Flavors of San Diego Culinary Gala! Unleash your inner "foodie" as you experience unique gourmet delights, sure to please your palate. Our participating chefs will prepare a multi-course gourmet extravaganza for their personal table of 10 guests, complete with culinary creations, stunning centerpieces, fine linens and more. This is one dinner that goes above and beyond the usual restaurant fare! At Flavors you'll do more than just eat the food; you will have an unforgettable dining experience while helping to fund the research, education, and advocacy efforts of the American Liver Foundation. Flavors of San Diego Sunday, September 7,
2014 Honoring: |
Event Location
The Grand Del Mar
5300 Grand Del Mar Court San Diego, CA 92130 5:30 pm - 10:00 pm Event Manager
Kristin Williams
firstname.lastname@example.com (619) 291-5483 Make an Event Donation
Check out this event and more of San Diego's best on sandiegoville.com!


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Self Catering Holiday Home in Lytham st annes, Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire
Sleeps: 8
Bedrooms: 3 - Week
£295-£795 - Short Break
£285-£385 - Weekend
7 nights available in September
Red cottage is a self catering detached bungalow for up to 8 guests in Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire Ideally situated close to Lytham St Anne's fine sandy beach, historic pier and town centre where there are many restaurants & bars to enjoy. Pets are allowed by arrangement only. Travel cot, Highchair & Wheelchair available on request. Free WIFI
- Walking Distance
- Pets Welcome
- Families Welcome
"only a short stroll to a lovely sandy beach"


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Evidence of methane venting from decomposing permafrost and gas hydrate on the shelf and slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea
The seafloor under the Arctic Shelf is arguably the part of the Earth that is undergoing the most dramatic change due to global warming (e.g., Paull et al., 2007). In the southern Beaufort Sea, off the north coast of Canada, the shelf area was terrestrially exposed during much of the Quaternary period when sea level was ~120m lower than present. As a consequence, many areas are underlain by >600m of ice-bonded permafrost that conditions the geothermal regime such that the base of the methane hydrate stability can be >1000m deep. Marine transgression has imposed a change in mean annual surface temperature from -15°C or lower during periods of terrestrial exposure, to mean annual sea bottom temperatures near 0°C. The thermal disturbance caused by transgression is still influencing the upper one kilometer of subsurface sediments. Decomposition of gas hydrate is inferred to be occurring at the base and the top of the gas hydrate stability zone. As gas hydrate and permafrost intervals degrade, gaseous gas will form and may generate excess pore water pressure. The fate of this gas and in particular whether it is escaping from the seafloor is at issue.
In the fall of 2010 a collaborative research cruise was conducted to the Beaufort Sea on the Canadian Coast Guard Ice Breaker Sir Wilfred Laurier to investigate sites where methane venting possibly associated with decomposing gas hydrate and/or permafrost was inferred to occur. During this expedition a small ROV was used to document the nature of these seafloor gas vents. Here are videos clips that illustrate two different styles of methane venting which were observed on this expedition (Paull et al., 2010).
The video clip A (below) shows methane venting at a site in the middle of the Arctic shelf. In this image, bubble releases are migrating along the seafloor, apparently following the tip of a propagating crack in the seafloor. A cloud of sediment is created by the vigorous gas venting. Such vigorous venting is commonly observed at discrete geomorphic features known as Pingo-Like-Features (Paull et al., 2007).
The video clip B (below) shows methane bubbles intermittently emanating from several small holes that are rimmed with white bacterial mats. This style of venting of methane is occurring over a large area along the edge of the continental shelf.
The methane gas emanating from both areas have stable isotopic compositions that indicate they are microbial in origin, are radiocarbon dead and thus sourced from geologic deposits. The methane vents at the Pingo-Like-Features are believed to be sourced from the top of the gas hydrate stability field, while the gas emanating along the shelf edge can be from either permafrost or gas hydrate decomposition. Gas venting from both these shelf edge environments is consistent with heating associated with the last transgression.
This research has been advanced in collaboration with scientists from the Geological Survey of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and MBARI. Future research cruises will include an expanded research network with participation by the Korean Polar Research Institute.
Paull, C.K., Ussler, W. III, Dallimore, S., Blasco, S., Lorenson, T., Melling, H., McLaughlin, F., and Nixon, F.M., 2007, Origin of pingo-like features on the Beaufort Sea shelf and their possible relationship to decomposing methane gas hydrates, Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L01603, doi:10.1029/2006GL027977.
Paull, C.K., Dallimore, S., Hughes-Clarke, J., Blasco, S. Lundsten, E., Ussler, W. III, Graves, D., Sherman, A., Conway, K., Melling, H., Vagle, S., and Collett, T., 2011, Tracking the decomposition of permafrost and gas hydrate under the shelf and slope of the Beaufort Sea, 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrate, 12 p.
Video clip A - Vigorous Methane Vent from Mid-Shelf Features in the Arctic
Video clip B - Arctic Shelf Edge Methane Venting


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My son is 10 and I think his voice is already starting to change. I'm worried — and he's self-conscious — because none of the other boys his age are experiencing this. Is he hitting puberty too soon? - Jillian
When boys and girls begin puberty, the larynx (voice box) grows larger and thicker. It happens in both boys and girls, but the change is more evident in boys. Girls' voices only deepen by a couple of tones and the change is barely noticeable. Boys' voices, however, start to get significantly deeper.
When a boy reaches puberty, the production of testosterone increases (just as estrogen production increases in girls). Testosterone, which is produced in the testicles and then travels through the blood throughout the body, causes the cartilage of his larynx to grow. Along with the larynx, the vocal cords grow significantly longer and become thicker. In addition, the facial bones begin to grow. Cavities in the sinuses, the nose, and the back of the throat grow bigger, creating more space in the face and giving the voice more room to resonate.
Each child develops at a different pace, so a boy's voice might change anywhere between ages 11 and 14½, usually just after the major growth spurt. Some boys' voices change gradually, whereas others' change quickly.
If your son is concerned, stressed, or embarrassed about the sound of his voice, let him know that it's only temporary and that everyone goes through it to some extent. After a few months, he'll likely have the resonant, deep, and full voice of an adult!
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD Date reviewed: July 2013
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995–2014 The Nemours Foundation/KidsHealth. All rights reserved.
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Vaccine is the best way to prevent seasonal flu. Everyone 6 months of age and older should get the flu vaccine each year, whether it's as a shot or as a nasal spray. Your healthcare provider can help you choose the right form. Get the vaccine for your family as soon as you are able, and be sure to ask anyone who takes care of your child to get the...
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Miracle Season, hosted by Dan Lewis and Molly Shen, aired Dec. 7, 2014 on KOMO 4 TV. The annual holiday special celebrates the remarkable lives of Seattle Children's patients. To donate now, visit https://giveto.seattlechildrens.org


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I'm an author, illustrator and photographer living in Halifax, NS who enjoys creating clever, quirky and often comical pictures that employ everything from action figures to backyard wildlife.
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Awesome!!!! Really great work!
– powerpig
Really great work!
Awesome, thanks!
– powerpig
One of few instabuys arrived today and I LOVE IT!
This is brilliant!
IT'S MOSS!!! Love it!


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The defining characteristic of the internet-era institution of "frequently asked questions" is that they rarely resemble questions many would actually ask. They're always "questions we anticipate you might ask, the subset thereof we deign to answer." Virgin Mobile is shaking up this tradition with its revolutionary Honest FAQ.
"How do I make my own ringtones?" for example, is replied to with a blunt "Dunno."
The FAQ also leaks the names of three new handsets presumably forthcoming from Virgin Mobile: The X, Y, and Z.
This Virgin Mobile FAQ Is Honest, But Not Very Helpful [Consumerist]