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A New Dawn Arising
Filed under: Climate Change, General Space Topic, Lunar Resources, National Space Policy, Off-Earth Resources, Space Pioneers
As far back through antiquity as Aristotle it was theorized that the physical world in which we live is made up of atoms. And though the ancients' mastery of deductive reasoning led them to great leaps of enlightenment, it was not enough to accurately describe reality. "Close, but no cigar," as they say. Complete atomic theories forged in the fires of rigorous scientific examination would have to wait more than two millennia.
The modern scientific method is, in simplest terms, a three-step process: observe; theorize; and test. It's proven to be a very successful way of discovering nature's secrets, but the process is far from finished when theories have passed this stage. They must withstand rigorous scientific debate and challenges, in which peers from throughout the discipline examine every aspect of the experiment from the data to the underlying mathematics and finally to the conclusions. Not until it has survived this intense scrutiny can we embrace a theory and allow it to be taken as a law.
Albert Einstein, whose theories of the macroscopic world have revolutionized our understanding of time and gravity and Werner Heisenberg, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, had some of the most heated debates in scientific history over their theories. Challenges – even angry and passionate – among piers in science form a necessary fixture in its discourse and one that we relax at our own peril.
Today the peer review process serves us well as an absolutely essential part of science. Because our understanding of the universe is built in layers, with one set of laws building upon earlier ones iteratively, imagine the consequences of discovering that something we've taken as a fundamental law is flawed, or worse, false. Such an event would be catastrophic, so the importance of remaining diligent with peer review cannot be over stated.
Yet as strong as this process tends to be, there are those rare times when it breaks down. After all, it is a human endeavor, and humans are fallible, so when a breakdown does occur, the wise man pauses to understand why and how. He endeavors to prevent it from ever happening again.
We see just such a break down occurring in recent history following the Apollo lunar flights of the late 1960s and early 1970s when samples of rocks were returned from the moon and examined by scores of scientists. When the lunar dust settled and the papers had all been published, the scientific world proclaimed that the moon was more arid than the driest desert on earth.
That's the way things stood for four decades: a kind of lunar science dark ages in which notions of returning to the moon, of building upon those gains so hard won at the expense of much national treasure and three astronaut's lives, would be bluntly dismissed. Aside from the fact that the political goals behind the missions – sadly, their biggest driver – had been achieved, it simply made no scientific sense to return. Mankind was beginning to cast an eye around the solar system for a place where he could explore and perhaps settle. Any serious consideration of where next to go would necessarily have to include the concept of ISRU, or in-situ resource utilization. It's what early pioneers called living off the land, and the idea behind it is simple. Exploration must be carried out with attention to its costs, which are kept at a minimum when consumables and materiel can be found and used at your destination. Each pound carried with the expedition costs money, so the less you take with you, the smaller the cost and the more exploration can be accomplished and made sustainable. With water being one of the most important and costly resources of any expedition, and with the lunar surface having been found utterly devoid of it, the moon was unceremoniously written off. Our nearest neighbor in space, what many call the eighth content, was now considered a dead end.
Just as the dark ages on Earth were followed by the Renaissance, the lunar dark age has given way to a enlightenment. 2009 saw new, robotic missions sent to the moon. They carried state-of-the-art instruments and beamed down to Earth volumes of new data to be examined by a fresh eyes. Within months, those science teams were sending out an electrifying discoveries that would send shock waves across the world. Water! Water had been discovered trapped in the permanently shadowed craters of the lunar South pole! More analysis revealed that the entire moon is covered in a thin veneer of water deposited by the solar wind, making it a renewable source.
The really big shocker was yet to come. A Brown University freshman! by the name of Thomas Weinreich published a paper in a May, 2011 edition of the journal Science in which he announced the results of a study he had recently conducted on 40-year-old rock samples from the moon. And his findings? Water! It had been there all along.
Only five years before, Alberto Saal, a professor at Brown, and some collaborators had applied to NASA to look for water in Apollo rocks. Colleagues laughed at his obvious naiveté.
How is it that so many brilliant minds could have concluded with such certainty for so long that the moon was utterly arid? Two words: Group Think. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Group Think is "a pattern of thought characterized by self-deception, forced manufacture of consent, and conformity to group values and ethics." This is precisely the reason behind our long-lived ignorance of water on the moon. Those early assertions that no water existed in lunar rock samples should have been challenged and would have had it not been for the very the arrogance that Dr. Saal encountered. It was Group Think that effectively shut down the peer-review process for decades.
As a new dawn arises on lunar science and we again look towards the moon as our next home away from Earth and source of natural resources and new opportunities, it's important that we weigh and consider the aftermath of a certain pitfall in the human psyche. What it cost us was 40 years and an entire generation of would-be astronauts and pioneers left orphaned when Apollo was ended. We cannot allow this to happen again, so it behooves us to scan our horizons – and those hidden places right under our noses – for signs that scientific consent is being manufactured. Can you think of any? Perhaps a theory on how the Earth traps and releases energy? Could there be a theory out there in which it is proclaimed that the time for debate has passed on a science that is "settled"?
Think about it.
To Profit and Beyond
Man's greatest discoveries have most often led to great commercial gains – some more rapidly than others. Take, for example, the mere decade it took to go from Kitty Hawk and Orville Wright's maiden twelve seconds in the air, during which time Wright traveled only 120 feet, to the first commercial air flight, piloted by Tony Jannus, which traveled from St. Petersburg to Tampa on January 1st, 1914. We all know how many industries have been developed since that time, that are either directly or indirectly related to air travel. If it were not for entrepreneurship and the private sector, flying might never have been developed to the extent it has for the general public.
Though flight was the foundation for space travel and lunar exploration, leaving Earth's gravitational pull has been a very different business model. But all that is changing. Back when Neil Armstrong's left boot hit lunar pay dirt on July 20th 1969, those of us fortunate enough to remember it probably did not know that the Apollo missions were costing the United States seven percent of its national budget. It has been almost forty years that Gene Cernan has held the title "The last man to step foot on the moon," and that's in no small part because of stricter government funding. The technology and manpower exist to return man to the moon, but until recently, national space programs were the only routes to get there. However, with the advent of business interests in space and lunar exploration, private funding is increasingly becoming available, which will allow man to truly understand the resources beyond Earth's atmosphere, as well as to explore and expand possibilities of extended life support in space.
The private sector's time has come. Lunar exploration has yielded interesting finds about resources for which mankind has a pressing need. With some of Earth's resources rapidly depleting, both governments and businesses alike have been searching for more methods to recycle dwindling resources like water and petroleum, and to develop new ones such as bio fuels. But recent lunar exploration has proven what was earlier doubted, namely that the Moon has both large quantities of water, which may be made potable and a resource for hydrogen, as well as the Helium 3 ion, a crucial element of fusion power that is almost non-existent on Earth. Fusion power, unlike nuclear power, creates almost no waste, and could become mankind's primary power source if harvested sufficiently. Still further, lunar platinum could bridge a large gap in the amount of the metal needed to convert all current internal combustion engines over to hydrogen power cell technology. As it stands, all the platinum on earth would not be enough to fill that gap, but the moon may have many times that here at home.
Obviously, with many national space programs lacking adequate funding, the private sector sees a great opportunity in lunar exploration. Lunar exploration can offer not only a significant harvesting ground for vital resources, but can also function as an outpost of the Earth for further space exploration. With only a single second time lag in communications, the Moon is close enough to our planet to allow man to control robots and other machines remotely, and can conveniently serve as a much-needed launching pad for any future private or national deep space telescope and research facilities. And along the way, a space-based infrastructure will be built to support these flights, reducing the cost of repeat flights and making the entire venture profitable and thus sustainable.
One More Giant Leap
Filed under: Civil Space Flight, Commercial Space Flight
NASA announced late last week that they are seeking to buy data from commercial providers that, "reduces risks for future human and robotic lander designs by employing these missions as unique demonstration testbeds," according to their Broad Agency Announcement. Through their Innovative Lunar Demonstrations Data (ILDD) program, the agency will award $30.1M to private companies already vying for the Google Lunar X Prize, itself valued at an additional $30M. With this latest incentive, private companies now stand to make over $60M for successfully landing on the moon.
This is great news for lead contender Astrobotic Technology (see The Undiscovered Country, June 23, 2010 STN), a Carnegie Mellon University spin-off company devoted to robotic exploration of the Moon. They're already well into the hardware testing phase of their lunar rover, set to launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 late in 2012 bound for the Apollo 11 landing site. The mission, dubbed "Tranquility TrekTM," will place a 160-lb, 5-foot-tall rover on the lunar surface for 10 to 12 days until lunar night fall. When the sun rises two Earth weeks later, the solar-powered robot will re-awaken to resume from its deep freeze hibernation after having experienced temperatures plummeting to -298 degrees Fahrenheit. This will be an important milestone for the technology since their plan is to follow on with additional robots to "prospect for the water ice and other volatiles at the Moon's poles, which can be transformed into propellant to refuel spacecraft for return flights to Earth, doubling the productivity of human missions," said Dr. William "Red" Whittaker, Astrobotic founder and director of CMU's Field Robotics Center. There in the permanently-shadowed craters of the poles, robots must face the most bitter cold yet recorded in the solar system. This first demonstration flight will serve as a practice run for the deep freeze of the poles. And if these robots do well, they can serve as a first generation of a sort of space-based hunting dog to help in those tasks too dangerous for humans.
Still further, in an exclusive statement to SpaceTalkNOW, Dr. Whittaker said that his company also has plans to explore newly-discovered features on the Moon called "skylights," (see A New Decade and Infinite Possibilities, January 11, 2010 STN; The Undiscovered Country, June 23, 2010 STN; and Lunar Scientists Need You, July 25, 2010 STN). These features are the collapsed ceilings of long-dead lava tubes, and they hold much promise as possible sources of lunar water as well as for natural shelter against the radiation environment.
This new NASA lunar program represents a giant leap forward in fostering lunar-based commerce around which the settlement of our nearest neighbor in space could arise. Like the COTS and CCDev commercial contracts before it, NASA will not use ILDD to take ownership of any flight or ground systems like was done during the Apollo program when the agency took full ownership of the Saturn rocket, Command Module and Lunar Lander and all their supporting technology. When Apollo died, those vehicles — so hard won — died with it. But this time, things are different. It's a perfect example of NASA playing the role for which it is so well suited: that of macroeconomic enabler. The ILDD program's money will spur innovation in the complimentary areas of human and robotic space flight, which is then reinvested to advance the state of the art still further. Private enterprise can then follow NASA to the moon and supply much of the agency's needs for technology, materiel and logistical support. It's a match made in heaven.
Once set in motion, lunar-based commerce can grow exponentially, making use of the nearly limitless, untapped natural resources to be found there not only for supplying the base there but for providing Earth with minerals such as Platinum (see Moonrush by Dennis Wingo, ISBN-13: 978-1894959100) which, though rare on Earth, is abundant on the Moon and could serve as a highly efficient catalyst for the first generation of hydrogen-powered, fuel cell automobiles.
Once a critical mass in space commerce is reached, it opens the door to the spread of space tourism, first from the short-duration, sub-orbital flights begun by Virgin Galactic to low earth orbit and then to the surface of the moon. The progression could be remarkably fast given the right set of circumstances. Already, Robert Bigelow of Bigelow Aerospace has plans for establishing the solar system's first hotel on another planetary body. This can happen in our lifetime! All that is needed is the wise investment of both public and private funds. Uncle Sam and private industry can make great partners if they work together. Now the question is, do those in charge on either side recognize the potential? The NASA folks at the Constellation office from which ILDD will be funded obviously "get it." But will Congress and the Administration pull the proverbial rug out from under them?
A New Decade and Infinite Possibilities
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
The outset of the last decade was met by a mixed sense of hope and dread. Some of us were convinced that the world as we knew it, our transportation, our communication, our energy, the bulk of our infrastructure then (as it is now) controlled by computers, would fall victim to the ever-publicized Y2K bug and come crashing down around our ears. The Dot-Com bubble was at its peak as venture capital continued to pour into and feed an explosion of commercial growth in the Internet. That bubble would burst by March, however, with an estimated loss of $5 Trillion in market value. Still, things stabilized after a time of adjustments.
Before the close of 2000, the Human Genome Project produces the first available assembly of the genome, promising quantum leaps in medicine; Expedition 1 moves in as the first resident crew of the International Space Station, a US-lead, international effort in new space-based research and promising advances in medical and materials technology and serving as a beach head for all other points in the solar system; And as California suffers the first of two years of rolling blackouts and the notorious ILOVEYOU computer worm tears its way through millions of computers worldwide, NASA prepares for another series of Mars launches including Mars Odyssey, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Phoenix Mars Lander. Clearly, the emphasis at this point is Mars. Among the policy makers at the agency, it's taken for granted that our nearest neighbor in space, the moon, is nothing more than a celestial backwater, a dead end not worthy of any serious consideration or funding for human exploration, and lunar robotic space flight is all but completely stymied by a mars-centric culture. In the decade of the aughts, missions to the moon flown by non-US entities outnumber NASA's by 2 to 1. Within NASA, missions to Mars outnumber those to the moon by 3 to 1. During that entire ten-year period, NASA sent only 2 spacecraft – arguably but a single mission since they flew literally on the same rocket and shared many objectives.
But oh what a difference a single decade makes. The day we entered Y2K America's only space transportation system was a space shuttle that had proven itself far less capable and safe than the capsule-based system it replaced, leaving humans stranded in the purgatory of low earth orbit; the idea of commercial human spaceflight – the vehicle through which we would finally realize the painfully elusive goal of affordable access to orbit – was barely a dream; and we still operated under the delusive notion that water – critical for making any manned, off-earth venture affordable – found in the lunar rock samples gathered by Apollo astronauts was mere contamination from earth. On that day the machines, infrastructure and vision for establishing a permanent human presence on another world were no nearer our grasp than they were at the outset of the space age four decades earlier. The wheels of progress in space had gotten hopelessly bogged down. But today? Today is a very different day.
We enter this new decade vastly better equipped than the last. The dust of ignorance has been wiped from our eyes, and we can clearly see a fact that, in one fell swoop, brings within our reach the permanent human settlement in space that once evaded us: the moon is not the barren wasteland it was once believed to be. We can indeed live off the land, as it were, because we now know it to harbor the raw materials we need. The lunar surface contains ample amounts of water for drinking and for conversion into air for breathing. This singular and very recent discovery was a game-changing event! It meant that the round-trip travel time between earth and our first outpost could be placed at 6 days rather than the year it would be for Mars; a fact that, in turn, enabled the commercial sector to participate. And it is the commercial sector that is key to sustaining human space flight, because it reduces the cost so dramatically.
Space travel is no longer the one-dimensional construct it was. The emergence of commercial human space flight brings with it the financial and technological agility so desperately needed for the advancement of human exploration as a whole. The civil and commercial human space flight sectors work increasingly in concert to achieve, together, our new goals in space.
And with new goals have come a change in the technology we'll use to carry them out. In an ironic turn of events, the space shuttle is being supplanted by a much-advanced version of its predecessor, the capsule. Even neglecting the glaring deficiencies in safety suffered by the shuttle, it's a change that had to occur since the shuttle is unable to travel to the moon or any place else in the solar system. It was never designed for such a flight.
Both NASA and the private sector now have their own designs for a capsule. And despite what you may have read, they are not mutually exclusive nor will they compete with one another. Each has a distinct and important mission.
NASA is building the Orion and Altair spacecraft. Similar in concept to the Apollo Command Module but with greatly advanced systems and double the crew capacity, Orion is designed as an interplanetary transport. It will carry astronauts from earth orbit to the moon and beyond. Once it reaches its destination, the crew will transfer to and descend to the lunar surface via Altair, itself conceptually similar to the Apollo Lunar Module but also with pronounced advancements over its predecessor. Together these vehicles comprise the next-generation deep space exploration system. Their point of departure is earth orbit, but how do they get from the surface to orbit? That's where the commercial sector comes in.
A company based in Hawthorne, California named SpaceX is taking up the task of producing the vehicle that can carry both cargo and crew to orbit. Its Founder and CEO Elon Musk, who also co-founded Paypal, has long carried a deep passion for human space flight and realized the importance of reducing its cost. Using his own money, he began developing the Falcon series of rockets as well as a companion spacecraft called Dragon. After several successful flights of the smaller Falcon 1 rocket, SpaceX is now preparing for the maiden launch of its Falcon 9, which will go on to regularly deliver cargo to the International Space Station and has the ability to carry crew as well when NASA gives its approval to begin development of the additional systems for Dragon necessary to support humans, such as the crew escape system.
Here for the first time we see civil and commercial space working together, providing different but complimentary systems that support the overarching goal of putting people on another world. The private sector provides transport to earth orbit and the logistical support surrounding that leg, and the civil sector provides the advanced systems needed for crew transport to the final planetary destination. It's a beautiful symmetry.
So now that we've turned our sights to the moon, now what? Exactly what regions of the moon are we to explore first? And what will be the basic needs to be met for such an outpost?
Recent discoveries have uncovered water in prodigious amounts both in and around the Cabeus crater at the lunar south pole. Extraction of that water from within the interior of Cabeus and surrounding craters presents technological challenges we've not yet faced. First is the simple matter of descending into a crater. It's never been done, so it will be necessary to develop new — or modify currently-existing, earth-based — technology to perform that task. Second is the extremely cold temperatures to be found inside the craters. At approximately -370 degrees fahrenheit (-223 degrees Celsius), they are the coldest regions we have yet to encounter in the solar system. Fortunately, however, we can get our feet wet (pun intended) on the simpler task of extracting water from the much more accessible and warmer areas near the crater rims.
But there may be an alternative — or additional, depending on how you look at it — source of lunar water. Less than three months ago, the Japanese Kaguya spacecraft took the first picture of what's been termed a "skylight." Having long been suspected by lunar scientists as a fairly common structure on the moon, a skylight is an opening to a lava tube. Vulcanism on the moon died out billions of years ago, so these tubes have spent the intervening eons vacant and hollow. In places, their roofs have collapsed, exposing the interior, and it may be possible that the same mechanism that deposits water into the cold traps within craters in the lunar polar regions has also left water here. Possible advantages provided by skylights are that they can be found at much lower latitudes, lending to better line-of-sight communications with earth, and that they could serve as natural shelters against solar storms, which can deliver intense doses of radiation.
As important as water and oxygen to the outpost will be power. Given that a single lunar night lasts for two weeks, solar cells are clearly not a viable source of energy; therefore, nuclear power is a must. Already NASA is working on the development of such a system, along with new building construction techniques, lunar surface vehicles for transporting astronauts between them, and many other technologies that will be necessary for sustaining a lunar outpost leading to a settlement. And here again, the commercial sector will be capable of providing logistical support, thereby reducing cost in much the same way it does with arctic bases on earth. As that commercial presence in space increases, so does the demand for jobs. Speaking in relative terms, we're headed for a population explosion in space, made possible by a hand full of dreamers, of bold entrepreneurs willing to put their hard-earned fortunes at risk to realize the dream of a multi-world civilization all of us have imagined for so many decades.
As with previous decades, we enter this one with the same mixture of hope and dread. We'll have our times of difficulties and adjustments, but we also have one thing that previous times failed to produce: a real shot at the final frontier — not just for an elite few, but for the common man. Recent discoveries, unparalleled relationships forming between public and private sectors and a change of destinations would all seem to signal the next chapter in history. We've opened a new decade, plotted a new course, and the possibilities are infinite.
A Space-Based Economic Stimulus
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
As we draw near to the time when the LCROSS spacecraft impacts the moon (see The Quest To Find Water On The Moon) it's worth pausing for a moment to consider the implications of a discovery of water on the lunar surface. Scientists studying data recently obtained from the Japanese Kaguya (Selene) spacecraft discovered positive evidence of Uranium and several other elements never before detected. This discovery, in and of itself, is a cogent illustration that the moon harbors more natural resources than we've ever expected, resources that will be needed to support a base and eventually a settlement there. But if definitive evidence of lunar water is uncovered then the case for going back to the moon is made so strong that even the staunchest detractor will be struck mute. To say that the discovery would be monumental doesn't begin to sum it up. In one fell swoop the biggest technical challenge in creating a large human presence on the moon will be solved.
It all comes down to economics. Every pound of mass — consumables like food and water, machinery, construction materials, etc. — we launch into space costs money in fuel spent overcoming earths gravity; hence the less we're forced to launch, the less we spend and the more economical the venture becomes. Many tons of water will be needed annually to support even a modest human presence in space. If that water is found on the moon, it changes everything. It means a lunar base has its own supply with the added bonus that where water is needed elsewhere in the solar system, it can be launched from the moon at a small fraction of the cost of launching it from the surface of the earth. The presence of water on the moon means the economics of building the first human outpost there becomes vastly simplified.
But there's yet another benefit from such a discovery. It would be a boon for commercial space flight, opening up vast new opportunities for the burgeoning industry at a time when it is seeking to expand into new markets.
In contrast to the lengthy, year-long trek required to reach Mars, the moon is a mere 3 days away; within the realm of expertise in commercial space flight. Indeed, commercially-available technology could be expanded to make the journey. And with a destination as close as the moon, rich in natural resources, new markets could spring up quite literally over night.
For example: hydrogen fuel cell automobiles. At the heart of the fuel cell is Platinum. The problem is that there's not enough of it on earth to replace all the existing cars on the planet with a fuel cell, let alone accommodate for an increasing population. But hanging right above our heads is an abundant supply of it. The moon has many times the amount to be found here on earth. We simply need a cost-effective method of extracting it. Here again, we're up against the economics of space flight, which would be facilitated by the discovery of water.
But the benefits don't stop there. Water discovered on the moon equals a lunar base equals economic stimulus for commercial human space flight equals the emergence of a space-based economy with absolutely unlimited potential for jobs. Jobs!
And this brings me back to the original premise behind this blog: that our greatest hope for a large-scale, expansive human presence in space lies with the private sector.
Whether or not water is discovered on the moon, we will build a base there and eventually a settlement, but the presence of that precious substance would erase all doubt that the venture is feasible and open the flood gates of private investment.
And if all that were not enough, that economic stimulus would surely lead to advances in commercially-available technology that could shorten the timetable for the first flights to Mars.
So watch the count down to LCROSS impact with the moon, and cross your fingers on both hands, close your eyes and say a little prayer that we strike water.
The Quest To Find Water On The Moon
Filed under: Civil Space Flight, Commercial Space Flight
On July 31, 1999 the NASA-built Lunar Prospector spacecraft crashed into a crater near the south pole of the moon.
Just over 7 years later on September 3, 2006 the European Space Agency's SMART-1 crashed into Lacus Excellentiae (Latin for Lake of Excellence) in the moon's southern region.
On November 14, 2008 an Indian-built spacecraft called Chandraayan 1 dropped a piece of itself, which impacted near Shackleton crater (named after Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, noted Antarctic explorer of the early 20th century) at the lunar south pole.
This past June 10th, the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) crashed its Selene spacecraft (nicknamed Kaguya) into the moon.
Are you beginning to detect a rather disturbing trend, here?
And last week, two more NASA probes, the Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter (LRO) and the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), were dispatched to the moon, also to be crashed into it… intentionally!
Either the world's space scientists have a really warped sense of humor, or there's a sane, rational reason for all these perfectly good, multi-million-dollar space probes being slammed into the lunar surface. And as it turns out, there is a good reason after all.
President Bush united the country (arguably, setting the tone for the rest of the world) under a single, unified goal in space for the first time since the 1960′s: the Vision for Space Exploration. Under VSE we'll first return to the moon then go on to Mars — with all due respect to some of my colleagues who would prefer it in the reverse order. Though I hold them in very high regard, even share their love of Mars and the idea of establishing a colony there, the moon is a far better choice at this point in time. Over and above the more publicized reasons for going back to the moon such as for natural resources and using it as a staging area for Mars flights, missions to our nearest neighbor in space will more readily and rapidly aid in establishing space commerce, which I deeply believe is the more exigent.
Our first colony on another world will be a feat of engineering and logistics, rivaling the great westward push through the US of the 1800′s, and not only for the courage that will be required of the people who make the journey but the extreme economic hurtles that must be made. In the old west, settlers took the tools they needed to work the land, a few livestock if they were fortunate and not much else. They lived off the land, bodies of water and the wildlife they discovered. Space settlers, on the other hand, must take everything, even the air they breathe, and the cost of transporting every extra pound of cargo adds up quickly in added fuel spent. For this reason, such a settlement must be self-sustaining to the greatest extent possible. But the moon is a harsh homestead, providing only for the more industrious individual. If we could find water there, we would in one fell swoop solve some of the more daunting problems of space habitation.
Not only does water provide for drinking, bathing, cooking and cleaning, but it is an ideal solvent, a catalyst for building materials like concrete, and when you apply to that good ole H2O the process of electrolysis, can be split into its basic components: hydrogen and — yes, you guessed it — oxygen for breathing.
And so it is that we've embarked on a quest to find water on the moon. But wait. What does that have to do with crashing spacecraft?
There are two choices available to us for finding that clear, and so far painfully elusive, substance. Either we send people en masse to hack away at the surface with an assortment of machines dedicated to the task or we try an intelligent and far more cost-effective approach. It turns out that when you slam an object into the moon at the kinds of speeds one must achieve for space flight, the resultant release of energy is quite impressive; more than enough to kick up a very sizable plume of material from the impact site. And if you have an instrument capable of detecting water (ice or vapor) in that plume… vuala! You have your detection method. In the past, instruments have been trained on such a plume from a distance, a method called remote sensing. But LCROSS launched last week will be employing another, ingenious technique. It's called an in situ (Latin for "in the place") measurement. Here's how it will work.
Two spacecraft, a rocket called a Centaur and a "shepherding spacecraft", fly connected to the moon. Actually, the LRO spacecraft is also connected, but it will not meet the same fate. The Centaur is aimed at the moon (and we'll get to how we pick the impact site in a minute), guided by the shepherding spacecraft. Before impact, the two separate. The Centaur traveling at 5600 miles per hour reaches the impact site first, selected for this task because of its high mass, weighing in at approximately 34,000 pounds — heavier than a bus. On impact, it excavates material from the resulting 100-foot-diameter crater and ejects it 30 miles up! Meanwhile, the shepherd, descending along the same path, is flying through the plume, continuously taking measurements and sending them back to earth until its own demise. If there is any water in any form on that spot, it will be detected.
OK, so you have your method for detection. Though it's true the moon is much smaller than the earth, it's still a prodigious expanse and wilderness. How do you narrow your search area? One fact that helps with this task is that the moon has no atmosphere.
On earth, our atmosphere protects us from the sun's immense heat. It acts as a filter, allowing no more energy to reach the service than we need. Were it not for this filter, the sun would boil off our oceans. Back on the moon, this is precisely what happens to any water ice exposed to the sun's rays. With no atmosphere there to reduce solar radiation, the ice heats up and boils away into space.
Knowing this, you might be tempted to throw in the towel, thinking that the whole of the moon is exposed to the sun and therefore couldn't possibly contain any water ice. Luckily, there are some regions that lie in permanent shadow. At no point throughout the lunar year does the sun penetrate. Where might these places be, you ask? Well, I imagine you've already gleaned part of the answer from the fact that all the probes mentioned at the top of this article were being crashed into the moon's southern regions.
It is estimated that both the north and south polar regions contain craters that lie in permanent shadow, so it is there where we will target impacting missions. Finding water on the moon will be like discovering a lush oasis in the middle of the desert. That one resource could sustain a permanent lunar colony from which commerce could grow, bringing about a new and prosperous economy. A bit much to expect, you say? Perhaps, but I've a sneaking suspicion it may not take that long to find out.


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Employee Giving 14 an organizational value of employee giving (Dainton & Zelley, 2005). The end result would then be a basic organizational assumption that employees at SUU donate financially to the University (Schockley-Zalabak, 2006). I also...
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measure involvement, the researchers used 20 questions developed by Zaichkowsky (1985) that asked about personal relevance to bipolar adjectives. A golf tournament was sponsored by B&O. B&O is a high-quality company that develops and manufactures...
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-We should look at getting tall cocktail tables for the 30 minute "cocktail hour" at the beginning of the evening. (Maria thought we could find these fairly cheap on eBay and purchase them to have at the Heritage Center) -There is going to be a...
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History of Moviemaking in Utah", as inspiration and wanted to give a copy of the book to each of the travel writers as a gift. We were contacting you to see if it is possible to get a deal on 80 autographed copies of the book. If you could just let...
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I called May Hunter to tell her we will be using her gold and black chairs for the event. She is sending me a confirmation email for the linens, tables and chairs. I ordered the 100 matchbooks from Amazon.com and am going to Staples to pick up the...
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THE WEB 81 Writing for the Web 21 The page consists of a logo, a search bar, and a short message. The pur pose of the page is obvious, whereas the purpose might be more obscure if it The text on a page...
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THE WEB 143 Tools 83 ably take up the least amount of space. With an average file size of about 15 KB, well over 3,000 web pages could be stored at a 50 MB server space. Much more space is taken up by images, databases, and downloadable files such...
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THE WEB 147 Tools 87 folder "JS." There are likely other names, but usually these are the most com will usually...
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THE WEB 198 138 Rhythm (also known as repetition) allows designers to develop an internal consistency that makes a design easier for the user to process. Once the brain recognizes the pattern in the rhythm, it can relax and...
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THE WEB 201 Design Concepts 141 clean water to impoverished areas. The striking image of a mother and her son scooping dirty stagnant wa ter from a muddy stream provokes strong emotion and action. Emo tion can also come from color....
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Intro to the Internet 47 and Web Page Design downloaded and stored locally previously, it will load the cached image instead of downloading the image from the web again. Because of this, it is a good idea to use the same images across all your web...
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Intro to the Internet 115 and Web Page Design Referring to our rough drawing, you see that the title logo for the page is a graphic image. The tag used to insert an image on the page is:
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116 Chapter 7 HTML

subset: commoncrawl


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Dell finished in the middle of the pack this year–fifth out of nine brands–but it jumped up two spots compared to 2013. The biggest reason was improved tech support, but the company also turned in a better score in the reviews category. Dell continues to trail some of its competitors in the innovation and software categories, but overall the results were positive.
Dell had a very strong showing this year, as three of the 18 notebooks we reviewed received Editor's Choice awards. Its XPS line, from the 12-inch hybrid to the 18-inch mega-tablet, impressed us greatly in terms of design and performance. The only thing holding Dell back was the keyboard on its 11-inch XPS, which resulted in a rating of 2.5 stars. This one system dropped the brand by a point from last year's reviews score.
MORE: Best Dell Laptops 2014
Dell's showing last year was our worst tech support score ever, but the company has rebounded by ending predatory practices. Dell's website layout is unintuitive, and Dell does not offer email or Facebook tech support. On the phone, Dell's technicians wanted us to download DellConnect software each time, allowing agents to take remote control of our computer rather than explain how to fix something. However, we were glad to see that we could disconnect their control at any moment with just a click.
MORE: Dell: Tech Support Showdown Rating
Dell's design is a mixed bag of flamboyant redesigns and practical mainstays. From the 14-inch to the massive 18-inch, Alienware updated its popular gaming notebooks with a look that falls somewhere between a disco ball and an intergalactic space cruiser. At the other end of the spectrum are designs like the XPS 13, with attractive but unexciting carbon fiber designs. Dell also retooled its Inspiron line (Dell Inspiron 14 7000 and Dell Inspiron 15 7000) to look more modern.
Dell laptops usually offer a high-quality typing experience, but this year there were some notable exceptions. The Latitude 7440's keyboard, for example, was mushy and exhibited noticeable flex, a huge problem on an $1,800 business laptop. The Dell XPS 11 hybrid could win a "bad idea award" for its completely flat keyboard, which offers no tactile feedback at all.
However, most Dell systems offered springy feedback while their large touchpads provided smooth navigation and strong gesture support. Some of their laptops continue to offer touchpads with dedicated mouse buttons, which are usually more comfortable and accurate than clickpads.
The company's Alienware gaming laptops continued to impress with their customizable, light-up keyboards and their large touchpads, which all have dedicated buttons.
Dell's roster of Alienware laptops and push into QHD helped the company boost its score by a point in this category versus last year. The Alienware 14, 17 and 18 all boast eye-popping visuals with their 1080p displays, although the 14-inch model could have been brighter. Overall, Dell's displays were brighter than the average laptop (242 lux) with a light meter reading of 267 lux. Even the sub-$500 Dell Inspiron 17-3721 rocks an attractive 1600 x 900-pixel resolution display. The Dell XPS 15 claims the highest resolution display of its size at 3200 x 1800 pixels.
Audio quality across high-end and budget Dells was loud and clear overall. We did notice that the bass was lacking in some models, but the Dell Audio control panel can help improve the sound. Dell's notebooks typically reached 84 decibels during the LAPTOP Audio Test, which is just one decibel below the laptop category average.
The most innovative laptop to come out of Dell was its XPS 11 hybrid, which sports a QHD display that opens 360 degrees for use as a tablet. However, we took issue with its flat keyboard, which was uncomfortable to use. Beyond that, the innovative pickings get slim fast. The flip-screen XPS 13 got a spec bump but retained the same design.
MORE: How to Buy a 2 in 1 Laptop Hybrid
Dell upped the ante this year by expanding its Inspiron, Precision and Latitude lines. From the super-affordable Inspiron 15 ($299) with Intel Celeron to the long-lasting Inspiron 15 7000 ($699), this year's lineup offers solid performance without busting budgets. Dell's Alienware line of gaming notebooks, redesigned this year, continue to offer superior performance that are worth the premium price tag. You can customize your notebook with your preferred specs, including a Windows 7 option for many laptops, via Dell.com to get your ideal rig.
Dell's laptops keep things fairly clean — almost spartan — with basic apps such as My Dell for tech support and Dell Digital Delivery for buying software online. Dell Audio provides a few basic equalization options for movies and music. Dell's Power Manager tweaks battery settings, but really just duplicates what Windows already lets you do. Newer Dell laptops, such as the XPS 15, come loaded with PocketCloud for cloud storage and remote access.
I am a 'versity going student n using a DELL INSPIRON 15,CORE i3…. and in a very reasonable price…..i like ma notebook!!!
Been purchasing computers from Dell since 2000. This last purchase included software that did not come with any CD's and to top it off I cannot use any of the software on any other computers that I own. I wish this was explained to me when I purchased the software because I would have made other arrangements. Now Dell tells me that if I want they can refund me for the Microsoft Office program. I asked them if it would be alright to wait until I found Office with multiple licenses before returning the orig Office I purchased from Dell. They said no problem. Now I have purchased a multi license Office. Called Dell and now they tell me I'm over the 30 day refund policy which I had no idea about either and was not told about when conversing about the original Office Program Dilemma. When I ask for the manager's name they cannot tell me. They say the reason they cannot tell me is that there are many managers. I ask who is directly in charge of you. They say there are many managers. I ask when you show up late for work who is it that reprimands you? They say they cannot give me that information. What a run around!! It's obvious that Dell is going to do what Dell wants to do and does not care about customer satisfaction at this point. Lately between Dell and Microsoft all I have been doing is screwing with my computers to stay in business. I am starting to think that my best move is to back away from computers and go back to doing things the old fashioned way. It is my belief that Computers and Software manufacturers are actually getting in the way of progress.
I'm so confused on which laptop to buy cos this is my first time,i need ur advice pls,between Lenovo thinkpad X240 and HP pavilion 15 n268 and pavilion 15-n297 which do you think i should go for,tanks for ur advice is needed.
Dell XPS12 is terrible. It has awful keyboard with unresponsive space bar, worst touchpad I've ever used, but what really makes this hybrid horrendous is the screen. At first, it was okay, but then it started to burn in! So, one or two minutes is enough for the image to get stuck on the screen for 10-15 minutes. I will never buy Dell products again.
If you're buying a laptop, don't buy one from Dell. I bought my Dell Inspiron sometime around March, and it's been causing so many issues. Dell International Services India Pvt Ltd is such a lie! My laptop has issues like hanging randomly, getting stuck at the dell logo, cursor flickering. They made me run a few tests over the phone and sent over a "technician" to check the laptop and change the hardware if needed. The poor chap had no clue as to what's wrong with my laptop, asked me if I had an extra cd rom (what?), changed the hardware, asked me to sign on the form saying he'd done his job and went off. I'm not even sure if he knew anything other than how to change the hardware! Guess what? The same issues cropped up within 3-4 days of the service! BTW, I did not get the follow up call asking if my laptop was working fine and they "closed" the complaint in 2 days. No worries, I call again, Explain my isuues in detail again, the guy makes me do the exact same thing as I was told on my first call and said he'd "follow up" and "send an email with a link to download". I got no mail, no follow up call.
Call no. 3- I call and have to explain my issue for the THIRD time, run the same tests for the THIRD time, am told that this guy will follow up with a solution for the THIRD time and my laptop's STILL NOT RIGHT.
Save yourself the mess, buy no dell
I,,,,like DELL The best in the best
Dell is a terrible brand of computer. I have never used such a terrible product.
I am using DELL XPS for six years already. And I love it. I wish the battery life would be longer. I had to change it once. Other then that I have no problems. I protect my computer well, do a lot of work on it. Absolutely adore it. I would buy DELL again.
The only people who can think Dell laptops are good are people who do not use them. Their propietary drivers are the bane of my life and pretty much every other week time is spent simply trying to get it to work. Dell support is awful as well and did little to nothing to help me within the 1 year warranty. Never buy a Dell. The specs looks good for the price…but you will be paying the price over the short life of these poor laptops.
I have a Dell laptop. I hate it. The Dell Inspiron is the worst laptop to ever exist… I'm a gamer, and I can't play any type on game on it at all because it crashes… The keyboard is shit and mine is bent. The screen also comes off… The cooling system is shit as well…. Do not buy. Ever.
Don't buy Dell


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Tickets for the New York Musical Theatre Festival (NYMF) go on sale tomorrow, September 1st. To learn about the musicals playing at the festival this year, and to purchase tickets, visit www.nymf.org. Now in its fourth year, NYMF has become a major event for the Broadway community, where New York theater fans get to see fresh new musicals and producers get to scout for shows. The festival has had numerous success stories, the two most significant so far being Off-Broadway hits Altar Boyz and [title of show].
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Carly graduated University Of Toronto, Theatre and Performance program. She has written for various publications including art-speaks, Pembroke Daily Observer, Toronto Star - Performing Arts Section, The Canadian Post and more recently the Village Voice and the New York Daily News. As a member As a member of the Barrow Group, her specialties include performance stage production and talent casting.
Latest posts by Carly White (see all)
- The Triple Crown At The TONY Awards® - July 7, 2014
- Barbara Walters Says Farewell to "The View" - May 29, 2014
- Annette Bening joins John Lithgow in "King Lear" - May 24, 2014
- Broadway Fall 2014 Line-Up Falling into Place - May 15, 2014
- "Bullets Over Broadway" Opens at the St. James Theatre - May 9, 2014


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Diana CT commented on the blog post DADT Repeal: A 21st Century Civil Rights Victory
Unfortunately, trans-people are still prevented from serving in the military. Unlike Canada and the Europeans where they are allowed to serve their county bravely.
Diana CT commented on the blog post Late Night FDL: Xyzzy Gaming
I plan Solitaire, Hearts, Tetris, Blackjack, Poker and Backgammon when I get bored. I don't like the on-line version, because a lot of times I will save the save and come back later to finish it.
I use to play Adventure all the time on my Apple II+, I wish someone would make a browser version using Java or just plan Javescript
Diana CT commented on the blog post Guest Post: The Definition Of "Gender Identity Or Expression" Included In The Connecticut Non-Discrimination Law
Connecticut already has a anti-discrimination law for sexual orientation, it has been on the books since 1991
Also if you read what Jennifer wrote, "The Connecticut law defines "gender identity or expression" as a person's gender-related identity, appearance, or behavior, whether or not that identity, appearance, or behavior differs from that traditionally associated with the person's physiology or assigned sex at birth." Nowhere does it say anything about only applying only to transgender people. It applies to all people, transgender, bisexual, lesbian, gay or straight. Just like it does in 14 other states.


text: V.L. Chapman Electric, Inc. specializes in both COMMERCIAL and INDUSTRIAL electrical work, including construction, maintenance and service.We do everything from changing light bulbs and repairing short circuits to installing multi-million dollar electrical systems, including power, lighting, fire alarm, security and tele/data systems from start to finish.With the ever changing face of electrical service and construction in our area, many firms have come and gone. V.L. Chapman Electric, Inc., however, has been a family owned and operated business since 1952 and we will be here when you need us.We offer complete electrical service at competitive rates. We can handle your planned upgrades as well as your emergency repairs.We are members of the National Electrical Contractors Association and the Lake County Safety Council.


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So it's hot here in MN and I'm trying to come up with a good recipe for a cherry ale made with some of this wonderful cherry juice I recently picked up at Costco, not to mention I don't really want to deal with a secondary fermentation for real fruit (and thirdly because we really can't get good cherries here). Right now, though, I'm stumped as to what direction I want to take this recipe. Most of what I've seen on this site is for brewing with actual fruit, and the few recipes I've seen for juice-based brews haven't had as much information as I normally like in my recipes, since I'm still a relative beginner (and I want to do this with extracts; even partial grain is kind of a pain in a small apartment kitchen). However, that being said, a basic idea for a recipe has formed in my head, and I'd love some help tweaking it and making it delicious (this will be a 5-gallon batch, or thereabouts): 6lb. Wheat DME 3lb. Light DME Hops (I'm thinking something pretty fruity and not too bitter, suggestions?) Spices (Orange peel and coriander, maybe, unless that'd muddle the flavors too much? Star anise? Clove? I'm really lost here) Cherry juice (not concentrate. How much would I use?) I really appreciate any help you can give, like I said, I'm still a relative newbie at this, and I'd really love to get this off the ground sometime this week. Thanks!
s what yeast did you plan on using? base recipe looks similar to the blueberry wit i am making. perhaps someone else will chime in with other stuff but i have a few ?'s you using dried orange peel or fresh zest? im using 1.5 oz of fresh zest. also im using .4oz corriander crushed. not sure how the anise would go there. i wanna say no clove. the cherry juice how much do you have? what is the gravity of it? I am putting 1gal of 21 brix cherry juice into 5 g of belgian quad i am making soon. hope it helped a little.
For yeast, I was thinking something Belgian, hopefully something that'll yield nice fruity esters. Haven't fully committed to anything until I see what the shop has in stock. For adjuncts/spices, I was thinking dried bitter orange peel and coriander, should be a nice balance of flavors with what's going on in the cherry juice. Rough estimate would be about 3/4oz. orange zest and 1/2oz. lightly crushed coriander in a spice bag. The juice is interesting (and I can readily get more). It's super fruity but not particularly sweet, which is almost too bad. I know objectively that it's got plenty of sugars in it for the yeast to chow down on, but to my tastebuds, I was hoping for something that actually *tasted* sweet. I haven't yet measured the gravity of the cherry juice, and I honestly hadn't thought of that additional (necessary) step. Thanks for the help, still mulling this (not-quite) recipe over in my head.
What kind of preservatives are in the cherry juice?
Awesome, I'd have expected a Costco product to have preservatives in it.
9 lbs of DME is a lot, that should be a 1.080 beer, before you add the juice.
I've never used a juice like that in beer, so I don't have a basis to make a suggestion. With that said, I'd probably use the whole 2.5 gallons.


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Consumers Businesses
Company Phone Number: (800) 568-9889 CPSC Consumer Hotline: (800) 638-2772 CPSC Media Contact: Mark Ross, (301) 504-7076
WASHINGTON, D.C. - In cooperation with the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the U.S. Coast Guard, Trojan Battery Co., of Santa Fe Springs, Calif., is recalling approximately 11,000 marine-type batteries, which also can be used as a mobile home or recreational vehicle auxilary power source. These batteries could have a cracked negative terminal post that could lead to internal sparking and possible explosion. An exploding battery can result in chemical and thermal burns, and lacerations to people in the area.Trojan Battery Co. is not aware of any injuries or incidents involving these batteries. This recall is being conducted to prevent the possibility of injury.Only Type 27TMN batteries are involved in this recall. These 12-volt batteries were sold under the brand names "Action Pack," "Pro-Guide," "Sea Volt," "Trojan," "Centennial Battery," and others. To determine if your battery is part of this recall, look for the following symbols stamped on the positive battery terminal post: "I01," "I04," "I12," "I14," "I15," "I21," "I29," "J05" and "J17." Major marine and discount retailers sold these batteries between September 1998 and December 1998 for between $79 and $89.Consumers with these recalled batteries should stop using them immediately, and return them to the store where they were purchased for a free replacement battery. For more information, consumers should call Trojan toll-free at (800) 568-9889 anytime.
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of thousands of types of consumer products under the agency's jurisdiction. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical or mechanical hazard. CPSC's work to help ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters and household chemicals -– contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 40 years.
Federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly-announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the Commission.
To report a dangerous product or a product-related injury go online to www.SaferProducts.gov or call CPSC's Hotline at (800) 638-2772 or teletypewriter at (301) 595-7054 for the hearing impaired. Consumers can obtain news release and recall information at www.cpsc.gov, on Twitter @USCPSC or by subscribing to CPSC's free e-mail newsletters.
Times: 8 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. ET; Messages can be left anytime
Call to get product safety and other agency information and to report unsafe products.
Please use the below phone number for all media requests.
Phone: (301) 504-7908
Spanish: (301) 504-7800
View CPSC contacts for specific areas of expertise
We are still interested in receiving incident or injury reports that are either directly related to this product recall or involve a different hazard with the same product.
Report a Product on SaferProducts.gov
The link you selected is for a destination outside of the Federal Government. CPSC does not control this external site or its privacy policy and cannot attest to the accuracy of the information it contains. You may wish to review the privacy policy of the external site as its information collection practices may differ from ours. Linking to this external site does not constitute an endorsement of the site or the information it contains by CPSC or any of its employees.
Click Ok if you wish to continue to the website; otherwise, click Cancel to return to our site.


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The Maesdu Pro Shop has a large stock of Ladies and Gents golfing equipment and clothing, which will appeal to all tastes and pockets.
The shop also stocks a wide range of accessories that golfers need on a regular basis (e.g. gloves, golf balls, tees etc.)
Much of the stock is from leading golf brands including Cobra, Ping, Titleist, TaylorMade, Mizuno, MotoCaddy, Scott and Lyle, Footjoy, and Glenmuir.
Other services available from the Pro Shop include:
- trolley and buggy hire,
- custom fitting,
- club repairs and re-gripping.
The shop is operated by our Head PGA Professional, Simon Boulden and his Assistant PGA Professional Jonathan Kelly and they are both on hand to help you select the right equipment.
To receive regular offers click here firstname.lastname@example.com
Lessons are available from Simon and Jonathan for golfers of all abilities - from beginners to advanced players
Simon Boulden has been the PGA Professional at Maesdu Golf Club for over 30 years, he has a wealth of experience as a coach in all departments of the game. All of his three daughters have represented Wales at various levels of the game.
Jonathan has over 16 years experience and knowledge of coaching the game of golf, from improving your swing and course management skills to ensuring you have the right equipment


text:
Finally, there is a reliable product to reduce the frequency of painful migraines – without any harmful side-effects.
If you are lucky and don't suffer from migraines, chances are good you know someone who does. This is because 1 of every 10 Americans suffers at least one migraine headache a month – and 50% of these folks suffer multiple attacks each month.
Every migraine sufferer needs to know about the natural alternative for relief called Petadolex® (pronounced "pet-a-dole-x").
Most migraine treatments focus on ways to reduce the pain. But Petadolex® helps prevent migraines. In fact, it is clinically proven to reduce migraine attacks by up to an astounding 62%!
Petadolex® was developed in Germany over a period of 25 years. It is made by Weber & Weber, a well-respected German pharmaceutical company in business since 1952. Petadolex® was recently patented in the United States.
In two separate placebo controlled studies, the all natural Petadolex® has been clinically proven to be as effective as prescription migraine products.
The first study was published in the journal European Neurology. The results found that by taking two Petadolex® soft gelcaps daily (100mg), migraine attacks were reduced from an average of 3.4 per month to only 1.8 per month.
Even better, the results of a second study showed that you could diminish migraines even more by increasing the Petadolex® dosage to three gelcaps daily (150mg).
This study was published in the highly respected journal Neurology – which is the "Official Journal of the American Academy of Neurology."
In this study, the 150mg a day dosage reduced migraine frequency by an average of about 60% after three months.
What's more, 54% of the patients studied experienced a benefit in the first month... 60% by the second month... and after three months an astounding 71% of users experienced a response from Petadolex® treatment.
To be clear, a treatment response is defined as a person who had at least a 50% reduction in migraine headaches.
So after using 150mg of Petadolex® daily for three months, 7 of every 10 users had at least a 50% reduction in migraine attacks. Again, that's as good as or better than prescription products.
And, unlike certain prescription products there are no potentially harmful side effects or interactions with other medication. The only minor side effect reported from some Petadolex® users is an increase in burping.
Petadolex® is the dream product migraine sufferers have been longing for!
Petadolex® is simply an extract taken from the roots of the butterbur shrub. The active parts of the plant are called "petasins."
These compounds promote blood flow in cerebral blood vessels and also have an anti-inflammatory effect.
Part of the butterbur plant is toxic, so careful processing of the extract is required. The maker of Petadolex®, Weber & Weber, has developed a patented process to do this safely and effectively.
In fact, in a review by leading physicians published in Headache Care, the only butterbur extract recommended as safe to use was the Pedadolex®.
In addition, Pedadolex® has been used safely and effectively by one million migraine sufferers worldwide and has a remarkable safety profile.
Petadolex® is recommended by over 400 neurologists in the United States. NatureCity® is pleased to bring the same product dispensed by doctors directly to you and your loved ones at an unbeatable price!
Review Guidelines
By submitting this review, I confirm that I am a NatureCity customer, have used the product and that my review is accurate.


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Philip Morris sues Australia over plain packaging
Global tobacco giant Philip Morris said Monday it was suing the Australian government over a new law requiring all cigarettes to be sold in plain packages.
Global tobacco giant Philip Morris said Monday it was suing the Australian government over a new law requiring all cigarettes to be sold in plain packages.
(Medical Xpress) -- They say a picture is worth a thousand words, but its worth might just be measurable in terms of lives, according to research by a University of South Carolina public health professor.
Many products, like cigarettes and medications, are stamped with warning labels alerting consumers to their risks. Common sense suggests these warnings will encourage safer choices.
The Australian government on Friday hit out at British American Tobacco for using images of kangaroos to sell its cigarettes in Europe, telling the company to "get your hands off our icons".
Researchers in Australia on Monday called for health warnings on caffeine-loaded energy drinks following a spike in the number of people reporting medical problems after drinking them.
Tobacco giant Philip Morris and hundreds of Thai retailers vowed Tuesday to sue the kingdom's health authorities over new rules introducing bigger and more prominent anti-smoking warnings on cigarette packets.
(Medical Xpress)—Health warning labels have adorned cigarette packages since 1966, when they first appeared in the United States. And in the decades since, they have spread steadily around the world – ...
The U.S. government is abandoning a legal battle to require that cigarette packs carry a set of large and often macabre warning labels depicting the dangers of smoking and encouraging smokers to quit.
Australia's world-first plan for plain cigarette packaging inched closer Thursday when the legislation passed through the upper house of parliament.
(AP)—A Norwegian court has upheld a ban on the display of tobacco products in stores, handing a defeat Friday to the Philip Morris company.
European Union states and lawmakers agreed on Wednesday to regulate the booming e-cigarette market and discourage smoking by increasing the size of health warnings on packets.
A ban on sales of loose cigarettes and tobacco advertising went into effect Thursday in Colombia, the health ministry said.
Will graphic cigarette package warning labels significantly reduce demand? A new study suggests it will.
British police arrested a man on Friday after anti-psychotic and epilepsy drugs were placed in packets of the painkiller Nurofen Plus, Scotland Yard said.
Federal health officials have added new safety warnings to the heart rhythm drug Multaq after company studies linked the pill to higher rates of heart attack, stroke and death in a subset of patients.