text:
Old order under attack
PUBLISHED: 14 May 2012 00:06:37 | UPDATED: 27 Jul 2012 13:20:21PUBLISHED: 14 May 2012 PRINT EDITION: 14 May 2012Geoffrey Barker
Austerity measures to counter Europe's economic malaise are coming under intense political challenge as voters across the European Union seek respite from the personal and social pain of rigid financial discipline.
The election of the socialist Francois Hollande as president of France reflects French hopes for some expansionary stimulus to offset the impact of austerity programs on jobs and growth. So does the inconclusive Greek election, which has renewed doubts about the viability of the sick man of the European Union.
And so has the rise and rise of the Pirate Party in Germany, a young eccentric left-leaning group attracting support from growing numbers of Germans disillusioned with the established parties of the centre left and centre right.
The Pirates, whose economic policies are opaque despite their demand for greater transparency from others, are becoming a force to be reckoned with in German politics. If, as many informed Germans believe, Chancellor Angela Merkel, a champion of austerity, faces defeat at next year's elections, the Pirates will be one of the forces undermining support for her.
These and other changes in Europe may also reflect a deeper intellectual shift against the so-called neo-liberal market ideology that has dominated Western public and private policy for more than 30 years and which was reinforced by the US Cold War victory over the Soviet system in 1989.
In France, Germany, Greece and elsewhere, voters are challenging the neo-liberal insistence that the imperative of economic efficiency has to trump all notions of fairness and distributive justice. French voters, German Pirates and others are now saying efficiency and fairness have to advance together. They will reject politicians who say that business and consumer confidence will only improve if government spending is slashed without any offsetting stimulatory initiatives.
Of course, it is always a fine judgment where to pitch the balance between austerity and stimulus, efficiency and fairness. It is a moral problem for economists despite its central importance in the management of national economies.
The notably pro-market Economist magazine reflected one view when it declared Hollande "rather dangerous" for advocating greater fairness in the French election campaign.
Just as notably, notions of fairness and distributive justice are looming larger in the United States, where advocacy of anything other than neo-liberal policies has, for years, been almost tantamount to treason.
Notwithstanding the taunts of his Republican opponents, President Barack Obama is running for re-election on a fairness platform which highlights the need for the super-rich to pay more in taxes. This doubtless makes him "rather dangerous" in the eyes of some Americans. Of course Obama's deeds do not always match his high-flown words, and it remains to be seen how the campaign will play out.
But it is significant that investment guru Warren Buffet has renewed his call for the restoration of tax rates for rich Americans to their 1992 levels. His views certainly reinforce Obama in what will be a bruising presidential campaign against Mitt Romney.
If Obama retains the presidency, he will be well placed to tackle the apparently endemic problems of US growth and recovery with policies other than conventional austerity measures that inevitably inflict the most pain on poor citizens with the least capacity to protect themselves.
Hollande's defeat of Nicolas Sarkozy, and the emergence of the Pirates in Germany, might also foreshadow another evolutionary shift in Western politics –increasing voter alienation from politicians and parties seen to be serving their own interests and out of touch with the aspirations of ordinary voters.
Sarkozy and Merkel are widely viewed as members of the self-seeking super-rich business class who reigned like emperors over the French and Germans. They also aligned themselves with President George W. Bush, sending troops to Afghanistan.
Hollande has pledged to restore republican virtue to the French presidency, to show himself an embodiment of the French people, amiable and unruffled.
No opponent has yet emerged to challenge Merkel, and Germans will be wary of any candidate who advocates higher German contributions to bailouts and stimulatory policies, but the rising Pirates reflect growing demands for transparency and responsiveness that Western politicians will ignore at their peril.
The Australian Financial Review
Read more
People | Angela Merkel, Barack Obama, Warren Buffett, Mitt Romney |
Topics | Politics /World Politics |


text:
Friends Of The Library Book Sale Room
If you are searching for great books, at fantastic prices, the Friends of the Library Book Sale Room is just for you! The Book Sale Room has a great selection of books, offered at reasonable prices. Some of our materials for sale include recent releases by best-selling authors; some of the greatest classics of all time; self-help books; adventure; National Geographic magazines, sold either by year or by issue; science fiction; biographical works; health-related materials; and much more! The Book Sale Room is organized and maintained by the Friends of the Library and is open during the normal Library hours of operation.
So, stop by and visit the Friends of the Library Book Sale Room today!!!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Don't just take our word for it. Here are just a few of the recent comments we have received from our guests.
Our very positive experience at Great Fosters was dominated by the considerable attention paid us by John Neagu, Guest Relations Manager. He seemed to be looking for ways to help us. His achievements on our behalf included facilitating the return of our Hertz rental (it was more complicated than you might think)… and investigating the reality of a promise made to me by American Airlines that there is a special American check-in facility at Heathrow for Business and First Class passengers. I'm also very glad we decided to arrive at Great Fosters early in the afternoon and were able to enjoy the impressive grounds and hotel amenities Mr Byers - July 2013
Would you be so kind as to pass our thanks onto all of the staff who graciously made our stay at Great Fosters so very pleasant. All the staff – and we do mean every one that we dealt with – were excellent, being courteous, attentive (but not overly so, as can happen), and efficient. The venue itself was wonderful, and the team have without exception said it to be the best venue, and meeting, they have ever had. Great Fosters should be proud of their staff. Ms Williams July 2013
Everyone was very impressed by the facilities and the service that we received (and also with all the delicious food that kept coming!). We were looked after extremely well and nothing was too much trouble. Considering all the changes we had to make with our breaks on the day and with the numbers beforehand, the professionalism and courtesy we were extended was fantastic. I wanted you to know that we really appreciated it and it helped to make the meeting a success. We all hope that we can use your meeting facilities again in the future. Michelle Mills, BMC Software - February 2013
I just wanted to say a very big 'thank you' to you, David and all of the staff who looked after us so well during our stay. Attention to detail was exceptional and made our brief stay all the more memorable.Our meeting was a great success and I know our VIPs were impressed by the hotel and the customer service received during their short visit. II would personally like to extend a special thank you to John, who looked after me and the team during our various meetings on Friday. Nothing was too much trouble, and he certainly went that extra mile and delivered first class customer service. I certainly hope we will can return to your hotel in the not too distant future, whether for business or relaxation. Karen WIlliams, InBev - March 2014Thank you to you for your wonderful organization of my meeting and also to David Benavent and Ion for their tremendous assistance/help to me during the two days. Both David, Ion and their team worked extremely hard and always tentative to my every question/requirement – I couldn't have asked for more from them. Emma James, PA to President Kuehne & Nagel - April 2014
We stayed at Great Fosters on 3rd April and just wanted to say thank you to everyone who made our visit with you so memorable. The service from everyone we met was excellent and also delivered in a warm and friendly manner. The surroundings are beautiful and we both look forward to another stay at Great Fosters later in the year when we can enjoy the gardens as they come into flower. Even at this time of year they were a credit to the hard work that has already gone into them. As ever, we know that there are many people working hard in the background that we may never meet but that their hard work allows us to make the most of our visit. Our dinner was delicious and, once again, service was excellent. All in all we thoroughly enjoyed our stay. Mr & Mrs Wallace - April 2013
Want to be the one of the first to hear about our latest news & offers?
Sign up here
We'll make all the arrangements so all you need to worry about is the ring....and how to "pop the question" !


text:
No bids for Marshall golf course
MARSHALL, Texas — After 3 months, the Oaklawn Golf Course in Marshall, Texas is still up for sale. That's after an auction failed to get any serious bidders.
The City of Marshall bought the 9-hole course 15 years ago, as a way to offer more recreation opportunities to the community. At one point, it had about 100 regular members, paying about $80 a month. Now that number has dwindled to less than 40.
Jack Redmon of the Parks and Recreation Department says the golf course is costing the city between $75,000 and $100,000 a year. "Anytime the ecnomy goes down, golf clubs usually go in the closet because it's the first thing you can cut out easily," he said. If the golf course does not sell, the Commission will look at plans to repurpose the golf course into a possible park or recreation area.
However, some folks in Marshall say they want Oaklawn to remain a golf course. David Brasher's been golfing there for 40 years and says it's vital for the area's senior citizens. "One guy that's 92 years old plays out here and you know, without that, they're just going to sit at home. They're not going to have anything to do," he said.
The City is slated to make a decision at its meeting in June.


text:
Tall Tales
Tall Tales
23 pages, 11.6 MB, digital download (PDF)
23 pages, 11.6 MB, digital download (PDF)
Get unlimited workbooks with Education.com PLUS
About this workbook
Can you read 100 books in a day? Run a mile in 30 seconds? Kids can compare fact and fiction with Pecos Bill, Paul Bunyan and others to learn about story structure, character analysis and hyperbole. Digital Workbook (PDF)
23 pages, 11.6 MB Skills
- Reading comprehension
- Story analysis
- Story writing
Grade Level
- Second Grade
- Reading
- Writing
Common Core
Have questions? Check out our FAQ


text:
The Transportation Security Administration is slowly testing a system that will check boarding passes and IDs by machine, instead of relying on an officer's visual check before you enter the security line. The system is being slowly unveiled, with Washington-Dulles International Airport becoming the first guinea pig last week. George Bush Intercontinental in Houston starts [...]
read more
The TSA began an experiment to check identification and boarding passes by machine rather than just the visual check by officers. Read Post
Who needs a person with a pen and a black light to say a boarding pass and identification passes muster? The Transportation Security Administration is testing a system that would screen those materials with a machine, instead of a v... Read Post
Claims that the government is covering up 'clusters' of cancer among Transport Security Administration workers have sparked fears the agency's airport scanning machines could pose a risk to travellers. The Electronic Privacy Informa... Read Post


text:
David D.
- I'm Gud!!
- 01First Song
- 02Track Number Two
- 03Third Song
- 04Composition #Four
- 055th
- 06Song
The Motto..."Smoke And Make History...." From Queens, New York, But Now Resides In Jacksonville, FL, Born October 4th 1989, American Hip Hop Artist David D. started writing at the age of 12. "It was more to just pass the time in class because I always seemed to finish my work before every one else. So I'd just take out my pad and start writing. Looking back it was kinda wack, but it rhymed!" The artist said during our interview. When he turned 15 years old he wrote a song entitled "Ketchup On Ya Fries" which was a comedic song about getting high and going to McDonald's. "My friends loved it, especially 'cause I was a fat kid rapping about food. It was mad funny but it got me respect as a songwriter at a young age from my peers." As he got older and times changed he started to take more of a serious approach to his work. "I started writing about girls, and how they made me feel. Life, and how it made me feel. I started getting more personal." He changed his name from Young Promo to David D. because he felt like his music was going in a different direction. Feeling the need to reinvent himself to accomodate the new inspiration. "I wanted people to know they were getting me. My heart. My soul. My passion. David." With the new change and approach to his writing he went to work and produced the mixtape "Random NOThingZ", which featured many mainstream beats where David attempted to prove his flow has graduated with versatile and uncanny wordplay, metaphors, and similies. His use of syllables and his signature "Run-Off" verses provided all that was needed to turn heads. "Man, when that dropped. It was like I didn't have to prove anything to my family anymore. It's like they understood why I cared so much. It's all I ever wanted, was for them to understand." Using the buzz from his recent drop, David went on to create a hip-hop group dubbed "TeaM FLySh*T". A group of artists that have grown and worked with David throughout his years. "I wanted to help get these guys on. They all have crazy talent and I enjoy each of their personalities. They're my family and I knew at a young age that I would have to be the one that helped them reach success." While working with his team he found an ad on Facebook for Def Jam distributed track "Goin Kanye". There was a contest being held to win the official remix spot. "At first I was like, nah, not gonna submit. But then i listened to the beat and I just felt the words come. So I wrote. I realized that it could definitely be a hit so i submitted. The next day I received an email from the music group and it asked me to provide another verse. So I did. I later received another email stating I had won the contest and would be receiving promotional support from the music group. Needless to say, I flipped!" Now, armed with his team, buzz, and unmatched lyricism, David D. is on a mission to get to the top. "I've been doing this for a minute now, and I pride myself in not sounding like the rest of the rappers in Jacksonville. Not to knock their hustle, its just that they all sound alike. It gives us a bad name and promotes us as a mini-Atlanta. That's not okay. We have the talent to stand with the Lil Waynes, the Eminems, the Jay-Zs and the Drakes. My team is built on the fact and we will prove it."


text:
In this issue of the Yard and Garden News:
- Fungus Among Us
- Be on the watch for Yellowjackets
- Plant Hardiness Zones Revisited
Extension > Yard and Garden News > Archives > August 2010 Archives
In this issue of the Yard and Garden News:
Although it is true that more plant diseases are caused by fungi than any other type of pathogen, only 11% of all fungi are capable of causing disease in plants at all. The grand majority of fungi are saprophytes. That is they survive by breaking down organic matter and absorbing nutrients from it. In many cases, the mushrooms sprouting in the woodchip mulch or pushing up through the lawn are not harming the nearby plants, but are working on breaking down woodchips, plant debris or other organic matter.
Two saprophytic fungi commonly found in Minnesota landscapes are stinkhorns and birds nest fungi.
Several kinds of stinkhorns can be found in Minnesota. These fungi start as round to oval egg like structures. When mature a spongy looking stalk with a slime covered cap emerges. Often the remains of the 'egg' can be seen at the base of the mature stinkhorn. Stinkhorns get their name from the smelly sticky slime that caps the mushroom. This slime is full of fungal spores. The smell attracts flies, which will carry the spores to new locations. Stinkhorns can be found in mulched beds, under trees and shrubs and occasionally in lawns.
Bird's nest fungi
There are two common genera of bird's nest fungi found in Minnesota; Cyathus sp. and Crucibulum sp. These two fungi form tiny cup shaped structures with small round disks inside known as peridioles. The cups are designed to catch rain drops and send the peridioles (full of fungal spores) flying to a new location. These hard dark disks can often be found nearby clinging to plants, siding, or whatever else is in the way. Bird's nest fungi commonly grow on woodchip mulch in landscapes.
Jeffrey Hahn, Extension Entomologist
The early spring has contributed to an above average number of yellowjackets this summer. Yellowjackets can be found nesting in a variety of different places, depending on the particular species. They range from aerial nests, e.g. hanging from tree limbs or the eaves of homes to subterranean nests, e.g. nesting in old mouse burrows to nesting in various voids in buildings. These nests, especially the cryptic ones, are present all season, but may not be noticed until late summer when the workers are more numerous.
If a yellowjacket nest is located in a site away from human traffic and is not a risk for stings, then just ignore it. Yellowjackets are beneficial because of the insects on which they prey. All of the inhabitants of the nest will eventually die in the fall when freezing temperatures arrive. If however, the nest is located somewhere where people could get stung, then the nest should be eliminated. There are some situations where you can eliminate the nest yourself. A professional pest control technician is always an option any time you do not want to deal with a wasp problem.
Nests that are out in the open are fairly easy to deal with. Wait until dark when the wasps are much less active. Use an aerosol can of insecticide, something that is labeled for wasps and hornets (or something similar) and spray into the opening. Check the next day to see how effective the treatment was. If you still see wasps flying, repeat the spray the following evening.
Karl Foord, UMN Extension Educator
If a particular temperature recording station has an average minimum low temperature of between - 30F to - 25F then the station would be in 4a. If the range was - 25 F to - 20 F then this station would be part of the 4b hardiness zone. The same logic determining the temperature ranges for Zone 2b [-45 to -40 F], Zone 3a [-40 to -35 F], and Zone 3b [-35 to - 30 F].
The average part of this calculation gave me concern because if it is an average then there must be numbers less than and greater than the average. The question then becomes how wide is the distribution around the average?
Minneapolis is in the 4a plant hardiness zone with a low minimum temperature range of -30 F to - 25 F. Over the last one hundred and eleven years low minimum temperatures have exceeded this range 10% of the time, but only by four degrees at the most1. Temperature data for the last 10 years (2000-2009) places Minneapolis in hardiness zone 4b. If we are willing to accept a 10% chance of a low minimum beyond the -20 F to -15 F range, then Minneapolis would be placed in zone 5a. The question is how many of your 5a plants would have died given the low temperature of -24 on January 30, 2004. The relatively milder recent winters gave rise to a revised plant hardiness map that can be viewed here. This map was subsequently rejected by the USDA.
I think it is critical to point out that the low minimum temperature is only one of a number of factors that come to play on a plant's winter hardiness.
Other factors include snow cover, temperature patterns favoring the development of dormancy, moisture conditions, and microclimate effects to name just a few.
Snow cover
Snow functions as an insulator protecting the root system of overwintering plants. Nine inches of snow can lead to a 42 F differential between a - 14 F air temperature and a 28 F soil surface temperature.
Reliable snow cover increases the temperature that the plant experiences and puts the region in a higher plant hardiness zone. This is why locations like the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are functionally zone 5 due to consistent deep snow falls, whereas without this snow the UP would likely be zone 3a.
Temperature Patterns Favoring the Development of Dormancy
The plant's ability to withstand cold temperatures is a function of the metabolic status of the plant. If the plant experiences gradually decreasing temperatures and is allowed to achieve full dormancy then it has achieved its optimum genetically programmed degree of winter hardiness. However in winters that are warm in the beginning of December followed by a significant temperature drop to average temperatures at that time of year, the plants are not metabolically prepared and will be damaged.
Moisture Conditions
Cold dry winds tend to desiccate plants especially evergreen plants with exposed leaves. Plants entering winter under draughty conditions are further stressed leading to weak plants and mortality.
Local conditions can modify the climate experienced by the plant. Protected locations reduce the stress caused by cold dry desiccating winds. Highly exposed locations can increase plant stress. Slope affects airflow as cold air sinks into lowland areas called frost pockets. South facing hillsides capture more heat which can be advantageous for plants like grapes, but disadvantageous if the heat stimulates early flowering subjecting the plant to the risk of late spring frosts. There is an art to finding the right plant for the right location. I am a big fan of Japanese maples. Their microclimate over the winter is my garage. I for one am not willing to accept the risks of the one in ten chance of a true 4a or even 3b winter that we might experience in the Minneapolis area zone 4a. Especially consider microclimates if you live in 4a or 4b and have a lake home or cabin in 3b or 3a.
Data from the Minnesota Climatology Working Group for Minneapolis
Yard and Garden News Editor: Karl Foord
Technical Editor: Bridget Barton
In this issue of the Yard and Garden News:
Dr. Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Native plants used in restoration for wildlife and food plants from apples to zucchini require pollinators. Bees and other beneficial insects offer valuable ecosystem services in both natural and managed agriculture ecosystems, so it is essential to protect them. Pollinators and beneficial insects are experiencing serious decline due to insecticide use, lack of nutritionally rich native plants for pollen and nectar, and lack of habitat. Continued loss of pollinators will have an impact on the natural resources and the economy. This issue has been addressed by the Xerces Society, National Research Council Report, the Congressional Research Report, testimony by the National Academy of Sciences to the US Congress, and the media in newspapers and television programs.
Systemic neonicotinyl insecticides used on landscape plants and crops are considered as a major factor in pollinator decline. After the 1998 ban in France of the systemic seed treatment Gaucho (active ingredient, imidacloprid), French researchers found that imidacloprid is translocated from coated seeds at planting thru the growing plant to nectar and pollen in flowers. In May 2008 a large number of bees died in Germany and the government banned the use of 5 neonicotinyl insecticides, including imidacloprid and clothianidin. A similar event was document in April 2010 by bee researchers at Purdue University. However, in the US use of these 5 neonicotinyl insecticides is very common in greenhouse, landscape, and crops. Almost all of the seed and furrow insecticide applications to corn, canola, soybean, and potato use neonicotinyl insecticides. Native plants grown in greenhouses and transplanted outside may contain high levels of imidacloprid which may kill pollinators.
Research in Vera Krischik's lab in the Department of Entomology at the University of Minnesota demonstrated that nectar and pollen from greenhouse plants treated with soil applications of imidacloprid contained significantly higher amounts of imidacloprid and its metabolites, than from a Gaucho-seed treatment. The label of Gaucho states that 0.375 mg AI for corn and 0.11 mg AI of for canola of imidacloprid should be applied. The greenhouse rate used on perennial landscape plants states that 300 mg AI/ 3gallon pot with 1 plant can be used. This is an 800 times higher rate for corn and 2700 times higher rate for canola. Consequently, greenhouse and urban landscapes use higher concentrations of imidacloprid, which are often reapplied and used at peak flowering, which results in higher concentration being translocated directly to flowers. Consequently, these levels have great potential to alter behavior or kill pollinators and beneficial insects more than the seed treatment Gaucho where most of the research has been done.
Our research on greenhouse rates of imidacloprid showed that the amount of imidacloprid found in nectar of 2 flowering plants was 20 ppb to 41 ppb from a single soil application compared to 1.9 ppb imidacloprid in sunflower nectar and 0.6 to 0.8 ppb in canola nectar from a seed treatment. For buckwheat and milkweed landscape plants, a label rate of soil applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) was translocated to buckwheat nectar at 16 ppb (Krischik et al. 2007) and milkweed at 41 ppb/flower (Krischik et al. 2010). These concentration of caused high mortality of beneficial insects, such as lady beetles, lacewings, and a small parasitic wasp (Smith and Krischik 1990, Rogers et al. 2007, Krischik et al. 2007, Krischik et. al 2010).
There are multiple ways that plants in urban landscapes can contain imidacloprid -contaminated nectar, since it is commonly applied in the landscape for many pests (Krischik and Davidson 2004) and many greenhouse plants are treated with prior to sale and transplanting. Imidacloprid may persist in nectar for a long time, since soil applications were effective against foliar pests for 1 to 2 years in containers (Szczepaniec and Raupp 2007, Gupta and Krischik 2007, Tenczar and Krischik 2007) and landscape trees (Cowles et al. 2006, Frank et al. 2007, Tenczar and Krischik, 2007). Injections of concentrated volumes of imidacloprid (Imicide, Pointer) applied to trees trunks and roots were effective for 12 months for ash (McCullough et al. 2003) and linden (Johnson and Williamson 2007). A soil application of imidacloprid to Eucalyptus tree resulted in 500 ppb in nectar and pollen, which will kill any insect feeding on nectar and pollen. Tree injections of imidacloprid at flowering are cause for concern, since linden flowers are a good source of nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects.
Practice IPM and only use insecticides if you actually witness an insect and associated problem. Think kindly and widely of the need to conserve pollinators and beneficial insects. Apple, cranberrie, blueberries, almond, citrus and 45% of our food plants need pollinators.
Kathy Zuzek, UMN Extension Educator
Old Garden Roses
The earliest rose classes fall within a group of roses called the Old Garden Roses. These are the classes that were in existence before 1867 when the first Hybrid Tea was developed. The earliest classes in chronological order are the Gallicas, Damasks, Albas, Centifolias, and Mosses. These five classes were all in existence before 1800 and share some common traits. With few exceptions, they bloom only in spring on previous year's canes. In contrast to the Hybrid Teas, these roses are valued for their mature flowers rather than their buds. Buds are often round or globular and open to produce blooms that are cupped, domed, or are shallow saucers. Oftentimes small inner petals are enclosed within larger outer petals; sometimes petals are produced in a quartered arrangement. Colors among these 5 classes are restricted to pink, white, mauve, maroon, or purple.
Gallicas are the oldest class of Old Garden Roses and are known for their beautiful fragrance and blooms of rich colors like deep pink, violet, mauve, purple, or crimson. You can also find varieties with striped or mottled petals (Photo 1, below). Leaves are typically dark green, stiff, and a bit rugose or wrinkled. Plant habit is compact and upright and many Gallicas will sucker (Photo 2, below). At the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum (MLA), Gallica canes typically suffer some winter injury. They commonly die back to the snowline. If snow cover is absent, they often die back to the ground. When dieback to the ground occurs in Gallica cultivars or any other cultivar that blooms on previous years' wood, flowering does not occur the following spring bloom. 'Alika' is a very hardy Gallica and rarely suffers from winter injury at the MLA. Many Gallicas at the MLA show high levels of blackspot tolerance.
The first Damask rose was probably a hybrid created in nature from a Gallica rose and Rosa phoenicea, a species rose with small white flowers. Damask blooms are usually a clear pink or white and are known for their strong fragrance. Typical leaves are gray-green, downy on the underside, and composed of long leaflets. Damasks produce long arching canes but at the MLA, some winter injury is common among Damask cultivars so plant height is often reduced. Most cultivars have slight levels of blackspot infections. 'Cesonie' is a very blackspot-tolerant Damask cultivar (Photos 3&4, below).
Albas were created when a natural hybrid occurred between a Damask rose and Rosa canina, a European rose species often called the dog rose. Alba flowers are usually white, ivory, or light pink and leaves are gray-green or blue-green. Albas are typically taller and hardier than Gallicas, Damasks, Centifolias, and Mosses but some winter injury to canes still occurs at the MLA. 'Alba semi-plena' (Photos 5&6, below) has historically shown the best combination of winter hardiness and blackspot tolerance among Albas at the MLA.
Centifolias were developed by the Dutch in the 1600s from R. canina, R. gallica, R. moschata, and R.phoenicea. Flower buds are globular and open to display pink or white, fragrant, cupped blooms (Photos 7, below). Flowers have a high number of tightly packed petals that envelop each other like leaves of a cabbage, hence the common name "cabbage rose". Leaves are smoother and less wrinkled than Gallica foliage. Cabbage roses are taller like the Albas and the Damasks and their plant habit is often described as floppy or lanky (Photo 8, below). At the MLA, some winter injury is common can reduce plant height the following summer. Blackspot infections are more severe on Centifolias than on the Albas, Damasks, and Gallicas.
In the late 1600's a spontaneous mutation occurred on a Centifolia roses that resulted in the development of balsamic-scented glandular growths that look like moss on the stems and flowers of the rose. These mutated plants or sports were called the Moss Roses. The development of new moss rose varieties was a fad in the last half of the 19th century and cultivars were developed that ranged from small to large in plant habit with white, pink, and maroon blooms that had either soft or hard, prickly moss covering stems, flowers and occasionally leaves. Winter injury on Moss Roses is common at the MLA. 'Henri Martin' is a particularly blackspot-tolerant cultivar (Photo 9, below).
In the late 1700's R. chinensis, the China rose, and R. odorata, the tea rose, arrived in Europe from Asia. China roses have an open and airy plant habit, sparse foliage, and blooms that are shapeless compared to the Old Garden Roses. The tea rose is very similar to the China rose except that it is less hardy, has larger blooms that open from tall elegant buds, and flower scent is similar to fresh tea leaves. What excited gardeners and breeders was the ability of both the China rose and the tea rose to bloom repeatedly through the growing season. Soon repeat-flowering plants were created by combining the Gallicas, Damasks, Centifolias, and Mosses with the China rose and the Tea rose and four new rose classes developed. Portlands and Bourbons are both descended from the Damask and China roses. Portland Roses are known for their short stems and compact plant habit, dense foliage, and attractive purple, pink, or white flower forms. Bourbons are known for fragrant, rich-colored, many-petalled blooms that are produced on tall arching canes. In warmer climates bourbons are used as climbers and pillar roses. Hybrid Perpetuals resulted from crosses among many rose classes when rose exhibitions became popular. In this class, plants were selected for lovely flower buds and flowers. Plant habit was of little concern. As a result, hybrid perpetual plants are often described as clumsy and too large. Tea Roses, known for their tall, elegant buds, were created when R. odorata was crossed with the Bourbon roses and another rose class called the Noisettes. All four of these classes are more suited to growth in warmer climates and are not adequately hardy for Zone 4 winters.
Modern Roses
When Tea Roses were hybridized with the Hybrid Perpetuals, the Hybrid Tea class was created and the era of modern roses was started. Hybrid Teas with their tall elegant buds and beautiful flower form (Photos 10, below) dominated the rose world as a garden plant in the last half of the 20th century. They are not hardy in Minnesota and are typically very susceptible to blackspot.
The first Polyantha Rose was probably the result of an accidental cross of a China Rose and R. multiflora. Polyanthas are a class of small-statured roses who inherited their large clusters of small one-inch flowers and superior hardiness from their R. multiflora ancestor. 'The Fairy' (Photo 11, below) and its darker pink sport 'Lovely Fairy', are reliably crown-hardy and very blackspot-tolerant in the southern half of Minnesota and bloom freely all through the growing season. The Northern Accent Roses 'Ole', 'Sven', and 'Lena' are crown-hardy with rapid spring regrowth in Zones 3&4, have high blackspot-tolerance, and flower throughout the growing season.
When Polyantha Roses were combined with Hybrid Teas, Floribunda Roses were created. Floribundas produce blooms in clusters like their Polyantha parent but also have the more elegant bud and flower form and the decreased cold hardiness of their Hybrid Tea ancestors. Floribundas are typically not hardy in Minnesota. Two cultivars that are Zone 4-hardy and blackspot-tolerant are 'Nearly Wild' and 'Chuckles' (Photo 12, below). Both show high levels of blackspot tolerance.
Hybrid Rugosa cultivars are descended from R. rugosa with its rugose or wrinkled foliage and large colorful round hips. There are two types of Hybrid Rugosa cultivars. The first are plants that are 100% rugosa and typically show no winter injury, little blackspot incidence, produce mauve, white, or pink blooms through the growing season (Photo 13, below), and produce a beautiful crop of large round colorful hips in fall (Photo 14, below). These plants thrive even in the coldest parts of Minnesota as long as 1) soil pH is neutral or slightly acidic and 2) rose stem borer and mossy rose galls are removed and destroyed promptly. Examples in this group include 'Blanc Double de Coubert', 'David Thompson', 'Frau Dagmar Hartopp', and 'Jen's Munk'. The second group of Hybrid Rugosas have one R. rugosa parent , but the 2nd parent is a non-rugosa rose such as a Shrub Rose, a Hybrid Tea, a Floribunda, or a Miniature Rose. This group usually has less rugose foliage, few or no hips, more susceptibility to blackspot, a wider variety of flower color, and a dramatic loss of cane hardiness that prevents them from being grown in Zone 3 and oftentimes Zone 4.
Shrub Roses are a "catch all" category for roses with diverse genetic backgrounds that don't fit anywhere else. Common traits among this group include a "shrubby" plant habit compared to cultivars in other modern rose classes, increased winter hardiness, and improved disease resistance. Some are repeat-blooming. Others bloom only in spring. Minnesota gardeners can enjoy the shrub roses that resulted from Canadian breeding efforts in the 20th century and resulted in older cultivars like 'Therese Bugnet' or 'Lillian Gibson' and newer cultivars in the Explorer (Photo 15, below) and Parkland/Morden Series. Gardeners in the southern half of Minnesota can also take advantage of some of the repeat-blooming cultivars developed by Dr. Buck at Iowa State University during the last half of the 20th century such as 'Applejack', 'Country Dancer', 'Folksinger', 'Prairie Flower', 'Prairie Harvest', and 'Prairie Princess'. Newer Zone 4 additions to the shrub group that rebloom and show high blackspot tolerance include 'Candy Oh! Vivid Red', 'Carefree Delight', 'Carefree Spirit', 'Golden Eye', 'Pink Gnome', 'Polar Joy', and 'Snowdrift.'
Bob Mugaas, UMN Extension Educator; Dr. Brian Horgan, Associate Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist; and Dr. Carl Rosen, Professor and Extension Soil Scientist.
New research results from the University of Minnesota and the University of Wisconsin-Madison necessitate updating our current lawn/turfgrass fertilizer recommendations. For the past 20 to 30 years, one of the more important fertilizer application times was considered to be the end of October and into early November in the Twin Cities and southern Minnesota. Indeed, lawns respond positively with good green color and active growth significantly earlier the following spring when given about 1# of N per 1000 square feet late in the previous growing season. This application came to be known as a late fall or more accurately a late season fertilization. In most years, this typically coincided with about the last mowing of year and with hoses put away or irrigation systems winterized for the year.
Even though this research was conducted on creeping bentgrass these findings demonstrate that nitrogen uptake late in the season is significantly less than when applied around Labor Day to the middle of September. So, what happens (or potentially can happen) to the remaining nitrogen not used or taken up by the grass plants? Other recent research on Kentucky bluegrass at Michigan State University points to increased leaching of N fertilizers when plants are not actively growing which is often the case with the late season fertilization. Nitrogen can also be converted to a gaseous form and lost back to the atmosphere. In some situations it can even be lost through runoff, particularly when soils are frozen. Some may also be taken up by other landscape plants that happen to share the same rootzone as the turfgrass (e.g., trees and shrubs).
It should be noted that results from the University of Minnesota soil testing lab may indicate significantly less nitrogen be applied on an annual basis depending on information provided about the care and use of the turfgrass area tested as well as the level of soil organic matter present. Leaving clippings on the lawn typically results in about one application of a complete fertilizer (i.e., a fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) annually back to the lawn. Hence, when clippings are returned, the amount of nitrogen needed is also reduced. The four options below assume clippings are returned to the lawn.
Based on this current research, the following revised lawn/turfgrass fertilizer programs are suggested. These are applicable to lawns and other turfgrass areas predominantly composed of Kentucky bluegrass with varying amounts of fine fescue and perennial ryegrass. Whenever possible be sure to take a soil test to determine how much fertilizer is needed. It should be noted that ongoing analysis and interpretation of these and other research results may further refine suggested turfgrass fertilizer programs. Hence, it is important to check back periodically on the U of MN Extension website for the latest in lawn fertilizer recommendations.
Irrigated average quality lawns/turfgrass - full sun conditions; soil organic matter >3.1%; clippings not removed
2# N annually
Application timing:
2.5# N annually
Application timing:
Non-irrigated, average quality lawns/turfgrass - full sun to lightly shaded conditions; soil organic matter <3.1%; clippings not removed
1.5# N annually
Application timing:
Non-irrigated, average quality lawns/turfgrass - full sun to lightly shaded conditions; soil organic matter >3.1%; clippings not removed
1# N annually
Application timing:
Michelle Grabowski, UMN Extension Educator
Cannas are popular tropical plants that can be easily grown in Minnesota if rhizomes are brought indoors and protected from frost each year. In addition to a variety of flower colors, cannas also differ in leaf color. Leaves that are green to greenish blue, reddish purple, bronze, or variegated with white to yellow stripes can all be found in different varieties of canna. It is important to know what color leaves a particular variety should have however, because a very common virus can cause leaf streaking that many gardeners mistake for variegation.
Canna Yellow Streak Virus (CaYSV) causes yellow to brown streaks along leaf veins of infected plants. Severely infected plants may have poor growth and reduced or no flowers.
Although many viruses are transmitted from plant to plant by an insect vector, there is no known vector for CaYSV other than humans. Cannas are propagated by splitting the rhizome of one plant, and growing the pieces into many new plants. If the original plant is infected with the CaYSV, all new plants arising from that plant will also carry the virus. Once infected with CaYSV, a canna is infected for life. The only effective control is to throw out infect rhizomes and start over with healthy virus free plant material.
Jeffrey Hahn, Asst. UMN Extension Entomologist
Some people are finding field ants nesting in their lawns. Field ants are about 1/4 inch long and black (some species are red and black). Their nests are slightly raised and mound-like and can cover a fairly large area in the ground, up to two feet in diameter. It is not uncommon for people to confuse field ants with carpenter ants. Although these two ants are somewhat similar in size and color, carpenter ants do not nest in the soil. The prefer to nest in cavities in rotting wood or in voids found in buildings. Field ants are most active during the day while carpenter ants are most active at dusk, dawn, and during the night. Because of the mounds created by field ants, some people assume these ants are fire ants. Fire ants are about 1/8th inch long or a little larger. They only occur in the southeastern area of the U.S.; the closest fire ants to Minnesota are in southern Tennessee. Minnesota winters are too cold for fire ants to survive.It may not always be necessary to treat field ants in your lawn. If the nest is not intrusive in its appearance or cause problems in the maintenance or enjoyment of your grass, then just ignore it. If the nest is troublesome, then your best bet is treat it with a granular insecticide labeled for ants found in turf (follow all label direction carefully). Some people want to try a non-chemical method and will pour hot water on the nest to kill it. However, this is not effective; at best you might get the ants to move to another area of the lawn. Others will try much more dangerous tactics like trying to burn and destroy the nest with gasoline or lighter fluid. Not only does this not destroy the nest but you risk causing injury to yourself and damage to your property in the process.
Warm wet weather is favoring the growth of many fungal and bacterial leaf spot diseases in the flower garden. To identify which disease or pest problem you are seeing, visit 'What's wrong with my plant?'
For more information about managing leaf spot diseases, read 'Seeing Spots'in the June 1, 2009 Yard and Garden News.
Yard and Garden News Editor: Karl Foord
Technical Editor: Bridget Barton


text:
Edible Vaccines:A novel approach
Sponsored Links
Parag A. Kulkarni
Edible vaccines play a vital role in immunization. Antigens or antibodies expressed in plants (transgenic plant) can be administered orally through edible parts of the plant.
Edible vaccines are the best option and they are more convenient over traditional vaccines. In future a great ability for the immunization throughout the glob with the use of edible vaccine can be possible with its economic production will lower down the cost of immunization, separation and purification is easy and pathogenic contamination can be avoided therefore safe, no constricted criteria for its storage so can be stored near the site of use, aseptic condition dose not require for oral immunization as it is given through oral route Many plants like tobacco, potato, tomato, banana, rice, maize are used for the production of edible vaccines. These vaccines can be utilized for the treatment of various diseases in human or animals such as measles, cholera, Hepatitis-B.
Vaccines are primary tools in programs for health intervention for both humans and animals. They would be more widely used especially in developing countries if their cost of production could be reduced and if they could be distributed without refrigeration. Research underway is dedicated to solving these limitations by finding ways to produce oral (edible) vaccines in transgenic plants.
With the advent of modern molecular biology techniques in the 1980s, new strategies were developed for the production of subunit vaccines. These are vaccines comprised of proteins derived from pathogenic viruses, bacteria or parasites; in general the proteins are produced not by the pathogens themselves, but by expression of the gene encoding the protein in a "surrogate organism. In the last decade we have learned that green plants also be used as the "surrogate production organism" to produce antigens of human pathogens (including HBsAg), and that these proteins can elicit priming and boosting immune response in humans when given orally. In addition, unlike almost all other cell lines used for production of vaccines, components of plant cells have always been an important part of the normal human diet. Plants, therefore, offer significant new opportunities for making safe and effective oral vaccines 1.
Transgenic plants for immunotherapy
Since 1984, when transformation of tobacco – the first plant to be transformed with a foreign gene was reported4, great effort has been put into the developing of efficient methods for genetic transformation of plants, and optimizing expression of foreign genes in plants. The techniques used to introduce foreign genes into plants have been extended to major crops, including vegetables, as well as into ornamental, medicinal, fruit, tree and pasture plants5. Various foreign proteins including serum albumin, human α-interferon, human erythropoetin, and murine IgG and IgA immunoglobulins have been successfully expressed in plants6. In recent years, several attempts have been made to produce various antigens and antibodies in plants2,7. Antigens or antibodies expressed in plants can be administered orally as any edible part of the plant, or by parenteral route (such as intramuscular or intravenous injection) after isolation and purification from the plant tissue. The edible part of the plant to be used as a vaccine is fed raw to experimental animals or humans to prevent possible denaturation during cooking, and avoid cumbersome purification protocols.
While Agrobacterium-mediated transformation still remains the method of choice for dicots, a general method, the biolistics method, of transformation of plants, including monocots, has come into existence 5,8. Various strategies for expression of foreign genes in high amounts in plants include use of strong and organ-specific plant promoters, targeting of the protein into endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by incorporating ER-targeting and ER-retention signals, creation of optimized translation start site context as well as alteration of codons to suit the expression of prokaryotic genes in a plant9, 10. For production of edible vaccines or antibodies, it is desirable to select a plant whose products are consumed raw to avoid degradation during cooking. Thus, plants like tomato, banana and cucumbers are generally the plants of choice. While expression of a gene that is stably integrated into the genome allows maintenance of the material in the form of seeds, some virus-based vectors can also be used to express the gene transiently to develop the products in a short period (Figure 1). This may have the additional advantage of allowing expression of the product at very high level; not always attainable in transgenic systems.
Figure 1. Strategies for expression of antigens in plants 2
Table no.1 Antigens produced in transgenic plants2.
Protein |
Plant |
Reference |
Hepatitis-B surface Antigen |
Tobacco |
3, 11 |
Rabbis virus Glycoprotein |
Tomato |
12 |
Norwalk virus capside protein |
Tobacco |
13 |
E. coli Heat labile enterotoxin β-subunit |
Potato |
14,15 |
Cholera toxin β-subunit |
Potato, Tobacco |
16 – 18 |
Mouse glutamate decarboxylase |
Potato |
19 |
VPI protein of foot and mouth disease virus |
Arabidopsis |
20 |
Insulin |
Potato |
21 |
Glycoprotein's of swins-transmissible gastroenteritis corona virus |
Arabidopsis |
22 |
One of the alternative strategies of producing a plant-based vaccine is to infect the plants with recombinant viruses carrying the desired antigen that is fused to viral coat protein. The infected plants have been reported to produce the desired fusion protein in large amounts in a short time. The technique involved either placing the gene downstream a subgenomic promoter, or fusing the gene with capsid protein that coats the virus (Table no.2, Figure 1). The latter strategy is perhaps the strategy of choice since fusion proteins in particulate form are highly immunogenic. It should, however, be kept in view that recombinant viruses need to be highly purified for parenteral administration or partially purified for oral administration. Modelska et al.29 have shown that immunization of mice intraperitoneally or orally by gastric incubation or by feeding of plants infected with the recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus (AIMV) carrying rabies peptide CPDrg 24 mounted local as well as systemic immune response. Oral administration could stimulate both serum IgG as well as IgA synthesis. After immunization, 40% of the mice were protected against the challenge with a lethal dose of the virus.
Table no. 2 Transient production of antigens in plants after infection with plant virus expressing recombinant gene.
Protein |
Plant |
Carrier |
Reference |
Influenza antigen |
Tobacco |
23 |
Murine zona pellucida antigen |
Tobacco |
23 |
Rabies antigen |
Spinach |
AlMV |
24 |
HIV- 1 antigen |
Tobacco |
AlMV |
25 |
Mink Enteritis virus antigen |
Black eyed bean |
26 |
Colon cancer antigen |
Tobacco |
27 |
TMV Tobacco Mosaic virus, AlMV Alfalfa Mosaic virus, CPMV Cowpea mosaic virus.
Recently, scientists at Axis Genetics, Cambridge , have shown that injecting mink with extracts of plants infected with a cowpea mosaic virus, that expresses a mink enteritis antigen gene, protects the animal against subsequent virus challen26. While much remains to be done, indications are that plant-based vaccines can compete with vaccines produced by other approaches, particularly keeping in view the low cost and ease of production/distribution.
Though the first report on production of edible vaccine appeared in 1990 in the form of a patent application2 the concept of edible vaccine got impetus after Arntzen and co-workers3 expressed Hepatitis-B surface antigen in tobacco in 1992 to produce immunologically active edible vaccine.
· Edible plants are very effective as a delivery vehicle for inducing oral immunization
· Adjuvant for immune response is not necessary
· Excellent , feasibility of oral administration compared to injection
· Easy for separation and purification of vaccines from plant materials
· Effective prevention of pathogenic contamination from animal cells
· Convenience and safety in storing and transporting vaccines
· Effective maintenance of vaccine activity by controlling the temperature in plant cultivation
· Easy for mass production system by breeding compared to an animal system
· Possible production of vaccines with low costs
· Reduced need for medical personnel and sterile injection conditions
· Economical to mass produce and transport
· Reduced dependence on foreign supply
· Storage near the site of use
· Heat stable, eliminating the need for refrigeration
· Antigen protection through bioencapsulation
· Subunit vaccine (not attenuated pathogens) means improved safety
· Dosage of vaccines would be variable.
· Not convenient for infants.
Scientific background on plant-based vaccines1
Scientific advancements in plant-derived vaccines have occurred over the last decade; they include four major milestones.
· First, insertion of genes encoding antigenic proteins of human pathogens resulted in successful expression and assembly of multi-component structures within plant cells. These structures, which mimic the native immunogens, include "virus-like particles" (VLPs) for the Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg), Norwalk virus capsid protein (NV capsid), and oligomeric β-subunit of the heat labile enterotoxin of E. coli (LT-B) either by itself or in association with the enzymatically active α-subunit to form a holotoxin (LT). (Similar studies have also been completed for cholera toxin - CT.) Other than introduction of the genes encoding the antigens with an appropriate DNA vector modified to optimize gene expression, no further cellular engineering of the plant cells were required to obtain immunogens resembling the native pathogen proteins. Subsequent studies, which are continuing in other laboratories around the world, are verifying these findings for other antigenic proteins from human and animal pathogens.
· Second, oral immunogenicity of HBsAg, LT-B, and NV capsid was demonstrated by feeding plant material expressing these antigens directly to animals as feed. While two of these are from enteric pathogens, which might be anticipated to contain mucosally-active immunogens, Hepatitis-B is not an enteric pathogen and is usually not thought to invade the body via the gut. The emerging results portend success with different types of antigens through oral immunization, albeit with very significantly higher levels of immunogen than would be required for injection.
· Third, in Phase 1 human clinical trials, LT-B and NV capsid were found to stimulate both humoral and mucosal immune responses (as evidenced by serum and mucosal antibody responses) and HBsAg gave a strong boosting response in volunteers who had previously received the yeast-derived, injected commercial vaccine. Although the immune responses to NV capsid was modest in amplitude, it was achieved with unprocessed plant tissues (raw potato) with no adjuvants, buffers or additives; in all human clinical trials, the immunogens were active simply when the plant sample was eaten.
· Fourth, in unpublished studies, we have found that standard food industry freeze-drying technology can be used for multiple plant tissues (including tomato, potato and carrot) to yield heat-stable, antigen-containing powders. Freeze-dried tomato powder containing NV capsid and LT-B has been found to be immunogenic in pre-clinical trials, and studies of other antigens are underway. Different batch samples can be blended to give uniform doses of antigen and can be stored at room temperature without antigen loss.
Table No. 3 Proteins with applications for human vaccines and expressed by transgenic plants 31
Enterotoxigenic E.coli |
Oral |
Enterotoxigenic E.coli |
Oral |
Enterotoxigenic E.coli |
Oral |
Vibrio cholerae |
Oral |
Hepatitis-B virus |
Oral |
Hepatitis-B virus |
Oral |
Hepatitis-B virus |
Oral |
Norwalk virus |
Oral |
Norwalk virus |
Oral |
Rabies virus |
-- |
Human cytomegalovirus |
-- |
1) Tobacco: -
The first report of the production of edible vaccine (a surface protein from Streptococcus) in tobacco, at 0.02% of total leaf protein level, appeared in 1990 in the form of a patent application published under the International Patent Cooperation Treaty2.Subsequently, a number of attempts were made to express various antigens in plants (Table 1). Since acute watery diarrhoea is caused by enteroxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae that colonize the small intestine and produce one or more enterotoxin, an attempt was made towards the production of edible vaccine by expressing heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-B) in tobacco14.
2) Potato: -
The transgenic potatoes were created and grown by Charles Arntzen, and Hugh S. Mason, and their colleagues at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, an affiliate of Cornell University . Previously, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) supported in vitro and preclinical studies by John Clements, and colleagues at Tulane University School of Medicine showed that transgenic potatoes containing this segment of the toxin stimulated strong immune responses in animals.An edible vaccine could stimulate an immune response in humans. Volunteers ate bite-sized pieces of raw potato that had been genetically engineered to produce part of the toxin secreted by the Escherichia coli bacterium, which causes diarrhea.The trial enrolled 14 healthy adults; 11 were chosen at random to receive the genetically engineered potatoes and three received pieces of ordinary potatoes. The investigators periodically collected blood and stool samples from the volunteers to evaluate the vaccine's ability to stimulate both systemic and intestinal immune responses. Ten of the 11 volunteers (91٪) who ingested the transgenic potatoes had fourfold rises in serum antibodies at some point after immunization, and six of the 11 (55٪) developed fourfold rises in intestinal antibodies. The potatoes were well tolerated and no one experienced serious adverse side effects38.
3) Tomato: -
Tomatoes serve as an ideal candidate for this HIV antigen because unlike other transgenic plants that carry the protein, tomatoes are edible and immune to any thermal process, which help retain its healing capabilities. Even more importantly, tomatoes were found to grow at a high rate of success in Russia , compared to bananas30.
Introducing the Protein to the Tomato
Getting the artificial protein gene into the tomato germs was accomplished with the help of a needle. The next step was to cultivate the germs on a special nutrient medium. From there, the plants that grew roots were planted into the soil and grown in the hothouse until they reached maturity and produced fruit. The plants were then tested for the protein, which could be found in the leaves and the tomato plant itself30.
4) Banana: -
Vaccines or subunit vaccinations, bananas seem to be the desired vector. The advantage of bananas is that they can be eaten raw as compared to potatoes or rice that need to be cooked and bananas can also be consumed in a pure form. Research is leaning towards the use of bananas as the vector since most third-world countries, who would benefit most from edible vaccines, are in tropical climates that are suitable for growing bananas.
5) Maize: -
Egyptian scientists have genetically engineered maize plants to produce a protein used to make the Hepatitis-B virus vaccine. More than 2 billion people are infected with Hepatitis-B, and about 350 million of these are at high risk of serious illness and death from liver damage and liver cancer. A team of researchers led by Hania El-itriby, director of Cairo's Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, developed genetically modified (GM) maize plants that produce the protein known as HbsAg, which elicits an immune response against the Hepatitis-B virus and could be used as a vaccine34.
6) Rice: -
When predominant T cell epitope peptides, which were derived from Japanese cedar pollen allergens, were specifically expressed in rice seed and delivered to the mucosal immune system, the development of an allergic immune response of the allergen-specific Th2 cell was suppressed. Furthermore, not only were specific IgE production and release of histamine from mast cells suppressed, but the inflammatory symptoms of pollinosis, such as sneezing, were also suppressed. These results suggest the feasibility of using an oral immunotherapy agent derived from transgenic plants that accumulate T cell epitope peptides of allergens for allergy treatment37.
First characterized the seed promoters suitable for the expression of foreign genes in appropriate sites of the rice seed. After demonstrating that the individual promoters of the storage proteins glutelin, globulin and prolamin directed high levels of expression at different sites in the endosperm, they decided to use primarily the major seed storage protein glutelin GluB-1 promoter for expression of foreign genes. In addition, they demonstrated that the accumulation levels of the foreign protein were enhanced when expressed within the genetic background of a low storage protein character.When the seed expression system is used as a platform for foreign protein production, substantial amounts of recombinant proteins can be accumulated, because the seed is a natural storage organ for accumulating the starch, protein, and oil required for seedling growth. Also, artificial peptides or proteins accumulate in seed, which is in remarkable contrast with other tissues37.
Table No.4 Advantages and disadvantages of different plants39
Plant / Fruit |
Advantage |
Disadvantage |
Tobacco |
Good model for evaluating recombinant proteins. Low cost preserving system. Easy purification of antibodies stored in the seeds, at an location. Large harvests, number of times/year |
Produces toxic compounds* |
Potato |
Dominated clinical trials Easily manipulated/transformed Easily propagated from its "eyes" Stored for long periods without refrigeration |
Needs cooking which can denature antigen and decrease immunogenicity** |
Banana |
Do not need cooking Proteins not destroyed even if cooked Inexpensive Grown widely in developing countries |
Trees take 2-3 years to mature Transformed trees take about 12 months to bear fruit Spoils rapidly after ripening Contains very little protein, so unlikely to produce large amounts of recombinant proteins |
Tomato |
Grow quickly Cultivated broadly High content of vitamin A may boost immune response Overcome the spoilage problem by freeze-drying technology Heat-stable, antigen-containing powders***, made into capsules Different batches blended to give uniform doses of antigen |
Spoils readily |
Rice |
Commonly used in baby food because of low allergenic potential High expression of proteins/ antigens Easy storage/transportation Expressed protein is heat-stable |
Grows slowly Requires specialized glasshouse conditions |
Lettuce |
Fast-growing Direct consumption |
Spoils readily |
Soybean and Alfalfa |
Large harvests, number of times/year |
*Currently, therapeutic proteins in tobacco are being produced. **Some kinds of South American potatoes can be eaten raw. Although some studies show that cooking does not destroy full complement of antigen in potatoes. ***Freeze-dried tomato powder containing NV capsid and LT-B was found immunogenic.
Current development
Currently researchers are seeking to develop genetically altered plants that could provide immunity to infectious diseases. Studies have already shown that genetically engineered plants can act as a vaccine. Plants acting as vaccines would offer the advantage of inexpensive to produce, and thus they could more easily be made available to developing countries. In addition, contamination with animal viruses would be eliminated, since cultured cells would not be used in the production process. Many of the quality control tests that require animals also could be eliminated.
Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases, including measles, cholera, foot and mouth disease, and Hepatitis-B and C. Many of these diseases are likely to require booster vaccinations or multiple antigens to induce and maintain protective immunity. Plants have the capacity to express more than one transgene, allowing delivery of multiple antigens for repeated inoculations.
Recently the glare of the media spotlight has fallen on genetically engineered food crops bred to resist herbicides and insects. Meanwhile, plants engineered with human proteins to produce drugs and vaccines for human consumption have escaped notice. Well, take note: At least 350 genetically engineered pharmaceutical products are currently in clinical development in the United States and Canada . Scientists believe that potent drugs and vaccines will soon be harvested just like wheat and corn.
In Canada , a genetically engineered tobacco plant made to produce Interleukin 10 will be tested to treat Crohn's disease, an intestinal disorder.
Scientists have also discovered that fruits with high water content could result in proteolysis. Experimentation with freeze-dried food to create pellets or powder is now being investigated to help avoid proteolysis and overall efficacy.
Arntzen and his colleagues plan to develop banana-based vaccines. They're also targeting papilloma virus, which can lead to cervical cancer, as well as Hepatitis-B virus. A reliable injectable vaccine already exists for Hepatitis-B, but a less expensive, edible vaccine would be better, particularly for use in the developing world.
Current measles vaccines are made from the actual virus and work by priming the immune system to attack if it becomes exposed to a full assault of the measles virus. In contrast, plant-based vaccines rely on the measles virus gene for the H protein being genetically cloned into the plant.31
Future Perspectives
Although still at an early stage of development, the experimental know-how and results strongly suggest that plant-derived edible vaccines are likely to become a reality, in the next few years. Future research will demonstrate if these vaccines meet the standards of quality (purity, potency, safety and efficacy) defined for vaccines by the World Health Organization.
In future a great ability for the immunization throughout the glob with the use of edible vaccine can be possible with its economic production will lower down the cost of immunization, separation and purification is easy and pathogenic contamination can be avoided therefore safe, no constricted criteria for its storage so can be stored near the site of use, aseptic condition dose not require for oral immunization as it is given through oral route.GM-plant (Genetically modified plants) may be grown in field and clinical trials are required to define the risk/ benefit ratio of a GM-plant before registration is granted.
In most countries of the world, plants engineered to produce vaccines fall under the very restrictive rules set up to control GM-crop plants. The present concern, especially in Europe , over the use of biotechnology for the genetic improvement of crop plants also negatively affects the acceptance of GM-plants for medicinal use. As a consequence, while the demonstration that plant-derived vaccines are effective on populations at risk is expected to arrive within 1-2 years, a further quarantine of 2-3 years will be required in order to fulfil requirements for registration and marketing. It is hoped that simpler rules will be set up for GM-plants producing vaccines and that they are seen as clearly and legally distinct from GM-plants grown for nutrition purposes.
Edible plant vaccines offer significant new opportunities for making safe and effective oral vaccines would be more widely used especially in developing countries. Due to some positive aspects like they are economical, safe, easy to administered and can be stored without refrigeration so that these vaccines are prominent over typical traditional vaccines. Plant-based vaccines are obtained from specific transition plants. This technique can be utilized for the treatment of Hepatitis-B, measles, cholera, foot and mouth disease but still diseases like cancer, malaria, HIV, asthma, etc. are major health problems in developing countries. By means of edible vaccines these problems can be solved.
1) Charles J. A. and Richard T. M., Vaccine,16, 1998, 1336–1343 .
2) Hein, M. B., Yeo, T.C., Wang, F. and Sturtevant, A., Ann. NY Acad. Sci . , 792, 1996 , 51-56.
3) Arakawa, T., Chong, D. K. X., Merritt, J. L. and Charles J. Arntzen and Richard T. Mahoney, Plant-derived Vaccines: A new approach to international public health, Molecular Farming of Plant Derived and Edible Vaccines. www.MolecularFarming.com
4) Mason, H. S. and Arntzen, C. J., Trends Biotechnol., 13 ,1995, 388–392.
5) Mason, H. S., Lam, D. M. and Arntzen, C. J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89 ,1992, 11745–11749.
6) De Block, M., Herrera-Estrella, L., Van Montagu, M., Schell, J. and Zambryski, P., EMBO J.,3 ,1984, 1681–1689.
7) Birch, R. G., Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol.,48 ,1997, 297–326.
8) Cramer, C. L., Weissenborn, D. L., Oishi, K. K., Grabau, E. A., Bennett, S., Ponce, E., Grabowski, G. A. and Radin, D. N., Ann. NY Acad. Sci.,792,1996, 62–71.
9) Ma., J. K. and Hein, M. B., Trends Biotechnol.,13 ,1995, 522–527.
10) Christou, P.,J Plant Mol. Biol.,35 ,1997 , 197–203.
11) McElroy, D. and Brettell, R. I. S., Trends Biotechnol.,12 , 1994, 62–68.
12)Tyagi, A. K., Bajaj, S., Mohanty, A., Chaudhury, A. and Maheshwari, S. C., Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.,19,1999 , 41–79.
13)Thanavala, Y., Yang, Y.-F., Lyons , P., Mason, H. S. and Arntzen, C., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92 ,1995 , 3358–3361.
14)McGarvey, P. B., Hammond, J., Dienelt, M. M., Hooper, D. C., Fu, Z. F., Dietzschold, B., Koprowski, H. and Michaels, F. H., BioTechnology,13, 1995, 1484–1487.
15) Mason, H. S., Ball, J. M., Shi, J. J., Jiang, X., Estes, M. K. and Arntzen, C. J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,93 ,1996, 5335–5340.
16) Hein, M. B., Yeo, T.-C., Wang, F. and Sturtevant, A., Ann.NY Acad. Sci.,792 ,1996 , 51–56.
17)Arakawa, T., Chong, D. K. X., Merritt, J. L. and Langridge,
W. H. R., Transgenic Res., 6,1997 , 403–413.
18)Arakawa, T., Chong, D. K. X. and Langridge, W. H. R., Nature Biotechnol., 16 ,1998 , 292–297.
19) Ma, S.-W., Zhao, D. L., Yin, Z. Q., Mukherjee, R., Singh, B., Quin, H. Y., Stiller, C. R. and Jevnikar, A. M., Nature Med., 3 ,1997 , 793–796.
20) Carrillo, C., Wigdorovitz, A., Oliveros, J. C., Zamorano, P. I., Sadir, A. M., Gomez, N., Salinas, J., Escribano, J. M. and Borca, M. V., J. Virol.,72 ,1998 , 1688–1690.
21) Arakawa, T., Yu, J., Chong, D. K. X., Hough, J., Engen, P. C. and Langridge, W. H. R., Nature Biotechnol.,16, 1998 , 934–938.
22) Gomez, N., Carrillo, G. N., Salinas , J., Parra, F., Borca, M. V. and Escribano, J. M., Virology 249 ,1998 , 352–358.
23) Beachy, R. N., Fitchen, J. H. and Hein, M. B., Ann. NY Acad. Sci . ,792 ,1996 , 43–49.
24) Modelska, A., Dietzschold, B., Sleysh, N., Fu, Z. F., Steplewski, K., Hooper, D. C., Koprowski, H. and Yusibov, V., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95 ,1997 , 2481–2485.
25) Yusibov, V., Modelska, A., Steplewski, K., Agadjanyan, M., Weiner, D., Hooper, D. C. and Koprowski, H., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 ,1997 , 5784–5788.
26) Dalsgaard, K., Uttenthal, A., Jones, T. D., Xu, F., Merryweather, A., Hamilton, W. D. O., Langeveld, J. P. M., Boshuizen, R. S., Kamstrup, S., Lomonossoff, G. P., Porta, C., Vela, C., Casal, J. I., Meloen, R. H. and Rodger, P. B., Nature Biotechnol.,15 ,1997, 248–252.
27) Verch, T., Yusibov, V. and Koprowski, H., J. Immunol. Methods, 220 ,1997 , 69–75.
28) Arntzen CJ. Pharmaceutical foodstuffs-oral immunization with transgenic plants. Nature Medicine (vaccine supplement); 4(5) ,1998, 502-03.
29) Tacket CO , Mason HS, Losonsky G, Clements JD, Levine MM and Arntzen CJ. Immunogenicity in humans of a recombinant bacterial antigen delivered in a transgenic potato. Nature Medicine, 4(5) ,1998 , 607-09.
30) Tomatoes: The Edible Vaccine, Science Daily, August19,2004 http://www.mercola.com/2004/sep/4/tomato_vaccine.htm
31) 2001 australian developments Edible vaccines the key to better immunization molecular farming of edible vaccines . {1998-2001} www.MolecularFarming.com
32) Edible vaccine spawns antibodies to virus, Nathan Seppa .www.sciencenews org
33) Tacket, C.O. and C.J. Arntzen. Human immune responses to a novel, Norwalk virus vaccine delivered in transgenic potatoes. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 182(July), 2000 , 302-305.
34) Wagdy Sawahel, GM maize could produce Hepatitis-B vaccine, 7 April 2004
35) A Review Of The Transgenic Plants As Edible Vaccines http://www.geocities.com/plantvaccines
36) NAID net news New Vaccines for Old and Emerging Diseases. Edible vaccine chart: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research
37) Fumio Takaiwa, Development Of Rice Seed Based Edible Vaccine For Allergic Immunotherapy, ISB news report, March 2006.
38) First Human Trial Shows that an Edible Vaccine is Feasible, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) April 27, 1998. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
39) P Lal, VG Ramachandran, R Goyal, R Sharma . Edible Vaccines: Current Status and Future, Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology April-June 2007,25 (2):93-102(2007).
About Authors
Parag A. Kulkarni (M. Pharm).
Lecturer of Pharmaceutics, Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Akurdi. Pune-411044
For correspondence
Dr. Pramod V. Kasture (Pharm. PhD.)
Principal and Professor of Pharmaceutics, Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Akurdi. Pune-411044
Mr.Santosh S.Bhujbal
Asst. Professor of Pharmacognosy, Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Akurdi, Pune (MS) 411044.
Mrs.Sugandha G.Chaudhari (M. Pharm.)
Lecturer of Pharmacology, Hydrabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board's College of Pharmacy, Ulhasnagar.421003
Ms.Ujwala R.Suralkar (B. Pharm.)
Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Akurdi. Pune-411044
Similar Entries
Antigen expression in plants has been successfully shown in the past, like LT-B (ETEC) in tobacco and potato, rabies virus-G protein in tomato, HBsAg
Anti-malaria edible vaccines in transgenic tomato plants where different transgenic plants express different antigenic type(s) were proposed by scientists. Immunizing individuals against 2–3 antigens and against each stage of the life cycle of the multistage parasite is an efficient, inexpensive and safe way of vaccination.
Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology
T.M.Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-812007, India


text:
Please teach me about Piilu Clematis
I planted my first clematis and I'm hoping some of you would share your knowledge so I can get my Piilu from Monrovia off to a good start. I'm not an expert when it comes to plants.
I did my best to learn about clematis while trying to select a vining plant to grow up a 6' x 2' trellis. When I got to my garden center they didn't have any of the varieties that I researched except for Jackmani, which in hindsight is what I probably should have gone with. The Piilu really stood out as looking very healthy and had big blooms with a long blooming season. Unfortunately I didn't realize they only grow to 6' high. I wanted it to fill the trellis.
Planting depth. The guy at the garden center told me to plant it just above ground level, which I did. I just read that it should be planted with the crown buried to encourage more stems to grow from the base. I'd like more stems from the base. Is there anyway I can do that now without digging out the plant? Can I push back the mulch and and some more soil on top then put the mulch back??
By the way is this true for most plants? I read the same thing about fig trees some years ago.
I dug a wide, deep hole for the plant and mixed the soil with some organic potting mix. My top soil actually has a good bit of organic matter but the hole went down past my topsoil so I made sure to mix in a lot of the potting mix in at the bottom. I watered then added more soil then covered with cedar mulch.
The garden center guy told me to water 2x a day for the first couple of weeks. I didn't ask how much to water. Can someone give me an idea? There is about 3" of fresh mulch in my beds and I'm really confused as to how much to water. With bare soil I can see how much the soil is absorbing but I feel like I'm just guessing when it's mulched. I'm always concerned that I'm just wetting the mulch and not the soil. I'm using a hose. I have a 2 gallon watering can which might be better. If someone can tell me how much the plant needs at each watering until it gets established I would appreciate it.
My garden center guy suggested using Miracle Grow on it, which I'm not opposed to but I prefer organics. I forgot to ask when I should fertilize. The plants had just come in the day before.
I'd like to help the plant grow as fast as possible to fill in the trellis. Any tips that would help would be greatly appreciated.
The branches on the plant were intertwined. Should I try to gently separate them to encourage wider coverage of the trellis or would that harm the plant?
What should I do in the winter. I've read recommendations that it should be cut down and that it should be left as is. I'd like to do what would help fill the trellis the most for the longest part of the warm seasons.
Lastly, I read that hostas are good to plant around the base of clematis because they help shade the soil. Is that a good idea even if I'm using mulch?
Congratulations on your first....of what will likely become many - clematis! Hope you find the following helpful.
1) What you read about planting depth is correct - the root crown should be planted 4-6 inches below the soil surface. This helps to generate multiple stems form the base as well as encourage a strong, healthy root system. And with the exception of fruiting figs, tomatoes and potatoes, I know of no other plants that come with a deeper planting guideline.
If the planting was recent, there is no reason why you cannot dig up the vine and replant at the proper depth, as long as you are careful with the rootball. Doing so can affect flowering but it is far more important to get the planting right for the long term than to enjoy a few flowers now. If you feel uncomfortable digging and replanting the vine, go ahead and mound soil up to the appropriate depth, making a small berm. That works, too :-)
2) I can't tell you how often to water - no one can. That depends on your soil composition, how fast it drains, temperatures and rainfall amounts. What you want is for the soil to stay evenly moist. If the mulch makes that unclear, go ahead and rake the mulch away to check. And make sure that is evenly moist to the full depth (and preferrably deeper) of the rootball. It will only take a few trials for you to become familiar with your specific conditions and really know how often and how long to water. FWIW, twice a day seems excessive to me if you are giving the newly planted vine a deep, slow drink when you do water, not just a spritz with the sprinkler for a few minutes.
3) MiracleGro or any other water soluble fertilizer can work, although I'd opt for one that encourages blooms rather than foliage (or those with a lower N number). Many clematis growers like to use a tomato or rose fertilizer, both of which are available in organic formulations. Alfalfa meal is very good, as is compost. Your choice :-)
4)You do not need to do anything in winter other than apply mulch. Generally clematis are pruned back in late winter/early spring or when you prune roses in your area. Piilu is a type 2 but you will want to prune your vine back hard for at least the first two growing seasons (next spring and the following). This hard pruning encourages establishment, disease resistance and a good root system and is recommended for all newly planted clematis regardless of pruning type.
5) Fast establishment is the result of following all of the above :-)) Do not expect too much too soon. Clems (and all other vines) need about three years in the ground before they really take off. Encouraging the vine to grower faster than it should (or would naturally) can promote wilt or disease and insect problems.
6) Shading the soil with other plants is not a requirement, especially if you are mulching well. All you need to do is assure an evenly moist root run, which both the mulch and adequate watering will provide. Many folks DO plant at the base of clems - you want a shallow rooted plant that doesn't need much dividing, so you don't chance disturbance of the clematis roots.
I must have only previewed my message and not submitted it yesterday so here goes again :)
Thank you very much for your advice.
1) I'm really nervous about digging it up and planting it again. One of the plants wasn't doing too well after planting. See here http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/clematis/msg0719383017339.html I wonder if I somehow managed to damage the stems while trying to remove the canes. I'm not sure that's what happened but it's the only thing I can think of. I'll try mounding the soil up a bit. I don't think the crown is too far above ground.
2) I think I'm getting a handle on the watering. I took your advice and pushed the mulch back. I did it after watering to see how wet the soil looked and then watered again to gauge how much water was absorbed.
3) I'm going to try espoma tomato tone. I forgot I have some Organica Plant Growth Activator Plus that I should have added when planting. Will do so next watering. It does well on other plants and grass.
4) Stupid question, but if I prune back hard next spring, if I leave the dead branches on the trellis will they die off and fall off or do I have to remove them? :)
5) How much can I expect it to grow in the first year? I don't necessarily want to rush it I just want to make sure I'm not doing anything to stunt it's growth :)
6) I'll stick with mulch for now.
Thank you again for your help.


text:
Online Dating Scam is Out to Hook Your Wallet
By GalTime .com
By Mary Schwager, Consumer Watchdog for GalTime.com
Protect yourself from catfishing
If Valentine's Day came and went and you're still looking for love, you may want to consider joining the 40 million Americans who dabble in online dating. If the very thought of an online romance fills you with dread, remember that with a little due diligence and necessary precaution, the internet can be a wonderful forum to meet new people.
Sure, there will always be that guy who posts profile pics of his lovely locks only to show up to the date bald. Or the date that leaves you thinking, "How can his definition of 'tall' and 'muscular' be so different than mine?" And of course there's the media frenzy surrounding football player Manti Te'o's fake online girlfriend who may leave you wondering, "How could that even happen?" Simple. The college linebacker was actually "taken" in a new and growing scheme known as "catfishing".
The Better Business Bureau says that's when a "scammer assumes a persona on a social networking site and then creates an entire false identity using the pictures, hobbies, interests and even friends of someone else. While the purpose for doing so varies, the most common progression of this scam is the development of a relationship in hopes that the scammer will be able to ask for and receive money from their unsuspecting love interest."
RELATED The Do's and Don'ts of Internet Etiquette
Heartbroken victims of the catfishing scheme all say the same thing, according to the BBB: After meeting online, victims engage in a whirlwind romance, quickly progressing from emails to texting to phone calls. After hitting it off, the couple schedules many attempts to meet in person, however they are always suddenly cancelled (by the scammer) due to a family emergency, medical issue or other ailment. Soon, the scammer almost always asks for money: whether for a bill they cannot pay, a cousin that has ended up in the hospital, a car that needs repair and so on.
Richard Avery, head hauncho at Securitas Security says that's a red flag! "You've hooked a fish that almost certainly needs to be thrown back into the electronic 'sea' as quickly as possible!"
Warning Signs
Securitas warns to watch out if an online suitor:
1. Asks you to wire money, send cash, or mail checks to a person whose identity - and trustworthiness - are not absolutely certain and positively known by you. Anyone who attempts to foster trust and affection only to ask for money, or who appears out of the blue requesting money - even if she/he purports to be a friend or relative in dire need of immediate assistance - may well be a con artist who has perfected this type of long-distance ruse.
2. Requests personal information either electronically or in person.


text:
1950's sportswear tee
by LEVI STRAUSS CO
was $88.00
Men's Size Chart
Product Details
Cotton jersey pocket t-shirt is pre-washed for a soft, slubby worn-in finish. Vintage fit with a slightly slimmer body and shorter sleeves.
• single front patch pocket
• rib crewneck
• special treatment given to dying process to create natural nuances of shade
• 100% cotton


text:
At the beginning the camera lingers on ancient Hopi Indian cave-paintings of human figures, perhaps symbolising the forgotten embers of the human race. Soon we are racing over landscapes, peering into waterfalls and tumbling with the clouds in a homage to the Earth. Effortlessly illustrating the vistas untainted by Man the film subtly moves on to the modern-day shrines to humanity - cities. It is here that the full impact of the story becomes apparent and yet there is a distance from people as individuals. Even when we are focused on one person there is no feeling for their history, instead they appear as representatives for the whole.
This feeling of watching an ant colony is intensified with the superb photography of typical production lines. Here the machines are master and the workers scurry around, forever at the mercy of the conveyor belt. On a larger scale the teeming freeways are analogous to the blood vessels of our own bodies - cities as a symbiotic life-form. But, this is no life. Humans, like trained primates, are shown to be in the rat-race like never before with no hope of redemption. Indeed, the images of fire and destruction seem to foretell an apocalyptic future unless we choose to return to our roots - like the Hopi Indians perhaps?
If you have read this far then perhaps you'll have the attention span required for this film! As a whole the images presented take on a truly hypnotic tone (particularly in the city sequences) which meshes smoothly with the classical- ethnic soundtrack (scored by Phillip Glass). The only drawback is the slightly withdrawn tone which permeates the film - almost as if this was an alien travel documentary on the Earth! In summary, Koyaanisqatsi is well worth catching but try to see it on the big screen.


text:
NEWTON's HOME PAGE
Privacy Policy
Sine Track Depicting Satellite Orbits
Name: John Status: educator Grade: 6-8 Location: AL Country: N/A Date: 9/5/2005
When you track the space station, the graphic shows the orbit following an oscillating track similar to a sine wave. Is this the actual track or is it just an illusion due to the spinning of the earth. If this is the actual track, why does it follow this oscillating motion? This is a result of the tilt of the Earth (about 28.5 degrees) about its axis of rotation, while the satellite is generally moving in a circular path. When this orbit is transformed to a flat surface, the satellite trajectory moves above and below the equator. On a flat map this trasforms into a sine-like wave.
NASA has an educational site:
http://media.nasaexplores.com/lessons/01-004/5-8_1.pdf that has an exercise you can do with pencil and paper, or just do the "thought"experiment.
Vince Calder
If by oscillating you mean the gradual divergence of the orbit around the globe, then that is caused by the rotation of the Earth.
The space station, and other things in orbit, circle the earth in an elliptical orbit. It appears to be a sine wave because you are looking at it on a 2 dimensional map. When the sine wave reaches the upper peak, the orbit is actually passing over the earth and "coming down" the other side until it reaches the lower peak, etc.
Bob Hartwell
Click here to return to the Astronomy Archives
NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators, sponsored and operated by
Argonne National Laboratory
Educational Programs
, Andrew Skipor, Ph.D., Head of Educational Programs.
For assistance with NEWTON contact a
System Operator (firstname.lastname@example.com)
, or at Argonne's
Educational Programs
Educational Programs
Building 360
9700 S. Cass Ave.
Argonne, Illinois
Update: June 2012


text:
Valley Road Speeder, Beach, Tandem, |
This is the smallest wagon in our line, and for some, just right! |
This model is our second smallest in the wagon series, yet it boasts a medium bed and hauls a load of 350 pounds! |
This wagon is ideal for suburban hauling and playtime- its hard rubber wheels fair better on hard surfaces than in the wild. |
This wagon's air tires make it better suited for quieter travel on paved surfaces and greater ease of movement over rough ground. |
This may be the mid-point of our wagon line, but it is anything but middle of the road. It has the small wheel base as the most popular #350, but a slightly smaller bed. That makes it muscle wagon! |
The #350 is our second most popular wagon. It's exactly what most people think of as a basic wagon. But wait until you see all of the possible bells and whistles! |
This largest bed size wagon (24" x 48") distinguishes itself from the others by including a hand brake. |
Speeder Tandem Wagon Model #3500 This wagon's the right one for a heavy load that can be transported low to the ground. With proper care, this wagon will last you and your family for years to come! |
Take your wagon to the beach! The extra-wide tires are designed for it. |
The #6500 is now our best-selling wagon. No wonder-- this wagon comes with all the features of the Beach Model #6000, but with 8 extra inches of bed room and room for single or double seat inserts! |
Speeder Tandem Wagon Model #7000 This tandem wagon is one of our sturdiest and heaviest haulers! |
Steel Bed Heavy-Duty Wagon Model #400 Use this 24" x 48" steel mesh heavy-duty flat bed wagon for yard, garden, or even farm work! |
Steel Bed Heavy-Duty Wagon Model #600 This wagon will take just about anything you can dish out! It offers an additional 408 square inches of bed space than its smaller #400 counterpart, and also has 3" larger diameter as well as wider wheels. |
View My Cart |
Copyright © 2011 Almost Amish


text:
Please enter your username and password below.
Networking Opportunities: The Foundation holds several events each year that give Business Benefactors members the opportunity to network with high profile residents and business leaders.
Advertising: Free listing in the Business Benefactors Directory.
Referrals: Foundation staff as well as your fellow Benefactors direct business your way when asked for recommendations.
Tax Advantages: Your membership, along with event sponsorships, are tax-deductible.
"As a healthcare provider, it's important to me to take care of my patients to the fullest extent. That includes doing what I can to make sure they get the best, most balanced, healthcare possible. That's why I'm a business partner of San Antonio Community Hospital." Rock Chapman, DDS
"Personally, I believe that any business man or woman is missing a great opportunity if they are not a member of this wonderful group. Not only are you supporting a great hospital, but the networking opportunities you have, the access to political leaders and business outlook experts, and the inside track about cutting edge technology, makes the relationship a win-win." Kathy Tully, Senior Wealth Advisor, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney.
San Antonio Hospital Foundation is recognized as a charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. This allows your gifts to the San Antonio Hospital Foundation to be tax deductible to the fullest extent of the law.
Mail your check or money order to: San Antonio Hospital Foundation 999 San Bernardino Road Upland, California 91786
Call the Foundation at 909.920.4962 with your credit card number. You can also setup an automatic credit card charge.
Click here to download our Business Benefactors brochure.


text:
Geo Repair in Jenison
We found 24 Geo service shops and mechanics in Jenison.
2 are RepairPal Certified.
Pepino's Auto Service Company
1040 Division Ave S
Grand Rapids,
Map & directions
"We have known them for many years and they are very dependable."
- Nieves, Grand Rapids, MI
See more real customer reviews
RepairPal Certified Shops
An exclusive network of auto repair and maintenance shops that delivers:
- Quality work, backed by a minimum 12-month/12,000-mile warranty
- Guaranteed fair prices
- Happy customers