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Darjeeling is the Chinese variations of the Camelia sinensis tea grown on Indian plantations in the province of Darjeeling and considered one of the most exquisite and expensive teas in the world. By the methods of cultivation and production, Darjeeling is closer to the Chinese teas rather than to the Indian teas. This is a small leaf tea, with slightly astringent taste and rich delicate floral aroma. Although Darjeeling is marketed commercially as "black tea", almost all of them have incomplete oxidation (<90%), so they are technically more Oolongs than black teas. This tea has a delicate taste due to the unique natural conditions of the region where it grows: cold and humid climate, high altitude location of plantations and the characteristics of the soil. Depending on the location and time of collecting, the taste, aroma and characteristics of Darjeeling are highly different. The most significant impact on tea quality has seasonal factors. Not everyone will be able to distinguish the differences, for example, between Darjeeling Makaibari and Darjeeling Lingia. The difference between a drink obtained from the leaves collected in the spring, versus leaves from the same plantation, but harvested in early summer, will be obvious. The best varieties of Darjeeling is consider the "champagne of teas". The methods of processing tea leaves are very traditional, it includes withering, rolling, fermentation and drying, which is why this tea is so highly valued. First of all, today there are only 86 existing plantations of Darjeeling with a total area of about 19.000 hectare. Annual production on average is 11-12 thousand tons. This is about 1% of the total cultivated tea in India. It should be be noted that it would be impossible to obtain the taste qualities if Darjeeling if cultivated outside this region, therefore, making it an exclusive beverage. The labor on plantations is very tedious and demanding, the normal requires a production force of about 52 thousand people that are constantly engaged. While in the tea harvesting season, which lasts from March to November, an additional 15 thousand workers are hired. More than 60% of workers in the tea gardens are women. The collection of tea leaves takes place 4 times per year. The first harvest is the so-called Easter (March-May) begins immediately after the winter lull. Leaves collected at this time are light-green color. The characteristics of a good First Flush Darjeeling are a lively fresh, delightful flowery aroma and a honey color infusion. The connoisseurs of Darjeeling tea compare the first collection to tasteful green grapes "muscatel." Perhaps, that is why Darjeeling is called "champagne of teas". Tea mixture of the first collection is very highly regarded by experts; it consists only of the upper leaves and buds that give this tea such exquisite taste. First Flush Darjeeling is sold at auctions, and prices are several times higher than the subsequent harvest from the same plantation. The second collection takes place during the months of a May - June. Tea leaves collected during this period have a reddish color. Infusion is softer, intense, featuring a bright amber color. Because this tea is collected in the last month of spring and early summer, it has a light fruity aroma and a peculiar aftertaste. Darjeeling from the second collection, also called "In-Between", is considered a tea of high quality and is recommended as an afternoon tea. The leaves and the infusion are already turning darker and the diversity of the flavors varies from full-bodied to slightly aromatic. The "In-Between" is often used as a profitable blend, due to the high demand, the prices are not as cheap. The summer collection takes place from June - July. During this period, the properties of the tea leaves are changing, along with the nature of the infusion. It becomes more robust, but it retains all the traditional characteristics of Darjeeling. The taste is a full-bodied, with a distinctive nutmeg note. The third collection is no less interesting and appreciated by connoisseurs, sometimes higher than the first crop. The last collection, "Autumnal", is October - November. The infusion obtained from the leaves of the autumn collection, has a unique characteristic, the leaves are a light-copper color and has a somewhat milder taste. All this together ensures the highest quality of the famous Darjeeling. Because of its exclusivity and small production volumes, forgery of this tea was very popular. It is a big problem for world trade, the number of Darjeeling sold each year is more than 45 thousand tons, despite the fact that its official production is only about 11-12 thousand tons. The falsification and blending of tea has led to a drop in prices for real Darjeeling, resulting in considerable losses for the Indian economy. To prevent further tampering, the Tea Board of India jointly with the Darjeeling Tea Association have agreed that only 86 tea plantations, with special certificates, will be entitled to call their tea "Darjeeling".
Tags: afternoon tea, aroma, black, blend, chinese, collection, color, connoisseurs, cultivate, darjeeling, exclusive, exquisite, first flush, full-bodied, harvest, india, indian, infusion, leaves, plantations, production, quality, region, taste, tea, tea leaves, traditional
Black Tea | History | India | Loose Tea | Darjeeling
The Tea Pavilion is one of the most interesting monuments in the world of architecture. Which is unparalleled, not only in the West, but also in the Land of the Rising Sun. According to legend, a tea pavilion as a separate building, invented by Rikyu, the greatest of all Japanese tea ceremony masters, who in the XVI century determined its ritual. Formally, the tea pavilion (sukiya) is nothing more than a simple thatched hut. It consists of the tea room accommodating up to five people, ante-room (Mizuya) where all supplies for the ritual are washed and arranged before taking in the main room, awning (Matia) under which guests usually expect an invitation to enter, and a garden path (Rhodes) that is connecting the awning and the tea room. The Tea Pavilion is a very small building, but every detail in it is carefully chosen. Its construction is more expensive than the construction of a mansion, and the builders carrying out an order of a master of tea ceremony are very respectable caste. The style of the tea pavilion is very simple. The situation should help to forget the bustle of the material world, and not to compel attention to its transient luxury. Semantic center of the tea pavilion is Tokonoma, a kind of "red corner" of the tea room. During the tea ceremony, a painting, a scroll or an object that specifies a certain mood of the guests of the ceremony is placed in Tokonoma. Flowers - one of the most common attributes of the ritual, traditionally, placed inside. Hieroglyph for a tea pavilion (茶室), can be deciphered as "shelter of imagination", "shelter of emptiness" or "shelter asymmetry". Tea Pavilion, being sparingly decorated, allows to activate the human imagination, which should complete the asymmetry of the place. Each tea pavilion is different and, indeed, is unique, as it is created for a specific master at his own request and according to his tastes. The Tea Pavilion is not inherited: when the master dies, the building dies. The Tea Pavilion is an attempt to feel the joy of individually experienced moments of life, rather than enduring symbol of eternity. In contrast to the lush of western interior, the interior of the Tea house is extremly simple. Only one piece of art, which is placed in Tokonoma, specifies a certain mindset. According to that piece of art, most often it is flowers or a special type and color of glassware, then the rest of accessories are selected. No subject in the tea pavilion looks like any other by color or shape. Flowers are never combined with their images, a black bowl is not used in combinations with a black box for storing tea leaves, and even wooden objects are made of different types of trees. The awareness of imperfection and incompleteness is a way to comprehend the world around by trying to find one's place in it and coming to harmony with it. Like everything else in the Japanese culture of tea, the pavilion is a symbol of a certain philosophy of life. A "man" is called to the consonance with the world, harmony, and gain in active spiritual poetic action, not passive contemplation of the surrounding reality, and even more so than merging with it in a wild dance of everyday life.
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History | Japanese | Traditions
Chinese Wū long or Oolong is a type of tea located between green and black in the Chinese classification. In other words, Oolong is half-fermented tea. Oxidation ranges from 20% to 40%, and the most characteristic feature of this tea is that the leaves are fermented unevenly. Along the edges of the tea leaf fermentation can be quite astringent, almost like black tea with well pronounced reddish rim around a leaf but in the center of leaf fermentation, is very weak, close to green teas. As a result, Oolongs have a wonderful aroma and taste that combines the freshness of green tea and tartness of black tea.
Oolong combines the best qualities of both green and black teas. Some highly fermented Oolongs give a fairly dark brown-reddish infusion. However, such Oolongs constitute only a small share of the vast diversity of this type of tea. Basic and famous Oolongs have a gentle light yellowish or greenish tinge honey extract. By appearance of the infusion, they are closer to green teas and by taste - to black teas. A good Oolong is both refreshing and delicious with no trace of bitterness and stronger aroma than any green or black teas. Oolong is a well known type of Chinese tea used in ceremonies. A widely-used ceremonial method of brewing Oolongs in Taiwan and China is called Gongfu Cha. For a complete appreciation of the taste of this tea, tea pairing is recommended: tea bowl and snifter cup used to appreciate the tea's aroma. Tea poured into a snifter cup and a drinking bowl is placed upside down over the top of the snifter cup. Then the two are inverted so that the snifter cup is upside down in the drinking bowl. The final stage is when the snifter cup is lifted and the tea is released into the drinking bowl. After all this manipulations, tea drinkers can respectfully receive the aroma and then enjoy the taste. There are two main types of Oolong that are grown and harvested in China and Taiwan, the mainland and island tea. The next classification is the type of traditional treatment and characteristics of climate and soil. Oolongs grow high in the mountains, shrouded in fog, on the poor stony soils. The quality of tea depends on the orientation of the slope, the number of fogs during the growth and professionalism of collectors, who manually collect and sort out the tea leaves in difficult mountain conditions. Oolong often resembles the form of twisted lumps consisting of strongly folded and compressed whole leaves. When touched, the lumps are elastic and dense. Fresh tea should be slightly shiny and have a strong fragrant. During the brewing process, the tea leaves unfold, expend and consume the entire volume of the teapot when steeped 2-3 times. Usually, Oolong brewed with water temperature of 176-194º F for 3-4 minutes. A teapot 150 ml takes about one heaped teaspoon. Expensive Oolongs can withstand multiple infusions up to 20-25 times. The fragrance of tea can vary from delicate peach tones to astringent walnut, with a corresponding color change of infusions darker with each subsequent brewing. There are varieties of oolong that color does not change and remains yellow-green, while others, originally given infusions of intense color give a pale infusion each subsequent brewing.
Oolong tea is the most diverse among Chinese teas in terms of taste and appearance . Oolong is tea-perfection conceived by Heaven and Earth.
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History | Loose Tea | Preparation | Oolong
The origin of tea traditions of England is obliged to one of the most beautiful women in the middle of XVII century. In 1662 Charles II married princess Catherine of Braganza from Portugal. The Portuguese had been the first Europeans that encountered tea, controlled the trade routes from Asia and drank this wonderful beverage. Chest with tea leaves, among other treasures was in bride's dowry. According to tradition, the new queen's passion for tea was appreciated in court, and soon became the most popular drink in the chambers of Buckingham Palace. Inventive British replaced the eastern bowls for cups and saucers and used tea spoons for sugar that also entered into vogue in the XVII century. The British aristocracy recognized only the tea from the youngest and most succulent of the upper leaves, which are called "Orange Pekoe". "Orange" comes from the Dutch word meaning "gold, royal, belonging to the Dutch royal House of Orange-Nassau," and "Pekoe" - from the Chinese word "leaf". Because The Dutch East India Company played a central role in introducing tea to Europe, perhaps, they could have marketed the tea as "Orange" to propose a royal warrant. However, in modern classification of common tea leaf grades "Orange Pekoe" stands for "royal leaf".The real revolution in the tea business actually began in 1837 with the ascension to the throne of the young Queen Victoria. China was unable to meet the increased demand in Europe and began to supply the market with product of insufficient quality. At the time, relations between Great Britain and China had escalated. In response to the British sanctions, China has imposed an embargo on trade with Britain. But the decisive Queen Victoria signed a decree of establishing the state tea company in the British colony - the North Indian province of Assam. Mayor of the Royal Guard, Robert Bruce and his brother Charles crossed breeded seeds smuggled out of China with local tea trees. Thus was launched a completely new variety with bright color and a strong astringent taste. In memory of those events, one of the types of English tea from Assam is named "Victorian". By the middle of the XIX century, Britain became the largest tea supplier, capable of providing not only the needs of the empire, but also neighboring countries. The Assam black tea from the Indian colony of Great Britain, Russians merchants carried by caravans and sold in the capital's shops, "colonial goods" under the name "Indian tea". Taste of Assam for Russians still is the most familiar and traditional. In XX century, the British voluntarily renounced the former "tea" colonies and focused the effort on improving the quality of tea blends. This act has reflected on a nation-wide British love for tea. Continuing the Victorian tradition, modern tea masters - tea testers - offer demanding connoisseurs of tea a wide variety of traditional and exotic flavors. English tea has long gone beyond the United Kingdom, and in many countries today, tea lovers enjoy impeccable taste, intelligence and respect for people.
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Black Tea | History | India | Traditions | English | Assam
Ceylon (Sri Lanka) tea can also be attributed to "India". This island located close to India which produces the same amount of tea as the mainland plantations, and even more generating roughly $700 million annually. Cultivation of tea in Sri Lanka started accidentally. Up until the 1860's, Ceylon was only for coffee plantations, but due to sudden fungal disease called "coffee rust" most of the coffee trees have died and brought the downfall of coffee production, then igniting an era of tea. In 1867 the first tea plantation in Ceylon was laid by Scott James Taylor in Kandy. He became the father of tea cultivation in Ceylon. In 1890's Sir Thomas Lipton visited Ceylon and founded his own tea plantations and factories for tea processing focused on the needs of British consumers. Ceylon black teas are divided into three main types: high-grown (1,200 meters above sea level), mid-grown (600-1,200 m) and low-grown (up to 600 m). The share of high-altitude, high-quality tea is relatively small; it is the finest plantations in Nuwara Eliya that are located at an altitude 6,128 ft. Good quality tea are also harvested on the plantations: Dimbula ( altitude ranging between 3,500 ft to 5,000 ft), Uva province( altitude ranging between 3,500 ft to 5,000 ft) and Ratnapura (low-grown tea). Indian tea Nuwara Eliya is the highest tea region in the world and considered one of the most important locations for tea production in Sri Lanka. Tea produced in Nuwara Eliya has a very unique flavor. Tea leaves gather year around, but the best yields are in January-March. Tea leaves in this region are plucked at dawn, it is the time when leaf retains its freshness and then displays it in the brewed beverage. Sometimes the tea from Nuwara Eliya called the "champagne of tea", as well as some teas from Darjeeling province in northern India. This tea gives a tincture of golden color, delicate and refined flavor and slightly astringent taste. Uva region is situated in the south-eastern part of Sri Lanka in the mountains, which are located on the slopes of the plantation growers an excellent tea. Uva area's tea is widely used for blends such as English Breakfast Black Tea Blend, Irish Breakfast Black Tea Blend, Morning Tea…etc. A distinctive feature of tea from this district is a golden-reddish infusion, excellent flavor and a wonderful taste. In the Dimbula area most tea plantations are located on the south-eastern slopes. The best tea is obtained in January-March, when the weather is dry and cold (for this latitude) and is determining factor of flavor. The main characteristic of the local tea is the aroma of a faint lemon note. The taste of the tea is full, with a little tartness, the infusion is bright and reddish color.
Tags: altitude, area, aroma, best, breakfast, called, ceylon, coffee, cold, color, cultivation, darjeeling, dimbula, due, eliya, excellent, flavor, important, india, infusion, january-march, lanka, latitude, leaves, lemon, lipton, located, low-grown, main, million, mountains, nuwara, plantations, produced, production, province, ranging, region, rust, slopes, south-eastern, sri, taste, tea, trees, unique, used, widely
Black Tea | History | Loose Tea | Ceylon
Tea consumption in India has a long history, South Asians viewed tea as an herbal medicine rather than as a recreational beverage. Although commercially, tea is being cultivated in India is relatively recently - within the second half of the 19th century. However, in the foothills of the Himalayas in the north and north-eastern regions of country, tea trees grew before the arrival of the British. For centuries, tea has not been cultivated but only gathered from wild trees. There is a legend that British merchants transported a few tea bushes from China and planted them in the plains of India, by the time they occupied and colonized by Britain. From those few bushes, started a global cultivation of tea in India and Ceylon. It happened in the thirties of the 19th century when the British East India Company became concerned about the Chinese monopoly on tea that constituted most of its trade and supported the enormous consumption of tea in Great Britain. After the first successful experience in 1863, the British East India Company brought to India a large batch of germs and after 10 years of hard work, the tea plantations give the first crop. In 1870, over 90% of the tea consumed in Great Britain was still of Chinese origin but by 1900, this had dropped to 10%, largely replaced by tea grown in India and Ceylon. Success has created several companies, many of which still sell tea and are known throughout the world. India's success on the international market is mainly due to accommodating the special English taste for strong tea, adequate for chalky water.High quality tea in India is growing on mountain slopes which are very steep (up to 70 degrees). Plantations are located on terraces which rings encircle the mountain slopes. These high quality grades of tea gather exclusively by women and only manually. The tea plucking process takes place usually at the break of dawn. Manufacturers are trying to make tea of the highest class, twisted leaf tea and no broken leaves. There are two main areas of growth of Indian tea: Darjeeling and Assam. Important cultivation areas are, apart from Darjeeling and Assam:Dooars - west of Assam, mainly production of CTC teas.Nilgiri - South Indian tea district, fresh teas, similar to those of Sri LankaSikkim - north east of Darjeeling, high-quality teasTerrai - south of Darjeeling, similar to Darjeeling, somewhat more herb in taste.
Today India is the second largest producer of quality black tea and the first one of the middle and low-grade "bulk" teas, CTC. A large portion of this "simple" tea stays in the country; locals are very fond of drinking tea (a modest 750 grams per person a year), it is quite different in Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Although these countries are close neighbors, the locals hardly drink tea, and the entire Ceylon crop is exported. A small proportion of green teas are produced in India as well and mainly for Japan that buys simpler varieties to add them to their own production. Assam is a tea district in Northern India across the Brahmaputra. It is the largest connected tea growing region in the world. The plateau with highly arable rainforest soil contains a lot of humidity due to the prevailing monsoon winds. The local climatic conditions, especially rainfall, create a greenhouse effect which positively affects the quality of tea leaf. Tea plants are cultivated in tea gardens on large cultivatable land of up to 1,000 hectares. There are about 2,000 plantations in Assam. Assam tea is generally heavy and spicy, dark in the cup. It is the main component of the classical English and East Frisian blends which are prepared for water with high chalk contents and are usually drunk with milk and sugar. Since the appearance of the young tea traders on the international market, especially from Africa, Assam was largely driven out of this market by the cheaper tea varieties. Harvesting PeriodsMid April to Late May: First Flush. These qualities are of rather little economic significance for the European or US market. These teas are mostly aromatically fresh, light and of rather tart character. For this reason they do not meet the traditional Assam features.Early June/Mid August: Second Flush. The second flush, harvested in June/August, before the large monsoon rain starts, is highly demanded. Assam teas from the second plucking period are of greater relevance in terms of quality and the export business. These qualities are often very "colored" in tips, with a pouring that is mostly very dark and has a typical strong, full-spicy and malty character. The oldest tea gardens in Assam were founded in 1832-33 by English trade agencies. In 1839, the first Assam tea appeared in a London action. The Assam region is bordered by China, Bhutan, Burma and Bangladesh. Assam is one of the most beautiful places in the world and in all respects, is one of the best places for the cultivation of black tea. Darjeeling is a region in the North-Eastern India, located at the southern slopes of the Himalaya Mountains. Darjeeling is the most famous tea region of India. Tea gardens are located at altitudes of up to 2,600 meters above sea level on an area of 20 thousand hectares and produce the most exquisite types in the world. Darjeeling borders with China and Bhutan. The special microclimate of the region is ideal for growing elite types of tea also called "champagne of tea". Black Orthodox tea from Darjeeling (Indians pronounce the name with the accent on the second syllable) are considered one of the most delicate and fragrant teas in the world, competing with the best Chinese varieties and very often surpassing them. The unique taste of tea from Darjeeling is highly valued by tea lovers and experienced connoisseurs. The best tea grows in the coldest part of the terrain, at an altitude of 2,600 meters. The color of the infusion is deep burgundy with a green tint. Harvesting PeriodsMarch-May: First Flush is in March, as soon as the weather is good after the end of the vegetation break, the first soft leaves and buds of the first period are plucked. The characteristics of a good F.F. Darjeeling are a lively fresh, delightful flowery aroma and a honey color of the infusion. This tea is sold at auctions, and prices are several times higher than the subsequent charges from the same plantation.May-June: In between crop – the qualified "trailer" of the first flush season does have a particular connection with the first touches of the second flush period. The leaves and the infusion are already turning darker and the diversity of the flavors varies from full-bodied to slightly aromatic. The In-between is often used as a profitable blend-quality. Due to the high demand, the prices are not as cheap.June-July: Second Flush. The summer crop is the summit in a crop year. The tea leaves develop more aroma by the longer exposure to sun. The most important quality features of a classical S.F. tea are dark brown leafs with golden tips and the color of infusion is soft amber. Taste is full-bodied with a distinctive nutmeg note. The second collection is no less interesting and appreciated by connoisseurs, sometimes higher than the first crop.October-November: Autumnal crop. After another period of rain in late summer and until the vegetation lull in November, fully aromatic but somewhat mild teas are plucked.Nilgiri is one of the major tea regions of India, located in the south of the country, at the foot of the Blue Mountains. The tea gardens in Nilgiri are small compared to plantations in Assam. Tea in Nilgiri is cultivated on altitudes between 800-2,000 meters above the sea level. Tea plantations are surrounded by snow-covered mountains and luxuriant growing jungle. In 1840, the first tea seedlings had been planted, thanks to good climatic conditions, the seedlings became well acclimated and the basis for future plantations.Nilgiri takes second place in India in volume of black tea production. Frequent monsoon rains, high average annual temperatures, allow the great cultivation of tea all year. Tea gathers unite in Nilgiri twice a year: in spring (April-May) and second flush in autumn (September-December), the best being the spring collection. The Nilgiri tea is a main component of so-called English blend. The tea of these regions is full-bodied, with a bright infusion, mild taste and can be distinguished by a fresh citrus scent which is reminiscent of the Ceylon high-growns.
Most of the Indian tea is used for mixtures or blends. Different companies make a blend for a large consignment of tea, which is then packaged and sent to consumers. Naturally, the composition of blends from time to time changes, so there is a practice such as a sampling of tea. Similar to the in the selection of wine, tasting is needed prior to purchase of product in order to understand which tea is the best. There are companies (mostly British) that have their own tea testers in the tea factories located in India, whose main task is to monitor the quality and stability of tea taste, regardless of the crop. To do such, they select from several tea plantations and make trial blends, the best of them becomes a model for the party. There are four varieties of Indian tea that is sold unblended: Darjeeling, Assam, Nilgiri (also used in blends) and Sikkim. Sikkim Tea is a new variety introduced in late 1980, but has already won the position on the market of tea. This delicious and sweet tea is reminiscent to the taste of Darjeeling tea and Assamese tea aroma. One can say that it occupies an intermediate position between these two titans.Black tea from India can be brewed in several ways. Brewing methods of tea depends on its type and grade. Chinese method: more loose leaf tea leaves and less time of brewing, English method: 1 tsp of tea leaves per 6oz cup and a long (3-5 minutes) brewing process, or Indian method: very strong tea infusion, hot milk and a lot of sugar. All three methods have their unique characteristics, and each way is good for its type of tea. The Chinese way is suitable for any Indian tea, but best of all, it reveals aromas of delicate high grade tea varieties such as teas Darjeeling. The English method does not allow steeping the tea more than twice. If you prefer to drink tea, as it is loved in England, with milk or cream, then pour the cream into a cup prior to the tea slightly heated. Fine broken leaf grades are very popular in India, where English tradition of drinking tea with milk has spread in a transformed way. Brewing using the Indian style is a very intense brewing method. Tea leaves are steeped with hot milk, water and a lot of sugar. Then the infusion is poured from one tall glass into another to create the appearance of abundant foam. This very thick drink, with a nice color, can hardly be called tea; however, the Indians are very fond of it and consumed in large quantities. This method is also used to prepare a strong tea with milk and spices called Masala Chai. Some of the chai masala spice mixtures are still in current use are derived from Ayurvedic medical texts.ESP Emporium offers an amazing selection of black tea – the most popular drink in the world. Vast selection of high quality tea from India presents all the most magnificent types from Darjeeling and Assam, First and Second Flush, pure and blended. Worth to give it a try!
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Black Tea | History | Loose Tea | India
Pu-Erh is a tea of emperors and commanders. In ancient times, soldiers were drinking Pu-Erh before battling to gather strength, find resoluteness and have confidence in victory. Today, this tea is popular among business people. Pu-Erh helps to concentrate on making important decisions and preparing for crucial meetings and lengthy negotiations. Pu-Erh assists to live an active, varied life. You can dance all night in the club and in the morning, appear in the office fresh and rested after an extraordinary cup of tea.
Pu-Erh grows in the Province Yunnan, the most southwestern province in China where more than a thousand years, tea is produced. Yunnan is the country of fog, mild sun and tea trees.Today, in an era of civilization and mechanisms, the best Pu-Erh is still being handcrafted by people that possess a special inner sense, processing an understanding of tea, they know the time when Pu-Erh becomes Pu-Erh and pass on their knowledge from generation to generation. In order to obtain a deep color infusions, strong mild taste and long-lasting fragrance, this tea is aged for several years in special conditions. Pu-Erh is the only kind of tea that gets better with time. The optimal storage time for different kinds of Pu-Erh is from 10 to 30 years. A collection of aged Pu-Erh can be appraised higher than the collection of vintage wines.The beauty of Pu-Erh is not only in its unusual taste and aroma. Despite the fact that this tea contains a small amount of caffeine, it invigorates and improves the efficiency better than coffee. This is the best drink for the morning, but is not recommended for the evening. High-quality and properly brewed Pu-Erh is very beneficial for one's health. It helps digestion, normalizes metabolism, lowers high blood pressure, reduces cholesterol, improves skin condition, reduces the risk of cancer, removes toxins and facilitates the alcohol withdrawal syndrome or overeating. Pu-Erh is the only tea that may inhibit the growth of peptic ulcers. Regular consumption of Pu-Erh contributes to weight loss and rejuvenates the body. It would be better to say that Pu-Erh helps to maintain the body to be the way it should be. As all types of tea, Pu-Erh is made from the leaves of the plant Camellia Sinensis. Top grade Pu-Erh obtained from the leaves collected from tea trees, not tea bushes. The older the tree, the more exquisite Pu-Erh brewed from its leaves. In the Pu-Erh county of Chinese province Yunnan which gave the name of this group of teas, grow some of the trees that are about a thousand years old. Pu-Erh made out of leaves from such trees is valued particularly high. In the forests of Burma, Vietnam, Laos and eastern India, found wild tea trees yielding a smaller amount but not less valuable harvest. The leaves of wild trees are gentler with a refreshing "menthol" aftertaste. They do not tolerate rough handling. From the leaves of wild trees the only loose leaf (not pressed) Pu-Erh is obtained. For the production of Pu-Erh, green tea leaves are used. After gathering, they are dried in the sun, roasted and kept for several months. After the drying process, the leaves are pressed, which produces a "raw" or "green Pu-Erh", similar to the properties of green tea. This Pu-Erh does not have a delicate aroma and exquisite taste, but is simple to prepare and inexpensive. In China, this tea is not considered a real Pu-Erh and called Mao-cha (coarse tea). This tea has been popular among nomads and Tibetan monks.To get a "mature Pu-Erh", the dried leaves are subjected to a secondary drying and post-fermentation, using modern accelerated technology to produce the mature Pu-Erh. The leaves are sprayed with water, collected in heaps or placed in rooms with high humidity with the help of microorganisms, a process called fermentation takes place. The higher the humidity, the faster the fermentation process, but the aroma and taste of tea leaves is much to be desired. In addition, excessive moisture leads to mold development. By traditional technology, Pu-Erh is aged in dry areas. In the province of Yunnan many factories and private facilities are located where the Pu-Erh is produced by using old recipes. Different bacteria cultures and different organizations of the fermentation process have a major impact on the taste, aroma and healing properties of Pu-Erh. The period of fermentation for high quality Pu-Erh lasts at least 6 months. With the growing popularity, Pu-Erh prepared by traditional technology is becoming increasingly difficult because more and more manufacturers use a quick simplified method of fermentation. The last stage of preparation of Pu-Erh is pressing. Tea is lightly steamed to soften and skillfully pressed into the desired shape (brick, pancake, rectangular blocks, bird nests, mushrooms or melons) then dried and wrapped in cloth. Bricks and pancakes of pressed Pu-Erh can weigh from 100g to 5kg. Pressed in a flat square, Pu-Erh is suitable material for the creation of embedded pictures, but "bird nests" which are designed for one portion, are more practical for a busy lifestyle.When buying Pu-Erh, one should pay attention to its fragrance and structure of the pressed leaves. Good quality Pu-Erh tea is characterized by a pronounced aroma of dried fruits with earthy notes. The smell of mold is an indicator of improper storage. If there is an opportunity to taste Pu-Erh before buying, evaluate the color of the infusion and depth of flavor. Also pay attention to the leaves remaining after brewing. Well-preserved whole leaves are an indicator of high quality Pu-Erh. A Quality loose leaf Pu-Erh usually has a delicate fragrant and pale color. loose leaf Pu-Erh can be appreciated only by experienced tea drinkers (connoisseurs). Preparation of Pu-Erh
Since Pu-erh has a very strong flavor and rich color; it is not recommended to brew this tea in clay teapots. Clay absorbs all smells and any other tea brewed in the same teapot will taste similar to Pu-Erh. The rich color of this tea will look good in a glass or porcelain cup. Quality Pu-Erh can be steeped a lot of times, therefore use a small teapot and small bowls. To maximize the healing effects of Pu-Erh, it should be drank without sugar and other sweets. A small amount of dried fruits or dark chocolate is quite acceptable. One "bird nest" or "mini tuocha" is good for multiple infusions. To "revive" and clean tea, pour some hot water; let it sit for 1 minute, and then drain the brew. This act will clear and warm the tea because the Pu-Erh has been waiting to meet you for several years, so allow its strong and earthy flavor to unfold softly. The first brew of Pu-Erh should be steeped up to 45 seconds, and then subsequent brewing time should be increased. This tea is an excellent representative of Chinese teas that surprise consumers with the originality and complexity of flavor bouquet.
Boiling is an old method of preparing pressed teas. The most spectacular brewing of Pu-Erh is in a glass teapot when the stages of heating water and the behavior of tea leaves can be observed. When brewing Pu-Erh, the process is very important not to miss the stage called "crab eye", when small bubbles start rising from the bottom of the kettle. At this stage, 1-2 cups of water should be poured out of teapot and then poured back, this stage is called "noise in the pines" - the muffled sound prior to boiling. Thus, the water becomes rejuvenated and is ready to accept the tea. Pre-soaked in cold water, the Pu-Erh is introduced to the water prior to boiling. At the first stage of boiling - "string of pearls", the teapot is removed from the fire and set aside for 30-60 seconds. The boiling process for this type of tea requires experience because of the excessive brewing time which makes the Pu-Erh infusion turbid, bitter and unpalatable. Another disadvantage of this method is that it is not economical. Boiled tea cannot be brewed again.
Tags: aged, amount, aroma, better, bird, boiling, brewing, called, chinese, collected, color, cup, different, dried, excessive, exquisite, fermentation, flavor, generation, green, grow, helps, important, infusion, leaf, leaves, loose, method, poured, preparing, pressed, prior, process, province, pu-erh, quality, several, stage, strong, taste, tea, teapot, technology, thousand, traditional, trees, water, wild, years, yunnan
Health Benefits | History | Pu-Erh | Twitter
People drink tea, to forget the hustle and bustle of the world. Tan Yen
Welcome to the world of unique, vibrant essence that forms an environment for communication to the world of green tea. Apart from the fact that tea is simple to prepare and pleasant to taste, it is a unique plant which includes a huge amount of different substances that provide a favorable effect on the human body. For some reason, only when we visit museums, we draw attention to the achievements of human race in various fields. Once inside the museum, we may explore the aircraft industry, we begin to admire the progress when standing next to the first wooden airplane, then stroll over to find a super modern fighter jet, both man-made within the last one hundred years. In museums of fine art, we are surprised to learn about the enormous changes in the technique of writing that occurred in just a few centuries, at each stage giving the world priceless masterpieces. However, once among the remarkable and infinitely fragrant teas, we rarely think about the historic characters and events, some of which dates back to antiquity. In ancient times, people discovered wild tea trees, the leaves are plucked from the trees were just chewed or boiled in water. Century's later people learned how to make pressed tea and then loose leaf tea. They gradually discovered many other variations throughout several millenniums, revealing all of its secret benefits. As a result, countless assortments of tea are on store shelves, readily available to all that desire this great treasure. Despite the tremendous diversity of over 350 tea trees, each plant providing distinctive attributes within the glorious green leaves. Sky-high peaks, misty cliffs and green valleys only help these leaves to absorb a unique "spirit". The magical transformation of the collected tea leaves, from white to black, happens because of the improvements past down from ancient times. We hope that while you are exploring our website and blog, you will assimilate many new and interesting things about the culture of tea, the types of tea brewing methods, the countless benefits of loose leaf tea and the secrets of making an exquisite cup of tea.
Tags: airplane, ancient, art, attention, benefits, century, characters, collected, countless, discovered, draw, events, explore, exquisite, fields, fine, forms, green, hope, human, jet, later, leaf, learn, leaves, loose, man-made, museums, people, plant, pressed, progress, provide, secret, several, shelves, spirit, super, surprised, tea, technique, think, times, treasure, trees, tremendous, unique, various, wild, world
History | Loose Tea | Traditions
There is no place on Earth where you cannot find a love to tea and its history. This drink is second by popularity only after water. Homeland of Tea is South-West China and adjacent areas of Upper Burma and North Vietnam. Interestingly, the word tea has come to East Europe through the Turkic languages from North Chinese "cha", while the source of the name in Western Europe was the South Chinese "te". There is no way to establish the exact time of appearance of the drink in different regions. The first mention of tea dates back to ancient times. How wild tea was discovered, tell legends of China, India and Japan. One of them, there was tea in the time of creation of Heaven and Earth, it is associated with the name of Sovereign Sun Yan Di. On the other Southern Chinese emperor Chen Nung (III millennium BC) once tried the drink, which accidentally turned out to be tea leaves, accidentally fell into boiling water. The drink was so fragrant and delicious that the Emperor ordered to collect and preserve these leaves and issued a decree on the application of his nationwide. Historical monuments confirm that tea was known in China in the Three Kingdoms period (220 - 280 years). The growing of tea as a culture plant refers to the year 350. Hindus believe that the tea bush was accidentally discovered by Prince Badhidharma while traveling to Southern China. According to Japanese legend, a tea bush grew in the place where prince Daruma's eyelids fell after he cut them off, in order not to fall asleep during meditation. From this bush Daruma's followers gathered leaves and made refreshing drink. In 1763 a Swedish navigator brought the famous naturalist Charles Linneyu from China living tea bush. Scientist, being confident in the uniqueness of this plant, gave tea its name classification thea sineusis – Chinese tea. In the XIX century in the Indian province of Assam, Burma and Laos were discovered tea trees. Botanist had to admit that the tea has a different kind, which was given the title of thea assamica - Assamese tea. Chinese philosophers said that tea is better than wine, because it can strengthen and invigorates the human soul. It does not cause intoxication, it is better than water because tea does not transmit infection. At first, tea was used only by rulers and clerics as curative drink, that eliminates fatigue, strengthens force and vision, or in the composition of ointments. The use tea as a drink in its homeland began in the 5th century. The value of tea was very high - emperors awarded their dignitary in the promotion. In the 6th century, tea was a favorite beverage of nobility, by in the 10th century, tea had become the national drink of China and, consequently, the subject of trade. In Europe, tea was brought in the 16th – 18th centuries, by Portuguese and Dutch. Rooted in the Netherlands, the use of the drink has become a tradition of afternoon tea drinking, and spread across the Atlantic to New Amsterdam. In 1664 merchants of the English East India Company brought as a gift to the King, two pounds of tea. The gift was accepted, the drink was appreciated, and a triumphal procession of tea began. At first as a luxury item available to the rich and the nobility, but much later - as the traditional drink of broad segments of society. Tea became available to citizens only in the late XVIII century, after reducing the tax on tea, but for most was still too expensive. In 1793, Lord McCartney transported the seeds of Chinese tea to India in the Botanical Garden to explore and cultivate. India, whereas was the former colony of the British Empire, actively developing the production of tea. In 1860 it was sold for around 2 tons. The question of the rate of transport has arisen.By boundless sea bear tea clipper - high-speed sailboats with valuable cargo. Tea race become a tradition with promise of winning trophy. Known as the case when three-clippers - "Ariel", "Taping", and "Serika" - were all synchronous distance 25,744 km in length and finished along the harbor. In Java, Sumatra, Vietnam tea begin to grow in the first half of the 19th century, in the second half - in Africa and South America, in the early twentieth century - in northern Italy and southern Switzerland. At present, breeding of tea has developed in Australia. The official history of tea in Russia started in 1638, when the Mongol ruler of the Altyn-Khan sent a gift of 72kg of a strange dry leaf to the king, Mikhail Fedorovich. The first acquaintance with tea happened much earlier in 1269 because of the Russian Diocese being located in Beijing. Russian people visited China for a variety of reasons, Therefore they had exposed to way of life there and had been well aware of tea. Russian traders dealing with Chinese merchants were introduced to tea ceremonies by direct route from Beijing to Moscow. Tea came much later - in 1665, brought by ambassador Perfiliev. In the 1679 Russia develops the agreement with China regarding the permanent supply of tea. Until the end of 18th century, tea was sold mainly in Moscow. From Moscow, the fashion for tea began to spread throughout Russia. In 1874, imported from Paris, the tea bush was planted in Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Crimea. However, the tea bush did not survived there. Then cuttings were brought to Georgia, where they acclimatized, well developed, and subsequently gave the seeds. Since then, Georgian tea was a delight not only in Georgia and Russia, but also in many other countries. In 1900, small estates have been cultivated in Azerbaijan. In 1936 in the Krasnodar region of Russia, they cultivated three teas, "Georgian", "Azeri" and "Krasnodarsky". To date, the cultivation and production of tea, engaged in Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Malawi, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Sri Lanka, Japan, Australia. In doing so, they had been recognized by the major producers - China, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Kenya. Lastly, in Europe (United Kingdom, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, France) the widespread of tea packing companies developed as proprietary blenders of tea and tisanes.
Tags: 18th, accidentally, azerbaijan, become, began, brought, bush, century, china, chinese, cultivated, daruma, date, developed, different, discovered, drink, emperor, europe, georgia, gift, history, india, kenya, king, leaves, moscow, name, netherlands, nobility, north, order, plant, prince, production, ruler, russia, russian, seeds, sold, south, southern, sri, strengthen, tea, thea, tradition, transport, vietnam, water
Copyright 2010 © ESP Emporium.com. All rights reserved.


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I don't know the legal terms and steps but it appears that H 3212 (CWP Reprocity) has passed both the House and Senate and is to be sent to the Governor. I expect him to sign it but you never can tell. If he doesn't I would doubt that a veto could be over ridden.
SC's new Law will be:
There is still much discussion as to whether this will add reciprocity to SC or remove states. I suspect that SLED will be anxious to add states if possible as this is the law they wanted. If they cannot live up to their promises on this when the legislature reconvenes next year I am sure that those pushing for full recognition will have a field day and get something done quickly.Valid out-of-state permits to carry concealable weapons held by a resident of a reciprocal state must be honored by this State, provided, that the reciprocal state requires an applicant to successfully pass a criminal background check and a course in firearm training and safety. A resident of a reciprocal state carrying a concealable weapon in South Carolina is subject to and must abide by the laws of South Carolina regarding concealable weapons. SLED shall maintain and publish a list of those states as the states with which South Carolina has reciprocity.
This version will add Florida to the list of states with SC reciprocity but not Georgia.

subset: commoncrawl


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BY: John Mamola / 620wdae.com
Lebron James is the freak of nature every time he takes the court to play basketball. James, who just turned 29 years old, stands in at 6'8 and nearly 250 pounds is by far the best talent in the National Basketball Association. Few players have ever stopped him on the court, and even his shoes have problems stopping the mass that is "King James."
During Thursday's 123-114 loss to the Golden State Warriors, James was attempting to change direction and head into the lane when his shoes gave out leaving massive skid marks.
LeBron James doing burnouts on the court! This guy runs too damn fast! #Skidmarks pic.twitter.com/jdsy9ifx6v
— NikeFaller (@NikeFaller) January 3, 2014
Late word was that the NBA was considering removing the part of the floor where his skid marks lay, and putting them in the Basketball Hall Of Fame. Nike has never had a bigger problem with a pair of sneakers.


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Research Seminar: The Representation of the 1968 Student Movement in Mexican LiteratureDate: 11 February 2009 Time: 5.00 pm Claire Brewster (Newcastle University) will give a talk entitled 'The Representation of the 1968 Student Movement in Mexican Literature'. Bowland North Seminar Room 13. 1968 was a pivotal year for Mexico. The Olympic Games were to begin in October, and Mexico was both the first Latin American country and the first developing nation to host the event. The government intended to use the occasion as a showcase for Mexican stability and progress. At the same time, thousands of young protesters were taking to the streets of Mexico City to voice their opposition to the political system. The Mexican student movement abruptly was ended on 2 October with the Massacre of Tlatelolco, when government forces killed up to 500 people at a demonstration - just 10 days before the Olympic opening ceremony. The use of force against Mexico's youth and the scale of brutality used by the police and army proved to be a watershed in the relationship between the Mexican government and its people. It ended the myth, begun after the 1910 Revolution, of the benevolent, paternal State. This paper discusses the hopes and fears that were generated in 1968 and the consequences of the brutal massacre that tragically ended so many young lives, and which has indelibly marked the Mexican political and social scene. Claire Brewster is the author of Responding to Crisis in Contemporary Mexico: The Political Writings of Paz, Fuentes, Monsiváis and Poniatowska. She has worked extensively on the representation of Mexican social movements in literature, especially about the Mexican student movement. Contact: Who can attend: Anyone Further informationOrganising departments and research centres: European Languages and Cultures |
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The UK's Prince Harry will join a group of injured UK soldiers in a "race" to the South Pole. Participating in the trip will be several teams amongst others from Australia and the US.
This all part of Prince Harry's charity "Walking with the Wounded".
More information: Walking with the Wounded


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hi, i just notised that a lot of cannabis users i know have very clean, acne free skin. what do u people think about that? is cannabis good for the skin?
hi, i just notised that a lot of cannabis users i know have very clean, acne free skin. what do u people think about that? is cannabis good for the skin?
hem thats a good question?
I do a lot of research and I have never come accross any findings like that. That doesnt mean that it doesnt help though for sure. I think most people are concered with the brain and stuff so they dont look into that, but that would be cool to find reports. If anybody does post them.
I'd say that a combination of stress, genetics, diet and water intake is what will determine how much acne a person will have, as well as their hygiene habits. I've seen some gnarly zit-infested people smoke pot and I've seen those blessed with flawlessly clear skin smoke pot. Since I've started toking, I've seen no difference in my complection. In my opinion, pot doesn't have any effect upon complection.
well no change in my boiling bubbly skin since i started smoking
homer: look at shemp, he is so high!
otto: hey, shemp is... HEMP spelled backwards!
homer: and otto is... OTTO backwards!!
otto: ... now im scared
otto: man, what am i smoking, o yeah, pot
from my experience, stress is the #1 cause of acne. Since school started, i've devoloped a few more pimples than usual.
itz not juss stress. the stress kinda triggerz em more but itz yer geneticz mainly. i find drinkin pepsi er coke er eatin chocolate iz rlly bad fer the acne. smokin weed duznt have 2 much affect az far az my personal experince goez, but if anythin i think it may have helped a lil. im on tetracycline fer ther shit an that juss takez it all away so no worriez.
Potent Herbs And Leaves Could Ease The World
Krayzie Bone-Smokin Buddah...Awsum Song To Toke To


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- Prison Planet.com - http://www.prisonplanet.com -
Feds raid Liberty Reserve and indict founders on money laundering charges… is Bitcoin next?
Posted By admin On May 29, 2013 @ 4:44 am In Featured Stories,Tile | Comments Disabled
Mike Adams
Natural News [1]
May 29, 2013
If there's one thing monopolists hate, it's competition. That's probably why the U.S. government shut down Liberty Reserve yesterday, charging seven men with laundering $6 billion [2] for over one million clients. Calling Liberty Reserve a "bank of choice for criminals," the feds won't be satisfied until they destroy every currency that competes with the U.S. dollar.
That's because the Federal Reserve is actually the largest money laundering operation of all. It routinely creates trillions of dollars in counterfeit currency for it's favorite mob banksters like Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan. Disguised with labels like "banker bailouts" or "economic stimulus programs," these handouts of fiat currency debase all the other dollars held by everyone else. It's the greatest financial swindle in history, making Bernie Madoff look like an amateur.
OMG, the currency was used by criminals? Say it isn't so!
Maintaining monopoly control over the money supply, however, means destroying the competition. Liberty Reserve was starting to look like competition, so it had to be taken out. The investigation involved 17 countries, and the P.R. propaganda campaign has the entire mainstream media characterizing Liberty Reserve as some sort of money laundering scheme when, in reality, it was just a private electronic currency.
For example, the Washington Post said that Liberty Reserve catered to "…drug traffickers, child pornographers and others in the criminal underworld…"
Um, you mean similar to the way CASH is used by drug traffickers, child pornographers and the criminal underworld? If a currency [3] is to be blamed for all its uses by criminal elements, then no currency is more covered in blood, cocaine, sex slavery and evil deeds than the U.S. dollar — simply because it's the most-used currency on the planet. Is the Washington Post surprised that criminals use currencies or something?
Blaming Liberty Reserve [4] for the actions of criminals is sort of like blaming the manufacturers of duct tape for all the kidnappings that take place around the world. Gee, duct tape is used by evil people to bind the hands of kidnapping victims? Raid the company! Shut down the duct tape! Duct tape is bad!
What's clear from this shutting down of Liberty Reserve, by the way, is that the world's financial monopolists aren't going to tolerate competition. Their goal is to shut down all competing currencies, and the next target on their list may be bitcoin.
The problem with bringing down bitcoin is figuring out whose doors to kick in
There's just one problem with that whole plan: Whose doors do you kick in? Bitcoin isn't run by one company. It's a decentralized currency, and there's no one company that handles the transactions.
Transactions are calculated by a distributed network of "miners" who trade computing power for bitcoins in order to keep the electronic ledger of the entire system humming. What this means for the feds is that even if they have unlimited manpower to conduct raids on bitcoin [5], there's no way to figure out who to raid at gunpoint.
That's what government does best, of course: Shove guns in people's faces in order to protect the monopoly interests of powerful corporations or industries… the banking industry, in this case. But the prerequisite to shoving guns in people's faces is knowing whose faces to shove them into. On that point, bitcoin provides no easy targets.
Fortunately for the feds, bitcoin has largely discredited itself. In fact, I have been personally blamed for crashing bitcoin and causing $1 billion valuation losses [6] in one day for publicly predicting a looming bitcoin crash. The very next day after my prediction that bitcoin would crash [7] in value, bitcoin lost over 50% of its value [6]. Even since then, bitcoin's volatility remains so outrageously high that the currency has almost no chance of ever being widely used by online merchants.
If no one in the mainstream really accepts bitcoin (like Amazon.com), then the currency is relegated to little more than the dark alleys of the internet: black market deals, porn, video game credits and so on. It might ultimately make a great currency exchange for things like MMORPG in-game currencies, but bitcoin is unlikely to gain any real traction in the real world.
After all, the world's most popular bitcoin exchange — MT GOX — was originally named based on the game, "Magic the Gathering Online Xchange." (Most people don't know that and are shocked to learn it.)
Could a better decentralized currency be created?
However, none of this means another decentralized currency couldn't someday be created that offers both price stability and peer-to-peer decentralization. Thanks to the laws of economics, however, currency prices will never be stable unless the supply of the currency is allowed to grow.
A finite supply of any given currency sounds great on paper, but in the real world a currency needs to gradually expand along with the overall size of the economy it serves. Bitcoin can never do that because it is mathematically limited to a predetermined supply, but a future electronic currency might somehow be adaptable enough to smooth the peaks and valleys.
Many other currency experiments are already floating around the 'net: Litecoin, Ripple, SolidCoin, PPcoin and so on. Most of these alternative currencies have centralized clearinghouses, meaning they will eventually be raided at gunpoint and shut down. Only peer-to-peer currencies have any hope of surviving the mob raids of monopolistic governments.
Your best currency? Ammo
For the record, after observing world events over the last few years, I've come to the conclusion that there is no better currency than ammo. I'm not kidding: .223, 22LR, .308 and 7.62×39 can always be traded for almost anything else of value. Of course, you can't go lugging ammo around in your pockets all day long, which is why government fiat currencies become the convenient standard for exchanging goods and services in society.
But when those currencies fail — and a global financial failure is now inevitable — you'll want to make sure you own something else that holds practical value. Ammunition seems to be unbeatable in this realm, proving itself to be even more valuable than gold. (You can't defend your gold by throwing gold at approaching enemies, after all…)
And the worse the situation gets in the world, the more valuable ammo becomes. Maybe that's why Americans are right now buying up every scrap of ammo they can lay their hands on. The average shelf life of a case of 9mm pistol ammo in the United States is about five minutes.
In terms of other currencies, gold and silver are always a solid back-up plan, and they're relatively easy to buy and sell. But in a harsh collapse, gold is worthless. You'll have much better luck trading Bic lighters, cigarettes and coffee than gold coins. Stock up now while you can. Amazon.com sells cases of Bic lighters that are dirt cheap today, yet invaluable in a market crash economy. (Don't buy cheap Bic knock-offs. They LEAK out all their fuel and become worthless pieces of plastic. I know this from firsthand experience. Only Bic lighters hold their fuel.)
Sources for this story include:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/28/net-us-cybercrime-libertyre… [8]
Article printed from Prison Planet.com: http://www.prisonplanet.com
URL to article: http://www.prisonplanet.com/feds-raid-liberty-reserve-and-indict-founders-on-money-laundering-charges-is-bitcoin-next.html
URLs in this post:
[1] Natural News: http://www.naturalnews.com/040524_Liberty_Reserve_money_laundering_bitcoin.html
[2] laundering $6 billion: http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/05/liberty-reserve-indicted/
[3] currency: http://www.naturalnews.com/currency.html
[4] Liberty Reserve: http://www.naturalnews.com/Liberty_Reserve.html
[5] bitcoin: http://www.naturalnews.com/bitcoin.html
[6] crashing bitcoin and causing $1 billion valuation losses: http://www.naturalnews.com/039865_bitcoin_crash_prediction_Mike_Adams.html
[7] my prediction that bitcoin would crash: http://www.naturalnews.com/039848_bitcoins_speculative_bubble_market_crash.html
[8] http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/28/net-us-cybercrime-libertyre…: http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/28/net-us-cybercrime-libertyreserve-charges-idUSBRE94R0KQ20130528
[9] US Begins Regulating BitCoin, Will Apply "Money Laundering" Rules To Virtual Transactions: http://www.prisonplanet.com/us-begins-regulating-bitcoin-will-apply-money-laundering-rules-to-virtual-transactions.html
[10] Germany recognizes Bitcoin as 'private money': http://www.prisonplanet.com/germany-recognizes-bitcoin-as-private-money.html
[11] Liberty Reserve digital money service forced offline: http://www.prisonplanet.com/liberty-reserve-digital-money-service-forced-offline.html
[12] Financial Privacy Under Fire: DHS Freezes Bitcoin Money Transfers: http://www.prisonplanet.com/financial-privacy-under-fire-dhs-freezes-bitcoin-money-transfers.html
[13] Top bitcoin exchange freezes, arbitrarily shuts down, proving you will not be able to get out of bitcoin when you want to: http://www.prisonplanet.com/top-bitcoin-exchange-freezes-arbitrarily-shuts-down-proving-you-will-not-be-able-to-get-out-of-bitcoin-when-you-want-to.html
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2013 PrisonPlanet.com. All rights reserved.


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Bristol Zoo Gardens' new meerkat exhibit, called Meerkat Lookout, has been officially unveiled to the public today (Monday).
The state-of-the-art enclosure was opened by 11-year-old Joe Romain, from Brentry, who cut the ribbon after winning a competition run by the Bristol Evening Post to name the new attraction.
Builders have been hard at work over the winter months, constructing the meerkats' new £100,000 home. At 152 square metres in size, it is over three times bigger than the previous enclosure, with space for up to 25 meerkats.
It has indoor and outdoor areas for the meerkats and the public, a tunnel and two viewing domes for visitors to get up-close to the animals at eye-level. It even has cameras hidden inside the meerkats' nest boxes so visitors can see them playing or sleeping even when they are off show. The nest box cameras can also show visitors when the meerkats have produced babies.
Competition winner Joe, a pupil at Brentry Primary School, is thrilled that his suggested name, Meerkat Lookout, has been chosen for the Zoo's newest enclosure.
His mother, Anna, explained: "I suggested that Joe enter the competition because he loves coming to Bristol Zoo and he is interested in all kinds of animals and knows a lot about them. He wants to work with animals in some capacity when he grows up, and he loves watching all the television documentaries about them. He was really excited when he found out that he had won this competition."
The indoor enclosure is heated and includes warm rocks that provide localised additional warmth for the meerkats. There are large sandy areas as well for them to dig and forage and off-show sections where they can rest and sleep.
Dr Bryan Carroll, the Director of Bristol Zoo, congratulated Joe on winning the competition. He said: "We received lots of very good names for our new exhibit and we had a tough time choosing between them all, however Meerkat Lookout was ultimately our favourite."
He added: "We chose it because it sums up what the enclosure is all about – it's a fantastic exhibit where visitors can 'look out' at the meerkats from a number of vantage points - inside their new house, in their outdoor area, in the viewing tunnels, or via the television screens which show the meerkats in their nest boxes. It also describes how meerkats tend to take it in turns to perch on top of high points in their environment to act as a sentry, or 'lookout', for the whole group."
The exhibit will feature as many energy saving devices as possible in line with the Zoo's commitment to sustainability. A viewing panel inside the entrance of the building will show the sheep wool insulation that's used throughout the building.
The all-weather exhibit is the highlight of wider work currently underway to refresh and renew the southern part of the Zoo, near the Herbaceous Border.
Meerkats are highly social animals, native to southern Africa. They live in large, tight-knit groups called mobs or gangs, and they take turns to do duties such as baby-sitter for the young, hunt and sentry duty, for the benefit of the group as a whole.
For more information about BristolZoo Gardensvisit the website at www.bristolzoo.org.uk or phone 0117 974 7300.
For more information please contact Bristol Zoo's press office:
Lucy Parkinson, T: 0117 974 7306, or email: email@example.com
Vanessa Hollier, T: 0117 974 7309, email: email@example.com
Notes to the Editor:
Slender-tailed meerkats
BristolZoo Gardens


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Drag the home icon in this panel and drop it onto the "house icon" in the tool bar for the browser
Select "Yes" from the popup window and you're done!
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By Joy Lukachik Chattanooga Times Free Press
LAFAYETTE, Ga. — After two-hours of arguments made by a fired firefighter and a packed crowd, council members voted unanimously to uphold the employee's termination.
Johnny Stephens Jr., a 14-year LaFayette employee, was fired two weeks ago after he was given an order by two different supervisors to install a radio in a public works truck.
Full story: Ga. firefighter fired for refusing to install radios


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Uranium Mining Just Miles from the Grand Canyon National Park!Information on Recent Uranium Mining Proposals in the Grand Canyon Area
We still have a lot of work to do! To find out what you can do to express support for the mineral withdrawal and the Watershed Protection Act, please contact Alicyn Gitlin at (928) 774-6514 or firstname.lastname@example.com |
"Our view: Antiquated 1872 law puts our state treasure and other parks at risk. There is no place more sacred to Arizonans than the Grand Canyon. However, it is at risk." - Arizona Daily Star (02/21/08) |
Sierra Club® and One Earth, One Chance® are registered trademarks of the Sierra Club. |


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Dee Burris Blakley (dee_burris) wrote2011-01-25 07:27 pm
Entry tags:
- ← burris →,
- ← photo post →,
- ← photo;burris →,
- ← wordless wednesday →
(Almost) Wordless Wednesday: A boy and his car...
It wasn't his first car, but my dad earned his 1937 Ford.
He bought it from an elderly neighbor, Mrs. Toby, in 1952.
He paid $5 down, and $5 a week to her.
Until he got it paid in full, Mrs. Toby did not let him drive it, although she did let him back it out of the garage into the driveway and put it back again.
His father asked him one day how much he owed Mrs. Toby.
Dad told him after he made that week's $5 payment, his balance would be $10.
Granddaddy pulled a $10 bill out of his wallet...


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What we know about our customers, our competition and ourselves will determine our success or failure. Today we operate in a world where technology dictates what we know and when we know it. That is why we have invested and will continue to invest in technologies that yield the best transportation management tools available.
To support the services we provide we employ the latest in transportation support technology including, but not limited to:


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In a post-modern world running with a global economy, it was only a matter of time before seeing a late-sixties compact Ford Falcon wearing eighties-era Toyota Supra wheels at the boneyard. This Falcon sedan was missing its drivetrain, but still wearing the alloy Supra wheels, which evidently share the same four-lug spacing with jet-age Fords. The Falcon also packed a few extra 1157 light bulbs, one broken square tail light assembly, and two features we would like to see return to the world of economy automobiles – bench front seating and column shift. Perhaps the former Ford Falcon owner saw a few images of an Australian Ford Falcon GT Super Roo sedan, and bolted up the Supra hoops in place of the stock pizza cutters on the way to constructing a 351-powered American road-going approximation of the Bathurst-winning Australian muscle car.
Archive for August, 2010
Replace Window Regulator
Modern and more luxurious cars than the 1982 Toyota Starlet have equally modern conveniences such as self-parking guidance systems and electrical windows. The Starlet has a small high-impact plastic crank that is turned to open and close the window. The plastic crank is attached to a simple and durable device known as the window regulator. The window is in turn attached to one arm of the scissor-like regulator. Turn the crank clockwise and window goes down. Counter clockwise and window goes back up. Presto. The window regulator is one of those things like a refrigerator, that you never think too much about until it quits. Removing and replacing a broken window regulator is one of the most reviled tasks in all of old or classic car ownership and maintenance. In older econoboxes like the Starlet, just finding the working replacement part can be an adventure in itself.
Read the rest of this entry »
Quad-4 but no Quad Laser
This late eighties front-wheel drive Oldsmobile Cutlass Calias may or may not became a collectors item or the stand as the greatest car ever made. Under the hood is what counts. The General Motors Olds division special, shown here on its final road trip, packed the first production dual overhead cam four-cylinder engine GM ever produced in house. The year? 1987. The engine? The now-legendary GM Quad-4. The first generation Quad-4 engines kicked out about 150-HP – more than some GM small block V8 engines of the same era. A distinctive visual feature of the Quad-4 are the twin camshaft towers, which mirror the configuration of the most legendary of American four-cylinder engines – the Offenhauser. With exception of the Oldsmobile Aerotech, only in an alternate early 90′s universe did GM put a turbocharged Quad-4 into a rear-wheel drive car with fully independent suspension and fully-integrated quad laser. Over half of the boneyards in our world are overflowing with acres of GM front-wheel drive mediocrity as a testament of an era when Detroit well and truly forgot what they did best.
His Saab is an Angry Saab
Special to Clunkbucket by Peter Peter Hughes
Interstate 81 northbound, between Binghamton and Syracuse. Leaving New York City that morning I'd subconsciously registered a hint of additional depth to the Saab's normally throaty exhaust note, but it isn't until a fuel stop somewhere in Pennsylvania that I think to actually look underneath the car, and discover the exhaust just aft of the catalytic converter rusted nearly clean through, hanging by a thread. Worrying, but not exactly surprising: months earlier, returning from a trip to Chicago, the exhaust just ahead of the cat had failed — as luck would have it, a mere five-minute tow from what had to have been the best Saab shop in Indiana. Would I be fortunate enough, I wonder, to make it the couple hundred miles home this time? Read the rest of this entry »
Now and Later Turbo Pinto Wagon
Mike Streets could have crammed one of many and readily available Ford V8 mills into the engine bay of his 1974 Pinto Wagon. Instead he chose to transplant a 2.3-liter single overhead cam turbocharged four-banger from a 1988 Ford Thunderbird in place of the aspirated stocker. Why? "A V8 would have been too easy", said Mike – who is a former SCCA Pinto road racer and current owner of the now legendary Boss Pinto. Mike drives this wagon-in-progress whenever possible, running the boost at around 9 or 10 psi through the stock turbo for road going amusement. What you see here is only the beginning, or perhaps the late middle of an ongoing project that will eventually result in the turbocharged Boss Pinto panel wagon Ford never made. Read the rest of this entry »
The Jim Backus Old-Fashioned Award: Ferrari 330 GTS
We first encountered this Ferrari in true Clunkbucket fashion. The owner, Scott Isquick of Pepper Pike, Ohio, was having a little trouble getting it started outside the post-show banquet at the 2008 Greenwich Concours. Finally, the 4.0 liter V12 caught, interrupting the sharp mechanical shriek of the starter. The '67 motored off into the Connecticut darkness, leaving a dark hole where its rather inexplicable aura — something beyond mere Ferrari-ness — had held us rapt. The drive back to Manhattan in our borrowed '05 Rolls-Royce Phantom felt a little less special after the encounter with the one-of-99 330 GTS. In fact, we recall positing at the time that we'd gladly trade three of the Anglo-Teutonic brutes for that particular Italian droptop.
Fiat of Calamitous Intent
From the I could have been a contender department comes this bone stock all-original survivor 1978 Fiat 128 Sport from the 2010 Concours d'Lemons. The plucky Fiat did not take home a prize of any kind. It stands as the first of a few coming contraptions that for reasons not understood went home sans trophy. Owner Steve has driven the Fiat occasionally and on the weekends since acquiring the dust-covered compact several years ago from a man with a possible top secret past. This is the first time Steve took the Fiat to any sort of show, and the farthest the Fiat had ever gone from its Santa Clara, California home. Read the rest of this entry »
Land of Rust Toyota FJ60
From the California mythology department of our broken dreams division comes this Toyota FJ-60 Land Cruiser in Vermont. This rusted through example of one tough 4X4 truck serves as a reminder of what to look for before purchasing that old rust bucket restoration project. While the rust is somewhat obvious here, peeling up a carpet or two and looking for hidden rust is a good idea before any old automobile purchase. This FJ-60 appeared to be part of the 500-dollar car and truck vortex, apparently created by the Concrete Ape in Vermont. The FJ was directly in the shadow of the mighty ape. A frozen Volkswagen Beetle was also seen not far from the aggregate and reinforced steel primate. Asking price? 500-dollars. Travelers be advised. Thanks to the impressive powers of genuine Vermont road salt and salt-filled slush, this Toyota had an added feature not found on non-rusted desert climate examples. Look closely and marvel at the handy driver side rear fenderwell road flare dispenser, an unique option available free of charge on this Toyota Land Cruiser.


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Folk Festival
Tickets for 2015 are now available!
The dates for the 2015 Folk Festival are fixed at 8-10 May, so a great chance to wash away the General Election! The guest line-up is now largely fixed. The Caper Band is doing the Friday ceilidh after last year's gem. The Saturday concert features the dynamic young Paddy Callahan Trio; the incomparable Chris Wood; and the spellbinding group The Shee. Brian Miller is leading the song sessions this year and no doubt performing here there and everywhere around the Festival. There is the usual programme of free children's events, and sessions in every nook and cranny. as a new venture this year, for early comers there will be a free evening of things happening in the Craigdarroch on the Thursday evening 7 May.
Welcome to the 2014 Festival web site. The festival this year will have the usual mix of well-known performers and those that are either up and coming or largely unknown in Scotland: a fantastic programme of free children's events: and legendary session scene.
The Festival format has changed slightly for 2014, with a grand ceilidh dance on the Friday evening instead of a second concert. The Saturday night concert and Late Night Extra will be as before, as will the programmes of workshops, children's events, and piping competitions on the Saturday, and there is an ever-expanding programme of Sunday events culminating in the Festival Curry and survivors' evening!
In 2013 Moniaive Folk Festival was a finalist in the Vist Scotland 'Event of the Year' award at the annual MG Alba Trad Music Awards. The 2014 Festival will build on all the reasons for this accolade - the innovative line-up, thriving session scene, and something for all ages, in a small festival atmosphere in a wonderful village.
Please browse the 'artists' tab for more information on the main performers, and the 'programme' tab to see what is on when (with a few updates still to come). You can buy weekend tickets (at unchanged prices for the fifth year in a row!) and individual event tickets by contacting Alan James by telephone 01387 820241 or email info@moniaivefolkfestival, or via the 'contact' tab: unfortunately, due to very high levels of advance booking we have reached the limit for permitted transactions by Paypal for 2014.
We look forward to welcoming you to Moniaive in the balmy spring weather of early May - and even if it is barmy instead of balmy there will still be the warm atmosphere of "One of the 'coolest' villages in Britain".
- Home
- About Moniaive
- Moniaive Initiative
- Regular Events
- Visitors Guide
- Accommodation
- Festivals
- Food, Drink & Shopping
- Business Directory
- Glencairn Memorial Institute
- Community Groups
- Glencairn Gazette
- Local Merchandise
- Moniaive Gala
- Property for sale/to let
- Glencairn Community Council
- Striding Arches
- Tynron
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- Moniaive Primary School
- Moniaive History Trail
- Local History
- Short Stories
- Stravaiging
- Useful Contacts
- Contact


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Striker extends Vale loan deal
Haldane has been allowed by parent club Bristol Rovers to remain at Vale for the maximum 93 days, and has been told he can play in the first-round clash on Saturday - a move that will see the 24-year-old cup-tied for the competition should he return to the Memorial Stadium. The former Wales Under-21 international had already been given permission to play for Vale in the Johnstone's Paint Trophy, and appeared in their win against Stockport last month.
Sponsored links
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On the pages of this manual are tips on how to structure your business and your personal affairs to save tax. There are calculators to show how much tax a Sole Trader might be able to save by incorporating as a Limited Company. There is advice on the advantages, and disadvantages, of incorporation. Readers can look up that latest tax rates, quickly find out about impending tax deadlines, and see how the latest budget update affects their lettings income or small businesses.
If you need an accountant in Bournemouth we provide a fully comprehensive accountants service for Sole Traders, Partnerships and Limited Companies across Bournemouth and Poole. If you live in or around Bournemouth and Poole and require the services of a professional reputable and well established accountant get in touch with Express Accountancy today.
Whether its VAT in Poole, accountancy in Bournemouth or tax advice and general accountancy anywhere else in Dorset we are able to provide a wide range of professional, affordable services, including;
And much, much more.
Most people with small businesses spend more time bogged down in paperwork than actually doing what they are good at. One of our aims is to reduce this burden by handling the mundane items like Payroll and VAT as well as the Year End Accounts and Tax .
We pride ourselves on offering a service that is designed solely for you to succeed in business. Remember that your success is what fuels our success so we strive to achieve this on every job undertaken.
For accountancy in Bournemouth don't hesitate to call us today on


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Former CWA state director running for Montana State Senate talks about her race and what she is expecting tonight. READ MORE
About CWA of Tennessee
Brenda Causey State DirectorState Office: P.O. Box 254 White House, TN 37188
Phone: 615-943-4292
Email: Click Here
We STILL hold these truths to be self-evident, that all people are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness just as Thomas Jefferson did so many years ago.
We believe that living in liberty means to have the freedom to pursue and obtain success beyond imagination. As citizens of the great state of Tennessee, we will do our part to maintain this liberty through education (teaching history to better our future), volunteering (to better lives in need), and prayer (to better our ability to serve).
"Let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle." -George Washington
Now, more than ever, is the time to not only be concerned for America, but to take action, also. We are currently building Prayer/Action Chapters across the state of Tennessee and would love to have you join us. If you would like more information on starting your own Prayer/Action Chapter, please contact me today.
Listen to a message from your State Director Brenda Causey.
Prayer/Action Chapters
A Prayer/Action Chapter is a group of people who meet, usually once a month to pray, learn and take action regarding legislation that falls under CWA's seven core issues. Click here to find a Prayer/Action Chapter in your area and learn more.


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Utility Assistance Programs Houston Tx
How NAM With A Phone Call Can Help
Northwest Assistance Ministries 15555 Kuykendahl Houston, TX 77090 Assistance Ministries' programs and services. NAM wants to help families in need deal with provides rental and utility assistance to qualifying … Read Full Source
Humble Area Assistance Ministries The Executive Board Of …
Humble Area Assistance MinistriesHumble Area Assistance Ministries Non-Profit Org. 1302 First Street Humble, TX 77338 programs, events, and the people of HAAM.people of HAAM. Some address immediate needs such as financial assistance with rent and/or utility bills, vouchers … Fetch Content
North Central Community Calendar — July 5-11
Send your North Central public event notices (including recreational sports) for free to Edmond Ortiz at firstname.lastname@example.com; by fax at 250-3350; or by mail to him in c/o North Central News, P.O. Box 2171, San Antonio, TX 78297-2171. To be eligible for the $1,000 Fit Family Challenge grand prizes, families should visit FitFamilyChallenge.com to register and track their progress … Read News
THE EENHANCER: CORNERSTONE AASSISTANCE NNETWORK Introduction
FRO's emergency relief programs include cash assistance for basic food and clothing, rent and utility bills, gas vouchers, and basic home furnishing. … Get Doc
Local Veterans To Receive $250,000 For Housing assistance
Local veterans to receive $250,000 for housing assistance . TDHCA providing help to 24 Houston veterans of and security and utility deposit assistance in the form of a grant to eligible veterans housing, community services, energy assistance, and colonia housing programs. … Fetch Doc
2011 Comprehensive Energy Assistance Program Utility
2011 Comprehensive Energy Assistance Program Utility Assistance Sites For more information or to find out if you qualify, call the United Way hotline at 2-1-1 to … Read Here
Rent Assistance
For the evaluation No published research documenting effectiveness of rental assistance programs Keeper Outreach Center St. Vincent's House Wesley Community Center West Houston Assistance Standard Services Food Clothing (Thrift Stores) Rent/Mortgage Assistance Utility Assistance Other … Return Document
*General Utility assistance through multiple programs–Apply for all of them in person at DSS –bring copy of statement or d/c notice and proof of income. Connie Caronna, Steve Caronna, Leigh Dixon, Linda Houston, Heather Lee … Fetch This Document
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Food, prescriptions, rent assistance, utility assistance, gasoline, clothing assistance, propane Programs are offered in Houston. Curricula is developed for parents and children 3-18 years old with childcare www.ci.houston.tx.us/opsdp/crimevictims.htm www.youthmc.org … Read Full Source
RESOURCE LIST Employment, Financial Wellness, General, Health …
Center for Performing Arts Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX – 713 HEAP-NY, Home Energy Assistance Program – 800/342-3009! Helps low-income homeowners & renters pay utility bills. LADWP.com – 800/342-5397!.Several different discount programs for qualifying customers. … Fetch Doc
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Texas Department Of Housing And Community Affairs Low Income …
Montgomery County Emergency Assistance (MCEA) 1022 McCall Conroe, TX (936) 539-9211 Conroe (281)292-4155 The Woodlands (281)-577-8979 New Caney Brazos Valley Community Action Agency (BVCAA) … Fetch Content
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Housing Assistance Guide Final
Temporary Emergency Rent and Utility Assistance S.H.E.D. 3939 North Freeway Houston, TX 77022 Houston, TX 77007 Services Offered: 3093 Units of Public Housing Section 8 Rental Assistance Single Family Mortgage Assistance Programs (713-461-9550) … Return Doc
Houston, TX 77088 Chambers, Galveston, Hardin, Jefferson, reported assistance programs in 2004 than in 2003 but the assistance per household dropped Utility assistance to low-income elderly and disabled individuals most vulnerable to high … Doc Retrieval
App B Homeless Service Providers
Assistance Programs AAMA, Inc. Assoc./Advancement of Mexican Americans 6001 Gulf Freeway Houston, TX 77023 X X Rent/Utility assistance available for zip codes: 77042, 77057, 77063, 77077 and 77082 Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church 3826 Wheeler Houston, TX 77004 … Access Full Source
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Tags: energy assistance program, gas vouchers, grand prizes, home furnishing, humble area


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Assessing the Effects of Conservation Practices and Fertilizer Application Methods on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss from Farm Fields – A Meta Analysis
Summary We propose a meta-analysis of the effects of water and soil conservation practices, as well as the effects of fertilizer application methods, in reducing nutrient loss from farm fields. An preliminary analysis of an existing database showed that the difficulty of a successful meta-analysis lies in how to properly handle confounding factors because studies of agriculture practices are carried out under different conditions (e. g. , crops, tillage methods, and climate). Read more
Project Leader
Song Qian, The University of Toledo
Project Cooperators
R Daren Harmel, USDA - ARS
IPNI Staff
Americas \ Northern America \ USA \ Ohio


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McLaren ended Practice One at Hockenheim on Friday morning in an encouraging first and second places, on a track that was at its best early on before rain affected most of the session.
Jenson Button lapped his upgraded MP4-27 in 1m 16.595s, and nobody got near that even when the weather got slightly better in the final 15 minutes. Button said he was pleased with the initial feel of the car with its heavily revised rear bodywork, sidepods and exhaust exits.
It was also good news for the team that Lewis Hamilton was the fastest of the runners who all ran when conditions were similar, lapping in 1m 17.093s to beat Ferraris Fernando Alonso and Mercedes Michael Schumacher on 1m 17.370s and 1m 17.382s respectively. Both the Spaniard and the German had been talking up their chances prior to the weekend.
Sergio Perez was a strong fifth for Sauber on 1m 17.413s ahead of Nico Hulkenberg on 1m 17.599s for Force India, Nico Rosberg on 1m 17.915s for Mercedes, and Felipe Massa on 1m 17.995s in the second Ferrari.
Pastor Maldonado was ninth for Williams on 1m 18.020s in the first Friday session of the season in which he hasnt been upstaged by reserve Valtteri Bottas, who was in action in Bruno Sennas FW34. The young Finn was 13th on 1m 18.422s, after making his sole mistake of the year and spinning backwards into a tyre wall near the end. Maldonado had also been off the road, but without damage.
Romain Grosjean was Lotuss leading runner in 1m 18.130s as team mate Kimi Raikkonen focused on doing installation laps trying out the teams new DRS. The Finn was 15th on 1m 18.831s, having only posted proper lap times after the first hour.
Kamui Kobayashi was 11th in the second Sauber on 1m 18.226s ahead of Sebastian Vettels Red Bull on 1m 18.339s, Bottas, Daniel Ricciardo on 1m 18.709s for Toro Rosso, Raikkonen, tester Jules Bianchi on 1m 18.972s after taking over the second Force India of Paul di Resta for the session, and Jean-Eric Vergne on 1m 19.039s in the other Toro Rosso.
The Caterhams were in their usual place despite aero testing their new-for-Silverstone package at Lurcy-Levis on Tuesday, with Vitaly Petrov on 1m 19.674s and Heikki Kovalainen on 1m 19.963s.
Mark Webber was 20th on 1m 20.122s in the second Red Bull, ahead of Charles Pic who outshone Timo Glock at Marussia, 1m 20.169s to 1m 20.539s.
At the back, reserve Dani Clos impressed in Narain Karthikeyans HRT to lead Pedro de la Rosa for most of the session with 1m 21.740s, before the older Spaniard trimmed down to 1m 21.138s right at the end.
For tickets and travel to 2012 Formula One races, click here.
For Formula One and F1 team merchandise, click here.


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Applied Computing Research Group
International Conferences & Journals
International Conferences
- CeHPSA - the Second IEEE International Workshop on Consumer eHealth Platforms Services and Applications, 14th January 2012, Las Vegas, Nevada. http://www.cms.livjm.ac.uk/cehpsa2012/
- MobiCHeSS - the First IEEE International Workshop on Mobile Consumer Health Care Networks, Systems and Services, 10th-15th June 2012, Ottowa, Canada. http://www.cms.livjm.ac.uk/mobichess/
- DeSE2011- the Fourth International Conference on 'Developments of eSystems Engineering' (DeSE2011), 6th-8th December 2011, Dubai, UAE. http://www.dese.org.uk/
- DeSE2010- the third International Conference on 'Developments of eSystems Engineering' (DeSE2010), 6th-8th September 2010, London, UK. http://www.dese.org.uk/
- CICSYN2010- The second International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSYN2010), 28th-30th July 2010, Liverpool, UK. http://cicsyn2010.info/
- ISMS2010-The first International on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation (ISMS2010), 27th -29th January 2010, Liverpool, England. http://www.isms2010.org.uk/
- DeSE2009- the Second International Conference on 'Developments of eSystems Engineering' (DeSE2009), 14th-16th December 2009, Abu Dhabi, UAE. http://www.dese.org.uk/
- EMS2008,'Internet Modelling, Semantic Web and Ontologies Session', European Modelling Symposium (EMS2008), the 2nd UKSim European Symposium on Computer Modelling and Simulation, Liverpool Hope University, 8th-10th September 2008, Liverpool, UK. http://www.ems2008.org.uk/
- ICUM2011) the Third International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems (ICUMT 2011), 5th-7th October 2011, Budapest, Hungary. http://www.asszisztencia.hu/icumt/