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Write a Sinatra-based Twitter clone in 200 lines of Ruby code
After trying out Sinatra as the interface to my search engine, I got hooked to it. I liked the no-frills approach to developing a web application. I liked it so much that I decided to write a fuller web app using Sinatra. Of course I had no idea what to write, so I decided to clone a random popular application. That was how I ended up writing a Twitter clone.
It was inevitable that halfway writing the Chirp-Chirp, my Sinatra-based Twitter clone, I found out that there are already quite a few Twitter clones out there, 262 to be specific, at least as of August 2008.
The design goals for Chirp-Chirp are very simple. I want to build a reasonably feature complete Twitter clone in the simplest way possible. The code should be minimal and easily understood. The user interface should be usable without additional extensive instructions. Also, the deployment should be straightforward.
To begin with, let's look at a Twitter clone. Fundamentally it's all about telling people what you're doing with minimal text entry, in real-time. The people are friends who 'follow' you (naturally, called 'followers'). The text that you type is short, which is why such apps are also known as micro-blogs.
Let's look at the various components of Chirp-Chirp:
- User interface
- Login and user management
- Data modeling
- Home page
- Friends and followers
- Public and direct messages
User interface
Simply put I just copied Twitter's user interface and slapped on a self-drawn logo.
Login and user management
I don't really want to write a login module, nor manage users who log in to Chirp-Chirp but I certainly need one. So my solution is to 'borrow' someone else's login module and kept minimal user management. The first thing I looked into is OpenID. Using OpenID is relatively simple but it still involved some code integration using an OpenID library.
Finally I settled on using RPX to handle the login, and doing minimal integration to single sign-on with Yahoo!, Google and Windows Live ID, 3 of the biggest players on the Internet scene. I figured almost everyone would have at least 1 of these 3 accounts. The advantage in using RPX is that there is really little integration needed, and if the user is already logged into either one of the 3 acounts, he doesn't need to log in again. There is no user registration, choosing password, taking care of security and all that stuff. Just a simple click on the account the user wants to use, and he's in.
User management is inevitable since I need to keep track on who write what messages. As the unique user ID, I use the email that is returned by the provider. OpenID (which all 3 of the providers support) returns me a unique identifier but that is comparatively difficult to type and remember. Email is a good compromise as it is something easily remembered and is unique.
Data modeling
I used DataMapper again for data modeling. The data model consists of 3 classes — User, Relationship and Chirp. Simply put — a User has Relationships with other Users, and a User has many Chirps (corny but, hey :)). A Chirp with a specific recipient User is a direct message.
Home page
All chirps sent out by the user and his friends are listed in his home page in a reverse timeline order (i.e. the latest chirp is listed at the top). Direct messages received are only shown in the direct message inbox and the direct messages sent are only shown in the sent box.
Friends and followers
The concept of friends and followers is a one way relationship. A friend is someone you follow, while a follower is someone following you. A user can be a friend or a follower or both. Following does not require the permission of the user. For example, you can follow anyone in the system without the explicit approval of that user.
Public messages (chirps) and direct messages
A chirp is a public message that is sent by a user that is viewable by the user and all his followers. Chirps belong to a user. Chirps containing the user ID (email) starting with '@' will be hyperlinked to the user's home page. 2 other features involving the message is direct messaging and following.
You can send direct message to specific users, who will receive them in their direct message inbox. To send a direct message start the chirp with 'dm', followed by the user ID. To follow a user, start the chirp with 'follow', followed by the user ID.
With this in mind let's jump into the code. Here's the stuff that I used:
- Sinatra (web framework)
- DataMapper (data modeling)
- RackFlash (flash for Rack-based frameworks)
- ERB (view template)
Without looking the at view templates, the total number of lines of code is around 200 or so. I have only 2 non-view template files — chirp.rb is the web application while models.rb contains the 3 DataMapper data models. As we go along I'll be extracting code fragments from these 2 files to explain in details.
Let's talk about chirp.rb first. The first line after the requires tells Sinatra that I want to use sessions. This is followed by telling Sinatra to use the Rack::Flash library to use session-based flash. What you see next are a bunch of get and post blocks. Let's look at the first one.
['/', '/home'].each do |path| get path do if session[:userid].nil? then erb :login else redirect "/#{User.get(session[:userid]).email}" end end end
You will notice that I wrap the get block with an array block, and the array contains 2 strings. These 2 strings are the routes that are associated with the subsequent get block. In the code above, we associate the '/' and '/home' routes to the get block. The get block here checks if the current session contains a user ID. If it doesn't, it will redirect the user to the login view template. Otherwise it will get the user with this ID and redirect it to the route that contains the email. For example, if the user's email is firstname.lastname@example.com, then the route is '/firstname.lastname@example.com'.
We're going to look at the login module next. As mentioned, I used RPX (to be specific, I use RPX Basic, which is free!) to do single sign-on so to begin, go to RPXNow and register a web site. Once you do that, you will get an API key and that is really the only thing you need. For Windows Live ID, you'll need to do a few more steps to register a Windows Live project but you can just follow the steps provided.
Now let's look at the login template to understand more about the RPX single-sign on mechanism. You will notice that this is entirely HTML, and it contains 3 forms. The URLs for the single sign-on for Google and Yahoo! are OpenID based (which is not surprising as RPX is run by JanRain, one of the main supporters for OpenID). Each form has only 1 input, which is an image button. The user clicks on the account he wants to log in with, and following the given instructions, will be authenticated by the provider and redirected back to our web app. If the login is correct, our web app will receive some data on the user (the amount of data we get is different with different providers, and also configurable from RPX). I won't go into the actual mechanism, the RPX documentation is pretty detailed.
Once RPX authenticates the user, it will redirect him to our web app along with a token. For Chirp-Chirp this goes back to '/login'. The '/login' block then retrieves this token and uses it to retrieve the user information from RPX.
get '/login' do openid_user = get_user(params[:token]) user = User.find(openid_user[:identifier]) user.update_attributes({:nickname => openid_user[:nickname], :email => openid_user[:email], :photo_url => "http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(openid_user[:email])}"}) if user.new_record? session[:userid] = user.id # keep what is stored small redirect "/#{user.email}" end
For Chirp-Chirp, I store the unique identifier from RPX, the user's nickname and his email. For his avatar picture, I use Gravatar which neatly also uses email address as a unique identifier although we need to use MD5 to hash it first. If this is the first time the user is logging in, I save the user information in the database. Finally I store the user's serial ID (not the unique identifier) in the session and redirect the user to the user home page.
This is the code fragment that retrieves the user information from RPX.
def get_user(token) u = URI.parse('https://rpxnow.com/api/v2/auth_info') req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(u.path) req.set_form_data({'token' => token, 'apiKey' => '<insert RPX API KEY HERE>', 'format' => 'json', 'extended' => 'true'}) http = Net::HTTP.new(u.host,u.port) http.use_ssl = true if u.scheme == 'https' json = JSON.parse(http.request(req).body) if json['stat'] == 'ok' identifier = json['profile']['identifier'] nickname = json['profile']['preferredUsername'] nickname = json['profile']['displayName'] if nickname.nil? email = json['profile']['email'] {:identifier => identifier, :nickname => nickname, :email => email} else raise LoginFailedError, 'Cannot log in. Try another account!' end end
Let's look at the home page next. I take the example of a user with the email firstname.lastname@example.com, so the home page for him would be '/email@example.com'. This is the code fragment with the get block for the home page:
get '/:email' do @myself = User.get(session[:userid]) @user = @myself.email == params[:email] ? @myself : User.first(:email => params[:email]) @dm_count = dm_count erb :home end
The code is pretty self explanatory. The home page retrieves the currently logged in user (@myself) and if the requested user (@user) is not the currently logged in user, it will retrieve that use from the database as well. It also retrieves a count of the direct messages that this user has, and this is for display purposes.
def dm_count Chirp.count(:recipient_id => session[:userid]) + Chirp.count(:user_id => session[:userid], :recipient_id.not => nil) end
The number of direct messages is the number of direct messages sent and received.
Let's look at the friending and following features.
get '/follow/:email' do Relationship.create(:user => User.first(:email => params[:email]), :follower => User.get(session[:userid])) redirect '/home' end
This get block is called when you want to follow a particular user. Again, I just create a relationship between the person whom you want to follow and you. Deleting that relationship is also very simple.
delete '/follows/:user_id/:follows_id' do Relationship.first(:follower_id => params[:user_id], :user_id => params[:follows_id]).destroy redirect '/follows' end
Note that this is a delete block and not get block any more. Finally to display the friends and followers, I have 2 separate routes, but I want to re-use the same code and view template:
['/follows', '/followers'].each do |path| get path do @myself = User.get(session[:userid]) @dm_count = dm_count erb :follows end end
Next let's look at the chirps and direct messages. To chirp, I use a post block:
post '/chirp' do user = User.get(session[:userid]) Chirp.create(:text => params[:chirp], :user => user) redirect "/#{user.email}" end
However, to implement the various features like URL shortening and command level following and direct messaging, I placed the processing logic in the Chirp class itself.
before :save do case when starts_with?('dm ') process_dm when starts_with?('follow ') process_follow else process end end
Before the chirp is save, I check if the text starts with 'dm' or 'follow' and I process the text accordingly. Let's look at these various processing blocks of code.
def process_follow Relationship.create(:user => User.first(:email => self.text.split[1]), :follower => self.user) throw :halt # don't save end
Implementing the 'follow' command in the chirp box is probably the easier. I just create the relationship and then throw halt to stop saving the chirp.
def process_dm self.recipient = User.first(:email => self.text.split[1]) self.text = self.text.split[2..self.text.split.size].join(' ') # remove the first 2 words process end
Implementing direct message is also relatively simple. I just set the recipient of the message to be the person that is indicated in the chirp box and when saving the chirp, I remove the command. Finally I pass it on to the common processing block.
def process # process url urls = self.text.scan(URL_REGEXP) urls.each { |url| tiny_url = open("http://tinyurl.com/api-create.php?url=#{url[0]}") {|s| s.read} self.text.sub!(url[0], "#{tiny_url}") } # process @ ats = self.text.scan(AT_REGEXP) ats.each { |at| self.text.sub!(at, "#{at}") } end URL_REGEXP = Regexp.new('\b ((https?|telnet|gopher|file|wais|ftp) : [\w/#~:.?+=&%@!\-] +?) (?=[.:?\-] * (?: [^\w/#~:.?+=&%@!\-]| $ ))', Regexp::EXTENDED) AT_REGEXP = Regexp.new('\s@[\w.@_-]+', Regexp::EXTENDED)
The common processing block scans the chirp text and does a few things:
- I find the URLs in the code and replace it with a shortened URL from TinyURL.
- I find all emails that has '@' prefixed and I replace it with a link to that user email.
As for viewing direct messages, again I reuse the same view template, but for the sake of variety instead of having 2 routes, I used 1 route with a parameter:
get '/direct_messages/:dir' do @myself = User.get(session[:userid]) case params[:dir] when 'received' then @chirps = Chirp.all(:recipient_id => @myself.id) when 'sent' then @chirps = Chirp.all(:user_id => @myself.id, :recipient_id.not => nil) end @dm_count = dm_count erb :direct_messages end
In the case above, when I'm looking at the received direct messages (i.e. I'm looking at the inbox) I just want to find all chirps which recipient is myself. For the direct messages I sent, I find all chirps that belong to me, which recipient is not null.
That's it! Of course there's the view templates but that's mainly HTML and some ERB snippets embedded in them. You can check out the entire repository at git://github.com/sausheong/chirp.git.
To run the app, get the code. Then go to the models.rb file and change the database URL accordingly. After that, go to irb, require the models file, and run this:
> DataMapper.auto_migrate!
This will create the necessary database. Then in the directory, run this
> ruby chirp.rb
Go to http://localhost:4567 and you're up and running locally! Of course, you need to register your RPX account and then change login.erb accordingly.
To view this in a live site, go to http://chirp-chirp.heroku.com. This is deployed to Heroku, which is another amazing service, but that's another story for another post.
178 Responses
Very nice pice of code here, I'd like to integrte that in a rails app of mine ( 2.3.2 rack + metal enabled ) Do you think is it possible call it from rails ? Do you have a suggestion on how to do it ?
Thanks in advance
Luca G. S oave -
@Luca, it wouldn't be difficult porting this to Rails.
Hi Luca,
It's not difficult to take the code into Rails, in fact it should be pretty trivial. There is nothing special that Sinatra can do that Rails can't. You can even change to ActiveRecord instead of DataMapper, their syntax is not radically different.
In fact, the real point is that there is TONS that Rails does that Sinatra doesn't. For some people that is a big plus for Sinatra and for others it's a big minus.
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What is Twitter and How Can I Use It?
Thank you for a very instructive article – more often I will go
Seems like your session key has a huge security flaw. In your login route you set:
session[:userid] = user.id
But that's just a serial primary key, which means it's really easy to guess a valid session id (you wouldn't know who you were impersonating, but you could easily impersonate *someone* else). It would be better to have separate LoginSession and User datamapper models, and do something like:
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Using a UUID makes it highly unlikely that one user can guess any other valid session identiier. It also allows easily expiring login sessions (delete the LoginSession records) without affecting users.
Sausheong, thank you for putting this together. You have a great knack for explaining things clearly and I find myself coming back to your site more and more as I'm getting deeper into Ruby.
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Pasture & Forage Management
Maryland Equine Rotational Grazing Demo Site to Open
February 25, 2009
The University of Maryland's 5.5 acre equine rotational grazing demonstration site is set to open its gates in April 2009 to a small herd of grazing horses and hundreds of horse farm operators interested in learning about pasture management... Read More
Environmentally Friendly on the Farm
February 12, 2009
Becoming environmentally friendly in your barn practices is as easy as managing manure, pastures & resources.... Read More
Fields and Fences
February 12, 2009
There's a whole lot more to grazing management than simply turning your horses out when the pastures green up.... Read More
Environmentally Friendly on the Farm
February 01, 2009
Choosing to become more environmentally sensitive on the farm is a responsible option for all of us and can be addressed in varying degrees. You don't need to scrap your tractor, invest in expensive wind-powered generators, build a new solar-roofed... Read More
Fields and Fences
February 01, 2009
There's a whole lot more to grazing management than simply turning your horses out when the pastures green up. Regular fence maintenance, careful... Read More
North Carolina Horse Toxicity Investigation Continues
November 17, 2008
Veterinarians are still searching for what caused the deaths of four horses in Fairview, N.C., earlier this month.
An analysis of the animals' feed failed to reveal the presenc... Read More
Would if They Could: Readers Respond to Poll on Pasture Rotation
November 07, 2008
More than 1,350 readers of TheHorse.com responded to a poll asking, "Do you let fields/pastures rest during the year?"... Read More
Good Grazing Starts with the Soil
November 04, 2008
Good pastures start at the root--and those roots need soil. The first step to managing pasture soils is using a soil survey to identify what you have. While you can't change the inherent properties of your soils, with understanding you can manag... Read More
Poisonous Plant Risk Increases as Pasture Grass Goes Dormant
October 10, 2008
As autumn rolls around, pastures become depleted as grass and plant growth slows prior to going dormant for winter. So, it's not surprising that this time of year can also bring an increase in reports of horses becoming ill from... Read More
Horse Facility Acreage: Reader Poll Results
September 05, 2008
More than 2,100 readers of TheHorse.com responded to a poll asking, "How many acres are there where your horse lives?"... Read More
UK, Kentucky Equine Humane Center to Host Pasture Management Seminar
August 08, 2008
The University of Kentucky's (UK) pasture evaluation program will host a seminar, entitled "Horse Pastures in the Fall: a Perfect Time to Renovate," in conjunction with the Kentucky Equine Humane Center at the Center's facility in Nicholasville,... Read More
UK, Kentucky Equine Humane Center to Host Pasture Management Seminar
August 06, 2008
The University of Kentucky's pasture evaluation program will host a seminar called "Horse Pastures in the Fall: a Perfect Time to Renovate" in conjunction with the Kentucky Equine Humane Center (KyEHC) at the center's facility in Nicholasville, Ky.... Read More
The Eco-Friendly Farm
July 01, 2008
Go green with your farm to make your horses healthier and the environment cleaner.... Read More
Risk Factors for Atypical Myopathy
June 07, 2008
Aggressive research efforts by Belgian veterinarians have culminated in the identification of numerous indicators or factors--including horse management and pasture characteristics--associated with atypical myopathy, a rapidly developing and fatal di... Read More
Decreasing Risk of Enterolithiasis: Hay Type and Pasture
June 02, 2008
Too much alfalfa, too little oat and grass hay, and limited access to pasture grazing are important factors that put horses at risk for developing enterolithiasis (intestinal stones that have the potential to cause colic). ... Read More
Managing Acute and Chronic Laminitis
June 01, 2008
Belknap (who co-hosted TheHorse.com's Webinar on Understanding Laminitis) said the latest research points to laminitis as an intense inflammatory injury of the foot, and it is no longer believed to be solely a blood flow problem.... Read More
Eradicating Pasture Erosion
May 01, 2008
Fixing pre-existing pasture erosion will probably entail a visit by a county extension agent or a pasture management consultant. Options would be to reduce the number of horses, lime and fertilize, or, in cases of major deterioration, to start over.... Read More
Invasive Foreign Grass Ups Southeastern Wildfire Fears
April 28, 2008
Cogon grass can seem harmless--even beautiful--but forestry experts in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama warn it's a killer.
The invasive weed already has infested more than one million acres nationwide and experts say the... Read More
Kentucky Horse Pasture Evaluation Program Available
April 17, 2008
Optimal use of horse pastures has always been important. As news of the high price and limited supply of hay continues to worry horse owners, the health of horse pastures becomes ever more critical.
Consulting with forage experts might be... Read More
Investigating Horse Poisoning
April 13, 2008
When an owner suspects that a horse might have eaten something poisonous, the veterinarian is generally the first person he or she calls. In addition to treating any health problems, that veterinarian is uniquely suited to investigate the cause... Read More
Pumping Up Unproductive Pastures
April 11, 2008
Ohio State University Extension educator Rory Lewandowski recently offered a variety of management strategies to help producers ease back into productive forages this spring.
"Between last year's drought that led to overgrazing of pastures... Read More
MRLS: Tent Caterpillars Hatch in Central Kentucky
April 11, 2008
Experts have reported that Eastern tent caterpillars are developing normally this spring and have just completed the egg hatch stage. Controlling the caterpillars is vital to area horse farms, as University of Kentucky research has strongly linked... Read More
Fire Ants and Horses
April 08, 2008
Fire ants deliver a simultaneous bite and sting that are very painful and give them their infamous name. The threat of fire ants to healthy, ambulatory adult animals is fairly minimal. However, fire ants can be a significant threat to recumbent... Read More
Clearing Sand From the Gut
April 03, 2008
Sand colic due to an accumulation of sand in the intestines accounts for up to 30% of all colics, often causing weight loss and chronic diarrhea. Psyllium has often been recommended as a laxative for clearing sand out of the intestines, although... Read More
Laminitis and Controlling Spring Pasture Access
March 31, 2008
Equine veterinarians have known for years that some horses can handle the spring grass, while others will become ill and develop laminitis, a painful disease process in which the hoof wall separates from its attachments in the foot.... Read More


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The trailer also looks better graphically than the past few, though it's still not great. The models could still have come out of something that's from the early 2000s and the fact that the whole thing is on rails makes you wonder why it's being made at all, since there's already an arcade rails shooter that could have been ported over.
John Rambo's face looks very little like Stallone and even though his hair was big in the movies, I'm not sure what they've done to it here.
But don't worry guys, wait until the end and look at what you get for pre-ordering, a limited edition bobble head action figure. Because we're back in the 90s now apparently. Or the 80s, when these movies were more relevant.
Rambo: The Video Game is set for release sometime this year on Xbox 360, PS3 and PC.


text: The Hinckley Bridle Trail is closed through the Johnson's area including the horse lot. This includes the trail junction from Ledge Lake and Worden's to the trail junction at Redwing. All other bridle trails are open. There are still some minor washouts in these areas but they are safe to ride. As always please be safe when riding. If you have any other questions regarding the trail closures please contact the Park Manager at 330-278-4544.


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Puma Women's Tech Golf Polo
Product Information:
The flattering Tech Polo by Puma® is packed with performance-enhancing features to keep you looking and feeling good while you play. With dryCELL® moisture-wicking technology, the lightweight fabric manages perspiration build-up and keeps you dry. Princess seams create a feminine silhouette and comfortable fit that won't restrict your movement.
- dryCELL® moisture-wicking fabric draws sweat away from your skin to keep you dry and comfortable
- UV protection to UPF 40+
- Bluesign® standard eco-friendly production
- 3-button placket with contrast piping
- Princess seams
- Asymmetrical seams at back yoke
- Puma® logo at left chest
- Made of 100% polyester pique
- Style: 562681
- Puma
Country of Origin: Imported
Web ID: 23176196
Customer Reviews:
Puma Women's Tech Golf Polo
I purchased in medium, not tight on chest, could have gotten small. I hate the Male fitted shirts passed off as ladies. I am I have xLG bust line, and wear 2 to 4 skirt, usually 2. I love the fit, material is thin though. Again, I hate regular box fitted golf shirts that make you look fat because you have large top and small bottom. If in doubt go to store to try on
July 9, 2014
Puma Women's Tech Golf Polo
I am sorry but I did not like this shirt! The one I bought in the store is wonderful ! This one is skin tight ! I am busty but not fat ! Sent it back immediately! Why must everything be skin tight! Not many bodies are without a few ripples and we don't want to see them !
June 13, 2014
1-2 of 2


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The Cameron Hughes Wine Show – Episode #696
June 26, 2009
After many requests to do so, Gary Vaynerchuk reviews 6 offerings from Cameron Hughes Wines.
Having trouble viewing this video? Try the Quicktime version.
Comments on this episode(756) Post a comment ›
- "89/100
line of the day – 'big and bright…if you like…brig fruit'
…" by luca bercelli - "Have had the Zin which was not good, none of his others. www.winelx…." by
- View all 756 ›


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New York Mets Gear
New York Mets Kids
New York Mets Kids T-Shirts
(82 items)
Product ID: 879999
Main Content
This item ships within one business day.
Order as many items as you like with our $4.99 flat rate shipping.
Need it faster?
Man, when those NYC temps drop, going outside seems like a huge feat! You can't even get your young fan off the comfy couch to practice his batting. Prepare him for the cold and get him dressed up in warm, Mets spirit with the Thermal long sleeve shirt from Majestic. Featuring a screen printed "New York Baseball" graphic surrounding a Mets logo and establishment date, this T-shirt with sewn-in double layer thermal sleeves will have him improving his swing with each pitch!
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Imported
- Lightweight thermal T-shirt
- Officially licensed Mets T-Shirt
- Screen print graphics
Mets Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game
or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are
received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items
are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite
number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
As Jeff told us last July, new BONE books are on the way. Scholastic has shared their early 2010 publishing schedule and Comic Book Resources has the breakdown here.
Monthly Archives: January 2010
They're here! We just got our copies of RASL no.6, and they look great. You can pick yours up at your local comic shop tomorrow Jan. 20th, or from our online store by clicking here!
KCSM-TV in San Mateo, California, will air the CARTOONIST: JEFF SMITH, BONE AND THE CHANGING FACE OF COMICS
at 9:30 pm and then again on Thursday, January 21st at 2:30 am
RASL and the documentary The Cartoonist appeared on a few year end lists around the internet. Here is a fun link I liked… RASL: The Drift made the Top 5 Continuing Books of the Year over at Stumptown Trade Review. I did a podcast interview with these guys earlier in the year when I was at the Stumptown Comics Fest, and enjoyed it very much. Thanks, Brian & Thor! Good time to mention that the new issue, RASL #6 will be in stores on Jan. 20! There is a preview of RASL #6 here.
Also, The Cartoonist documentary made the Booklist Editor's Choice Best of 2009. Three and a half out of four stars. Not bad, Ken! (Ken Mills is the director) Congratulations!


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Presocratic Philosophy. The Origins of Western Thought Philosophical Thinking Philosophy as a discipline isn't easy to define precisely.
Issuing from a sense of wonderment about life and the world, it often involves a keen interest in major questions about ourselves, our experience, and our place in the universe as a whole. But philosophy is also reflectively concerned with the methods its practitioners employ in the effort to resolve such questions. General Ancient History. FOR INFO ON THE ANCIENT RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONSTigris/Euphrates Rivers - The Fertile Crescent - Ancient Middle East The Nile River - Egypt Indus River Valley - IndiaYellow River - China Updated 6/8/11 Prehistoric cave painting at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc in the Ardèche region of France.
The Chauvet Cave. Myth, Legend, Folklore, Ghosts. Apollo and the Greek Muses Updated July 2010 COMPREHENSIVE SITES ON MYTHOLOGY ***** The Encyclopedia Mythica - SEARCH - Areas - Image Gallery - Genealogy tables - Mythic Heroes Probert Encyclopaedia - Mythology Gods, Heroes, and MythDictionary of Mythology What is Myth?
Aristotelian Logic & Why it Doesn't Work. Introduction By Aristotelian logic, I mean category logic, excluded-middle logic, on/off logic, either/or logic.
No greys – only black and white. This false 'logic' lies at the heart of authoritarianism, conflict, and a great deal of inadequate 'science'. You are either for us or against us. Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus. Literally, "craftsman."
The creator of Plato's physical world is not a divine intelligence or a personal ruler, but (as it were) a manual laborer. Cf. Vlastos, Plato's Universe (pp. 26-27): A living being Because it is based on the Form of living being (= Animal) Unique Because it is based on a unique model (the Form of living being), and the Demiurge makes it as much like its model as he can (subject, of course, to the limitations imposed by the fact that it's made of matter). It has a soul Because it is a living being Spherical Because that is the most perfect and most beautiful shape Temporal That is, there is time in the cosmos - it is characterized by temporal predicates.
Problem of Evil - Epicurus. Plato's Allegory of the Cave. Plato Book VII of The Republic The Allegory of the Cave Here's a little story from Plato's most famous book, The Republic.


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Guest Blog: App it Up at the Morning Meeting
Aysha Ames is a fourth grade mathematics teacher in Montclair, New Jersey. BrainPOP has been an essential component of her classroom for the past two years and she is always finding new and creative ways to use iPod Touches, other mobile devices, and technology with her students. Check out how she uses the BrainPOP Featured Movie App in conjunction with her Morning Meeting.
As a mathematics teacher of 75 students I find that it's often hard to address current and historical events in a class period when there's so much subject matter to teach. I was at a crossroads…I wanted to connect my students with the world around them, but I had difficulty finding the time! Then I discovered…there's the BrainPOP Featured Movie App for that!
I think Morning Meeting is a great way to foster a spirit of community in my classroom. My homeroom students and I generally like to discuss the day's historical significance and current events; however, there was a huge disparity in students' background knowledge. I would often find that certain students would dominate the discussion while others would remain silent. I would have no idea what my students previously knew about the topic, or what they knew after our discussion. Suddenly, I had a revelation! I frequently use BrainPOP to introduce, assess, and reinforce mathematics concepts and skills, why couldn't BrainPOP also work for Morning Meeting?
Once a week students enter my classroom, unpack, and grab an iPod Touch or an iPad to watch the selected movie of the day (I use the BrainPOP Curriculum Calendar to determine which movie is suitable). As a pre-assessment, I sometimes ask the students to pause the movie after the letter to Tim and Moby and write a quick response in "OneNote, "Evernote," or the "Notes" app and e-mail it to me. Then, in Morning Meeting we can have a lively and informed discussion with everyone having the necessary background knowledge to participate. Furthermore, throughout the day students can take the corresponding quiz on an iPod, an iPad, or on one of the classroom computers so I can assess how much they've learned (you could also use the quiz as a pre-assessment).
The greatest thing about this strategy is that you don't need to have many iPods or iPads. In my case, I only have a few in my class, but students are more than willing to work in small groups or pairs. Plus, it's a tremendous time saver, because each student can work at his/her own pace and still be ready for discussion in time for Morning Meeting! It's simply remarkable!
Aysha firstname.lastname@example.com
How do you use the BrainPOP Featured Movie App in your learning Environment? What do you do during your Morning Meeting with students? Post comments below.


text:
What's New
at City Savings
City Savings Mobile Banking App
Fast, safe, secure access to your City Savings accounts. Introducing …
Read MoreWelcome to the City Savings Website
Are you looking for more out of your financial institution? If so, you have landed on the right page. City Savings offers you access to a full range of services that will help you achieve all your financial goals.
To learn more about City Savings and it's history, please see the About Us page.


text: A bright and cheery girls ladybug bedding collection in red, yellow, green, and white, the My World Lady Bug bedding ensemble will transform your girls bedroom into a garden inspired retreat. Complement the alluring ensemble with Twin and Queen sized sheet sets featuring a fitted sheet, flat sheet and pillowcases. The sheet set is in solid white adorned with embroidered ladybugs and flowers on the top hem in matching colors made of 100-percent cotton with 200 thread count.


text:
I think this diet has a huge psychological aspect to it. I think it's called the placebo effect right? You know when they give a placebo, something that has no literal effect, to a patient saying it is medication. And it really works as medication because the patient believes in it.
Maybe the sugar water or oil really makes people have less cravings and they feel fuller because they believe that it will do that.


text:
A night at the museum becomes a complete cat-astrophe when a feline femme fatale procures a priceless piece of Native American art. But the fur really begins to fly when the beautiful Black Cat is caught in the perilous pounce of the Puma! Looks like we've got ourselves a cat fight, Spidey... and you're caught in the middle! (Watch out for hairballs!)
Preview: Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #42
Thu, August 7th, 2008 at 9:10pm PDT
- Story by
- Marc Sumerak
- Art by
- Vincen Villagrasa, Terry Pallot
- Colors by
- Guru-EFX
- Letters by
- Dave Sharpe
- Cover by
- Michael Ryan
- Publisher
- Marvel Comics
- Cover Price:
- $2.99
- Release Date
- Aug 13th, 2008
- Browse for similar previews
<< Hulk Chronicles: WWH #2 | Previews Archive | Punisher #60 >>


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30 Beautiful Dark Website Designs for Inspiration
Using dark colors in your web design can create a look that's edgy. This showcase features some excellent dark website designs for your inspiration. At the end of this showcase, you'll find several more resources related to dark web designs.
1. The Old Barber Shop
2. 76 Synthesizer
3. JUXT Interactive
4. Alien Bikes
5. DesignWise
6. Indubitablee
7. Gold Top Cider
8. Gangibob
9. JoshSullivan.me
10. Michelle Carrillo
11. BlissfullyAware
12. Designers.MX
13. Power Of One
14. Jet Cooper
15. Riser
16. Kansas City CreepFest
17. Champion Boxing Fitness
18. Adrian Baxter
19. Rune Werner Molnes
20. Moa Beer
21. Luhse Tea
22. La Bubbly
23. Founders Fund
24. Thismanslife
25. Dan Ogborn
26. Hiut Denim
27. CultStory
28. Tim Roussilhe Portfolio
29. Bluecadet Interactive
30. The Weather
More Dark Website Design Resources
You might also like to check out these other posts:
- 50 Beautifully Dark Web Designs
- 30 Inspiring Dark and Sleek Web Designs
- 30 Beautiful Dark-themed Web Designs for Inspiration
- How to Create a Dark and Sleek Web Design from Photoshop
- Create a Dark and Sleek Web Layout Using Photoshop
- How to Create a Dark and Sleek Blog Design in Photoshop
Related Content
- 25 Excellent Photoshop Web Design Layout Tutorials
- Can You Be a Web Designer?
- The Elements of a Clean Web Design
- Related categories: Design Showcase/Inspiration and Web Design
About the Author
40 Comments
I just cannot get enough of the inspirational posts. Designer's block is a very real thing and these type of posts just help get over it a little faster.
Black and whites are the most popular background that web designers use. The one important factor about black background is at the beginning it sounds that design pops out better but the problem with controlling color effects/ balance and readability is more tricky than white background. There are many good examples above like "Lusha Tea" or the "Alien Bike" site- Some are bit busy and not so unique- Thanks for putting this together- very helpful to see how other designers treat dark background
Courtright Design
Thanks for the post! What an awesome list of quality sites.
Josh Sullivan's website stands out–memorable and impacting.
A great collection of dark websites, I agree with Saya that some are more unique than others – but I think all the sites you have featured have been completed to a high standard. I like the design for power of one, it stands out against all of these almost black sites which have been featured. I think my favourite here is for champion boxing fitness, the effect on the photo ties in with the dark background perfectly by softening the edges to blend in a less obvious way than using a sharp solid line.
Thanks for putting the post together.
Personally I love websites with a dark background, and some of these are simply stunning, however but its not for everyone.
My personal favorites shown above are Riser and Championship Boxing, good layout, great use of colours.
Rob Shields
These black and white designs are so powerful. I enjoy them much better than all the flashy colorful stuff seen on the web.
My favorites are Adrian Baxter and Dan Ogborn
Fred Dirkse
Great collection. These dark website design samples look more appealing to users to attract them visiting on your site. Keep on sharing an inspirational and useful post, thanks Jacob.
Maneet Puri
Really inspiring! Dark themes or even colors really work wonders on your website. Black has always been one of my favorite dark colors as I feel it is really very elegant. Black and white color combination go easy with all types of websites but one should consider the readability factor before finalizing any theme.
Fred Campbell
Thanks for a brilliant and inspiring collection of websites. If Tim Roussilhe doesn't get a job from that site I'll eat my hat.
Pavan Somu
This is a fantastic showcase. They show that you don't always need splashes of color to make it look good.
I like dark websites, it's finding clients who are willing to do a dark background. I think people like the idea but the execution and readability are what fall short.
As you can see from our portfolio http://www.mainstreetwebworx.com/affordable-websites we have a few dark backgrounds but the majority have been light because of client needs. I like the Weather but again the readability is struggling.
Wow! Never knew 'beautiful black' also exists for websites… Thanks for sharing!
Earl Varona
Amazing! I look forward to my next dark web design. My top 2 favorites are AlienBikes and BlissfullyAware. I like how clean those two looks. =)
Hey Jacob this is really appreciable work. I want to look the same in Logos too.
Gangibob and Champion Boxing Fitness are the best looking ones… it's actually hard to pick the coolest dark websites as they are all incredible good looking. thanks for sharing Jacob!
Nic Cohen
Have to agree on this one, certainly like the Michelle Carrillo website!! Very smart indeed!
very beautiful web designs I have ever seen while i'm searching on web. thanks for posting
Haarty Hanks
Really nice collection for inspiration.
I am going to try it for guitar site.
Nice collection.
Does anybody know what font is used in 7. Gold Top Cider: "Original Drink (of) America"? Reminds me of some old beverage logo…
Thanks, Felix
Dark themes are great. They have a nice sleek and modern feeling to them. Great collection!
Gaslight Creative
I've seen the Kansas City Creep Fest twice in the last 5 minutes. Absolutely love the design.
Jonathan Scialpi
LOVED number 24 "thismanslife" … really cool and creative. Sort of makes the content pop off the site due to it dark background and vibrant content colors
Just doing a dark Template, great resource for inspiration, thanks a lot!
Jeff G
I loved #24! Its very creative and awesome. The dark background really makes things pop!


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quote:They also think that melting pot is a fancy date
quote: you don't know what blue balls is
quote: telling the guy to gtfo.
quote:hardcore Catholic
quote:got a tatoo the next day of a fallen angel
quote:I am Catholic too but I guess I wouldn't of considered myself hard core. You must have a basketball team worth of kids? That is another thing I don't subscribe to with the Catholic church. I agree with BCP.
quote:So y'all must have done some pretty kinky shite then?


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Tuesday is Election Day, but this is an off-year when not many ballots will be cast for political offices in our area.
However, a number of special elections will be held, and topping those elections will be some costly school building plans.
In Goshen, a special election will help determine if the school system can go ahead with plans for a $17 million expansion and renovation project.
It would center around work at the high school and middle school and includes plans for a new swimming pool and adding space for music programs at both schools as well as adding more classroom space.
Tuesday's referendum in Goshen will only include city precincts 1 through 21, which are in the school district boundaries.
In Mishawaka, there is a $28 million bond issue for School City on the ballot.
Former school board member and accountant Mike Wojtysiak says the extra hundred dollars a year on a $100,000 home will hurt economic development in the older parts of town that lie inside the school district.
However, Superintendent Terry Barker says tight budgets have forced delays in needed repairs and improvements, and it's time to catch up.
Polls in Indiana Tuesday will be open from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. In Michigan polls will be open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Here are links to information on Tuesday's elections across northern Indiana and southwest Michigan:
Goshen Schools Special Election: http://www.elkhartcountyclerk.com/index.html
Mishawaka Schools Referendum: http://www.mishawaka.k12.in.us/
Michigan City Schools Referendum: http://www.in.gov/dlgf/files/Michigan_City_Schools.pdf
Berrien County Elections: http://www.berriencounty.org/uploaded/election/11_5_2013_proposal_list.pdf
Cass County, Mich. Elections: http://www.casscountymi.org/DepartmentsandCourts/ClerkRegister/ElectionInformation.aspx
St. Joseph County, Mich. Elections: http://www.stjosephcountymi.org/2013_nov_5_cand_prop.pdf


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Rovio Mobile has confirmed that it hopes to bring all three Angry Birds games to the Nintendo 3DS - that's the original Angry Birds, Angry Birds Seasons, and the upcoming Angry Birds Rio.
Asked by 3DSFocus which Angry Birds games it plans to release on the 3DS, Rovio said it hoped to bring all 3 Angry Birds games to the handheld.
3DSFocus: One more question... is it going to be a new title like Rio, or a re-release? :)
RovioMobile: @3dsfocus we would bring all 3 current Angry Birds games over...
Earlier on today, Rovio Mobile confirmed that Angry Birds was heading to the Nintendo 3DS, and that they would arrive as digital downloads on 3DSWare.
P.S Sorry for the Angry Birds spamming this weekend, but... Twitter made us do it!


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Advanced Storage Materials
Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that can potentially facilitate the transition from fossil fuels to sources of clean energy to help reduce CO2 emissions. However, a critical obstacle in the widespread application of hydrogen fuel technologies, especially for transportation purposes, is the lack of a safe, efficient method to store large quantities of H2 gas. While the most likely short-term solution to this problem is the use of composite pressure vessels, developing new solid-state hydrogen storage systems would have a major impact on future storage technologies.
Practical solid-state hydrogen storage for vehicle transportation requires materials with high volumetric and gravimetric densities. Moreover, optimum thermodynamic and kinetic windows are needed for hydrogen absorption and desorption at reasonable temperatures and pressures. CRF efforts in the area of hydrogen storage focus on new materials and systems for compact hydrogen storage. Our efforts couple the power of computational simulation (first-principles methods, structural prediction, phase equilibrium modeling),unique synthetic capabilities (high-pressure H2 stations, high-vacuum systems) and advanced materials characterization (state-of-the-art diffraction and spectroscopic techniques) to design new materials and engineersystems for efficient and safe hydrogen storage.
Instrumentation and Capabilities
State-of-the-art single-crystal (microfocus molybdenum and copper sources) and powder and x-ray diffractometers with high-temperature/high-pressure stages for in situ studies
- X-ray absorption and fluorescence
- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), including high-pressure (10-MPa) DSC
- Thermal gravimetric analysis, coupled with DSC and mass spectroscopy
- Simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry
- Scanning probe microscopies (atomic force microscopy, scanning-tunneling microscopy) and electron microscopies (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy
- Ultraviolet and visible, ifrared, and Raman absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy
- High-temperature, high-pressure Fourier transform infrared and Raman stages
- Dynamic light scattering particle size analysis
- Electrical and laser diagnostics and interfaces
- Multiprobe potentiostats
- Microporosimetry using various gases (N2, H2, argon, krypton, CH4)
- High-pressure hydrogen stations (up to 200 MPa H2 pressure)
- Sieverts and projected capacitive technology instruments with microdoser capability
- Fully equipped wet-chemistry laboratories including glove-boxes, Schlenk lines, ovens, and specialized vacuum equipment


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Rapunzel is the story of the girl with the magical hair. The Disney story, Tangled varies from the original Brothers Grimm tale. This one is more airy, light hearted and romantic than the original. Rapunzel Halloween costumes are based on the movie and are officially licensed by Disney.
Rapunzel begins as the story of a queen who became ill while pregnant with the princess. A woman named Gothel possessed a healing flower that cured the queen who then gave birth to the princess she named Rapunzel. The power from the flower gave Rapunzel magical hair that had the power to heal as long as it was never cut. Gothel kidnapped the infant and put her in a high tower with no way out. Rapunzel's life is lonely and dull until she meets the outlaw, Flynn Rider. We don't want to give the whole story away but from there, Rapunzel's adventure begins and the truth of her destiny is revealed.
Any young girl can be Rapunzel for Halloween with the
Rapunzel is the newest of the female Disney characters and the Rapunzel costumes were introduced for the 2011 Halloween season. Get yours today and give a young girl a frilly and fabulous costume this Halloween.


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To watch full episodes, you must have a cable provider that supports SundanceTV's full episode service and you must have SundanceTV as part of your cable package.
Camille's new identity as Alice is a success; Lena's scar continues to grow, as her energy wans.
Love. Betrayal. Drama. Getting what you want isn't easy - especially in a wheelchair.
Check out a no-holds barred look at life in the dating lane.
See the Push Girls hit the race track and other highlights from Season 2!


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FS-Cache and FUSE for Media Playback QoS
The FS-Cache Project works with network filesystems like NFS to maintain a local on-disk cache of network files. The project is split into a kernel module (fscache) and a dæmon (cachefilesd), which help to maintain the disk cache. The local on-disk cache is maintained under a directory on a local filesystem. For example, the /var/fscache directory on the ext3 filesystem /var. The filesystem containing the fscache directory must have the ability to use Extended Attributes (EAs). Such filesystems are quite common and include ext3 and xfs.
Early Fedora Core 6 kernel RPMs contained the fscache kernel module. Unfortunately, around version 2.6.18-1.2868.fc6 of the updated kernels, the module was no longer included. Fedora 7 kernels do not include the kernel module. Hopefully in the future, this module will be available again in standard Fedora kernels. The Fedora Core 6 update kernel 2.6.20-1.2948.fc6 has an FS-Cache patch included, but it does not include the kernel module.
Patches are available for the Linux kernel for the FS-Cache kernel module (see Resources).
The cachefilesd dæmon communicates with the kernel module using either a file in /proc (/proc/fs/cachefiles) or a device file (/dev/cachefiles). Version 0.7 and earlier versions of cachefilesd could communicate only via the proc file; Version 0.8 also can use the device file if it is available with fallback to the proc file.
For Fedora Core 6 and Fedora 7, there is a cachefilesd RPM. Installation without package management should be fairly easy also, as the dæmon mainly consists of a single executable and a configuration file (/etc/cachefilesd.conf).
The two main things that need to be set up in the configuration file are the path of the directory to use under which to store the filesystem cache and options for controlling how much space is acceptable to use on the filesystem containing the cache directory. You also can supply a tag for the cache if you want to have multiple local disk caches operating at the same time.
The space constraints all have acceptable defaults, so the cache directory is the only configuration option you need to pay attention to. Make sure that this directory is acceptable for storing caches and that it exists prior to trying to start cachefilesd. For a media PC, using a directory on a Flash memory card or on a RAM disk is a good option.
Because the cache directory must have extended attributes, and your tmpfs might not include support for them, you may have to create an ext3 filesystem in a single file inside your tmpfs filesystem and then use the embedded ext3 filesystem for the cachefilesd path. The ext3 filesystem inside the single file happily will support extended attributes. Because the whole ext3 filesystem is in a single file on a RAM disk, it will not cause distracting disk IO on the media PC.
The fstab entry in Listing 1 sets up both a 64MB of RAM filesystem and the mountpoint for the embedded ext3 filesystem. The commands shown in Listing 2 set up the embedded ext3 filesystem. As the cache.ext3fs filesystem exists only in RAM, you have to add these commands to your /etc/rc.local or a suitable boot-time script to set up the cache directory after a reboot. This script has to be called before cachefilesd is started. Leaving cachefilesd out of your standard init run-level startups and starting it manually from the rc.local just after you set up the cache.ext3fs embedded filesystem is a good solution.
If the cache directory is on a persistent filesystem, such as /var, set cachefilesd to start automatically, as shown in Listing 3.
Listing 1. Using a RAM Disk to Store the Local fscache On-Disk Cache
tmpfs /var/fscache tmpfs size=64m,user,user_xattr 0 0 /var/fscache/cache.ext3fs /var/fscache/cache ↪ext3 loop=/dev/loop1,user_xattr,noauto 0 0
Listing 2. Setting Up the Embedded ext3 Filesystem
# mount /var/fscache # cd /var/fscache # dd if=/dev/zero of=cache.ext3fs \ bs=1024 count=65536 # mkfs.ext3 -F cache.ext3fs # mount cache.ext3fs
Listing 3. Starting the cachefilesd Dæmon and Setting It to Auto-Start Next Boot
$ su -l # service cachefilesd start # chkconfig cachefilesd on
The space constraints in the configuration file are used to set the percentage of available blocks and files on the filesystem containing the local cache directory that should be used. For each of these two resource types, there are three thresholds: cull-off, cull-start and cache-off. When the cull-off limit is reached, no culling of the disk cache is performed, and when the cull-start limit is reached, culling of the disk cache begins. For example, for the disk block type constraint, setting cull-off at 20% and cull-start at 10% means that as long as the disk has more than 20% free blocks, nothing from the cache will be culled. Once the disk reaches 10% free blocks, cache culling begins to free up some space. If the disk manages to get to the cache-off limit (say, 5%), the cache will be disabled until there is more cache-off space available again.
The configuration options are prefixed with b for block type constraint and f for the files-available constraint. The configuration file has a slightly different naming method from that used above. For block constraints, the cull-off limit is called brun. For cull-start, the limit is called bcull, and cache-off is called bstop.
As Linux continues to play an ever increasing role in corporate data centers and institutions, ensuring the integrity and protection of these systems must be a priority. With 60% of the world's websites and an increasing share of organization's mission-critical workloads running on Linux, failing to stop malware and other advanced threats on Linux can increasingly impact an organization's reputation and bottom line.
Sponsored by Bit9
Most companies incorporate backup procedures for critical data, which can be restored quickly if a loss occurs. However, fewer companies are prepared for catastrophic system failures, in which they lose all data, the entire operating system, applications, settings, patches and more, reducing their system(s) to "bare metal." After all, before data can be restored to a system, there must be a system to restore it to.
In this one hour webinar, learn how to enhance your existing backup strategies for better disaster recovery preparedness using Storix System Backup Administrator (SBAdmin), a highly flexible bare-metal recovery solution for UNIX and Linux systems.
Sponsored by Storix
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March 2015 Video Preview | Mar 02, 2015 |
High-Availability Storage with HA-LVM | Feb 26, 2015 |
DNSMasq, the Pint-Sized Super Dæmon! | Feb 24, 2015 |
- Nmap—Not Just for Evil!
- Resurrecting the Armadillo
- High-Availability Storage with HA-LVM
- March 2015 Issue of Linux Journal: System Administration
- Real-Time Rogue Wireless Access Point Detection with the Raspberry Pi
- DNSMasq, the Pint-Sized Super Dæmon!
- Localhost DNS Cache
- Days Between Dates: the Counting
- The Usability of GNOME
- Linux for Astronomers