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Iguanodon Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 126–125Ma | |
I. bernissartensis mounted in a modern quadrupedal posture, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Order: | †Ornithischia |
Clade: | †Ornithopoda |
Clade: | †Hadrosauriformes |
Superfamily: | †Iguanodontoidea Cope, 1869 |
Family: | †Iguanodontidae Cope, 1869 |
Genus: | †Iguanodon Mantell, 1825 |
Type species | |
†Iguanodon bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881 | |
Species | |
† †I. bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881 | |
Synonyms | |
Iguanosaurus? Ritgen, 1828 |
Iguanodon Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 126–125Ma | |
I. bernissartensis mounted in a modern quadrupedal posture, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Order: | †Ornithischia |
Clade: | †Ornithopoda |
Clade: | †Hadrosauriformes |
Superfamily: | †Iguanodontoidea Cope, 1869 |
Family: | †Iguanodontidae Cope, 1869 |
Genus: | †Iguanodon Mantell, 1825 |
Type species | |
†Iguanodon bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881 | |
Species | |
† †I. bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881 | |
Synonyms | |
Iguanosaurus? Ritgen, 1828 |
Iguanodon (/ɨˈɡwɑːnədɒn/ i-GWAH-nə-don; meaning "iguana-tooth") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that existed roughly halfway between the first of the swift bipedal hypsilophodontids of the mid-Jurassic and the duck-billed dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous. While many species have been classified in the genus Iguanodon, dating from the late Jurassic Period to the late Cretaceous Period of Asia, Europe, and North America, research in the first decade of the 21st century suggests that there is only one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, which lived from the late Barremian to the earliest Aptian ages[1] (Early Cretaceous) in Belgium and possibly elsewhere in Europe, between about 126 and 125 million years ago. Iguanodon were large, bulky herbivores. Distinctive features include large thumb spikes, which were possibly used for defence against predators, combined with long prehensile fifth fingers able to forage for food.
The genus was named in 1825 by English geologist Gideon Mantell, based on fossil specimens that are now assigned to different genera and species. Iguanodon was the second type of dinosaur formally named based on fossil specimens, after Megalosaurus. Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define Dinosauria. The genus Iguanodon belongs to the larger group Iguanodontia, along with the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of this genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.
Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from fossils. The numerous specimens of this genus, including nearly complete skeletons from two well-known bonebeds, have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically well-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has occupied a small but notable place in the public's perception of dinosaurs, its artistic representation changing significantly in response to new interpretations of its remains.
Iguanodon were bulky herbivores that could shift from bipedality to quadrupedality.[2] The only well-supported species, I. bernissartensis, is estimated to have weighed about 3 tonnes (3.5 tons) on average,[3] and measured about 10 metres long (33 ft) as an adult, with some specimens possibly as long as 13 metres (43 ft).[4] These animals had large, tall but narrow skulls, with toothless beaks probably covered with keratin, and teeth like those of iguanas, but much larger and more closely packed.[2]
The arms of I. bernissartensis were long (up to 75% the length of the legs) and robust,[4] with rather inflexible hands built so that the three central fingers could bear weight.[2] The thumbs were conical spikes that stuck out away from the three main digits. In early restorations, the spike was placed on the animal's nose. Later fossils revealed the true nature of the thumb spikes,[5] although their exact function is still debated. They could have been used for defense, or for foraging for food. The little finger was elongated and dextrous, and could have been used to manipulate objects. The phalangeal formula is 2-3-3-2-4, meaning that the innermost finger (phalange) has two bones, the next has three, etc.[6] The legs were powerful, but not built for running, and each foot had three toes. The backbone and tail were supported and stiffened by ossified tendons, which were tendons that turned to bone during life (these rod-like bones are usually omitted from skeletal mounts and drawings).[2]
Iguanodon gives its name to the unranked clade Iguanodontia, a very populous group of ornithopods with many species known from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Aside from Iguanodon, the best-known members of the clade include Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, Ouranosaurus, and the duck-bills, or hadrosaurs. In older sources, Iguanodontidae was shown as a distinct family.[7][8] This family traditionally has been something of a wastebasket taxon, including ornithopods that were neither hypsilophodontids or hadrosaurids. In practice, animals like Callovosaurus, Camptosaurus, Craspedodon, Kangnasaurus, Mochlodon, Muttaburrasaurus, Ouranosaurus, and Probactrosaurus were usually assigned to this family.[8] With the advent of cladistic analyses, Iguanodontidae as traditionally construed was shown to be paraphyletic, and these animals are recognised to fall at different points in relation to hadrosaurs on a cladogram, instead of in a single distinct clade.[2][9] Essentially, the modern concept of Iguanodontidae currently includes only Iguanodon. Groups like Iguanodontoidea are still used as unranked clades in the scientific literature, though many traditional iguanodontids are now included in the superfamily Hadrosauroidea. Iguanodon lies between Camptosaurus and Ouranosaurus in cladograms, and is probably descended from a camptosaur-like animal.[2] At one point, Jack Horner suggested, based mostly on skull features, that hadrosaurids actually formed two more distantly related groups, with Iguanodon on the line to the flat-headed hadrosaurines, and Ouranosaurus on the line to the crested lambeosaurines,[10] but his proposal has been rejected.[2][9]
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012.[11]
Iguanodontia |
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One of the first details noted about Iguanodon was that it had the teeth of a herbivorous reptile,[12] although there has not always been consensus on how it ate. As Mantell noted, the remains he was working with were unlike any modern reptile, especially in the toothless, scoop-shaped form of the lower jaw symphysis, which he found best compared to that of the two-toed sloth and the extinct ground sloth Mylodon. He also suggested that Iguanodon had a prehensile tongue which could be used to gather food,[13] like a giraffe. More complete remains have shown this to be an error; for example, the hyoid bones that supported the tongue are heavily built, implying a muscular, non-prehensile tongue used for moving food around in the mouth.[14] The giraffe-tongue idea has also been incorrectly attributed to Dollo via a broken lower jaw.[15]
Iguanodon teeth are, as the name suggests, like those of an iguana, but larger. Unlike hadrosaurids, which had columns of replacement teeth, Iguanodon only had one replacement tooth at a time for each position. The upper jaw held up to 29 teeth per side, with none at the front of the jaw, and the lower jaw 25; the numbers differ because teeth in the lower jaw are broader than those in the upper.[9] Because the tooth rows are deeply inset from the outside of the jaws, and because of other anatomical details, it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, Iguanodon had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to retain food in the mouth.[16][17]
The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed, the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out. This would cause the lower surfaces of the upper jaw teeth to rub against the upper surface of the lower jaw's teeth, grinding anything caught in between and providing an action that is the rough equivalent of mammalian chewing.[18] Because the teeth were always replaced, the animal could have used this mechanism throughout its life, and could eat tough plant material.[19] Additionally, the front ends of the animal's jaws were toothless and tipped with bony nodes, both upper and lower,[2] providing a rough margin that was likely covered and lengthened by a keratinous material to form a cropping beak for biting off twigs and shoots.[5] Its food gathering would have been aided by its flexible little finger, which could have been used to manipulate objects, unlike the other fingers.[2]
Exactly what Iguanodon ate with its well-developed jaws is not known. The size of the larger species, such as I. bernissartensis, would have allowed them access to food from ground level to tree foliage at 4–5 metres high (13–16.5 ft).[4] A diet of horsetails, cycads, and conifers was suggested by David Norman,[5] although iguanodonts in general have been tied to the advance of angiosperm plants in the Cretaceous due to the dinosaurs' inferred low browsing habits. Angiosperm growth, according to this hypothesis, would have been encouraged by iguanodont feeding because gymnosperms would be removed, allowing more space for the weed-like early angiosperms to grow.[20] The evidence is not conclusive, though.[2][21] Whatever its exact diet, due to its size and abundance, Iguanodon is regarded as a dominant medium to large herbivore for its ecological communities.[2] In England, this included the small predator Aristosuchus, larger predators Eotyrannus, Baryonyx, and Neovenator, low-feeding herbivores Hypsilophodon and Valdosaurus, fellow "iguanodontid" Mantellisaurus, the armoured herbivore Polacanthus, and sauropods like Pelorosaurus.[22]
Early fossil remains were fragmentary, which led to much speculation on the posture and nature of Iguanodon. Iguanodon was initially portrayed as a quadrupedal horn-nosed beast. However as more bones were discovered, Mantell observed that the forelimbs were much smaller than the hindlimbs. His rival Owen was of the opinion it was a stumpy creature with four pillar-like legs. The job of overseeing the first lifesize reconstruction of dinosaurs was initially offered to Mantell, who declined due to poor health, and Owen's vision subsequently formed the basis on which the sculptures took shape. Its bipedal nature was revealed with the discovery of the Bernissart skeletons. However, it was depicted in an upright posture, with the tail dragging along the ground, acting as the third leg of a tripod.[23]
During his re-examination of Iguanodon, David Norman was able to show that this posture was unlikely, because the long tail was stiffened with ossified tendons.[14] To get the tripodal pose, the tail would literally have to be broken.[5] Putting the animal in a horizontal posture makes many aspects of the arms and pectoral girdle more understandable. For example, the hand is relatively immobile, with the three central fingers grouped together, bearing hoof-like phalanges, and able to hyperextend. This would have allowed them to bear weight. The wrist is also relatively immobile, and the arms and shoulder bones robust. These features all suggest that the animal spent time on all fours.[14]
Furthermore, it appears that Iguanodon became more quadrupedal as it got older and heavier; juvenile I. bernissartensis have shorter arms than adults (60% of hindlimb length versus 70% for adults).[2] When walking as a quadruped, the animal's hands would have been held so that the palms faced each other, as shown by iguanodontian trackways and the anatomy of this genus's arms and hands.[24][25] The three toed pes (foot) of Iguanodon was relatively long, and when walking, both the hand and the foot would have been used in a digitigrade fashion (walking on the fingers and toes).[2] The maximum speed of Iguanodon has been estimated at 24 km/h (14.9 mph),[26] which would have been as a biped; it would not have been able to gallop as a quadruped.[2]
Large three-toed footprints are known in Early Cretaceous rocks of England, particularly Wealden beds on the Isle of Wight, and these trace fossils were originally difficult to interpret. Some authors associated them with dinosaurs early on. In 1846, E. Tagert went so far as to assign them to an ichnogenus he named Iguanodon,[27] and Samuel Beckles noted in 1854 that they looked like bird tracks, but might have come from dinosaurs.[28] The identity of the trackmakers was greatly clarified upon the discovery in 1857 of the hind leg of a young Iguanodon, with distinctly three-toed feet, showing that such dinosaurs could have made the tracks.[29][30] Despite the lack of direct evidence, these tracks are often attributed to Iguanodon.[5] A trackway in England shows what may be an Iguanodon moving on all fours, but the foot prints are poor, making a direct connection difficult.[14] Tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Iguanodon are known from locations including places in Europe where the body fossil Iguanodon is known, to Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.[31][32]
The thumb spike is one of the best-known features of Iguanodon. Although it was originally placed on the animal's nose by Mantell, the complete Bernissart specimens allowed Dollo to place it correctly on the hand, as a modified thumb.[23] (This would not be the last time a dinosaur's modified thumb claw would be misinterpreted; Noasaurus, Baryonyx, and Megaraptor are examples since the 1980s where an enlarged thumb claw was first put on the foot, as in dromaeosaurids.[33][34])
This thumb is typically interpreted as a close-quarter stiletto-like weapon against predators,[2][5] although it could also have been used to break into seeds and fruits,[2] or against other Iguanodon.[4] One author has suggested that the spike was attached to a venom gland,[35] but this has not been accepted, as the spike was not hollow,[4] nor were there any grooves on the spike for conducting venom.[36]
Although sometimes interpreted as the result of a single catastrophe, the Bernissart finds instead are now interpreted as recording multiple events. According to this interpretation, at least three occasions of mortality are recorded, and though numerous individuals would have died in a geologically short time span (?10–100 years),[37] this does not necessarily mean these Iguanodon were herding animals.[2]
An argument against herding is that juvenile remains are very uncommon at this site, unlike modern cases with herd mortality. They more likely were the periodic victims of flash floods whose carcasses accumulated in a lake or marshy setting.[37] The Nehden find, however, with its greater span of individual ages, more even mix of Dollodon or Mantellisaurus to Iguanodon bernissartensis, and confined geographic nature, may record mortality of herding animals migrating through rivers.[37]
Unlike other purported herding dinosaurs (especially hadrosaurs and ceratopsids), there is no evidence that Iguanodon was sexually dimorphic, with one gender appreciably different from the other. At one time, it was suggested that the Bernissart I. "mantelli", or I. atherfieldensis (Dollodon and Mantellisaurus, respectively) represented a gender, possibly female, of the larger and more robust, possibly male, I. bernissartensis.[38] However, this is not supported today.[5][14][39]
Evidence of a fractured hip bone was found in a specimen of Iguanodon, which had an injury to its ischium. Two other individuals were observed with signs of osteoarthritis as evidenced by bone overgrowths in their anklebones which called osteophytes.[40]
The discovery of Iguanodon has long been accompanied by a popular legend. The story goes that Gideon Mantell's wife, Mary Ann, discovered the first teeth[41] of an Iguanodon in the strata of Tilgate Forest in Whitemans Green, Cuckfield, Sussex, England, in 1822 while her husband was visiting a patient. However, there is no evidence that Mantell took his wife with him while seeing patients. Furthermore, he admitted in 1851 that he himself had found the teeth.[42] Not everyone agrees that the story is false, though.[43] It is known from his notebooks that Mantell first acquired large fossil bones from the quarry at Whitemans Green in 1820. Because also theropod teeth were found, thus belonging to carnivores, he at first interpreted these bones, which he tried to combine into a partial skeleton, as those of a giant crocodile. In 1821 Mantell mentioned the find of herbivorous teeth and began to consider the possibility that a large herbivorous reptile was present in the strata. However, in his 1822 publication Fossils of the South Downs he as yet did not dare to suggest a connection between the teeth and his very incomplete skeleton, presuming that his finds presented two large forms, one carnivorous ("an animal of the Lizard Tribe of enormous magnitude"), the other herbivorous. In May 1822 he first presented the herbivorous teeth to the Geological Society of London but the members, among them William Buckland, dismissed them as fish teeth or the incisors of a rhinoceros from a Tertiary stratum. On 23 June 1823 Charles Lyell showed some to Georges Cuvier, during a soiree in Paris, but the famous French naturalist at once dismissed them as those of a rhinoceros. Though the very next day Cuvier retracted, Lyell reported only the dismissal to Mantell, who became rather diffident about the issue. In 1824 Buckland described Megalosaurus and was on that occasion invited to visit Mantell's collection. Seeing the bones on 6 March he agreed that these were of some giant saurian — though still denying it was a herbivore. Emboldened nevertheless, Mantell again sent some teeth to Cuvier, who answered on 22 June 1824 that he had determined that they were reptilian and quite possibly belonged to a giant herbivore. In a new edition that year of his Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles Cuvier admitted his earlier mistake, leading to an immediate acceptance of Mantell, and his new saurian, in scientific circles. Mantell tried to corroborate his theory further by finding a modern-day parallel among extant reptiles.[44] In September 1824 he visited the Royal College of Surgeons but at first failed to find comparable teeth. However, assistant-curator Samuel Stutchbury recognised that they resembled those of an iguana he had recently prepared, albeit twenty times longer.[3] Mantell did not describe his findings until 10 February 1825, when he presented a paper on the remains to the Royal Geological Society of London.[12][42]
In recognition of the resemblance of the teeth to those of the iguana, Mantell named his new genus Iguanodon or "iguana-tooth", from iguana and the Greek word ὀδών (odon, odontos or "tooth").[4] Based on isometric scaling, he estimated that the creature might have been up to 18 metres (60 ft) long, more than the 12 metres (40 ft) length of Megalosaurus.[12] His initial idea for a name was Iguana-saurus ("Iguana lizard"), but his friend William Daniel Conybeare suggested that that name was more applicable to the iguana itself, so a better name would be Iguanoides ("Iguana-like") or Iguanodon.[44][45] He neglected to add a specific name to form a proper binomial, so one was supplied in 1829 by Friedrich Holl: I. anglicum, which was later amended to I. anglicus.[46]
A more complete specimen of similar animal was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone, Kent, in 1834 (lower Lower Greensand Formation), which Mantell soon acquired. He was led to identify it as an Iguanodon based on its distinctive teeth. The Maidstone slab was utilized in the first skeletal reconstructions and artistic renderings of Iguanodon, but due to its incompleteness, Mantell made some mistakes, the most famous of which was the placement of what he thought was a horn on the nose.[47] The discovery of much better specimens in later years revealed that the horn was actually a modified thumb. Still encased in rock, the Maidstone skeleton is currently displayed at the Natural History Museum in London. The borough of Maidstone commemorated this find by adding an Iguanodon as a supporter to their coat of arms in 1949.[48] This specimen has become linked with the name I. mantelli, a species named in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in place of I. anglicus, but it actually comes from a different formation than the original I. mantelli/I. anglicus material.[45] The Maidstone specimen, also known as Gideon Mantell's "Mantel-piece", and formally labelled NHMUK 3741[49][50] was subsequently excluded from Iguanodon. It is classified as cf. Mantellisaurus by McDonald (2012);[51] as cf. Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis by Norman (2012);[49] and made the holotype of a separate species Mantellodon carpenteri by Paul (2012).[50]
At the same time, tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen, an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act–era British politics and science. Owen, a firm creationist, opposed the early versions of evolutionary science ("transmutationism") then being debated and used what he would soon coin as dinosaurs as a weapon in this conflict. With the paper describing Dinosauria, he scaled down dinosaurs from lengths of over 61 metres (200 ft), determined that they were not simply giant lizards, and put forward that they were advanced and mammal-like, characteristics given to them by God; according to the understanding of the time, they could not have been "transmuted" from reptiles to mammal-like creatures.[52][53]
In 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Mantell realised that iguanodonts were not heavy, pachyderm-like animals,[54] as Owen was putting forward, but had slender forelimbs; however, his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so Owen's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades.[52] With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, he had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two iguanodonts (based on the Mantellodon specimen), one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Before the sculpture of the standing iguanodont was completed, he held a banquet for twenty inside it.[55][56][57]
The largest find of Iguanodon remains to that date occurred on 28 February 1878 in a coal mine at Bernissart in Belgium, at a depth of 322 m (1056 ft),[5] when two mineworkers, Jules Créteur and Alphonse Blanchard, accidentally hit on a skeleton that they initially took for petrified wood. With the encouragement of Alphonse Briart, supervisor of mines at nearby Morlanwelz, Louis de Pauw on 15 May 1878 started to excavate the skeletons and in 1882 Louis Dollo reconstructed them. At least 38 Iguanodon individuals were uncovered,[2] most of which were adults.[37] Many of them went on public display beginning in July 1883 and are still on public view; nine are displayed as standing mounts, and nineteen more are still in the Museum's basement.[5] The exhibit makes an impressive display in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, in Brussels. A replica of one of these is on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and at the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge. Most of the remains were referred to a new species, I. bernissartensis,[58] a larger and much more robust animal than the English remains had yet revealed, but one specimen was referred to the nebulous, gracile I. mantelli (now Dollodon bampingi). The skeletons were some of the first complete dinosaur skeletons known. Found with the dinosaur skeletons were the remains of plants, fish, and other reptiles,[5] including the crocodyliform Bernissartia.[59]
The science of conserving fossil remains was in its infancy, and new techniques had to be improvised to deal with what soon became known as "pyrite disease". Crystalline pyrite in the bones was being oxidized to iron sulphate, accompanied by an increase in volume that caused the remains to crack and crumble. When in the ground, the bones were isolated by anoxic moist clay that prevented this from happening, but when removed into the drier open air, the natural chemical conversion began to occur. To limit this effect, De Pauw immediately, in the mine-gallery, re-covered the dug-out fossils with wet clay, sealing them with paper and plaster reinforced by iron rings, forming in total about six hundred transportable blocks with a combined weight of a hundred and thirty tons. In Brussels after opening the plaster he impregnated the bones with boiling gelatine mixed with oil of cloves as a preservative. Removing most of the visible pyrite he then hardened them with hide glue, finishing with a final layer of tin foil. Damage was repaired with papier-mâché.[60] This treatment had the unintended effect of sealing in moisture and extending the period of damage. In 1932 museum director Victor van Straelen decided that the specimens had to be completely restored again to safeguard their preservation. From December 1935 to August 1936 the staff at the museum in Brussels treated the problem with a combination of alcohol, arsenic, and 390 kilograms of shellac. This combination was intended to simultaneously penetrate the fossils (with alcohol), prevent the development of mold of (with arsenic), and harden them (with shellac). The fossils entered a third round of conservation from 2003 until May 2007, when the shellac, hide glue and gelatine were removed and impregnated with polyvinyl acetate and cyanoacrylate and epoxy glues.[61] Modern treatments of this problem typically involve either monitoring the humidity of fossil storage, or, for fresh specimens, preparing a special coating of polyethylene glycol that is then heated in a vacuum pump, so that moisture is immediately removed and pore spaces are infiltrated with polyethelene glycol to seal and strengthen the fossil.[5]
Dollo's specimens allowed him to show that Owen's prehistoric pachyderms were not correct for Iguanodon. He instead modelled the skeletal mounts after the cassowary and wallaby, and put the spike that had been on the nose firmly on the thumb.[62][63] He was not completely correct, but he also had the disadvantage of being faced with some of the first complete dinosaur remains. A problem that was later recognised was the bend he introduced into the tail. This organ was more or less straight, as shown by the skeletons he was excavating, and the presence of ossified tendons. In fact, to get the bend in the tail for a more wallaby or kangaroo-like posture, the tail would have had to be broken. With its correct, straight tail and back, the animal would have walked with its body held horizontal to the ground, arms in place to support the body if needed.[5]
Excavations at the quarry were stopped in 1881, although it was not exhausted of fossils, as recent drilling operations have shown.[64] During World War I, when the town was occupied by German forces, preparations were made to reopen the mine for palaeontology, and Otto Jaekel was sent from Berlin to supervise. The Allies recaptured Bernissart just as the first fossiliferous layer was about to be uncovered. Further attempts to reopen the mine were hindered by financial problems and were stopped altogether in 1921 when the mine flooded.[5]
Research on Iguanodon decreased during the early part of the 20th century as World Wars and the Great Depression enveloped Europe. A new species that would become the subject of much study and taxonomic controversy, I. atherfieldensis, was named in 1925 by R. W. Hooley, for a specimen collected at Atherfield Point on the Isle of Wight.[65] However, what had been a European genus was now being found worldwide, with material in Africa (teeth from Tunisia[66] and elsewhere in the Sahara),[67] Mongolia (I. orientalis),[68] and in North America (I. ottingeri from Utah[69]). Another North American species, from South Dakota, once assigned to Iguanodon as I. lakotaensis,[70] has since been reclassified as the genus Dakotadon.[71]
Iguanodon was not part of the initial work of the dinosaur renaissance that began with the description of Deinonychus in 1969, but it was not neglected for long. David B. Weishampel's work on ornithopod feeding mechanisms provided a better understanding of how it fed,[18] and David B. Norman's work on numerous aspects of the genus has made it one of the best-known dinosaurs.[2][5][14][72] In addition, a further find of numerous Iguanodon skeletons, in Nehden, Nordrhein-Westphalen, Germany, has provided evidence for gregariousness in this genus, as the animals in this areally restricted find appear to have been killed by flash floods. At least 15 individuals, from 2 to 8 metres long (6.6 to 26.2 ft), have been found here, although at least some of them are gracile iguanodontians and belong to the related Mantellisaurus or Dollodon (described as I. atherfieldensis, at that time believed to be another species of Iguanodon).[37][71]
Iguanodon material has also been used in the search for dinosaur DNA and other biomolecules. In research by Graham Embery et al., Iguanodon bones were processed to look for remnant proteins. In this research, identifiable remains of typical bone proteins, such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans, were found in a rib.[73]
Because Iguanodon is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named, numerous species have been assigned to it. While never becoming the wastebasket taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs became (such as Megalosaurus and Pelorosaurus), Iguanodon has had a complicated history, and its taxonomy continues to undergo revisions.[39][71][74][75] Remains of the only well-supported species are known definitively only from Belgium, though additional remains sometimes still attributed to I bernissartensis have been found in England. However, some researchers have recommended limiting use of I. bernissartensis to the Bernissart finds, and using I. sp. (meaning undetermined species) for robust iguanodontian remains from Barremian-age rocks of Europe.[71] Thus, after thorough restudy, what had been seen as a quintessentially British dinosaur is in fact poorly known from England.[75]
I. anglicus was the original type species, but the holotype was based on a single tooth and only partial remains of the species have been recovered since. In March 2000, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature changed the type species to the much better known I. bernissartensis, with the new holotype being IRSNB 1534. The original Iguanodon tooth is held at Te Papa Tongarewa, the national museum of New Zealand in Wellington, although it is not on display. The fossil arrived in New Zealand following the move of Gideon Mantell's son Walter there; after the elder Mantell's death, his fossils went to Walter.[76]
Only a few of the many species assigned to Iguanodon are still considered to be valid, and only one may fall within the genus Iguanodon.[2][71] I. bernissartensis, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the neotype for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in Bernissart, but is also known from remains across Europe. David Norman suggested that it includes the dubious Mongolian I. orientalis,[77] but this has not been followed by other researchers.[71]
In addition, sixteen other species have since been reclassified:
Two species described by Richard Lydekker in the late 19th century have been reassigned to different genera.[81]
Delapparentia turolensis was named in 2011 based on a specimen previously assigned to Iguanodon bernissartensis.[96]
Two Iguanodon species are currently considered to be nomina dubia:
The genera Iguanosaurus (Ritgen, 1828),[103] Hikanodon (Keferstein, 1834),[104][105] and Therosaurus (Fitzinger, 1840),[106] are simply junior objective synonyms, later names for the material of I. anglicus.
Since its description in 1825, Iguanodon has been a feature of worldwide popular culture. Two lifesize reconstructions of Mantellodon (considered Iguanodon at the time) built at the Crystal Palace in London in 1852 greatly contributed to the popularity of the genus.[107] Their thumb spikes were mistaken for horns, and they were depicted as elephant-like quadrupeds, yet this was the first time an attempt was made at constructing full-size dinosaur models. In 1910 Heinrich Harder portrayed a group of Iguanodon in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals "Tiere der Urwelt".
Several motion pictures have featured Iguanodon. In the Disney film Dinosaur, an Iguanodon named Aladar served as the protagonist with three other iguanodonts as other main characters; a loosely related ride of the same name at Disney's Animal Kingdom is based around bringing an Iguanodon back to the present. Iguanodon is one of the three dinosaur genera that inspired Godzilla; the other two were Tyrannosaurus and Stegosaurus.[108] Iguanodon has also made appearances in some of the many Land Before Time films, as well as episodes of the television series.
Aside from appearances in movies, Iguanodon has also been featured on the television documentary miniseries Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) produced by the BBC, and played a starring role in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book, The Lost World as well as featuring in an episode of the Discovery Channel documentary, Dinosaur Planet. It also was present in Bob Bakker's Raptor Red (1995), as a Utahraptor prey item. A main belt asteroid, 1989 CB3, has been named 9941 Iguanodon in honour of the genus.[109][110]
Because it is both one of the first dinosaurs described and one of the best-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has been well-placed as a barometer of changing public and scientific perceptions on dinosaurs. Its reconstructions have gone through three stages: the elephantine quadrupedal horn-snouted reptile satisfied the Victorians, then a bipedal but still fundamentally reptilian animal using its tail to prop itself up dominated the early 20th century, but was slowly overturned during the 1960s by its current, more agile and dynamic representation, able to shift from two legs to all fours.[111]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iguanodon. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Iguanodon |
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Wikijunior Dinosaurs/Iguanodon |


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Thank you for visiting our page. We're working on an exciting new website to let you know about our new Dragon products – please come back soon to find out more about our Welsh cheese and Welsh butter range or visit our main company website at – www.sccwales.co.uk
At South Caernarfon Creameries, we're busy working on our Dragon brand and developing new products to join our awarding-winning Dragon Wales range.
Dragon Welsh cheeses are made by South Caernarfon Creameries – the oldest and largest dairy co-operative in Wales. Our dairy lies in the foothills of the Snowdonia National Park in North West Wales our farmers produce the milk for our products on family owned dairy farms in North Wales, Mid Wales and Ceredigion.
Our Products
Our Dragon Welsh Cheddar cheese and Dragon traditional Welsh Butter are made using fresh Welsh milk from our member farms. Dragon is an award-winning range – we've been recognised at the British Cheese Awards, World Cheese Awards, International Cheese Awards, Global Cheese Awards and many more.
We are proud to produce an authentic Welsh Cheese and butter range with strong Welsh provenance and made using traditional methods.
Dragon Welsh Cheddar is our signature Welsh cheese and is available as:
- Mild Welsh Cheddar
- Medium Welsh Cheddar
- Mature Welsh Cheddar
- Vintage Welsh Cheddar
- and Lighter Cheddar
Our traditional Welsh Caerphilly is another signature Dragon cheese, made with Welsh milk and delicately salted.
We sell these high quality cheeses in a range of retail packs and also offer large blocks for delicatessen counters.
Enjoy a chunk of Dragon Welsh Cheddar on its own for its distinctive flavour and try using it in your favourite recipes as a really tasty cooking cheese.
We're pleased you want to know more about our Welsh Dragon products – please come back soon to find out more.
In the meantime, if you would like any more information, please contact us at South Caernarfon Creameries:
South Caernarfon Creameries Ltd, Rhydygwystl, Chwilog, Pwllheli, Gwynedd, LL53 6SB, Wales.
(00) 4417668 10 251

subset: commoncrawl


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The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) is responsible for coordinating Westchester County's response to requests for emergency disaster assistance from municipalities throughout the county.
This assistance can include:
Additionally, OEM is responsible for Westchester County's preparedness activities. OEM works daily with local, state, federal and private sector partners in emergency management to plan and prepare for large-scale, multi-jurisdictional responses to all natural or man-made disasters.
OEM is located at the New York State Department of Transportation Hudson Valley Traffic Management Center (TMC), 200 Bradhurst Avenue, Hawthorne, New York.


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The price you see is the FINAL price you pay, there are NO HIDDEN CHARGES
ALL YEAR ROUND PLANTINGAll trees come with their roots encased with compost (excludes bare root section) which means you can plant these any time of year so long as the ground is not frozen.
FREE UK MAINLAND DELIVERY *except Scottish HighlandsAll our products now come with FREE DELIVERY TO MAINLAND UK, EXCLUDING PARTS OF SCOTLAND. All orders placed before 12.00 pm on Monday will be delivered Thursday or Friday of the same week, except holidays.
If you live in the Grampians, add this surchargeIf you live in the Highlands, add this surchargeIf you live in the Scottish Islands, add this surchargeIf you live on the Isle of Wight add this surcharge
All addresses in zone 1 (except Isle of Wight) are free delivery, Zone 2 and 3 attract a surcharge. Click here or the thumbnail for a map and explanations of which post codes belong to which zones. Call us on 0800 043 1057 (+44 1623 812 711) or click here to email, for surcharge costs.
We can and have delivered trees to France and other places in the EU before. Please call us for postage surcharge rates.
FREE TREE WARRANTYAs of 1st January 2009, we offer a FREE TREE WARRANTY. Obviously conditions apply so we can make sure the minority of "urine extractors" do not abuse our system.
AUTUMN PLANTINGAutumn is a great time to plant trees because the earth is warm and the roots, unlike your 20 something children, will venture out looking for their own resources making tree establishment that bit faster.
Also, all our stock is replenished in mid-August and as the best/tallest stock is sent out first, you can be sure taking receipt of the tree shortly after this time that you have received the most vigorous specimen we have. If we picked at random, some trees might not fit in the box later in the year. You can order any time of year requesting an August delivery to ensure best selection.
BARE ROOT STOCKBare root stock (comes with no pot or compost surrounding the roots) are only available for delivery from November to March/very early April. They are cheaper than containerised but MAY take a little longer to establish. Bare root are cheaper but not as quick to establish as containerised. Bare root trees ordered outside this time frame will be kept at our nursery for despatch until they are ready.
HEDGE TREE BENEFITS You may overlook planting hedges in your garden if you are unaware of the benefits they provide. These include:


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- This event has passed.
Thanksgiving Sides, A Seasonal Produce Cooking Class
Nov 14, 2013 @ 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
| $25Event Navigation
Forget watery green bean casseroles! Learn healthy, Thanksgiving side dish recipes featuring organic produce. Demos, tastings and tips. Wine pairings and recipe handouts to take home.
Cost: $25 till 11/11, $30 after. For more info and to register: (847) 946-5565 or www.wellspringinc.org
Wellspring offers a series of monthly cooking classes, inspiring students based on veggies during their peak season!


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Mixing business with partying – an example for Sarawak's womanhood?
This entry was posted on Thursday, January 27th, 2011 at 6:45 pm and is filed under . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text: Op Wed, 09 Oct 2013 23:16:30 +0200 schreef William Harrington <kb0iic at berzerkula.org>: > > On Oct 9, 2013, at 3:32 PM, hans kaper wrote: > Always helps to not miss a package install! I can usually tell when > someone missed a package, but this is the first encounter of someone > not installing iana-etc > I semi-automatically generate build-scripts (build-scripts based on the work of Dan McGhee, by the way) with Perl-scripts and regular expressions. A package that has a sourcename with two dashes instead of one (or no dashes at all), means trouble. Hans.


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18-03-2002 Comments (0)
AccuprilAltaceHumulin 70-30Humulin NHumulin RInsulinNovo NordiskPfizerQuinapril HydrochlorideRamipril Tablets
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Two people received minor injuries in a plane crash in Nicholas County.
The crash happened at the Summersville Airport Saturday morning.
Dispatchers say a small plane was attempting to land when a gust of wind forced the plane off of the runway and into a tree.
Two people onboard received minor injuries, according to dispatchers. Their names have not been released.
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Genuine Whirlpool part. Whirlpool brands include Whirlpool, Maytag, KitchenAid, Jenn-Air, Amana, Magic Chef, Admiral, Norge, Roper, and others. Whirlpool also makes various appliance models for Sears / Kenmore.
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The Weeknd - Live For Feat. Drake
Live For The Weeknd Feat. Drake
We got the tracklist for The Weeknd's "Kiss Land" this morning and shortly after the singer let go this track which features his fellow Toronto native Drizzy. "Kiss Land" drops September 10th, does this peak your interest?
Bump Live For, the latest cut from The Weeknd which features Drake on the assist. It dropped on Monday, August 19th, 2013. The Weeknd's horizons are broadening with each new release, and Live For is no exception. It's a worthy addition to a catalogue that has seen much growth since The Weeknd stepped foot in the rap game. We're looking forward to hearing more.
Have you heard The Weeknd's Roman Polanski (Snippet)? Check out The Weeknd's profile page for the most recent info, news, songs, and mixtapes. Check out The Weeknd's Facebook and Twitter.
Is this a good combination? Let us know what you think, folks.
Quotable Lyrics
"Getting sober for a day
Got me feeling too low
Try and make me slow down
Trynna tell me how to live
I'm about to lose control
If they can watch me fuck it up all in one night
I'm in my city in the summer
Camo'd up, leather booted"


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by Teacher Created Resources
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Set includes ten yellow dice with numerals 1-6. Ten blue dice have numerals 7-12. Foam is lightweight, soft, quiet, and washable. Square edges stop the dice from rolling too far. Comes in a resealable storage bag. Teaching tips are included. 3/4" cubes. 20 total pieces.


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Spinning from the shocking twist ending of FALL OF THE HULKS, Jeff Parker (WORLD WAR HULKS: ALPHA, AVENGERS VS. ATLAS, THUNDERBOLTS) and Humberto Ramos (SPECTACULAR SPIDER-MAN, X-MEN) bring you the most incredible new character from the House of Ideas: HULKPOOL! What sacrifices will he make for the greater good? What horrible decisions will change the world as we know it? And what do Devil Dinosaur, Rawhide Kid, Rama Tut, and Bluebeard the Pirate have to do with this? Find out this April in HULKED-OUT HEROES! Rated T
Preview: World War Hulks: Hulked Out Heroes #1
Thu, April 8th, 2010 at 8:58pm PDT
- Story by
- Jeff Parker
- Art by
- Humberto Ramos, Carlos Cuevas
- Colors by
- Edgar Delgado
- Cover by
- Humberto Ramos, Edgar Delgado, Ed McGuinness
- Publisher
- Marvel Comics
- Cover Price:
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- Apr 14th, 2010
- Browse for similar previews
<< Ender's Game: The League War #1 | Previews Archive | Iron Man Legacy #1 >>


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- 474Promote
Art Print
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
Acrylic paint, Graphite, Wax crayon, Polycolor pencil
Heather Goodwind...
Brilliant:) If I eat any less I will be in the ground~ Love the black and the power lines in this in particular ...
Haha! I really have to give it a try, after the holidays! Funny, how the bottom part looks like spaghetti sauce!...
Thanks everyone!! Efi, ha! Spaghetti sauce, that's great! Angela - that's funny you picked up on what I was thinking with putting the "less" in the ground - this was working for me on so many different levels but I thought that was probably the least obvious.
This I like! That loose black background is schwank. And you always come up with some cool material combos. Kudos!
:) Mike, I love the fact that everyone sees different things in these - I was going more for the idea of consumption than really eating on this one. Incidentally, I just saw a Ted Talk that may have really solved that problem:
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Alert Detail
System Maintenance Wednesday, October 17, 2012 [Scheduled Maintenance]
posted: 10/16/2012
expired: 10/17/2012
Due to system maintenance, there will be the following disruption: Date: Wednesday, October 17, 2012 Start Time: 6:00 a.m. End Time: 7:30 a.m. Duration: 1.5 hours Description: Services Affected All Campuses
University Center
If you have any questions, please contact the Help Desk. ITS Help Desk Academic Commons - I.D. Weeks Room 104 Toll Free: 877.225.0027 Students: 605.677.5028 Faculty/Staff: 605.677.6463 email@example.com Online Help Desk Request Form |
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Best Restaurant for Intimate Conversation Miami 2011 - Romeo's Café
For the past dozen years, Romeo Majano has been serving lunch and dinner in his cozy café. There is no set menu here. Romeo visits each table and quizzes customers about their tastes and preferences; then he composes a six-course dinner (or three-course lunch) accordingly. The charming Majano never fails to whip up delectable Northern Italian fare, whether it be cheese-stuffed agnolotti as light as angel wings or a seafood risotto made sultry with smoked mozzarella. The European-style room is dimly lighted, service is quietly professional, and the ambiance is as romantic as it gets. There is nothing here to interfere with the most intimate of talks, and the meal generally takes about two and a half hours — plenty of time to tackle any subject. Lunch is $45 per person, and dinner is $90 per person, a small price to pay for great food, wine, service, and an evening of unbridled whispering.


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View our whole archive! Quickly search thousands of our best images from all 48 European countries! Browse our Photoshelter portfolios and create your own Lightbox here More rare in the wild than the black rhino, Rewilding Europe releases twenty European bison to Romania's Tarcu Mountains, Southern Carpathians after 200 year absence! Get the latest If there is one highlight of the book for me, it is the simple fact that it has opened my eyes to diversity of the natural wonders that can be found within Europe. |


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
D'Hanis is a small unincorporated community in central Medina County, Texas, United States. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.
D'Hanis is located at the intersections of U.S. Route 90, Farm to Market Road 1796 and Farm to Market Road 2200 on the Seco Creek.The community is sometimes called New D'Hanis to distinguish it from the site of old D'Hanis one mile to the east.
Contents |
Now considered Old D'Hanis, the original settlement site was the third of Henri Castro through his agent, Theodore Gentilz. When D'Hanis was established in the spring of 1847 by twenty-nine Alsatian families, the community became the frontier settlement on the Old San Antonio Road. Castro named the village for William D'Hanis, Antwerp manager of his colonization company. Jean Batot and his son Christian were the first settlers to arrive. Town lots and twenty-acre farms were surveyed and deeded to the first colonists.
With building materials in short supply, the early settlers built rough shelters of mesquite pickets and thatch. Distinctive homes constructed with stone from the area and influenced by European architectural styles ultimately replaced these structures.
The building of nearby Fort Lincoln in 1849 afforded the settlers employment and much-needed protection from Indian raids. By 1850 the settlement comprised twenty dwellings and had one schoolteacher. A post office was established in 1854, and the town became a stage stop on the San Antonio-Rio Grande road.
Catholic services, conducted by priests from Castroville, were initially held in a small chapel in the middle of the village. St. Dominic's Church was built in 1869, and in the early 1870s two nuns of the Sisters of Divine Providence taught school in D'Hanis.
Laid across Medina County in 1881, the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway bypassed Old D'Hanis, then the site of two stores, a dance hall, and sulfur-well baths. A new settlement developed around the railroad loading depot 1½ miles west. Over the next few years, the post office, businesses, and citizens relocated around the depot, an area dubbed New D'Hanis. After several years, the prefix fell out of the lexicon, and the town transplant became official. The railway still bisects D'Hanis proper.
In 1883, The D'Hanis Brick and Tile Company opened its plant, and would become one of the town's longest running and most successful businesses, still in operation in the 1980s. By 1890, the community was home to four general stores, one saloon, a flour and grist mill, and by 1896, two hotels.
By 1900 the population had reached 266. St. Anthony's School was built in 1908, the same year The D'Hanis News began weekly circulation. The D'Hanis News became The Star some years later, and publication stopped in 1923. A second brick factory, Seco Pressed Brick, opened in 1910 alongside the formation of the D'Hanis Independent School District. Holy Cross Church was completed in 1914, and the town's first bank opened in 1916. A Catholic church, Our Lady Queen of Peace, was built in 1924 for the Mexican-Americans of the town. The population was estimated 270 in 1930, 550 in the mid-1940s, and between 500 and 550 from the late-1940s through 1990, when the census reported 548. The population remained the same in 2000. D'Hanis installed waterworks in 1955, street lights in 1957, and a sewer system in 1973. The town was flooded in 1894, 1919, and 1935. Holy Cross Church was badly damaged by fire in 1963 and was rebuilt the following year.[1]
Kole Lovett, one of D'Hanis' best known athletes, was the first basketball player from the 1A school to be elected to an All-State team. Mr. Lovett was also the first baseball player in school history to get thrown out at first base after not running out a hit to right field. The D'Hanis ISD mascots are the Colt (middle school) and the Cowboy (high school). The school's varsity baseball team has made the playoffs for the past several years. Basketball, football, golf and tennis are also offered at the school.
Businesses in the downtown area include: The Country Mart, The D'Hanis State Bank, The Buckhorn Saloon, Bill and Rosa's Steakhouse, and the J.M. Koch Hotel Bed & Breakfast.
The D'Hanis Independent School District, campus located near Highway 90, serves as the public education utility for the area. The current school has been renovated and expanded many times, the most recent additions completed in the fall of 2009. The current secondary school principal is Steve Alvarado, and the district superintendent is Pam Seipp.
The few remaining walls of the picturesque St. Dominic's Church and Cemetery, now part of the ghost town of Old D'Hanis, are situated south of Highway 90. The ruins of Fort Lincoln, another important historical attraction, can be found north of town along FM 1796.
Likely the town's most active time of year, hunting season brings visitors flocking to D'Hanis from all over the state.
Capt Henry J Richarz, son Walter Richarz KIA as Texas Ranger on Blanco Creek in Sabinal, Texas. He is also buried on family Ranch 1871. Texas Ranger Co D, E, F 1st Postmaster Medina County Medina County Judge State representative Austin, Tx Noted Indian Fighter Owned Camp Lincoln, and buried there on Seco Ranch Brought Merino Rams to Texas, hall of Fame Texas Wool Industry Related thru wife to Caspar and Agustus Real, Turtle Creek, Kerrville, Tx and Mrs Chas Schriener of YO Ranch Fame The Reals and Schreiner owned in 1900, approximately 1,400,000 acres among them. Previously Capt Heinrich Josepf Richarz earned doctorate in Engineering, headed up Prussian Railroad and served 2terms in Prussian National Legislature. In 1848, he was found out participating in uprising against Napolean III, and supporting Democracy was sentence in absentia to death by fuselage, thus leaving immediately for new opportunities in Texas. He was considered a member of Hill Country Royalty, and instrument ally in encouraging family to work hard, save much, help those in need. Died 1910, at his Ranch on the Seco.
Coordinates: 29°19′50″N 99°16′47″W / 29.33056°N 99.27972°W


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Use of Other-Reports to Validate Subjective Well-Being Measures
- Heidi S. Lepper
- … show all 1 hide
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Level of agreement between self-reports and other-reports obtained from a large two-wave study of older adults was examined. Various measures of subjective well-being (affect, happiness, and life satisfaction) and behavioral manifestations (smoking and sleep quality) were assessed. Results indicate that the SWB measures were highly stable over a 9-month period, and that good agreement between the self- and other-reports was found for the SWB measures. In addition, SWB was related to behavioral manifestations and that these ratings were corroborated through the other-reports. This study furthers the support for the reliability of SWB over time and advances the criterion validity of SWB measures through use of collateral assessments.
- Atkinson, T.: 1982, 'The stability and validity of quality of life measures' Social Indicators Research 10, pp. 113–132.
- Bradburn, N.M.: 1969, The Structure of Psychological Well-Being (Alpine, Chicago).
- Campbell, A., P. Converse, W. Rodgers: 1976, The Quality of American Life (Russell Sage Foundation, New York).
- Chamberlain, K., S. Zika: 1992, 'Stability and change in subjective well-being over short time periods' Social Indicators Research 26, pp. 101–117.
- Cohen, J.: 1977, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Rev. Ed.) (Academic Press, New York).
- Costa, P.T., Jr., R.R. McCrae: 1988, 'Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO personality inventory' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, pp. 853–863.
- Diener, E.: 1994, 'Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities' Social Indicators Research 31, pp. 103–157.
- Diener, E., R.J. Larsen: 1984, 'Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, pp. 871–883. CrossRef
- Diener, E., R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larsen, S. Griffin: 1985, 'The Satisfaction With Life Scale' Journal of Personality Assessment 49, pp. 71–75.
- Hays, R.D., A.L. Stewart: 1992, 'Sleep measures' in A.L. Stewart, J.E. Ware (eds.), Measuring Functioning and Well-Being (Durham and London: Duke University Press), pp. 235–259.
- Headey, B., A. Wearing: 1989, 'Personality, life events, and subjective well-being: Toward a dynamic equilibrium model' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, pp. 731–739. CrossRef
- Horley, J., J.J. Lavery: 1991, 'The stability and sensitivity of subjective well-being measures' Social Indicators Research 24, pp. 113–122.
- Kozma, A., M.A. Stones, K. McNeil: 1991, Subjective Well-Being in Later Life (Butterworths, Toronto).
- McDowell, I., C. Newell: 1987, Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires (Oxford University Press, New York).
- Palmore, E.B., V. Kivett: 1977, 'Changes in life satisfaction: A longitudinal study of persons aged 46–70' Journal of Gerontology 32, pp. 311-316.
- Pavot, W., E. Diener, C.R. Colvin, E. Sandvik: 1991, 'Further validation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures' Journal of Personality Assessment 57, pp. 149–161.
- Stewart, A.L., J.E. Ware, C.D. Sherbourne, K.B. Wells: 1992, 'Psychological distress/well-being and cognitive functioning measures' in A.L. Stewart, J.E. Ware (eds.), Measuring Functioning and Well-Being (Durham and London: Duke University Press), pp. 102–142.
- Title
- Use of Other-Reports to Validate Subjective Well-Being Measures
- Journal
Social Indicators Research
Volume 44, Issue 3 , pp 367-379
- Cover Date
- 1998-07-01
- Print ISSN
- 0303-8300
- Online ISSN
- 1573-0921
- Publisher
- Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Heidi S. Lepper (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Center for Family Research, Iowa State University, 2625 North Loop Drive, Ames, IA, 50010, U.S.A.


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Tag: enrique carrion
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EXCLUSIVE PREVIEW: "Vescell" #4
Courtesy of Image Comics, CBR presents an exclusive preview of "Vescell" #4. Enrique Carrion and John Upchurch's series continues November 23.
EXCLUSIVE TRAILER: Image Comics' "Vescell"
Image Comics has provided CBR with an exclusive first look at the trailer for "Vescell," a new sci-fi series by creators Enrique Carrion and John Upchurch.
Uncovering a Sexy Sci-Fi Future in "Vescell"
The new Image Comics series "Vescell," from Enrique Carrion and John "Roc" Upchurch, follows a former detective as he protects a futuristic company that transfers human minds to other bodies.
PRESS RELEASE: Image Comics Presents Sexy New Sci-Fi Series "Vescell"
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics


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Pre-emptive action aims for a gradual transition to new kinds of trees, but is hard for homeowners.
A St. Paul public works crew conducted a structured cutting down of boulevard ash trees near the intersection of Reaney Avenue and Van Dyke Street in 2011 to combat the spread of the emerald ash beetle. North-metro cities are dealing with the same issue this spring.
Not everyone can have a maple.
That's one of the realities for homeowners who have ash trees removed and replaced as Anoka County cities deal pre-emptively with the threat of an emerald ash borer invasion.
Cities are gradually cutting down ash trees on boulevards and parks and replacing them in order to prevent the borer from quickly denuding the landscape. To avert a threat from future pests, the replacements have to be a healthy mix of oaks, lindewoods, hackberries and maples. So ... not everyone can have a maple.
Several cities are starting their seasonal ash-tree removal and replacement efforts this month. Lino Lakes crews will cut down 300 parks and wetland trees. Blaine crews will chop down 75 boulevard trees and 100 parks trees.
No infestations have been discovered in Anoka County, but scientists have found emerald ash borers in northern Ramsey County, so it's just a matter of time, Blaine and Lino Lakes officials say.
Most residents grasp the realities of preventive thinning to thwart the insect invasion. Where Blaine residents have been less understanding is when they learn they don't get to pick their replacement tree after city crews remove an ash from their boulevard, said Blaine Parks Department supervisor and forester Marc Shippee.
Everyone wants a maple, Shippee said.
After seeing Dutch elm disease and now emerald ash borers scar streetscapes, cities can't capitulate on this issue, Shippee said.
"One of the goals is to increase the diversity of the tree population in the future. When something comes through again, it will have much less of an impact if we get away from the monoculture of trees," Shippee said.
Blaine residents who opt for a free replacement will receive one of a variety of trees including hackberries, elms, maples, lindenwoods or honey locusts. Still, about one-third of Blaine residents choose not to replace their boulevard tree, Shippee said.
Blaine has removed as many as 700 ash trees from boulevards and parks since the emerald ash borer became a threat.
With an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 ashes along boulevards and another 8,000 to 10,000 on city parkland, Blaine crews will slowly remove trees over the next decade. The city cuts down and replaces two or three ash trees along a city block or in a park area.
"Then we don't go back for five years," Shippee explained. "With Dutch Elm, neighborhoods were transformed overnight. All trees were removed and it looked like a bomb hit it. This way, we are slowly transitioning the street canopy over the next 10 to 15 years."
In Lino Lakes, crews will be working in Country Lakes Park and South Reshanau Lakes Estates open space area. The 300 ash trees slated for removal are mostly wild, said Marty Asleson, Lino Lakes environmental coordinator.
"Some of these are wetland trees. They are poor form, leaning and twisting and have deficiencies. We would never treat them," Asleson said.
According to a recent inventory, there are about 900 ash trees on city land and along boulevards.
Lino Lakes plans to treat certain high-value ash trees in parks and along boulevards to protect them.


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Financial News
China Seeks Global Smartphone Dominance
China's biggest brands are jostling for the spotlight at this year's Mobile World Congress in Barcelona.
HuaWei was one of the first companies to invite press to preview its latest offerings at the Spanish mobile conference.
On show was a new mid-range smartphone, the Ascend G6, designed with a youth market in mind, plus two new phablets which will provide Apple's iPad Mini with competition.
But it was the electronic giant's wearable offering which was most talked-about. The Talkband is a smart bracelet that can monitor the user's fitness and it can also be separated from its base to work as a bluetooth ear-piece.
The Chinese companies ambition is evident but will innovation and engineering be enough to help it to establish itself as a main player in the European and American markets?
Michael O'Hara, chief marketing officer at the GSMA (the organisation behind the Barcelona congress) said the global market is becoming less of a closed shop.
"Chinese companies have about 10% to 15% in the device market now but I think that's really going to take off over the next few years," he told Sky News.
"You need to get a certain level of sales to be able to afford the level of advertising that's required to really push commercial products and obviously there's a lot of scale, particularly in Apple and Samsung who have such a significant share of the market.
"It's hard to break in but i think the technology that we're seeing come out of China makes that a possibility."
Jim Powell, product director for Huawei in the UK, told Sky News the company believes the smartphone market will not remain dominated by the likes of Apple and Samsung.
"You lose momentum, we've seen lots of companies over the history of time start to fall away when they lose their innovative edge," he said.
"The future is there for everybody to grab and that's going to be just as much about innovation and engineering as it will be about brand."
Stuart Miles, editor of Pocket-Lint, says it will be interesting to see if consumers can be convinced.
"They're trying to just say, 'Look, we can produce something that's thin, that's fast, its good it works, get over the fact that you've never heard of the brand - or probably for most people - that you don't even know how to pronounce the brand'."
:: Watch Sky News live on television, on Sky channel 501, Virgin Media channel 602, Freeview channel 82 and Freesat channel 202.


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About UNICEF: Employment
Temporary Appointment (TA) Programme Specialist (ECD), (P-3), Geneva, Switzerland
Under the guidance of the Regional Adviser for Early Childhood Development and through consultation with other Regional Advisers as appropriate, you will support knowledge management, capacity development and advocacy and communication activities in Roma early childhood development efforts in the Central and Eastern Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States & Baltic States region (CEE/CIS). You will be responsible for facilitating research on select issues for Roma early childhood development, planning and implementing capacity development and advocacy events, publishing and disseminating information, identifying appropriate expertise and supporting the Regional Adviser for ECD as needed. The position will require liaison and consultation with UNICEF Country Offices (COs)and Headquarters (HQ), development partners, research institutions, international and regional NGOs, academic institutions and expert networks involved in ECD.
Key Results
You will contribute to strengthening the knowledge base on the situation of Roma young children in C & SEE. You will support knowledge management with a focus on the expansion of knowledge and evidence on policy and programming approaches with respect to Roma young children. You will coordinate the provision of technical assistance and the dissemination of relevant documentation in ECD to COs as needed. You will collaborate closely with COs and external experts on studies to ensure that research is responsive to country needs and that capacity building occurs during the research process. You will document the process and outcomes of regional/sub-regional Roma ECD activities and events in order to identify good practices and lessons learned and ensure their appropriate dissemination. You will identify and secure the engagement of appropriately qualified experts for these activities. You will participate in information exchange through donor and media visits as well as in the development of training, orientation, advocacy and communication material.
You will provide national official and civil society representatives with technical supports and guidance to plan and organize training events for the purpose of capacity building and programme sustainability. You will ensure the building or reinforcing of the commitment and institutional capacities of national and local partners by taking a strategic approach to the identification of these partners and partnerships.
You will develop partnerships and collaboration with internal and external counterparts, including those of the UN, EU, regional and national partners, in order to improve the ability to collect and disseminate development data and information and exchange information on programme/project status. You will collaborate with the Operations Section to establish and maintain sound internal controls supportive of programming endeavours and to coordinate financial requirements and accountability. You will maintain collaboration with Regional Advisers and HQ Officers for effective overall coordination on programmes.
You will plan, develop and implement project plans under the guidance of the RA-ECD and in collaboration with UN, civil society and development partners and monitor progress and compliance. You will provide leadership in provision of technical advice, negotiation, advocacy and promotion of Roma ECD goals, leading to agreement on practicable and priority actions to be supported by UNICEF programme and joint management agreement/s. You will help to manage allocation and disbursement of project/programme funds, ensure that funds are properly coordinated, monitored and liquidated. You will take appropriate actions to optimize use of programme funds. You will ensure programme efficiency and delivery through transparent approaches to programme planning, monitoring and evaluation. You will write programme/project status reports required for management Board, donors, budget review, programme analysis, annual reports, etc. You will ensure the accurate and timely input of programme information in computerized programme system and the issuance of status reports for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
You will support the provision of quality assurance through the coordination of initiatives designed to achieve the capacity building, knowledge development and changed mindsets needed to achieve system reform for Roma young children and their families. You will contribute to quality assurance by supporting evidence building on upstream, system change efforts, support the provision of technical assistance, and provide guidance (e.g. collaborate with consultants and technical experts providing technical assistance in policy review and development, and develop knowledge products that provide evidence useful to COs in supporting system and policy reform for Roma young children). You will provide feedback and guidance on studies and proposals. You will ensure all publications and events meet high standards of quality.
Qualifications and Experience Required:
- Advanced university degree in a field of social and behavioural sciences or related field, with emphasis on policy, research and evaluation methods, planning and/or training. Specialized knowledge in comprehensive early childhood development.
- 5-8 years of professional experience at the national and international level, including previous experience working in CEE/CIS countries and solid experience in early childhood development planning, programming and policy. Previous experience of research, documentation and evaluation of social sector initiatives. Familiarity with UNICEFs mission and mandate, and especially approach to early childhood development.
- Knowledge of rights-based and results-based approaches and programming in UNICEF.
- Knowledge of UNICEF programme policy, procedures and guidelines.
- Knowledge of the Medium Term Strategic Plan (MTSP).
- Knowledge of child development and gender and development.
- Fluency in English; working knowledge of another UN language desirable. Knowledge of Russian an asset.
Further details:
Level: P-3 equivalent
Location: The post is based in the CEE CIS Regional Office in Geneva, Switzerland, with regular travel within the region, and occasional travel outside the region.
Timeframe: 364 days from signature of contract.
How to Apply
Interested applicants are requested to submit their Curriculum Vitae and a U.N. Personal History Form (P11), which can be downloaded from http://www.unicef.org/about/employ/index_53129.html, as well as a cover letter and send to the below noted mailbox. Internal staff will need to send their two latest PERs as well.
Send your application to: firstname.lastname@example.com (indicate programme Specialist in ECD in the subject line).
Deadline for applications: 7 June 2010.


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IT's so hard to draw the hair xD
Printable View
IT's so hard to draw the hair xD
That's actually not bad it's similar to how I and many Western comic artists draw our ears
I can't help you with hair, but ticonderoga pencils are my first pick in drawing.
Mechanical pencils just don't let you do different strokes.
Honestly, that ear is lookin' pretty okay. If you really want to know what pencils work best, just use your average everyday 02 pencil. They work great and you don't have to look to hard to find them.
I hope to see you posting more around here!
What stands out to me in your work is that everything seems grounded in an understanding of the body in a 3D plane. The torso is great. I would just suggest to make the trapezius muscles a little more pronounced (that is, make the slope between the neck and shoulders more \ shaped than L-shaped) and watching out next time for the size of the head. In this sketch, it's a little big. But I understand that you're fairly far in, and it'd ne a nuisance to change it at the stage it's currently in. C:
Man, I wish I started out that good... Would have saved me sooo much trial and error... Great work, keep it up.
So... will post again, yes?
Updated bump :D
Just wait until you get to hands, scheisse, ha ha ha.
Anyways, very nice beginning. After you're done, it'd be nice if you darkened the lines a bit, this is just an opinion, other people may think otherwise. Work a bit more on expressions, and the face, and some of the other details. So far, so good, though.


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WARNING: If you choose to purchase Blu cigs from a site other than the official website location, you may not receive certain features and may not be covered by its warranty. Please visit the official website by clicking this link at ==> BluCigs.com
With regular cigarettes having been banned in public places and increasing pressure around passive smoking, electronic cigarettes are growing in popularity. In fact, a retailer study estimated that there are currently 2.5 million e-cigarette users, resulting in sales of $300 million. Blu Cigs, the manufacturer of e-cigarettes that uses 100% USA ingredients, offers a huge variety of flavors in a simple, one-piece design.
What are Blu Cigs?
Blu Cigs manufacture electronic cigarettes; e-cigarettes deliver the same punch and nicotine as a regular cigarette but without the smoke (and passive smoking), smell or after-taste. No butts, no ash, no flames and no marks on fingers, teeth, walls, furniture and so on. They come in a range of flavors including classics like Classic Tobacco or menthol, as well as vanilla, cherry or other more exotic flavors.
Is Blu Cigs trustworthy?
They seem legit; they have social media presence, and interact frequently with their customers. Their Facebook and Twitter pages are updated on occasion and they keep their customer base up to date on their products. Blu Cigs is also a reputable business and is accredited by the BBB with an A-.
What do you get in the box?
I ordered the Premium starter pack and it came, all packaged in a sleek black box complete with LED battery icon, with:
- 2 Blu batteries
- 1 five-pack of flavor cartridges (the equivalent of 5 packets of regular smokes)
- A wall charger and USB charger, plus cable
- Homing device that could be turned on or off (to alert you to other Blu cig users)
What's the set up like?
I've never used e-cigarettes before, so was a bit apprehensive about the set-up. But it couldn't have been easier. They arrived at just under half-charged, so I just made sure the batteries were fully charged using my wall charger and USB cable, then fitted a flavor cartridge to the 'cigarette'. My first drag felt a bit strange, being used to a soft tip, but it delivered a genuine nicotine hit and the tip lit up to show it was working.
Charging is a cinch, those folks have thought of everything. Basically, if the 'cigarette' is in the pack, it's charging – and you even have LED lights on the pack to show you how charged the cigarette and the battery are. Batteries can be charged by plugging into your PC or a regular socket. The lights stop their cycle motion when fully charged and the pack vibrates.
When your battery goes, just insert the spare battery into the pack and it automatically charges. I've read online that some users find the battery to go quite quickly, but having researched smokers of other brands, it seems like it's just a common occurrence of e-cig batteries. For me, it lasted as long as it said it would and if it hadn't, I'd have sent it back as you get a year's warranty.
Using Blu Cigs – As good as the real thing?
I'm a Marlboro man so opted for the Classic Tobacco flavor in full flavor strength, but you can choose from light, ultra-light or even non-nicotine. I smoke 20 a day, more at the weekend, so I guess you could say I'm a good benchmark for 'normal' smokers thinking about making the switch.
First off, the flavor. I found the Classic Tobacco flavor authentic, although I have read that some hardened smokers would prefer an even stronger hit. For me it had all the characteristics that I love; the mellow, oaky flavor and tang.
Secondly, the duration. As with a regular smoke, the deeper you draw, the stronger the nicotine hit, so they're pretty easy to use. Each cartridge lasts for around 250 puffs, but obviously it'll be less or more depending on how deep you pull. I didn't count, but I'm guessing a cartridge lasted me about the same time as a single packet.
Thirdly, the comfort element. I'll admit, I missed the smoke at the beginning but soon became used to it. One of my buddies has recently switched to e-cigarettes, so going for a beer with him was great as we felt more comfortable both smoking them. You can use them in a bar, which was perfect for when we were shooting pool – I think we converted a few smokers around the pool table! The Blu Cig has built-in radar to let you know when another Blu smoker was close-by, which I guess would give you something to talk about. It also goes off when you're near a retailer which is handy if you're running low on cartridges, but you can turn off the radar if you like.
Finally, the social side. My wife and kids have long been on at me to stop smoking, not just for my health but for the smell, the passive smoke, the yellow fingers and teeth…the list goes on. Whilst I love the hit, I'm not ready to stop but the e-cigarette is a great compromise. I must admit, after a month or so of using them, I got into a buddy's truck and the smell was overwhelming…I never realized it was so bad. I didn't used to smoke around my family, but I remember once one of my kids recoiling when I got close and it really stuck. So I'm glad that I can still get my 'cigarette' but I'm not enforcing it on anyone near me.
What's great about Blu Cigs?
- Excellent smoking 'experience'; authentic flavor and size plus a glowing tip
- Great gimmicks such as the built-in phone charger, 'Social' radar for other Blu Cig smokers or retailers, and retractable wall charger prongs (great if you're on the move)
- Huge savings; around 50% on regular cigarettes
- More sociable, no more nicotine fingers or smells
- Cuts passive smoking for those around you
- Battery management system with auto-charging and charge icons
Any downsides to the product?
- Tip is blue; I'd prefer a more authentic color
- I've read that some users would prefer a stronger hit than 16mg, so maybe it's not for real heavy smokers
- Some users have had issues with the battery lasting shorter times, but if there are defects then the products are under a year's warranty which is reassuring
What are people saying about Blu Cigs?
"The premium starter kit is perfect, the vapor this little device puts out is enough to satisfy any regular smoker." Travis
"I can sneak in the bathroom at work, I can smoke around my pets and children, my car is pristine, I'm saving money. The benefits are endless." Jacki
"Good product, only suggestions is longer battery life per charge" Amanda
"I only bought the Blu kit for the looks and the occasional vape so for now it works fine for me, but the battery life is not very long" Izak Last
My personal review of Blu Cigs
I was a bit apprehensive about e-cigs but figured that they were better than smoking the real thing. The set-up was easy and the Classic Tobacco was a decent, authentic taste that I could enjoy anywhere. I'm not sure that e-cigs deliver the same experience, but the social benefits far outweigh the downsides. I smoked around a pack a day so have saved a bunch of money and, despite being able to smoke almost anywhere, I've cut down my smoking which I really didn't expect to do. I give it a thumbs up, although it might not be the right product for very heavy smokers or those who need a super-strength nicotine hit.
Best Place to Buy Blu Cigs
The official website is the best place to buy securely and comes with the 1 year warranty


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The United States has been without an ambassador to Ireland for over 16 months, the longest period the country has gone without one since 1927.
Now there are moves afoot among a group of Irish American politicians from both parties to approach the White House and demand action, IrishCentral has learned.
Dan Rooney was the last of 23 US ambassadors to have served in Dublin. He stood down in December 2012. Rooney is an owner and chairman of the Pittsburgh Steelers and a Barack Obama supporter.
The issue was raised on Irish national radio on Monday by civil rights lawyer Brian O'Dwyer, a Democratic Party stalwart and chairman of the Emerald Isle Immigration Center.
Speaking on RTE's 'Today with Sean O'Rourke' O'Dwyer said, "There's a tremendous sense of disappointment and anger in the Irish American community.
"There is a sense that the community has been abandoned by the Obama administration. There's bewilderment at the length of time it is taking.
"So with all of these emotions coming together the greatest sense for now is anger."
When pushed as to what the reason could be for such a delay O'Dwyer responded, "There is no good explanation for this. There is, seemingly, an indifference to the Irish American community and Irish America and Ireland, which is surprising given the amount of support that Obama has been given over the years, during the primaries and the election cycle."
The American Ambassador role is the link between the US and Ireland he said.
He added, "There are a number of issues going on between Ireland and the United States from immigration and taxation right down to commerce and business, all of which are vital to America and Ireland."
"It's extraordinarily difficult and disappointing at this point in time to have no replacement to speak in America on these issues."
RTE's O'Rourke asked if there was not a suitable candidate for the position within the Irish American community and O'Dwyer replied, "There are 44 million Irish Americans in the United States, I suspect at least one would be more than qualified."
It is understood that the Obama administration was ready to make an appointment last summer, but the person chosen then pulled out.
The vetting process is also said to be very time-consuming. The position is usually filled from a pool of political donors and therefore, candidates usually have extensive business interests that must undergo background checks.
Stella O'Leary, the founder of Irish-American Democrats, told IrishCentral that there is no shortage of Irish-Americans qualified for the job.
"There has been no communication, no reason for the delay and this has been to the severe disadvantage of the Irish in America and of Ireland," said O'Leary.
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No spittin', no swearin', no instigatin'...
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Hogan Bequest
Cornell Feline Health Center
February 25, 2008
The estate of Rhoda A. Hogan of Durham, New Hampshire has gifted $100,000 to the Cornell University Feline Health Center to help educate cat owners and veterinarians about the issues surrounding declawing cats.
Although a common procedure carried out in most veterinary clinics, feline declawing has remained a controversial and sensitive topic. With this gift, the center will be able to offer veterinarians and cat owners a variety of educational materials in the form of online videos and client brochures that veterinarians can share with cat owners that are contemplating having their cat declawed. The materials will be focused on helping cat owners understand the ethical and welfare consequences of surgical declawing and will provide cat owners with instructional videos on feline behavior training, aimed at reducing destructive scratching, one of the leading reasons cats are declawed. The materials will also provide veterinary training on proper pain management, when declawing has to be performed as a last resort.
"Ms. Hogan's bequest will allow the Cornell Partners in Animal Health Program and the Feline Health Center to work together to create a set of first-class videos that will explore all the avenues available to avoid declawing, and the many ways behavior problems can be addressed," said Dr. Fred Scott, interim director of the Cornell Feline Health Center.
The Cornell Partners in Animal Health Program specializes in creating innovative educational videos and other materials that are delivered online to pet owners and veterinarians worldwide. "I am very excited to be working with the Feline Health Center on this project. I am confident that together we can reach millions of cat owners with this important information, improving the well-being of so many cats around the world" said Dr. Jodi Korich, Director of Partners in Animal Health.
Hogan's generosity over the years has also provided for the Cocheco Valley Humane Society, the New Hampshire SPCA, the Northeast Animal Shelter and Alley Cat Allies.
A part of the Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, the Feline Health Center has been a leading veterinary medical specialty center dedicated to improving the health and well-being of cats everywhere since 1974. The center provides various feline related resources to the public and veterinary practitioners, many of which can be found online at http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc. The Feline Health Center and Partners in Animal Health also offer a collection of free instructional videos on routine cat care topics and disease-related videos, which can be viewed at PartnersAH.vet.cornell.edu.
Dr. Fred Scott
Director, Cornell Feline Health Center
last updated February 25, 2008 report a problem with this page to Webmaster.


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Cereal Home >
Quaker >
Ship Shake Cap'n Crunch Liquid
From: Quaker Introduced in 1966 While not a cereal, we decided to include this product in our giant database of cereals because it is so often mistakenly included on cereal lists... and it's kinda fun. Ship Shake Cap'n Crunch Liquid was a powdered breakfast drink made from oat flour... sort of like Slim-Fast shakes without the "slim". This product originally came with a shaker cup with a picture of Cap'n Crunch on the side. The package made the following claim: "When mixed as directed it's as good for you as a bowl of oatmeal." The following flavors of Ship Shake were available: Chocolate, Chocolate Malt and Butterscotch. On the back of one package, Cap'n Crunch and his cartoon friends shared how they enjoy this product in a cartoon panel titled "Shakes Alive! Look How Many Ways You Can Enjoy Ship Shake": 1) "Ship Shake is so good, I not only drink it at breakfast, I have it at bedtime too." 2) "I pack it in my seabag for after school snacks." 3) "I take it to school for lunch." Company Description: The Quaker Oats Company was founded in 1901 with the merger of three oat milling operations in the Mid-Western United States. Since then, the company has expanded operations to include a number of grocery sectors. In addition to hot and cold breakfast cereals, their products include... Read on and see all cereals from Quaker This cereal belongs to the following Mr Breakfast Cereal Families: Additional Images Upload an image for this cereal Comments About This Cereal
What do you think of Ship Shake Cap'n Crunch Liquid?
Overall Average Rating = 4 (out of 5) By QuispyQuake Anyone remember this commercial/ jingle for this: "Any way you make it, / if you stir it or you shake / it's Ship Shake! / (ruff! ruff! ruff! ruff!)" - The dog did the "ruff ruff ruff" part! That jingle has been stuck in my head for 40 years now (ugh!) Comment submitted: 7/31/2014 (#17437) By ShipShake Crazy (Team Breakfast Member)
Where can I get more? I loved it. It was AWESOME. Comment submitted: 9/1/2012 (#8984) By rhonda sue
I wish I could still purchase the Chocolate Malt flavor. It was delicious! Comment submitted: 3/10/2011 (#4100) By dana41231 (Team Breakfast Member) Sorta like Carnation Instant Breakfast, ewe... Comment submitted: 2/8/2011 (#3865) By shakewait
Extremely rich Chocolate Malt flavor was my favorite. It had a unique taste that I wish was still available... oh well! Comment submitted: 1/18/2011 (#3629) By SadShape
This stuff was foul! You got a little cup with a lid to shake it up. Comment submitted: 2/28/2010 (#1503) By PhilFloate Okay... this is just crazy. Really? Comment submitted: 8/13/2009 (#310) |


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Robot Snake Comes With Auto-Strangle Feature, Because What Could Go Wrong?
Look, I'm a pretty lazy guy, and as such, I'm as in favor of teaching robots to do pretty much anything. If a robot can wash my dishes, great. If a robot can hang out with my friends for me while I play video games, honestly, that's awesome. But when you teach a snake robot to automatically constrict around whatever it comes in contact with -- a tree branch, say, or your neck -- you've gone too far. That way madness lies.
Read More


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You will likely be asked to place a hold on items from the best sellers lists. Hold times for Richland Library are typically under 9 weeks.
This is not currently available for check out from any of our locations, but you may request we purchase it.
Amazon Says: An inexperienced college student falls in love with a tortured man who has particular sexual tastes
Amazon Says: Daunted by Christian's dark secrets, Anastasia ends their relationship — but desire still dominates her every thought; the second book in a trilogy.
Amazon Says: Reunited, Anastasia and Christian face a world of possibilities and unexpected challenges; the final volume in a trilogy.
Amazon Says: Who will end up dead, and how, when three mothers with children in the same school become friends?
Amazon Says: The lives of a blind French girl and a gadget-obsessed German boy before and during World War II, when their paths eventually cross.
Amazon Says: Two sisters in World War II France: one struggling to survive in the countryside, the other joining the Resistance in Paris.
Amazon Says: The Los Angeles psychologist-detective Alex Delaware and Milo Sturgis, a homicide cop, realize that the murder they're investigating was committed by a serial killer.
Amazon Says: A murderer is obsessed with Lt. Eve Dallas; by Nora Roberts, writing pseudonymously.
Amazon Says: Jack Morgan, the head of an investigative firm, uncovers a murder ring in Las Vegas.
Amazon Says: The investigation of an accident in New Hampshire leads to the discovery of a string of crimes.
Amazon Says: A 50-year-old Harvard professor learns she has early-onset Alzheimer's disease; now a movie.


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The differential pressure transducer dpt is used in plethysmograph setups for studying pulmonary function.
The dpt transducer measures the pressure difference between the chamber containing the subject and either a reference chamber or the atmosphere.
The pressure difference varies with the subject's breathing, and is determined by thorax moveme… learn more
The differential pressure transducer ppt is used in plethysmograph setups for studying pulmonary function.
In a plethysmograph for anesthetized subject, the ppt transducer is usually used to measure tracheal or oesophagal pressure.
The ppt transducer is connected to an … learn more
For in vitro and in vivo applications in which easy and accurate liquid pressure monitoring is required (e.g. perfusion pressure, blood pressure...).
technical data: