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- Prison Planet.com - http://www.prisonplanet.com -
Mind-reading device could become reality
Posted By admin On February 1, 2012 @ 3:42 am In Sci Tech | Comments Disabled
Nick Collins
London Telegraph [1]
February 1, 2012
A device which reads the thoughts of brain-damaged patients could become a reality, scientists claimed, after proving they could tell what someone was hearing just by decoding their brain waves.
In the video embedded above, each word spoken to a group of patients by an electronic voice is replicated twice by a computer which analysed the patients' brain waves to 'guess' what they had heard.
Researchers demonstrated that the brain breaks down words into complex patterns of electrical activity, which can be decoded and translated back into an approximate version of the original sound.
Because the brain is believed to process thought in a similar way to sound, scientists hope the breakthrough could lead to an implant which can interpret imagined speech in patients who cannot talk.
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[1] London Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/9051909/Mind-reading-device-could-become-reality.html
[2] Mind reading computer that translates thought signals is unveiled by scientists: http://www.prisonplanet.com/mind-reading-computer-that-translates-thought-signals-is-unveiled-by-scientists.html
[3] The mind-reading machine: 'Psychic' computer invented that can tell what you're thinking: http://www.prisonplanet.com/the-mind-reading-machine-psychic-computer-invented-that-can-tell-what-youre-thinking.html
[4] Edible Microchips, Biometric Identity Systems And Mind Reading Computers: http://www.prisonplanet.com/edible-microchips-biometric-identity-systems-and-mind-reading-computers.html
[5] Mind-reading car could drive you round the bend: http://www.prisonplanet.com/mind-reading-car-could-drive-you-round-the-bend.html
[6] Mind reading machines on their way: IBM: http://www.prisonplanet.com/mind-reading-machines-on-their-way-ibm.html
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text: | TOUCH O'RUFFLE TABLE MAT OR DISHCLOTH printer-friendly version Skill level : IntermediateFinished Size : Approx. 9" square (including ruffled border)Materials :95 yds. worsted weight cotton yarn Samples shown in: Lily "Sugar'n Cream" (56.7 grams = 95 yards (2 oz)) in color 00010 Yellow Pisgah Yarn & Dyeing Co., Inc. "Peaches & Crème" Article 930 4 Ply Worsted (2 oz /56.7 g; approximately 98 yds / 90 m) in ombre color #229 "Juanita Rose" Pair of size 8 (5.0 mm) needles, or size needed to achieve gauge Size 8 (5.0 mm) circular needle (16" length) for ruffled border Crochet hook size H/8 (5.00 mm) for edging Tapestry needle Row counter (optional) Gauge : 16 sts & 25 rows = 4" in double moss stitch on size 8 (5.0 mm) needlesPattern Notes :Center of dishcloth is worked first, then one round of single crochet edging is added to make it easier to pick up stitches for knitted ruffle border. Circular needle is used for working the ruffled border in continuous rounds. A row counter is useful for keeping track of rows and rounds. Special stitches: Double moss stitch: Row 1 (RS): *K2, p2, rep from * across to last 2 sts, k2. Row 2 (WS): *P2, k2, rep from * across to last 2 sts, p2. Row 3 (RS): *P2, k2, rep from * across to last 2 sts, p2. Row 4 (WS): *K2, p2, rep from * across to last 2 sts, k2. Rep Rows 1-4 for double moss stitch. Terms/Abbreviations : beginning (beg), bind off (BO), cast on (CO), increase (inc), knit (k),place marker (pm), purl (p), repeat (rep), single crochet (sc), slip stitch (sl st), stitch (st), yarn over (yo) Dishcloth CO 26. Rows 1-36: Work in double moss stitch pattern (see Special Stitches above). Bind off loosely in knit, placing remaining loop from last bound-off stitch onto the crochet hook. Crocheted edging round: With right side facing, ch 1, *work 25 sc evenly across to next corner, sc in corner, rep from * around, join with sl st (104 sc). Do not fasten off but transfer the remaining loop to the circular needle. Ruffled border (worked in rounds): With right side facing and with circular needle, pick up one st in each sc around (inserting needle under the top 2 loops of ea sc)(104 sts) Important : Double-check stitch count at this point to be sure there are 104 sts on needle beforeproceeding. Place marker to note beg of rnds. Note: Do not turn work at end of each round but continue in same direction. You will beproducing garter-stitch-in-the-round between each ruffle as follows: Rnd 1 (set-up & inc rnd): *K12, in next st work (yo, k1, yo), k12, in next st (i.e., corner st) work (yo, k1, yo), rep from * around (120 sts) Rnd 2: *P12, k3, rep from * around. Rnd 3 (inc rnd): *K12, yo, k3, yo, rep from * around (136 sts) Rnd 4: *P12, k5, rep from * around. Rnd 5 (inc rnd): *K12, yo, k5, yo, rep from * around (152 sts) Rnd 6: *P12, k7, rep from * around. Bind off in knit. Weave in all tails. Variation: Omit the knitted ruffle border and edge the center square with one or two rounds of sc followed by 1 rnd reverse sc, or substitute your favorite crochet edging for the knitted border. # # # Copyright 2010 – Designs by KN www.designsbykn.com For personal or charity use only. Do not duplicate pattern for commercial purposes. |


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A few weeks/months back, Square-Enix announced that Final Fantasy 1 & 2 would be coming to the iPhone. Being a Final Fantasy fan, I got all excited, but knew that I would explode unless I pushed such news out of my head. After checking out Square's Facebook page this morning though, my excitement was renewed because of two new screenshots.
Unfortunately, the release date is still under wraps by the marketing team, but we will certainly know soon enough. Until then, enjoy the new screens!
Tagged with: final fantasy, square enix


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Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 567159, 19 pages
Numerical Simulation of PAHs Formation and Effect of Operating Conditions in DI-Diesel Engines Based on a Comprehensive Chemical Mechanism
School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Received 22 November 2012; Revised 25 April 2013; Accepted 13 May 2013
Academic Editor: Moran Wang
Copyright © 2013 Bei-Jing Zhong and Jun Xi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Three-dimensional numerical simulations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation in a Chaochai 6102bzl direct injection diesel engine are performed. n-Heptane is chosen as the fuel. A detailed mechanism, which includes 108 species and 572 elementary reactions that describe n-heptane oxidation and PAH formation, is proposed. A reduced kinetic mechanism, with only 86 reactions and 57 species, is developed and incorporated into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software for the numerical simulations. Results show that PAHs, which were mostly deposited at the bottom of the diesel combustion chamber wall, first increased and then decreased with the increase in diesel crank angle. Furthermore, the diesel engine operating conditions (intake vortex intensity, intake air pressure, fuel injection advance angle, diesel load, and engine speed) had a significant effect on PAH formation.
1. Introduction
The diesel engine is widely used in various kinds of power devices and has gradually become one of the main power sources in different types of vehicles because of its low oil consumption, high thermal efficiency, good compatibility, and energy savings, as well as low HC and CO emissions [1]. However, the diesel engine can emit a large number of soot particles during operation [2–5]. Research indicates that diesel engines may need 0.2–0.5% fuel oil to convert soot particles into extra fine particles (~0.1 μm diameter) [6] emitted from the exhaust pipe. These particles consist of hydrocarbons (including aromatic hydrocarbon materials) adsorbed on carbon black. Therefore, controlling soot emission is a key issue in the development of diesel engines. To improve engine soot emission and engine performance, understanding the soot structure and formation mechanism of diesel engines is necessary.
In general, nucleation and growth are two necessary processes considered in the modelling and simulation of soot formation. Nucleation considers the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons and recombination of small molecules, which result in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as the soot core. Growth should consider a series of processes, including the transition of PAHs to small particles and soot particle change by the collision, condensation, absorption, and chemical reactions of gaseous compositions on the surface of the particles [7].
The numerical simulation of turbulent diffusion combustion in direct injection (DI) diesel engines is highly complicated because of the strong nonlinear interaction between turbulent flow and complex chemical reactions. Some researchers [8, 9] directly used the EBU model in three-dimensional simulations to describe diesel engine combustion. Cordiner et al. [10] used a mixed 1D-3D numerical procedure, together with the Shell and characteristic-time combustion models, to analyse combustion and exhaust emission in a dual-fuel diesel/natural gas engine. In the procedure, the 1D code provides the pressure boundary conditions as input information for the 3D simulations. Chen et al. [11] and Lim et al. [12] performed three-dimensional simulations of diesel engine combustion and emission using the eddy-dissipation-conception (EDC) model with simplified reaction mechanisms. Hu et al. [13] developed a mixed-mode combustion model, which takes advantage of the mixing details provided by large-eddy simulation, to cover the major regimes pertaining to diesel engine combustion. The model uses kinetically controlled, quasisteady homogeneous, quasisteady flamelet, and partially premixed combustion modes. The combustion models used for the simulation of turbulent diffusion flames also include the probability-density-function (PDF) transport equation model and laminar flamelet model [14, 15]. Given detailed chemical kinetics, the first two models require substantial calculation because the transport equations for all species have to be solved. Unlike the first two models, the laminar flamelet model, derived separately by Peters [16] and Kuznetsov [17], treats the mixture fraction as an independent variable. This model uses the scalar dissipation rate for the mixing process and views the turbulent flame as an ensemble of thin, laminar, local one-dimensional flamelet structures embedded within the turbulent flow field [18, 19]. The model is used to solve the local nonequilibrium chemical process caused by aerodynamic strain and can decouple chemistry and turbulent flow in considering the detailed reaction mechanism and molecular transport process. This decoupling considerably reduces the need for additional calculations.
This study aims to perform numerical simulations of the actual operating process of DI diesel engines (Chaochai 6102bzl engine) and formation of PAHs, including benzene (A1), naphthalene (A2), phenanthrene (A3), and pyrene (A4), using the FLUENT CFD software. To this end, a simplified mechanism that is based on a detailed mechanism is proposed. The effect of diesel operating conditions on PAH formation is also analysed. Commercial diesel does not have a chemical formula and its components are complex, making calculations difficult. A single component of alternative fuels is therefore needed. Cetane number (CN) is a measure of fuel ignition quality. It determines the length of the ignition delay period and has a significant effect on soot formation and the combustion process [20]. Thus, the CN of alternative fuels must first be considered. The CN of commercial diesel is about 50 and that of -heptane—an ideal, widely used alternative fuel [21–23]—is about 56. In the calculations, -heptane is used as the simulated fuel, and the unsteady-state laminar flamelet concept based on the -heptane combustion reaction mechanism is adopted as the turbulent flame model of the diesel engine.
2. Governing Equations
The process occurring in an engine cylinder is a turbulent reaction flow that is dominated by physical conservation laws, including mass, momentum, energy, and species conservations. Therefore, the governing equations describing combustion in cylinder are mass continuity, momentum conservation, energy conservation, species conservation, and the ideal gas equation of state.
2.1. Mass Continuity
The species conservation equation was written as where is the mass density of species, ; kg/m3; is the density of mixtures, kg/m3; is the velocity of fluid, m/s; is the diffusion coefficient, m2/s; is the Dirac delta symbol; is the source term caused in reaction; is the source term caused in spray.
After adding all species, the equation of continuity for the mixture is obtained:
2.2. Momentum Conservation
The momentum conservation equation is written as where is the static pressure, Pa; is the turbulent kinetic energy, kJ/m3; is the gravitational body force; is the surface tension, m; is the momentum increment per unit volume caused in spray, kg/(m2s).
For Cartesian coordinate system, the -, -, -direction momentum conservation equation are given as follows:
2.3. Energy Conservation
The energy conservation equation is written as where is the specific internal energy, kJ/kg; is the vector of heat flux, kJ, equals the sum of heat conduction and thermal diffusion, and is given by where is the heat conductivity; is the gas temperature, ; is the species enthalpy; is the heat of combustion; is the thermal source term caused in spray.
2.4. The Ideal Gas Equation of State
One has where is the universal gas constant, kJ/(kg·K); is the molecular weight of species; is the specific internal energy of species; is the constant-pressure specific heat of species, J/(kg·K).
3. Models and Boundary Conditions
3.1. Turbulence Model
Numerous models can describe turbulent flow; these include the single equation model, double equation model (the standard , RNG , and realisable models), Reynolds stress model, and large eddy simulation. Given the geometric curvature of combustor configuration and high-speed piston movement, the in-cylinder fluid flow is complex and involves eddy and secondary flow; hence, the realisable turbulence model proposed by Shih et al. [24] is selected for the present study. The realisable model is a relatively recent development and differs from the standard model. The kinetic energy and transport equations of the former have the same form as the standard and renormalisation group models, but the dissipation rate equations are different. The produced items of dissipation rate do not contain the produced items of turbulent kinetic energy. The realisable model is adopted for fluid flow, including boundary eddy flow, strong adverse pressure gravity, separate flow, and secondary flow [25, 26].
The modelled transport equations for and in the realisable model are as follows: where In these equations, represents the generation of turbulent kinetic energy by mean velocity gradients; is the generation of turbulent kinetic energy by buoyancy; denotes the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the overall dissipation rate; , , , and are constants; and represent the turbulent Prandtl numbers for and , respectively; and and are user-defined source terms.
3.2. Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction Model
In diesel engines, fuel is sprayed into the cylinder. The fuel evaporates, mixes with the surrounding gases, and then autoignites as compression raises temperature and pressure. The diesel engine nonsteady-state laminar flamelet model that is based on the works of Pitsch et al. [27] and Barths et al. [28] can describe the chemistry in a single one-dimensional laminar flamelet and model ignition, as well as the formation of the product, intermediate, and pollutant species. It is chosen in this study to predict the combustion process in the diesel engine with compression ignition [25]. Computationally expensive chemical kinetics is reduced to a one-dimensional model, which is significantly faster than the laminar-finite-rate, EDC, or PDF transport models, and calculates kinetics in two or three dimensions. The simulation results confirm good accuracy.
In a laminar diffusion flame, the species mass fraction and temperature along the -axis can be mapped from the physical space to the mixture fraction space. Thus, they can be uniquely described by two parameters: mixture fraction , defined in (7), and strain rate (or equivalently, scalar dissipation , defined in (8)). The chemistry is therefore reduced and completely described by quantities and . Finally, a set of simplified laminar flamelet equations can be obtained in the mixture fraction space, including species mass fraction equations: and a temperature equation: In (13) and (14), , , , and are the th species mass fraction, temperature, density, and mixture fraction, respectively; and are the th species specific heat and mixture-averaged specific heat, respectively; denotes the th species reaction rate; and represents the specific enthalpy of the th species.
The mixture fraction can be written in terms of the atomic mass fraction as [29]
where is the elemental mass fraction for element ; the subscript ox is the value at the oxidiser stream inlet; and the subscript fuel denotes the value at the fuel stream inlet. If the diffusion coefficients for all the species are equal, then (15) is identical for all the elements and the mixture fraction definition is unique. The mixture fraction is therefore the elemental mass fraction that originates from the fuel stream.
Scalar dissipation varies along the axis of a flamelet and must be modeled across the flamelet. An expression for variable density is used [30]:
where is the density of the oxidizer stream. For a counterflow diffusion flamelet, flamelet train rate can be related to the scalar dissipation at :
where is the scalar dissipation at the stoichiometric ratio; is the characteristic strain rate; denotes the stoichiometric mixture fraction; and is the inverse complementary error function.
In an adiabatic turbulent diffusion flame system, the species mass fraction and temperature in the laminar flamelets are completely parameterized by and , and the time-averaged characteristic scalars can be determined from the PDF of and as
where represents the species mass fraction and temperature and denotes a joint probability density function. For nonadiabatic laminar flamelets, considering the computational cost, heat transfer to the system is assumed to have a negligible effect on flamelet species mass fractions. So the flamelet profiles are convoluted with the assumed-shape PDFs as in (18).
The flamelet species and energy equations ((13) and (14)) are simultaneously solved with the flow. To account for the temperature rise during compression, the flamelet energy equation (14) contains an additional term on the right-hand side:
where is the specific heat and is the volume-averaged pressure in the cylinder. This rise in flamelet temperature caused by compression eventually ignites the flamelet.
The flamelet equations are advanced for a fractional step using properties from the flow, which is then advanced for the same fractional time step using properties from the flamelet. The initial flamelet condition at the beginning of the diesel simulation is a mixed-but-unburned distribution. For the flamelet fractional time step, the volume-averaged scalar dissipation and pressure, as well as the fuel and oxidiser temperatures, are passed from the flow solver to the flamelet solver. After the flamelet equations are advanced for the fractional time step, a PDF table is converted into a nonadiabatic steady flamelet table. Using the properties in this table, the CFD flow field is then advanced for the same fractional time step.
3.3. Kinetic Model
Turbulent combustion in an engine cylinder is highly complex. Hence, three-dimensional turbulent combustion simulation with a detailed reaction mechanism is difficult to complete using current computer resources. Detailed reaction mechanisms should be reduced. For this purpose, we first propose a detailed chemical mechanism describing -heptane as a surrogate fuel for kerosene, oxidation, and PAH formation. It is then simplified to obtain the reduced-detail mechanism that can be coupled with CFD.
The detailed -heptane reaction mechanism that describes PAH formation and oxidation consists of 108 species and 572 elementary reactions [31]. The mechanism was taken from Wang and Frenklach [32] (R31–R572, refer to [31]) and Curran et al. [33] (R1–R30, refer to [31]). As the first aromatic ring (benzene) is formed, the growth of larger aromatic species essentially follows the H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism. The HACA mechanism and aromatic combination, which describe the details of the growth of aromatic hydrocarbons, can be found in [15]. The next stage is to integrate reaction kinetics in the multidimensional CFD solver. The detailed mechanism is simplified prior to multidimensional CFD modelling. Net reaction rate analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to simplify the detailed mechanism. The simplified mechanism includes 57 components and 86 elementary reactions (see Table 1), and can be coupled with the CFD multidimensional model. A comparison of the simplified and detailed mechanisms shows very close calculation results, with a 15% relative error for intermediate profiles. These results confirm that the authenticity of the prediction of flame structure and PAH (A1, A2, A3, and A4) formation generated by the mechanism simplification procedure is indistinguishable from that yielded by the detailed mechanism over the specified fixed range of conditions. The details of the simplification of this mechanism and its testing can be found in [34].
3.4. Spray Model
FLUENT provides different spray models for droplet collision and breakup, as well as a dynamically varying drag coefficient that accounts for variations in droplet shape. These models are the droplet collision model, applicable to low-Weber-number collisions, and droplet breakup models; the latter include the Taylor analogy breakup (TAB) model, applicable to low-Weber-number injections and low-speed sprays into a standard atmosphere, and the wave model that is applicable to Weber numbers greater than 100 and popular in high-speed fuel injection applications [14]. The dynamic drag model provided by FLUENT is adopted for the accurate determination of droplet drag coefficients, which are crucial for accurate spray modelling in this work. It is compatible with the TAB and wave models for droplet breakup. When the collision model is switched on, the collisions reset the distortion and distortion velocities of the colliding droplets. When sprayed into the combustion chamber through the nozzle, the droplets may merge or break up.
3.5. Initial and Boundary Conditions
Even as the precise geometric shapes of a physical model are an important precondition to accurate simulation, creating a computational module strictly in accordance with actual conditions is very difficult because the overall structure of the diesel engine is highly complex. Therefore, the treatment of the structures requires simplification. In this study, the approaches to simplification are as follows. The intake and exhaust strokes are disregarded, with initial and boundary conditions obtained through experiments. The calculation is completed only for one-sixth of the full geometry because the diesel cylinder that is adopted is a fuel injection nozzle with six uniform jet holes. Figure 1 shows the geometric model and calculation grid of the DI diesel engine at a 10° crack angle (CA) before top dead centre.
The parameters of the geometric model and initial boundary conditions are shown in Table 2. The calculations, including those for the compression, combustion, and expansion strokes, are completed using the FLUENT CFD software solver.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Reliability Analysis of the Models
Comprehensively verifying the models is very difficult because limited test results are available for comparison. Usually, pressure and temperature are the standards of simulation. The examined comparisons of the detailed mechanism were completed in the laminar flames [31, 35]. The results show that the mechanism can describe flame characteristics. As shown in [34], the simplified mechanism that is based on the detailed mechanism can also reproduce the major features of the detailed mechanism. Figure 2 shows the variations in average pressure in the cylinder with CA; these variations were determined by numerical simulation and testing. The figure shows that the computed pressure rise and maximum pressure, as well as their corresponding crank positions are essentially consistent with experimental data [36]. The maximum pressure in the cylinder (about 8.5 MPa) occurred at 4°CA after top dead centre. The maximum pressure showed an error of 1.16% only in comparison with the experimental results for 8.6 MPa. The comparison of the pressure curves shows that the numerical simulation of the DI diesel engine reflects actual conditions.
Figure 3 shows the computed volume-average temperature in the cylinder against variations in CAs. The figure shows three special points, which correspond to the ignition of the fuel at 360°CA, maximum pressure at 364°CA, and maximum temperature at 379°CA. The average temperature in the engine cylinder was about 1400 K at the ignition point (i.e., 360°CA). Below this temperature, the engine flamed out, which is generally consistent with the conclusion of Liu et al. [37]. Kinetic analysis shows that the following important reactions occurred at the ignition point:
It is found that H, O, and OH imposed important effects on ignition, and H2 and C2H4 were produced from the decomposition of C7H16. On the one hand, the small hydrocarbon gases can be conducive to burning. On the other hand, they can increase CH3 and C3H3, after which C3H3 can be converted to A1. This conversion may, in turn, generate A2, A3, and A4.
As the fuel is burned, the considerable heat produced by combustion caused the gas pressure and temperature in the cylinder to sharply rise until the average temperature reached a maximum value of 1935 K at 379°CA, where fuel injection was terminated and combustion was completed. Similarly, the kinetic analysis shows that in addition to reactions , , , , , , , , , , and (see Table 1), other important reactions occurred at the maximum temperature (i.e., 379°CA):
At this point, adequate H, OH, and O were produced but less C3H3 was generated. Figure 4 shows the corresponding spatial temperature distributions at 360°, 364°, and 379°CA.
4.2. Spatial Distributions of Temperature and Species Concentrations
Figure 5 shows the spatial distributions of temperature and concentrations of the major species (C7H16, O2, CO2, and H2O) and PAHs (A1, A2, A3, and A4) at 360°, 364°, and 379°CA. The figure illustrates that the eddy formed in the combustion chamber caused the high-temperature region to propagate through the bottom of the chamber. When the crank moved to 364°CA, a local high-temperature region at 2643 K was formed at the bottom centre of the chamber. Conversely, when the crank moved forward to 379°CA, a high-temperature flame fully propagated through the bottom of the chamber. At the starting point of combustion (360°CA), the fuel (i.e., C7H16) aggregated at the jet flow centre, thereby producing severely insufficient and excess oxygen inside and outside the fuel jet, respectively. When the C7H16 was consumed, only a little fuel remained near the wall at the bottom of the chamber at 364°CA because of the low combustion rate near this wall. This low combustion rate resulted in a lower wall temperature and lower O2 concentration. In the subsequent combustion (up to 379°CA), the remaining fuel continued to combust until it was completely consumed, the O2 concentration at the bottom of the chamber continued to decrease, and the CO2 and H2O concentrations gradually rose, thereby forming a high-temperature region with maximum temperature and severe oxygen deficiency. Nevertheless, the oxygen concentration remained high in the unburned region.
As shown in Figure 5, large quantities of A1, A2, A3, and A4 started forming near the wall of the combustion chamber bottom at the ignition point (1750 K), which corresponds to 360°CA. The species continued to form at 379°CA (i.e., the point at which the largest average temperature occurred). At 360°CA, the temperature further improved after ignition, but the fuel remained in the stage of diffusion combustion. It was poorly mixed with air, resulting in pyrolysis and incomplete fuel combustion. At 364°CA (i.e., the point at which the maximum average pressure occurred), the mixing of fuel with air continued to proceed poorly because the diffusion flame had only begun to propagate through the bottom of the chamber. Thus, the fuel jet achieved easy pyrolysis near the wall at the bottom of the combustion chamber, forming A1, A2, A3, and A4. Moving the crank to 379°CA caused large quantities of PAHs to continue forming near the wall at the bottom of the chamber until they were nearly completely oxidised at the high-temperature region because of adequate O2 concentration.
Figure 6 shows the spatial distributions of the concentrations of some intermediate species (H, C3H3, A3-4), C4H4, and C2H2) at 360°, 364°, and 379°CA. The figure indicates that H, C2H2, and C3H3 formed primarily at the high-temperature region because of the combustion and decomposition of fuel, which resulted in more A1 production through the reaction .
4.3. Species Concentration Profiles
Figures 7 and 8 show the variation curves of the concentrations of the major species (C7H16, O2, CO2, and H2O) and PAHs (A1, A2, A3, and A4) as a function of the CA corresponding to the conditions shown in Table 2. Figure 7 illustrates that the C7H16 concentration first increased with fuel injection during the delay period prior to ignition. C7H16 was then quickly consumed until it reached its maximum at 360°CA (the C7H16 ignition point). The C7H16 injected during the delay (360°–364°CA) and slow burning (364°–379°CA) periods continued to combust during the spray process and was quickly and almost fully consumed when the injection process was terminated (379°CA). O2 gradually decreased as combustion progressed, whereas CO2 and H2O gradually increased until they reached a fixed value at the end of the fuel combustion process.
As shown in Figure 8, the PAH concentrations first increased and then decreased with CA. During the delay period (~360°CA), A1, A2, A3, and A4 started to form because of C7H16 pyrolysis before fuel ignition. These species gradually increased in the range 360–364°CA until they reached their maximum at 364°CA. This behaviour implies that the pollutants formed in a dominant manner, corresponding to the stages of diffusion flames in the diesel engine. The fuel injected in the combustion chamber underwent pyrolysis under severe oxygen deficiency before the ignition and diffusion combustion of the formed rich mixture at the jet centre in the initial stage of combustion after ignition. The pyrolysis generated a number of A1, A2, A3, and A4 species. The kinetic analysis shows that the important reactions for PAH formation occurred at , , , and . After moving the crank to 364°CA, strong turbulent flow and fuel vapour in the cylinder accelerated the mixing of fuel with air and considerably improved combustion, thereby generating less A1, A2, A3, and A4. At the same time, large quantities of previously formed A1, A2, A3, and A4 were oxidised at high temperature by reactions , , , and . Thus, the A1, A2, A3, and A4 concentrations were quickly reduced beyond 364°CA because of their dominant oxidation. Beyond 379°CA, fuel injection was terminated, and combustion gradually ceased. Therefore, the pressure and temperature in the cylinder of the diesel engine quickly decreased, and PAH concentrations gradually reached constant levels.
4.4. Effect of Operating Conditions on PAHs
4.4.1. Effect of Intake Vortex Intensity
Vortex intensity is one of the important performance parameters that affect fuel combustion and emissions, especially particle emissions, in diesel engines. Eddy motion promotes mixing of fuel and air, improves the formation of combustible mixtures, and enhances combustion efficiency. To study the effect of intake vortex intensity (defined as the ratio of the intake swirl speed to the engine speed) on combustion and emission, we simulated the diesel engine combustion process and PAH formation under different vortex intensities (0.5, 2.5, and 4.5), with the other parameters maintained at relatively constant levels.
Figure 9 shows the mean-averaged mass fractions of A1, A2, A3, and A4 as a function of CA under vortex intensities of 0.5, 2.5, and 4.5. We can see from the figure that A1 gradually decreased, whereas A2, A3, and A4 only slightly changed with increasing intake vortex intensity. The sharp points of A2, A3, and A4 were 5−10, 6−13, and 1−13, respectively. Increasing the intake vortex intensity is advantageous to increasing airflow velocity and turbulence intensity in the engine combustion chamber, accelerating mixture formation, expanding the high-temperature region, and controlling combustion in the cylinder. The end results are improved combustion conditions and reduced combustion time, increased combustion efficiency, and reduced PAH formation, as confirmed by the simulation results.
4.4.2. Effect of Intake Air Pressure
Figure 10 shows the mean-averaged mass fractions of A1, A2, A3, and A4 as a function of CA under intake air pressures of 3.5, 4, and 4.5 MPa. The figure illustrates that A1 gradually decreased, whereas A2, A3, and A4 only minimally changed with increasing intake air pressure. The variations in PAHs showed a similar trend (Figure 9).
The intake air pressure was higher, and the gas density and oxygen concentration of the engine cylinder were greater. These conditions enabled complete diesel engine combustion under greater excess air coefficients, resulting in more complete fuel combustion and less PAH formation. Increasing the amount of air in the cylinder may reduce PAH production and simultaneously promote the oxidation of previously formed PAHs. Hence, PAH concentrations decreased with increasing intake air pressure.
4.4.3. Effect of Diesel Fuel Injection Advance Angle
Fuel injection advance angle is defined as the time at which fuel is injected into the cylinder and then to the piston only as the experience point of the crank angle. It is an important parameter that affects diesel fuel combustion. Previous studies have shown that the fuel injection advance angle in DI diesel engines has a more significant effect on fuel economy, power, and emission performance than do other parameters. Large or small, injection advance angles have a direct effect on diesel engine power output and fuel consumption, resulting in crude diesel engine and unstable running conditions.
Figure 11 shows the mean-averaged mass fractions of A1, A2, A3, and A4 as a function of CAs under fuel injection advance angles of 6°, 8°, and 10°CA, with the other parameters kept constant. The figure illustrates that A1 gradually decreased, whereas A2, A3, and A4 did not change much with increasing fuel injection advance angle.
Increasing the fuel injection advance angle decreased the pressure and temperature when the fuel was injected into the cylinder. Thus, the delay period of ignition was extended. Fuel can mix well with air at a level before the top dead centre (TDC), and then the mixture promptly ignites and burns at the nearby TDC. Therefore, appropriate increments in injection advance angle can improve fuel quality and air mixture. Consequently, combustion efficiency is enhanced. However, immoderate increments in fuel injection advance angle increase the amount of fuel injected into the cylinder before ignition. When the fuel is ignited, the cylinder pressure rapidly rises, resulting in crude diesel. At an excessively small fuel injection advance angle, a fuel mixture begins to form and burn at a level beyond the TDC, where the cylinder pressure and temperature are low, resulting in reduced fuel efficiency.
4.4.4. Effect of Diesel Load
Diesel load regulation is controlled with the quantity of diesel fuel injection. The fuel injected into the cylinder increases with rising diesel load. Accordingly, the heat released by combustion is greater and the engine produces more peak torque. We completed a numerical simulation of different fuel deliveries per cycle per cylinder, keeping the same other parameters constant, to study the effect of diesel load on PAH formation and oxidation in the DI diesel engine.
Figure 12 presents the mean-averaged mass fractions of A1, A2, A3, and A4 as a function of CA under fuel delivery per cycle per cylinder levels of 50, 70, and 90 mg. The figure shows that A1 gradually increased, whereas A2, A3, and A4 only slightly changed with increasing fuel delivery per cycle per cylinder.
The different engine loads correspond to different fuel-to-air equivalence ratios. Hence, the effect of engine load on harmful gases in the exhaust is essentially attributed to the equivalence ratio. The fuel and air mixture deteriorated with increasing equivalence ratio, leading to the increased formation of PAHs. During heavy load conditions, the equivalence ratio and temperature are high, and the excess concentrated fuel/air mixture produced in the combustion chamber causes fuel pyrolysis and incomplete combustion. By contrast, during light load conditions, the diesel engine operates with substantial excess air. Thus, combustion is more complete and fewer PAHs are formed.
4.4.5. Effect of Engine Speed
The effect of diesel engine speed on diesel engine combustion and PAH formation was also investigated under fixed parameters. Figure 13 shows the mean-averaged mass fractions of A1, A2, A3, and A4 as a function of CA under engine speeds of 1800, 2300, and 2800 rpm. As shown in the figure, A1 gradually increased, whereas A2, A3, and A4 only minimally changed with increasing engine speed.
When the engine speed increased, more fuel was injected into the engine chamber over a short period, which was insufficient for fuel evaporation and fuel-air mixing. In turn, these resulted in incomplete combustion and the formation of large quantities of PAHs.
5. Conclusion
Three-dimensional numerical simulations of an -heptane-fuelled Chaochai 6102bzl DI diesel engine were performed. The simulations were carried out under actual working conditions and PAH formation (A1, A2, A3, and A4). A combustion model, along with laminar flamelet, nonsteady-state, turbulent flow, and spray models, was used in the numerical simulation. The comparison of the simulation and experimental results for the delay period and variation trends of the cylinder pressure indicates that the models established in this study can accurately describe the actual working conditions of an in-cylinder diesel engine. The numerical results show that during the delay period, large quantities of PAHs were formed because of the high-temperature pyrolysis of fuel at the front of the fuel jet. PAHs were formed near the wall at the bottom of the combustion chamber during the ignition stage and were then completely oxidised at a temperature higher than 2000 K. The simulated results for the diesel engine operating conditions indicate that increasing the intake vortex intensity and intake air pressure promotes complete fuel combustion and reduces PAH formation. Appropriate increases in fuel injection advance angles can also reduce PAH generation. The effect of engine load on the combustion process is essentially attributed to the equivalence ratio. The load increase caused a rise in equivalence ratio, creating a rich fuel mixture and resulting in elevated PAH production. Finally, increasing engine speed shortened the time consumed in fuel and air mixing, resulting in combustion deterioration and the formation of large quantities of PAHs.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the China National Science Fund (Grant no. 51036004) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2009AA05Z219).
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OCD Treatment
People worldwide suffering from OCD are looking for an effective OCD treatment. For anyone unsure of what OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) is one of the most popular sitcom characters portraying these symptoms was Monica Geller in Friends (who had an extreme obsession with being neat and having everything in order).
OCD is a mental and anxiety disorder where sufferers display uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and actions that prove to be repetitive and ritualised but which are hard to stop. About 2% of the population will suffer from symptoms of this disorder. It is normally diagnosed in adolescents (approximately 1 in 100 children will be classified as obsessive compulsive) and is evident in more women than men.
A bit like a stuck record OCD makes the brain stick on a particular urge or thought. It may involve going back into the house 20 times to check you turned the iron off, repeatedly washing your hands, hoarding items not wanted/needed or more worryingly disturbing aggressive or sexual urges. People with OCD are often aware that their thoughts and actions are not rational and that it impacts negatively on their family, friends and social skills. They are not happy with their actions and are riddled with anxiety as well as shame, guilt and depression but are controlled by their compulsions. When someone gets to this stage it's important that they seek treatment of OCD.
There are many OCD treatment options that are effective ranging from self-help, therapy and medication.
Self Help
There are countless self-help resources available for OCD treatment in the form of books, CD's and DVD's in addition to support groups of fellow sufferers.
It is important for obsessive-compulsive disorder sufferers to understand that their condition is a disorder and not something that means they are crazy (as in often portrayed in TV and movies). This involves reconditioning your brain so that if for example you get the urge to wash your hands after having just done it you tell yourself it is due to your compulsion as you can quite clearly see that your hands are already clean. Once you realise that it is the OCD that makes you act the way you do and not you yourself you have fought part of the battle. For many people it helps to write down their obsessive thoughts. It helps them face up to their issues and confront them.
The use of alcohol or drugs to control OCD will never work and must be avoided at all costs. Try replacing them with relaxation techniques and exercise and you will have a healthier body and outlook on life.
Cognitive Behavioural Disorder (CBT)
This is probably the most effective treatment for OCD and is a form of specialist "talking treatment". It works loosely along the lines of the self-help strategies mentioned above but aided by sessions with a qualified therapist either one-to-one or as part of a group. Your therapist will usually recommend exposure and response prevention therapy.
This therapy (also known as exposure and ritual prevention) involves gradually learning to tolerate the impulse or situation you fear (exposure) without allowing the ritual behaviour to manifest itself and control you (ritual/response prevention). As an example for someone who is obsessed with cleanliness, they may get asked to go to a public toilet and touch the door handle and then prevented from washing their hands. Instead of getting anxious the therapist would help you develop techniques to control the anxiety.
Although this OCD therapy is highly effective it can be difficult for the sufferer. It requires them to confront their disorder and to be highly motivated and have lots of willpower.
Your doctor may decide to give you medication as an OCD treatment. These drugs known as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI's) work by reducing your anxiety levels and are also used to deal with depression.
With SSRI's it can take 2-3 months before you start seeing any tangible results. In addition you will need to take the medication for at least a year.
Psychosurgery (Hospitalisation)
For those that do not respond to self help, CBT, medication or support groups as a very last resort you may get referred to undergo psychosurgery. For these people a recent study has shown around 30% of patients benefited greatly from this treatment for OCD.
Although OCD can be a frustrating and frankly annoying disorder for many people with the aid of at least one of the OCD treatment programs highlighted above it can be fought helping you to start leading a normal life.


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Spinner Rack: Exiles #1, Captain Britain #12, Hercules #127
- Posted by Johanna on April 12, 2009 at 11:52 am
- Category: Superhero Reviews
- PUBLISHER: Marvel
The Incredible Hercules #127
Sigh. I find a series I like, and it gets sucked into whatever the latest bottom-line-enhancing "event" is. I don't know what "Dark Reign" means, nor do I think the Marvel Universe makes sense any more, so I'm not interested in anything that ties it more together.
Hera and Athena are battling over control of the Olympus Group corporation. So now Hera wants to kill Hercules (and Amadeus, just because he's there). This is an amusing way to translate mythology into modern-day heroics, complicated by the twisted family relations of the gods, and Hera is written as chewing the scenery beautifully.
I was hoping that this would be a "red skies" crossover, where the characters mention something is happening but go on with their own story, but then Norman Osborn showed up. Now, admittedly, he and Hera are funny together, but again, I don't care. That's doubled when we get cannon-fodder hero deaths. So I guess I'm dropping the series until I hear there's a new storyline that's more interesting.
Captain Britain and MI13 #12
Spitfire, Lady Jacqueline, is under Dracula's control and captive in his castle on the moon.
A couple of months ago, there were cancellation rumors about this book that were declared not true in favor of promoting this storyline. Which is a cool idea, but it's proceeding much too slowly. I suppose that ties in with the British approach, but I don't think it's keeping up with its competition. Just because the book is surviving through this set of issues doesn't mean it's safe, and the way it's going, I wouldn't be too hopeful.
My problem with it remains: not enough team interaction. Instead, we get exposition. And big mystical plans that ultimately mean nothing, because the good guys will have some other big mystical stopper. Magical storylines are troublesome for that reason. Can I have more character work, please?
Exiles #1
Five about-to-die heroes — Polaris, a feline Beast, Black Panther, Forge, Scarlet Witch — are plucked from alternate worlds and assembled under the leadership of Morph, a hilarious shape-shifter. Blink's there, too, but doesn't say much beyond explaining her powers.
I found the beginning, where everyone gets an individual couple of pages of action just before the moment of their death (as expected, no one dies quietly in bed), necessary but slow-going. I like team books for the interactions, and I had to be patient enough to get them all together.
The alternate world background is a great gimmick to use interesting characters without all their continuity baggage. The writer — Jeff Parker, the reason I tried this book in the first place — can also tweak problems with them if so desired or explore writing them in a different voice. This Black Panther, for example, doesn't have that whole "I am the King, worship me" tone to his voice, instead sounding more like, well, a superhero.
Mostly, though, I like this book because of Morph. A creative creative team can do great, funny stuff with him, like when he turns into Doctor Who or the Timebroker from the previous series while explaining the premise (taken out of time) to the new team members. It's a shame that he's not a real team member, only their guide. I'd like to see more of him, but he does work best this way, I suppose. He doesn't match well in some of the grim worlds the team will be sent to. This first one, they have to help Wolverine overthrow Magneto, only the regenerating superhero isn't exactly available at the moment.
7 Responses to "Spinner Rack: Exiles #1, Captain Britain #12, Hercules #127"
- Geoff J Says:
April 12, 2009 at 1:36 PMNow, what doesn't make sense about putting a serial killer in charge of your nation's defenses? :)
- Shaun Huston Says:
April 14, 2009 at 1:06 AMCouldn't agree with you more about the life-sucking effects of the cross-over "events" that tend to loom over everything in the Marvel Universe, and I don't find DC to be much better on this account.
- Johanna Says:
April 14, 2009 at 6:55 AMOh, true. You'll notice that I didn't talk about any DC titles, because I didn't have any that interested me that much.
- Journalista - the news weblog of The Comics Journal » Blog Archive » April 14, 2009: T-minus one Says:
April 14, 2009 at 8:18 AM[…] Various titles Link: Tucker Stone, Johanna Draper Carlson, Paul O'Brien and Diana […]
- Marvel X-Men Cartoon Series » Comics Worth Reading Says:
April 25, 2009 at 7:24 AM[…] hadn't realized that Morph (currently appearing in Exiles) was created for this series. He doesn't have his blank white head, though, and he […]
- Captain Britain Is Too Cancelled » Comics Worth Reading Says:
May 19, 2009 at 5:24 PM[…] Hey, remember how in January there were rumors going around that the Marvel title Captain Britain and MI13 was cancelled? And Marvel sent out people to say, "oh, no, no, it's not, we're doing this great new storyline about Dracula on the moon!"? […]
- The DC New 52: Reviews of All the Week Three Books » Comics Worth Reading Says:
September 16, 2011 at 8:49 AM[…] is on solid, if somewhat obscure, foundations. Writer Paul Cornell loves writing about England (Captain Britain and MI-13, Doctor Who) — being a Brit himself obviously helps. Diogenes Neves is a Brazilian artist […]


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Stubbs announces candidacy for Conservative nomination
Tuesday, Sep 02, 2014 12:00 pm
Stubbs announces candidacy for Conservative nomination
The St. Paul Journal welcomes your opinions and comments. We do not allow personal attacks, offensive language or unsubstantiated allegations. We reserve the right to delete comments deemed inappropriate. We reserve the right to close the comments thread for stories that are deemed especially sensitive. For further information, please contact the editor or publisher.
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The Canadian government's decision to ban the niqab (face covering) during the citizenship swearing-in ceremony has been struck by a federal court judge as unlawful. What do you think of a ban?
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Not that Hibel needs the additional exposure. Since 1977 she has had her own museum, originally located in Palm Beach, now in Lake Worth. Handouts at the Cornell exhibition, as well as Hibel's Websites (she has not one but two -- www.hibel.com and www.hibelspecialist.com), describe the Hibel Museum of Art as "The world's only non-profit, public museum dedicated to the art of a living American woman," which I suppose is some sort of distinction. The Websites also freely trot out such adjectives as masterpiece and breathtaking.
One of those Cornell Museum handouts also has a headline proclaiming this the museum's "Twenty-Fourth Year in Palm Beach County, Florida," although the copy below confirms that the museum opened in January 1977. You do the math. But why quibble with facts when you're allegedly "America's Best Loved Artist" and the "Heart and Conscience of America," as one of the Websites declares, or "America's most loved and versatile artist," according to another handout.
There's also an Edna Hibel Society (read: fan club) that offers members special deals on various items of Hibelabilia, and there's plenty of it to go around. The Museum Shop at the Hibel Museum offers Hibel porcelain plates, music boxes, ceramics, jewelry, ornaments, dolls, books, videos, paperweights, tote bags, "Judaica items," and wearable art (read: T-shirts). And oh, the museum store also traffics in signed, limited-edition Hibel fine art works as well.
One Website even has a logo for the "Hibellennium," emblazoned with the words "Hibel Art for a Greater Future" at the top, "Love, Beauty, Hope" at the bottom. And as icing on the cake, this fall more than two dozen Hibel works are being shoehorned into a handful of cable and network television shows -- Arliss, Seventh Heaven, The Magic Jersey, West Wing, and Manchester Prep -- complete with a sweepstakes that gives away one of the showcased Hibel works every month. Talk about product placement.
Such immodesty and shameless commercialism might be overlooked if Hibel lived up to her own hype (or that of her "handlers" -- it's entirely possible that the hype is generated not by Hibel herself but by her staff). Either way it's unbecoming for an artist who apparently wants to be taken seriously. At worst it's the brazen triumph of marketing over art.
The amazing thing is the Boston-born Hibel is far from untalented. It's just that she appears to have been coasting on her inflated reputation for quite a long time. She also seems to have lost sight of her strengths and weaknesses, so that even her best pieces are marred by a tendency to fall into the same traps again and again.
Whether she realizes it or not, Hibel's gift is for abstraction rather than representation. In her many portraits, for instance, the interest lies not in the humans who dominate the images but in the ornate settings in which they almost seem to float. A piece called Songsi in the Cornell show is a perfect example of Hibel's dilemma.
The picture is ostensibly a portrait of a young, vaguely Asian-looking girl, but the figure is just a distraction from what the piece really is, which is a celebration of pattern and texture. Virtually everything in the piece, from the girl's clothing to the background -- pretty much everything except the girl herself -- is blanketed with layers of tiny, intricate brush strokes and appliques. The little shapes and squiggles never quite come into focus, and so they pull us into the image, into its indistinct maze of form and color.
Piece after piece repeats the pattern, with a central figure or figures commanding our attention when what's most intriguing about the image is the background. The people in a Hibel picture are rarely its strong point. (The exception in the Cornell show is Forever, a large horizontal portrait of a woman and child reclining in a field of flowers and grass that has a dreamy, almost pre-Raphaelite quality.) The subjects almost always have that same glazed look on their faces, so that after a while they begin to seem interchangeable.
Even when the people in a piece are meant to be from elsewhere in the world -- as in Guatemalan Mother and Baby -- they don't look as if they come from anywhere in particular except Hibeland. They evoke not other people in other countries but other people in other Hibels.
The artist's floral paintings fare a little better. Without those pale, ethereal faces to dominate the centers of the images, the flowers start bleeding and blending into the background, and the picture edges closer to all-out abstraction, which, in Hibel's case, would be a very good thing indeed.
After gazing at one Hibel portrait after another, I almost began to resent those wispy humans hogging the limelight. They're enough to make one wish Hibel would just dispense with them altogether and throw herself wholeheartedly into abstraction. A large canvas or paper print given over wholly to those baroquely rich borders and backgrounds would have a near hallucinogenic intensity and beauty.


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PlayStation Vita ushers in the handheld gaming revolution with innovative controls and fantastic new ways to play. Find out how to get the most out of PS Vita here.
View all Frequently Asked Questions related to PlayStation Vita. FAQs are ordered by importance and you can search for specific topics. If you still can't find what you're looking for, submit your question to our Customer Support team and we'll do our best to answer your question as soon as possible.
Find answers to some of the most common PlayStation Vita queries.
Common questions
Discover what's included in the latest PS Vita system software update.
Find out what's included in the update 3.36 System software explained System software archiveHere you can find contact details for Sony Computer Entertainment Australia and solutions to any problems you're experiencing with our products.


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Meetings & Events
Detroit Meeting Rooms at The Inn at St. John's
Metro Detroit's fourth largest hotel in meeting space, The Inn at St. John's offers
a flexible, distinctive setting for your next meeting or event.
Anything is possible in the right environment. A comfortable setting can encourage concentration and stimulate communication, creativity, and innovation. The Inn at St. John's offers an effortless blend of technology and comfort, perfect for corporate events large and small.
- 48,000 square feet of versatile space showcasing four impressive ballrooms, perfect for gala affairs and special events
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- Comprehensive food and beverage service and audio visual services
- Centrally located near Novi, Livonia and Canton with easy freeway access – an ideal location to attract attendees
View our facility map, floor plans and room specs:
- Aerial Property Map
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View our meeting and event menus:
2015 Meeting Specials:
The Inn at St. John's has everything you'll need - from imaginative menus to a dedicated staff - to make your meeting or event the best it can be. We look forward to providing you with a customized proposal for your meeting, conference, business retreat or social occasion. Please take a few moments to fill out this brief form and one of our sales professionals will contact you within 24 hours. For more immediate response, please call us directly at 734-414-0600.
Plymouth . Ann Arbor . Canton . Livonia . Novi . Farmington . Farmington Hills. Detroit . Southeast Michigan . SE Michigan . Brighton . West Bloomfield . Northville . Troy . Royal Oak . Dearborn .


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We strive to help our customers grow in their knowledge of the wide range of IT governance subjects. Along with the vast array of products we have on offer to help you do this in our online shop, we have brought together a worldwide panel of experts to help answer specific questions. This panel includes members of our experienced consultancy team, book authors as well as other practitioners with whom we have established relationships through the years.
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I have tap+send setting "on" all the time in the phone. I am using NFC communication to send few messages between two Nokia Lumia 920/820. But after few trials it just stopped working, even when the devices are in proximity of each other , NFC channel wont be able to create ( as the NFC tap sound won't come ) and messages won't be received. To overcome this issue I need to restart both the devices then only it again starts working.
I have faced the same problem with HTC 8x also. Is this the platform issue?
Or is it something related to device energy getting consumed since I have kept the tap+send setting to "on" all the time?


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There is a homeless problem in Troy.
During the month of January, 157 men, women and children were homeless and requested services from Joseph's House & Shelter. They asked for a warm, safe place to stay the night and a simple meal.
Our emergency shelters are always full, and staff routinely have to turn down requests from individuals and families. In a county with a population only around 100,000 people, this number is too high. While there are many organizations and agencies in place to assist our citizens, more is needed.
The number shouldn't be 157 – it should be zero.
A 'symbol of hope' in street's rebirth
Editorial: Need for decent, affordable housing must be addressed


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- Hi there! I'm Chrissy, and welcome to Stick a Fork in It. My passion is creating classic, comforting meals from scratch – no fancy ingredients or complicated techniques here!
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Category Archives: Edible Gifts
Oct 2012Meals for New Moms
My husband and I are at that age. You know, that age where your weekends are booked with weddings and showers, and everyone you know seems to be having a baby. Friday nights that were once spent bar hopping with … Continue reading
Posted in Edible Gifts, How To, Main Dish
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Apr 2012DIY Brownie Mix
As you may know from reading the blog, I'm obviously a big fan of making things from scratch. Cookies, pizza dough, tortillas, even brown sugar – all can be made at home with a few ingredients and a little elbow grease. … Continue reading
Posted in Chocolate, Dessert, Edible Gifts, How To, Pantry Staples
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Dec 2011Holiday Caramel Popcorn
Growing up, I used to love when my parents got one of those popcorn tins for Christmas. You know what I'm talking about, the tins with the three different kinds of popcorn, usually caramel, cheddar and butter flavors. My siblings … Continue reading
Posted in Appetizer, Christmas, Edible Gifts, Snack
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May 2011Sponge Candy
If you are not from western New York, you may not be too familiar with sponge candy. It is a light, honeycomb toffee covered in milk chocolate, and it is simply melts in your mouth. It's delicious! Buffalo's famous Watson's Chocolates made … Continue reading
Posted in Chocolate, Dessert, Edible Gifts
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Dec 2010Hot Chocolate Mix with Homemade Marshmallows
Growing up in western New York, we spent a good portion of winter (and sometimes fall and spring) covered in a blanket of snow. As kids, we would spend hours outside stumbling around in the snow, and when it was … Continue reading
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Have you activated your library card for this semester? If you have, congrats! You are now able to borrow library materials from libraries throughout CUNY and access our online resources from the comfort of your home.
If you are a student and you haven't, activated your library card yet, we just want to let you know that there has been a slight change to the procedure. As of this semester, Student ID cards are no longer getting stickers, so we ask that you bring both your Student ID card AND a copy of this semester's bursar receipt (you can print a copy from esims) so that our circulation staff can verify you as a current student and welcome you back to the library.
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Bronwen Densmore is the subject specialist for Art and Advertising Design, Graphic Arts and Lithography for City Tech. You can contact her at email@example.com. You can find out more about her by visiting her profile on the library faculty page.
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- Access NYC Libraries with ID NYC - January 12, 2015
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YouTube is a popular way to reach large audiences with your videos. If you want the views and the traffic, you need to be posting and updating your content on a regular basis for best results. Below are some helpful resources to help you on your way.
- How to upload a video to YouTube
- Supported YouTube formats
- Getting started with playlists
- Information on captions and transcripts
- How to Grow YouTube Subscribers and Your Exposure
- Add a YouTube subscribe button to any webpage
Want to know how to embed a YouTube video into your website like the one below? Check out "How to embed a YouTube video"
Rather than setting up your own YouTube channels, we encourage you to use the official Queen's YouTube channel; submit your videos to Marketing & Communications for consideration and approval.


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India praises Olympic medal winner Gagan Narang
India's media have lauded shooter Gagan Narang who won the country its first medal at the London Olympics.
Narang won the bronze model in the men's 10m air rifle final on Monday.
Olympics coverage online
- From the BBC:
- London 2012: All Olympics news
- Sport: Reports, reaction, news
- Weather: UK five-day forecast
- Official Olympic travel links:
- Traffic and travel in London
- Travel info for other Games locations
- Traffic updates via Twitter @GAOTG
Sports Minister Ajay Maken also congratulated Narang for his feat and offered him a job.
Narang's bronze provided some consolation for the hundreds of Indian supporters in the rifle range after defending Olympic champion Abhinav Bindra finished 16th in qualifying.
Narang won the bronze medal with a total score of 701.1
"I guess I have a huge stone off my shoulders," Narang said after his win.
"Bronze is a medal, and this is an Olympic bronze medal, so it's quite exciting."
"First salvo: Ga-gun fires bronze," said Hindustan Times newspaper.
The Hindu said Narang's medal had "infused life into the Indian challenge on the fourth day of the Olympics".
"India Goes Gaga Over Gagan," said The Times Of India.
Sports Minister Ajay Maken said "had it not been for one shot, Gagan would have won the gold as well".
He also offered Narang a job with the Sports Authority of India, which promotes sports in the country.


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Oh, the joys of Spring! May brings lush green grass, vibrant tulips and delicate apple blossoms. All the rich greens in nature are reminiscent of emeralds, in a range of deep rich shades. The stone has long been associated with fertility, rebirth and love. The emerald was one of Cleopatra's favorite gems. Ancient Romans went so far as to dedicate emeralds to Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Today, emeralds signify wisdom, growth and patience. Some women choose emeralds as an engagement or anniversary ring. Many women look forward to receiving an emerald as a family heirloom.
Emeralds are green by definition. The name is derived from the Greek word "smaragdus", meaning green. Emeralds are the green variety of beryl, a mineral which comes in many other colors that are sometimes also used as gems, including blue aquamarine and pink morganite.
How do you choose an awesome emerald? Emeralds, like all colored gemstones, are graded using the four C's: Color, Cut, Clarity and Crystal. The last C, crystal, is simply a synonym for transparency, or what gemologists call diaphaneity. Before the 20th century, jewelers used the term water, as in "a gem of the finest water", to express the combination of two qualities: color and crystal. Normally, in the grading of colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emeralds, crystal is considered a close second. Both are necessary conditions. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue, but also a high degree of transparency to be considered a top gem.
Enchanted by emeralds? Get your bling on! Get inspired by the sparkling gems at Fire and Ice Jewellery Emporium. We offer a large selection of emeralds, other fine gems, gold and watches. You'll be amazed at the range of choices and quality. Chat with a jewelry craftsman about customizing your special purchase. Treat yourself or that special lady in your life to a beautiful piece of jewelry for a birthday or upcoming milestone. Pieces of jewelry are wonderful treasures, can become family heirlooms and are a good investment. An emerald will make you smile every day of the year.
Fire and Ice Jewellery Emporium is one of Georgetown's best hidden treasures. Our friendly, well-trained staff is thrilled to be the Reader's Choice Award Winners for Best Jeweler for the 14th year! Trust us for expert in-house jewelry and watch repairs. We are located at 310 Guelph Street in Georgetown, and are proud to serve Milton, Acton and surrounding areas. Come see us soon! 905-873-4405.


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Welcome to the Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) Phineas And Ferb It's About Time Part 1/3. Cultural & Academic Films : Free Movies : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. Who we are. Where we work Practical Action works directly in more than 40 developing countries across the world.
We have offices in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Peru, Sudan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, and our consultancy work extends across Africa, Asia and Latin America. Our publications, knowledge and approach are used in almost every developing country in the world - extending the reach of our practical approach to tackling poverty. Why we do it Practical Action was founded by radical economist and philosopher E.F. Sis faculty's Polls. If this is your first time here you're probably wondering what this is.
As soon as your presenter displays a poll, we'll automatically update this area and give you the voting options. Your responses are in the column on the right. Feel free to click on them to go back to the poll. Don't worry, you'll still be able to go back to the current poll your presenter is on. Polyrhythm and the Caribbean. Part One: Introduction David P. Lichtenstein '99 , Brown University, Contributing Editor, Caribbean Web Inevitably, the authors of the West Indies have picked up upon the cross-rhythmic nature of their culture.
The PLoS Blogs Network. These blogs are written or commissioned by editorial staff of PLOS Journals: The Official PLOS BLOG is the place to come for an insider's view of what's going on at PLOS — the nonprofit organization and publisher whose goal is to establish more open, efficient, and effective ways to communicate new ideas and discoveries.
On this blog find news from the organization about its publications and tools. EveryONE is the blog of staff members of PLOS ONE, the peer-reviewed open-access journal for all scientific and medical research. This blog is written for authors who have published with us and for users who haven't, and it contains something for everyone. Saki ( Hector Hugh Munro ) ~ Short Stories of Saki (H. H. Munro) ~@~ us. "HAVE you written to thank the Froplinsons for what they sent us?"
Asked Egbert. "No," said Janetta, with a note of tired defiance in her voice; "I've written eleven letters to-day expressing surprise and gratitude for sundry unmerited gifts, but … Continue reading Although he was scarcely yet out of his teens, the Duke of Scaw was already marked out as a personality widely differing from others of his caste and period. Not in externals; therein he conformed correctly to type. Web Sound - History of Electronic / Electroacoustic Music. Write On...Our Progressive Stories - home. Aha Evdo Area Member. RSA Animate - Language as a Window into Human Nature. Institute for Inquiry: Library. A 6-Trait Writing Lesson that uses the Choose Your Own Adventure Books. An adventure is a fun story to write.
Your writing task today, should you choose to accept it: write three paragraphs about one adventure in the life of a character who goes on lots of adventures. First, quickly choose an adventurer's name. If you can't think of one, you can press the first two buttons below. If you spend more than two minutes thinking up your name, you won't get to the important part of this writing activity. The Evolution of Languages. E. B. White. Elwyn Brooks "E.
B. " White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985),[1] was an American writer. He was a contributor to The New Yorker magazine and a co-author of the English language style guide, The Elements of Style, which is commonly known as "Strunk & White". TURNTABLES.DE. The Jigsaw Classroom in 10 Easy Steps.
Francis Bacon. 1909-14. The New Atlantis. The Harvard Classics. Academic Reference and Research Index. Teacher zones: Primary zone. The Sagan Series (part 1-7) FlashPlatform * Using the FileReference class. To upload files to a server, first call the browse() method to allow a user to select one or more files.
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It doesn't purport to give us ready-made answers, but rather to be the helping hand that wants to free us from our chains and lead us outside the cave, only to have us eventually come back dons in it to help in turn our brethren prisoners build a more palatable city where more people can live more happily (1) . It thus requires an active participation from us readers, because what we are after is not Plato's truth, but our own truth, our own answers, our own being (2) . Graphic Organizers Character and Story. BuiLD YouR WiLD SeLF. Non-UK advisers. FFFFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUU-
Papers: malamud. the assistant. 2.
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The latest release of Serato Video is only supported by Serato DJ. Serato Scratch Live users with compatible hardware can upgrade to Serato DJ for free. Visit the Scratch Live page for more information about upgrading and check out the list of compatible DVS devices. Lo-Mob brings Lo-Fi to your iPhone pictures. R. A. Lafferty, winner of the 2002 Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award. Why did our jury of Robert Silverberg, Scott Edelman, Gardner Dozois, and John Clute select R. A. Lafferty for the 2002 Rediscovery Award? The Future Belongs to the Curious. List Live Events. CiL Classic CiL Classic is being retired The Classic Console includes CiL's basic functionality, but does NOT include the latest features and enhancements.
VirtualDub - Download. Englishbiz - nonfiction & media. © 2014 Steve Campsall Download Free Revision Guide If you are writing about a film or TV programme for coursework - click here If you are writing about a magazine or newspaper ad for coursework - click here While exam questions vary, the skills you need to write a good answer do not. As with all texts you'll be studying, it comes down to your ability to detect what effects the text is creating on its reader and to work out why these effects were created - that is, the writer's purpose. Murray Gell-Mann on the ancestor of language. Reading List: The Beginning of Infinity (Fourmilog: None Dare Call It Reason)
Were it possible to communicate with the shades of departed geniuses, I suspect Richard Feynman would be dismayed at the prospect of a distinguished theoretical physicist committing phil-oss-o-phy in public, while Karl Popper would be pumping his fist in exultation and shouting "Yes!". This is a challenging book and, at almost 500 pages in the print edition, a rather long one, but it is a masterpiece well worthy of the investment in reading it, and then, after an interval to let its implications sink in, reading it again because there is so much here that you're unlikely to appreciate it all in a single reading. The author attempts nothing less ambitious than a general theory of the creation of knowledge and its implications for the future of the universe. (In what follows, I shall take a different approach than the author in explaining the argument, but I think we arrive at the same place.) A Left-Brained Step-by-Step Writers Workshop...A Day as Your Shoes. Mdiathque - Home.
Character_map. Home. The Best Time Travel Stories of All Time.


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As you may know or even guess, the official Android emulator comes from the hands of no other than Google itself. Installing this emulator will allow you to run one or more instances of Android on PC, each one inside a window, in an isolated stand alone virtual Android machine. The installation and configuration process is rather cumbersome, requiring lots of steps and hard disk space.
This Android Emulator is mainly used by Android deveolopers, in order to test their Apps on their development computer, because it comes integrated with the Android SDK (Software Development Kit) including readily available debugging and customizing options, much needed by them to test each App into different Android operative systems and environments.
Caution: As you can infer by now, this Android Emulator installation and configuration requires a bit of expertise.
As a prerequisite, you need to download and install the Java SDK language, from Oracle.
Then you need to download the Android SDK installer, which can be found in here. You can download different versions of the Android SDK, including the Android Emulator, each one for different PC environments: Windows, Mac OS and Linux. Once downloaded, you execute the SDK installation.
After installing the SDK, you launch the "SDK Manager" (sdkmanager.exe) which will bring up front a configuration screen allowing you to download and install some needed packages (the different Android OS that later you will be able to run into your Android emulator). Right at the manager startup, a popup will appear where you just press the "INSTALL" option, as the needed basic packages are already preselected.
Once everything is installed (it may take a lot of time -even hours- depending on your Internet connextion) you are ready to create and configure one or more Android Emulator machines on your PC.
From the SDK Manager you select from the top menu TOOLS, the option "Manage AVDs". A new window will popup with the currently created Android Emulator machines, if you have, and at the right you have the option of creating a new Android Emulator machine.
Everything is set! Now you just press the Create AVD button on the low-right side of this window, and the Android SDK will churn out into the Android Emulator list of yours, your recent creation. Once there, you select it and press START to get it running. It may take some minutes to start up, but you will end with a virtual Android Emulator running inside a window in your PC.
whare,s a download link for android emulator pc
the link is located in this paragraph "Then you need to download the Android SDK installer, which can be found in here. You can download different versions of the Android SDK, including the Android Emulator, each one for different PC environments: Windows, Mac OS and Linux. Once downloaded, you execute the SDK installation. where it says which can be found here
i've done everything before second step, but I don't have any options when I need to select which Android OS will be preinstalled on it, from the Target drop-down list. I don't have Target drop-down list, how is that posible?
I have done everything as described above and the android shows it is loading in the mini windows and after 10 minutes it is still showing android on the screen but dont go further.
I have tried to make the android emulator and every time it fails saying failed to parse properties???
I am trying to create a new AVD but its not letting me choose the operating system. What is it that I might be missing?
well yes it actually worked and created a virtual android, what i really want to know if its possible to run android games via this method, if theres a post about this "idea" that i know im not the only one trying to do this can you plz reply me the link or answer my doubt?
Is blue stacks free?
youwave is better than bluestacks but only problem in it is that it cannot open other than playstore apps or any market apps and games if u download from any website [app or games] it says that it has arm native code it cannot be opened
hi!!! the problem is ..that i am not getting an option for creating an AVD rather it is saying at that place (ok) and also this option doesn't work …any help …??????
i would like to install android emulator on my pc
Can i run "whatsapp" in pc by using this enumulator?
How can you make the android installation look like a mobile device for application compatibility purposes? I've found some apps that won't run with the error that it's designed for a mobile and table device.
Iam searching to get installed android on my pc but there is no such option