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Long title | An Act to reform the law relating to children; to provide for local authority services for children in need and others; to amend the law with respect to children's homes, community homes, voluntary homes and voluntary organisations; to make provision with respect to fostering, child minding and day care for young children and adoption; and for connected purposes. |
Chapter | 1989 Chapter 41 |
Introduced by | The Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern, 23 November 1988[1] |
Territorial extent | England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland |
Dates | |
Royal Assent | 16 November 1989[2] |
Commencement | 16 November 1989[3] 16 January 1990 ; Paragraph 36 of Schedule 12[3] 1 May 1991 ; Paragraph 21 of Schedule 10, S. 88(1)[4] 14 October 1991 ; The whole Act[4] 1 February 1992 ; S. 5 (11 & 12)[5] | ; S. 89, S. 96(3)-(7), Paragraph 35 of Schedule 12
Status: Amended | |
Text of statute as originally enacted | |
Revised text of statute as amended |
Long title | An Act to reform the law relating to children; to provide for local authority services for children in need and others; to amend the law with respect to children's homes, community homes, voluntary homes and voluntary organisations; to make provision with respect to fostering, child minding and day care for young children and adoption; and for connected purposes. |
Chapter | 1989 Chapter 41 |
Introduced by | The Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern, 23 November 1988[1] |
Territorial extent | England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland |
Dates | |
Royal Assent | 16 November 1989[2] |
Commencement | 16 November 1989[3] 16 January 1990 ; Paragraph 36 of Schedule 12[3] 1 May 1991 ; Paragraph 21 of Schedule 10, S. 88(1)[4] 14 October 1991 ; The whole Act[4] 1 February 1992 ; S. 5 (11 & 12)[5] | ; S. 89, S. 96(3)-(7), Paragraph 35 of Schedule 12
Status: Amended | |
Text of statute as originally enacted | |
Revised text of statute as amended |
The Children Act 1989 allocated duties to local authorities, courts, parents and other agencies in the United Kingdom, to ensure children are safeguarded and their welfare is promoted. It centres on the idea that children are best cared for within their own families; however, it also makes provisions for instances when parents and families do not co-operate with statutory bodies.
The Children Bill was announced as part of the Queen's Speech on 22 November 1988 and formally introduced to the House of Lords the following day by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern.[6][1] The Bill was given its second reading in the Lords on 6 December,[7] and was passed to the committee stage on 13 December.[8] Committee debates were held on 19[9][10] and 20 December[11][12] and 23 January 1989.[13] It reached the report stage on 2 February,[14] with debates on 6,[15][16] 7[17][18] and 16 February.[19][20] On 16 March the Bill was given its third reading in the Lords before being passed to the House of Commons.[21]
The Bill was given its second reading in the Commons on 27 April.[22] It was granted Royal Assent on 16 November 1989 and became an Act.[2]
The Children Act 1989 states that children's welfare should be the paramount concern of the courts. It also specifies that any delays in the system processes will have a detrimental impact on a child's welfare. The court should take into account the child's wishes; physical, emotional and educational needs; age; sex; background circumstances; the likely effect of change on the child; the harm the child has suffered or is likely to suffer; parent's ability to meet the child's needs and the powers available to the court.[23]
Parental responsibility is defined in the Act as "all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and his property".[24] If the child's parents are married both have parental responsibility; if they are unmarried, the father does not automatically have parental responsibility however.[25] A father of a child, who was not married to the mother at the time of birth may apply to the courts for parental responsibility, or this may be done through mutual agreement between the mother (or child) and father.[26] The Act specifies that more than one person can have parental responsibility, although they can act alone in decision making for the child.[25] If a child does not have anyone to care for them with parental responsibility[27] a guardian can be appointed by the court. That appointment can be overturned on application of the parent with parental responsibility, by the child or in family proceedings.[28]
Under Section 7 of the Act the court can request probation officers or local authorities to provide reports to the court in respect of the welfare of the child.[29]
Section 8 of the Children Act 1989 outlines the orders which can issued by the court. A 'contact order' outlines the requirements, of the person the child resides with, to allow contact with another person. A 'prohibited steps order' prevents a parent from exercising their full parental responsibility without consent of the court. A 'residence order' puts in place the arrangements for whom a child should live with. A 'specific issue order' relates to directions given from the court to address a query that has arisen regarding parental responsibility for a child.[30] Section 8 orders cannot be made in regards to children who are looked after; with the exception of the residence order.[31] When an application is made to the court for a section 8 order the court takes into account: the nature of the proposed application; the connection the person has to the child; the disruption that could be caused to the child and, if the child is being looked after by the local authority: the local authorities plans for the child's future and the wishes of the child's parents.[32] A person who gains a residence order for a child will hold parental responsibility for the time the order is in place.[33] Despite this, the Act forbids anyone to change the child's surname or remove them from the United Kingdom without permission from all those with parental responsibility or with express permission from the court.[34] Under section 63(3) of the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 the court has powers to punish those who do not abide by the ruling set out in the residence order.[35]
Applications for section 8 orders are now governed by the Child Arrangements Programme.
The court has the power to issue a family assistance order in which a probation officer or local authority officer should be available to "advise, assist and (where appropriate) befriend any person named in the order".[36]
Each local authority has a duty to "safeguard and promote the welfare" of children who are assessed as being in need. A child is deemed as "in need" if they are disabled or unlikely to achieve a reasonable standard of health or development unless services are provided. The local authority has a duty to provide or facilitate others to provide services for children in need.[37] The local authority must provide day care for children in need who are under the age of five and not attending school if appropriate. There should also be provisions for out-of-school hours activities.[38]
Under section 20 of the Act local authorities must provide accommodation for any child in need who has no-one with parental responsibility to care for them. This may also be extended to children that have a parent available if it is deemed that by staying with them it would put the child at risk.
A community home placement may be deemed necessary for persons between the ages of 16 to 21 to promote their welfare and safety.
The Act specifies the need to give consideration to children's views when deciding where to accommodate them. Persons with parental responsibility should also be consulted, and if they object the child (unless they are over 16 years old) cannot be accommodated under Section 20 of this Act. The parent can also remove the child from the accommodation provided at any time.[39]
Accommodation must also be provided when requested in the case of police protection orders or for children on remand or supervision orders that require them to be accommodated.[40]
The local authority has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of the children in its care. The child, parents and other relevant people should be consulted in the decision-making process regarding a child being taken into care and during their time under local authority care. Consideration should also be given to the child's age, understanding, religion, race, culture and linguistic background.[41]
Sibling groups should be placed together and should be accommodated near their home if possible.[42]
Looked after children should not be placed in accommodation that restricts their liberty ('secure accommodation') unless they have a history or are likely to abscond and are at risk of suffering significant harm or are likely to cause harm to themselves or others. For a court to make a decision regarding placing a child in secure accommodation it must be satisfied that the child has legal representation or has been fully informed about how to access legal aid.[43]
Children leaving care should be given advice and assistance from the local authority; this may involve giving assistance in kind or in exceptional circumstances in cash. They may also contribute to the expenses incurred by the young person regarding employment, training or education.[44]
Section 26 of the Act outlines the obligation of the local authority to review cases regularly and they should have a complaints procedure available to the children they are caring for.[45]
Local authorities also have a duty to communicate and share information with other agencies if it complies with their own statutory obligations.[46] The local authority must consult with educational authorities when a child becomes looked after and ensure they are informed of the educational arrangements for the child.[47]
A fee may apply to services provided under Sections 17 and 18 of the Act ("other than advice, guidance or counselling") to the parents of the child, the young person if over the age of 16, or to a family member (if they receive the service). But the local authority should only charge them if it is reasonable to assume they can pay for the service.[48]
A care or supervision order may be granted by the court if a child is or is likely to suffer significant harm if they are not placed into local authority care. This also includes children who are 'beyond parental control'. The court may grant a care order in place of a supervision order if they believe it is more appropriate or vice-versa.[49] If, during family court the court has concerns for a child's welfare, they can direct the local authority to investigate. The local authority can then decide if they are going to apply for a care order or supervision order. If they decided not to take any legal action, they must explain to the court their reasons for doing so.[50]
When a care order is issued the local authority must take the child into care and accommodate them for the period of time the order is in force. The local authority will have parental responsibility for the child.[51] Parents and guardians should be given reasonable amounts of contact with the child during the time they are in care unless otherwise directed by the court. However, in urgent situations to protect the child the local authority may refuse contact for up to seven days. Local authorities may apply to the court to prevent contact to safeguard or promote the child's welfare.[52]
A supervision order makes it the duty of the supervisor to "advise, assist and befriend" the child and to consider applying to the court for a variation on the order if it is not being fully complied with.[53] An education supervision order may be granted if it is deemed that a child is not being properly educated. Before an application for an order is made, the education authority must consult with the "social service committee".[54]
An interim order may be issued if it is deemed that without it the child is likely to suffer significant harm. The interim care or supervision order can be in place for up to 8 weeks; during this period the court can request that medical examinations or assessments are completed of the child. However, if a child is able to make an informed decision, they may refuse to participate in any examinations or assessments.[55]
A guardian ad litem shall be appointed by the court to safeguard the child's interests unless this is deemed not be required by the court. The court can also appoint a solicitor to represent the child.[56] A guardian ad litem is to have access to and take copies of any local authority records relating to the child concerned.[57]
A child assessment order can be requested by the local authority if they believe it would not be possible to complete a proper assessment without an order. It must only be requested if the applicant has reason to believe that the child is likely to suffer significant harm or that an assessment is required to determine if the child is likely to suffer significant harm. The child should not be removed from home for the assessment to be completed; though the courts may deem this necessary for the period of assessment.[58]
An application can be made to the court for an emergency protection order (EPO) if it is believed a child is likely to suffer significant harm if they are not taken to, or remain in, a place of safety. The name and a description of the child should be provided to court upon application if possible. The order gives the local authority parental responsibly for the child though this should only be exercised as required to safeguard or promote the welfare of the child. As part of the order, the court can direct contact conditions and medical examinations of the child. The local authority has the power to return the child if it is assessed it is safe for the child to return home. It is an offense to obstruct someone who is carrying out the directions of the court in the case of an emergency protection order.[59]
An emergency protection order lasts up to 8 days (unless the last day is a public holiday, and the court may direct that it is extended until noon on the next non-holiday day). This may be extended only once for a period up to 7 days. During this period the local authority may apply for a care order. The child, parent or care-giver may apply for the order to be discharged. An appeal cannot be made in relation to the making or refusal to make an emergency protection order.[60]
An emergency protection order may also include an exclusion requirement which can stipulate that a person must leave or not enter the home of the child or must stay away from the area the child live. This requirement can only be ordered if it is believed that the child will not suffer significant harm if this person no-longer lives at the property. The parent or care-giver who will remain at the home must agree to this requirement. If the child is removed from the home, the exclusion requirement ceases to be in effect.[61]
In the circumstances in which a child's whereabouts cannot be established although it is believed a person knows where the child is. The court can order that this person provides the relevant authority with the information they hold. The court can also authorise entry into a property to search for a child; a police warrant may be issued to assist with gaining entry.[62]
If there are concerns of a child suffering significant harm the police have the power to ensure that child is removed to, or remains in, a place of safety for up to 72 hours. They do not require a court order, but they must ensure that the local authority is informed and the child is accommodated appropriately.[63]
A local authority must investigate if they are informed that a child in their area is subject of an emergency protection order, is in police protection or is suffering or likely to be suffering significant harm. They must then take any steps, as reasonably practicable, to ensure that the child is safeguarded. If any concerns arise regarding a child's education, the relevant local education authority should be consulted. If as part of the enquiries they are unable to gain access to the child, and they still have significant concerns, the local authority can apply for an emergency protection order, a child assessment order, a care order or a supervision order. If it is deemed an order is not required they may establish a date to review the case.[64]
A person is committing an offence if they knowingly take a child, who is in care, away from the responsible person as ordered by the court. It is also an offence to encourage or assist a child to run away from the responsible person this can be punishable by imprisonment up to 6 months or a fine.[65] A recovery order can be made by the court to retrieve a child who is believed to have been abducted.[66]
All local authorities must ensure they have 'community homes' available to utilise for children looked after. This may be a home which is controlled by the local authority or a voluntary organisation working on behalf of local authority.[67] A community home may cease to be used by the local authority if it is deemed unsatisfactory by the Secretary of State.[68] If a controlled or assisted community home wishes to discontinue offering a service to local authorities they must give two years notice to the Secretary of State and the local authority.[69] If a local authority wishes to cease using a voluntary owned community home, they must also give 2 years notice in writing.[70]


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Jeffrey Hahn, Asst. Extension Entomologist
Small, fly-like insects have been appearing in people's homes this spring, especially around windows. Although they look like gnats or flies (one person thought they looked like fleas), these insects are hackberry psyllids. Despite their similarity to flies, these insects are more closely related to aphids and leafhoppers (they actually look like tiny cicadas).
Psyllids are about 1/8 inch long with a somewhat compact body. Their wings, a mottled brown with small black and white spots, fold up tent-like over their backs. During the spring and summer, they are associated with hackberry trees where they are gall producers on leaves. Adults emerge from their galls in the fall. Soon after that, they seek shelter to protect themselves from the winter; many end up in homes and other buildings, similar to boxelder bugs and lady beetles.
After they move into various cracks and spaces around the exterior of homes, psyllids remain dormant during the winter. As warm weather arrives in the spring, many of them become trapped inside homes as they become active (they can also emerge inside buildings during mild winter days). Fortunately, they do not live long indoors. They also do not reproduce inside buildings; the individuals you see in the spring have been inside your home since fall. They are harmless and just a nuisance.
When you see psyllids in the spring, the only necessary control is physical removal. Eventually they will either die inside or find a way to get outside. In either case, this problem will be over this soon. For more information about psyllids, including steps you can take in the fall to help prevent their entry into your home, see our publication on hackberry psyllids.

subset: commoncrawl


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We offer discount to nonprofits, government agencies, and federal contractors
The AILA Career Center offers more than access to the best possible industry candidates.
AILA Doc No. 00030775 | Dated February 29, 2000 | File Size: 207 K
Download the DocumentTexas Service Center Processing Time Report for the period ending February 29, 2000.
Cite as AILA Doc. No. 00030775.
Open the DocumentAmerican Immigration Lawyers Association
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Washington, DC 20005
Copyright © 1993-2015
American Immigration Lawyers Association.


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Histiocytosis is a general name for a group of disorders or "syndromes" that involve an abnormal increase in the number of immune cells that are called histiocytes .
There are three major classes of histiocytosis:
This article focuses only on Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X).
Histiocytosis X; Langerhans cell histiocytosis; Eosinophilic granuloma; Pulmonary histiocytosis X; Nonlipid reticuloendotheliosis; Pulmonary Langerhans cell granulomatosis; Hand-Schuller-Christian disease; Letterer-Siwe disease
Histiocytosis X has typically been thought of as a cancer-like condition. But more recently, researchers have begun to think it may be an autoimmune disorder. In this type of disorder, a person's immune cells mistakenly attack the body, rather than help the body fight infections. The extra immune cells the body makes may form tumors, which can affect various parts of the body, including the bones, skull, and other areas.
Some forms of the disorder are genetic, which means they are inherited.
Histiocytosis X is thought to affect roughly 1 in 200,000 people each year. It is most often seen in children ages 1 - 15, with the highest rate among children ages 5 - 10.
Pulmonary histiocytosis X is a specific type of histiocytosis X that involves swelling of the small airways and small blood vessels in the lungs. This inflammation leads to lung stiffening and damage. It is most common in 30 - 40 year old adults, usually cigarette smokers. The cause is unknown.
Histiocytosis X often affects the whole body. A disease that affects the whole body is called a "systemic" disorder.
Symptoms can vary between children and adults, but they may have some of the same symptoms. Tumors in weight-bearing bones, such as the legs or spine, may cause the bones to fracture without an obvious reason.
Symptoms in children may include:
Note: Children over 5 years old often have only bone involvement.
Symptoms in adults may include:
The tumors produce a "punched-out" look on a bone x-ray. Specific tests vary depending on the age of the patient.
Tests in children may include:
Tests in adults may include:
Histiocytosis X is sometimes linked to cancer. CT scans and biopsy should be done to rule out possible cancer.
This disorder is treated with corticosteroids, which suppress immune function (including the dangerous cells). Smoking may worsen the response to treatment and should be stopped.
Children may be given other medications depending on their outlook (prognosis). Such medications may include:
Radiation therapy or surgery may also be used to treat bone lesions.
Other treatments may include:
Histiocytosis Association -- www.histio.org
Histiocytosis X affects many organs and can lead to death.
About half of those with pulmonary histiocytosis improve, while others have permanent loss of lung function over time.
In very young patients, the outlook depends on the specific histiocytosis and how severe it is. Some children can live a normal life with minimal disease involvement, while others do poorly. Young children, especially infants, are more likely to have body-wide symptoms that lead to death.
Complications may include:
Children may also develop:
Call your health care provider if you or your child have symptoms of this disorder. Go to the emergency room if shortness of breath or chest pain develop.
Avoid smoking. Quitting smoking can improve the outcome in people with histiocytosis X that affects the lungs.
There is no known prevention for the childhood forms of this disease.
Ladisch S. Histiocytosis syndromes of childhood. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 501.
Raghu G. Interstitial lung disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 92.
Jordan BM, Filipovich AH. Histiocytic Disorders. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein, LE, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2012:chap 50.
Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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NEW DELHI: Union minister Kapil Sibal said party colleague Digvijaya Singh should provide evidence of graft against BJP leaders that he claims to have, setting off debate if there could be fresh round of confrontation over corruption charges after a brief lull. Sibal said it was "dangerous" that a person refused to give evidence of corruption.
"You ask Digvijaya Singh about this. This is dangerous for democracy. If you have evidence against someone, then it is your responsibility to produce it in front of the public," said the telecom minister and eminent lawyer.
In the wake of corruption charges against Gandhi family's son-in-law Robert Vadra, Congress general secretary Digvijaya Singh had said his party did not believe in targeting family members of political rivals. Singh claimed he did not make accusations despite having evidence against son-in-law of Atal Bihari Vapayee and son of L K Advani.
Civil society activist Arvind Kejriwal had seized upon Singh's comment as evidence of his charge that there was a "conspiracy of silence" on graft between BJP and Congress. Sibal's comment may provide fresh fodder to anti-graft activists. The Congress had not endorsed Singh's remark on the kin of BJP leaders but backed his attacks on Arvind Kejriwal.
Digvijaya Singh is unlikely to push the case further despite Sibal's argument that he should bring forth any evidence he has on graft against Opposition leaders.


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Love food, my pets, traveling & social media. Central Florida girl. Blogger, photographer, freelancer. #thelittlekitchenrecipes http://juliedeily.com
Collecto is the most complete web platform to enjoy your Instagram photos. Collecto uses the Instagram API but is not endorsed or certified by Instagram.
Collecto v.1.2 (beta) © 2014 IQUII - All rights reserved
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Full Disclosure on the Haskins Endorsement
But the board failed to mention that McClatchy Cos., the Herald's parent, has agreed to sell 10 acres surrounding the newspaper's bayfront headquarters to developer Pedro Martin and his partners for $190 million. The deal is contingent on Martin obtaining rezoning approvals and building permits from the City of Miami to erect a shopping plaza and up to three condo towers.
On November 9, two days after the city's special election, in which Haskins forced a runoff with candidate Marc Sarnoff, she voted in favor of putting a 63-floor condo at the foot of the Venetian Causeway, the final component to Martin's redevelopment plan.
In light of these circumstances, I can't help but wonder if the Herald editors should have refrained from picking one of the contenders to replace suspended commissioner Johnny Winton. Granted, major daily newspapers endorsing candidates during election season is seen by most observers as a normal course of business, even a duty.
But it doesn't look good or smell right when the Herald makes a pick in a race in which the newspaper has a vested business interest. At the very least, the editorial board should have disclosed its deal with Martin.
Editorial pages editor Joe Oglesby didn't respond to a voice message and an email yesterday seeking comment.-Francisco Alvarado
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Jim Cramer's 'Mad Money' Recap: Reflections on a Golden High
Search Jim Cramer's "Mad Money" trading recommendations using our exclusive "Mad Money" Stock Screener.
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- All-time highs are a time for reflection, Jim Cramer reminded his Mad Money viewers Tuesday. The markets are more expensive than they were Monday, and that condition will eventually put a kink into our "buy low, sell high" strategy.
New highs inject confidence into the markets, which keeps the investment bankers very busy lining up the parade of mergers, acquisitions and takeovers that we've been seeing lately. Whether it's DirecTV (DTV) or AstraZeneca (AZN), Cramer said to expect a lot more activity in the food, drug and oil sectors. He also expects Sprint (S) to make a bid for T-Mobile (TMUS) before the end of the month.
Yet, despite the new highs and the many mergers, Cramer said there are still whole segments of the markets that are lagging the averages and are exceedingly cheap. The industrials is one such group, the airlines are another. American Airlines (AAL), for example, trades at just six times next year's earnings compared to the market average of 17 times.
No reflection would be complete without also examining the bear case. Cramer admitted that while some sectors of the market are reasonably priced, others -- like the software-as-a-service stocks, the 3-D printers, e-commerce, early-stage biotechs and anything relating to fuel cells -- still have room to fall. Case in point, Splunk (SPLK), which inexplicably fell over 8% in today's session. These stocks are not yet on solid ground, Cramer said. Overall, Cramer still thinks the rewards outweighs the risks, but investors need to be cautious in the stocks they choose.Off the Charts
In the "Off The Charts" segment, Cramer went head to head with colleague Carly Garner to see what the technicals are saying about the Nasdaq and how it compares to the S&P 500 index. Using a daily chart of the two indices, Garner noted the Nasdaq tend to lead the S&P. In February, strong buying in the Nasdaq led the S&P higher while in April, strong selling in the Nasdaq led the broader markets lowers. She concluded that continued selling in the Nasdaq will eventually begin to weigh on the S&P.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Over 10 Million Pokemon Have Been Traded in Pokémon X And Y so Far
A staggering amount of Pokémon have been traded since Pokémon X and Y's release.
Some New Pokémon X and Y Leaks Are a Confirmed Troll Attempt
Some brand new Pokémon X and Y rumours have now been revealed to be a troll attempt.
Pokémon X and Y Starter Evolutions and More Trailer
There is a new trailer for Pokémon X and Y showing off the Kalos Region starter Pokémon's evolutions and more!
New Pokémon Spotted In Nintendo Direct Today
A new Pokémon has been seen in the Nintendo Direct videos today!
Pokémon X and Y Themed 3DS's are Coming to the West
The awesome looking Pokémon X and Y themed 3DS's are coming to the west as well as Japan!
New Kanto Starters Mega Pokémon Rundown
You may have just heard about Bulbasaur, Charmander and Squirtle being able to turn into Mega Pokémon, so now, check out what they can do!
Pokémon X and Y – Gamescom Preview
Pokémon X and Y Nintendo Direct is Coming Tomorrow
Pokémon Fans! Make sure you keep your eyes peeled on the internets for another Pokémon Nintendo Direct coming soon!
More Mega Pokémon Evolutions Revealed
Thanks to some hard working internet users, some more of the Mega Pokémon could have been uncovered!


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Taxpayers having no electronic taxpayer identification numbers (e-TINs) will face hassles in the upcoming fiscal year as the revenue authority has tightened relevant rules.
"We will not encourage the use of manual TINs from the next fiscal year," an official of the National Board of Revenue said.
The official said, if the existing taxpayers want to submit returns under the 'universal self assessment' method, they will have to get the 12-digit e-TINs.
The universal self assessment method allows taxpayers to get acknowledgement receipts or certificates without hassles.
The income tax returns that will be submitted without the 12-digit e-TINs will be treated as incomplete and subject to assessment by tax officials. It means tax officials may exercise their discretion to assess incomes of the taxpayers.
Getting tax payment certificates, which are needed for various purposes, may be delayed due to the assessment by officials.
In July last year, the tax authority introduced online TIN registration for old and new taxpayers to prevent the use of fake TINs and clean its database, as part of its goal to gradually establish an online tax payment system.
The NBR has already proposed to make it a rule for existing taxpayers having 10-digit TINs or temporary registration numbers to obtain 12-digit e-TINs before the last date of submission of tax returns.
So far, 9.27 lakh existing taxpayers or TIN holders re-registered online to get 12-digit TINs. Some 3.10 lakh new taxpayers registered for e-TINs, according to the tax authority.
The e-TINs will be needed for opening letters of credit, import registration, issuance and renewal of trade licences, submission of tender documents, registration of land and apartment, registration of vehicles and their fitness renewal, and sanction of loans exceeding Tk 5 lakh.
People will also require submitting e-TIN certificates to get credit cards from banks, and to get registration of a company.
Doctors, chartered accountants, cost and management accountants, lawyers and income tax practitioners will also have to submit 12-digit TIN certificates to get practising licences.
The e-TINs will also be needed to obtain drug licences and gas and electricity connections in city corporations and municipalities for commercial purposes.
The public and private agencies will have to verify the authenticity of e-TINs online from next fiscal year, the NBR said.


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@Iluviaporos - I'm always really impressed when people say they have done some leatherworking.
I had a friend who would make small bags. He would stamp a pattern or a picture onto a piece of leather and then punch holes in the edges of it and a matching piece. He'd then use a strip of leather to sew up the sides. It was really effective, particularly when he used leather which had been dyed various colors.
And the best part, to my mind, was that he was using a "waste product" of the meat industry that would otherwise be thrown into the landfill.
It's the sort of productive hobby I think more people should consider for themselves.


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Thesis Details
Thesis Title: | Process Development and Optimization for High Efficiency Fiber Reactive Dyes |
Thesis Author: | Riley Jo Carrigg |
Abstract: | Fiber reactive dyes are important in dyeing textiles because they are unequal in their ability to confer bright wetfast shades on cotton fabric. While fiber reactive dyes are commonly employed for this purpose, the use of these dyes can introduce high costs and environmental concerns. For example, their fixation levels can be as low as 50% and high salt levels are typically needed to achieve desired shades. Thus, a mechanism for increasing fixation and exhaustion efficiencies in an economical way would enhance the value of these dyes to the textile industry. With these points in mind, researchers at North Carolina State University have studied a reactive dye modification that holds promise for achieving desirable exhaustion and fixation efficiencies. Specifically, the reactivity and affinity of some widely used dichlorotriazine (DCT) reactive dyes was enhanced using a straightforward 2-step process to convert commercial dyes to structures of types 1-4. In laboratory dyeing studying it was determined that type 2 dyes gave the best results in affinity and shade depth assessments. It remained to be shown that these dyes could be applied in an industrial dyeing setting. This thesis research focuses on applying the type 2 modified dyes in a commercial-scale manufacturing setting in order to further assess the benefits of the modified dyes. In preliminary studies, laboratory-scale dyeings were conducted to further investigate the color strength relationships between the modified and commercial dyes. As the main thrust of this research, dyeings were conducted in the pilot plant at North Carolina State University in order to simulate a production environment. An optimized batch dyeing procedure was developed for the application of the modified dyes, including optimal temperature, salt and alkali concentrations, time, and bath ratio. It has been found that level dyeings can be readily produced using industrial scale equipment, and there was no adverse change in fastness arising from using the modified dyes in lieu of commercially available DCT reactive dyes. Further, it is clear that high fixation levels and deep shades are obtained using the modified dyes at lower dyeing temperatures and salt levels than commonly employed for the commercial dyes. Reactive dyes are among the most common dye type used in the dyeing of cotton. Although there are many dyes commercially available, the use of these dyes leaves excess pollutants in the wastewater after dyeing, principally, salt and color. The treatment of these pollutants is costly and difficult to conduct. One alternative is to increase the inherit affinity of dyes, thus increasing their exhaustion and fixation, allowing a dyer to use less salt and dye and reduce the residual color in his wastewater. Homobifunctional reactive dyes, synthesized through modification of commercially available dyes showed improved exhaustion and fixation in lab experiments (3). The purpose of this work was to extend previous lab studies into a pilot plant setting to further evaluate the performance of these modified dyes. These pilot plant studies used, as a starting point, a procedure that was determined in the lab to be optimal relative to commercially available dyes and three modified dyes. The use of reactive dyes in cellulosic dyeing is often associated with higher-than-necessary cost and environmental concerns from the discharge of color due to inefficient fixation. To achieve an acceptable level of exhaustion and fixation, high levels of salt are typically used with the reactive dyes currently available on the market. This increases cost due to the cost of the salt and raw material, as well as causing costly and difficult wastewater treatment to be necessary. In addition, high concentrations of salt are very corrosive to batch dyeing machines and other equipment. |


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Ferraris Michael Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello didn't even try to make it look difficult as they took their customary first and second places in this morning's first free practice session in Imola.
Ricardo Zonta was the first man to record a time, 1m 27.349s for Toyota, but after Bjorn Wirdheim had put Jaguar ahead with 1m 27.071s, Barrichello hacked down to 1m 24.547s and then 1m 22.680s. When Schumacher came out to play his first flying lap was 1m 21.522s, and after Barrichello had subsequently worked back to the front with 1m 21.443s, the world champion moved the goalposts again with 1m 20.084s. Nobody else got remotely close.
In the end, Ralf Schumacher clung on to Williams honour with third place and 1mn 22.250s, just heading off the BAR challenge of Anthony Davidson (1m 22.348s) and Jenson Button (1m 22.448s) as they slipped ahead of Juan Pablo Montoya (1m 22.796s).
It was a confusing morning in some ways, with the track temperature fluctuating wildly from as low as 19 degrees Celsius to 23 and back again, which may have favoured the Ferraris on their Bridgestone rubber.
Renault got seventh and ninth (Jarno Trulli 1m 22.927s and Fernando Alonso 1m 23.083s) but they were separated by McLarens Kimi Raikkonen (1m 23.054s). Zonta rounded out the top 10 on 1m 23.161s, which was enough to keep David Coulthard at bay. The Scot lapped his McLaren in 1m 23.197s.
Mark Webber was comfortably the fastest Jaguar with 1m 23.417s, then came the Saubers with Giancarlo Fisichella just heading Felipe Massa, 1m 23.528s to 1m 23.562s. Olivier Panis was the final runner in the 1m 23s on 1m 23.790s for Toyota.
Takuma Sato did only a handful of laps for 1m 24.061s, then came Wirdheim (1m 24.152s), Cristiano da Matta (1m 24.752s) and Nick Heidfeld (1m 24.955s). The latter's Jordan team mate, Giorgio Pantano, continued his recent improvement to get close with 1m 25.375s, but Jaguars Christian Klien only managed 1m 25.679s and interrupted his morning with a spin at Acque Minerale. Timo Glock fought a Jordan that hated kerbs and ultimately lost it in the Variante Alta at the top of the circuit after achieving a best lap of 1m 26.254s.
The Three Minardis were at the back, with Gianmaria Bruni leading the way on 1m 27.933s, from Zsolt Baumgartner's 1m 29.312s and Bas Leinders, who put up his best performance yet in Formula One testing, on 1m 29.414s.
While proceedings so far may have a familiar feel to them, things may well be different this afternoon, as the temperature continues to rise at Imola.


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College Admissions Seminar for Parents
Monday, March 3rd, 2014
For your convenience there are two seminar times:
4:00 PM or 7:00 PM
Sturgis East, Room 211
Parents of juniors are invited to attend an informative introduction to College Admissions. At 4:00 PM and again at 7:00 PM, Sturgis East and West counselors will present parents with information about the college search and admission process. Topics will include trends in college admissions, factors impacting admission decisions, developing a balanced list of schools, managing the application process and presenting the person behind the numbers. Counselors will also offer a time for questions and answers.
Note: This event is just for parents. The seminar will be repeated on Tuesday, March 4th, at 8:30 AM for the junior classes at each campus. If you cannot make one of Monday evening's presentations, you are welcome to attend the student presentation on Tuesday.
This is a great opportunity for you to learn how to support your child in what has become an increasingly complex process. We hope that you will be able to join us.
Please RSVP by responding to firstname.lastname@example.com
Include student/parent name, campus (East or West),
number attending, and time (4:00 or 7:00 PM ) you will be attending
Career Day at Sturgis East!
On April 18, 2014, students at Sturgis East will have an opportunity to learn about a number of careers from professionals in the field. We are collecting student preferences from a list of over 35 career options. We hope to create many new pathways for exploration.
Welcome to your Career Day Choices Activity Page
Below are two links:
- The first link is your Career Day Selection Form. We will use your selections to arrange a three-session schedule for you. Career Day will be held on the morning of April 18, 2014.
- The second link is to a page describing each career so that you can make an informed choice.
Selection Form
Once finished, turn the instruction sheet you received from your Math teacher back to that teacher, who will be tracking this assignment.
To make informed decisions about the careers that will be presented that day, go to the link below. This is for your reference. Your selections should be completed on the link above.
Career Descriptions
Questions? See Ms. Whalley or send email to: firstname.lastname@example.com
Thank you!
The Guidance Team


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Alma E. Clune, 76, of 1965 Amsterdam Road, Minster, died at 6:15 p.m. Wednesday, April 25, 2012, at her residence.
She was born on June 30, 1935, in Montezuma, to Izador and Bertha (Tumbusch) Steinke, and they preceded her in death.
On Nov. 24, 1956, in Montezuma, she married Leonard F. Clune, and he survives.
She is also survived by her children, Jane (Ron) Phlipot of Troy, Nancy (Wally) Wagner of Minster and Rick (Carol) Clune of Piqua; three siblings; a sister-in-law; 10 grandchildren; nine great-grandchildren.
Byron "Barney" C. Anderson, 88, formerly of Celina, died at 6:20 p.m. Wednesday, April 25, 2012, at Wapakoneta Manor.
He was born on June 6, 1923, in Jefferson Township, to Charles and Mary Granger Anderson, and they preceded him in death.
On Nov. 12, 1955, he married Garnet Dalton, and she preceded him in death on May 12, 2011.
He is survived by two sons, Barry (Rita) Anderson of Wapakoneta and Todd (Beth) Anderson of St. Augustine, Fla.; two grandchildren; one stepgrandson; one sister; two sisters-in-law.
Robert Edward Zeller, 81, of Celina, died at 11:20 a.m. Wednesday, April 25, 2012, at his residence.
He was born on Sept. 2, 1930, in Greenville, to Glenn L. and Maxine E. (Hamilton) Zeller, and they preceded him in death.
On Nov. 11, 1950, he married Dorothy Mae Burke, and she preceded him in death on Feb. 1.
He is survived by a son, Don R. (Sandy) Zeller of Celina; a brother; two sisters; five grandchildren; eight great-grandchildren.
He was preceded in death by a son, Ron L. Zeller.
Matthias James Pearson, 50, of 5218 Ohio 29, Celina, died at 3:34 p.m. Tuesday, April 24, 2012, at the Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton.
He was born on Sept. 29, 1961, in Portland, Ind., to Marion D. and Mary Jo (Schneider) Pearson, and his father preceded him in death. His mother survives him in Celina.
He is survived by his children, Jade Pearson of Celina, Christopher (Shawna) Longstreth of West Chester and Matthias J. Pearson Jr. of Celina; two brothers.
Judith A. Martin, 70, of 1005 Canterbury St., Celina, died at 5:55 p.m. Wednesday, April 25, 2012, at Joint Township District Memorial Hospital in St. Marys.
She was born on July 8, 1941, in Celina, to Chester Fetters and Blanche Louella (Howell) Fetters-Sowders, and they preceded her in death.
She is survived by her children, Dustin (Rona) Martin of Fort Myers, Fla., and Heather (Darren) Porter of Celina; four grandchildren; two brothers; two sisters; a stepsister-in-law.
Marilyn A. Sheets, 73, of 235 Pershing Drive, St. Marys, died at 3:30 a.m. Thursday, April 26, 2012, at her residence.
She was born on March 1, 1939, in Ohio City, to Albert "Buck" and Matra (Wilson) Davis, and they preceded her in death.
On Nov. 15, 1965, in Sidney, she married Rex Sheets, and he preceded her in death on Sept. 2, 2002.
50 Years Ago This Week – 1962
ST. MARYS — Local third-grade students have been receiving an in-depth look at a butterfly's lifecycle, as they raised a handful of the insects from larvae to adults.
"We got this kit," Joni Ahlers said of her third-grade class at St. Marys Intermediate School. "When we got them, they were in the larva stage."
Her class noted a butterfly's larva stage is when it is a caterpillar.
"We watched them for how long?" she asked her class, as they responded with the answer.
CELINA — Approximately 800,000 people are trafficked each year, and a major human trafficking hub is just up the interstate.
Robert E. Zeller, 81, of 113 N. Lake St., Celina, died on Wednesday, April 25, 2012, at his residence. Funeral arrangements are pending at Cisco Funeral Home in St. Marys, where funeral services will be held at 5 p.m. Saturday and visitation will be held from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday.


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Candy Canes in the shape of a heart Women's T-Shirts.
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The Real Housewives of Miami, Episode Eight: Bras, Broads and Bitch Slaps
Categories: Film and TV
We mean, even Lady Gaga was tweeting about the show. Does this mean we can start referring to the cast as "Miami's little monsters"?
To kick things off, Marta Krupa finally admits that she slept with Joe Francis. Hey, we all make mistakes, even if they are of the "filthiest male genitalia on the planet" variety. For her safety and everyone around her, we surely hope she used a condom or three.
Despite her sordid past, though, Marta is definitely our new favorite honorary Housewife. She's always a hot drunken mess. We can relate.
1 | 2 | Next Page >>
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Issues in the Conceptualisation and Measurement of Socioeconomic Background: Do Different Measures Generate Different Conclusions?
- Gary Neil Marks
- … show all 1 hide
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Parental occupation and education are used extensively in the analysis of socioeconomic inequalities in education and subsequent social and economic outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to examine if different ways of measuring socioeconomic background substantially alter substantive conclusions on cross-national differences in socioeconomic inequalities in student achievement. The effects of father's occupational group are largely consistent across countries, with students from teaching backgrounds scoring very highly in many countries. Student performance by mother's educational group is quite similar across countries although the relative performance of students whose mothers completed vocational education differs between countries. Notwithstanding these differences, continuous measures of father's and mother's occupation and education, and composite measures comprising combinations of these four indicators and additional indicators produce similar, but not identical, orderings of countries in terms of socioeconomic inequalities in student performance. However common single indicator measures, mother's education and father's occupation do not show a particularly high correspondence, cross-nationally. On theoretical and empirical grounds, the preferred measure is a composite of both parents' occupation and education.
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- West, P., Sweeting, H., & Speed, E. (2001). We really do know what you do: A comparison of reports from 11-year olds and their parents in respect of parental economic activity and occupation. Sociology, 35(2), 539–560.
- White, K. R. (1982). The relationship between socio-economic status and academic achievement. Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 461–481. CrossRef
- White, S. B., Reynolds, P. D., Thomas, M. M., & Gitzlaff, N. J. (1993). Socioeconomic-status and achievement revisited. Urban Education, 28(3), 328–343. CrossRef
- Whitt, H. P. (1986). The sheaf coefficient: A simplified and expanded approach. Social Science Research, 15, 174–189. CrossRef
- Wright, E. O. (1985). Classes. London: Verso.
- Wright, E. O. (1997). Class counts: Comparative studies in class analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Title
- Issues in the Conceptualisation and Measurement of Socioeconomic Background: Do Different Measures Generate Different Conclusions?
- Journal
Social Indicators Research
Volume 104, Issue 2 , pp 225-251
- Cover Date
- 2011-11-01
- 10.1007/s11205-010-9741-1
- Print ISSN
- 0303-8300
- Online ISSN
- 1573-0921
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Occupational status
- Class background
- Student achievement
- Sociology of education
- Cross-national comparisons
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Gary Neil Marks (1) (2)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Australian Council for Educational Research, Private Bag 55, Camberwell, 3124, Australia
- 2. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Level 7, 161 Barry Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia


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Video: Lil Durk – Disappearing
Directed by Cash Akademy Films
Arguably the best track on Durk's Life Ain't No Joke mixtape finally gets the accompanying visual. Look for Durk's new project, Signed To Da Streets, to hit on April 3rd.
Category: Chicago
About the Author (Author Profile)
This. Is. Tha. Barber.Comments (1)
Trackback URL | Comments RSS Feed
This shit was garbage as hell..cheesy beat. garbage hook especially tryna harmonize..this aint good and trust me i fucks wit durk


text:
Mellow Gear
Mellow Gear is guaranteed to be hip, fly, and a bunch of other adjectives your parents still think you use.
Gift Cards
Mellow Mushroom gift cards are the perfect gift for the person who has everything, especially hunger.
Gluten-Free Dough
We now carry Gluten Free dough! Create your own pizza with a variety of Gluten Free ingredients!
We have many Vegan menu options to choose from including dairy free Daiya Vegan cheese. Call us for details.
Mellow Mushroom is proud to serve Blowing Rock with delicious pizza, hoagies, calzones and salads. Providing quality food since 1974, we use fresh ingredients on all our menu items. Mellow Mushroom is more than just a pizza restaurant; it is where Blowing Rock pizza lovers and beer lovers gather. Our menu and locations are as eclectic as our fans. The search for the best pizza in Blowing Rock is over.
Delivery is available through Boone Takeout! 828-265-1611. www.BooneTakeOut.com


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Top of the Morning: Five Fantastic Sandwich Shops
Fernanda's International Food Market: 3045 N. Federal Hwy., Fort Lauderdale. Don't miss the proscuitto with fresh mozzarella or the muffuletta.
Le Petit Pain: 123 S. Third St., Lantana. The roast beef sandwich on a French baguette comes highly recommended, as do the painfully good almond croissants.
Gran Forno: 1235 E. Las Olas Blvd., Fort Lauderdale. Pre-packaged sandwiches that are better than any chain's "fresh" ones.
LaSpada's: 2645 S. University Dr., Davie. They claim to have the best damn hoagies in town and it's hard to argue. Best part? The veggies are held in place by an extra slice of meat.
Big Al's Cheesesteaks: 5607 Regency Lakes Blvd., Coconut Creek. If you're searching for a real Philly Cheese Steak, there's literally only one place to go in Broward County: Big Al's Cheesesteaks. Rib eye + onions + Cheez Whiz = heaven.
Sponsor Content


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Playdates for ages 1–4
October 16th – December 18th
Meet your friends once a week until the school year ends. Kids can come play in the Energy Center with mats, balls and the bounce house while parents sit and socialize or play along with the kids.
Play dates are great for kids. They learn how to interact with other kids; they learn how to share and how to get along in general. And it gives parents a great opportunity to connect with other adults to talk about parenting and things totally unrelated to being a parent, which is refreshing.
Our new Nebula Wall is an interactive wall of light that guarantees hours of fun, exercise and magical experiences for both young and old. And our new EyePlay Exergame Surface turns the floor into an interactive fitness game! Fully responsive to player movements using advanced motion tracking cameras, EyePlay is able to track multiple kids at the same time! Kids can stomp, jump and run around with friends of all ages.
FREE to members. Non-members, $10 surcharge.
For more information, contact Melissa Lawrence at ext. 2144 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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My Fedora 15 KDE 4.7 Desktop
I no longer use openSUSE, it has gone too sour for my liking and is surrounded by a lot of negativity. I am one of those who believe the negative energy of others can have a big impact on ones well being and since giving openSUSE the boot I have been feeling much better.
The how to...
The steps for upgrading KDE to version 4.7 was originally brought to my attention by browsing the Fedora Forum, see the post by ah7013. I have modified the steps slightly as those of us who installed Fedora KDE from the Live CD do not have wget installed.
Please note, KDE 4.7 is not in the Fedora 15 stable repository and the guide will install KDE 4.7 from a repository created by Rex Dieter, a valued member of the Fedora KDE team.
Open a terminal and run the following commands,
cd /etc/yum.repos.d
su -c 'yum install wget'
su -c 'wget http://repos.fedorapeople.org/repos/rdieter/kde47/fedora-kde47.repo'
su -c 'yum update'
Please reboot your system.
Enjoy KDE!


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Contact us
UCL Institute of Education
20 Bedford Way, London
Enquiries: Samrah Rizvi
Find out how the IOE can support your school
School partnerships
UCL Institute of Education works in strong partnerships with individual schools, clusters of schools and Teaching School Alliances to support improved outcomes for your colleagues, children and young people. All our partnership work with schools is underpinned by our world class research.
IOE School Partnerships Awards
For details of the designation criteria download: IOE School Partnerships Awards leaflet (pdf, 0.2mb)
These awards recognise particular schools as Principal Partners and Specialist Partners working with the IOE in:
Professional and leadership development
We will designate a named school which meets criteria in terms of partnership with the IOE.
IOE Specialist Partner testimonials
"In partnership with the IOE we have designed our City Excellence approach to ITE and professional development for our mentors. Our collaborative research agenda supports a focus on our inclusive community." Vanessa Ogden, Headteacher, Mulberry High School for Girls
"School Direct and PGCE places support for our middle leaders have been at the core of our partnership with the IOE this year. Now we are looking to offer accreditation opportunities for our professional development programmes." Mark Siswick, Headteacher, Chesterton Primary School
We are delighted to be working with the IOE to co construct research and development across our schools. Together we are shaping the vision for our alliance and how we will evaluate the impact we will achieve." Sue Snowdon, Executive Headteacher of the North East London Teaching School Alliance (NELTA)