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Bookstores–Headed for Extinction?
Blogger: Wendy Lawton
Location: Books & Such Central Valley Office, CA
Two months ago our town had two bookstores– a very healthy Borders store and a Main Street Christian bookstore that had been around (and vigorous) for more than two decades. Today we have none. We now need to drive twenty-five miles to visit a bookstore. What happened?
The Borders story is well known. Despite every table in the coffee shop always being filled at our Borders and long lines queued up to make purchases, it didn't matter. Mistakes made by corporate Borders spelled the doom of our literary watering hole.
The unintended consequence was our Christian bookstore. Our town used to hold the Guinness record for having more churches per capita than any city in America. The Borders buyers understood this and stocked a huge religious section and an equally huge inspirational fiction section. When Borders began the long liquidation process, everything went on sale, eventually ending up at 70% off. I think the protracted sale went on for about five months. Who knew the independent Christian store didn't have the cushion to hold out until Borders sold the last heavily discounted Christian title?
So now we have no place to gather, browse and buy books. *sigh* It's kept me worrying about the future of brick & mortar bookstores.
I wish I could be as optimistic about bookstores as I am about the future of traditional publishing, of agents and of writers. Just today I read that another bookstore, Sweetbriar, is closing in Davis, California–a college town. If you want to see a heartrending collection of photos, follow this link.
So what's wrong? Have we stopped reading? Stopped buying books? Or is it something else?
First off, we are still reading. Librarian Judy Gann cited the following statistics on the Library Insider website:
- A 2010 Harris Poll showed that 65% of Americans used their library in the past year either in person, by telephone, or by computer.
- A 2008 CNN/U.S. News poll found that Americans make 3.6 billion visits to the library per year; 80% borrow books from the library on a regular basis.
And plenty of us love books, buy books and visit bookstores. The reasons bookstores are fighting to stay alive are as varied as the businesses themselves but let me cover some of the challenges:
- Online sales have certainly hurt brick & mortar stores. It's hard to compete with the convenience and discount prices of the behemoths like Amazon.
- And speaking of fighting the discounters, who knew independent bookstores would end up competing not only with giants like B & N, Borders and Books a Million, but that they'd face competition from heavy discounters like Costco, Sam's and Walmart?
- Much of the problem for indie bookstores has less to do with books and more to do with the general business climate in America. It has become increasingly difficult to make ends meet with all the regulations, skyrocketing rent, insurance costs, taxes and fees. I never owned a bookstore, but before we closed our small manufacturing business, we were paying more than 25% of our gross income on insurances– liability, worker's comp and health insurance. We're long past the days of opening a little storefront and living over the store.
Is there any way to stave off the inevitable?
- If a store owns the property and isn't at the mercy of regular rent hikes, it is far more able to ride out tough times. Nothing spells doom for a small retail establishment like losing the lease or facing a rent hike.
- Just like writers, a store that creates a distinctive brand for itself is better placed to endure. It needs to becomes a destination business.
- Borders and B& N had the right idea in combining a gathering place–a coffee shop–and a bookstore. When a store becomes an important hangout, it avoids the danger of looking empty and unsuccessful.
- Hosting events, writing groups and signings takes a lot of work but creates a sense of community ownership. We writers are always ready to lend a hand with this.
So what's the future of the independent bookstore? The jury is still out. But one thing I've observed is that everything cycles around again. If we end up with nothing but online stores, just watch. A new generation will reinvent wonderful shops, and people will rediscover the joy of gathering to talk books. Perhaps most books will be digital, but many of us will always collect antiquarian books, first editions and literary treasure.
What do you think? Will bookstores endure? Tell us about your favorite bookstore. What is it that draws you there?
By Wendy Lawton on Nov 11, 2011 in Blog, Bookstores | 19 Comments
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19 Comments
Practically, consumers don't need bookstores, i.e. stores that mainly sell books. As you posted above, they can buy their books at other retailers like Costco and Walmart. The main book store chain in Canada, for example, is transforming itself into a retailer, which also sells books. While bookstores are wonderful, the future might lead to areas selling books inside retailers like J.C. Penney. Have a wonderful weekend, Wendy.
The things I miss most about bookstores are atmosphere, and variety. Borders was my favorite of the large chains, for some very small (but important) reasons. They were not freezing cold inside, walls were painted with bright, uplifting colors, and there was always a veritable feast of books set out in attractive LOGICAL order to meander through. A most pleasant way to shop for something you wanted, but didn't quite know what it was, yet.
Our local Christian bookstore is something of a phenomenon, in that not only does it have all of the above qualities, but there are cozy clusters of comfortable chairs and coffee tables scattered throughout the store in quiet corners, where there are always "divine encounters" going on. No kidding. Once, there was such an atmosphere of miracles in that place (a lot of prayer goes on there) that people began to be drawn from every corner of the store to participate. Even the workers. I will never forget that day.
Lately, the shelves of the remaining bookstores in our town (and even the library) have not only been dwindling, some even stand stark and empty. Which makes me think the only reason people who love these places might stop patronizing them would be simply because there is nothing much there, anymore.
Perhaps it's time for some innovative marketers to come along and reintroduce the "Dime Novels" concept of getting less expensive books into the hands of more readers. Or maybe even bring back the small, independent book stalls on sidewalks that were so popular around the world in the early part of the twentieth century. Truth is, the price of books (even though the industry can always explain away the high costs) has made regular purchases prohibitive for today's struggling families. So, personally, I'm praying that some solutions to this particular problem will materialize in one quick hurry. Because how I would hate to see the demise of such a glorious pastime — for young and old, alike — as book browsing!
Actually, I seldom make a point to visit bookstores anymore. The only time I do, I happen to be out, doing something else, and I'll see a bookstore a stop. Half the time, I don't purchase anything. I usually purchase all my books as Kindle downloads.
I always go to the inspirational fiction section to see what's on the shelf. I also see if my book happens to be in stock.
There's not much I like better than going to our nearby Barnes and Noble, browsing the stacks, picking something off the discount table, something off the history, something off either the poetry or writers section, plus a couple of writing magazines, going into the coffee shop, buying the largest house blend avaialable and reading something in each item.
The loss of bricks & mortar stores is an unfortunate, natural consequence of the Internet era. Some will survive, but they will be fewer and farther in between. Possibly the most successful in the future will be used book stores that put in a coffee shop. Half library, half bookstore, half coffee shop. Er, someone else can do the math on that.
I posted these links on Facebook today http://t.co/0OUZ5WMy and http://t.co/78oYHeVB about the Espresso Book Machine, which can print hard copies of thousands of books. Each one only takes a few minutes. I understand those are mostly found on the East Coast so far, but as more bookstores get them it should help their sales because they won't need nearly as much shelf and storage place or have to worry about returns. Remaining shelf space can be used for things not available as e-books.
It saddens me to see bookstores close. Why? I don't know, because I rarely get a chance to go in one. I think when it hit me hard was when we were in NC this year. The bookstore I have visited almost every year in over a decade had the majority of its books packed up. The worker said it had been like that for months, but the owners–who also ran the local newspaper–hadn't said they were closing. He told me he doubted they would be open in 2012 when we returned. A month after our visit, the bookstore in downtown Manteo, NC sustained heavy damage from Hurricane Irene. I don't think they have reopened yet.
Like you, I believe everything is cyclical. I'm hoping that means the trend of the closing bookstores will one day pass over to a new surge of indie booksellers who find the key to success.
Thanks for a wonderful week of posts, Wendy.
I see libraries taking on the role that bookstores had as places where folks would gather to discuss their favorite authors, hold book club meetings, etc. So a place for obtaining physical books and discussing them will certainly be around in the future, even if there won't be any physical retail settings for books.
People tend to draw straight lines between paper books and e-readers. But I suspect there is another demon at work in the mix.
Save a book store: turn off your TV.
I'm fortunate to live in a town with quite a few bookstores. From the B&N at the mall to Mr. K's Used Books. I think the community in Asheville, NC, tends to be very bookstore supportive (in part due to lots of local authors). Indie bookstore Malaprop's has events ALL the time and does an amazing job of supporting regional authors. Of course, when your those authors are Charles Frazier, Robert Morgan, Vicki Lane and Ron Rash, it's a smidge easier. Check them out at http://www.malaprops.com
Just as some local mom and pop stores have figured out a way to survive among a viable Walmart threat, so too, some bookstores will figure out a way to survive despite Amazon's discounting of printed books and the proliferation of e-books. Unfortunately, there will be many more bookstores who won't make it.
Larry, you could very well be right. Our library trustees were trying to get the town to vote on building a new library and it seemed to me like it was more of a B&N type set up–cafe and everything.
Cheryl, I've seen several new libraries that look like that.
Our only Barnes and Noble is going out of the mall only due to the owner doubling the rent. Citizens have petitioned the corporate office to try to get them to move to another location in town. So far no go.
And I don't shop Walmart.
This is a great topic for blogging today. I love the small town bookstore experience. Without our small town bookstore, I would now have to drive 30-40 min to get to either Family Christian Bookstores, or B & N. I live in a semi-rural area in Indiana.
I advocate supporting your local bookstores! I try to order from them instead of the internet. I take my teenagers there for coffee and browsing on Saturdays sometimes.
I would challenge others to interview your local bookstore owners about these issues. I did and learned that the sale of gifts, not books, is what keeps our local store afloat. See my blog article, Spotlight on Nappanee's Local Bookstore. Perhaps you could spotlight your own local shops on your blogs! :o) -
My support and money will go to the small independent and used bookstores that are left. I will also support library used book sales. I have found many "precious" finds at library used book sales. My issue with libraries is that you always have to return the book. I will not buy my books at Walmarts(God Forbid) Costco or Pennys or even Krogers (my grocery store)All of the above stores do not have the book knowledge to sell items worth buying. Those pictures you portrayed , especially the ones of Borders are indicative of what happens when corporate execs dont listen to the people working in the stores. It is always a real tragedy when technology replaces the charm knowledge atmosphere and pure bliss of a neighborhood book store. My fighting slogan is this: fight back ! Do not give your money to Amazon .com. If you must have a Kindle also make it a point to frequent small independents and used book stores. The other telling point is that you cannot browse as well on the internet !
Why would a bookstore carry your books if you admit to not supporting them.
Oi Wendy, eu sou brasileira e falo pouco inglês.
Estou fazendo curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo e o meu tema do trabalho de graduação é uma livraria. Achei muito interessante suas observações e concordo que nós (arquitetos e outras pessoas) devemos reinventar a livraria de um modo atrativo para não acabar com esse espaço maravilhoso.


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James Woods plays a small cable channel exec in David Cronenberg's 1983 Film "Videodrome". Max Renn (Woods) runs the small network Civic TV, which shows the most offbeat, weird and bizarro shows on TV (I have to admit, it sounds like my kind of station), and he's always looking for a new show to put on the airwaves. The newest crop that his sales agent is proposing aren't edgy enough for him, it's all too softcore, too pedestrian. He needs something a little more shocking, not only to keep interest in his station, but also because he needs something to get excited about. Soon after, his tech intercepts a few minutes of "Videodrome" and Renn's interest is piqued.
While they only intercept a few minutes of this broadcast from a pirate satellite feed orginating in Malaysia, he's instantly intrigued. The show seems to depict realistic portrayals of torture and murder. The sets are sparse, just a red clay wall in the background and a couple of pillars that the victims are tied to. There's no story, no plot, no actors - just two hooded figures and a naked victim that is being whipped. While there's no real point to it, besides the torture and death, the production values seem high and Renn needs to find out where he can get more episodes. His tech eventually finds a way to descramble the signal, and he finds out that the signal is only masquerading itself as being from Malaysia. It's actually from Pittsburgh, and this information lets Renn know that more information about the show might be at his very fingertips.
Max meets Nikki Brand (Deborah Harry), a talk radio dj, on a panel show discussing the media's influence on society. During the panel, Max can't keep his eyes off of Nikki, and they go out and get to know each other better. They later arrive at his apartment, and after one thing leads to another, they start watching the initial taping of Videodrome. Nikki becomes instantly intrigued, as she's been into S&M with her other companions. Max and Nikki start to carry out session of minor torture of their own. Days later, Nikki let's Max know that she's going out of town for the next few weeks on assignment to Pittsburgh. She tells him that she's going to audition for Videodrome, but Max knows this isn't a game, the people on that show don't come back.
Since watching Videodrome, Max has started to develop very realistic hallucinations, and he's having a hard time separating fact from fiction. His psyche starts to suffer, and he takes action to talk with another person that was featured on his panel show, Brian O'Blivion. O'Blivion runs a local cultish church that believes that the television can cure all ills, and after learning some more information about O'blivion, Max thinks that he'll be able to answer his questions about the hallucinations.
Videodrome is a movie that's soaked in social commentary. While it was filmed in 1983, a lot of the arguments (especially the commentary on television) are still relevant today. I, like the characters watching the Videodrome show, was very intrigued about what was going to happen next. It wasn't predictable like most films that we review are, and I'd almost say it's too classy for this site (I know, this site is the epitome of class). I was on the edge of my seat waiting for the next scene, the whole time anticipating what would come next and genuinely excited throughout.
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Long live the new flesh!


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In the 1960s, young Americans questioned social traditions one after another, like the feminist movement and celebrating sexual freedom. Today they have become the divorced generation. Click below to see how Facebook may actually be the cause of your divorce.
While the overall divorce rate in the U.S. has declined over the past 20 years, it has doubled for Americans aged 50 and over. No doubt, there have been a variety of causes, including empty nests, and midlife crises. But one force that is helping to fracture those marriages has received less attention: the people who were unprepared for an altered technological landscape that allows them to reconnect with long-lost love.
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With the city witnessing its foray into becoming a well connected smart place traveling even short distances is becoming a task! 'Metro Work' boards fail to give a euphemistic effect.....what will come is robbing the city of its efficiency in the present scenario..... jams jams and more JAMS are becoming routine 1.5 hr routines are becoming 2.5 hr one thing is increasing though...... our patience and more of it hoping to see a new city fabric soon..... there have to be more efforts in making people aware of wht is envisaged.
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J.J. Abrams received an award at the 13th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards yesterday.
Presenting the award to Abrams was Zoë Saldana , in her first public appearance since the birth of her twins.
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J.J. Abrams received an award at the 13th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards yesterday.
Presenting the award to Abrams was Zoë Saldana , in her first public appearance since the birth of her twins.
Benedict Cumberbatch will be receiving a special award at the 17th Annual Moet British Independent Film Awards.
The actor has already been nominated for an award in the Best Actor category for his work in The Imitation Game.
William Shatner has picked up another award, this one from the Academy of Media Tastemakers.
The Annual Taste Awards "celebrate the year's best achievements in Food, Fashion, Home and Lifestyle programs on Television, in Film, Online, on Radio and at Live Interactive Events."
George Takei and his husband Brad were the recipient of a Vanguard Award last weekend.
The award was given out at the 45th Anniversary Gala Vanguard Awards.
Benedict Cumberbatch has been nominated for a British award.
The nomination is for an award to be given out at the 17th annual Moet British Independent Film Awards.
"Created in 1998 by Raindance founder Elliot Grove, The British Independent Film Awards set out to celebrate merit and achievement in independently funded British filmmaking, to honor new talent, and to promote British filmmaking and British talent to a wider public."
Cumberbatch is up for an award in the Best Actor category, for his work in The Imitation Game where he plays Alan Turing. Cumberbatch's competition in the Best Actor category include: Asa Butterfield (X+Y), Brendan Gleeson (Calvary), Jack O'Connell ('71), and Timothy Spall (Mr. Turner).
The award winners will be announced in a ceremony to be held on December 7.
Star Trek: The Next Generation's LeVar Burton will be the recipient of an award at the Facets Boo! Bash this Sunday.
Burton will receive the Facets Award at the gala.
Star Trek into Darkness' J.J. Abrams will be receiving an award from The Visual Effects Society.
The award will be presented to Abrams during the 13th Annual VES Awards ceremony, to be held February 4.
The George Takei documentary, To Be Takei, has won an award at the Fantasia International Film Festival.
The 18th Annual Fantasia International Film Festival was held earlier this month in Montreal, Canada.
William Shatner received an award from NASA on Saturday.
The award was presented to Shatner at his annual Hollywood Charity Horse Show.
George Takei will receive an award at the 25th Annual GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) Media Awards ceremony in New York.
Takei will be receiving the Vito Russo Award at the ceremony.
The original series' Leonard Nimoy will receive an award from the Boston Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.
Nimoy is a native of Boston and began his performing career there.
The original series' Nichelle Nichols will be receiving an award at the Essence 7th Annual Black Women in Hollywood luncheon tomorrow.
The Black Women in Hollywood luncheon "celebrate[s] the top African-American women in the film industry."
Star Trek into Darkness has been nominated for another award, this one from the Art Directors Guild (ADG).
The ADG has ten categories of awards for production design in movies, television, commercials and music videos.
George Takei will be receiving an award from the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
The award is the 2013 National Leadership Award.
William Shatner is slated to get a legacy award from the Stratford Festival.
The Stratford Festival strives to "create stimulating, thought-provoking productions of Shakespeare's plays, to examine other plays from the classical repertoire, and to foster and support the development of Canadian theater practitioners."


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Membership Section
"Membership in Campus Compact shows a commitment to making community and public service part of campus life."
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- Trusted resources for presidents, faculty, students, and community service staff, including books, periodicals, and extensive online resources for connecting campuses and communities.
- Successful campus models for community engagement, including thousands of exemplary practices, program models, and sample syllabi.
- Funding for campus-based community outreach, with more than $28 million raised in the past decade.
- Value and visibility for presidents, including national leadership colloquia, influential public statements, special bulletins, and forums for promoting the public good of higher education. See resources and information for Presidents.
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- Advocacy and policy work, including work with national and state policymakers, as well as action alerts and online tools for affecting legislation. See legislation and policy.
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How to Join
You will need the following to become a member of Campus Compact:
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- Payment of the membership dues. (Please contact the state office for more information on what the specific dues would be for your college or university. Dues are computed based on the number of full-time undergraduate students.)


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Just thinking. My wife and her mom and sisters do the whole Black Friday thing. It's on back of my mind to ask her to pick up ingredients while she's out there (I can call it in!). But then, I don't think it'd go over as well as I like to think it would. Then got me thinking: Do any homebrew supply stores, on-line or otherwise, do that?
Homebrewing.org has both as sales.
Hoping for a refractometer.....
Birdman Brewing is having a sale Friday at 9!
I know i won't see it, but would love to see a 20 gallon Blichmann on sale..
Yeah. Haven't seen much. But...Who knows? I've seen the homebrewing.org one.
Label peelers has 21% off and Austin homebrew has some specials.
I hope so. I need a good firkin deal.
Morebeer 10% off with code THANKS01 Seems to work on everything on their store, including blichmann gear
My LHBS has a "Great Grain Sale" every fall. That's my black friday.


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Our Promise to Veterans, and their Employers
The following blog is a cross-post of an op-ed that appreared in The Daytona Beach News-Journal:
An applicant walks into a job interview. She extends a firm handshake, looks the hiring manager straight in the eye, and begins to detail her impressive qualifications.
Her resume tells part of her story: She's dependable, hard-working and loyal above all else. Teamwork and commitment to the mission at hand are hard-wired into her DNA. She has received world-class training from one of the most revered and demanding organizations in the world. And she has been tested, time and again, in pressure-cooker situations that few can imagine.
What's more, if she is hired, the company will receive a tax credit from the federal government of $5,600 or more.
The interviewer knows everything he has just seen and been told is true, because sitting before him is a veteran of the United States armed forces.
As the U.S. Secretary of Labor, I have no more sacred responsibility than making sure we serve our military heroes as well as they've served us. Not only do our veterans deserve good-paying civilian jobs for putting their lives on the line to defend our country, but employers deserve the productivity and profits that will flow from putting these extraordinary Americans to work.
Right now, the unemployment rate for veterans who served after the attacks of September 11th stands at 8.9 percent. While that rate has fallen dramatically from 12.4 percent a year ago, we can do better.
Today at the American Veterans National Conference here in Daytona Beach, I will discuss the administration's efforts to help returning service members launch rewarding civilian careers. My Veterans' Employment and Training Service is leading the effort to assist these brave Americans, whether they're coming home from a recent tour in Afghanistan or have served in past conflicts.
We call it our P3 campaign: prepare, provide and protect.
First, we're preparing our veterans to communicate their value to hiring managers through employment workshops—an intensive, three-day curriculum that helps them write strong resumes, hone their interview techniques and match their military skills with those required in civilian jobs.
As President Obama has said, if these men and women can save a life in Afghanistan, they can save a life in an ambulance. And if they can oversee millions of dollars of assets in Iraq, they can help a business balance its books here at home.
Second, we're providing a wealth of resources through our American Job Center network. Veterans are given priority assistance at any of our 2,800 local employment centers nationwide. Post 9/11 veterans are eligible for a "Gold Card," which entitles them to six months of intensive service and personalized case management to put them on a path to success in today's competitive labor market.
We also have innovative online resources. At MyNextMove.org/vets, they can enter in their military occupation code and discover civilian jobs where their skills translate. Or they can enter a specific field and browse hundreds of different career options. And for those looking to change careers, the site lists local institutions in their community that offer training or apprenticeship programs that provide on-the-job experience.
We've also partnered with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to create a job bank (nrd.gov) with hundreds of thousands of private-sector job opportunities targeted specifically to veterans. The site includes a special section to help wounded, ill and injured service members with recovery and rehabilitation so they can get back to work.
Third, we're protecting the rights of veterans to receive priority consideration for employment in the federal workforce. President Obama signed an executive order to bolster the government's recruitment and retention of veterans. Since that order, more than 225,000 veterans and Reservists have been put to work by the country they've heroically served.
More than 27 percent of the federal workforce now consists of veterans. We employ thousands of veterans in my department alone, and they are some of the most incredible members of my staff.
Under federal law, it is illegal for any employer to discriminate on the basis of military service. Since 9/11, my department has educated more than 800,000 veterans about their employment rights. And last year, more than 90 percent of cases brought under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act were resolved by my staff in less than 90 days.
I am honored to work in the nation's capital to help our veterans find rewarding careers worthy of their sacrifice to this great nation. Our service members who fight to protect our freedoms abroad shouldn't have to fight for jobs when they return home.
So my message to America's veterans at today's Daytona conference will be simple and straightforward: We're committed to you. Your skills, your experience, and your dedication are crucial to our economic recovery.
And my message to U.S. employers in Daytona today—and across the country every day—is equally important: The best way to honor our veterans is to employ them. This act of patriotism is the right thing to do for your country and your company's bottom line.
Tags: DOL Working for You, job development, Job Growth, Job Training, jobs, Secretary Hilda Solis, Veterans, Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS)


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Green light for Infigen wind farm
PUBLISHED: 13 Jun 2012 11:05:17 | UPDATED: 14 Jun 2012 08:47:43PUBLISHED: 13 Jun 2012 PRINT EDITION: 14 Jun 2012Infigen has modified its design of the project to account for environmental constraints and community concerns.
Angela Macdonald-Smith
Infigen Energy has secured the green light to develop its Woakwine wind project in South Australia's south-east, adding to its development pipeline of clean energy projects.
The 124-turbine project will lie along the same ridgeline as Infigen's Lake Bonney wind project. Construction is expected to create about 150 jobs, with 18 permanent jobs once production starts.
Infigen has modified its design of the project to account for environmental constraints and community concerns, including removing planned turbines near Cape Jaffa, the Mt Hope ridge line, the Rendelsham community and certain individual properties.
Frank Boland, development manager for the project, said Wednesday in a statement that the revised layout still makes the most of the wind resource while "maintaining sensitivity to the environmental constraints of the site."
The Australian Financial Review
Read more
Companies | Infigen Energy |
Topics | Environment, Energy & Utilities /Alternative Energy , Energy & Utilities /Electricity |


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Im tired and on a bus full of other highschoolers I dont know. Im laying on my friend's shoulder and trying to sleep.
"I hate faggots, If one ever got near to me Id beat his ass," boy in a cowboy hat informs the bus.
Anger starts stiring in me.
"Yea fucking fags with their damn limp wrists talking like women,fucking disgusting." responds another boy.
"There all going to hell anyway." Another one chimes in.
"You guys are being so offensive" I yell surprised that the words suddenly escaped my throat.
"What are you a lesbian?", Cowboy hat boy asks
"Yea I am", I answer
"I told you they were!" two girls point and giggle at my friend and I.
"Well its ok to be a lesbian but fags are sick.",Cowboy hat boy reasures me.
"Did you ever think that there might be gay guys on this bus. You know how offense your being to them?"I say.
The conversation goes on untill I get off the bus. One of them apologizes to me. As I walk off the bus they all stare to get a better view of the lesbian.
That's cool of you to stick up for yourself. I'd give the guys credit for appologizing to you, as assholic as they were being. Maybe there's hope for them yet. As for yourself, WAY to GO!
It's always good to make folks like that use the brains vacuum-packed inside their cowboy hats. You're a lot braver than I am...
I used to live in a town full of people like that, and I've gotta wonder if they ever take the time to listen to what dumb, ignorant assholes they sound like.
Good for you!
Chief Political Right Hand Woman to Ceo, Founder and First Member of The Movement to Free Oompa Loompa Land from the Tryanicall Capitalsitic Despot Willy Wonka


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Failed amateur woodworking attempt leads to development of computer driven handheld router; larger potential seen.
Spraying and solvent finishes top lists, but environmental interest is high.
Locking blades and other features make these knives especially handy for all sorts of tasks.
La-Z-Boy executive explains commitment to lean.
Keep saw running at peak performance, reduce downtime, and get the highest yield, Mereen-Johnson advises.
Machine packages consistent sizes of flooring for installers and end users.
Bill proposes to ban the sale of most table saws unless they are equipped with flesh-sensing technology.
New attachment allows WorkSharp WS3000 sharpener to accept Tormek and JET sharpening jigs.
Even with plenty of research and enthusiasm, you will likely need a guide to help in your lean transformation.
Examining three shops with a flawed perception of what lean manufacturing should be.
Lean workplace organization can't happen if you don't first apply lean tools and techniques to yourself.
Q: We have a floor that has developed some cracks between the pieces. We know that the moisture content right now is 6.2 percent MC. Is there any way to calculate the moisture content at the time of installation prior to the development of cracks?
Shop learns that production incentives can sometimes backfire and actually impede flow.
See the flaws in your organization process as you put it to work.
Florida cabinet shop drives growth with team building, networking, and effective production techniques.
Eliminate headaches and speed the process of installing cabinets with a few simple steps.
Rockler and Woodworker's Supply offer two new entrants in the growing field of benchtop work-holding devices.
Woodworkers discuss their strategies for remaining profitable during the recession.
Stiles Machinery demonstrated the new Homag laserTec edge processing technology at its headquarters in Kentwood, Mich.
Focused heat instead of adhesives streamline the edgebanding process and reduce materials costs.
Proper heat treatment is as important as the selection of HSS for tooling.
Ear protection in the shop
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Tell us your age and gender to get 100 Reward points
Lots to improve. Good bowlers who can bowl yorkers and take wickets. Allrounders who are consistent ..
Middle or Good Game Finisher Required. Can't Pressurizes AB to perform always.


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Kansas Capital Punishment Laws
More Information on Capital Punishment Laws
Code Section | 21-3401; 21-3436; 21-3439, 21-4624 et seq.; 22-4001 |
Is Capital Punishment Allowed? | Yes |
Effect of Defendant's Incapacity | Suspend sentence |
Minimum Age | 18 |
Available for Crimes Other than Homicide? | None |
Definition of Capital Homicide | Murder committed in the commission of, attempt to commit, or in flight from an inherently dangerous felony, including: kidnapping, robbery, rape, burglary, theft, child abuse, sodomy, arson, treason; murder committed for hire or hiring one to commit murder; murder committed while defendant is in custody of correctional institution; murder of law enforcement officer; of multiple persons; of child under 14 in commission of kidnapping |
Method of Execution | Lethal injection |
Note: State laws are constantly changing -- contact an attorney or conduct your own legal research to verify the state law(s) you are researching.
Research the Law:
- Official State Codes - Links to the official online statutes (laws) in all 50 states and DC.
Related Resources for Capital Punishment Laws:


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Division of Life Sciences, Oceanography
71 Dudley Rd.
New Brunswick,
United States
M.S. - Oceanography;M.S. - Operational Oceanography, Ph.D. - Oceanography
Format: Campus
The Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences (IMCS), serves as a focus of interdisciplinary studies and research in estuarine, coastal and open-ocean environments. A broad range of research opportunities are available, including: biogeochemical cycling, real-time studies in the coastal ocean using advanced underwater instrumentation; biological and geological processes at deep-sea hydrothermal vents; remote sensing and ocean modeling; advanced underwater optics and fish behavior; biodiversity and marine molecular biology; organism-sediment interactions; cycling of organic and inorganic materials in the ocean; watershed ecosystems.
Rutgers had its reaccreditation visit from March 29 through April 1, 1998. Rutgers, The State Univer
Financial Aid Offered: No
Classification: Doctoral/Research Universities - Extensive
Institution Sector: Public
Locale: Large Suburb
Size & Settings: 20,000 and above


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A Ablative Therapy - Treatment that removes or destroys the function of an organ; for example, removing the ovaries or having some types of chemotherapy that cause them to stop working. Acute - Sudden onset of symptoms or disease. Adenocarcinoma - Cancer that starts in the glandular tissue, such as in ducts or lobules of the breast. Adenoma - A benign or malignant tumor made up of glandular tissue. Adjuvant Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy used along with surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant Therapy - Given after primary treatment to increase chances of a cure; includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormone therapy. Adrenal Gland - Glands located near the kidneys that produce hormones which control metabolism, fluid balance, and blood pressure. They also produce small amounts of 'male' hormones (androgens) and 'female' hormones (estrogens and progesterone). Alopecia - Loss of hair. This can include all body hair besides scalp hair and can result from disease as well as certain type of cancer treatments. Alternative Medicine - Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative Therapy - Use of an unapproved therapy instead of standard (proven) therapy. The American Cancer Society recommends that patients considering the use of any alternative or complementary therapy discuss this with their healthcare professional. Analgesic - A drug that relieves pain. Androgen - A male hormone. Anemia - A less than normal amount of red blood cells. Angiogenesis - Growth of blood vessels to a solid tumor. Antibiotic - Drugs used to kill organisms that cause disease. Antibiotics may be made by living organisms or they may be created in the lab. Since some cancer treatments can reduce the body's ability to fight off infection, antibiotics may be used to treat or prevent these infections. Antibodies - Proteins formed in response to an antigen that produces immunity against certain microorganisms or toxins. Antibody - A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Antiemetic - A drug that prevents or controls nausea and vomiting. Antiestrogen - A substance that blocks the effects of estrogen on tumors. Antiestrogens are used to treat breast cancers that depend on estrogen for growth. Antifungal - A drug used to treat fungal infections. Antigen - A substance that causes the body's immune system to react. This reaction often involves the production of antibodies. For example, the immune system's response to antigens that are part of bacteria and viruses helps people resist infections. Cancer cells have certain antigens that can be found by laboratory tests; they are important in cancer diagnosis and in watching response to treatment. Other cancer cells' antigens play a role in immune reactions that may help the body's resistance against cancer. Antineoplastic - A drug that prevents, kills or blocks the growth or spread of cancer cells. Antioxidants - Agents that help prevent cancer by reducing oxidative stress and damage to DNA caused by oxygen radicals in the body. Aplastic Anemia - A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. Apoptosis - The process of natural cell death that eliminates injured or genetically damaged cells. Arrhythmia - An irregular heartbeat. Ascites - An abnormal collection of fluid in the abdomen from cancer or other causes. Aspiration - The removal of fluid or tissue from a specific area of the body. Asymptomatic - Not having any symptoms of a disease. Atypical - Not usual or abnormal. Autoimmunity - A condition in which the body's immune system fights its own tissues. Axilla - The armpit. Axillary Dissection - Removal of the lymph nodes in the armpit (axillary nodes) for examination for the presence of cancer. Return to top
B Barium Enema - A study of the colon (large intestine) in which the patient is given an enema of a liquid barium mixture before the x-ray is taken. Basal Cell Carcinoma - The most common type of skin cancer that grows slowly and is almost always curable. Benign - A tumor that does not grow into surrounding tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Bilateral - Occurring on both sides of the body. Bioactive - Affecting a living organism. Biological Response Modifiers - A substance that fights cancer by stimulating the immune system. Biopsy - The surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination to determine if cancer cells are present. Blood Cells - The red and white cells and platelets produced in the bone marrow that make up blood. Blood Count - The number of both white and red blood cells and platelets as determined by examination of blood under a microscope. Bolus - A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Bone Marrow - The soft spongy substance found inside bones that produces blood cells. Bone Marrow Biopsy - A procedure in which a needle is inserted into a bone to take out a sample of bone marrow. Bone Marrow Transplant - The addition of a donor's bone marrow into a patient whose own bone marrow can no longer make normal blood cells. Bone Scan - A picture of all the bones in the body taken about two hours after the injection of a radioactive dye. Bone (skeletal) Survey - An x-ray of all the bones of the body; often done when looking for metastasis to the bones. Brachytherapy - Internal radiation treatment given by placing radioactive material directly into the tumor or close to it. Brain Scan - A picture of the brain taken after the injection of a radioactive dye. Breakthrough Pain - Intense increases in pain that occur with rapid onset even when pain control medication is being used. Breast Augmentation - Surgery to increase the size of the breast. Breast Cancer - Cancer that starts in the tissue of the breast. Breast Conservation Therapy - Surgery to remove breast cancer and a small amount of benign tissue around the cancer, without removing any other part of the breast. The lymph nodes under the arm may be removed, and radiation therapy is also often given after the surgery. This method is also called lumpectomy, segmental excision, limited breast surgery or tylectomy. Breast Implant - A sac used to increase breast size or restore the contour of a breast after mastectomy. The sac is filled with silicone gel (a synthetic material) or sterile saltwater (saline). Breast Reconstruction - Surgery that rebuilds the breast contour after mastectomy. A breast implant or the women's own tissue is used. If desired, the nipple and areola may also be re-created. Reconstruction can be done at the time of mastectomy or any time later. Breast Self-Exam (BSE) - A method of checking one's own breasts for lumps or suspicious changes. Bronchoscopy - The insertion of a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth and into the lungs allowing the physician to examine and take a biopsy of the lungs and bronchi (breathing tubes). Return to top
C Cancer - A general term for a large group of diseases in which there is uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer Cell - A cell that divides and reproduces abnormally and has the potential to spread throughout the body, crowding out normal cells and tissue. Cancer Survivor - Anyone living with a history of cancer including newly diagnosed survivors as well as long-term survivors. Candidiasis - A common fungal infection often seen as white patches on the tongue or the inside of the mouth. Carcinogen - A substance that causes cancer. Carcinoma - A malignant tumor that begins in the lining layer (epithelial cells) of organs. Carcinoma in situ - The earliest stage of cancer, in which the tumor is still confined to the local area. Cardiomyopathy - Disease of the heart muscle. Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan - Using a machine that takes pictures of cross sections of the body, a CT Scan can show the anatomy of the brain and other parts of your body that can not be seen by regular x-ray. Cell - The structural and functional unit of which all living things are made. Cervical Lymph Nodes - Lymph nodes in the neck. Cervix - The neck of the uterus. Chemotherapy - The treatment of cancer with drugs. Chromosome - Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Chronic - Persisting over a long period of time. Clinical Trial - A planned scientific study of the effects of a diagnostic test or treatment on selected patients, usually with respect to safety, efficacy, and/or quality of life. Colon - The part of the large intestine that extends from the small intestine to the rectum. Colonoscopy - A procedure to look at the rectum and the colon by means of a lighted, flexible tube. Colostomy - A surgical procedure by which an opening is created between the colon and the outside of the abdomen in order to eliminate stool into a collection bag. Combination Therapy - The use of more than one drug during cancer treatments. Combined Modality Therapy - Treatment with two or more types of therapy - a surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or biotherapy. Complementary Therapy - Therapies used in addition to standard therapy which may help relieve certain symptoms of cancer, relieve side effects of standard cancer therapy, or improve a patient's sense of well being. The American Cancer Society recommends that patients considering use of any alternative or complementary therapy discuss this with their healthcare team. Complete remission/complete response (CR) - The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. Consent - A patient's oral and written agreement to a procedure or a treatment based on full disclosure about the treatment, its potential risks and benefits, alternative treatments, and any other information the patient needs to make the decision. Corticosteroid - Any of a number of steroid substances obtained from the cortex of the adrenal glands. They are sometimes used as an anti-cancer treatment or to reduce persistent nausea. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) - A gene implicated in inflammation and, possibly, tumor formation. Cyst - Accumulation of fluid or semisolid material within a sack in the body. Cystitis - An inflammation of the bladder caused by bacteria, chemotherapy or radiation treatments. Cystoscope - Inspection of the inside of the bladder by means of a telescope. Cytology - The branch of science that deals with the structure and function of cells. It also refers to tests used to diagnose cancer and other diseases by examination of cells under the microscope. Cytotoxic - Toxic to cells; cell killing. Return to top
D Debulking - A procedure that removes a significant part or most of a tumor in cases where it is not possible to remove all of it. This may make subsequent radiotherapy or chemotherapy easier and more effective. Diagnosis - Identifying a disease by its signs or symptoms, the use of imaging procedures, and/or laboratory findings. Drug Resistance - The ability of cancer cells to resist the effects of a specific drug. Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) - A form of breast cancer in which cancer cells start in the milk passages (ducts) and have not penetrated the duct walls into the surrounding tissue. Dysphagia - Difficult or painful swallowing. Dysplasia - Abnormal changes in cells, which sometimes indicate that cancer may develop. Dyspnea - Shortness of breath. Dysuria - Difficult or painful urination. Return to top
E Edema - The swelling or accumulation of fluid in a body part. Effusion - A collection of fluid inside a body cavity, such as around the lungs. Emesis - Vomiting. Endocrine Therapy - Manipulation of hormones in order to treat a disease or condition. Endoscope - A hollow tube-like instrument used to look inside a body cavity. Erythema - Redness of the skin. Erythrocyte - A red blood cell. Esophagitis - Soreness and inflammation of the esophagus due to infection, toxicity from radiotherapy, chemotherapy or physical injury. Estrogen - The female sex hormone produced by the ovaries. Estrogen Receptor Assay - A laboratory test done on a sample of the cancer to see whether estrogen receptors are present. ER positive cancers are more likely to respond to hormonal therapy. Estrogen Replacement Therapy - The use of estrogen from sources other than the body. Excision - Surgical removal of a part of the body. Extravasation - The leaking of intravenous fluids or drugs into the surrounding tissue. Return to top
F First-Degree Relative - A parent, sibling, or child
G Gene - Pieces of DNA which contain information for making specific proteins. Genetic Counseling - The process of counseling people who may have a gene that makes them more likely to develop cancer. Genetic Testing - Tests performed to see if a person has certain gene changes known to increase cancer risk. Grading - Classifying cancer cells to provide information about probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. Granulocyte - The most common type of white blood cell. Its function is to kill bacteria. Return to top
H Hematocrit - The percentage of red blood cells in the body. A low hematocrit is a sign of anemia. Hematologist - A physician who specializes in disease of the blood and bone marrow. Hematuria - Blood in the urine. Hemoglobin - A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide and gives blood its red color. Hemorrhagic Cystitis - A bladder irritation, which may be caused by anticancer drugs. Hereditary Cancer Syndrome - Conditions associated with cancers that occur in multiple family members because of an inherited, mutated gene. Herpes Simplex - A common viral infection of the skin or mucous membranes which causes blisters. Herpes Zoster (Shingles) - A viral infection that settles around the nerves and causes pain and swelling of the skin; the same virus that causes shingles causes smallpox. High Risk - When the chance of developing cancer is greater than that normally seen in the general population. Hormone - A chemical substance released into the body by the endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal or ovaries. Hospice - A special type of care for people in the final phase of illness, their families and caregivers. The care may take place in the patient's home or in a homelike facility. Return to top
I Immune System - The complex system by which the body resists infection by microbes (such as bacteria or viruses) and rejects transplanted tissues or organs. Immunosuppression - When the body's immune system is weakened and is less able to fight infection and disease. Immunotherapy - The artificial stimulation of the body's immune system to treat and fight disease. Infiltration - The leaking of fluid or medicine into tissues, which causes swelling. Inflammation - A condition characterized by redness, heat, pain and/or swelling in tissue. "Infuse-A-Port" - A quarter size disc inserted below the skin to which a tube is connected and inserted into the bloodstream. Fluids, medicines, and blood products can be administered through the port. Infusion - Delivering of fluids or medicines into the bloodstream over a period of time. Intramuscular (IM) - The injection of a drug into a muscle. Intravenous (IV) - The administration of drugs or fluids directly into the bloodstream. Invasive Cancer - Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of cells where it started to nearby tissues. Return to top
J Jaundice - The accumulation of bilirubin in the body resulting in a yellow color to the skin and whites of the eyes. Return to top
L Lesion - A lump or abscess that may be caused by injury or disease. Leukemia - Cancer of the blood. Leukocyte - A type of white blood cell. Localized - A cancer that is still confined to the site of origin. Lumpectomy - Removal of a lump and a small amount of surrounding tissue. Lymphatic System - The tissues and organs (including lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow) that produce and store lymphocytes (cells that fight infection) and the channels that carry the lymph fluid. Lymphedema - Swelling caused by the obstruction of the lymphatic vessels. Lymph Nodes - Hundreds of small oval bodies that contain lymph, a clear yellowish fluid resembling blood plasma. Lymph nodes act as our first line of defense against infection and cancers. Lymphocytes - White blood cells that kill viruses and defend against the invasion of foreign material. Lymphoma - A cancer of the lymphatic system. Return to top
M Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - A procedure using magnetic fields to produce images of the body. Malignant Tumor - Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Mammogram - An X-ray of the breast to determine whether abnormal growths are present. Mastectomy - The surgical removal of all or part of the breast. Medical Oncologist - A doctor who is specially trained to diagnose and treat cancer with chemotherapy and other drugs. Melanoma - A cancer of the pigment-forming cells of the skin or the retina in the eye. Metastasis - The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another by way of the lymphatic system or blood stream. Monoclonal Antibodies - Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Morbidity - Death as a result of disease. Mucous Membrane - The inner lining of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and nose. Mucositis - Inflammation of the mucous membranes. Mutation - Any change in DNA. Myelogram - An x-ray of the spinal cord after an injection of a dye. Myeloma - A malignant tumor made up of the bone marrow protein-producing plasma cells. Myelosuppression - A drop in the blood counts caused by treatment, especially chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Return to top
N Nadir - The lowest point to which white blood cell or platelet counts fall after chemotherapy. Needle Biopsy - Removal of a small amount of tissue for diagnosis by placing a needle into a tumor. Neoplasm - An abnormal growth that may be benign or malignant. Nephrotoxic - Toxic to the nervous system. Neutropenic Precautions - Isolation to prevent visitors or hospital staff from carrying an infection into a patient's room (includes strict hand washing upon entering the patient's room). Neutrophils - A type of white blood cell that fights infection. Nodule - A small lump or tumor that can be benign or malignant. Non-invasive - A type of growth or procedure which does not invade or destroy nearby tissue. Return to top
O Oncogene - A gene that normally directs cell growth, but when altered, can promote cancer. Oncogenesis - The origin and development of cancer. Oncologist - A physician who specializes in cancer treatment. Oncology - The study and treatment of cancer. Ototoxic - Toxic to the ears, generally resulting in ringing in the ears or hearing loss. Return to top
P Palliative Treatment - Treatment that relieves pain and other symptoms of disease but does not cure the disease. Pap Smear - Microscopic examination of cells and fluids from the cervix and vagina. Paracentesis - Removal of fluid from the abdomen by inserting a small needle through the skin. Partial Response - A decrease in the size of a tumor or in the extent of cancer. Pathologic Fracture - A break in a bone that has been weakened by cancer or some disease condition. Pathology - The study of diseases by examination of body fluids and tissue. Pathologist - A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and classification of diseases by laboratory tests such as examination of tissue and cells under a microscope. The pathologist determines whether a tumor is benign or cancerous and, if cancerous, the exact cell type and grade. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan - Imagery test that measures metabolic activity. Petechiae - Tiny areas of bleeding under skin, usually due to a low platelet count. Phlebitis - A painful swelling of the vein. PI 3-kinase - An enzyme that plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and survival. Placebo - An inactive substance that looks the same as and is administered in the same way as a drug in a clinical trial. Platelet - A small cell in the blood responsible for clotting. Polyp - An overgrowth of tissue projecting into a body cavity. Precancerous - Abnormal changes in a cell that tends to become malignant. Primary Tumor - The place where the cancer starts to grow. Primary Site - The place where cancer begins. Primary cancer is usually named after the organ in which it starts. For example, cancer that starts in the breast is always breast cancer even if it spreads (metastasizes) to other organs, such as bones or lungs. Progesterone - One of the female hormones produced by the ovaries. Progesterone Receptor Assay - A laboratory test done on a piece of the breast cancer that shows whether the cancer depends on progesterone for growth. Progesterone and estrogen receptor tests provide more complete information to help in deciding the best cancer treatment for the patient. Prognosis - A statement about the likely outcome of a disease in a specific patient. Progression - The spreading or growing of disease, with or without treatment. Progressive Disease - Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. Prophylactic - Treatment designed to prevent a disease complication likely to develop but has not yet appeared. Prophylaxis - Disease prevention measures. Protein - Basis of body structures such as skin and hair and of substances such as enzymes and antibodies. Protocol - The treatment plan which includes the drugs, dosages and dates for the cancer treatment. Return to top
R Radiation Oncologist - A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. Radiation Therapist - A person with special training to operate the equipment that delivers radiation therapy. Radiation Therapy (RT) - The use of radiation to damage and kill cancer cells. Radiologist - A physician who specializes in the use of x-rays to treat and diagnose disease. Recurrence - The reappearance of a disease after previous treatment had caused the disease to disappear. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) - Cells in the blood that bring oxygen to tissues and take carbon dioxide from tissues. Regression - The shrinkage of cancer growth. Rehabilitation - Activities to adjust, heal, and return to a full, productive life after injury or illness. Relapse - A return of cancer after it has been controlled by treatment. Remission - Complete or partial disappearance of a disease; the period during which a disease is under control. Resection - Removal of tissue or organ by surgery. Resistance - Failure of a tumor to respond to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Risk Factor - Anything that increases the chance of developing a disease, including a family history of cancer, use of tobacco products, certain foods or exposure to radiation or cancer causing agents. Return to top
S Scan - A study using either x-rays or radioactive isotopes to produce images of internal body organs. Screening - The search for cancer in apparently healthy people who have no cancer symptoms. Secondary Tumor - A tumor that develops as a result of spreading beyond the original cancer. Sepsis - Bacterial growth in the blood. Side Effect - Reaction from drugs or therapies that are not intended or wanted. Signal Transduction Pathways - Cellular information highways that relay external messages like hormones and growth factors to the inside of cells to trigger physiological responses. Spiral CT Scan - A detailed picture of areas inside the body created by a computer that scans the body in a spiral path. Stable disease - Cancer that is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity. Staging - An organized process of determining how far a cancer has spread. Steroids - Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. Stomatitis - Inflammation or soreness of the mouth. Survival Rate - The percentage of people who live a certain period of time. The 5-year survival rate refers to the percent of patients who live at least 5 years after diagnosis, and 5-year rates are used to produce a standard way of discussing prognosis. Systemic Disease - Disease that involves the whole body rather than just one area. Systemic Therapy - Treatment that reaches and affects cells throughout the body; for example, chemotherapy. Return to top
T Thrombophlebitis - Inflammation of veins with blood clots inside the veins. Toxic Reactions - Serious side effects. Thrombocyte - Another word for platelet. Tumor - An abnormal swelling or enlargement of cells or tissues which may be malignant or benign.
U Ultrasound - The use of high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the inside of the body. Unilateral - On one side of the body. Unproven Therapy - Any therapy that has not been scientifically tested and approved. Return to top
V Venipuncture - Inserting a needle into a vein in order to obtain a blood sample, start an intravenous infusion or give medication. Vesicant - A substance that is leaked into the tissues that could cause swelling, tissue damage and destruction. Virus - A microorganism that can cause an infectious disease; for example, the common cold is a virus.
W White Blood Cells (WBCs) - Cells responsible for fighting invading germs, infection and allergy-causing agents.
X X-ray - Radiation energy used to diagnose and treat disease. Return to top


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(TIME, August 23, 1968) -- The Democratic Party this week has to face up to the task of formulating a credible campaign policy on Vietnam. But which Democratic Party? And which policy?
Lyndon Johnson's loyalists can hardly be expected to suggest that the war has, after all, been a mistake, or to conjure up a speedy solution after so many years of searching for one. Hubert Humphrey's adherents, while professing residual loyalty to Johnson's policies, must at the same time proffer some hope for an early and tenable peace. Eugene McCarthy and George McGovern, though nominally rivals, will continue to urge approximately similar terms for ending the war posthaste.
All approaches are clouded by the enigmatic status of the war itself. No one, from Paris to Washington to Saigon, can say with any certitude at this point whether the recent reduction of military activity in South Vietnam represented a planned de- escalation by Hanoi of whether it presages yet another all-out offensive.
The prevailing, but by no means unanimous, view within the Administration is that Hanoi is merely regrouping and re- equipping its forces in preparation for a new assault. This has been the history of previous lulls -- and "lull" is a relative term. Fierce fighting continues, and at the end of last week Communist-initiated ground action was accelerating. U.S. military commanders in Vietnam, pointing to the massive infiltration of troops (150,000 so far this year) from the North, believe that the big attack will come any day and that the main thrust will be aimed at Saigon itself.
Accepting this premise, the White House, along with Secretary of State Dean Rusk, has been in no mood to yield to the North Vietnamese demand that the U.S. halt all bombing of the North as the price of advancing the Paris negotiations. Rather, Washington insists that Hanoi make some parallel gesture. "All they have to do," said Defense Secretary Clark Clifford last week, "is get word to us that they have reduced the level of combat and will continue to reduce the level of combat, and that that constitutes a de-escalation step." What Washington wants is private or public assurances from Hanoi to the effect that it intends to reduce, or at least not increase, its war effort. Barring that, some concrete evidence, such as a reduction in infiltration, could be taken as a token of good faith. To date, Clifford pointed out, there has been no recognizable "clear signal."
One Little Note. Some other officials take a less rigid stand. Averell Harriman and Cyrus Vance, the U.S. negotiators in Paris, think that the time may be at hand to try a bombing pause. Humphrey, too, in private Administration deliberations, has been arguing for a pause. He is inclined to take the lull at face value, to accept it as a pacific gesture of sufficient weight to justify a bombing suspension. In public, of course, he cannot break with the Johnson Administration. Yet Humphrey clearly is continuing to edge toward a more conciliatory position, in the process attempting to come out on the left of Richard Nixon.
Early last week the Vice President insisted on voicing "one little note of optimism" about the course of the Paris talks. The discussions, he said, "are at a serious stage." Then the conferees held their 17th formal session in three months and made no visible progress whatever. Harriman, in exasperation, demanded of North Vietnam's Xuan Thuy how long he would have to go on "listening to the phrase, `The U.S. must unconditionally cease the bombing and all other acts of war over the entire territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in order, thereafter, to discuss questions of interest to both parties.'" Thuy responded by using "The Phrase," as U.S. negotiators call it, half a dozen times over. In a later press briefing, a Hanoi spokesman parroted the words a score of times, adding the dig that eventually "Mr. Harriman will hear this demand with both his ears." Harriman, 76, is hard of hearing in both ears.
Medium Soft. Lack of progress at the latest Paris round did not faze Humphrey. He continued to talk up the possibility of making headway. He pointedly discarded the words "reciprocal" and "reciprocity" to describe what is wanted of Hanoi, talked instead of "restraint or any reasonable response." While Clifford was repeating the argument that an end to the bombing would further endanger U.S. lives, Humphrey observed. "If stopping the bombing can aid peace negotiations, than that helps protect the men."
Thus Humphrey could live happily with a medium-soft Vietnam platform plank, one that inches further toward conciliation than the Administration has thus far been willing to go, but stops considerably short of actually repudiating Johnson's Vietnam policy, as some Administration critics demand. Such balanced language would, in fact, help the Vice President establish his independence of the Administration in the fall campaign. There will likely be resistance from more militant members of the Platform Committee, such as Hale Boggs of Louisiana, Lyndon Johnson's hand-picked chairman, and perhaps from some delegates on the convention floor. Far more adamant opposition is to be expected from the antiwar followers of McCarthy and McGovern.
Both rebel Senators want an outright and immediate end to the bombing. They favor strong U.S. pressure on Saigon to form a coalition government that would include the National Liberation Front. While neither has declared for unilateral withdrawal of American forces now, McGovern came close to that by saying that "as our fighting men complete their tours, I would not replace them." This would begin the evacuation almost immediately. [Most soldiers serve for twelve months, Marines for 13. U.S. strength in South Vietnam is now 543,000, and the President has approved the dispatch of 6,500 more troops to reach the maximum authorized of 549,000.] Of the two, McCarthy seems more determined to wage a stubborn platform fight regardless of its effects on the party. He has also re-opened the possibility of his joining a postconvention fourth party movement. McGovern, in contrast, has pledged to support the Democratic nominee, whatever the Vietnam plank.
Valuable Option. McCarthy has already launched a broadside on Humphrey's attempts to articulate an independent position on Vietnam. "The Vice President," he said, "is proceeding to take almost every possible position, which is not very different from the Nixon position." Actually, Nixon, by merely promising that a Republican Administration can end the war on honorable terms, has left himself the valuable option of attacking whichever Democratic candidate or position emerges from Chicago, and in terms relevant to the state of the war a couple of weeks from now.
That state will largely be up to the Communists to determine. Among those U.S. officials who think an enemy strike is imminent, there is much speculation as to Hanoi's motives. Some believe that North Vietnam hopes to strengthen the U.S. peace movement by demonstrating the futility of American arms in Southeast Asia. Yet if a major offensive occurs in the midst of the Democrats' platform dispute or during the convention itself, it will doubtless undercut the McCarthy-McGovern argument. Not many politicians would opt for a U.S. stepdown in the midst of a Communist step-up.
It is also possible that the Communists are merely feinting, going through the motions of preparing a new assault while betting that the Johnson Administration will back down on the bombing issue. According to this reverse psychology, a suspension of the air war in the North would give the Communists an inducement not to attack by showing they could gain their goals without additional heavy losses. And despite the President's seeming determination not to take another one-sided move to notch down the war, his time in office is fast slipping away, and he is all the more eager to achieve some demonstrable move toward a settlement.
Finally, it is possible that Hanoi is simply watching and waiting for U.S. politics to take its course. Unless the North Vietnamese came to believe that the U.S. was about to take a markedly more militant stand after the election, they would have little reason to compromise in Paris before they read the November returns.


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Biographical Sketch of James J. Rogers
Posted By Dennis On In Iowa,Ohio | No Comments
He was a farmer residing near Holstein, Iowa, in Battle Township in Ida County, 1883. He was a native of Muskingum County, Ohio, born December 21, 1835. His limited education was received in a log schoolhouse, built with puncheon floor and slab seats. He came to Ida County in 1883. He married Agnes Miller of Pa., a daughter of Michael and Jane (Currey) Miller of Pa. They had 5 children: Samuel L. of Holstein, Ia.; Jacob E.; Leila; Henry C.; and Nora (a teacher in Ida County, Ia.).
Henry Rogers, his father, was born in Pennsylvania, son of Robert Rodman Rogers. He went to Ohio as a young man and married Fannie Bixler of Ohio. In 1836 they came West as far as Illinois, and 2 years later came to the Territory of Iowa, locating in Linn County in 1838. There were 20 Indians there to every white man.
Henry Rogers' home was headquarters for the traveling pioneer preachers. From his primitive cabin home, hospitality was extended to all. They had 5 sons and 4 daughters: Mary Thompson of Boone County; Robert of Lenox, Iowa; James J. Rogers of Battle Township; William D. of Greenfield; Ia., Elizabeth Miller of Battle Township, Ida County; John J.; Emaretta Clark of Benton County; and Semantha A. (wife of C. B. Conover of Battle Township, Ida Co.).
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Bible and Family Records Index
This project was initiated under the direction of Lucius B. Barbour and continued under the supervision of his successor, Harold S. Burt. Most work was done during the years 1932-4, 1937-41, 1944-5, and 1953-5. It is one of the indexes included in the Genealogy Index Search that we offer. See also the Personal and Family records in our Digital Collections.
Slip Index/Abstract
The slip index of approximately 25,000 entries transcribed from Bibles and other family records covers the 1600s to the early 1900s. Each alphabetically-arranged slip contains an abstract of an event (birth, marriage, death, etc.) from a particular record. At the bottom of the slip are citations to volumes and page numbers of a 26-volume set of Bible and Family Records transcriptions. The bound volumes often give information on other members of the family.
Bound Volumes
The bound volumes consist of information transcribed onto set forms, together with a cover page giving the original source, notation of its owner and location at the time the material was deposited with the State Library, name of the individual transcribing the record, and date of transcription. Each volume also includes an index to that specific volume.
Volume 27 of this set is not included in the Bible and Family Records slip index, so it is necessary to consult the index in the back of the volume.
In many cases either the original record or a Photostat is housed at the State Library, either in the "Special Genealogical File" in the H&G reading room or in State Archives Record Group 74.


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