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Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 973652, 10 pages
Numerical Study on the Effect of Wax Deposition on the Restart Process of a Waxy Crude Oil Pipeline
1National Engineering Laboratory for Pipeline Safety/Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Distribution Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
2PetroChina Pipeline Research and Development Center, Langfang 065000, China
Received 16 October 2012; Accepted 20 November 2012
Academic Editor: Bo Yu
Copyright © 2012 Qing Miao. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A new model for wax deposition is established based on the loop tests data of 9 typical crude oils in conjunction with the concept of the effective wax precipitation which occurs in the heat boundary layer in the pipeline. The thickness of the wax deposition of a waxy oil pipeline is predicted by the established model, and the results of the model agree well with the field data. Subsequently, the models for the shutdown and restart processes of a waxy crude oil pipeline are established. Then the restart process of a wax crude oil pipeline is investigated numerically, the temperature drop during the shutdown process and the transient inlet pressure are presented, and the effect of the wax deposition on the safety of the restart process is clarified.
1. Introduction
Wax precipitation in crude oil pipelines at or below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) can lead to gelling that inhibits flow by causing significant non-Newtonian behaviour and increasing effective viscosities as the temperature of a waxy crude oil approaches its pour point [1]. When the temperature of the pipeline wall is below WAT, the deposition of a layer of paraffin molecules would form near the pipe wall, constricting the flow. In the practical pipeline transportation engineering, pigging is often conducted periodically for a hot waxy crude oil pipeline to keep its throughput and operation pressure relatively steady. But for some hot crude pipelines, the throughputs of which decline with the reductions of the outputs of the upstream oil fields; pigging operations are not done regularly or even not done at all for a long period. For these pipelines, the existence of the wax deposition in them could help reduce the increment of heat loss resulting from the reduction of the throughput and even make it possible to keep the pipeline operating safely without increasing the heat capacities of heat stations. But the heat preservation of wax deposition does not imply that it will also keep or improve the safety of a long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline during its shutdown and restart. Since the wax deposition decreases the accumulation heat of a hot crude pipeline in the soil around itself during running, which is a disadvantage to the thermal conditions after the shutdown of the pipeline, the influences of thicker wax deposition on the shutdown and restart of a long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline cannot be deduced directly from normal operation and should be investigated quantitatively in detail for assessing the safety of such a pipeline.
Some researchers, such as Del Carmen García and Urbina [2] and Del Carmen García [3], have studied correlations between the properties of crude oils and their flowing properties, including the precipitation and deposition of wax during flow. Models have been developed to predict the onset of wax precipitation and the deposition of wax along pipeline walls. However, accurately modelling deposition in pipelines can be a complex and difficult undertaking, because, while precipitation is mainly a function of thermodynamic variables such as composition, pressure, and temperature, deposition is also dependent on flow hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and solid-solid and surface-solid interactions [4]. Some researches about the wax deposition could be referred to [5–15].
The studies on the calculation of the restart process of oil pipeline are extensive. Some valuable researches can be found in [16–21]. But the impacts of wax deposition on the restart process are rare. In this paper, the impact of the wax deposition formed during the running without pigging on the safety of the restart process of a pipeline is analyzed and some significant conclusions are drawn.
The layout of this paper is as follows. The characteristic of wax deposition is to be investigated first. Then the models for the shutdown and restart processes of a waxy crude oil pipeline will be established. Lastly, the effects of wax deposition on the shutdown and restart processes of a waxy crude oil pipeline will be investigated.
2. Mathematical Model for Predicting the Wax Deposition
When the crude oil is transported in the pipeline, since the ambient temperature at a certain length of the pipeline is usually lower than the crude temperature at the same length, the temperature near the inner pipe wall cools faster than that far from the inner wall and causes a temperature gradient pointing to inner pipe wall. And the temperature at inner pipe wall firstly reduces to WAT, and the wax precipitates near the wall in the first place and then crystallizes and deposits on the wall. The wax deposition near the wall results in the reduction of the liquid wax concentration in this area and causes a solved wax concentration gradient pointing to the inner wall, which impels the liquid wax molecules in the central area of pipe cross-section moving to inner wall and precipitating and depositing there continuously. This temperature gradient induced solved wax concentration is just the impetus of the wax deposition, and thus it is deduced that only the wax precipitation occurred in a region where an oil temperature gradient exists and contributes to the wax deposition, or say, is effective to the wax deposition. From this issue, even if all the oil temperatures along a radius in some pipe cross section have reduced below the WAT so the wax precipitation has occurred anywhere in the cross section; however, only the wax precipitation in the area near the pipe wall in which heat flux points outwards has contribution to the wax deposition on the pipe wall, instead of the whole amount of wax precipitation in the cross section, while the wax precipitations in other areas will flow downstream in wax crystals forms.
According to the above analyses, the concept of effective wax precipitation (EWP) is proposed, which associated with the wax precipitation occurred in the region where an oil temperature gradient exists and contributes to the wax deposition. Since the flow states in most industrial crude pipelines are in turbulent regimes, the temperature gradient only exists in laminar region near the wall. As for the laboratory loop test for wax deposition (which is the focus of our study), because the length of the test tube in a loop is usually about 1.5 meters to 2 meters and the heat boundary layer in the tube would not expand fully according to heat transfer method, the temperature gradient also exists in the heat boundary layer near the wall, shown in Figure 1.
Since the ambient temperature around the test tube changes axially in practical test process, the oil temperature varies along the test tube and the heat boundary layer thickness also changes along the test tube. In order to calculate the EWP in test tube accurately, the length of the test tube would be divided into several segments. Then the thickness of the heat boundary layer of each section could be calculated according to heat transfer method and thus the whole effective mass of crude which flows through the heat boundary layer during a test can be calculated according to the following formulae: where indicates the thickness of heat boundary layer of the th section; and represent the mass flow rate for the th section and the mass flow rate of the whole test tube; indicates the effective inside diameter for the th section; represents the test time for wax deposition; indicates the whole effective mass of crude which flows through the heat boundary layer during a test.
Once is obtained, the EWP for the tested crude during the test time can be determined from it according to the wax precipitation characteristics of the crude.
For studying the relationship between wax precipitation and its deposition, a variable named effective deposition ratio (EDR) should be defined to connect the EWP with the wax deposition, which is defined as where is the whole amount of wax deposition and is for EWP. In the following, effective deposition ratio will be abbreviated as EDR.
In order to detect the hidden relationship between EDR and EWP, a test loop shown in Figure 2 was devised to obtain the necessary data. In the figure, and are two differential pressure gauges used to measure the pressure drop of test tube 1 and 2; cooling circulator 1 and 2 are temperature control equipments used to control the ambient temperatures around test tube 1 and 2; mass flow meter is used to measure the mass flow rate of the loop; oil jar provides sample source and compensates wax concentration; pump provides power to keep sample circulating.
With the experiment data of nine different crude oils, it is discovered that the relationships between effective deposition ratio (EDR) and effective wax precipitation (EWP) for each kind of representative crudes studied and tested in the test loop obey the same rule; that is, the EDR decreases with the increase of the EWP and, when the EWP is less, the EDR changes rapidly; when the EWP increases to some extent, the EDR begins to change slowly. Further, put all the EDR and EWP data from 9 kinds of crude oils together, the tendency concluded above is clear at a glance (see Figure 3). It is further found that the statistic rule on the relationship of EDR and EWP is obvious and could be expressed in power law mathematically as follows: where represents the EWP; and are two constants.
Based on the results above, the significance for introducing the concept of EWP is emphasized. Through the definition of EWP, the universal rule on the relationship between EWP and wax deposition available to many crude oils is found quantitatively. The concept of EWP uncovers the internal connection of the wax deposition with the wax precipitation and provides a method to divide the part contributing to wax deposition from the whole wax precipitation in pipeline or in test tube. More important, the rule common to the wax deposition of many kinds of crude oils in the test loop makes it possible that a common wax deposition model could be created for many kinds of crude oils and a large number of loop tests necessary for wax deposition prediction previously could be left out.
In fact, the outline of the common wax deposition model has been given in formula (3) theoretically. But that form might not be used for practice yet for the reason that the EWP is unknown for a new kind of crude never tested in the test loop. From the definition and calculation of EWP, it is explicit that EWP is connected with the thickness of heat boundary layer and the thickness of heat boundary layer strongly depends on the velocity and temperature distributions in the test tube at different test conditions, so the factors such as the viscosity of crude, shear stress at inner pipe wall, radial temperature gradient at pipe wall, oil temperature in central area of test tube, and the velocity of oil flow which have impacts on velocity and temperature distributions would all influence the determination of EWP. In other words, the EWP is a function of all factors mentioned above. From the above discussion, the practical common wax deposition model should have the following form: where are constants needed to be determined; and are the viscosity of tested crude at test condition and shear stress at inner pipe wall, respectively; and are radial temperature gradient at pipe wall and the amount of wax precipitation from tested crude for unit oil temperature reduction, respectively; and are oil temperature in the central area of test tube and the average velocity of oil flow, respectively.
On the basis of wax deposition loop test results of 9 kinds of crude oils and applying the method of linear multi-variable stepwise regression to check and analyze the formula (4), the final form of the common wax deposition model is determined as follows: Formula (5) is the common wax deposition model which is available to most kinds of crude oils. From now on, an efficient and sample-saving wax deposition model can be created for any crude in the case of no wax deposition loop tests.
3. Mathematical Models for the Shutdown and Restart Processes of a Waxy Crude Pipeline
During pipeline shutdown, heat transfer in crude oil can be divided into three stages as (1) natural-convection-dominated stage, (2) joint control of natural convection and heat conduction, and (3) pure heat conduction [22]. With the following assumptions the temperature drop process is then simplified as a heat conductive process. (a)The variation of the specific heat capacity of the crude oil is applied to describe the latent heat of wax crystallization during shutdown.(b)Stagnation point introduced in the second stage describes the internal pipeline as a liquid region with natural convection and a solid region with thermal conductivity.(c)Natural convection can be solved as conduction after an equivalent thermal conductivity is applied [23]. By this means, we can convert the calculation of natural convection into a conductive heat transfer. The equivalent thermal conductivity is dependent on the natural convection coefficient, the temperature of oil, and the temperature gradient on the interface. Then the heat transfer equation of the oil is then shown as in which, is a temperature gradient at the interface.
Though the equivalent thermal conductivity is not a real heat conduction coefficient, it guaranteed energy conservation and greatly simplified the calculation. This approximation is verified by field data of crude oil pipelines [23].
Heat transfer equations of wax deposition layer, pipe wall, and corrosion protective coating as well as the heat conduction equation of the soil are the same as those in the normal operation process. Matching conditions are shown in (7) while boundary conditions are the same as those in the normal operation process. Consider where to are shown in Figure 4 and CPC in Figure 4 is the abbreviation for the corrosion protective coating.
During the process of restart, the thermodynamic model is the same with that during normal operation, which can be referred to [24]. In addition, the hydrodynamic model for the restart process is as follows.
Momentum equation: where is the average velocity of the oil flow; is the restart pressure along the line; is the inclination angle of the pipeline; is the density of the crude; is the gravity acceleration; is the effective inside diameter of the pipe; is the shear stress at inner pipe wall, Pa.
The shear stress at inner pipe wall depends on the flow pattern and flow behavior of the crude and can be determined according to the following formulae.(1) When the crude belongs to Newtonian fluid: : : (2) When the crude belongs to non-Newtonian fluid: : : where and are the Reynolds number and Metzner-Reynolds number, respectively; is the volumetric flow rate; and are the viscosity of the crude and friction coefficient, respectively; and are consistency coefficient and flow behavior index of pseudoplastic fluid, respectively.(3) When the crude presents a thixotropic behavior, can be determined by solving the Houska thixotropic model. Initial and boundary conditions: where and are two constants.
4. Numerical Methods
Here a thermal influence zone [25] is adopted as a computational domain and then the numerical simulation is performed. The pipeline is divided into segments in axial direction, shown in Figure 5. A Delaunay triangulation method is applied in a software package to generating the grids in a Cartesian coordinate system (as shown in Figure 6) specified by the parameters of pipeline burial depth and radius defined by users. The soil domain was divided into nonoverlapped triangles by the method mentioned above. In order to simulate the temperature field more accurately, a mesh that is dense near the pipeline but coarse far away from it is used to improve the computational efficiency while resolving the temperature gradient that is high near the pipeline and low away from it. Grid independence was tested by applying three sets of grids of different sizes, and the numerical simulation results show that the results are independent of mesh size. Due to the temperature drop during the shutdown and restart processes, the temperature is not uniform in the radial direction. The temperatures of oil, wax deposit, and corrosion-inhibiting coating were calculated, respectively, in a polar coordinate system shown in Figure 7. Then the governing equations are discretized by the combination of the finite volume method and the finite difference method, and details can be found in [24, 26, 27].
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Characteristic of the Wax Deposition of a Waxy Crude Oil Pipeline
A hot crude oil pipeline transporting Daqing crude in the Northeast of China had not been pigged over the past four years due to the reductions on throughputs. The hot crude pipeline is 436.3 km long and its diameter is mm. The maximum allowed inlet oil temperature of each pipeline interval is 70°C and the maximum allowed operation pressure (MAOP) is 4.32 MPa. The design annual throughput of the pipeline is . During the past four years, the throughputs of this pipeline reduced year after year from to , then to and . With the reduction of the throughput and the growth of the wax deposition, the thermal insulation effect of successively increasing wax deposition appeared gradually, which kept the outlet oil temperatures of each pipeline interval almost unchanged without adding more heat capacities to the heat stations. Based on the mathematical wax deposition model created for Daqing crude, numerical simulation for the wax deposition of this long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline is conducted. The results for the first interval of the pipeline are shown in Figure 8.
From Figure 8, it can be found that the wax deposition is not identical along the pipeline. In the middle of the fifth year during no pigging, the maximum wax deposition of the first pipeline interval is about 117 mm and the wax deposition at the outlet of the same interval is near 80 mm. The simulation shows that the position where the maximum wax deposition occurs has moved towards the outlet of the interval at the end of the fourth year and the displacement is about 11 km, which results in the widening of the range of the maximum wax deposition. The phenomenon results from the nonequality of the wax deposition of Daqing crude in this hot pipeline and is the accumulation of the point-by-point movements of the maximum wax deposition during the fourth year. The mechanism lies in when the throughput and the inlet oil temperature of a pipeline interval keep constant, the wax deposition will make the oil temperatures along the line increase slowly. For a hot crude pipeline along which the wax deposition distributes unevenly, the oil temperature at the position of the maximum wax deposition occurring initially would increase and the temperature difference between the oil flow and the inner pipe wall there would reduce. The next downstream position will replace the initial position as a new maximum wax deposition position. Thus the location of maximum wax deposition will move downstream successively, which can bring a span of maximum wax deposition.
In the case of a long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline with reducing throughputs, whether the location of maximum wax deposition will move depends on two effects jointly: one is the reductions of the oil temperatures caused by lower throughput, another is the increments of the oil temperatures due to the wax deposition. Generally, at the beginning of the operation without pigging, the wax deposition is thinner and the heat loss caused by low throughput is stronger than the heat preservation of the wax deposition, which may result in the location of maximum wax deposition moving upstream. With the growth of the wax deposition, the insulation of wax deposition enhances and the heat loss rate arising from the reduction of throughput decreases due to the reduction of the inner pipe diameter, which will make the location of maximum wax deposition moving downstream. When the maximum wax deposition grows to a certain value (depending on pipeline sizes and operation conditions), the two effects balances and the location of maximum wax deposition will stop moving. Referring to Figure 8, it can be reasoned that the pipeline runs nearby the equilibrium point in the former three years under no pigging and over that point in the fourth year. It needs to be noted that the unpigged hot pipeline transporting Daqing crude began to transport a kind of light crude after no pigging of more than 4 years. Some maintenance and repairs were done for the pipeline to satisfy the new demand, so it was possible to measure the real wax deposition in situ. The following Figures 9 and 10 exhibit the maximum wax deposition and the wax deposition at the outlet of the first pipeline interval in situ, respectively, verifying the accuracy of the simulation.
5.2. Temperature Drop Characteristics of the Waxy Crude Oil Pipeline
Based on the above model, numerical simulations for the temperature drops along the pipeline with the shutdown duration of the unpigged hot crude pipeline carrying Daqing crude are completed. The results for the first pipeline interval in December of the 4th year of no pigging are shown in Figure 11.
To investigate the impact of the wax deposition formed through a long-term operation on the temperature drop of the hot crude pipeline, the oil temperatures at the outlet of the first pipeline interval after 20-hour shutdown in December of each year during four years under no pigging are selected from the simulation results. Also the wax depositions at the same position in the same time are selected from the wax deposition simulations. All the data are drawn in the same figure, see Figure 12.
For analyses, the operation data for this pipeline interval corresponding to Figure 12 are listed in Table 1.
From Table 1, the insulation effect of the increasing wax deposition is obvious in spite of the successive reduction of throughputs during no-pigging operation. When the throughputs decreased slowly and the inlet oil temperatures kept constant (in Decembers of the 1st and 2nd years), the increasing wax deposition ensured the same outlet oil temperatures. While the throughputs declined a lot and the inlet oil temperature was enhanced a few (in December of the 3rd year, especially in December of the 4th year), the wax deposition made the outlet oil temperatures relatively steady.
But from Figure 12, it can be concluded that the wax deposition formed during normal operation will not always be positive to keeping the oil temperature after the shutdown of the pipeline. The existence of a turning point corresponding to the 2nd year proves this issue. It can be explained as follows: on the one hand, the wax deposition slows down the heat transfer between oil and the surrounding soil and thus reduces the oil temperature drop rate during the shutdown. On the other hand, the reduction of the flow rate reduces the outlet oil temperature during the normal operation, leading to a lower oil temperature with the same shutdown duration. So the final impact of the wax deposition on the temperature drop of a hot crude pipeline after its shutdown depends on the two effects simultaneously: the insulation enhancement of the wax deposition and the flow rate reduction in the pipeline, each of which advances oppositely. Also, there is a balance point between the two effects. For the case in Figure 12, the balance point corresponds to the wax deposition of about 30 mm at the outlet of the first pipeline interval.
5.3. The Effect of Wax Deposition on the Restart Process of the Waxy Crude Oil Pipeline
Combining the hydrodynamic model with the thermodynamic model introduced above, numerical simulation for the restart process of the long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline is carried out. The results aimed at the first pipeline interval are selected for analyses, which show how the inlet pressures vary with the duration of restart for different shutdown durations in different years of no pigging (see Figures 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17).
Inspection of Figure 13 reveals that the safe maximum shutdown duration for the first pipeline interval in December of the first year of no pigging is 40 hours, at which the inlet pressure already reaches the MAOP of the pipeline, namely, 4.32 MPa. When the shutdown durations lie between 40 and 44 hours, the retaining times of maximum inlet pressure on MAOP delay with the shutdown time and are 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 2.3 hours, and 3.8 hours, respectively, as shown in Figure 14. The longer the duration of the maximum inlet pressure on MAOP is, the larger the risk of restart failure is. So, the safe maximum shutdown duration for the case in Figure 13 should be determined as 40 hours despite the fact that the pipeline interval may be restarted successfully above 40 hours but below 44 hours. Once the pipeline interval discussed was shut down over 44 hours under operation conditions in December of the first no-pigging year, it would not be restarted normally according to the operation regulations for the pipeline and emergency procedures should be activated.
From Figure 15, it is clear that the safe maximum shutdown duration for the first pipeline interval in December of the second year of no pigging is 42 hours. Between 42 and 45 hours of shutdown durations, the pipeline interval might be restarted but the risk of the restart failure is large. Over 45 hours, the pipeline interval could not be restarted normally.
From Figure 16, the safe maximum shutdown duration for the first pipeline interval in December of the third year of no pigging is 25 hours. Over 26 hours, the pipeline interval could not be restarted normally.
From Figure 17, the safe maximum shutdown duration for the first pipeline interval in December of the fourth year of no pigging is 18 hours. The pipeline interval could not be restarted normally when the shutdown delayed over 19 hours.
The restart safeties of the first pipeline interval during no pigging are derived from the above analysis and listed in Table 2.
In Table 2, SMSD is the abbreviation for safe maximum shutdown duration, IPRF for interval of possible restart failure, and CSDURN for critical shutdown duration unable to restart normally.
From Figure 13 to Figure 17, it could be found that the SMSDs of the first pipeline interval in Decembers during no pigging reduced with the growth of the wax deposition except in the second year. One of the causes is the final impact of wax deposition on the thermodynamics process during shutdown, which is discussed in Section 5.2. Another one arises from the fact that the growth of the wax layer reduces the effective inner diameter of the pipe resulting in the increasing of the restart pressure, even if the reduction of the throughput can counteract partly this tendency. Furthermore, the IPRF almost does not exist since the second year, which implies that there is no buffer between safe restart and the limit state of restart failure after the second year of no pigging, namely, the restart safety margin of the pipeline reduces.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, the characteristic of the wax deposition of a waxy crude oil pipeline is investigated. A new model for wax deposition is established and validated by the field data. Besides, the effects of wax deposition on shutdown and restart process of the crude oil pipeline are studied and the following conclusions are obtained.
The wax deposition in a long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline decreases the heat loss of the pipeline to the surroundings at any time and the heat accumulation in the soil as well. The insulation of the wax deposition is beneficial to the heat preservation of a hot crude pipeline during its normal running, especially under decreasing throughputs. However, the reduction of the flow rate reduces the outlet oil temperature during the normal operation, leading to a lower oil temperature with the same shutdown duration. Finally, the increasing insulation for the pipeline and the reducing flow rate caused by the growth of wax deposition jointly affect the safety of the shutdown and restart of such a special pipeline.
The study is financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (no. 51134006).
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Mark Goldman, PhD
HHMI Professor
HHMI Professor
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University of California, Davis
Davis, CA
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HHMI SCIENTIST | Location | |
Utpal Banerjee, PhD HHMI Professor |
Research-Based Science Instruction for Early-Stage Undergraduates and High School Students | University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA |
Mark Goldman, PhD HHMI Professor |
Research abstract unavailable | University of California, Davis Davis, CA |


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That is just horrible, in all the photos except maybe the last one she looks droopy faced and the cheek bones are extreme – I agree with the alien description. Super weird.
– Sofie
As vanderleun said: "Concubine to Our Alien Insect Overlords".
Scary does not even begin to describe this.


text:
The Colorado Army National Guard's 947th Engineering Company constructs a dam to control water runoff and prevent flooding near Grand Junction, Colo., while participating in an innovative readiness training project Aug. 31, 2012. (Official Army National Guard photo by 2nd Lt. Skye A. Robinson/RELEASED)
Click here or on the image for a high-resolution photo.
For more photos of the Leach Creek project, visit us on Flickr.
FOR IMMEDUATE RELEASE: Thursday, May 9, 2013
CONTACT:Sam Rainguet, City of Grand Junction970-244-1507
Capt. Darin Overstreet, Colorado National Guard720-250-1053
GRAND JUNCTION, Colo. (5/9/13) – Soldiers of the 947th Engineer Company, in partnership with the City of Grand Junction and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) will complete construction of a stormwater detention facility on BLM-managed land.
The Leach Creek project will begin May 17 and continue through June 16.
The facility will capture water from storm events and retain it in the desert north of the city, releasing it slowly back into the environment to prevent flooding that can occur with large storm events.
The work provides the Colorado Army National Guard an opportunity to conduct critical individual and collective training for Soldiers through the Innovative Readiness Training program. The Guard is donating labor and equipment to this project.
"We are fortunate to be able to utilize the help of the Colorado National Guard in building this facility," said Bret Guillory, city utility engineer. "It allows the city to save construction costs, provides meaningful training to the National Guard, and is a critical piece in addressing stormwater flooding issues in Grand Junction."
An Environmental Assessment of the project was completed last year with a Finding of No Significant Impact and right-of-way grant has been issued by the BLM for construction of the project on Federal land.
The stormwater detention facility is located on the main stem of Leach Creek, north of the city and west of the Grand Junction Regional Airport. Work on the project was started in August of 2012, but the size of the project necessitated the work going into this construction season.
The facility will include an earthen embankment 27 feet in height measured from the bed of Leach Creek and will include an outlet and spillway. The capacity of the detention basin is approximately 250 acre feet. The completed facility will remain open to the public.


text:
I have a passion for technologies that improve network efficiencies and transparencies. This is fairly broad, but keeps me thinking about the future world economy. Just to specifically name a few, I'm fascinated by Massive Online Open Courses, Bitcoins, Air BnB, and platforms for knowledge transfer for more productive living (Life Hacking). Every day there are three things I always aim to resonate with my passions . 1) Learning new things; 2) Building meaningful relationships; and 3) Creating value for others.
Since learning, building relationships, and creating value keeps me going, I'm happiest when working on startup ideas or helping others start companies. In fact, my life long goal is to start companies that create more than $1 billion in value. This is a lofty goal, but keeping the bar high will only help me grow as a person. If you're interested in these things too, please read my blog and leave feed back so we can learn and create value together.


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Parker QuartetPresented by StrathmoreMonday, March 31, 2014 at 7:30 PMMansion
Hailed by The New York Times as something extraordinary, the Grammy Award-winning Parker Quartet has rapidly distinguished itself as one of the preeminent ensembles of its generation. Enjoy a program including the Washington premiere of Capriccio by American composer Jeremy Gill.
Sponsored by Asbury Methodist Village.
Tickets $28 (Stars $25.20)


text:
Product Description
Available while supplies last.
Shibui Area Rug, Grey
Julie Cohn is an artist, designer, and developer of products and designs for the corporate and home interior markets. Surya's Shibui collection by Julie Cohn is the work of a successful designer, whose understanding of the details and finesse of exquisite hand knotted rugs is evident. Elegantly mixing wool with silk, these rugs are an extraordinary addition to any home.
- Intertwining the natural elements and modern
- Incredibly soft feel
- 100% Semi-Worsted New Zealand Wool
- Hand-Knotted in India
- Designer: Julie Cohn
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Call Us Now800.444.2371
Thank You! Your request has been submitted
and will be placed momentarily.
Sorry, Our offices are closed at the moment.
Please contact us during regular business hours.
We are here to serve you. Our offices are open Monday-Friday 6 am to 6 pm, Saturday 7 am to 5 pm, and Sunday 8 am to 4 pm. We also have an on-call service for that unexpected middle of the night emergency. Our area representatives are available by cell phone all day; they will be the face you can put to our name, visiting your sites, inspecting the units and making sure everything is what you need, want and expect. We pride ourselves on fast efficient service that meets all your needs. We have a variety of products and services available for you, and a friendly staff to help each step of the way. Over the years we have established long term relationships with many customers, and we look forward to establishing a relationship with you.
One Honey Bucket will accommodate up to 10 workers per 40-hour work week when serviced one time per week. This rate of 1 to 10 is also the ANSI standard for our industry. If you have special hours, unusual requirements, or any questions regarding service and pricing, contact our customer service department at 800-562-4442.
Go to our Planning Guide Page
We service the areas outlined in the maps below. (Washington, Oregon, Utah and California).
We can also sometimes service areas outside of these boundaries. Just give us a call, and an area representative will help you with your questions.
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4) Add fresh water and deodorant solution to tank
5) Replace urinal cake (as needed)
6) Replenish supplies
7) Complete or schedule needed repairs
8) Sign and date service log sticker in each unit.
Our driver will make all reasonable attempts to service the unit(s). The unit will be cleaned, and supplies restocked. A "Red Tag" will be placed on the unit to indicate that we were on site but not able to do a complete service. It will be noted in your order as to why the unit was only partially serviced. If the unit is only partially serviced due to being blocked, unreachable, behind locked gates or the like, you may request us to return to the site prior to your next scheduled route day for an additional fee.
The following additional options are available at your request to add to any of our restrooms:
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Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), one of the most common fatal autosomal recessive diseases, is characterized by degeneration of motor neurons and muscular atrophy. The SMA disease gene, termed Survival of Motor Neurons (SMN), is deleted or mutated in over 98% of SMA patients. The function of the SMN protein is unknown. We found that SMN is tightly associated with a novel protein, SIP1, and together they form a specific complex with several spliceosomal snRNP proteins. SMN interacts directly with several of the snRNP Sm core proteins, including B, D1-3, and E. Interestingly, SIP1 has significant sequence similarity with Brr1, a yeast protein critical for snRNP biogenesis. These findings suggest a role for SMN and SIP1 in spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis and function and provide a likely molecular mechanism for the cause of SMA.
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Why Law Enforcement?
If you are looking for a rewarding and meaningful career, if you want to be a positive role model for your community, and if you want to make a real difference in people's lives, then law enforcement is the job for you.
A Call To ServeAre you looking for a job where you "don't sit behind a desk?" One in which you make a difference? Consider a job with the Vernon Police Department. Learn More » |
DiversityLike the citizems of Vernon, officers from the Vernon Police Department come from all walks of life. Put your diversity and personal life experience to work for you. Learn More » |
New Challenges And OpportunitiesVernon officers are contantly faced with new challenges.They are challenged not only physically but mentally as well. Explore the unique challenges and opportunities that a law enforcement career has to offer.Learn More » |
A Rich History And A Bright FutureEveryone wants to be part of a successful team. Join the Vernon Police Department and you will not only be a member of a highly motivated team, but a member of a family that extends world wide. Learn More » |
Financial StabilityBottom line: everyone wants stability in their lives. A career in law enforcement offers good money, a stable job, and benefits. Not to mention, you will get the reward of knowing YOU are making a difference. Learn More » |
What's The Job Really Like?Images of law enforcement served up by the media through television, movies, and even the local news are often a poor reflection of what the job is really like. While the dangers of the job are real, and you will be trained to expertly handle any situation, the bulk of police work involves real people and real problems. |


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American Cancer Society offering discount for 'Relay' registration
Thursday, February 28, 2013
YORK COUNTY — During the week of March 5 through 12, The American Cancer Society is offering half off the registration fee for anyone who would like to sign up for its Relay for Life of York County event at Wells High School on Saturday and Sunday, June 22 and 23.
The American Cancer Society combines an unyielding passion with nearly a century of experience to save lives and end suffering from cancer. As a global grassroots force of more than three million volunteers, the Society fights for every birthday threatened by every cancer in every community. The organization saves lives by helping people stay well by preventing cancer or detecting it early; by helping people get well by being there for them during and after a cancer diagnosis; by finding cures through investment in groundbreaking discovery; and by fighting back by rallying lawmakers to pass laws to defeat cancer and by rallying communities worldwide to join the fight. As the nation's largest non-governmental investor in cancer research, contributing about $3.6 billion, the Society turns what it knows about cancer into what it does. As a result, more than 11 million people in America who have had cancer and countless more who have avoided it will be celebrating birthdays this year. |


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On The Trail: West Region
Print without images
Saturday, February 2, 2013
Juco OT Kondolo finds best fit
By Mason Kelley
Chongo Kondolo
(Fresno, Calif./Fresno City College), the toughest part of the recruiting process was picking which schools to visit.
"I had to go off word of mouth for the visits," the 6-foot-4, 290-pound offensive tackle said.
Once he took his visits, he was able to get a good sense for each school.
"I actually saw what the schools had to offer, talked to the players, met the players," Kondolo said.
In the end, he decided Nebraska was the best fit. He gave the Cornhuskers a verbal commitment Thursday night.
"It just felt like the right move," he said. "My mom felt comfortable with the coaches and so did I. I could tell they wanted me a lot."
The three-star prospect also took trips to Illinois, BYU, Tennessee and Utah State, but his Jan. 18 visit to Nebraska eventually led to his commitment.
"All of the coaching staffs were great people," he said. "I just prayed about it and Nebraska felt like the right move. I'm very relieved to have a decision made and for this process to be over."


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Brother Ali - Don't Mess With Me
Don't Mess With Me Brother Ali
For the latest leak as part of Soul Tools Entertainment's Soul ToolsDay series, producer Reggie Reg links up with Rhymesayer Brother Ali for "Don't Mess With Me."
Bump Don't Mess With Me, the latest cut from Brother Ali. It dropped on Tuesday, May 21st, 2013. Brother Ali's horizons are broadening with each new release, and Don't Mess With Me is no exception. It's a worthy addition to a catalogue that has seen much growth since Brother Ali stepped foot in the rap game. We're looking forward to hearing more.
Check out the latest video from Brother Ali, Brother Ali "Addresses Trayvon Martin Trial & Racism" Video. Check out Brother Ali's profile page for the most recent info, news, songs, and mixtapes.
Can you appreciate the bars here?
Quotable Lyrics
"I'm surrounded... pictures that tower
The legends hang tall in all the walls of my office
All around 'em, and all the stars in orbit
Tryna embody betterment to my conscience
I wanna carve with the pen of James Baldwin
This time of night I might dip it up in the cauldron
Insight jogging, let's start evolving
Insider with insight up into my darkness "


text:
Lesson Plan:
Day 2/3:
Language Arts
Historical Heroes and Character Sketches
Students will be able to
Brainstorm and identify heroes of the past and be able to explain why they are heroes.
Construct a character sketch and be familiar with a variety of resources.
Create short presentations by taking on the character of their historical hero.
Understand the connection of the heroes impact to their personal lives.
Materials Needed:
Let it Shine:
Stories of Black Women Freedom Fighters
Lives of Extraordinary Women
Visual items to play the character of Harriet Tubman
Eg) cotton, black painted face, whip, sugar lumps, old sack, map of her journey
Out of the Dust
by Karen Hesse
IntroductionDress up as Harriet Tubman and use visual materials that identify who she was, what she likes, and what she did.
(This can be used with any hero of the teachers choice) Use the story short biography and character sketch of her to get ideas of the significant things that she is recognized for. (Click under the website
and go under lifesavers.
Next click under Harriet Tubman and a character sketch will appear.
The short story can be read from the book,
Let is Shine:
Stories of Black Women Freedom Fighters
Talk about the time period she lived, the setting, how she was treated, and how she escaped.
Illustrate to the students how she felt as a person enslaved by whites.
Explain why she is considered a hero.
Include famous quotes such as, There was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other.
Make sure you use vivid language, which will enable the students to visualize her.
(This will be a good introduction for Social Studies topic on Harriet Tubman.)
Ask the class (in character) about why people consider Harriet (me) a hero.
You want to know why you tell me.
Have open discussion about the contributions she made.
What was her risk?
(She risked her life countless times and helped rescue about 300 slaves by the Underground Railroad.)
Read to the class a biography on a couple other heroes such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Joan of Arc, Sojourner Truth, Mother Teresa, or any other.
(See under
Lives of Extraordinary Women.
Mini-lesson--Character SketchShow examples of character sketches from the website: (Hint: Go to
, scroll down to
, choose a category to discover more about that hero and research deeper into the persons life).
Allow them to explore through the books at the Hero learning center, or brainstorm about a historical hero that sparks their interest.
Ask students what they know about character sketches.
Things to include on their character sketch:
-graphic organizer, resources used (at least 2), when did the person live, physical description, what events may have influenced his/her life, interesting facts about the persons life and (or) famous quotes, accomplishment, how has the person influenced modern day lives, and how has the person impacted themselves.
They also must include a picture of the hero and at least three visual aids for presentation.
Encourage students to browse through various picture books on their hero.
Student should brainstorm possible visual images to use in describing their character.
They will present their character in first person to the class for the next Language Arts class period.
Introduce to them the book,
Out of the Dust
by Karen Hesse and give them a brief description of the setting and time period that the book takes place in.
Ask them to share what they know about the Depression and share brief facts about life during that time.
(The economy was very low, it was hard to find jobs, there were many dust storms in the country and people had dust everywhere in their clothes and homes, by the 1930s the soil in Oklahoma and neighboring states had become loose and dry, wheat crops failed, and nearly fifty million acres were severely damaged before conservation measures helped put an end to the storms that threatened the lives of people and animals as well as the crops.) Have them begin to read the section of the free verse poetry book, Winter 1934 to Summer 1934.
Have them think about how the main character in the book, Billie Jo, is a hero.
ClosureStudents will reflect on the heroes that they read about in class.
Have them write about why they chose the hero they did, what they like about the assignment and what they did not enjoy about the assignment.
Have them also reflect on characteristics of their hero that they wish to attain or that they identify in themselves.
Student presentations, gathering materials for character sketches, and begin reading
Out of the Dust
Extension Activity:
Have students browse through picture books about heroes and analyze the content.
Have them locate books about heroes for them to read for the younger grades.
Also, have the students research about the time period that the hero lived in and explore more facts about the society and the way people lived during that time.
Informal evaluation of students attentiveness, use of time researching, and participation of questions in class.
Also see rubric under
Rubric Sketch
for evaluation on character sketch and presentation.
Points from the Rubric Sketch will be recorded and compiled in a portfolio.
Class participation points will be recorded separately for daily work.
*Special note:
It is optional to have the students create character sketches without the character presentation if time is limited.
Students can simply present their character sketch to the class from a third person voice and use visual images to make their character more real to the class.


text:
Don't forget to purchase your very own The Sims 3 Ambitions out June 1! The future of your Sims' success (or failure) is entirely in your hands.
Go Getting Girl
You're smart, studious and nothing will stop you from achieving everything you've dreamed of and more. You need a career that'll challenge you and put that great mind of yours into overdrive! You just might become a doctor like your Sim, since you're diligent, quick on your feet and naturally selfless! Let the healing (or harming) begin.
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Questions? Call us! 888.234.5656
Researchers conducted an analysis on 40,530 Japanese citizens in northeastern Japan for 11 years to determine if green tea has protective effects against all-cause mortality, cardiovascular diasease and cancer. Tea consumption was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and was found to be inversely associated with all-cause mortality and to cardiovascular disease mortality. Compared with participants who consumed less than 1 cup/day, 5 or more cups/day reduced all-cause and CVD mortality by 16% and 26%, respectively. This effect was stronger in women than in men. No mortality reduction was observed for cancer. Kuriyama, S; Shimazu, T. et al. Green Tea Consumption and Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer and All Causes in Japan:the Ohsaki Study. JAMA, Sept. 13, 2006. Vol. 296, No. 10.
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text:
P Hartley - 28/01/2012
Love this track of music the dance is not a bad teach most of the class liked it
Stuart Gordon - 11/12/2011
Good fun dance with nothing too complicated, just what you need to warm up on cold night. Danced to a solid country �jive� track with some fun lyrics - already being picked up by the bands. Nice one Robbie
Lesley Michel - 12/10/2011
This went down really well at a recent weekend event. Enjoyed by all levels with no tags or restarts and a brilliant track to boot!
Jennifer Jones - 11/10/2011
nice dance robbie but the music is not available on amazon or i tunes!!
Susan Hawkes - 09/10/2011
Another good one Robbie, like the fast lively track. Hope it does well. Teaching it to my classes this week I am sure it will be a hit. Any hints to finish the dance when the track slows down ?.
Steve Kershaw - 06/10/2011
Nice one Robbie - if we have to dance to country let it be to tracks like this!
Lorraine Greener - 13/09/2011
good fun energetic dance went down well today at the class
Kath Black - 07/09/2011
Energetic dance done to an upbeat energetic country track of music. Class really liked this dance, its a floor filler.
J Myers - 07/09/2011
this is just a good all round dance !! music a little hard to access but well worth the effort . have FUN with it and keep smiling !!
Rick\'n\'Chris Brodie - 03/09/2011
Class liked this. Steps are easy to remember. No tags and restarts means that the class are happier.
I Emerald - 01/09/2011
Well done Robbie another brilliant dance! No tags No restarts and done to a fabulous country track


text:
Will my kids use drugs? Use this Risk Quiz (1.8 MB pdf document) to help you determine the level of risk for your children using drugs.
How do I talk to my kids about alcohol? Use the following brochure about talking to your kids about alcohol:
Does Washington have an Alcohol/Drug Helpline? Yes. In Washington State, the Alcohol/Drug Helpline is 1-800-562-1240. For more information, log on to http://www.adhl.org.
How can I keep my kids drug-free? You can access the "Keeping Your Kids Drug-Free: A How-To Guide for Parents and Caregivers" sponsored by the Office of National Drug Control Policy at http://www.health.org/govpubs/phd884/default.pdf
Where can I find information on drugs of abuse? Refer to the links on this site for information on drugs of abuse.Ā You may also contact the Community Prevention Program for more information at (360) 676-6724.
What materials are available to the public regarding substance use? The Community Prevention program currently has a variety of videos, brochures, reports, and demonstration tools available to the public at no charge.Ā Please visit 1500 N State Street to view and check out materials.
What community resources are available for individuals that may need substance abuse treatment? Please refer to the treatment section of our web site and the directory of treatment and recovery resources.
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Ghana has an estimated population of 20 million, comprising of over 60 different language and ethnic groups. On the religious front, the population is made up of adherents of African traditional religion, Christians, Muslims and more recently, pockets of religions and sects of Eastern origin. Christianity, Traditional religion and Islam are, however, the three dominant religions. According to the 2000 population census, Ghanaians are predominantly Christian, with more than two-thirds (68.8%) of the total population claiming to be Christian. Muslims are the second largest religious group with 15.9% followed by practitioners of Traditional African Religions with 8.5%.
Ghana is divided into ten political administrative regions. The Northern region is home to the largest Muslim community in the whole country (home to over a third of the total Muslim population). The most Islamised ethnic groups in Ghana are the Dagomba, Gonja, Mamprusis, Walas and the Bisa to some extent; all of northern extractions. We also have small proportions of southern ethnic groups like Fantis and Ashantis who are followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement which for that reason is locally known as "Fante or Asante Nkramo", i.e. Fante or Asante Islam in contradistinction to mainstream Islam patronized by people of northern Ghanaian origin and West African nationals. A number of Gas of the costal area are also found in mainstream Islam.
Celebration and Confrontation
There is a Ghanaian proverb which says "too much meat does not spoil
soup". On the whole, this proverb typifies the Ghanaian and indeed
African ethno-religious make-up. At all levels, Christians and Muslims
mix and do things in common right from the family to national levels. At
the national level Ghana has a Catholic President and a Muslim vice who
were sworn into office by a lay Methodist Chief Justice. Muslim chiefs
in northern Ghana are known to invite Christians to come and plant churches
within their domain. Christians and Muslims attend each other's religious
festivals and services. Easter, Christmas, Id ul-fitr and id
ul-adha are all national holidays celebrated by all. Muslim and Christian
leaders attend and/or deliver goodwill messages at each other's national
conferences, synods and conventions. Muslims ask for and appreciate Christian
prayers offered in the name of Jesus! Similarly Muslims offer prayers for
political leaders irrespective of their religious affiliation.
That is the good news. The bad news is that Ghana has had her fair share of inter-religious tensions and violence. In the mid 90s inter-religious violence in some key cities like Accra, Takoradi, Kumasi and Tamale were common phenomena. In Accra one source of inter-religious tension has been a controversial traditional ban on noise making, especially drumming for the duration of a month. Charismatic and Pentecostal Christians have always defied the ban claiming it is an infringement on their freedom of worship leading to confrontation and violence with adherents of primal religions and traditional authorities. After a series of interventions and meetings, this issue is now almost resolved with most Christians observing the traditional annual ban on noise making.
There is a history of tension and violent confrontations between different Muslim groups in Ghana, especially between Ahmadis and mainstream Muslim groups. The bloody confrontations of the early 1930s between Ahmadis and mainstream Sunni Muslims gave way to mutual suspicion, contempt and non-cooperation up until the end of the last century. Now there are attempts on the part of the national leadership to build bridges. A clear sign was December 2006 when the National Chief Imam attended the Ahmadiyya annual convention for the very first time and delivered a goodwill message. Another level of tension is that between indigenous Ghanaian Muslims and other West African nationals over leadership. The latter see themselves as the rightful custodians of the Islamic tradition and resent taking subordinate roles to indigenous Ghanaian Muslims. This has resulted in a number of violent confrontations during Friday prayers leading to the closure of a number of mosques by the authorities.
Between the mid and late 90s there were a number of violent confrontations between missionary minded Muslim groups made up of graduates from Arab universities and the majority traditional Ghanaian Muslim groups. The most notorious of these groups is what is known locally as the Ahl ul-Sunna, a Saudi trained Wahhabi inspired group. They verbally attack and publicly condemn traditional Muslim practices like production of charms and wearing of amulets which they see as mixing Islam with traditional religious practices and as such un-Islamic. The brand of Islam they see as 'pure' or 'orthodox' is that which is espoused in Saudi Arabia or other parts of the Arab-Muslim world.
Direct Christian-Muslim conflicts in Ghana have been few and far in between. Back in the mid 1990s there were isolated instances of Muslim groups attacking Christian preachers or churches for allegedly insulting Islam. These incidents took place in cities like Kumasi and Takoradi. Both in these places, Presbyterian churches were the targets of Muslim fury. In one of the instances, the leadership of both communities met at the national level and resolved to share the cost of repairing the damage caused. In some cases, Muslim groups attacked Christian preachers for provocative preaching and alleged insults against their beliefs. These confrontations have largely subsided and there has hardly been any such Muslim-Christian violence since the beginning of this century.
Factors Influencing Christian-Muslim Relations
Historical/Colonial Factors: Colonial policies of banning
missionaries from 'Muslim' areas contributed in widening the
divide between Muslims and Christians especially in the areas of education
and development. This has resulted in a situation whereby in Ghana Christians
who are mostly southerners are generally better educated and the south
better developed than Muslims who are generally northerners. This has been
a source for stereotypical perceptions and resentment.
British policy of Indirect Rule which led to imposing Muslim rulers over non-Muslim groups especially in British Protectorate of northern Ghana contributed to the legacy of resentment most of which boiled over into open conflicts after independence. In one such conflict in 1994 between the Gonjas and Konkonbas in northern Ghana, a Presbyterian minister was killed in his manse in Salaga while some Churches and Church institutions were attacked by Gonja fighters who are predominantly Muslim. Memories of Muslim slavery in parts of northern Ghana evoke resentment on the part of the victims and reinforce stereotypical views of the other and sense of superiority on the part of the erstwhile raiding parties. All of these tend to negatively impact Muslim-Christian relations in Ghana.
Muslim Dawah and Christian Missions
Ahmadis have a long tradition of polemical public preaching in Ghana. The
leadership of the group which for a long time was dominated by Pakistanis,
apparently imported polemical preaching from the 19th century Indian sub-continent.
Ahmadiyya instituted public preaching against Christianity and mainstream
Islam in Kumasi in the early 1930s. Until then Muslim and Christians simply
minded their own business so to speak. Ahmadi anti-mainstream Islamic and
anti-Christian preaching provoked bloody confrontations with mainstream
Muslims in parts of Ghana. Ahmadis toned down their attacks on mainline
Muslims with the appointment of the first Ghanaian leader of the Movement
in the mid 1970s focusing their polemics mainly against Christians. In
2004 in Tamale in northern Ghana, the Regional Minister had to warn a Pakistani
Ahmadi preacher who constantly attacked Christian practices, beliefs and
the Bible on radio. Other mainstream Sunni groups joined the preaching
bandwagon back in the 1980s leading to the proliferation of audio tapes
and other literature to win non-Muslims to Islam and to show how wrong
Christianity is.
As the pool of Traditional believers from which Christians and Muslim use to fish dries up, the two missionary religions are now fishing from each others ponds. Christian groups have sprung up with the sole aim of converting Muslims to Christianity. The most popular of these ministries is the Converted Muslims' Christian Association now called the Straight Way Chapel in Kumasi. This ministry was started in the late '80s in Kumasi by a convert from Islam and now operates in many parts of the country. Public preaching is conducted by this and similar groups in Muslim dominated neighbourhoods. Muslim converts are paraded in churches and at conventions to give "testimonies" about Islam and their conversion, most of which involve exaggerations and blatant distortions. Many have learnt lessons from the resultant attacks and are now toning down their polemics.
Political Interference and Opportunism.
Even though Ghana is a secular country, it has a long history of politicians
manipulating religion for their political ends. The PNDC military government
of the 1980s which started out with pro-Communist policies, pulled down
the central mosque in Accra to make way for a car park. This evoked anger
and curses from the Muslim community both local and abroad. Later on however,
especially after the fall of communism, and in the eyes of some Ghanaians,
the government seems to have lurched towards Islam and Muslim countries
as possible alternative allies. In 1989, certain steps were taken by the
Government which were widely viewed by the Christian population as attempts
to undermine religious freedom in general and Christianity in particular.
First came an attempt to ban all broadcast of Christian gospel music over the national radio and television. Then followed the taking control over administration and replacing 'religious instruction' with 'cultural studies' in the curriculum of Christian Mission schools. Other measures included the enactment of an infamous 'Religious Registration Law' requiring all religious groups in the country to register with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism under conditions viewed by the mainline Christian leadership as dubious. These policies have long been reversed.
At the time that Christians were feeling they were coming under undue pressure from the government, a policy of positive discrimination was adopted towards Muslim Missionary schools, popularly referred to in Ghana as 'English/Arabic school'. The Government provided financial, personnel and material support for these schools. It permitted and in fact paid for the teaching of Arabic in the schools which in the eyes of Ghanaian Christians and Muslims alike is inextricably linked to the promotion and propagation of Islam. The Government also declared Idd-ul-Fitr and Idd ul-adha as national holidays. These policies are all still operative.
All these developments raised a sense of concern amongst most Ghanaian Christians. Since the change of government in 2001, most of the leadership of major Protestant denominations are viewed by Muslims and wider Ghanaian society as sympathetic if not openly supportive of the ruling party. The leadership of these churches who were once constant critics of the PNDC/NDC government in the 90s have become less critical of the present ruling party, the New Patriotic Party or NPP. Both leading political parties are vying for Muslim votes with the NDC portraying itself and generally viewed as the party with the largest Muslim/northern following. In other not to be outdone the ruling NPP government continues the tradition of government using tax-payers money to subsidise Muslim pilgrimage and is building a huge mosque for Muslims in Accra. Party politics may therefore have build bridges between ordinary Muslims and Christians but it has also opened up new frontlines of polarization in Ghanaian society.
External Factors: Muslim countries tend to export their own rivalries into Ghanaian Muslim community by supporting and funding different Muslim groups. This is especially so with Saudi Arabia, Libya and Iran who compete at funding rival Muslim groups. Ghanaians felt the reverberations of the Impact of 9/11 and subsequent US led invasion of Iraq. Churches were threatened in Tamale but tension was diffused through personal contact with the local Chief Imam who condemned the threats in strong terms in the mosque and on the local FM stations. In October 2006 there were reports in the Ghanaian media of al-Qaida tapes in circulation in the capital, Accra. The National Chief Imam issued a strong statement publicly condemning such videos.
Family, ethnic and other bonds
There are numerous "inter-faith households" and members of same
ethnic groups adhering to different religious persuasions. In such cases,
bonds of family and ethnicity are stronger than religious affiliations
and serve to neutralize religious animosities and in fact build interfaith
bridges. There are instances where relatives of the Christian and primal
religious traditions are called upon to contribute money for Muslim relatives
to perform the pilgrimage in Mecca. Muslims attend ordination services
involving Christian relations, friends or neighbors. Annual traditional
festivals which are now a common feature of the Ghanaian religious calendar
afford Christian, Muslim and their traditional counterparts of the various
ethnic groups the opportunities for solidarity, renewal of ties and contribution
towards developmental projects.
In Ghana, when we talk of people of different religions, especially Muslims, we are not talking about a community of immigrants or illegal immigrants or historical invaders and colonizers as in other places like the West, North Africa, Sudan or even Northern Nigeria. Muslims in Ghana are close relations and have always been full fledged citizens. Muslims and Christians work together very closely in various political parties. In most cases, party political loyalties override those of denominational or sectarian religious considerations. Hence it is common to find Muslims and Christians who share a lot in common in politics than they do with their co-religionists. As a result, though it has become an unspoken norm in Ghana to share the highest offices of president and vice-president between Christians and Muslims, many Muslims will vote for two Christians standing on the platform of a particular political party rather than an all Muslim ticket on a rival political platform! It can therefore be said that in Ghana Muslims and Christians don't have a luxury to tolerate one another. We actually literally celebrate each other!
Christian responses to the Muslim presence
It is fair to say Ghanaians Christians are not adequately prepared to respond
to the challenge of the Muslim presence. Until very recently, very few
seminaries taught Islam as a small part of comparative religion. The notion
of a Muslim amongst the majority of southern Ghanaian Christians is that
of a dirty, illiterate watchman from the north or uncouth bunch of strangers
living in the dirtiest and filthiest part of the city known as zongos.
These perceptions, however, have more to do with ethnic prejudices southerners
generally harbour and express towards northerners than with religious ones.
To such Christians of southern extraction, the Muslim presence has little
or no relevance let alone consequence to them. It must be said, though,
that in the wake of 9/11 and the recent shari'ah related
violence in Nigeria is awakening some of the Christian leaders from their
deep slumber on Christian-Muslim issues.
Charismatic and Pentecostal Christians on their part generally see Muslims purely as objects of evangelism. As far as this group of Christians are concerned, the only legitimate relationship a Christian can have with a Muslim is in the area of evangelism. The study of Islam to such Christians is always geared at looking for the "weaknesses" in order to prove to Muslims that there is no salvation in Islam.
There are however those who are seriously seeking to promote a better understanding of Islam and trying to creatively address the Muslim presence. The Christian Council of Ghana has an Interfaith Desk which seeks to organise seminars on Islam for Christians. Response to this approach is still very low key but set to pick up in momentum. If Ghanaians are to live to the proverb that 'too much meat does not spoil soup' then more needs to be done by injecting some intellectual dialogue into the dialogue of life for the latter on its own has proven in many instances to be very fragile.
It is in this connection that the Presbyterian Church of Ghana officially took a decision during the last General Assembly to establish an Interfaith Research and Resource Centre with the aim of informing and equipping the Church to respond biblically and intellectually to the Muslim presence. The Centre which takes off formally in September 2007 will work in partnership with all mainline protestant and Pentecostal denominations to organise seminars on interfaith issues, run short certificate courses on Islam and Interfaith Relations for Christians, facilitate Christian-Muslim dialogue sessions on issues of common interest and concern as well as initiate an academic programme of study on Islam and Interfaith Relations through the Akrofi-Christaller Institute.
Factors that undermine a sense of citizenship:
In Ghana like in all African countries there are multiple layers of identity
labels. These include the clan, ethnic, religious and national. The concept
of the Nation State is the new arrival on the market-shelve of multiple
identities. The nation state of Ghana is therefore having to compete with
the older identity categories for the loyalty of Ghanaians. The competition
has been complicated and in some cases undermined by the fact that the
nation state is an artificial and arbitrary creation of outsiders, Western
European colonial masters. The artificial lines called 'boundaries' have
split ethnic communities into different countries. In these situations
the choice of citizenship or faith in the nation Ghana is pitted against
that of ethnic identity which is no respecter of national boundaries. In
these cases the sense of citizenship always suffers.
Another undermining factor is the failure on part of state to earn the trust and confidence of citizens. Lack of good governance, local grievances of injustices and regional feelings of neglect in national development are all contributory factors. In the last month in Ghana, northern Ghanaians have organised number of demonstrations against the state for neglecting their areas and a group has recently emerged putting together a legal case against the British government seeking compensation for been responsible for the historical neglect of the north. Tied to lack of good governance is the issue of endemic corruption of state structures. Overwhelming majority of Ghanaians have little or no faith at all in the judicial system and security agencies of the state. The tendency therefore is for people to fall back on their ethnic and religious groupings, take the law into their own hands, and seek justice the form and way they know best.
Concluding Remarks
In my estimation therefore, the issue of citizenship is not a lack of trust
between different faith communities, certainly not necessarily mutual mistrust
between Muslims and Christians. It is lack of confidence and faith on the
part of both Muslims and Christians in the state. Two things are needed
in my judgement. First is a common unifying factor at the national level.
In Ghana, the national football team, the Black Stars, and now the personality
of Kofi Annan, immediate past UN Secretary General, seems to be the only
strong unifying factors that is able to bring Ghanaians together. Secondly,
Christians and Muslims need to unlock themselves from the secular-democracy
versus shariacracy debate and together explore ways of fashioning more
credible political and judicial systems that can compete with the older
identity categories for the faith and confidence of the citizens. I don't
think we can do this successfully unless and until African Muslim and Christians
are prepared and permitted to take responsibility for their respective
faith traditions to which they are the majority adherents compared to the
historic centres of the Christian and Islamic traditions.


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Sponsored by: Brakes Plus
Jul 26, 2011 12:53 PM by Andy Koen
The Associated Press is reporting that there are rumors floating around Dove Valley this week that Kyle Orton may soon be traded. Orton has been the Broncos' starting quarterback for the past two season and has posted career-best numbers in terms of passing yards and touchdowns.
However, the team's 4-12 record last season has left room for doubt. Back up quarterback Tim Tebow made headlines this summer with his off-season workouts despite the NFL lockout.
Here is was AP sports writer Pat Graham posted wrote this morning:
ENGLEWOOD, Colo. (AP) - Eager to get back to work, Denver Broncos quarterback Tim Tebow has arrived early at team headquarters.
With the lockout lifted, Tebow was one of the first players to report for voluntary workouts Tuesday, driving through the gates at 7:40 a.m. This soon could be Tebow's team, especially with rumors swirling that Kyle Orton's days in Denver are numbered.
Orton has started the last two seasons for Denver, posting career-best numbers. But with the Broncos looking for a fresh start following a dismal 4-12 season, Orton may be on the trading block, paving the way for Tebow to be the starter for new coach John Fox.
2 months ago


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January 1, 2009
Fight Cruelty with Knowledge
A new online resource provides citizens, the media, and law enforcement with the information they need to stop animal fighting and cruelty in their local community.
January 1, 2009
The End of the Chain?
Despite the dangers and humane concerns posed by persistent dog chaining, the practice of tethering dogs around the clock is not disappearing overnight. Learn how the problem is being addressed around the country, and what you can do to help your community pass more progressive laws.
November 1, 2008
Still Not Making the Grade
The decades-old battle continues against Class B dealers, the for-profit middlemen who sell shelter animals to research'and are notorious for treating them inhumanely.
November 1, 2008
Field Trip: Red Lake Rosie's Rescue
A few years ago, Karen Good was picking up every stray that crossed her path on the Red Lake Indian Reservation in Northwestern Minnesota. It didn't take long, however, for her and a couple of kindred spirits to realize that it wasn't enough.
November 1, 2008
Creature Feature: Macaws for Alarm
A case in Virginia highlights the need for responsible avian sanctuaries'and for better standards of care for the birds caught up in the pet trade.
November 1, 2008
Poodle Power
Animal activist Jana Kohl takes both her new book and her dog, Baby, on the road to spread the grim truth about puppy mills.
September 1, 2008
The Ties That Bond
The American Humane Association has published a new booklet that explores the link between animal abuse and children's well-being.
September 1, 2008
People Power: Latichia Duffy
For seven years, animal control officer Latichia Duffy has used minimal funds to operate a tiny shelter in an area surrounded by puppy mills.
July 1, 2008
Creature Feature: Sore Trick Pony
The Tennessee walking horse has been a victim of cruel performance enhancers for decades, but big money gives unscrupulous trainers incentive to flout the law and keep the abuse under wraps.
July 1, 2008
Animal Shelters Benefit from the Oprah Effect
In the wake of Oprah Winfrey's show on puppy mills, adoption numbers spike in shelters across the country.


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text:
Faculty Advisers
Robert Noland (co-coordinator), John Pucher (co-coordinator), and Michael Smart (co-coordinator)
The transportation policy and planning concentration provides a broad survey of the field as well as a critical evaluation of current and alternative policies and practical application of planning methods. Urban transport systems are examined in the context of environmental, energy, safety, equity, financial, and health impacts. Particular focus is placed on public transit planning, non-motorized modes such as walking and bicycling, international perspectives, environmental issues, and the coordination of land use and transportation planning. Students must take three of the seven core courses, and choose one elective from either the other core courses or from the listing of recommended courses below for a total of four courses. A graduate planning studio with a transportation focus or component is strongly recommended.
Required Courses (you must take at least three or four of the following courses)
34:970:555 Urban Transportation Policy Analysis
34:970:556 Urban Transportation Planning
34:970:553 Transportation and the Environment
34:970:554 Transportation and Land Use
34:970:557 International Transport Policy
34:970:558 Public Transit Planning and Management
34:970:660 Walking and Cycling for Sustainable Cities
Recommended Courses (additional elective courses to bring total to four)
Civil and Environmental Engineering:
16:180:528 Public Transportation Systems
16:180:531 Traffic Engineering
16:180:532 Transportation Planning
16:180:533 Traffic Operations
16:180:537 Intelligent Transportation Systems
16:180:539 Advanced Transportation Economics and Modeling
Urban Planning and Public Policy:
34:970:508 Comprehensive Planning
34:970:527 Advanced Multivariate Methods
34:970:575 Locational Conflict
34:970:591 Introduction to GIS for Planning and Public Policy
34:970:592 Topics in GIS
34:970:594 Program Evaluation
34:970:601 Introduction to Planning and Design
34:970:618 Environmental Planning and Management
34:970:619 Environmental Economics and Policy
Course offerings in Civil and Environmental Engineering are subject to change from year to year. Other courses may satisfy the elective requirement if approved by the concentration coordinator. Additional Urban Planning and Public Policy courses may also satisfy the elective requirement if approved by the concentration coordinator. Students are encouraged to consider a Directed Study which may substitute for one elective course.
Graduate Certificates
Students in this concentration may be interested in the Graduate Certificate in Transportation Studies and the Graduate Certificate in Transportation Management: Vulnerability, Risk, and Security. Contact your faculty advisor for more information.
Other Areas of Concentration:
Environmental and Physical
Housing and Real Estate
International Development and Regional Planning
Transportation Policy and
Urban and Community Development


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Before she kissed me, she told me that regrets are like bad movies in that they make us laugh sometimes when we watch them over but are needed to show us what a good movie is.
Before she kissed me, she told me that regrets are like bad movies in that they make us laugh sometimes when we watch them over but are needed to show us what a good movie is.
Needless to say, the homophobic teacher did not appreciate watching the two boys share a quick kiss.
My little sister's school project was to film a romantic- comedy movie, and so my first kiss was with a boy I barely knew as a character I wasn't.
He refuses to kiss my lips when another person is in my body.
Our first kiss seemed to have perfect timing, immediately after her accidental elbow to my forehead.
She kissed me in the parking lot of the Mormon church, and all the cars drove by slowly, honking their horns.
I gave you everything and you left me with nothing but an instructional pilates DVD and the worst case of mono my doctor had ever seen.
Our second first kiss was twice as good and one thousandth as awkward as our first.
After we finished kissing, I laughed and said,"Can you please go brush your teeth?"
The most romantic moment of my life ended with the word "boner."
She starved herself, and hurt herself, and now she's dead and all I can think is, "She never even got to have a first real kiss".
I've had a crush on him for nine years and last night he finally kissed me.
His face turned a deep shade of red when his friend thought he had informed me of his buddy's hickie, when I was very aware it was from myself.
It's hard for me to concentrate in my lectures because I get distracted by imagining what it'd be like to make out with random people in my class.
My first kiss happened just months after my mother died.
After three years of waiting, I never imagined how incredible that first kiss would be.
When you broke up with me, all I could remember was how her kisses always left a bad taste in my mouth.
I knew I was gay when I got my lip pierced just so I wouldn't have to kiss my boyfriend while I worked up the nerve to break up with him.
I experienced best feeling ever when, in the middle of my telling a story (having to do with spray paint and the tree in my backyard), he suddenly leaned over and kissed my forehead.
As he kissed me good night, his mouth tasting of coffee, I realized it was the best date I would ever have.
Despite our height difference, we found he can still comfortably kiss me goodnight if I stand on the third stair up at the front door.
No matter what happens to me I will never be able to escape the haunting incorrigible realization that my first boyfriend never touched his lips to mine in that lusted display of affection known as a kiss.
She says that my awkwardness isn't a big deal and that it's cute, in fact, but when we kiss I can feel her holding back.