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Maine Geological Survey
Open-File 91-7
Mining in Maine: Past, Present, and Future
Carolyn A. Lepage
Michael E. Foley
Woodrow B. Thompson
Mining in Maine has a long history unknown to many citizens. Some of us have seen the granite quarries which remain from an industry established more than 150 years ago. Gravel pits are a common sight today, and many people are familiar with Maine's limestone, slate, and crushed stone operations. However, the well-known resources of modern times are but a few of the mineral products that have been produced in Maine. Economic conditions, technological developments, and world events have influenced the level of mining activity in our state. The history of mining in Maine is presented here in light of those influences.
The mineral resources in Maine were formed during a chain of geologic events spanning hundreds of millions of years. A complex assortment of volcanic rocks, granite intrusions, and sedimentary rocks have evolved and changed through eons of time. This setting has imposed many uncertainties, both technological and financial, on finding and developing commercial mineral deposits. Because the state receives long-term economic benefits from the minerals industry, the means should be found to encourage exploration and development of our mineral resources in ways that will serve the best interests of the State of Maine.
The Early Years: Pre-Civil War
The first evaluation of Maine's mineral resources was authorized by the State Legislature in the spring of 1836. Recognizing that a geological survey would surely aid Maine's economy, the Board of Internal Improvements contracted Charles T. Jackson of Boston to conduct the survey. Jackson's field work was limited by funding, weather, and available transportation to coastal areas and major river and overland routes. However, in his third and final report, submitted in 1839, Jackson concluded that Maine had a wealth of mineral resources and could easily become as important an industrial state as the rest of New England. He felt that Maine could become self-sufficient in the production of peat, lime, roofing slate, granite, and certain metals, and should be able to market these products in other states. By 1836, when Jackson began his survey, mining in Maine was already established on a small scale. The commodity of greatest importance at that time was granite. Maine had several advantages that made it the principal supplier of granite to the rest of the Atlantic states and the West Indies. The greatest advantage was that most of the important quarries were readily accessible by navigable rivers, bays, or inlets. Thus the shipping costs for Maine granite were considerably less than for other types of building stone. High quality granite was abundant and available in such a wide variety of colors and textures that virtually any demand could be met. Quarrying was concentrated around Penobscot Bay, eastern Washington County, Hallowell, Biddeford, and the Blue Hill area.
Maine was also well known for its limestone quarrying in the early 1800's. Activity was concentrated then, as it is now, in the Thomaston area. Jackson estimated that at least $14 million worth of limestone lay within 20 feet of the surface in Thomaston. The annual lime production was valued at about one-half million dollars. It was used for agriculture and the manufacture of wall plaster (Jackson, 1838).
Fine quality roofing slate, equal to that traditionally imported from Wales, was discovered northwest of Bangor. Prospective quarries were opened in several towns, but Jackson's report suggests that only a small volume of slate was produced in the early 1800's (Jackson, 1838). The only metal mines operating at the time were the Newfield Iron Works, which produced bog iron to be shipped to Boston, and the lead mines near Lubec. Jackson (1838) also mentioned a few other mineral products that had been mined in small quantities, including ornamental serpentine in Deer Isle and diatomite in Newfield.
The sixth and seventh Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, published in 1861 and 1862, contain another assessment of mining in Maine and the potential for future exploitation of the state's mineral resources. Although perhaps not as optimistic as Jackson's publications, these reports by State Geologist Charles Hitchcock supported the assumption that Maine was blessed with sizable reserves of certain commodities, particularly granite, limestone, peat, slate, and metals.
During the mid-1800's, Maine still supplied much of the East with granite. The coastal areas were dotted with quarries producing granite for domestic use and export. The manufacture of lime products near Thomaston, Rockland, and Rockport remained Maine's other major mineral industry. Roofing slate was mined in the vicinity of Brownville, and metal mining continued on a small scale. The Newfield Iron Works was still in operation, while a new lead mine was opened near Lubec by the Maine Mining and Manufacturing Company.
A new mining operation was begun at Katahdin Iron Works following the discovery of iron ore by Moses Greenleaf (the first map maker of Maine) in 1848. That same year, the first charcoal furnace was built a mile from the workings. It was enlarged several times in later years to handle increased production. The other new mining venture of the period was the beginning of feldspar mining in Topsham in 1852 (Cameron and others, 1954). Maine feldspar was used for many years thereafter as an ingredient in china and other ceramic materials. As with the granite quarries, the pegmatites in Topsham were profitable to work in the 1800's because of their proximity to the sea.
The Civil War to World War II
The most notorious development in Maine's mining history was the metal mining boom of 1879 to 1882. The origin of this boom is unclear, though it is said that men returning from the gold rushes in the West found a similarity between the metal-bearing rocks of Maine and ore deposits of the western states (Perkins, 1941). There was great excitement as mining companies were organized, buildings were erected, expensive machinery was installed, and in some cases mills, concentrators, and smelters were constructed. Much of the activity occurred around Blue Hill, Sullivan, Acton, and Lubec. It soon reached such a high level that a weekly industry newspaper, the "Maine Mining Journal", was published in Bangor beginning in 1880. Perkins (1941) wrote a very interesting account of this mining boom in Maine.
Promotion and development continued until 1883, when metal prices dropped. The mines in the Blue Hill area were the first to close, and were soon followed by the silver mines around Acton and Sullivan. Other newly opened metal mines quickly followed suit. Katahdin Iron Works continued to produce despite having to rebuild the furnace that was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1882. Mining and smelting at this locality ceased in 1890 due to depletion of the higher-grade ore and competition from producers in the Lake Superior iron district. The hematite/magnetite ore from the latter district was richer in iron and lacked the undesirable sulfur that was present in Katahdin ore.
Although prospecting continued and several metal mines reopened for a short time, no major mining occurred in Maine during the remainder of the 1800's. There was a brief period of activity in Cherryfield around 1905-07, when the price of silver was favorable (J. R. Rand, pers. comm.). The shipment of copper concentrates from the Douglass Mine in Blue Hill by American Smelting and Refining Co. in 1918 marked the last production of base metals from Maine mines until the late 1960's.
Limestone and feldspar continued to be produced through the late 1800's and into the twentieth century. Thomaston and Rockland remained the center of limestone quarrying, though other deposits were worked in Union and Warren. Feldspar mining continued around Topsham, and production began in the pegmatites of Oxford and Androscoggin Counties. The construction of processing mills at Auburn in 1897 and West Paris in 1925 was the key factor in promoting feldspar mining in these counties (Perham, 1987).
The state's feldspar production reached a yearly high of about 12,000 tons by the late 1920's, almost ceased during the depression, but recovered to about 5,000 tons per year in the late 1930's. Perham (1987) has described the growth of the feldspar industry in Maine, along with the important role of the Perham family and other individuals in developing the mines of Oxford County.
Mica was mined sporadically from Maine pegmatites during the late 1800's and early 1900's. It was used for stove windows and electrical insulating material (Cameron and others, 1954). Bastin (1911) provided an excellent review of the mining, economics, and uses of feldspar and mica in Maine during the early 1900's. Gemstones and mineral specimens were significant byproducts of this mining.
The granite industry reached its high point in 1901, with 152 quarries employing at least 3,500 men. Maine ranked first in the country in terms of value of granite produced. Maine granite was used for everything from bridge supports and piers to tombstones. Many public buildings, churches, and monuments, particularly in New York City, are constructed of Maine granite. Examples include the State House in Augusta, Maine; post offices in Philadelphia, Buffalo, Hartford, and Albany; custom houses in St. Louis, Boston, and Brooklyn; Grant's Tomb in New York; paving stones in New York and Philadelphia; and the gatehouse in Central Park.
The value of granite produced in Maine declined between 1911 and 1922, but recovered by the mid 1920's, with paving blocks accounting for more than half of the total production. However, the development of Portland cement as a building material in the early 1900's, and the depression of the 1930's, dealt Maine's granite industry a blow from which it would never recover. Production in later years was small and sporadic. Dale (1907) and Grindle (1977) have extensively described the state's granite quarries and industry.
Several other mineral commodities were produced in Maine prior to World War II. Beginning in the 1920's, Monson slate was used in making large electrical switchboards such as those in Boston and Philadelphia subway stations. Maine slate was also used for roofing material and the beds of the finest pool tables. Peat deposits were exploited, primarily for local agricultural purposes, and diatomite for polishing compounds was excavated from deposits scattered around the state. Brickyards thrived along the coast, where there was sufficient clay to make bricks for both local use and shipment to other eastern states.
The War Years of the 1940's
Two events in the early 1940's stimulated the exploration and development of Maine's mineral resources. One was the establishment of the State Geological Survey under the Maine Development Commission; the other was the outbreak of World War II.
In 1942, the Maine State Legislature enacted a bill placing the State Geological Survey under the jurisdiction of the Maine Development Commission. To carry out its part of the Commission's program, the Survey had a fourfold function:
- "to give service to landowners and prospectors through the identification and examination of mineral and rock specimens and prospects;
- the exploration and mapping of areas which appear to have economic prospects for mineral development;
- laboratory research directed towards the discovery of new or improved techniques that may make possible economic advances in the commercial development of our mineral resources; and
- the dissemination of information on the geology and mineral resources of Maine, through publication, correspondence, and talks before various groups." (Trefethen, 1949)
When World War II began, the Maine State Geologist, along with geologists throughout the country, became concerned with meeting the increased mineral requirements of the wartime economy. The danger of shipping materials from overseas further stimulated the need to develop domestic mineral sources. This meant searching for new deposits, reexamining old ones, and developing the technology to utilize previously uneconomic deposits. Of particular concern were minerals on the War Department's "strategic list". The list was based on the country's experience during World War I and included those minerals essential to national defense that came primarily from foreign sources. Trefethen (1943) reviewed the status of strategic and other mineral resources in Maine. His report focused on mica and manganese ore, which were considered to be the most significant strategic minerals occurring in the state.
Both scrap and high-grade mica were essential to electrical industries. As much of the better mica had been imported prior to the war, the Maine Geological Survey searched for local deposits in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, U. S. Bureau of Mines, and the Colonial Mica Corporation (the company given federal authority to purchase domestic mica) (Trefethen, 1943). These groups examined the many mines and prospects located in the mica-bearing pegmatites of western Maine.
Mica production in Maine was significant during the war years. One of the principal companies involved in this work was the Douglass Mining Company, operated by Dana Douglass, Jr. However, despite government assistance and high wartime prices, most mica operations were barely able to break even. Mining for mica in Maine declined when the war ended.
In view of the urgent need for manganese to meet the demands of the steel industry, work began in the summer of 1941 to evaluate manganese deposits in Aroostook County that had been discovered over 100 years before. The project was placed under the State Military Defense Commission. Both the State and U.S. Geological Surveys, and the U. S. Bureau of Mines, conducted mapping and other studies of the deposits. Samples collected in the field were analyzed, and extraction methods were tested at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The Manganese Ore Company, a subsidiary of the M. A. Hanna Company, began prospecting the larger, more promising deposits in 1942. Altogether, the work during the war years indicated reserves of metallic manganese in Aroostook County of about 2,100,000 tons. The average manganese content of the ore is about 9 percent. At that time, however, a process by which manganese could be extracted economically from the type of ore found in Aroostook County had not been developed.
Limestone production was Maine's most important extractive industry during the war years. It was produced mainly by three companies operating in the Rockland area. The chief products were agricultural limestone, burned lime, cement materials, and chemical limestone for use in the paper industry. Investigations showed that Maine had enough dolomite to assure local production of magnesium lime for many years. This would be especially important to Maine's potato industry as much of the soil in Aroostook County is deficient in magnesium.
Peat was harvested in a number of Maine towns during the early 1940's, including Centerville, Deblois, Franklin, Friendship, Jonesport, Penobscot, and Sullivan. The peat was used exclusively for agricultural or horticultural purposes. Fuel wood shortages and rising costs of other fuels prompted the Maine Development Commission to investigate the use of peat as an energy source. Field work was conducted by the Maine Geological Survey and laboratory analysis by the University of Maine Technology Experiment Station. The results of the survey were published in Bulletin No. 1 of the Maine Geological Survey. The quality of Maine peat is generally very good.
In addition to being investigated as a source of mica, pegmatites were evaluated for their beryl, spodumene, and feldspar content. Beryl, the main ore of beryllium, and spodumene, a lithium ore, were important in the production of metal alloys. Unfortunately, both minerals occur only sporadically in Maine pegmatites, and production was limited to that found as a byproduct of mica or feldspar mining. Feldspar, on the other hand, remained one of the more important mineral commodities in the state. Several large quarries were operated in Oxford and Sagadahoc counties.
Slate continued to be mined and milled in the Monson area for use primarily as insulating panels on electric switchboards. Reported occurrences of asbestos and graphite were investigated by the Maine Geological Survey, but the deposits were never developed commercially. The Survey also conducted studies of Maine clays to determine the type and distribution, as well as the quality, potential uses, and beneficiation of clay deposits.
The Katahdin Iron Works pyrrhotite deposit was studied through a cooperative effort by the Maine Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey as a possible source of sulfur. The results of the study were published in Maine Geological Survey Bulletin 2. The deposit, which had been mined intermittently during the last century, was estimated to have about 5,800,000 tons of iron and 3,300,000 tons of sulfur for every hundred feet of depth.
The war had both good and bad impacts on exploration and development of mineral resources in Maine. On the one hand, exploration for both strategic and non-strategic minerals previously supplied from overseas was stimulated. Much valuable geologic information resulted from this activity. However, the mineral extraction industry as a whole, especially producers of construction materials such as crushed rock, sand and gravel, cement, slate, and structural clay products, were affected adversely. They were impacted not only by poor market conditions, but also by manpower shortages and equipment procurement problems. Despite increased demand for some materials, output actually diminished.
The Postwar Years: 1940's to 1960
In the late 1940's and early 1950's the Maine Geological Survey, along with other government agencies and mineral companies, continued to explore Maine's mineral potential. The search concentrated on nonmetallic materials such as sand and gravel, clay, limestone, and pegmatite minerals. Feldspar, along with minor amounts of beryl, niobium-tantalum ore, quartz, and mica, was produced from pegmatites in the southwestern part of the state. Agricultural peat continued to be harvested, mostly from bogs in eastern Maine, and slate was mined and milled by the Portland-Monson Company.
The value of mineral production in Maine increased steadily following the war, with the exception of a slight drop in 1949, from about $2.5 million in 1945 to $13 million in 1955. By that time cement, which was produced exclusively by the Dragon Cement Company in Thomaston, accounted for over half of the value of Maine's mineral products.
There was little effort to search for metals in Maine between 1945 and 1955. Companies and federal agencies were more interested in investigating the metal potential of the Colorado Plateau and other western areas. However, exploration of the manganese ores in Aroostook County by the U. S. Bureau of Mines continued during the postwar years. The U.S. and Maine Geological Surveys, in a cooperative venture, conducted aeromagnetic investigations in the Katahdin Iron Works and Dead River areas in 1951 and 1952 respectively.
A resurgence of mineral exploration occurred in the mid 1950's, when the recent discovery of large base-metal sulfide deposits in the Bathurst, New Brunswick region stimulated new efforts to find similar deposits in Maine. Several companies started field work in the state. They were looking primarily for copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. These companies included American Smelting and Refining, New Jersey Zinc, Ventures Ltd., Texas Gulf Sulfur, American Metal Climax, Anaconda Company, and Kennecott Copper.
In 1957, Roland F. Beers, Inc. began a long and intensive study of the nickel deposits in Union and Warren, Maine. Beers received the first State mining lease of the modern era to develop the deposit, and conducted a winter drilling operation from the ice on Crawford Pond in early 1960. However, no actual mining was done at this time. The area investigated by Beers included the Harriman Prospect in Union (northeast of Crawford Pond), and he described the exploration program in this area in a 1962 publication (Beers and others, 1962).
A new agency, the Maine Mining Bureau, was created in 1955 to encourage and administer the development of mineral resources on State lands. The Maine Geological Survey supported the 1950's explorations through its ongoing program of research and publication. The Survey published the Mineral Resource Reference Map series and the Mineral Resource Index series to facilitate the location of mineral occurrences in Maine. In 1958 they released the first of a series of aeromagnetic maps covering various parts of the state. However, there was a cutback of mining company exploration in 1958, when a sharp drop in metal prices occurred.
The 1960's
Yearly mineral production in Maine during the late 1950's and early 1960's leveled off to between $13 million and $14 million. Production of several nonmetallic materials such as cement, peat, and feldspar either declined or remained at the same level, while production of commodities such as clay, gemstones, and sand and gravel increased. Production of feldspar reached its lowest level since 1906. When the General Services Administration ended its strategic minerals stockpile program in 1962, mica and beryl mining ceased in Maine. Small amounts of granite were still quarried in Cumberland, Kennebec, Knox, Hancock, Waldo, and York Counties.
To stimulate continued exploration for metals, the Maine Geological Survey embarked on a 5-year program to evaluate metal prospects using current exploration technology adapted to Maine's complex geology. In 1960 a geological-geophysical-geochemical study of a zone of magnetic anomalies in Penobscot County was completed, the results of which were published in 1961 in the Survey's first bulletin in their Special Economic Studies Series. During the next three years, three other studies were completed and published, two of which covered areas of major base-metal potential in coastal Hancock and Washington Counties. The Survey also stepped up the bedrock mapping program. The U.S. Geological Survey continued aeromagnetic surveys and geochemical field studies, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted economic investigations.
By the summer of 1961, there was a renewed flurry of exploration in Maine. As metal prices began to rise in the early 1960's, exploration by private concerns was stepped up. This increased activity was due in part to the working agreements reached by the large landowning paper companies and the mining companies to prospect and develop the mineral resources of paper company lands. Among the companies prospecting for metals at this time were Black Hawk Mining near Blue Hill, Penobscot Mining at Brooksville, and Anaconda Copper and Bear Creek near Parmachenee Lake.
It appeared that Maine's first metal mine in half a century would be opened in the 1960's near Blue Hill. In May, 1961, Charles D. Robbins acquired claims that had been staked on Second Pond. Robbins then transferred these claims to Black Hawk Mining Ltd., a Canadian public company (J. R. Rand, pers. comm.). A 1962 agreement between Black Hawk and Denison Mines Ltd. of Toronto resulted in extensive underground work and development of the ore body during 1964 and 1965. As a result of this work, the deposit was estimated to contain reserves of 4.5 million tons. However, work was suspended in 1966 due to unfavorable employment and economic conditions.
The Knox Mining Company (formerly Roland F. Beers, Inc.) continued to explore the nickel deposits of the Union area during the 1960's. In 1965 they discovered a significant nickel-copper deposit southwest of Crawford Pond in the town of Warren. Exploratory drilling between 1966 and 1974 outlined the ore body, but mining was not economically feasible.
In 1965 Callahan Mining Corporation of New York acquired the old Harborside Copper Mine in Brooksville. Originally opened in the 1880's, the Harborside Mine had been leased by Penobscot Mining Corporation in the mid 1950's. The latter company had staked claims on Goose Falls Pond and delineated a sulfide ore body. Callahan Mining obtained permission from the State to temporarily drain Goose Pond, which was a tidal inlet, in order to develop an open pit copper-zinc mine at the Harborside property. They built a flotation mill to extract copper and zinc concentrates from the ore, and began mining in 1968. The copper concentrates were shipped to the Noranda smelter in Gaspe, while the zinc concentrates went to a smelter in Pennsylvania.
Exploration for metallic ore deposits by both domestic and foreign companies increased during the mid and late 1960's. James R. Dunn and Associates explored a former copper prospect near Appleton. Dolsan Mines of Montreal drilled a mineralized area near Pembroke. In the northern mineral belt, Noranda Mines of Toronto, through its U. S. subsidiary East Range Company, explored the Catheart Mountain porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit south of Jackman. Another Toronto company - Spooner Mines and Oils - also was active in the Catheart Mountain area and other localities in northern Maine. Humble Oil and Refining of Houston prospected for molybdenum and copper under a cooperative agreement with Spooner.
In 1967 John S. Cummings, manager of the James W. Sewall Company's geology division, organized a joint venture comprised of Callahan Mining Corporation, New Jersey Zinc Company, Superior Oil Company, and U. S. Smelting, Refining and Mining Company. This group, called the "Northeast Joint Venture", was formed to search throughout New England and the Maritime Provinces, principally for base metals. The initial operating vehicle for this search was the J. W. Sewall Co., followed by J. S. Cummings, Inc. of Bangor during the period 1974-1982 (Cummings, 1988).
By 1969, the value of Maine's mineral production reached $20.2 million. This increase reflected the greater production and value of cement and dimension stone, as well as the mining of copper and zinc at the Callahan Mine in Brooksville. Production of peat reached its lowest level since 1961, while production of feldspar, except for 1968, also declined. Scrap mica was mined in 1969 for the first time since 1962. Production of sand and gravel generally declined after 1965. Figures for clay and gemstones remained relatively constant during the last half of the decade. During the sixties, state and federal agencies continued to support exploration of Maine's mineral resources through field studies, laboratory research, and publications. The Maine Geological Survey published a new bedrock geologic map of the state in 1967. In 1969 the Mine Reclamation Law was passed. This legislation required that mining companies submit a comprehensive site rehabilitation plan prior to the start of mining. Companies also were required to post bond with the State to ensure satisfactory reclamation.
The 1970's
The value of mineral production in Maine increased steadily from $21.9 million in 1971 to $43.2 million in 1977. This increase was due largely to increased production of copper, zinc, cement, clay, and sand and gravel, and to inflation. In the early 1970's, a group of mineral collectors discovered a prolific series of tourmaline pockets at the Dunton mine in Newry, and the Plumbago Mining Corporation was formed to market gem tourmaline from this strike. The state legislature had designated tourmaline as the official State Mineral in 1971, and the find at Newry re-established Maine as a significant producer of rare pegmatite minerals. Exploration occurred at other pegmatite localities, and several small-scale gem prospects were opened during this decade.
No feldspar was produced between 1970 and 1975. Three granite quarries in York and Hancock Counties continued to produce dimension stone for architectural use. Underground production of slate at the Portland-Monson Slate mine in Monson was suspended from late 1973 to 1975 while a new shaft was sunk.
The 107th Legislature made changes in the Maine mining laws, effective in November, 1975. The elimination of lease terms confined by statues was the most significant change. The Bureau of Geology was given the authority to negotiate lease terms for mining on the State's public lands, and to oversee prospecting and staking of mining claims on those lands. The makeup of the Maine Mining Bureau and the structure of licensing and rental fees were also changed. In 1972, after 5 years of production, Callahan Mining closed its copper-zinc mining and milling operation at Harborside in Brooksville due to depletion of reserves. During this time the Callahan Mine had yielded 800,000 tons of ore grading 5.5% zinc, 1.25% copper, 0.5% lead, and 0.5 oz/ton silver (F. M. Beck, pers. comm.). Prior to closing of the mine, the Goose Pond Reclamation Society was formed to oversee the reclamation of the mine area. This group consisted of four residents of Brooksville, two state representatives, and one mining company representative, In a novel reclamation scheme the open pit, which was actually a part of Goose Cove that had been drained and dammed to allow mining, was flooded by tidewater and used for aquaculture of oysters and salmon. This business was called Maine Sea Farms. It continued until 1979 and was a pioneer for Maine aquaculture.
Late in 1972, Kerramerican, a subsidiary of Kerr Addison of Toronto, commenced production at the Black Hawk Mine in Blue Hill. The ore was processed on site for zinc and copper concentrates, which were shipped out of state for smelting. Mining continued until the fall of 1977. Based on extrapolation of 1976 statistics, it is estimated that the total output of the Black Hawk Mine during this period was approximately 1,000,000 tons containing 7.35% zinc, 0.89% copper, and 0.35% lead (F. M. Beck, pers. comm.). After operations ceased, equipment was removed from the Black Hawk Mine and the mine openings were sealed with concrete bulkheads. To reclaim the sulfide tailings, glacial till and topsoil were graded over the tailings and reseeded.
During the early and mid 1970's, American and Canadian concerns continued exploration, primarily for base metals. International Paper Company, along with its newly acquired subsidiary General Crude Oil and Minerals, and Kerramerican conducted exploratory drilling on International Paper land near Square Lake. Knox Mining Company continued investigations begun in the 1960's of the copper-nickel deposit in Warren, but the project was not economically viable at the time and was shelved by 1976.
The Northeast Joint Venture formed in 1967 continued its exploration activities through 1974, when Callahan Mining and New Jersey Zinc dropped out of the group. (U.S. Smelting, Refining and Mining had dropped out in 1970.) The remaining partner, Superior Oil, was then joined by Louisiana Land and Exploration Company. Exploration by the reconstituted Northeast Joint Venture continued under the management of J. S. Cummings, Inc. In 1973 Northeast Joint Venture discovered a massive sulfide deposit in Parmachenee, named the Ledge Ridge deposit, containing several million tons of zinc, lead, and copper mineralization. This was the first New England discovery of a buried sulfide deposit exceeding 1 million tons (Cummings, 1988).
Silver Stack Mining of Montreal conducted a drilling program at the Big Hill sulfide deposit in Pembroke during the 1970's, attempting to extend the known reserves of silver ore previously located by Dolsan Mines. Standard Metals Company explored for lead and zinc on Brown Company land in Maine, and Kerr-McGee evaluated the uranium potential along the Maine-New Hampshire border. Superior Mining evaluated the nickel potential of the Katahdin massive sulfide deposit, which had been held for many years by Allied Chemical as a potential sulfur reserve.
In September, 1977, Northeast Joint Venture discovered a 36 million-ton massive copper-zinc sulfide deposit at Bald Mountain in T12 R8, Aroostook County, Maine. It was estimated by some to be the third most significant copper discovery on the North American continent since the 1950's. Moreover, it was considered to be the only world-class discovery east of the Mississippi River during the period 1943-1983 (Cook, 1986).
The discovery of the Bald Mountain deposit was the culmination of years of exploration by Maine geologist John S. Cummings, of J.S. Cummings, Inc., in Bangor. Utilizing innovative geochemical techniques coupled with persistence, patience, and trial and error, Cummings pinpointed the deposit in an assemblage of volcanic rocks which extend for approximtely 130 miles in a belt 50-60 miles wide across north-central Maine. He subsequently documented this and other sulfide discoveries, along with related prospecting methods, in a book titled "Geochemical Detection of Volcanogenic Massive Sulphides in Humid-Temperate Terrain" (Cummings, 1988).
Spurred on by the Bald Mountain discovery, exploration continued in the northern and coastal volcanic belts. Newmont Exploration, Noranda Mines, Phelps Dodge Exploration East, Getty Minerals Company, and Superior Mining opened offices in Bangor from which exploration activities throughout the state were directed. Getty Minerals began an exploration program in 1978 searching for base metals in northern Maine. This program, managed initially by Larry Wing and then by F.M. Beck, Inc. of Yarmouth, led to the 1979 discovery of the Mount Chase massive sulfide deposit. The Mount Chase deposit is located about 10 miles north of Patten in T6 R6, Penobscot County.
Many other exploration activities also occurred in the 1970's. Northgate Exploration of Toronto looked for uranium and molybdenum in Hancock and Washington Counties. Chiasma Consultants of Portland evaluated the uranium potential in part of western Maine under a Federal NURE contract. Scintilore Exploration prospected for copper, zinc, and silver at the Big Hill property in Pembroke. Houston Oil and Minerals was active in the Chain of Lakes area. Aquitaine Company of Canada continued their geophysical and drilling program in Bowman and Oxbow Townships. Other exploration firms active in the state included Rio Tinto, Allied Chemical, Bethlehem Steel, and General Crude Oil.
Maine Mineral Resources Association
In 1977 the Maine Mineral Resources Association (MMRA) was established. The founders felt that the minerals industry needed a forum for promoting the economic well-being of the State of Maine through the responsible development and production of Maine's mineral resources. The aims of the MMRA are: to encourage interaction among those interested in the exploration, extraction, processing and use of mineral resources; to communicate with the public on matters related to mineral resources; and to provide a forum for carrying out these aims.
Membership in the MMRA has fluctuated in direct response to the level of mineral exploration activity occurring in Maine. Over the years to the present day, the MMRA has provided valuable service to the public, educators, and government on matters concerning Maine's mineral resources. The MMRA desires close cooperation between these entities and the mineral industry in developing economically and environmentally sound policy and regulations for the state.
The 1980's
Exploration continued into the 1980's in the volcanic belt of north-central Maine and along the coastal volcanic belt of Maine's southeastern coastal region. In 1981, prompted by a major jump in the price of silver, Scintilore Exploration drilled 20,000 feet of core at its prospects in the Pembroke area. Superior Mining Company and Louisiana Land and Exploration Company continued to gather environmental and metallurgical information on the Bald Mountain prospect. In 1982 the state of Maine passed a severance tax bill on the mining of metallic minerals.
Mineral output in Maine declined to an eleven-year low of $26.4 million in 1983. Nevertheless, mineral investigations continued throughout the early 80's. Some of the active companies were Scintilore Exploration Ltd. and North American Exploration, along with reconnaissance programs by Appalachian Resources, Inc., F. M. Beck, Inc., FMC Corporation, GCO Minerals Company, Newmont Exploration Ltd., Phillips Petroleum Company, and Santa Fe Mining, Inc.
Late in 1985, Chevron Resources Company acquired Getty's interest in the Mount Chase deposit; and most recently (1990), Horizon Gold Shares Inc. has reached an agreement in principal to puchase this property from Chevron. In 1989 Boliden Resources Inc. acquired the Bald Mountain deposit.
Industrial Garnet Extractives developed the Wing Hill Mine in Rangeley for garnet-bearing diorite. The garnet was separated at the Bell Minerals Company feldspar mill in West Paris, and was used for a variety of industrial products including water filters, abrasives, and packing media. This operation was one of four garnet producers in the United States. It closed in May, 1988 due to supply and milling problems.
In 1984, the Mineral Resource Division of Boise Cascade Corporation began a 5-year reconnaissance program to assess the mineral potential of its lands in Maine. The Penobscot Indian Nation's Mining and Minerals program completed the first year of a total mineral resource evaluation of Penobscot and Passamaquoddy Indian Trust Lands. The tribal Trust Lands comprise about 120,000 acres scattered across the central part of the state. Utah International continued its search for base and precious metals in the Jim Pond area in northern Franklin County.
State and federal agencies have carried out recent programs to aid mineral development in Maine. A cooperative effort of the Maine Geological Survey and U. S. Geological Survey has generated a five-volume atlas that evaluates peat resources throughout the state. This work was complemented by a study by the Maine Geological Survey and Maine Office of Energy Resources, funded by the U. S. Department of Energy, to evaluate the fuel potential of the state's peat resources.
The U.S. Bureau of Mines assisted in an evaluation of waste slate produced by the Portland-Monson Slate Company to determine potential byproduct use. The U.S. Geological Survey, with the assistance of the Maine Geological Survey, carried out bedrock mapping and other studies in western Maine for the Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program (CUSMAP). The Maine Geological Survey also oversaw prospecting activities on State lands, having been given that authority by the Legislature in 1977 in the newly revised law on mining and minerals.
During 1984 the Maine Geological Survey entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey to update and add information to the nationwide Mineral Resources Data System. Work began, and continues today, on recording information on location, exploration, development, and geology for each metallic deposit in the state. The Maine Geological Survey also began a 5-year project with the Minerals Management Service of the USGS to determine the stratigraphy and economic potential of seafloor sediments to a depth of 100 m off the Maine coast.
The 1985 Maine Legislature enacted Legislative Document 1466, "An Act to Clarify Certain Aspects of Mineral Exploration, Development and Disclosure". Subchapter III of the law, "Mining on State Lands", covers exploration, claim staking, and mining on State-owned land. Subchapter IV of the law, "Information on Mining Exploration", specifies requirements for registration of persons or companies conducting mineral exploration in Maine, and for filing and publication of nature-of-intent to file for site location development permits. The Maine Geological Survey and Bureau of Public Lands are the two primary agencies responsible for overseeing exploration on State-owned lands.
Two noteworthy discoveries of gem materials and rare minerals were made in Oxford County in the late 1980's. In 1987, an excavation in the town of Sweden resulted in the chance discovery of a large vein of fine amethyst crystals. This deposit is being worked by Plumbago Mining Corporation. A group of mineral collectors (Sugar Hill Minerals) operating the Bennett Quarry in Buckfield found some exceptional pegmatite minerals in 1989. These included some of the largest and finest gem-quality crystals of pink beryl (morganite) ever found in the United States. Maine ranked fifth in the Nation in the value of natural semiprecious gemstones found.
Current Mining and Exploration
Exploration for base and precious metals continues from the late 80's into 1990, albeit on a somewhat reduced scale from the early 1980's. Active companies or landowners include The Penobscot Nation, Champion Paper Company, a Boise Cascade - Teck joint venture named Oquossoc Minerals, and BHP-Utah. Three groups have announced plans to apply for mining permits from the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and Land Use Regulation Commission (LURC). These are Boliden Resources, Inc. for the Bald Mountain deposit, Black Hawk Mining for the Warren nickel deposit (southwest of Crawford Pond), and BHP-Utah for their Alder Pond deposit. At this writing (September, 1990) the DEP and LURC are in the process of revising the regulations which would affect mining and should be ready to accept mining applications by 1991.
Production of nonmetallic minerals remains high and accounts for the total value of mineral production in Maine since the closing of the Kerramerican copper-zinc mine in Blue Hill in 1977. Maine currently produces enough sand, gravel, cement, peat, and some varieties of stone and clay to be self-sufficient. Sand and gravel is by far the most valuable and extensively exploited of these commodities.
Slate continues to be produced at the Portland-Monson Slate mine in Monson; and New England Stone Industries, Inc. extracts granite from the Crotch Island quarry in Stonington. The Down East Peat Company in Deblois utilizes some of the most modern peat harvesting machinery in the world at Denbo Heath. This company has built a plant that burns peat or mixtures of peat and wood chips to generate electricity.
Several of the Oxford County pegmatites are being mined or prospected in response to the growing value of Maine tourmaline and other gem and mineral specimens. Plumbago Mining Corporation reopened the famous Mount Mica tourmaline mine in Paris in 1990, and occasional specimen mining is also occurring at quarries in Buckfield, Newry, Rumford, and other towns.
Future Potential
The Bald Mountain copper discovery in Aroostook County, the need for alternative energy sources, and uncertainties concerning strategic mineral supplies from foreign countries are among the factors that have promoted recent mineral exploration activity in Maine and the northern Appalachians. Exploration is further affected by trends in metal prices. Periodic upturns in these prices give favorable status to mineral deposits previously considered to be of too low grade to mine profitably.
The crystalline rocks in Maine are potential hosts for the ores of critical and strategic metals, such as copper, zinc, lead, nickel, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, cobalt, beryllium, uranium, manganese, iron, gold, and silver. The Maine Geological Survey's basic mapping program generates information on distribution of rock types that is useful to private companies in their search for ore deposits containing these metals.
The potential for nonmetallic commodities in the state is reinforced by the large reserves of high-quality fuel grade and agricultural peat. A variety of natural building and construction materials still exist in large quantites in Maine. These materials include sand and gravel, crushed stone, granite, and slate. Mineral products with industrial and agricultural uses include limestone, garnet, diatomite, feldspar, mica, and clay.
The pegmatite rocks of western Maine continue to yield rare and exotic mineral species, including semiprecious gems. Tourmaline crystals mined at Newry in the 1970's supply high-quality gems to jewelers throughout the world. The thousands of hobbyists who come to Maine each year to collect minerals also make a significant contribution to the state's economy. As prospecting continues it is very likely that Maine pegmatites will yield additional rare minerals.
In conclusion, the geologic climate is favorable for commercial mineral discoveries in Maine. An equally favorable political climate for mineral production, and its resulting economic benefits, hopefully will be encouraged by the mining regulations currently being developed by the State of Maine.
The authors are grateful to Fred Beck and John Rand for reviewing this paper. Robert Doyle provided much information about mining and mineral exploration programs in Maine, and John Cummings supplied data concerning metal deposits in northern Maine.
Note: The following list chiefly includes references of a general nature concerning Maine mineral deposits and mining history. Detailed information on mineral production for specific times and localities can be obtained from publications of the Maine Geological Survey, U. S. Bureau of Mines, and U. S. Geological Survey. See Hussey (1982).
Austin, M. B., and Caldwell, D. W., 1957, Maine pegmatite mines and prospects and associated minerals: Augusta, Maine, Maine Geological Survey, Minerals Resources Index No. 1, 43 p.
Austin, M. B., and Hussey, A. M., II, 1958, Maine granite quarries and prospects: Augusta, Maine, Maine Geological Survey, Minerals Resources Index No. 2, 50 p.
Bartlett, F. L., 1879, Mines of Maine: Portland, Maine, B. Thurston and Co., 85 p.
Bastin, E. S., 1911, Geology of the pegmatites and associated rocks of Maine: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 445, 152 p.
Beers, R. F., Casey, C. F., Wyke, D. E., and Young, R. S., 1962, Exploration of the Crawford Pond nickel deposit: A case history: Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, Preprint No. 62L90, 11 p.
Cameron, E. N., Larrabee, D. M., McNair, A. H., Page, J. J., Stewart, G. W., and Shainin, V. E., 1954, Pegmatite investigations, 1942-45, New England: U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 255, 352 p.
Cook, D. R., 1986, Analysis of significant mineral discoveries in the last 40 years and future trends: Mining Engineering, Feb., p. 87-94.
Cummings, J. S., 1988, Geochemical detection of volcanogenic massive sulphides in humid-temperate terrain (using surficial methods): Bangor, Maine, privately published by the author,298 p.
Dale, T. N., 1907, The granites of Maine: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 313, 202 p.
Grindle, R. L., 1971, Quarry and kiln: The story of Maine's lime industry Rockland, Maine, Courier-Gazette, 331 p.
Grindle, R. L., 1977, Tombstones and paving blocks - The history of the Maine granite industry: Rockland, Maine, Courier-Gazette, 277 p.
Hitchcock, C. H., 1861, General report upon the geology of Maine, in Sixth annual report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture: Augusta, Maine, Stevens and Sayward, p. 146-328.
Hitchcock, C. H., 1862, Geology of Maine, in Seventh annual report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture: Augusta, Maine, Stevens and Sayward, p. 223-447.
Hussey, A. M., II, 1982, Bibliography of Maine Geology: Augusta, Maine, Maine Geological Survey, 269 p. Hussey, A. M., II, and Austin, M. B., 1958, Maine metal mines and prospects: Augusta, Maine, Maine Geological Survey, Minerals Resources Index No. 3, 53 p.
Jackson, C. T., 1837, First report on the geology of the State of Maine: Augusta, Maine, Smith and Robinson, 127 p.
Jackson, C. T., 1838, Second report on the geology of the State of Maine: Augusta, Maine, Luther Severance, 168 p.
Jackson, C. T., 1839, Third annual report on the geology of the State of Maine: Augusta, Maine, Smith and Robinson, 276 p. plus appendix.
King, V. T., ed., in prep., The mineralogy of Maine: Augusta, Maine, Maine Geological Survey.
Nicholson, H. P., 1954, An early history of the mineral industry in New England and New York: NENYIAC, Mineral Resource Study and Report Group.
Perham, J. C., 1987, Maine's treasure chest: Gems and minerals of Oxford County: West Paris, Maine, Quicksilver Publications, 269 p.
Perkins, V. C., 1941, A mining boom in Maine: New England Quarterly, p. 437-456.
Trefethen, J. M., 1943, Report of the State Geologist, 1942-43: Orono, Maine, 36 p.
Trefethen, J. M., 1949, Activity of the Maine Geological Survey: 1947-1948, in Report of the State Geologist, 1947-1948: Augusta, Maine, Maine Development Commission, p. 5-7.
Last updated on October 6, 2005


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- dotTech - http://dottech.org -
Silk Road 2.0 has emerged
Posted By Jeff Belanger On November 9, 2013 @ 10:51 AM In World Wide Web | No Comments
It seems that iosHunt isn't the only site to have had a resurrection [2] as of late. Silk Road is back and those currently running it claim that it will be much harder to shut down than the first one was.
The first version of the site was shut down in October by the FBI. The underground site, which could only be gotten to by using Tor, which is a browser that let's your surfing habits go undetected, had been used to buy drugs, guns and other illegal items, as well as legitimate ones too, via payments made by Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a newish online currency that is slowly gaining popularity.
The owner of the first site was Ross Ulbricht was originally taken in for charges of drug trafficking, though since then they have also added on computer hacking, money laundering, and even a charge for "allegedly hiring a hitman to kill one of his employees", reports Venture Beat. Ulbricht gained the nickname Dread Pirate Roberts, the name made famous by the cult hit The Princess Bride.
The one who runs Silk Road 2.0 has also taken the name of Dread Pirate Roberts. "You can never kill the idea of '#silkroad,'" he said on Twitter. "This is bigger than drugs or technology — this is taking back our rights." He also pledges to take a different path than the first Silk Road owner. "#SilkRoad, while under my watch will never harm a soul. If we did, then we are no better than the thugs on the street."
Whether any harm will come out of the new version remains to be seen.
[via Venture Beat [3]]
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[2] to have had a resurrection: http://dottech.org/133397/isohunt-back-resurrected-mysterious-team/
[3] Venture Beat: http://venturebeat.com/2013/11/06/silk-road-2/
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Paris Sewers MuseumPage 2 What you'll see at the Musée des égoutsAfter descending the stairs from the aboveground ticket office, you'll enter a long gallery beneath the Quai d'Orsay that runs parallel to the Seine. Here, you can see pipes and a five-ton "flushing boat" in what once was the main sewer line between the Place de la Concorde and the Pont de l'Alma. You'll pass a large basin that traps solid material from wastewater (the sewers recover more than 15,000 cubic meters of grit per year). At the end of the tunnel are a footbridge and a feeder sewer fom the rue Cognacq-Jay (see photo above); from there, you'll head right to the Belgrand gallery, the main exhibit area of the museum, which is built above the sand trap of the Bosquet main sewer that runs to the Ecole Militaire near the Eiffel Tower. During your visit, you'll see sewer-maintenance equipment from past and present, mannequins of sewer workers in underground gear, huge wooden balls used to clean tunnels beneath the Seine, fascinating exhibits about the history and design of the Paris sewer network, and rushing drainwater from the streets above. You can also watch a video in the small theatre and browse through the gift shop. (Restrooms are near the gift shop and are connected to the enclosed sanitary sewer pipes, so you can flush without fear of splashing other visitors.)
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Results 1 to 18 of 18
11-05-2013, 08:54pm #1
Anyone used lactulose for their child?
DD has had nearly a month of trouble with her bottom. Altho she poos most days it hurts every time and when we wipe there's blood at least 3 times per week. Round her actual bottom looks sore.
Went to docs today and they've prescribed fucidin h (hydrocortisone and anti biotic cream) and lactulose to soften poo.
I'm a bit nervous about using the lactulose ESP as she does actually poo most days and poo isn't particularly constipated looking. As a baby she had milk intolerance altho now eats cheese and yogurts ok but I think lactulose has lactose in it?
DD doesn't like to poo at school and does tend to wait to get home. This might not be helping her bottom trouble but I think having urgent need to poo at school might also freak her out and make the whole bum problem more distressing.
She's been told to take 5ml once a day . No idea when to give it to her wondered about straight after school so she can poo at home before bed but concerned in case it takes longer than this and she ends up on the loo after bedtime or poos the bed?!
Any advice or experience?DS Born 15 August 2013
11-05-2013, 09:38pm #2
Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
My DD was very constipated as a small baby and had lactulose and suppositories to help. The lactulose helped in a gentle way but since she was in nappies I have no idea how the urge was changed/increased. Maybe you could try the lactulose just at the weekend to try move her poo-time to first thing in the morning or evening time so she will be at home and so not have to hold on and risk bottom problems. Might help to try to find out why she doesn't like to poo at school too, if there is a particular issue you might be able to sort it to remove the having to hold on trouble
11-05-2013, 09:49pm #3
Thanks - im glad it helped your LO. Yes I'll give it a trial run tomorrow. She is afraid of toilets blocking generally (she has some sort of flood phobia - unfounded given we live at the top of a hill!!) and partic at school in case the water floods out or the caretaker is cross. I've tried to discuss this and allay her fears and said also that the poo hardens during the day as she holds it making doing poo more painful. But she does still poo every day all said so she isn't holding for long.
The sore bottom and blood when wiping is problem enough without the whole poo at school drama!
11-05-2013, 10:07pm #4
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Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
I don't think lactulose has a large amount of lactose in it, it's sugary but I don't think it's lactose based (can't check ATM sorry).
but yes, used it for both DDs at diff times. Dd1 was memorable in her dash to the loo but we'd had 3 days with no poo.
I can't remember if its that one or movicol that you have to give them lots of fluids/water as it takes the water into the bowel so you need to make are they're getting enough.
11-05-2013, 10:09pm #5
Dd has had bum issues since birth again probably the milk thing now qe have established this!we are now I think on week 8-9 of no issues after a very long time!
She had lactalose and it worked initially but def not like a laxative or anything it really did work gently
She was on 2.5ml as a baby which after about a week did nothing and we went up to 5ml again as a baby and it helped then stopped helping again
She then went onto movicol everyday for a good while and it worked and as soon as we tried a day without she was solid and sore again screaming in pain when going- again though not a laxative effect just softener
I would try it as I really don't think it will have a need to go to toilet urgency effect I think it will just help soften things so she won't get cuts/be in pain with it.also dd was on 5ml at I think 4-5months and the paediatricians at children's hospitals said that no wonder it didn't work for dd on that dose (she was very hard and blocked up) so I don't think that is a high dose for your dd age
Obviously some people my react differently but this was from our experience
11-05-2013, 10:17pm #6
Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
I haven't had to give lactulose to DS but I have taken it myself when pregnant and it did give a more urgent need to go to the toilet. I think it is given to children because of the urgent need - especially in children who tend to hold the poo in for whatever reason. It makes them have to go so they have to use the strange toilet.
I think you are going to have to address the reasons that your DD won't use the school toilets and find a way around this as if she is holding it in everyday she is going to cause herself some problems.
DS will not use the school toilets except in an emergency as he thinks they are dirty and so waits if it is not too long ... but luckily with his system he naturally goes to the toilet before school in the mornings .
11-05-2013, 10:29pm #7
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Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
DS2 has lactulose regularly - he had 'issues' with bowel movements for a while and was holding it in, he said it was sore to go. The lactulose softened it enough so that it slipped out easier for him, his poos are massive for such a small child so I'm not surprised it hurts him. Initially he took 2-3 5ml spoons 2-3 times a day which lasted probably a couple of weeks until he got into a more regular routine and I still give it to him now if he hasn't been for a few days or if he's having trouble going.
I would probably start by giving her it after school as it would be less stressful for her if she needed to poo after bedtime than it would if she was at school. DS's doses tend to take a few hours to work, and it doesn't give him an urgent need to go just makes it come out a bit easier for him.
12-05-2013, 09:53am #8
Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
Lactulose only has small traces of lactose left in it. It's an isomer - it's like they've taken the lactose molecule and "twisted" it so it's a different shape which means the body can't break it down and absorb it. The lactulose stays in the digestive tract; because it's a sugar it attracts water and so the poo is soft and moves along easily. However, I don't know a) what your gut will do with the lactulose molecule if you are lactose intolerant and b) whether the traces of lactose left will be a problem. Generally I think you should avoid it if you're lactose intolerant - but it seems she can tolerate small amounts so in her case it's not so clear. I'd start it at teeny tiny doses and build up, just in case.
Ime, the best thing to do is to give it at bedtime, so there's one ready to go first thing in the morning. But testing it out at the weekend is a good plan.
Alternatively, Movicol does the same thing, without the lactose. It's a LOT stronger and costs more to prescribe so GPs will always try lactulose first. But you can go back and ask for Movicol and just be very careful about how much you give to start with.CHASE children's hospice and Disability Challengers
Every donation makes a BIG difference to small charities.
12-05-2013, 10:31am #9
Thanks for this. You see she's not ESP constipated altho perhaps the poos could be softer. Actually the cream has already made a big difference to her comfort. Will try lactulose later on mid afternoon and see.
Really helpful replies on this thread I feel much better about it.
12-05-2013, 01:30pm #10
Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
Milk allergy is to to do with the protein in the milk not lactose. Lactose intolerance tends to be something you see in adults.
I think milk allergy can cause problems with constipation etc so might be worth checking it's not that. If you have an allergy to milk you would be allergic to all milk products, its not like lactose intolerance where they can eat yoghurt. But most babies grow out of it.
Hope she's feeling better soon x
12-05-2013, 02:34pm #11
Thanks. She's actually feeling unwell and had a loose poo today so I think we will wait til she's ok for the lactulose.
23-05-2013, 10:31pm #12
Coming back to this, DDs constipation and probs got worse again and tried movicol 1 sachet for the first time today. She took it in the morning and did a good normal poo before dinner this evening and is so much happier so will try a few days with movicol and see how she goes. Might talk to school about her poo worries too.
24-05-2013, 08:11pm #13
Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
My friends little girl has had similar probs. She gets bunged up, takes movicol for a while, it's fine and then it all starts again.
She's now almost 7 and her mum was understandably at her wits end as to how to help her, her daughter was utterly miserable with it, kept having accidents at school when loose poo leaked through from behind where she was bunged up (sorry!).
Anyway she went to a new GP and basically put her foot down, saying it needed sorting, nothing had worked and it's getting to the age where her peers will start to notice. He reckons that with the on again off again approach her bowel has basically lost its 'memory', doesn't know when she needs to go and not. She was on movicol for a good 4mths daily no matter what and then they're gradually reducing her dose to retrain her bowel muscles. And she is a different child altogether.
Hope you can help DD to get things sorted xx
24-05-2013, 08:44pm #14
Thanks Moffgal. This is useful to know and i dont want her to be on it long term. She's had two days on a starting dose of 1 sachet. As she's had nice soft poos two days running I might go down to 3/4 of a sachet for a few days and see how it goes. She's much happier going for a poo says it doesn't hurt so much.
24-05-2013, 09:03pm #15
Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
Camille used to be on Movicol and lactulose when she was on chemo and after surgeries. It's really good stuff and most definitely works, the only issue is that too much and it can become a big problem, constant, watery poo's. In fact I had a large dose a few months ago (I found an old bottle) as I'd been suffering with constipation - I took it in the morning and couldn't leave the house all day, the oval shape of the toilet seat was ingrained on my bottom, I spent a few unhappy hours on the loo :(
Mum to 2 beautiful girls and a handsome little man
24-05-2013, 09:36pm #16
That was what I worried about CL - when I tried to look for Internet info it seemed like reactions to doses were v individual so had no idea what to expect. Still not sure now she's 'regular' whether her reaction will change and might become too regular!!
25-05-2013, 09:10am #17
Re: Anyone used lactulose for their child?
Not sure about lactulose in children but can certainly speak for myself. I've been using it for about a month now and instead of the full dose I take a third of a days dose last thing at night. My 'time' is first thing in the morning so maybe a night dose for your dd and she can go before school? I take it as I'm prone to constipation, leading to piles in late pregnancy so its preventative for me.
Hope it helps her.Mum to M (Aug 07) and D (Nov 08)
and soon to be baby number 3 (due 11th August).
25-05-2013, 09:40am #18
That's useful to know Danna. I was scared to give stuff last thing at night in case she suddenly needs a poo a couple hours after falling asleep as she's v deeply asleep at the startof the night but lactulose seems quite gentle.


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Senior Member
Here's how I'm going to organize this: I'm going to start off with my general history of it and then delve into all of the Champions associated directly with the Shadow Isles.
I kinda think, yorick is in control of the armies of the isles, or most of the army and if they ever truly tried to take over yorick wouldn't let it happen he seems to neutral, and i suppose he has to keep some balance in life and death,
Junior Member
You present good points here, and I like what you've done with the Morde/Hec relationship - it seems to compliment the lore and their in-game tidbits thusfar. Karthus (though I disapprove of his retcon and new lore) seems adequate as well, just some schizophrenic nutter who's in it to sate his bloodlust. Likewise, your theory on Elise is solid - though I believe she's probably made a pact with Morde and/or Hec for control of the Spider God in return for her willing service - and Evelynn, though it's possible that her vampirism is simply a byproduct of her lineage (maybe her parents were vampires/had vampiric abilities themselves). Yorick, on the other hand, is another matter. His arrival on the Shadow Isles must've had something to do with his mausoleum's disappearance, and it's completely possible that it may have been washed out to sea, carrying his corpse to the desolate island. His ability to summon ghouls, however, is most likely due to the magics which envelop his trademark weapon - his lore describes the item as being "imbued with the spirit of every forefather", likely meaning Yorick's ancestors, the Mori family. Though powerful in the League, on the Shadow Isles he was given menial (though invaluable) labor to perform day in, day out. His judgement has him meshing each face of his next corpse together in his mind, so that he has forgotten everything of himself. We can assume from this that he's just working the graveyard shift (*pun intended*) in the Shadow Isles' recruitment facility, burying the bodies to give them new life as soldiers for Morde or Hec's army. His power comes from the fact that he realizes he still has free will, to a certain degree - he leaves the Shadow Isles to find his corpse, realizes nothing is there, and falls into desperation ('til he finds the League and, with it, meaning in his utterly meaningless unlife). /headcanon
This is amazing!!!
This is just pure amazingness great job man.
Lead Designer
Interesting speculation..... :O
Prince Kassad
I want Evelynn to get her new bio so bad! Where is the LORE? T_T And what about Maokai? His story doesn't make sense anymore. I'm guessing that he is now going to be older, in that he was one of the trees on the Shadow Isles from before it became the Shadow Isles? But his in-game VO implies that he has became conscious relatively recently... which is an aspect about him that I like. I'm kind of upset that his lore will have to be changed, because it is excellent now. I dont want him to be a casualty of the Twisted Treeline rework, but I can't imagine that his lore isn't going to become convoluted.
Too bad its just speculation and that no real lore exists for these champions because Riot's lore team has gone poo poo.
I reckon it'd be cool if in the lore the old TT map had been decommissioned with the new one being its replacement in part so that the League could have a greater presence in the Shadow Isles to find out what kind of threat it posed. It'd be better than the straight retcon that's happening, Maokai and Nocturnes lores wouldn't need changing or anything!


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Important – This plugin uses the jquery Isotope 1.5 version for its masonry layout since the new 2.0 methods are not working as they should. If you have a theme or plugin that is calling the new Isotope 2.0 script then the oVoGallery plugin will not work. Please check if any plugin/theme file is using the Isotope 2.0 script prior to purchasing this plugin. If you need help determining this please send me a message and I will check for you. Visual Composer uses the Isotope 2.0 script.
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Link card review.
Link cards are made of plastic and issued to anyone qualified to get food stams or cash assistance.Link cards work like debit cards and also look like them.If one is qualified for food stamps or cash assistance,he or she can have access for both of them using the link card.One link card is issued at a time to an individual.The link card can be applied for online using the Illinois web benefits online application system,using paper application and lastly one can apply at any local family community resource centre for example at local DHS offices.One is required by the DHS case worker to proof their identity,residence,social security number for everybody in your application,other types of documentations depending on the situation.This link card can be used to check the account balance,check recent withdrawals and purchases and also buy produce from farmers markets that accept this card.
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OSU Master Gardener Rhianna Simes joins us in the garden to talk about mulching with leaves. Here's some of Rhianna's suggestions: Add fallen leaves to raised beds, gardens, and around trees/shrubs to feed the worms, retain moisture, and protect the soil from rain and cold temperatures. Keep the leaf piles at least 3 inches away … Continue reading »
In the Garden: Planting Trees
MEDFORD, Ore. — This time of year is an ideal time to plant trees in our area. OSU Master Gardener Rhianna Simes tells you when and how to plant a tree. Simes says fall is the ideal time to plant trees in the Northwest, especially once they are dormant or have lost their leaves. Planting at … Continue reading »


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"You Were Right" is particularly memorable, possibly because you can hear half of the song's lyrics on any classic-rock station. It's a melancholy answer to the statements Bob Dylan and Pink Floyd and Jackson Browne (among others) made so long ago: "You were right when you said everything that glitters isn't gold... You were right when you said we are all just bricks in the wall... You were right when you said all we are is dust in the wind." They're fitting words for Martsch to sing, because it's always been suspected that his heart lies more with classic rock than indie rock.
"I listen to classic-rock radio a lot when I'm driving," Martsch admits. "I'd way rather listen to it than the modern-rock radio station or NPR. It's been Monica Lewinsky stuff for a while. So, yeah, a lot of that stuff I like. I think Jimi Hendrix is the best human being that ever existed, in just about every way." He laughs. "It was actually kind of hard to come up with that many lines that would fit the meter and that were sort of pessimistic truisms or whatever. I came up with a few of 'em really easy, and I was like, 'Oh this is great,' and then I kind of struggled."
That was one of the few problems Martsch encountered during the recording of Keep It Like a Secret, a much more relaxed process than before. Consequently, unlike Perfect From Now On, Martsch is happy (or happier) with the outcome of the new album, mainly because for the first time since he moved back to Boise from Seattle and began recording as Built to Spill, he wrote it with other people: bassist and long-time friend Brett Nelson and former Spinanes drummer Scott Plouf. Until then Built to Spill had been a solo act filled out with various sidemen. Nelson and Plouf both played on Perfect From Now On, but it was a much different situation than the recording of Keep It Like a Secret.
During the Perfect sessions, Martsch brought in Nelson and Plouf after trying and failing to make the album twice before. He taught them the songs, they practiced them, and then the trio went into a studio to record. This time all three were there when the songs happened, and the difference is astonishing. "Carry the Zero" is led by Plouf's propulsive drumming almost as much as it is by Martsch's outsize guitar work, and Nelson's bass is a much more prominent aspect of the songs as well, especially on the stripped-down "Center of the Universe."
"It was easier to swallow, and the songs made more sense to me, because everyone was there from the get-go," says Martsch, taking a break from rehearsals for the band's upcoming tour. "Last time, I had the songs and showed 'em to those guys. They didn't really know what the hell was going on, 'cause the songs were so weird, and all they had was just me telling them what to do and playing crappy rhythm guitar along with them. And I was so much more uncertain about the stuff in the first place. This time everyone knew the feel of the songs a lot better because we jammed for hours and would just record things. I went back and kinda went through them and would find little bits and pieces of things. A lot of the songs are based on that, roughly half of the material is based on that kinda stuff."
Even though Martsch brightens when talk turns to the new album and he genuinely seems to like it, he still fails to include it on the list of albums he's made of which he's proud, dating back to when he first started playing with Treepeople in 1988. At this point it's a list that numbers just two: Treepeople's 1991 Guilt Regret Embarrassment and Halo Bender's 1994 debut God Don't Make No Junk.
He mentions other reasons why only these two made the cut, but for the most part, it's because both of those albums were collaborations, Martsch splitting the songwriting and singing chores with other musicians he respected. He can't include his own records because he's too modest to do so and too much of a perfectionist to admit that they're any good. Martsch still sees himself as a normal guy, Karena's husband and Ben's father, maybe even the high-school kid in the crowd at Boise's only real rock club, definitely not the kind of musician on whom writers heap praise, who fans line up to see, and who other musicians aim to emulate.
"That's what really turned me on to music, was people making music, regular people," Martsch says. "You didn't have to be a good musician. You didn't have to have a record label. You did it yourself. That totally appealed to me, and that's the only reason I ever started making music. I saw from other people that you could. It's flattering to me that people think of us that way.


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Dareus arrest shouldn't have impact on Bills' draft plans
by Joe Buscaglia
posted May 7 2014 10:25AM
The Buffalo Bills got the phone calls and emails that they never want to receive on Tuesday night, when one of their best players makes the news for all the wrong reasons. Former third overall pick and Pro Bowl defensive tackle Marcell Dareus made the headlines for being arrested on a felony charge of posession of a controlled substance and drug paraphernalia.
With the NFL Draft being under two days away, those still awake on Twitter when the news first broke immediately reached out and asked obvious question. Does Dareus' arrest change their draft plans?
In short, no, it shouldn't. At least not in the early rounds.
The two are not related for a few different reasons. For starters, this arrest is still in it's infancy and it's unlikely that all of the necessary information needed will be acquired between now and Thursday night at 8 pm. That information includes the actual charges, the NFL's own investigation and their subsequent decision on whether or not it warrants a suspension.
Secondly, the Bills have Dareus and Kyle Williams locked up for the next two seasons if they so choose. The team exercised the fifth-year option on Dareus' rookie deal and can keep him in hopes that he turns it around and changes his ways over the next two years before they have to invest a lot of money in him. Even if suspended, the Bills have a player that is capable of starting in his stead in Alan Branch.
Finally, the Bills' draft plans likely won't be affected by the arrest early in the draft because of the talent available and their overall philosophy heading into this year's draft. The only player worthy of consideration at ninth overall is Pittsburgh's Aaron Donald, but his game is eerily similar to that of Kyle Williams. Although Dareus and Williams play the same position, their roles are different within the confines of the defense.
Also, the selection of Donald would do nothing for the advancement of EJ Manuel in the 2014 regular season. That's what the upcoming campaign is all about, because the Bills feel as though they have the roster necessary to compete for the postseason and they are putting all their hopes on Manuel's right arm.
The Bills could address the position somewhere on Day Two of the draft, but they have much bigger needs for both this season and in planning for the future. Buffalo might be in line to select a defensive tackle at some point on Day Three of the draft, but those players primarily don't factor into the starting lineup discussions.
Dareus screwed up and he is paying for it at the moment in the court of public opinion. However, even with the transgression and perhaps even a suspension, Dareus will still be a member of the team for the 2014 season at least and will likely be available for at least 75-percent of the team's games.
Twitter: @JoeBuscaglia
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Earth-295 is a reality that was accidentally created by Legion, son of X-Men leader Professor Charles Xavier and Israeli diplomat Gabrielle Haller. Legion believed that the only way to bring peace to humans and mutants was to kill Magneto before he could incite the anti-mutant movement. He traveled back to a time when Xavier and Magneto both lived in Israel and were working at a hospital, taking the X-Men Storm, Iceman, Bishop, and Psylocke back with him.
Legion tried to stab Magneto with a psi-blade, but Xavier shielded Magneto and was killed instead. By killing his own father, Legion made his own existence impossible. The M'Kraan Crystal resolved the paradox by restructuring reality. All the X-Men vanished from that reality, and a new reality came into existence. Bishop, already displaced in time, remained; but the chronal backlash fractured his mind. He wandered Earth for the next twenty years.
The super-powered fight attracted the attention of Apocalypse.
The Rise of Apocalypse
Apocalypse believed in natural selection, the "survival of the fittest". By his reasoning, super-powered beings deserved to run the world. When he saw such beings in action twenty years early, he set off to an early start on his campaign for world domination. Without heroes such as the Fantastic Four, Spider-Man, and the Avengers, there was no one to stop him.
The only opposition was Magneto, who took up Xavier's cause and brought together the X-Men.
World System of the Age of Apocalypse
The world powers, as well as the face of the Earth, were drastically changed as a result of Apocalypse's war against normal humans. The world was divided between two superpowers: Apocalypse in North America and the Human High Council everywhere else. Both groups claimed to act in the best interest of their genetic breeds.
Militarily, the sides were in a stalemate. North America was protected by a sea wall. The High Council had a large cache of nuclear weapons. As in our own Cold War, both sides were calling for peace while plotting the other's destruction. Any incident could have spiraled out of control and led to the annihilation of all humanity.
During this period, Apocalypse had various ties with nonhuman groups: some favorable, as with the Inhumans; some unfavorable, as with invaders from the Negative Zone; and some unforgivable, as with the natives of Planet Poppup, who were subjected to medical experiments.
Below are the various regions of the Age of Apocalypse:
North America
The southern part of the continent was divided between Apocalypse and his four horsemen. These provinces were:
- The Badlands: western and central Canada, with scattered human hideouts
- The realm of Holocaust: west coast of the United States, with capital in San Francisco. Holocaust's land was mainly used for genetic culling and the creation of Infinites.
- The realm of Mikhail: part of the Midwest. Very little is known about what Mikhail did here; he resided mostly in Europe, speaking for Apocalypse.
- The realm of Abyss: southern United States, including most of Texas, with capital at Dallas.
- The realm of Mister Sinister: Although Sinister had secret labs all over North America, he was given the other part of the Midwest, with capital at Chicago.
- The Realm of Apocalypse: centered on the Eastern Seaboard, from Quebec to Florida, with capital at Apocalypse Island (formerly New York City). Somehow the X-Men escaped detection in the ruins of Xavier's mansion in Westchester County.
Central America
Central America disappeared, possibly to make room for the sea wall (the exact means and motive were never disclosed).
There was an Infernal Gallop to Avalon in the seas not far from Bermuda.
South America
South America became known as "The Atrocity Zone." Brazil was obliterated by a nuclear strike. There may have been an Infernal Gallop on the west coast.
Europe/North Africa
The people who escaped from the United States gathered here. They were governed by the Human High Council (also known as the Eurasian High Council). The region was defended by Sentinels, created by Bolivar Trask, and a nuclear arsenal large enough to destroy the entire North American continent. Areas of interest included:
- Muir Island: a possible Sentinel manufacturing plant.
- London: home of the Human High Council. Mikhail was also stationed here aboard Apocalypse's ship.
- The German Colonies: possible Sentinel manufacturing plants.
- Pythagorean's Mountain: former base of Magneto and the X-Men, destroyed by Apocalypse's troops.
- Human Settlements: scattered across northwestern Africa.
Asia was a wasteland. Japan was decimated by Apocalypse. The Middle Eastern oilfields were nuked.
Avalon (the Savage Land in the Earth-616 Universe) was a lost world independent of Apocalypse and the Human High Council and was a safe haven for mutant and human alike.
Twilight of the Age of the Apocalypse
The beginning of the end came when the X-Men discovered Bishop, the only person on earth who remembered the way reality should have been. After learning of the existence of this alternate reality (backed up by Magneto's own memories of Xavier's death), the X-Men embarked on a quest to stop Apocalypse once and for all and to restore the timeline to its intended course.
Half of the X-Men assisted the Sentinels in evacuating human survivors on the east coast to Eurasia. Meanwhile, Jean Grey and Weapon X assisted in the deployment of the nuclear arsenal destined to blow up the North American continent. The other half of the X-Men traveled to the west coast to stop Holocaust's human culling and destroyed his Infinite plant.
Gambit and his X-Ternals traveled to the distant Shi'ar galaxy to steal the M'Kraan Crystal and bring it to Earth to restore history. Strong Guy, a traitor in the group's midst, gave it to Apocalypse. Nightcrawler and Mystique traveled to Avalon to find Destiny, the second part of Magneto's plan to restore history. Generation Next were sent to the slave pens to rescue Colossus's sister Illyana, the third and final part of the plan.
Prelate Cyclops mutinied and freed the slaves in the pens with the aid of Jean Grey. They encountered Nate Grey, a clone created from their combined DNA.
Magneto and Bishop were captured after Apocalypse learned of Magneto's quest to restore history.
Mikhai plotted to take over the Eurasian continent and assassinate the Human High Council, but was stopped by the combined efforts of normal humans: Victor von Doom, Donald Blake, Gwen Stacy, Susan Storm, and Ben Grimm.
End of the Age of Apocalypse
The final battle in Apocalypse's stronghold for the M'Kraan Crystal saw many casualties, and marked the deployment of both Apocalypse's sea wall defense perimeter and the Human High Council's nuclear arsenal, which threatened to destroy the whole world.
During the battle, Magneto battled Apocalypse to the death, ripping the mutant in half with his magnetic powers.
Also during the battle, Bishop, Destiny, and Illyana traveled into the M'Kraan Crystal. Destiny and Illyana's powers helped send Bishop back in time to the point where Xavier was about to be killed by Legion. Bishop managed to stop Legion, and the two were consumed by the backlash of psi-energy.
The Age of Apocalypse, and all memory of it, was seemingly erased with the prevention of Xavier's assassination and the restoration of the Earth-616 timeline. However, the Earth-295 timeline had actually been saved by Jean Grey. Her enhanced Phoenix powers stopped the weapons from destroying the world and maintained reality.
Escape from the Age of Apocalypse
The following characters managed to escape the Age of Apocalypse before its apparent destruction:
- X-Man: Nate Grey was transported to Earth-616 when he attempted to kill Holocaust with a shard of the M'Kraan Crystal. He was trapped in a shell of the crystal in orbit but was freed when it plummeted into the atmosphere. He became a prominent figure in the future of Earth-616.
- The Beast (aka "The Dark Beast" or "The Black Beast"): Escaped by teleporting himself to the center of the M'Kraan Crystal and was transported to Earth-616 at the same point in history as Bishop. He continued his heinous experiments in this reality. His presence was discovered during the Onslaught crisis.
- Sugar Man: Also escaped through the M'Kraan Crystal (after hitching a ride inside Colossus' boot) and ended up in Earth-616 at the same point in history as Bishop. He was apparently killed by Earth-616's Callisto, but appeared alive and well when Beast asked for his help in solving the Mutant Decimation. He declined.
- Holocaust: The son of Apocalypse was hurtled to present-day Earth-616 when he was stabbed with a shard of the M'Kraan Crystal. He was trapped in a large chunk of it in Earth-616's orbit until he was freed by the Acolytes. He recently was recruited by Hyperion (posing as the Timebroker) to be a member of the Exiles team. Ironically, when the Exiles confronted Hyperion, Holocaust's life force was consumed by the super-man. He is now deceased.
- Blink: Became unhinged in time and was recruited by the Timebroker to be the leader of the Exiles, a group of reality-hopping super-beings who fix errant time-lines to save the multiverse from crumbling.
- Sabretooth: Like Blink, was recruited by the Timebroker, but Sabretooth became leader of Weapon X, a more aggressive and less conscientious group than the Exiles.
A New Age
Sinister claimed to Magneto that he was responsible for the continuation of this reality. Everyone else believed it to be Magneto, who took the credit in order to be the figurehead for mutant-kind. He pledged to keep Sinister's secret, which meant turning a blind eye to his experiments.
Over the coming years, Magneto and his X-Men rebuilt the world and freed all the surviving humans from the slave pens. The old world system was reestablished, and Magneto was elected the head of Mutant Affairs in America.
Magneto opened a school for mutants in Xavier's mansion and began hunting down all of Apocalypse's surviving henchmen and bringing them to justice. Under constant pressure, Magneto finally went after Sinister.
The ensuing confrontation revealed that the timeline had actually been saved by Jean Grey, the genetic descendant of Alpha, the first mutant. Her enhanced Phoenix powers stopped the weapons from destroying the world and maintained reality. The X-Men won the battle and freed Jean from Sinister's control.
Shamed by his lie, Magneto turned himself over to the authorities in a self-imposed punishment for his deception. The X-Men vowed to remain together and fight for equal rights for humans and mutants.
The New Apocalypse
For some time, things became good until a spaceship landed in the middle of Manhattan. Weapon X and a squad of X-Men went to go and kill whoever was inside it but none have returned so they were presumed dead for ten years[1].
However, the spaceship belonged to the Celestials who came to judge the planet. Weapon X offered himself to the Celestials to prevent the planet's judgment and was further augmented by the Celestial technology; while he had ascended in form and power, his mind had become so twisted to the point of assembling a deadly group of genetically modified warriors known as the Black Legion and sent them to kill Charles Lehnsherr, the infant son of Magneto and Rogue and started a genetic culling which killed billions of people including the parents and friend of his wife Jean Grey. He also captured his teammate Storm and renamed her as Orordius after using the Celestial technology on her to enslave and transform her into a blind seer made of living stone and Gateway who locked in a prison named Sky. When the X-Men and X-Force from the main reality came to save Gateway so he could help them, Weapon X killed his daughter Kirika and revealed himself[1].
The team was shocked to see that Weapon X is the heir of Apocalypse. His counterpart was also shocked to see Kirika, the daughter he never had, lying dead in his arms, so he became enraged and went feral, attacking his evil counterpart along with the other members of the X-Force. Weapon X was not interested in fighting them but does when he knew they would not leave only for his wife to stop them. He asked her to listen to him for a while but she questioned his actions and what he had done to their world. He told her he had no choice and if evolution didn't move forward the Celestials would have destroyed the planet if they saw it as failure and he ascended to save everything and to save her. She questioned him about what he had become and he answered that he serves a natural cosmic force for evaluation: there is no right and wrong in what he does and he clears the dead branches to make room for a healthier stock. After hearing this, Jean declared him as not the man she loved. He told her he took a few step above him, the Celestials didn't intend for the humanity to the final stage, humanity has to go, the culling is almost over and there is no undoing this, but with her power their world can be reborn and she can save her friends, stop the war and they can be together if she help him rebuild. Jean was tempted with this offer, but refused and attack him while telling him she will never build a life atop a graveyard of his own making. Hell her she will change her mind before he hit her unconscious with one hit. He teleport with her to somewhere else intending to turn her into the Horseman of Death, but his efforts were prevented by the Uncanny X-Force. Wolverine from Earth-616 wanted to take Jean back with him to their world this make Weapon X enrage so he fight and defeat his former teammates to get to her so he can implant the Death Seed in her he was seen approaching Jean with the Death Seed in his hand while she push the X-Force through a portal to their world[2].
Apparently he didn't succeed as Fantomex returned to the Age of Apocalypse to ask and bring help to stop Archangel which led to the death of Wild Child and Sunfire leaving only Sabretooth and Jean Grey to return to their timeline.
Jean Grey, who saw what the Scarlet Witch did in Earth-616, intended to do the same thing to Weapon X and his forces in her timeline using clones from their Scarlet Witch created in the last city/stronghold of humans. However, when Magneto saw the clones of his dead daughter, he flew into a rage and destroyed them all except for one after he was talked out of it, leaving them with one chance to try their plan. Weapon X and his forces reached the city and started killing the humans, while Weapon X himself went to search for Jean and killed both Rogue and Magneto. When Jean arrived she learned that the humans wanted her to use the Wanda clone to depower every mutants on the planet. Jean was appalled, but agreed to do it only for her depower herself and Sabretooth as the effect only covered a dozen feet. When Logan entered the room he found Jean powerless and was attacked by Prophet (William Stryker). The X-Terminated and the depowered Jean and Creed fled the city while Weapon X destroyed it.
When the Earth-295 Nightcrawler accessed the power of the Dreaming Celestial to return to return to his native reality, he unwittingly cracked the walls between the universes that were put there by the Celestials. With these walls broken, ancient Celestial experiments, whose sole apparent purpose was to absorb energy and life, were released from their prison universe into Earth-295 and Earth-616. Unable to defeat these creatures, or otherwise save both universes, the X-Men instead sealed the creatures in Earth-295, which would become their new prison universe.[3] It is presumed that these creatures consumed the universe, although they cannot escape it.[citation needed]Contents
- The Age of Apocalypse originally took place across the X-Men titles during the year 1995.
- In What If? Vol 2 #81, the human resistance joined up with Magneto to figure out a way to save Earth from the coming of Galactus.
- Characters from Earth-295
- Other things related to Earth-295
- Earth-295's Appearances
- Media Earth-295 was Mentioned in
- Images from Earth-295
- Reality Gallery: Earth-295