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The Crime of Punishment
The late Bill Stuntz was America's leading thinker on criminal justice—and its hardest to categorize.
Crime began to plummet in the United States more than 15 years ago, defying all predictions. It did so for nearly a decade. It happened in every part of the country and in every category of crime. While the rate of decline has leveled off in recent years, to many this social achievement has meant that the country need not worry about crime anymore: The problem has been solved. That view is wrong. In reality, the problem simply exists in two places most Americans (and the media) don't often bother to look: in crime-ridden sections of cities where minorities live, and in the overcrowded prison system that gives America the world's highest rate of incarceration. The good news masks an ever-worsening tragedy in criminal justice.
The black homicide rate across the nation is six times that of the white rate. Chicago's Washington Square neighborhood is poor and close to 100 percent black. The city's Hyde Park neighborhood is affluent and mostly white. The homicide rate in the first is 26 times that of the second.
The most compelling explanation for the different crime patterns for blacks and whites is the effect of the criminal justice system's breakdown on poor young black men, who have continued to commit crimes at a high rate, including violent ones, especially against blacks, and who regard the system as dramatically unfair and unworthy of their respect. The rate of imprisonment among white men is the highest it has been in American history, yet the rate is seven times higher among black men.
America's prison system is now studied largely because of its failure. The prison population is unsustainably high—petty offenders are locked away with hard cases, overcrowding makes conditions dangerous and unhealthy, and financial costs to states are through the roof. The last time the country significantly reduced them, however, in the 1960s and early 1970s, the rate of crime skyrocketed. Neither option is acceptable. So what do we do?
In his posthumously published book, The Collapse of American Criminal Justice, William Stuntz argues that reform today should involve putting more control over decisions about what and who should be punished—and for how long—in the hands of neighborhoods most hurt by crime and decimated by punishment. It should, he writes, involve many more cops on the street and many fewer convicts in prison.
But the book is less a blueprint for how to make things right than an explanation of what went wrong over the past century. Its value comes from seeing American criminal justice whole, in an elaborate analysis of a complex system, and challenging the theories of retribution and deterrence that lead to an emphasis on punishment and that have dominated thinking about the field for the past generation.
"Today," Stuntz explains, "our cities are considerably more violent than before the great crime wave of the twentieth century's second half, yet the nation's imprisonment rate is quintuple the rate before that crime wave began. If punishment deters crime, we seem to be getting much less deterrent bang for the imprisonment buck than we once did. Add it all up, and the picture is quite different than the conventional wisdom allows."
Stuntz's thesis is that the misrule of politics has replaced the rule of law, with a ratchet of ever-expanding criminal laws giving boundless discretion to police and prosecutors, leading to a system that wrongly punishes too many poor young black men. When the law gives that much discretion, he writes, it stops functioning as law and instead becomes an assertion of power. The recent decline in crime is less a sign of success than of pathology. The encouraging numbers are misleading. They conceal devastating failure.
William Stuntz was one of the most influential and revered legal scholars of his generation, by acclamation the country's leading thinker about criminal justice. His 25 years as a scholar, first as a law professor at the University of Virginia, then at Harvard, began when crime was a highly politicized issue and ended (tragically early—he died of cancer at the age of 52 in March) when crime had seemingly ceased to be an issue at all.
He developed an original, sweeping, and brilliant understanding of his field, which he sought to synthesize in this work. Three highly respected legal scholars to whom his book is dedicated—Carol Steiker and Michael Klarman of Harvard Law School and Daniel Richman of Columbia Law School—shepherded the essentially finished volume through production and into print after his death. While he co-authored a shelf full of respected textbooks about criminal law and criminal procedure, this is his only book for a general readership. It is his masterwork. The book is written in direct, energetic, and forceful prose, without stinting on nuance. It is a form of purposeful history, with close analyses of Supreme Court cases and doctrine; crime data by race, class, and geography; the workings of American politics at the national, state, and local levels; the interplay of legal, political, economic, and social forces; and attention to seminal documents of law and governance, especially the Constitution and its Bill of Rights.
The Collapse of American Criminal Justice is at once a far-reaching indictment and a vision tinged with hope. Stuntz was concerned with how to make sure that the criminal justice system charges and convicts those who deserve punishment while reducing the share of people caught in it who are innocent. He was convinced that "criminal punishment is both too severe and too frequent" and that "legal condemnation is a necessary but terrible thing—to be used sparingly, not promiscuously." His biggest idea is that criminal justice can only be understood—by non-experts as well as experts—through a grasp of the interactions among its major elements. By showing that the division between criminal law (the elements of crime the government must prove to convict a defendant) and criminal procedure (the steps a police officer must follow to interrogate a suspect) that is respected by most scholars is in fact artificial and misleading, he demonstrated the benefits of approaching the field as a whole.
The history of criminal procedure, he showed, was "not really about procedure at all but about substantive issues, about what conduct the government should and should not be able to punish." The most important change in this area came in Miranda v. Arizona, the landmark 1966 ruling requiring police, under the Constitution's guarantee against self-incrimination, to give suspects taken into custody warnings about their right to remain silent and to call a lawyer, because that intimidating situation is likely to make a suspect feel he must talk. The purpose of Miranda was to give every defendant the opportunity to protect himself in the criminal justice system, not just wealthy suspects with access to skilled lawyers who could help make a case that a confession was coerced and therefore involuntary.
But the effect of Miranda was the opposite, Stuntz contended: The new rules gave suspects who could afford a skilled lawyer a "right to avoid police questioning altogether." That was about one-fourth of criminal suspects. As for the other three-quarters, the warnings afforded few of them protection, because they didn't understand what the warnings meant or, if they did, had no access to anyone who could enforce them. As long as the police could show they gave the warnings to the other three-quarters, they easily induced most suspects to waive their rights. Stuntz's criticism underscored that, without provision of criminal defense lawyers for the poor, Miranda had much less beneficial impact than it promised.
Stuntz was a registered Republican and considered himself a conservative, and his reputation as such was buttressed by some truly conservative positions (for instance, he favored forms of profiling after the September 11 attacks). But it was more important to Stuntz that he appeal to both liberals and conservatives than that he be identified as either. The distinctiveness of his outlook was reinforced by his keenness to make his evangelical Christian faith part of his identity as a scholar. His best-known article about the role of Christian ideas in law suggests that Christianity's most significant lesson in the face of the "arrogance" of contemporary legal theory is the faith's "humility" about how hard it is to find definite answers to fundamental questions. His humility sometimes gave his writing the tone of an elegy.
Stuntz writes, "Discretion and discrimination travel together." The percentage of adults who are black, white, and Latino using illegal drugs is roughly the same (10 percent, 9 percent, and 8 percent, respectively), but blacks are three times more likely than Latinos to do prison time for drug crimes and nine times more likely than whites. Why? The misrule of politics, according to Stuntz. Specifically, the misrule results from suburban voters in counties having a lot of say in who gets elected as prosecutors in the urban areas where serious crime is concentrated. As Stuntz writes, prosecutors "are usually elected at the county level" and "counties that include major cities have a much higher percentage of suburban voters than in the past." Think here, for example, of Fulton County, Georgia, or of Wayne County, Michigan, both so much larger than Atlanta and Detroit, respectively, that they even include some rural stretches. In other words, it is voters for whom crime is largely an abstract problem who exercise sway, while residents for whom the problem is real have less power.
The disappearance of the jury trial symbolizes this shift. Almost all felony criminal convictions today—96 percent—come from guilty pleas obtained by prosecutors elected with the support of suburban voters, not from verdicts reached by juries drawn from residents in areas where crime is concentrated. The system, in Stuntz's words, has become an "arbitrary, discriminatory, and punitive beast," which is undemocratic in vesting decisions about punishment in those who aren't part of the community where those being punished live. Stuntz's main remedies for this include putting more cops on the street, making more lawyers available to represent criminal defendants, letting local rules about sentencing prevail, and shifting responsibility between local and state governments for who pays for local police and state prisons.
More cops would mean fewer prisoners and more robust local democracy. More lawyers for criminal defendants would mean better-prepared cases, fewer coerced pleas, and more reliable outcomes. Letting local rules about sentencing prevail would reduce the severity and the racial disparity in sentencing, and, with judges presiding over this phase, reduce the power of prosecutors. Shifting responsibility for payment, by having local governments pay a larger share of prison costs and a smaller share of local police costs, would give them an incentive to sentence fewer prisoners—and remove a disincentive from hiring more cops.
Stuntz was troubled by "institutional design and incentives" in criminal law and politics that push toward ever harsher rules and sentences. Power over criminal law is allocated to the three branches of government—the legislature makes it, the executive branch enforces it, and the judiciary interprets it—but they are not checks on one another in this sphere. In fact, legislators and the executive branch's prosecutors both benefit from "more and broader crimes": Legislators get more power when they define crimes more broadly because they reduce the role of judges in deciding who is guilty; and prosecutors have more power because they have more discretion about what and how to prosecute. As a result, legislators and prosecutors tacitly cooperate with each other, leading to both more law and less: more on the books, and less on the street, in the sense that the laws are so broad the police and prosecutors get to decide whom to go after and find guilty. Those decisions are about power. In the "rule of too much law," Stuntz advises, "too much law amounts to no law at all."
His solution to this set of problems is to replace the vicious cycle that creates them with a virtuous cycle based on cultivating a relationship between those who break the law (or are tempted to) and those who enforce it. For most of the twentieth century in the Northeast and Midwest, the ratio of police officers to prison inmates was two to one. Today, it is less than one to two. "More than any other statistic," Stuntz writes, "that one captures what is most wrong with American criminal justice." More cops mean more deterrence. More deterrence means fewer arrests and fewer convictions. In the 1990s, New York City had the biggest drop in urban crime during the decade. It also had the biggest increase in its police force.
Another important component would be fewer prisoners. This would require reducing the severity of sentencing, which is now "more punitive than Russia's," reducing the discrimination that contributes to blacks outnumbering whites among prisoners, and reducing "excessive prosecutorial power"—which is "unchecked by law and, given its invisibility, barely checked by politics." And too much power for prosecutors doesn't mean there are enough of them: Stuntz calls for many more, so there are more lawyers to litigate cases and the pressure on them to obtain plea bargains is alleviated. That would also require more money for public defenders to represent defendants in court.
A more drastic aspect of his reform vision would be sweeping changes in criminal laws—defining more crimes vaguely so courts would need to resort to jury trials to decide who was guilty. This would excuse from liability for the most serious offenses the least guilty members of a group of criminals and would even allow some guilty defendants to claim that, though their conduct fit the definition of a crime, it wasn't so "wrongful" that it merited punishment. This would mean "constitutionaliz[ing]" much of basic criminal law, by asking courts to define its boundaries instead of legislators and prosecutors—and giving courts more power when many perceive them to have too much power already.
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"The percentage of adults who are black, white, and Latino using illegal drugs is roughly the same (10 percent, 9 percent, and 8 percent, respectively), but blacks are three times more likely than Latinos to do prison time for drug crimes and nine times more likely than whites. Why?"
Unless I've been systematically lied to by "The Wire," because blacks are far more likely than whites or Hispanics to _sell_ drugs.
Sep 15, 2011, 12:58 AMWhat are the respective populations of the Washington Square and Hyde Park neighbourhoods?
A per capita figure might be more useful.
Sep 15, 2011, 2:15 AMMy guess is that more black people are convicted because more are charged.
And more are charged because more are caught.
More are caught because most drug arrests are by-products of other searches or otherwise falling foul of the law.
Others can speculate on the reasons for the latter.
Sep 15, 2011, 6:49 AMSteve and Craig, you are both right. The best treatise I've seen on the topic is by Heather MacDonald, at the City Journal:
Sep 15, 2011, 7:34 AMCraig: "...otherwise falling foul [sic] of the law."
It should be "afoul." Alas, there are probably more prisons in the country than schools. Pass Obama's Jobs bill!
Sep 15, 2011, 8:30 AMI decided long ago that when I serve jury duty I will not convict on non-violent drug raps. Period, end of story. One reason Prohibition failed was the juries refused to convict.
Sep 15, 2011, 11:22 AMI would like to see murderers in prison with murderers. Thieves in with thieves, and sex offenders in with sex offenders. Give them some seeds and a shovel, some chickens and a milking cow. Put a big fence around it, and let them work out their problems. No guards inside the prison.
Sep 15, 2011, 12:04 PMIt's not your fault when you shot another black kid in the head, it's the polices fault.
oh now it all makes sence.
Thanks liberals you're the greatest.
Sep 15, 2011, 1:22 PMI am not convinced that more police is part of the answer. A high police presence in urban neighborhoods leads to more arrests, often for insignificant crimes, like possession of small amounts of drugs, that are discovered by means of stop-and-frisks (which the constitution considers illegal). It is one of the reasons why urban blacks are far more likely than suburban whites to find themselves in the criminal justice system. For those of us who live in low-income urban neighborhoods, the police are a significant part of the problem.
Sep 15, 2011, 2:02 PMIf you don't have a lot of police, then they need to ration their time to focus upon drug dealers rather than drug users. But they end up frequently convicting drug dealers on drug possession charges, because that's physical evidence, whereas neighborhood witnesses can be intimidated by gangs.
Sep 15, 2011, 2:51 PMIt's fun to cry racism, but alas the explanation is far more mundane. More blacks than whites are in prison for drug crimes because blacks are far more likely than whites to have prior convictions.
Almost no one does real time for first (or even second) arrests. But if you get arrested for a drug crime and you have a long list of priors...
Sep 15, 2011, 5:05 PMMore cops, more free lawyers, sounds great. But who is going to pay for it all?
This sounds like liberal social thinking masquerading as unfeasible criminal justice reform.
Sep 15, 2011, 5:23 PMDave, your argument may be true, but how did those blacks end up with so many priors? Is it because they in fact committed more crimes or is it because the police find criminals where they go looking for them? How likely is it for a suburban white person who uses drugs on a regular basis to be actually arrested for possession, when he is not subjected to being stopped by police whenever he is out minding his business?
Sep 15, 2011, 5:43 PMI think this is a perfect example of statistics being used deliberately to deceive.
Do you really think that an employed middle-aged man with a house and a family who smokes a joint now and then is equivalent to a homeless, never-employed, habitual criminal of 21 who is addicted to and sells crack? Because that is the difference between white and black drug users.
Right now all abused drugs, with the exception of meth and prescription drugs, flow through the inner cities. The inner cities are a lost cause but there is a lot we can do to contain the problem.
We need to legalize marijuana, secure the mexican border and put drug dealers on chain gangs until they are so old they don't remember their own names.
Sep 15, 2011, 6:25 PMI know this is beating a dead horse but blacks come from single parent homes.Two parent kids get in less trouble.
Sep 15, 2011, 6:28 PMIt's ridiculous to read the comments here that suggest that blacks get arrested more often because they are more prone to crime!
If any of you guys had done any actual *research* before you showed up and started knee-jerk reacting in typical "poor ol' injured white guy" fashion, you might actually have a clue instead of an ignorant opinion.
Sep 15, 2011, 6:35 PMMore blacks go to jail because, on the whole, white people are better able to afford decent legal representation. It is all about how much lawyer you can afford, and the sad truth is that blacks are on average less wealthy than whites.
Sep 15, 2011, 6:47 PM
It should be "afoul." Alas, there are probably more prisons in the country than schools. Pass Obama's Jobs bill!>
Thanks for the snide comment about my education. But I would point out that according to at least some sources, both 'foul' and 'afoul' are acceptable usages. I apologise for posting a definition from a free online dictionary but I did check my Oxford as well.
A snide comment about your education, or about posting the same incorrect post 3 times could go here. Or one about fixating on a trivial bit of usage, not commenting on substance or argument, and the absurdity of your final non-sequitur.
Sep 15, 2011, 10:31 PMSaying the percentage of blacks, whites, and hispanics, all using illegal drugs is similar doesn't really say anything. A crack whore who steals and prostitutes herself for her daily drug habit is not the same thing as someone who shares a joint at a party once in a blue moon. But, they both are using drugs. Taking meaningless stats and then questioning why blacks are nine times more likely to be incarcerated is questionable.
I do think there is racism in the system. But, those stats don't show it.
Sep 16, 2011, 12:10 AMStrange to label Stuntz a conservative. His ideas sound like stuff straight out of the liberal playbook. Hire lots more police? Sure, lets pile on more pension obligations states can't pay for; hire more lawyers? Sure, all their juicy salaries paid by guess who? --again, taxpayers. Both groups will be indebted to Democrats who will promise to keep the $$ flowing as long as they are (re)elected.
What I would rather see is better policing with what we have (NB, "broken windows" theory of policing), non-violent drug offenses decriminalized and those serving time for same released. Then maybe we could begin to reduce some of the onerous costs of the state correctional systems.
One other note: Hyde Park is home to University of Chicago and has its own police force. People who live here are all busting their butts trying to get the credentials they need for a productive future. In the Washington Square area, attitudes are the opposite: anti-intellectualism reigns supreme. As an inner-city black, if you seem interested in learning and you will be accused of 'being white' and roundly ridiculed. And let's not forget the institutionalized leftist social welfare policies that have played such a big part in permanent dependency and 'victim' status and rewarding single mothers to perpetuate one parent homes for urban blacks. Roll these factors together and who can blame urban blacks for feelings of hopelessness and being left out of the running for the American Dream? Poor inner city blacks certainly face tremendous challenges--but until black family and cultural issues and decades of failed social policies are faced honestly, none of the other ideas will be worth a plugged nickel.
It's seldom mentioned in the press that Barack Obama chose to live for over two decades in a neighborhood with its own private hard-nosed police force: the U. of C. police patrol residential areas outside the campus, including the locations of Obama's old condo and his new stately home.
Sep 16, 2011, 3:16 AMPlease don't suggest the "throw more cops at the area" approach Cops equal money. Where I live, which most people would consider rural, the police force grows exponentially every year, arrests are constant, mostly for victimless "crimes", including driver's licensure issues, marijuana possession, even leash law violations. The police use this uncritically accepted rising arrest rate as an excuse for demanding more officers and a bigger share of tax dollars. It is the same fear tactic that the Bush admin. used after 9/11 which resulted, among other things, in our now enormous deficit. Less cops, more selective enforcement, stiffer penalties for the more serious crimes.
Sep 16, 2011, 11:40 AMHyde Park is an integrated, middle class neighborhood surrounded by an overwhelmingly black impoverished neighborhood. Questions of social class irrespective of race may not be irrelevant. Hyde Park police are more like a village police department than the mobilized SWAT teams which seem to be the model for big city forces. Emergency phones are scattered through the neighborhood and I remember using one for an elderly lady who wanted the police to help her home (they assured me they would come for her).
Young black males are the foot soldiers of the drug trade. Standing on street corners in high crime areas they are obvious targets for arrest (for some reason they don't seem to stand around on street corners in affluent suburbs). Middle class drug dealers seem to be somewhat more discreet and may have access to less public venues. The disincentives for acquiring a police record seem to be much more severe for middle class children (can't get into law school) than for kids who gain status in their group or gang when arrested. Lawyers who are highly skilled at making charges disappear are not only expensive but also seem to make themselves available to people who have power and influence (imagine).
All of the fixes proposed are likely to be hugely expensive. More police, more judges, more jury trials -- all cost taxpayer money. Frankly, I think there are better things on which to spend limited tax dollars than ensuring that accused criminals are treated more leniently.
Sep 17, 2011, 4:23 PMKevin: "It's ridiculous to ... suggest that blacks get arrested more often because they are more prone to crime! If any of you guys had done any actual *research* before... knee-jerk reacting in typical "poor ol' injured white guy" fashion, you might actually have a clue instead of an ignorant opinion."
Well it's certainly possible that for most crimes, racism accounts for false statistics showing that blacks commit several times more crime than whites. But homicide statistics are quite good, as few people neglect to report them. And they show that blacks are the victims and the perpetrators more often (by an order of magnitude) than whites. Are you so ignorant as to deny this? If not, how do you justify your "knee-jerk" insults? Aren't you the real self-pitying fool here?
Sep 17, 2011, 6:25 PMNo useful conclusions can be drawn from usage vs. arrest statistics, because while Latinos traditionally do drugs and drug deals in moving vehicles whenever possible, and whites behind closed doors, blacks are typically "in the street" and more visible ---> more arrests.
Sep 18, 2011, 12:58 PMAs expected, these comments are tripe.
You think we should spend less money on more accurately prosecuting the accused? Jesus Christ, people, that's about all the government is supposed to do! Your austerity is killing us.
Either way, whether you put a man in prison or you hire an officer, it's the same money. If you don't believe that officers are a direct deterrent, that's fine (I'd suggest proving it), but surely you understand trade-offs. Some people have no reasoning.
There are many more points to be addressed, but it'd be worthless. If I was replied to, it would only include some more of that good time feeling and sensation in it.
Sep 19, 2011, 9:34 AMHow to make this as succint as possible? I am a former public defender, prosecutor and now a general jurisdiction district court judge in the reddest part of a very red state. Mandatory sentencing(in my opinion an usurpation of the judiciary's discretion in sentencing) and the "promiscous" application of habitual offender laws by the local prosecutor have led to some of the most egregious miscarriages of justice you can imagine. Case in point: a young defendant was recently force fed 7 yrs flat time hard labor for selling an ounce of oregano. Had he gone to trial he would have received 15 yrs since he had a prior conviction for possessing a cds without a prescription.It's absurd. My state faces a $1.5b shortfall next year,50% of which is the D.O.C.Do you think our legislators will decriminalize the laws? No way,how can they and still appear "tough on crime?" The best they can do is increase good time release credits so they can usher these poor fools out faster.
More police is a great idea. It's a proven fact that the No.1 deterrent to crime is a uniformed,armed presence.The problem is young police officers are ambitious.They aspire to higher rank and becoming detectives.And to them it's just a game of cowboys and indians...and we're the indians. Especially so our youth.Since one now can be searched out in public on a mere hunch,if you are holding you are going to jail.If not,well the youngsters are easy to itimidate and it's good,clean fun.But to inocculate themselves the officer will issue a summons for illegal tint or loud music or some other nonsense to keep those court costs coming.
My criminal docket is 60% drugs. Small amounts.Though only 10% of the local population is african american they are 50% of this group.90% of this group are addicts selling 10 rocks to an undercover cop in order to earn 1 rock from the dealer.The addict gets 15 yrs and the dealer skates.And for every one incarcerated there are 3 to take his place. It never ends.And the prosecutor revels in his ruthlesness,and the judge is afraid to appear soft on crime.
The solution is more education.Teach parents how to be parents. By and large the defendants in front of me were neglected and left to their own devices.How did this happen? I believe the last two generations of our leisure prone society has allowed adulthood to be deferred until the age of around 33(for a few indefinitley). People just won't grow up. They party on and expect the elementary and secondary schools to raise their children. Poor kids are at a special disadvantage since there is no stigma to being incarcerated when just about everyone in your immediate family already is or has been jailed.
For them the best option is positive mentoring through Big Brothers/Big Sisters and the Boys and Girls Clubs. However in my district these programs come and quickly go due to lack of funding.
But as sad a story as that may be what saddens me most is that over the past 15 yrs my state legislature has taken away the authority and discretion of the judiciary and givin it to the prosecutors who exercise no discretion at all in over charging and ruthlesly prosecuting all but a select well connected few.
Otherwise I've seen some very good ideas expressed here. Others not mentioned include drug and mental health courts ...one uses a big stick(jail) to keep you off drugs and forces you to drink the healing waters...the other makes sure you take the right drugs so as to keep you from medicating yorself inappropriately.There have been some great successes with these courts. And sometimes when probation is over and the pressure is off there are those who for various reasons revert to their old habits.And then there are those who are and always will be beyond change. But as long as they are non violent, offenders should not be subjected to draconian sentences. That's unjust and not a deterrent to crime.
My,but how I do ramble on.
Sep 21, 2011, 2:22 AMWhite People sell as many drugs as African Americans but they are less likely to be prosecuted. When they are prosecuted, they are less likely to receive prison sentences.They are usually offered a program or probation. It is a shame that your only point of reference is the Wire......
Sep 21, 2011, 11:57 AMI know it is asking a lot for Americans to look beyond your own shores but consider this: in almost all countries where the majority population is white, the proportion of non-white prisoners is disproportionately large. There is no close genetic link between New Zealand Maori, Australian Aboriginal, African Americans, Canadian Aboriginals etc., yet all these groups have over-representation in their respective country's crime statistics. If we were to look for a racial link to these crime statistics the only one I can see is the predominantly white power elite.
These may no longer be intentionally racist nation states, but it would appear to me the results of creating/maintaining an underclass of ANY ethnicity, whether by accident or design, will result in the over-representation of that group in crime stats.
I suspect (but have no evidence to support this) that in states with a high level of ethnic homogeneity, (Scandinavian countries? Pre-war Britain?) the poor/underclass, while made up of the same ethnicity as the power elite, show the same disproportionate over-representation in prisons etc.
Would it be too simplistic to suggest that material inequality is the most likely cause? That inter-generational poverty will inevitably mould young minds in a way that can only have unfavourable outcomes for society?
Sep 22, 2011, 5:43 AMthere is no such neighborhood as "washington square" in chicago (in fact, there is a washington square, but it's a small park in an affluent area on the north side). do you mean washington park?
Sep 25, 2011, 5:33 PMThe level of criminality is affected by more factors than policing and the criminal justice system.
The crime wave of the mid 20th century coincided with a massive decrease in stable two parent families and the gradual collapse of industries that provided steady, well-paid work to unskilled or semi-skilled men.
Social changes that liberated affluent White women have had an effect on African Americans analogous to that of whisky on Native Americans.
Sep 25, 2011, 6:32 PMThe Wire didn't lie to us. There is a distinction between selling drugs and using drugs.
Sep 26, 2011, 3:07 AMPeople really want to believe there are no differences between blacks and whites in behavior, and even behavior surrounding drug use and sales. Just ain't so. Come into my upper middle class white neighborhood. You feel safe; you are in fact completely safe. Go into the black inner city. You feel endangered; you are in danger. What's the explanation? Why are (upper middle class, white) people relucant to go anywhere near these neighborhoods (in, say, Philadelphia), why would they not dream of letting their kids walk through them? What exactly are they afraid of? Is this all in their heads? Nope. Don't think so. These neighborhoods are full of wanton, predatory thugs. All these liberal muzzy heads (and their confreres, like Stuntz) are in denial.
Sep 29, 2011, 1:12 PMThe disparity is because blacks are more likely to be involved in crimes associated with drug abuse. So, they face a greater incidence of prosecution for drug crimes.
Sep 30, 2011, 3:39 PM"It should be "afoul." Alas, there are probably more prisons in the country than schools. Pass Obama's Jobs bill!" said the man who did not read the instructions for submitting a comment while be cursed his computer for being too dadgum slow.
Moving on--
Blacks are committing more violent crime per capita than whites and are incarcerated more often per capita than whites. Repeat offenders are the norm, not the anomaly. For how many people is a violent crime their first offense? I cannot find a statistic on that, but anecdotal knowledge tells me that the percentage is low.
Our prisons are breeding hardened criminals. Non-violent and first-time offenders receive longer sentences in high-security prisons than is sensible. They are isolated along with other people serving anywhere from their first to n-th incarceration, becoming farther separated from society by the day. Re-entering society after release is difficult; jobs are hard to come by, the ex-inmate's rights are considerably less, and so on. These circumstances make the probability that one will commit another crime quite high.
It's easy to speculate on why more blacks are caught up in this vicious cycle than whites. Perhaps the difference maker is prejudice by law enforcement or a predisopition towards committing a first offense--that's all to easy to debate. But even a small percentage difference in any factor such as which rarce is more discriminated against or more predisposed toward crime can easily balloon in magnitude over the course of a few generations.
My opinion is this: The poor are more likely to commit crime than the well-to-do. Blacks are poorer than whites. Once in the cycle, the odds of breaking out of that cycle are stacked against the offender. Why are blacks poorer? If you think affirmative action and 150 years removal from impoverished imprisonment are enough to undo that discrepency, you should think again.
Oct 7, 2011, 4:17 PMThe difference in conviction rate is solely only the color of your skin. Factoring in poverty only proves opportunity, not propensity or inclination! For we all are prone to do the wrong things. We all will lie. cheat and still if the right opportunity presents itself. I'm not just refereing to violent crime or crime itself! I'm also refering to situations where self preservation takes presidence! In the days of the me first, selfcentered, self absorbed mentality, situation ethics reign supreme! For the most part there is no absolute! Right and wrong is what is base on how you feel at the time! Hence the reason behind the economic downfall! However; the true reason that the Criminal Justice system in the United States doesn't work is because it is base on a the justice of vengeance and not on the merits of true justice!
Oct 10, 2011, 12:20 PMUnlike Andrew, this piece doesn't mention Maori, but it does include Canada & Australia. It is by Julius Uzoaba and entitled "A Comparative Study of the Incarceration Rates of Racial Minorities in Four Common Law Countries of Canada, US, England and Wales, and Australia".
Unlike Andrew, I don't think this is the result of a skewed criminal justice system. As mentioned above, homicide statistics show that certain neighborhoods really are a lot more dangerous than others.
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Here's the deal. In the beginning The Chairman read blog debates. But the debates were without form, and void, and darkness was upon the face of the Blogosphere.
So the Chairman said, "Let there be an adjudicated debate forum" and there was The Iron Blog. And The Chairman saw it and it was good.
And the Chairman said, "Let bloggers come and debate in the arena of ideas. And let them be judges by their peers – people who are not professional politicians or paid pundits but average, inquisitive, and fair-minded people". And it was so. And The Chairman looked upon the Judges and saw that they were good.
But then an illness befell The Chairman and when he was recovered he returned to The Iron Blog and found that his Judges and, yea, many volunteer Challengers had fled. Why, oh why, had they forsaken him? But there was no answer to be found.
So now the Chairman calls upon you for aid. Do you have an opinion? Can you back up your opinion with fact and wit? Can you judge a debate based on fair guidelines?
If so, then you need to volunteer! Go visit The Iron Blog and read some of the debates (I recommend the latest debate which I believe was one of the finer the site has featured, even though I was the Challenger). E-mail The Chairman and let him know of your interest in either being a Challenger or a Judge.
Here is the time commitment you can expect. A Challenger will have to participate for a week-long debate. You'll have to write an Opening Argument, two Rebuttals, and a Closing Argument which are spaced out during the week. There is often a good amount of research involved but since you get to give The Chairman an array of topic from which to choose, you can be assured that you'll be debating a topic with which you're both familiar and passionate.
As a Judge, you're expected to read each of the debate posts and score them. This doesn't take an unreasonable amount of time – less than an hour if you're a fast reader. You rate each post on a numeric scale that's provided in the Judges' Guide. It's not difficult at all. Think of it as judging a beauty pageant.
Seriously, folks. There are a lot of very opinionated people out there who have very strong writing skills. You should seriously consider entering the ring and giving a topic a good, rigorous debate.
So go. Debate. Keep The Iron Blog alive.
Category: Blogs and Blogging, Stuff I Like

subset: commoncrawl


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Sunday April 10, 2011 – Tuesday April 12, 2011
At the eight anniversary of the 2003 looting of the Iraq Museum, we are again reminded that stolen artifacts are still missing. What's more, archaeological sites in Iraq and around the world continue to be plundered. The events in Egypt only underscore the fact that not an archaeological site or museum in the world is safe. Although, efforts to safeguard Iraq's past continues.
In 2007, SAFE initiated the Global Candlelight Vigil for the Iraq Museum with Dr. Donny George Youkhanna. Since then, organizations and individuals around the world have answered Dr. Youkhanna's call to light a candle, "so people will not forget what happened." This year, as we mourn the loss of our friend and colleague—a powerful advocate against the destruction of the world's cultural heritage—we call on you to consider joining us in the Vigil which SAFE has now renamed the Donny George Candlelight Vigil for Global Heritage. This pays tribute to Dr. Youkhanna, who will remain inseparable from the Iraq Museum, as a champion for the preservation of Iraq's—and the world's—cultural heritage.
On or about April 10-12, we urge museums, universities, cultural organizations and citizens around the world to use the anniversary of the looting of the Iraq Museum as an opportunity to re-energize our efforts to protect the world's cultural heritage.
There are many ways to participate. A typical vigil is held in conjunction with another existing program/activity, and includes the showing of a video, a candle lighting, and discussion. The SAFE web site offers many suggestions and resources but the most memorable vigil ideas from previous years have come from the hosts themselves. For example, while University of Washington museology students tracked the flow of looted Iraqi antiquities on the global market, grade school students in Canada wrote poetry to express what the loss of cultural heritage meant to them. Others simply added their name to a list of supporters and lighted a virtual candle. Organizations and individuals from the US, Canada, Lebanon, Sweden, South Africa and Holland, organized gatherings of all sizes and used the opportunity to raise public awareness about the academic, ethical and legal consequences of the destruction of our shared cultural heritage. Please watch the video memorial marking the 5th anniversary of the looting of the Iraq Museum.
This year, we urge you to join us in remembrance and take the opportunity to pay tribute to Dr. Youkhanna. Use our web site to announce your vigil, and please send us images and videos of your vigils to so we can gather and present them together. If you need further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact Rebecca Rushfield at email@example.com.


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So, the latest James Bond film then – and is anyone not looking forward to it?
It was a masterstroke to get renowned director Sam Mendes on board for Skyfall, which looks set to inject some swagger back into the indefatigable spy series.
Daniel Craig looks settled in as Bond, now adding some more of the suave louche charm we had come to expect from 007 before the gritty Casino Royale, as the British agent comes back from the dead to take on villain Raoul Silva (the excellent Javier Bardem lumbered with another dodgy haircut).
With spectacular visuals and action screamingly apparent from the trailer, all that's left to do is cross our fingers that it doesn't resemble the confused mess that was Quantum of Solace. (Release date: October 26)
End of Watch has managed to do very well indeed in the US, hitting number one over their with its "found footage" take on a pair of young police officers who find themselves in the firing line after crossing the wrong people.
It feels like a while since we last saw Jake Gyllenhaal on the big screen, and Michael Peña should provide a more than adequate partner to hold attention even while handheld video cameras shake so much you might think the story's taking place during L.A. earthquake season. From the writer of Training Day, expect fireworks. (Release date: November 23)
Bullet To The Head sees Sylvester Stallone as a sensitive poet suffering a crisis of confidence as his life falls apart, a Belle and Sebastian soundtrack accompanying his fragile philosophical musings while he discovers that sometimes, when the chips are down, all you need is... TO KICK ASS. (Admittedly, apart from the first seven words and the last three, that entire paragraph was lie upon lie. Still, perhaps a decent idea for The Expendables 3?) (Release date: February 1)
Right, let's move quickly for the last three. Keep up!
Sightseers – By the director of the acclaimed Kill List, this blacker-than-black comedy about a dream English caravan holiday looks absolutely brilliant (and quite unlike anything else you've seen recently), with Alice Lowe on fine form. One to watch out for. (Release date: November 30)
Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters – This camp-looking mythic monsters romp has been delayed from release for yonks. Perhaps it's because Jeremy Renner was about to become more of a star after The Avengers, and movie bosses reckoned they'd be better able to cash in on that film's success, or maybe it's just because it looks like a spiritual successor to the awful Van Helsing. You be the judge. (Release date: March 15.)
And finally, Paranormal Activity 4 By this stage I have no idea what's going on. Maybe Jack Black stars as the ghost in this one? Anyway, cheapo static camera shots ahoy, plus people standing still in bedrooms for a while in an attempt to look spooky. Thrilling stuff. (Release date: October 17)


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Mine Accidents
Mine Disasters
Barnett Complex Mine H
S Poisoning
Seach All U. S. Mine Disasters Since 1839
Barnett Complex Mine
Ozark-Mahoning Company
Rosiclare, Pope County, Illinois
April 12, 1971 - 7 Killed
See video
Seven men died Monday, April 12, 1971, as a result of exposure to hydrogen sulfide gas in advance workings on the 800-foot level of the Barnett Complex Mine, Ozark-Mahoning Company, Pope County, Illinois.
Drifting and test drilling operations to locate an ore vein were being conducted at the extreme end of the 800-foot south level, on Friday, April 9. Near the end of the day shift, the third of three test holes struck a watercourse and water under high pressure was released into the drift. Work was discontinued in the area, and the water allowed to flow into the drift on the belief the body of water would soon be drained. Reportedly, hydrogen sulfide was not liberated on Friday; the two workers who were drilling did not smell the gas or suffer eye irritation.
The presence of hydrogen sulfide gas was first detected during the day shift on Saturday, when two miners, out of curiosity, went to the face to look at the water flow. The miners reported that the gas irritated their eyes and caused "tightness" in their chests.
At some time between the end of the second shift on Saturday and Monday morning, one of three fans in the auxiliary ventilation system for the 800 south level failed. What ventilation existed at the south end of the 800-foot level thereafter is unknown.
On Monday, April 12, installation of a replacement fan was completed shortly after noon. Before the fan was started, a miner went inby the fan to obtain measuring sticks. He was seen by the men installing the fan, but testimony is not clear as to his being aware of or warned of a potential danger. In about a half hour, the miner's brother went into the area to look for him. When neither of the two men returned, other miners, without respiratory protection, attempted rescue. At this time the replacement fan was started. In the course of events, five additional miners were overcome while several others, although repeatedly entering the drift and being affected by the gas, did escape by cutting into the ventilation tubing for fresh air.
At approximately 1:30 p.m., the Company officials notified the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals of the accident.
General Information
The Barnett Complex Mine, an underground fluorspar-lead-zinc operation, is located adjacent to State Highway 146, six miles north of Golconda, Illinois. Ozark-Mahoning Company sank the Barnett shaft in 1966 and connected it to the sixth level of the Parkinson Mine, which then formed the present Barnett Complex Mine.
Twenty-two men were employed underground on two 8-hour shifts a day, six days a week. Ore production averaged approximately 250 tons a day. Principal products were fluorite, galena, and sphalerite.
A Federal inspection was made of the Barnett Complex Mine under P. L. 89-577, September 9-10, 1970, at which time the eighth level south drift heading was approximately 450 feet away from the location where the hydrogen-sulfide-bearing water was encountered. That inspection did not reveal any conditions bearing on the disaster. A spot inspection to check abatements of violations cited September 9-10, 1970, was made February 10, 1971.
Story of Disaster
On Monday morning, April 12, 1971, the day shift went underground at 7:00 a.m. Normal mining operations were resumed in the stopes and two men were assigned to remove the faulty inby fan. Another fan was obtained from the company's West Green property and delivered to the Barnett mine.
Testimony did not establish that the miners were explicitly prohibited from entering exploration workings of the 800 south drift. However, it does imply that the foreman and the lead man talked to most if not all of the men, telling them that there would be no work in that 800 S location. K. Clanton testified that he had advised William E. Long not to go back there.
Three men, Gale Bates, H. Dutton, and J. Jenkins, were assigned to install the new fan late in the morning and completed the installation at about 12:30 p.m. Shortly before they completed the installation, at about 12 noon, William E. Long, a miner working in 85 stope came by, saying he was going a short distance inby the fan to get a "slide stick to measure timber." The stick was supposed to have been at a manway being developed just inby the fan. Just as the fan installation was completed, Philip W. Long arrived and a short while later, G. Davis, William E. Long's partner, arrived looking for him. When Foreman Phillip W. Long learned his brother had gone toward the face, he immediately went to look for him taking a small battery-powered locomotive. A short time later K. Clan- ton, shift leader, arrived, having learned that William E. Long had gone inby the fan and had not returned. Clanton took G. Davis with him and went to search for the two Long brothers. They found both men down, lying on the drift floor at a point approximately 110 feet from the face and well beyond the point where the measuring stick should have been. At this point, Clanton and Davis were forced back by the effects of the gas. They then proceeded back to the fan and advised the three men there that the two Long brothers were overcome, and if additional men went in, that they should not take any chances and to be careful. Bates was sent back to the shaft to get a big locomotive, and the fan was started in an attempt to force fresh air back to the unconscious men. Clanton and Davis proceeded towards the shaft to warn the men in the stopes and to get help.
In successive attempts various men entered and reentered the affected area. They all suffered the effects of the gas to some degree and five additional men were overcome. In these attempts a second, larger locomotive was used, carrying three workers into the gas-laden drift. They placed two men on the motors and got out to a point just inby 881758 raise before being overcome by the hydrogen sulfide gas. Restarting the inby fan tended to force high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide outward from the South 800 face area toward the main shaft in addition to diluting gas in the face area with fresh air.
V. English, M. Ewell, W. Palmer, H. Dutton, and C. Long attempted to help but were forced back by the effects of the gas. They were able to make their way back to the shaft by slitting the ventilation tubing and taking advantage of the fresh air from it.
Investigation of Cause of Disaster
Concurrent but separate investigations of the disaster were made by the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals and the United States Bureau of Mines.
Cause of Disaster
The disaster was caused by:
The failure of mine officials and workers to recognize the lethal character of concentrated hydrogen sulfide gas owing in part to intermittent exposure to the gas over a period of years in quantities which produced no lasting harmful effects. (The last previously known fatality in a metal mine, due to hydrogen sulfide gas, occurred in 1925.)
While the forced ventilation system in the mine was satisfactory for normal operations, the system on the eighth level proved to be inadequate for the unusual situation which was created by (1) the prolonged inflow of water containing hydrogen sulfide and (2) the failure of one of the inline fans.
The area was not "dangered off" as a follow up to any oral warnings that may have been given to the men, and checks were not made on the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the eighth level south drift at the start of the day shift, April 12, 1971.
The failure of mine management and workers to realize that, until the fans had been operated for a length of time sufficient to assure removal of concentrations of the gas, the entire 800 South drift was hazardous.
Characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide, H
S, (sulfureted hydrogen, hydrogen monosulfide, referred to as "stink damp" by miners) is a colorless, highly toxic, and irritant gas which has an extremely unpleasant, rotten egg odor at low concentrations and a sweetish odor at higher concentrations. Since its specific gravity (1.19) is somewhat higher than that of air (1.00), it tends to accumulate in deep cavities such as vats, tanks, ditches, ravines, and cellars.
Hydrogen sulfide forms explosive mixtures with air or oxygen and is dangerously flammable upon ignition. Water at room temperature absorbs approximately three times its own volume of the gas. It is also soluble in petroleum solvents, crude petroleum, and carbon disulfide.
Briefly, the principal sources of hydrogen sulfide that are of importance from the viewpoint of hazards are: gypsum mines, sulfur mines and wells, caissons and tunnels, natural gas production and refining of high sulfur petroleum, sewers and other places where organic matter decomposes in confined spaces, blasting with black powder and blasting with other explosives in heavy sulfide ore, gas manufacture, low temperature carbonization of coal, manufacture of chemicals, dyes, and pigments, vulcanization of rubber, glue manufacture, tanning, spinning of viscous rayon, and treatment of sewage.
In addition to these places of primary importance, the gas occurs in the water of some mineral springs, rock-fissure gases, volcanic gases, and from bacterial action in brackish waters. Some of these, however, are associated with the important sources of hazards mentioned above, as the occurrence of hydrogen sulfide bearing water in gypsum mines, rock strata gases in mines and tunnels, and bacterial action or decomposition of organic matter in sewers.
The gas may be liberated to the air directly from the original source or place where it is generated or, due to its solubility in water and oil, it may be transported in solution great distances from its original source and then escape and create dangerous atmospheres at unsuspected places. In mines, tunnels, and caissons the presence of the gas may be due entirely to the inflow of hydrogen sulfide bearing water and its escape into the air.
Hydrogen sulfide does not always present a health hazard in the situations cited, but the possible occurrence of a health hazard is worthy of consideration when investigating injury or accident from exposure to gas at such places, and in the planning and designing of industrial and engineering equipment and projects where the gas might jeopardize the health and safety of persons.
Hydrogen sulfide has a distinctive, unpleasant odor in low concentrations. However, the sense of smell is not a reliable indicator of the presence of hydrogen sulfide because the gas has a tendency to numb the olfactory receptors and this can occur very rapidly at higher concentrations. The gas has two apparent physiological actions - subacute and acute poisoning. The former is a direct irritating action of the gas on the moist body tissues of the eyes and the lining of the respiratory tract. On the other hand, acute poisoning is the result of a toxic action on the nervous system produced by the absorption and presence of hydrogen sulfide in the blood. Unconsciousness and respiratory failure usually occurs within a few seconds after exposure and the important reaction is paralysis of respiration followed in 5 to 10 minutes by cardiac failure. There are no warning symptoms and no pain. Death from acute poisoning is due primarily to asphyxia. Death is as rapid as in poisoning by cyanide.
Experience has repeatedly shown that if rescue is effected and artificial respiration applied within a few minutes after the victim is overcome, life can be saved almost invariably. On the other hand, experience has also shown that a delay of 10 to 15 minutes jeopardizes the chances of recovery, though this should not be taken as an excuse for laxity in carrying out the prescribed treatment.
The importance of self-protection of those attempting to effect rescue should be emphasized. Cases are on record where the first, second, and even the third person coming to the rescue of fellow workmen have all been overcome.


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Sigourney Weaver To Play New Character In AVATAR 2
By Merrill Barr on June 10, 2014
It's funny when you think about the fact that it's been nearly five years since James Cameron broke every box office statistic in the book with Avatar. You'd imagine that Fox would have loved to have had two other films in theaters by now, but when you're the man that made the two highest grossing movies of all time, you kind of get carte blanche to do whatever you please, and that's where today's news regarding Avatar 2 comes into play.
For about a month now, many have wondered how Sigourney Weaver was going to be returning to the series following the death of her character, Grace Augustine, in the first film. Well, according to James Cameron himself in an official statement, it's not going to be through resurrection, but through creation. "Sigourney and I have a long creative history, dating back to 1985 when we made Aliens. We're good friends who've always worked well together, so it just feels right that she's coming back for the Avatar sequels. Her character of Grace Augustine, as fans know, died in the first movie, so she's playing a different and in many ways more challenging character in the upcoming films. We're both looking forward to this new creative challenge, the latest chapter in our long and continuing collaboration."
Unless Cameron's going to pull a long-lost Augustine twin out of his butt, it's safe to assume Weaver will be portraying a brand new na'vi character or spirit entity she will embody throughout the course of the film. This is totally doable as all the characters are CG and can be made to look like anyone, so it sounds good to us.
Are you excited to see Sigourney Weaver return to the Avatar franchise? Let us know in the comments below.
Absolutely — I love Cameron's movies and I love Weaver. Of course her best movie, hands-down, is Galaxy Quest
Love Weaver, lame to bring her back.
Sure, why not. It had a magic tree in it. Why the magic tree could have absorbed Grace's soul/essence and put it into a newborn Na'vi doesn't seem particularly weird. It will only be weird if she has the same voice and zero explanation.
Doubly My thoughts Exactly. I think that's what's going to happen, judging by the picture above. I'd say Grace get's a second chance, or gets to help out in some fashion
My thoughts exactly.
Notice how he says "Her character of Grace Augustine, as fans know, died in the first movie."
I'm just sayin. -
This isnt Steven Moffatt, so its not gonna take an arm, the leg, a couple kitchen sinks, the Time Votrex and the population of Arcadia, Galifrey's 2nd city to guess how she will come back…. My guess is either A, her Na'vi Body was put back into a pod and stored and through Eywa, her entire consciousness was saved and be put permantly into her Avatar body in the same manner, or B, her mind intergrated with Ewya and Ewya uses her voice (and body) and (through that in some manner) Sigourney Weaver will return
nto necessarily put into a pod, but saved in some manner or another


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Former astronaut Sally Ride, who was the first American woman in space, is shown in 2010. Ride passed away on Monday.
Space Shuttle Challenger crew member Sally K. Ride in January 1983 at the Johnson Space Cente in Houston, six months before her historic launch.
Astronaut Sally Ride as she communicated with ground controllers from the flight deck of the Space Shuttle Challenger during its six-day mission in June 1978.


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Funky Friends Factory - Doll & Toy Sewing Patterns.
You have no items in your shopping cart.
'A' is no longer for Apple here at the factory... 'A' is for Aardvark!!! Artie is a very sweet, snugly little critter that your kids will love to drag around by his tail. (He insists he loves it!)
Artie can be made from most fabrics, non-stretch fabrics eg. cotton drill, cottons, corduroy and quilting fabrics, as well as non-stretch fabrics, like fleece, velour, chenille and flannelette.


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Charging to Enter Awards
- Posted by Johanna on September 29, 2007 at 6:53 am
- Category: Graphic Novel News
ForeWord Magazine is now accepting entries for their Book of the Year Awards. They aim to "bring increased attention from librarians and booksellers to the literary achievements of independent publishers and their authors", which may be why they feel justified in charging $70 per book to enter their competition. That may also be why they listed 216 winners last year, to provide some payback to as many of the entries as possible.
They say they had nearly 1400 entries, which means almost $98,000 in entry fees. Nice chunk of change! And they only offered two $1500 prizes to grand winners.
3 Responses to "Charging to Enter Awards"
- Tomym Raiko Says:
September 30, 2007 at 9:34 AMWell, that does seem to be a big discrepancy between the award's seeming entry fee revenue and the cash prizes awarded (admittedly, without knowing all the expenses ForeWord may have in administering these awards.)
Plenty of folks do think that charging entry fees compromise an award's credibility, but there are plenty of awards that manage to charge fees and still maintain a level of prestige and credibility (the Pulitzer comes to mind, or things like the Society of Illustrator awards/exhibition/annual book that has features some comics artists.)
That said, it is worth realizing that an award that charges entry fees may have its focus split between the windfall revenue those fees generate and the higher mission of the award itself.
- Johanna Says:
September 30, 2007 at 3:33 PMI can see where some awards would need a filter for entrants, which a fee would accomplish, but I'm not sure that's necessary in this case.
- Headline LinkBlogging » Comics Worth Reading Says:
March 12, 2009 at 9:02 PM[…] the scam that is ForeWord Magazine's Book of the Year Awards. I pointed out two years ago how much money they might be making from this "recognition". Not to mention that they sell reviews for […]


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Andover Biography - Benjamin T. Farnum
From Andover Answers
Benjamin T. Farnum was on of three men (along with Benjamin Ames and Charles Furbush) from Andover who lead the fight at the Battle of Bunker Hill. He was commissioned in the Continental army as commander of the 11th Massachusetts Regiment which served with Washington at Valley Forge. He resigned his commission in 1779.
born on December 27, 1746 and died 1833 at the age of 87. He married his second cousin Dolly Holt on November 26, 1767
- The New England Descendants of Immigrant Ralph Farnum of Rochester, Kent County England, by Russell Clare Farnham, Andover Room R 929.2 Farnham
- [ http://andover.mvlc.org/opac/en-US/skin/default/xml/rdetail.xml?r=330489&t=farnham&tp=title&l=5&d=0&f=at&o=20&hc=29&rt=title Ralph Farnham of Andover, Mass and his Descendants] by Harry Ferris Johnston, Andover Room R929.2 Farnham (three volumes).
--Eleanor 12:59, August 3, 2012 (EDT)
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Protests by Jobless Tunisians Threaten Phosphate Industry
By Tristan Dreisbach | May 2 2013
Houchati ,main-featured ,mining ,Phosphate ,second-economy-featured ,The Tunisian phosphate industry, a pillar of the nation's economy, has been crippled by ongoing protests that have slowed or halted production in the area around the city of Gafsa.
Unemployed job-seekers have prevented access to phosphate production facilities in Om Laarayes and Rudayyif, preventing them from operating and dramatically slashing revenues of the state-controlled phosphate production company.
"These anarchic protests will make Tunisia lose several international markets and put an end to the activities of the Gafsa Chemical Group,†said President Moncef Marzouki at a Labor Day ceremony yesterday. He asserted that the crisis would cost Tunisia 2 billion dinars a year in lost revenue, according to state news agency TAP.
"It is a slow suicide,†Marzouki said.
Phosphate extraction dominates the economy of Gafsa, but the region has struggled economically in recent years.
Gafsa has a history of uprisings and demonstrations. In 2008, it was home to a series of strikes and unrest in which at least three people died, dozens were hurt, and hundreds arrested. This is considered by some to be the beginning of the revolution that ousted former president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011.
"Our activities and production are paralyzed,†said Ali Houchati of the Gafsa Phosphate Company, a public enterprise managing the extraction of phosphate. He added that if the problems continue, the company will go bankrupt by the end of the year.
The labor issues have had a very negative effect on the company, according to Houchati. Production dropped 70 percent after the revolution, he said, falling from eight million metric tons in 2010 to 2.6 million in 2012. In Om Laarayes, one of the four regions in which phosphate is extracted, there has been no production at all since unrest began in 2011. In the Redeif region, only a small amount is being produced.
Houchati emphasized that the labor unrest was not a strike. He said that unemployed people were preventing employees from working, but that the workers themselves were not refusing to do their jobs.
Ali Abdallah, a union leader in Gafsa, said that while the protests of unemployed workers are a problem, current employees in the phosphate industry have demands as well, and are seeking a wage increase from the government.
There are also broader concerns about workplace safety and security. Abdallah told Tunisia Live that the company lacks adequate safety equipment. He also criticized it for failing to prevent the unemployed protestors from surrounding company facilities and preventing workers from entering the premises.
A negotiation session to discuss these issues was held last week between union members and representatives of the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Ministry of Industry, according to Abdallah, but no agreement was reached.
Houchati says that the company has been in lengthy discussions with the workers, but that they have gone nowhere.
The company has recruited over 2,500 new employees since February of this year, Houchati said, and 3,000 workers formerly hired by contracting firms have been made full employees, giving them greater rights.
The company disputes allegations of unsafe conditions. Safety is adequate, Houchati said, and it was only in the past when dangerous underground mines were used that workplace safety was a problem. Now phosphate extraction is done in surface mines, he said, and it is rare that any kind of deadly accident occurs. If an accident happens, he said, it is due to a worker not paying attention.
Responding to broader security concerns regarding the unemployed workers blocking company sites, he said that the company was looking into security solutions, and hopes to see the police intervene.
Amira Masrour contributed reporting.


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Retail supports one in seven jobs: report
PUBLISHED: 21 Nov 2011 13:24:00 | UPDATED: 21 Nov 2011 13:24:36PRINT EDITION: 21 Nov 2011
The ailing retail sector has launched its own sell job as the employers of one in 10 Australians in an industry worth $120 billion to the economy.
Australian National Retailers Association chief executive officer Margy Osmond says the impact of hard times on retail reverberates around the whole economy.
"Retail might be running in the slow lane of the multi-speed economy, but it is more than pulling its weight when it comes to job creation and employment of Australians," she said in the statement on Monday.
A report by The Right Research and PriceWaterhouseCoopers shows the sector supports one in seven jobs in a number of industries in Australia and employs one in 10 people directly.
"It also drives $120 billion in economic activity across our economy, despite the sector facing some of the hardest economic conditions in many years," ANRA said.
The awareness campaign includes ads on commercial radio in the run-up to Christmas "spreading the message of how vital retail is to communities all over the country".
Australian Retailers Association (ARA) executive director Russell Zimmerman said retailers paid more than $36 billion in wages and salaries.
"They also contribute to a total of over $60 billion in Australian wages including other industries like manufacturing, marketing and research," he said in a statement.
National Retailers Association (NRA) CEO Gary Black said the sector comprised 140,000 businesses, from sole traders through to the big players.
Read more
People | Margy Osmond, Gary Black |
Topics | Consumer Goods & Services /Retail & Wholesale , Economy |


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Construction of the Sunrise JTA Project is expected to be completed by summer 2016.
For the most current information about the Sunrise JTA Project, click on the links below.
Sunrise Fact Sheet Summer 2013
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The AFB Podcast Episode 156: Toy Fair 2015!
Episode 156 of the AFB Podcast is live at iTunes and is now available for direct download! Download and subscribe to the podcast at iTunes now!
This week, we break down all of the news and reveals from New York Toy Fair 2015 in an extra-long episode!
The AFB Podcast is also on Stitcher Radio!
News Covered in this Episode
Funko Showroom – 6" Rocketeer action figure & Legacy Firefly
NECA Showroom (Aliens Powerloader, 1/4 Reeves Supes, Ultimate Arnie T2)


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Cute Tokyo Metro posters remind commuters to behave
Many commuters loathe riding on public transportation because of the rude and rowdy behavior of other passengers who treat the confined spaces as their own private living rooms. Blaring music too loudly through headphones, talking loudly on cell phones, eating smelly foods, and falling asleep on the shoulders of strangers have become common occurrences on every train, bus, and subway in the United States.
Commuter etiquette is something of an art form in Japan, however, if anything can be deduced from these delightful posters designed for the Tokyo Metro. … Read more


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I don't want to rewrite this article about the fight over Wizard of Oz trademarks, so you really should visit the link, but here's a short version:
The book The Wizard of Oz is in public domain, since it was published in 1899. The 1939 movie is not; it's owned by Warner Bros., along with elements unique to the film, such as the ruby slippers. (And when I was searching Amazon for those, all the various special editions and even more special edition re-release DVDs came up long before the books, for what that's worth.)
Disney is making a movie called Oz: The Great and Powerful, due out next year, that focuses on how the Wizard (James Franco) became the Wizard, how he got to Oz and whom he met before Dorothy and her friends. The two copyright behemoths are now quietly battling over related trademarks, trying to file them out from under each other.
Warner has also been attacking other companies' Oz-related trademark filings. Just another example of how trademarks can be used as weapons regardless of whether copyrighted material has become part of the public cultural fabric. It is kind of funny to see the two biggest defenders of continually extending copyright (to protect Mickey Mouse, Bugs Bunny, and Superman, natch) taking each other on, though.
Trademarks, just like patents…used as clubs. Or knives, it seems.
An ugly analogy, but it seems to work too well to ignore.
I guess Marvel's Oz comics are distinct from the WB film version?
"I guess Marvel's Oz comics are distinct from the WB film version?"
Trademark isn't all-encompassing like copyright. When you file a trademark application you have to specify what types of products you are going to use the trademark for. So, WB has the trademark for use on movies and whatnot while Marvel/Disney has the trademark for use on comics and such.
Yes, the Marvel Oz comics are very different from the movie….and all the better for it.
Here endeth the lesson.
I think Marvel's Oz comics are more comparable to their Jane Austen comics, an attempt to get comic versions of classic lit onto shelves.
I can't say I'm very enthused about the Disney movie; there are more than enough unfilmed (or filmed long ago) L Frank Baum Oz books that could be made into great fantasy films.
Let them fight over it!
They are both the two greediest, out of control companies out there! I for one, will not be crying in my sleep if a giant meteorite destroyed their corporations! Good riddance to bad rubbish!


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yes there are hockey bars all over town seriously I would call some and see if they have it. Most probably have sport packages but I doubt very many people actually ask too watch junior hockey so I would definatly make a few calls before I headed out the door.
It's hard for me to get to watch even NHL at a bar at my city. Not that there's one to watch this year, anyway.


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Taiwan hopes to force Microsoft into selling XP forever
Taiwan's Consumer Foundation really wants Microsoft to keep selling XP, but why should Microsoft be held to an outdated product?
According to The Register, the "Taiwanese Consumer Foundation...claims [Microsoft] is effectively using its monopoly to force sales of Vista."
How? Well, as the TCF reasons, since most buyers would prefer XP, as demonstrated by their installing XP even after buying a Vista-enabled computer, forcing them to buy Vista in the first place is tantamount to an exercise of monopoly power.
The problem with such reasoning is that the same could be said of any software vendor (perhaps minus the monopoly power). Microsoft already supports its products for a very long time, and expecting customers at some point to move to the latest and greatest (and more cost effectively supported) is not a bad policy. Any vendor should be hoping the TCF loses on this one.
Microsoft, for its part, had better pray Windows 7 comes without the complaints that Vista has delivered. Two bad product releases in a row? Even Microsoft may not be able to survive that.


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2005 Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith (Lucasfilm) [Sfx Recordist]
2005 The Badlands (NPS) [Sound Recording]
2005 Cabrillo: On the Edge of Land and Sea (NPS) [Music Composition]
2004 NASCAR: The IMAX Experience (IMAX/Warner Bros.) [Sound Recording]
2003 Space Station 3D (IMAX) [Astronaut Crew Trainer; Sound Recording]
2002 K19: The Widowmaker (Paramount) [Assoc. Music Producer]
2002 Manassas: End of Innocence (NPS) [Sound Recording]
2000 Michael Jordan to the Max (IMAX) [Sound Recording]
1997 Mission to Mir (IMAX) [Sound Recording]
1995 Secrets of the Wild Panda (Natl Geo) [Sound Recording; Asst Camera]
1995 Inside the White House (Natl Geo) [Sound Recording]
1994 Destiny in Space (IMAX) [Astronaut Crew Trainer; Sound Recording]
1993 Jurassic Park (Universal) [Sfx Recordist]
1993 The Secret of Life on Earth (IMAX) [Asst Camera; Sound Recording]
1992 Titanica (IMAX) [Sound Tech Coordinator; Sound Recording]
1992 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (ABC TV) [2nd Unit Producer]
1990 Blue Planet (IMAX) [Sound Recording]
1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (Lucasfilm) [Sfx Recordist]
1988 Willow (Lucasfilm) [Sound Recording]
1988 Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (Buena Vista) [Post-Production Sound]
1988 Alamo: The Price of Freedom (IMAX) [Sound Recording]
1988 Tucker: A Man and His Dream (Paramount) [Sfx recordist]
1986 Captain EO (Michael Jackson/Walt Disney) [Post-Production Sound]
1986 True Stories (Warner Bros/David Byrne) [Post-Production Sound]
1986 Howard the Duck (Universal) [Location and Post-Production Sound]
1986 Seize the Day (PBS "Great Performances"/Robin Williams) [Foley Artist]
1986 Niagara (IMAX) [Foley Artist]
1986 Grand Canyon (IMAX) [Post-Production Sound]
1985 The Dream is Alive (IMAX) [Post-Production Sound]
1985 Cocoon (Fox) [Post-Production Sound]
1985 Mishima (Columbia/Warner Bros.) [Post-Production Sound]
1985 The Mean Season (Orion) [Post-Production Sound]


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Good Fish Bad Fish [infographic]
07/14/2011 • I love fish, especially when it's Alaskan salmon. Lucky for me, this infographic tells me it's okay to keep
The Imperfections of the U.S. Judicial System [infographic]
07/07/2011 • I figured this infographic would be appropriate given the recent controversy in the Casey Anthony trial. Honestly I haven't
The Many Memes of Modern Life
06/30/2011 • Meme is quite the buzzword on the internet. Believe it or not, if you've spent more than 30 minutes
America's Composition [infographic]
06/23/2011 • The United States prides itself on its cultural diversity. I certainly enjoy seeing many different faces and hearing different
The Old School Diet [infographic]
06/16/2011 • Trying to achieve that beastly summer bod? Stop wasting your time on all these "new" diets with "secrets" to


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(Transcribed from a combox, and revised)
My top ten books would have to include:
1. Dylan Thomas's Collected Poems: the primary literary influence on my life.
2. Marianne Moore's Complete Prose: a moral as well as a literary influence, the temperament revealed in these pieces is, for lack of a better word, Christian.
3. Thomas Merton's New Seeds of Contemplation: the book that brought me back to holy Church.
4. Fr Benedict Groeschel's Healing the Original Wound: one of the books that helps to keep me in holy Church! Vitally important.
5. John Irving's The World According to Garp: a book that planted in my head the dangerous idea that one could be a writer, and nothing else, as one's life-work.
6. Seamus Heaney's Field Work: the book that made me try to write sonnets for the first time!
7. Donald Hall's prose-books about poetry, esp. Goatfoot Milktongue Twinbird and Poetry and Ambition: revivifying one's interest in the craft.
8. George F Will's columns from the early '80s were a political influence as I moved to the right.
9. How can I forget Cummings? The poems and the "nonlectures."
The big influences, I think, come when one is susceptible to them! In adolescence and early adulthood. I don't know if anything I've read since age 30 would make the list, because I've read so much before then! The capacity to shock, to move, to change one's life significantly is somewhat diminished.


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Underinsured Motorist Claims in CT – Accident Attorney
If you or someone you know has an underinsured motorist claim in Connecticut, our accident attorneys can assist with your claim. Use our experienced injury lawyers to represent your underinsured motorist claim. There are no fees asked up front and hire expert witness to help strengthen your case. At the conclusion of the case, we will be compensated for our costs from the settlement. If not settlement is awarded, you do not owe us anything and we pay for all fees. All cases that we represent are based on a contingency fee which means you do not pay us unless you collect money.
Our Connecticut accident lawyers may be able to collect money damages for you even if your own motor vehicle insurance policy does not provide you coverage. If you have been involved with an underinsured motorist, contact us immediately for a Free Consultation about the services we offer to help you.
According to Connecticut law, every driver must hold a minimum limit of liability coverage of $20,000 per person and $40,000 per accident for bodily injury claims. Also, unless opted in writing, a driver must hold no less than the minimum limits for underinsured motorist coverage.
An at fault driver who injures you and does not have enough insurance to compensate you for your injuries and damages, then it may be possible you may qualify to submit a claim under the underinsured motorist protection coverage of your policy.
Claims concerning underinsured motorists can be enormously complicated and your interests will be adverse to that of your own insurance company. Our accident attorneys highly advise you to contact us immediately before doing anything that may potentially harm collecting a settlement for your underinsured motorist claim.
1. What Should I Do If I Am Involved In An Underinsured Motorist Claim?
Contacting an accident attorney who can help your underinsured motorist claim is extremely important. It is imperative not to do anything which may negatively affect your claim. Our accident lawyers may advise you not to give any statements or sign any authorizations as it may have a harmful affect on your claim. If potential notice requirements are missed, it could result in the dismissal of your underinsured motorist claim.
2. How is Liability Determined?
How a "reasonable person" would be expected to act in the situation where the injury took place is a critical issue in a personal injury case. Negligence can be found when a person fails to act like a "reasonable person." Whether or not a person has met the "reasonable person standard" may prove negligence and is determined by a jury after the presentation of evidence and an oral trial. This alone is a reason you should contact our office and help formulate and develop your case.
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"Damages" or compensation is money intended to restore you to the status you were in previous to the injury which resulted in the underinsured motorist accident. The money awarded can not be considered income except money paid for loss of income and can not be taxed by the state or federal government.
4. How Do I Go About Getting Experts To Help Me With My Underinsured Motorist Claim?
Our accident attorneys have the ability to hire experts which can enhance your underinsured motorist case. Experts may include a private investigator, car insurance agent or an accident reconstruction specialist.
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All fees and expenses of the case are advanced. Concluding the underinsured motorist, we would be reimbursed for the fees owed from the recovery. If no recovery or settlement is awarded, the client does not owe us anything.


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Balsamic Chicken and Pears
From Good Housekeeping
triple-tested at the Good Housekeeping Research Institute
Star ingredient: skinless, boneless chicken breasts, which deliver plenty of protein with almost no artery-clogging saturated fat. Whole wheat couscous and pears add beneficial fiber, and Roma beans serve up multiple plant nutrients.
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Nutritional Information
(per serving)
Calories | 450 |
Total Fat | 7g |
Saturated Fat | 1g |
Cholesterol | 66mg |
Sodium | 235mg |
Total Carbohydrate | 61g |
Dietary Fiber | 10g |
Sugars | -- |
Protein | 36g |
Calcium | -- |
James Baigrie
Serves: 4
Yields: 4 main-dish servings
Total Time: 25 min
U.S. | Metric | Conversion chart |
- 1 package(s) (9-ounce) frozen Roma beans
- 1.333 cup(s) whole wheat couscous
- 1 tablespoon(s) olive oil, see direction step 2
- 1 teaspoon(s) olive oil, see direction step 3
- 4 small (about 1 pound) skinless, boneless chicken-breast halves
- 2 Bosc pears, each unpeeled, cored, and cut into 8 wedges
- 1 cup(s) chicken broth
- 3 tablespoon(s) balsamic vinegar
- 2 teaspoon(s) cornstarch
- Prepare Roma beans and couscous as labels direct.
- Meanwhile, in 12-inch skillet, heat 1 tablespoon oil on medium until hot. Add chicken and cook 10 to 12 minutes or until juices run clear when thickest part is pierced with tip of knife, turning over once. Transfer chicken to plate.
- In same skillet, in remaining oil, cook pear wedges 3 to 4 minutes or until lightly browned and tender.
- In cup, mix broth, vinegar, and cornstarch; add to skillet with pears. Heat to boiling on medium-high. Boil 1 minute. Return chicken and any juice on plate to skillet; heat through.
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Cumbrian motorcyclist killed on A6 was a 'doting dad'
The family of a man who was killed when his motorcycle crashed beside the A6 in Cumbria, have described him as a "doting dad".
Andrew Charters, 30, from Wigton, died after his Suzuki GSXR came off the road and collided with a wall in Calthwaite, Penrith, at about 17:20 GMT on Monday.
The father of five was pronounced dead at the scene.
Mr Charter's family said they were "devastated" and he would be "sorely missed".


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Livingston 1-1 Cowdenbeath: Match Report
Livingston 1-1 Cowdenbeath: Match Report - view commentary, squad, and statistics of the game as it happened.
Milne is head man
Lewis Milne's stoppage-time equaliser secured 10-man Cowdenbeath a 1-1 draw at Livingston.
After a quiet first half, the game sprang to life 10 minutes after the interval as John Armstrong was shown a straight red-card for a lunge on Anthony Andreu.
Livingston came close to taking the lead 10 minutes later but Callum Booth's low drive from 12 yards was well held by Cowdenbeath goalkeeper Thomas Flynn.
But the home side took the lead with 19 minutes left as Keaghan Jacobs' effort from 20 yards took a deflection on its way past Flynn.
The home side could not see out the game to secure a second successive victory as Cowdenbeath hit a late leveller.
Jamie Stevenson was brought down on the left and from his in-swinging free-kick Milne rose highest to head home and earn his side a point.
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London: Footballer Ashley Cole is planning to open a restaurant-cum-nightclub in partnership with rapper Jay Z.
Cole and Jay Z will take in unemployed young people and donate some of the profits for good causes, reports thesun.co.uk.
They are looking at pricey properties in London's Pall Mall area for the nightclub, which will be called 40/40, the same as Jay's US chain of nightclubs.
Ashley is said to be keen to support young filmmakers in London.
"This is the perfect way for Ashley to improve his image. He's aware his football career won't last forever and this is the ideal way to launch into a new area of expertise. He knows that his reputation isn't great and working with charities and disillusioned young people would help," said a source.


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We have noticed one thing that all Spey fishing has in common over the last few years, that is; neither two manufactures nor fisherman can generally agree on anything Spey related from casting technique, to properly lining the rod etc etc. We've also found that in the Spey game when you are chasing Anadromous fish you never know if you are twenty minutes or two days away from your next pull. It is all of these factors and questions about lines, casting technique, flies and what part of the water column best suits success that adds to the mystique, wonderment and thrill of fishing a two-hand fly rod.
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