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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Group sex is sexual behavior involving more than two participants. Group sex can occur amongst people of all sexual orientations and genders. While this article discusses group sex among humans, the behavior also occurs in other animal species such as bighorn sheep and bonobos.
Group sex may take place in public (for instance, at outdoor events or nightclubs); at massage parlors, brothels or soaplands; at sex parties or, in some jurisdictions, at purpose-built locations such as sex clubs or gay bathhouses. In places where non-monogamous sex is taboo or illegal, group sex takes place in private or clandestine locations, including homes, hotel rooms, or private clubs.
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In principle, any sexual behaviour performed by more than two people can be referred to as group sex, but various terms are used to describe particular acts or combinations of people. Many swingers argue that non-swingers have conflated the terms because of lack of understanding and that there are distinct differences among the terms with specific meanings as to number, intent, sexual orientation, and familiarity of the persons involved.[1]
Fantasies of group sex are extremely common among both men and women. In major studies, between 54–88% of people fantasize about watching others have sex, 40–42% fantasize about being watched by others, and between 39–72% fantasize about bondage.[4] Many forms of sexual behavior were reported by Kinsey's subjects, but the official Kinsey Reports web site does not mention threesomes or group sex in the summary of Kinsey's findings.
As with all sexual activity, the relative risks of group sex depend on the specific activities engaged in, although having a large number of sexual partners increases one's risk of exposure to sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
From the mid-1980s there was lobbying against gay bathhouses blaming them for the spread of STIs, in particular HIV, and this forced their closure in some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States.[5][6] Sociologist Stephen O. Murray, writes that, "there was never any evidence presented that going to bathhouses was a risk-factor for contracting AIDS."[7] In other countries, fears about the spread of STIs have prompted the closing of bathhouses—with their private rooms—in favour of sex clubs, in which all sexual activity takes place in the open, and can be observed by monitors whose job it is to enforce safer sex practices.[8]
Proponents point out that venues where group sex takes place often provide condoms, dental dams, latex gloves, lubricants and other items for safer sex. Bathhouses in particular are a major source of safer sex information—they provide pamphlets and post safer sex posters prominently (often on the walls of each room as well as in the common areas), provide free condoms and lubricants, and often require patrons to affirm that they will only have safer sex on the premises.[9][10][11][12]
A sex party is a gathering at which sexual activity takes place. Sex parties may be organized to enable people to engage in casual sexual activity or for swinging couples or people interested in group sex to meet, but any gathering where sexual activity is anticipated can be called a sex party.
Sex parties, under various names, have been a common focus of moral panics fed by media reports claiming that such parties are prevalent, or growing in prevalence, especially among teenagers.[13]
A swinger party or partner swapping party is a gathering at which individuals or couples of any gender or orientation can engage in sexual activities with others as a recreational or social activity.[14] Swinging can take place in a number of contexts, ranging from a spontaneous sexual activity at an informal social gathering of friends to a regular social gathering in sex clubs or residences.
The swingers can engage in a number of sexual activities to include threesomes, group sex, orgies, or various sex acts.[15] Partners can engage in penetrative sex known as "full swap," while in "soft swap" they engage only in non-penetrative sex. New swinging couples often choose a soft swap before they are comfortable with a full swap, although many couples stay soft swap for personal reasons.[16] Soft swinging can also be defined as when a couple engage in sexual activities with only each other while two or more other couples perform sex acts in the immediate vicinity.[17]
Key parties are a form of swinging parties, in which male partners place their car and house keys into a common bowl or bag on arriving. At the end of the evening the female partners would randomly select keys from the bowl and leave with that key's owner.[18]This dated practice[citation needed] from the 1970s is now criticized as being androcentric[citation needed] where it is presumed that the partners involved are a married heterosexual couple and that it is the male who is in control of the sexual activities.
A rainbow party is an urban legend spread from the early 2000s. At these events, allegedly increasingly popular among adolescents, females wearing various shades of lipstick take turns fellating males in sequence, leaving multiple colours on their penises.[19] Rainbow parties were covered on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2003, and became the subject of a juvenile novel called Rainbow Party.[19] On May 27, 2010 the television program The Doctors discussed the topic with dozens of teens, parents, and professionals. However, sex researchers and adolescent health care professionals have found no evidence for the existence of rainbow parties, and as such attribute the spread of the stories to a moral panic.[19]
Sensational media reports about the prevalence of sex parties, especially among young people, appear with some regularity. In the early 1950s, for example, it was reported that teenage girls, mainly throughout the Southern and Midwestern United States were forming "non virgin clubs," in which they organized and held sex orgies with reports of couples being paired off by drawing numbers from a hat. These claims were investigated and debunked.[20][21][22][23]
Several stories of this type arose in the US in 2003. In New York, rumors began that teens had been taking days off from school to attend "hooky parties" while their parents were at work. One school even suspended a group of girls for allegedly skipping school to attend such a party. They were refused the right to return to school until each had submitted to a medical examination for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy and school officials were allowed to examine the results. The New York Civil Liberties Union filed a federal lawsuit against the school [24] on behalf of the girls and won a settlement which included monetary damages and a change in the school district's policy.[25]
Similar stories concerning teenagers using gel bracelets as coupons or signals for sex also arose at the time, with similar lack of corroborating evidence.[26]


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Encore Club holds Fabulous Fifties PartyThursday, May 15th, 2014 Issue 20, Volume 18.
The luncheon event was held at the Fallbrook Methodist Church, with a variety of dishes provided by Encore members â from Coca-Cola to cupcakes. Everything was reminiscent of the 1950s theme so it was not fancy, just frolicking fun. The Encore Club parties will wind down for the season with the upcoming Gathering "Garden Party" to be held in the evening of June 7 at the Bonsall home of a member, followed by the "End of Year Party," scheduled for June 14 at the Valley Fort Steakhouse. Both of these parties are expected to include the gentlemen. Prizes will be awarded for the finest hat â prettiest, most humorous, or most creative. New members are encouraged to join the fun; questions may be directed at Pauline Ferris, membership chair, at (760) 728-1842. 0 comments Be the first to share your opinion on this article!
The Fallbrook Village News has tightened its' policy regarding comments. While we invite you to contribute your opinions and thoughts, we request that you refrain from using vulgar or obscene words and post only comments that directly pertain to the specific topic of the story or article. Comments that are derogatory in nature have a high likelihood for editing or non-approval if they carry the possibility of being libelous. The comment system is not intended as a forum for individuals or groups to air personal grievances against other individuals or groups. Please, no advertising or trolling. In posting a comment for consideration, users understand that their posts may be edited as necessary to meet system parameters, or the post may not be approved at all. By submitting a comment, you agree to all the rules and guidelines described here. Most comments are approved or disregarded within one business day. |
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FAU Students Stage Protest Over GEO Naming Rights (UPDATED)
Last week, we told you about how Florida Atlantic University sold the naming rights for its football stadium to the GEO Group -- a company that not only happens to be one of the world's largest for-profit operators of detention centers, prisons, and correctional facilities but also has a long trail of human rights abuse and an even shadier history of trying to cover it all up.
(They're on to us. Quick! Delete our Wikipedia page!)
See also:
- FAU's Football Stadium Sponsored by Prison
- FAU Is a $6 Million Whore
As a result of this, around 100 protesters marched to Florida Atlantic University President Mary Jane Saunders' office Monday afternoon to stage a sit-in.
Update: Saunders spoke briefly to the protesters in the lobby of her office. She says she plans to hold a Q&A session on Friday at noon on campus.
The protesters wanted to speak with Saunders personally when they arrived, but their efforts to enter her office had been no dice. She eventually came out.
According to the Palm Beach Post, around 40 or so protesters broke off from the hundred to negotiate with university officials to gain access into Saunders' office. Ironically, Saunders was imprisoned in her own office with six security guards standing guard outside the door.
A couple of the protesters managed to walk into her office and asked her to address the crowd and the issue, but she refused. When she eventually did come out, the protesters asked if she would meet their demands. Saunders told them she would answer their questions at the Q & A Friday.
Students stage sit-in outside FAU president's office. (photo via @DiplomatEsq) |
The protesters are demanding that FAU give the $6 million it received back to GEO for the right to name the stadium for the next 12 years.
Meanwhile, ACLU of Florida attorney Julie Ebenstein joined in the protest, which was organized over the weekend, to fight back against the university's letting a company with a long history of human-rights abuses place its name on the football stadium.
"By allowing GEO Group to use the university as a prop in a campaign to whitewash their record, FAU is participating in an effort to desensitize Floridians to the horrors within the prisons-for-profit industry," Ebenstein said. "No glowing logo on the side of a stadium can stamp out the shameful record of neglect and mistreatment at GEO Group facilities. FAU's willingness to portray GEO as just another good corporate citizen may ultimately smooth the path for a further expansion of prisons-for-profit in Florida, when evidence shows that handing control of our prisons to private corporations harms our communities and neglects true criminal justice reform."
For its part, GEO Vice President for Corporate Affairs Pablo E. Paez responded to the protest and the allegations, calling the accusations lies and telling everyone how GEO donates a lot of money, so people should lay off.
Among the things Paez says:
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There's a dance tonight. Ooooooooh. I'm sorta really excited. Since Junior said she'd do my makeup and all. So I might not look like a ten-year-old. Wouldn't that be nice.
Apparently Sophomore's crushing on Creeper (this freshman boy who stalked me for a couple weeks at the beginning of the year, hence the name). And he'd go for her, too, he's desperate. Fuck life. Well, with any luck, he spontaneously combusts. But that's probably not going to happen.
E's having a hard time of it right now. I feel so bad, but I just don't know how to handle it. He knows I don't like guys, and he gets that it's never going to happen. I just wish I could like him. Everything would be so much easier.
21 days until Thanksgiving break.


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Mayor Joe Bruno To Name Lt. John DiPasquale Acting Chief
Tuesday, August 5, 2014 • 4:16pm
BERKELEY HEIGHTS, NJ - Today, by Executive Order, Mayor Joseph G. Bruno is naming Lt. John DiPasquale to be the Acting Chief of the Berkeley Heights Police Department. Lieutenant DiPasquale is a 16 year veteran of the Berkeley Heights Police Department. He has served in various assignments within the department and with the County. Bruno said, "We look forward to John's leadership and ideas to move the department forward and wish him much success."


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Summary | Opening (45 comments) | Rebuttal (43 comments) | Closing (12 comments) | Post-debate |
20Tuesday August | 23Friday August | 28Wednesday August | 30Friday August | |
Latest updates | Statements | Statements | Statements | Decision |
Rebuttal statements
Kishore Mahbubani is clearly right that by now no one can "doubt the ability of Chinese and Indians to perform normally".
Today, we seem to be heading into another perfect economic storm for many emerging markets.
As the debate opens a critical point of disagreement emerges: just what is the "natural" state of a particular economy? Ruchir Sharma argues it is no accident that so many economies have fallen behind a handful of rich countries in North America, Europe and Asia. Sustaining rapid growth requires a country to be vigilant, nurturing expansion with appropriate reforms and investments. Catch-up to the leaders is difficult to achieve, and only a handful of economies can expect to be on the path to it at any given time. The recent period of broad-based catch-up was the anomaly, in his view, and the world should soon return to the natural pattern.
Kishore Mahbubani, by contrast, argues that catch-up is the natural way of things. It took quite a lot of bad policy in China and India to hold growth in those countries so far below the leaders, he points out. The past decade or so looks like evidence that even a slight relaxation in burdensome policy can leave a poor economy free to begin adopting better production methods and technologies. What's more, he suggests, this growth can feed on itself, leading to more educational attainment and higher expectations.
It might be possible to characterise the big question even more simply: does reform beget reform, or does the path to liberalisation only get harder as the least politically divisive reforms are exhausted? Since both debaters seem to agree that the political decisions made in coming years will prove decisive, it would be useful to dig deeper into their views of what drives reform. Mr Mahbubani seems to hint that a brief slowdown is all it will take to shake leaders out of complacency, given the new, popular taste for rapid growth. Mr Sharma, by contrast, appears to argue that quality leadership pops up fitfully and unpredictably. I'd like to hear more on this: just how good does a government have to be to encourage rapid growth, and have emerging markets become more likely to enjoy good governance in recent years or haven't they?
Turning to the comments, many in the audience make the important point that grouping countries together into "BRICs" or even "emerging markets" ignores the huge variety in policies and potential across the global economy. As "Daffy Duck" puts it: "I am not a big fan of the term BRICs. How can you compare Brazil (low savings, not enough investments in infrastructure, cannot export because its industries are not able to make competitive products) and China (totally the opposite)? It makes no sense to me."
lularapio makes another interesting point, that catch-up growth (or the lack thereof) is rooted in some very physical, geographical features of the global economy: "[T]he fact that it costs more to move a container a few miles uphill from the port of Santos to the city of Sao Paulo than to transport the same container thousands of miles from China to Santos illustrates how little Brazil and China have in common besides sharing a marketing acronym. China likely will succeed following the Singaporean model while Brazil already squandered the opportunity provided by China's growth and is running out of funds to invest in socio economic development."
Growth is about physical links with the world as much as internal regulations, and the outlook for future catch-up may hinge on how successful poorer economies are at forging those links through sensible investment.
Over now to our debaters. Do keep the comments—and votes—coming.
Kishore Mahbubani is clearly right that by now no one can "doubt the ability of Chinese and Indians to perform normally". Indeed, no credible person has argued that cultural weaknesses are retarding the development of India or China since the dark days of Indira Gandhi and Mao Zedong. Back then, in the 1970s, these economies were so dysfunctional it was possible to argue that the societies themselves looked hopeless. Then along came new leaders with a reformist streak, and suddenly those imagined cultural defects were swept away.
So let's bring the debate into the here and now, to what is likely to happen next. Yes, as Mr Mahbubani points out, China is still posting an official growth rate above 7%, but after five years of rapid increases in the national debt, a clear red flag has been raised for its future growth prospects. China has experienced one of the most explosives spikes in debt the world has ever seen, and there is no way it can dodge the consequences: either slower growth or an outright crisis. It is also true that India is still growing at 5%, but with the rupee falling—due in large part to the worst government deficit and one of the worst current-account deficits in the emerging world—it is likely that it will finish the year with growth below 5%. This is a disappointing outcome for a country with a per-head income level of just $1,500.
Neither China nor India can take much comfort from the greatness of their economies from the year zero to 1820. Distant past performance is no guarantee of future results, and the future that matters to practical political and business leaders is the next five to ten years, maximum. Beyond that, the turn of the business cycle can give rise to new technologies, new competitors, new leaders, any of which can completely change the field of competition. In the 1970s, no one foresaw the coming of China, or the internet. This is how economic cycles unfold. The dominant players of one decade rarely dominate in the next.
There is no hidden wish here for China or India to falter. If anything, this is a call to vigilance, a reminder to leaders that growth is difficult to achieve, and harder to sustain. Once the good times are rolling, leaders grow complacent, leading to a crisis, which forces the leaders to reform. This pattern of boom-complacency-crisis-reform is the normal cycle of political life in emerging nations. A country like Brazil has run through the cycle repeatedly in recent decades, with the result that it is standing in place. And Brazil is the norm. A country like Singapore, which did indeed break the cycle and catch up to the average income of its colonial master, is the rare exception.
It is encouraging that most Asians today "see no reason why they too cannot succeed", but this perspective seems a bit defensive, caught up in past slights. This is shaping up as a tough decade for global competition, with the world economy slowing under the burden of debts accumulated in the last decade. In this environment every nation, East and West, needs to go on the offensive, to see the many reasons to push for change and reform.
Unfortunately, the normal cycle gripped India, where a complacent leadership failed to execute fully on reforms that would have helped keep its external account in balance, and perhaps held off the current currency crisis. It is important to understand growth in context, because poorer nations should be able to grow faster from their low-income base. For a nation like India with average per-head income of just $1,500, double-digit growth is still possible, and the slide to less than 5% feels recessionary.
China is at a crossroads, too. Under Deng Xiaoping and his chosen successors, China defied complacency and reformed through good times and bad, but now its direction is not so clear. Yes, the new leaders have shown they understand the limits of the old export growth model, but Mr Mahbubani may be too quick to conclude that they have the wisdom to accept slower growth. After the global crisis of 2008, the government pulled out the stops to keep growth alive in China, unleashing the credit boom that now threatens future growth. Recently, key members of the new leadership have said they will not tolerate growth slipping below the "floor" of 7% this year. This is dangerous, because the effort to stimulate artificially high growth and the desire to eliminate normal business cycles could lead to even bigger problems down the road. The "potential" growth rate of China could now well be below the 7% target, given its higher per-head income and the fading demographic dividend.
Mr Mahbubani is spot on when he says emerging nations can return to high growth. He is on less firm ground in suggesting that "of course" many or even all of these economies "will" return to high growth. The question is, when? If success means staying on the Singapore path and catching up with the West, it is clear that no nation is somehow fated to succeed, no matter where it is located, much as we all like to imagine that our country is surely one of the chosen ones. Today just 35 nations are developed, and the rest have been emerging for many decades, without reaching the developed ranks. Under strong leaders with a consistent will to reform, they can break through, but the winners will be few.
The great advantage of growing old is that everything is déjà vu.
I have lived through many moments of darkness and despair. When Singapore was expelled from Malaysia in 1965, everyone said Singapore was doomed. Instead, Singapore thrived. In 1975, when Indochina fell to the communists, the ASEAN countries were dismissed as dominoes. Instead, communist Indochina joined ASEAN. In 1998, at the height of the Asian financial crisis, we were told that the Asian miracle story was over. Instead, all the affected Asian economies bounced back.
Today, we seem to be heading into another perfect economic storm for many emerging markets. The sudden withdrawal of quantitative easing by the American Federal Reserve, the slowdown of consumer spending in Europe and America, the slow growth in China, the collapse of commodity prices, the political stagnation in India are all whipping up a major storm. Many emerging economies will stumble, including India and Indonesia, Brazil and South Africa. Will all this lead to, as suggested by Ruchir Sharma, the end of the "last decade's popular theory of the 'convergence' of the rich and poor"?
The record of the Asian economies shows that the opposite is true. Each crisis has served only to revitalise their economies. Indeed, a country like India needs a crisis to jump-start its reforms. It was only the massive foreign-exchange crisis in 1991 that spurred Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh to launch their painful reforms. After a few years of rapid growth, India's leaders became complacent again. This is why, if the rupee collapses to between 70 and 80 to the dollar, as it may well do in the coming weeks and months, this could be the best thing that could happen to India. It would finally force the hands of Indian economic planners and leave them with no choice but to remove many of the regulatory restrictions that have curbed India's growth. The decision to finally allow foreign direct investment in the retail sector is one such example. As Raghuram Rajan takes over the helm of the Reserve Bank of India on September 1st 2013, few doubt that he will be a major force pushing for more reforms. The current crisis would strengthen the hands of reformers like him. Do remember one simple fact: India has a lot of room to grow. Since 1970, South Korea's per-head income has increased 81-fold, Singapore's 56-fold and China's 54-fold; India's has increased only 13-fold.
And it can keep growing even without a perfect government. Just look at Thailand. It has suffered serious political turbulence for several decades. But its economy keeps growing. It enjoys full employment and imports labour from neighbouring countries. And guess which city in the world will attract the largest number of tourists in 2013? Will it be New York, London or Paris? The correct answer is Bangkok. That Bangkok can do this while experiencing political turbulence shows that the underlying momentum towards "convergence" has not slowed down.
Indeed, the big question over the next two or three decades is not whether emerging markets will continue emerging. They will. The big question is whether the "developed" countries will begin to "submerge". If countries like Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy continue to have youth unemployment of 30-55%, this could lead to severe long-term despair. Italy's economy is still 13% smaller than it was in 2008, while Portugal's is 16% smaller, Spain's is 20% smaller and Greece's is 27% smaller. The world will then no longer be divided between developed and emerging economies. The division will be between emerging and submerging economies. It is a modern Western myth that once you become developed you stay developed.
The big lesson that all countries need to learn from the recent turbulence is that no country, developed or developing, can rest on its laurels. Every country needs to keep reforming and reinventing itself. Few countries can match Singapore's record in surfing the recent tsunami of globalisation. Yet even Singapore is under pressure to reinvent itself to deal with new competition.
Mr Sharma is right in suggesting that "new stars" will emerge, like the Philippines, Nigeria and even Mexico. They will in turn inspire others to follow suit. The real big change in the world is a "convergence" of perspectives among the elites that run most of the major economies. They no longer have any doubts about what it takes to generate rapid economic growth. Politics always get in the way. This is why the current crisis will help. In normal times, politics trumps economics. In crises, economics trumps politics.
And, finally, demographics do matter! The West provides only 12% of the world's population, and many of its societies are ageing rapidly. There are no new growth markets here. By contrast, the countries that make up the 88% of the world outside the West have huge, hungry populations. India is currently in a demographic sweet spot. The average age of its population is 28. India's "demographic dividend" could add 2 percentage points to its annual growth rate over the next 20 years, according to IMF estimates. Many still aspire to achieve middle-class status. And many will. A recent OECD paper predicts that the global middle-class population will grow from 1.8 billion today to 3.2 billion in 2020 and 4.9 billion by 2030. Most of these new middle classes will come from the "developing" world. The great "convergence" has not stopped; it has only just begun.
Comments from the floor
c r williams wrote:
Congratulations to the Affirmative side; a well put case that stayed on song throughout and provided little opportunity for the Negatives to land telling blows.
'An optimist might argue, as Mr Mahbubani does, that the economic policy evolution has come sufficiently far that new setbacks mean only new lessons learned and new motivation for reform.'
Mahbubani remained the eternal optimist throughout. Unfortunately, new setbacks can be terminal for a BRICS perspective on their alliance's policy evolution. Mahbubani's Singapore story was self-defeating, because the BRICS five couldn't aspire to that city's level of development.
The argument drifted to any Emerging Economies throughout the discussion, with aspirational countries such as Indonesia, Mexico and Philippines seeking admission to the fold. I figure this was driven more by finance/equity types who access their EE portfolios on a daily basis, rather than the few who indicated an understanding of the BRICS phenomena.
The message, therefore, is that the five BRICS countries need to tell their story of the current era, and demonstrate their belief in their own resilience and longevity. Until this is done, the BRICS story remains unconvincing.
c r williams wrote:
Most of the comments view these particular countries as the 'lowest hanging fruit' to be picked ripe before they drop to the ground. I am surprised my earlier comment was overlooked about this particular collection of countries being something special, comprising an economic alliance, stronger and more powerful than the combined strength and power of the five individual countries.
Undeterred, I elaborate now the timeframe over which this will become self-evident. Firstly, the alliance's feasibility was established in January 2013 in Johannesburg. They are now in the institution-building phase which I see requiring 2-3 years. The final phase is deployment of this alternative economic model, which needs to be completed by 2022, being expiration of the planned tenure of China's President Xi Jinping.
The current institution-building phase is well underway, but will in part be determined by external factors. The alliance currently experiences headwinds from exiting 'hot money', seeking higher higher financial returns/lower risk elsewhere.
In the cycle of financial crises most commendably exposed by author Naomi Klein, the maximum absence of hot money from BRICS reinvestment will be 5-6 years (the gap between the Tech boom and the Sub-prime crisis), although I expect it earlier. In this 2-3 year period, one of the five BRICS economies needs to stabilise its economic fundamentals, to assist China in steering the BRICS development bank. Candidates for this partnering role include:
Russia - if energy revenues increase as a result of Middle East instability and/or reserve discoveries in the Arctic
Brazil - if alliance partners pursue a competitive, social safety net to counter rising unemployment (South Africa), wealth/ income inequalities (China/ India), or expanding/ strengthening civil society (Russia/ China)
South Africa - if aid/ development investment continues apace on the African continent, as currently evidenced by competition between Japan, China and others. South Africa's strength is particularly attractive to establishing the overseas renminbi as an alternative, global reserve currency.
They are a select group of countries, brought together by serendipity, and currently embarking on an experiment of global proportions.
the maverick wrote:
Dear Sir,
It is a mistake, first of all, to lump the so-called BRICs together. China is now a middle-income country (by GDP/capita) while Russia and Brazil have both long been medium/upper-medium income countries. Russia was a global superpower until not too long ago. For these countries the period of fastest growth has passed.
India, however, is still one of the poorest countries in the world and should not be lumped in with the other 3. There is much potential for growth still in India.
EM will continue to drive global growth but the sources of growth will shift to the least developed/Frontier countries incl. India, sub-saharan Africa etc.
Akash S wrote:
Dear Sir,
I don't think the best years have passed, be it BRICS or other emerging blocks. However, I feel happy at the fact that certain bubbles have been bursted, the bubbles of blind faith, complacency and hoopla built around the BRICS and not just by the inhouse leaders and people in BRICS, also the hysteria built by the rich world.
The last decade saw a lot of things essentially wrong with the world and humans in particular. This is what I call the "Anna Kournikova" effect. You start out with something, get celebrate and in the celebration miss out on the core competence and become something else . The same happened with the BRICS. The decade from 2000-10, saw people focus and cherish the rosy parts, too happy and overjoyed with the economic indicators that painted a sweet picture. So much so that non-BRICS countries were celebrating and making victory laps sending in money by the truckloads. So what happened after? You suddenly realise that people had missed out on the "Terms and Conditions" apply part entirely when judging the reports, estimates and forecasts. And then people did what they do best. Do a u-turn and drum up the pessimistic parts for a change .
I believe that Human instincts precede economics. And its human hunger that fires up an economy. Politics can delay it, but not erase the hunger. This is why I am still confident that the fires will light up again.
ParksDept wrote:
Dear Sir,
If people think the end of cheap money will hurt the US, it will be magnified in the emerging economies. The hot money flowed in searching for yields, but as rates finally rise in the US this money will reverse its flow. The Fed-enhanced emerging market currencies will become inflationary, requiring increased interest rates to combat the inevitable inflation. This will depress borrowing, decreasing demand, and will expose the billions in bad loans, especially visible in state owned enterprises.
Mahesh Sriram wrote:
Dear Sir,
Growth and development of Emerging Economies will be sustained because they behold majority of the 5.20 billion people earning less that 10 $ a day. Like rich people, middle class and poor people too aspire for better life and a secured future. Many of yesteryears luxuries have become todays necessities and therefore lower middle and poor people aspire for necessities like healthcare, transport, housing, food and education at an affordable price point. Mobile phone and micro finance companies in India have proven that doing business with middle class and poor people is indeed a profitable proposition. When TELCO's can make profits for share holders and transform lives of poor people at the same time, there is no excuse why health care and housing sector cannot do it. On the flip side, given that the world is flat, global security scenario will worsen if development opportunities evades economically weaker sections.
Succeeding in emerging economies is about transforming the world into a prosperous, cleaner, greener and a fairer place for future generations. Leadership challenge is to participate in emerging economies and build lasting share holder value through Inclusive and Sustainable development.
On the other hand matured markets are saturated and burdened by aging population. Prices have peaked and growth can only come from volumes. Emerging economies will dominate in the long run because are the source for consumers, production, talent and innovation.
guest-lljomio wrote:
Dear Sir,I think both R.S. & K.M. agree more than disagree with each other, especially in the short term. Both agree that emerging markets will slowdown now and neither says that will be a permanent slump. What I understand where they disagree is long term outlook of DM-EM convergence, which frankly nobody can predict with great degree of certainty. If U.S. the most developed of the developedS can fall into a recessionary trap atleast once every decade then why EMs would not. And even the perma bears are less gloomy about EMs today than they were about US and Europe in 2008. Also, I don't think even R.S would insist that India/China/Indonesia are any weaker than they were in the crisis of 90s. Global economy may not be a zero sum game and that may tell us that EM would be even stronger by the time of next crises somewhere in 2020s!!
Harsh Dhul wrote:
Dear Sir, wouldn't you agree that over the number of years due to inflation, high demand for labors etc average wage rates in these countries have increased? This increase in wages has reduced the average wage between the developed countries and the emerging countries, and hence making these emerging countries less lucrative for new businesses.
globalen wrote:
Dear Sir, What prompted this debate is the rise of interest rates in the U.S. Although painful, that is a short-term phenomenon and will have short term consequences similar to all previous currency devaluations. However, not much has changed in the fundamentals for long-term growth for the emerging economies? Why start doubting long-term growth because U.S. interest rates are on the rise? The emerging markets still have much room to grow, at different rates for different countries depending on the ability/desire of their leadership to remove obstacles to business. There are too many people who want higher income in these countries for growth to slow down, yet.
ThomasSC wrote:
Dear Sir, I suggest that the rise in emerging-markets has not ceased growth, but instead has hit a rough patch. Like all economies they will eventually pick up and grow, but with an ever more modest growth-rate than the average and developed nations. Their governments will decide on stronger pro-business outlook that increases foreign investments, infrastructure, jobs, private enterprises, and the quality of life. Their central planning and legal system will eventually encourage more businesses and entrepreneurs.
It is also wrong to say these economies will grow simultaneously or rapidly within the next decade or century. There is still a vast amount of opportunity in each market that can create a faster period of growth than the previous. We just have to wait for the right time.
Thank you.
Economic Geographer wrote:
Dear Sir,
For me the question presents certain ambiguities in its phrasing. Nevertheless, the shear population size/market potential and the persistent yet flexible forces of growth, it appears that most of BRIC countries' emerging-market growth lies ahead of us.
UcfTn3jTYC wrote:
Dear Sir,
Turning attention to the BRIC's for short term relief caused by slowing economies in the USA and Europe is not a long term growth strategy.
The result is that distribution channels are filled up and local prices are reduced, making it difficult for local economies to fight back and be productive.
Short term re-routing of sales from traditional channels will result in short term slow-down in the BRIC's to allow time to deal with the overflow of merchandise in the BRIC markets.
BVB09 wrote:
Dear Sir, all the upward GDP curves in modern history show little dents, whether it is the emerging countries or previously the developed countries during the decades after WW2. The question is rather the grade of market saturation, i.e. how many TV sets per household, how many cars per household, how many Smartphones per household, how much expenditure on tourism per capita p.a., etc. etc. And here we see that the "hunger" for products and services is far from over, it is only beginning!
Waltmann wrote:
Dear Sir,
In the case of Brazil, perhaps India, the boom years were a lost opportunity to define the future. Infrastructure, financial, infrastructural issues have not been faced; thus, in the down-turn, Brazil finds itself with little maneuverability and an uncertain future .
lularapio wrote:
Dear Sir,
Higher costs to move a container uphill from Santos to Sao Paulo than to move from China to Santos is a clear example of Brazilian incompetence trumping geography, with inadequacy of Brazilian physical and administrative infrastructure, taxation and other barriers constituting the infamous "custo Brasil". Brazilian politicians from Lula and Dilma down, talk the talk but do not walk the walk. Incomplete works and overinflated costs are the norm, such as the transposition of Sao Francisco river or the railroad without rails. 2014 World cup? Rio's already congested airport will not have expansion until at least 2020. Because nothing happens when incompetence is blatant and funds are squandered, likely, this sorry state of affairs will continue without any change in sight.
Tony4675 wrote:
Dear Sir, The best is yet to come! "I hope to stand firm enough not to go backwards, and yet not go fast enough to wreck the country's cause" Abraham Lincoln. I read these comments and sense no hope. The world is not yet flat, but one day will be. I think we forget how much influence one person can have (including YOU!)
Laney Parks wrote:
Dear Sir,
I agree with Mr. Mahbunani's argument , because his overall claim that complacency spurs crisis,which then spurs reforms that can lead to positive growth is sound. Furthermore, I appreciate the fact that Mr. Mahbunani used several concrete evidence to prove his point . Those interested in Economics are very much aware of said evidence. Mr. Sharma's argument on the other hand, although compelling, relies too often on theories ( geography ) on what helps certain countries develop compared to others.
haripolit wrote:
Dear Sir,
Ι voted NO. In terms of the annual rate China will slow down but the absolute gains will be bigger. Russia and India will more or less continue at the current rates, Brazil and Africa can know much faster growth with rapid urbanisation and electrification.
Hari Politopoulos
RBVrobertoblum wrote:
Dear Sir,
Economic growth depends on multiple factors, some immutable in the short or medium term such as geography, natural resources stocks and demography, while others can be changed quite rapidly such as institutions, the rules and regulations that create pro or against growth incentives, while some others such as culture, class structure and ideology are more difficult to manage and change.
How these multiple factors are combined to produce a successful mix is what I believe depends on the politics and policies each society can and will develop.
I believe that most developing countries, including the BRIC´s will not be able to catch the rich countries since there are some specific windows of opportunity that were not taken advantage of.


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Procurement Officer Job at the Federal Department of Rural Development (FDRD) Nigeria 2014
Company Profile:
Federal Department of Rural Development (FDRD) – The Federal Government of Nigeria has secured a credit from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) for the implementation of Value Chain Development Programme (VCDP).
The VCDP will address the constraints along the cassava and rice Value Chains in Anambra, Ebonyi, Benue, Taraba, Niger and Ogun
States. The programme comprises three complementary and mutually reinforcing components viz: Agricultural Market Development; Smallholder Productivity Enhancement: and Programme Coordination and Management.
The specific objective of the Programme is to enhance on a sustainable basis, the incomes and food security of poor rural households engaged in production, processing and marketing of rice and cassava in the participating states.
For effective programme take-off, the FMARD is constituting a National Programme Management Unit (NPMU) at the Programme Headquarters in Abuja. Consequently, part of the proceeds of the VCDP credit will be applied to engage the services of the following officer at the Programme Headquarters, Abuja.
We are recruiting to fill the position of:
Position: Procurement Officer (PO)
Location: Abuja
- University Degree in Civil Engineering or equivalent qualification. Masters degree will bean added advantage
- Minimum of 7 years of relevant post qualification experience in donor supported programmes.
- Strong background and experience in successfully carrying out procurement using similar procedures, methods, specifications
- etc.
- Knowledge (at least 6 years) of internationally accepted 'best practice' systems, the Nigerian Procurement Laws and guidelines and experiences in working with donor funded projects.
- Good writing skills and good computer skills required
- Ability of team spirit, good interpersonal and conflict management skills
- Integrity and confidentiality.
- Interpersonal and time management skills.
Primary Duties
- The Procurement Officer will be responsible for the management of Programme procurement activities as part of Programme
Implementation arrangements, in accordance with relevant National and IFAD Procurement Guidelines, building capacities of other Programme Implementing Partners.
Specific Duties:
- Undertake procurement activity as per the draft Procurement Plan which provides the estimated cost s and the basis for the
procurement methods for each procurement item under the programme. - Prepare technical specifications for procurement of goods, works and services.
- Prepare bidding documents, tender notices, and invitations for bids.
- Receive, open and evaluate bids, as well as finalize contracts.
- Administer contracts to ensure compliance with the contract conditions, payment terms.
- Maintain all the records relating to procurement.
- Maintain a separate record relating to complaints and their redressal.
- Update periodically the Procurement Plan in agreement with the Programme team to reflect the actual programme implementation needs and improvements in institutional capacity.
- Ensure implementation of agreed procurement arrangements.
- Prepare procurement implementation reports in accordance with reporting requirements of IFAD and the government for both
- the NPMU and consolidated reports for the entire programme.
- Providing guidance and supervision for the state, the beneficiaries and service providers.
- Ensuring that the procurement capacity of state, beneficiaries and service providers is developed.
Terms of Appointment:
- Two year contract, subject to renewal for a maximum of 6 years, based on performance.
Method of Application
Interested and qualified candidates should send their applications to:
The Director,
Federal Department of Rural Development
No. 30 127, Algiers Street,
Beside PDP National Secretariat,
Wuse Zone 5, Abuja, FCT.
18th February, 2014.
- This position is open to serving public officers as well as other interested candidates.
- Only short-listed candidates will be contacted. All applications must bear the positions applied for, on the top right hand side of the envelopes.


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Cutting Edge Theatre
Mayra Vetrano
This listing has expired.
Cutting Edge Theatre
Mayra Vetrano
Production Description
In the early 1970's, a woman ELVEE TULSA, a singer from New Orleans is conned by a man, DAKOTA RAYE who promises her stardom beyond her wildest dreams in New York City. Instead of bringing her to the lights of Broadway, he takes her to the streets of Palisades New Jersey. He strips her or everything she was and leads her into a life of drugs, stripping and prostitution.
Casting Details can be found at www.johnpallotta.com (under casting)
Rehearsal and Production Dates & Locations
January Reading Dramatist Guild 2 - 3 rehearsals - Reading The Dramatist Guild
Compensation & Union Contract Details


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1980-1997 Ford F-250+
General information for all F-250, F-350, and F-Super Duty:
You will need to cut holes on your radiator support and also trim the back of your 80-91 grille to allow the intercooler to be installed. Some adjustment on your firewall and passenger side toe board with a large hammer to make some more room for the valve covers and exhaust is also necessary. This is explained in greater detail in our installation manual.
Diesel radiators are recommended for extra cooling capacity if your truck currently has a gas engine. Radiators that have X braces in between the radiator and the engine or any that are wider than 31" don't work well in the conversion. You may consider swapping in a 96-97 Power Stroke® radiator with the remote fill tank. These radiators have the hose connections on the same side as the Dodge® radiators making them easier to connect to the Cummins® engine. Diesel and Gas truck radiator supports are different so if you plan to change radiators plan to change the core support as well. If you have a 92-97 style Ford use the radiator and core support from a 92-97 Ford® that had 7.3 Power Stroke or non- Power Stroke diesel (with a 31" wide radiator). If you have an 80-92 style Ford, use the radiator and core support that held a 31" wide radiator from an 84-92 Ford with a 6.9 or 7.3 diesel if you don't have it already.
If you have a 91-93 Dodge radiator and intercooler, they have been used before by fabricating mounting brackets.
Usually the 12 or 24 valve Cummins is the engine chosen for the new power plant in these trucks. A few guys have installed a 03 or newer common rail engine. These require a bit more work because the power steering reservoir on the Cummins will hit the steering box and the ECM must be relocated for engine mounting. The 03 Dodge radiator and intercooler work best as well.
Generally, gear ratios that are lower (numerically higher) than 4:10 are too low for the Cummins engine, especially if you don't have an overdrive transmission. This will limit your top speed and dramatically increase your fuel consumption unless you plan to use some taller tires.
Wiring instructions for 12 or 24 valve engines are sent out with your parts for the specific year of your truck. If you would rather have us do the wiring for you we do offer you modification services for your original Ford engine wire harness.
Check out our Cummins Engine Information article for lots of good information on the Cummins engines as they pertain to conversions!
Transmission information
C-6: We make adapter plates for the 460 or 6.9 diesel C-6. The small block "M" or 400 bolt pattern will also bolt up to a 460 pattern, but requires extra grinding and cutting (using one of these transmissions is not recommended, but it is possible. We recommend a transmission swap for most older gas powered trucks). If your truck has 3.55 or higher gears you may be happy with keeping this transmission, even though a lock up torque converter and an overdrive is very beneficial with a diesel engine. One of the benefits of using this transmission is that it is completely non-electronic so an aftermarket transmission controller is not needed. The trade off is that you will probably need to rework the governor, and/or valve body. You will also have to either use an adjustable vacuum modulator delete plug or a throttle vacuum valve, which controls the vacuum modulator. These parts control transmission line pressure and shift points, which will need to be different because the Cummins engine has a much lower rpm limit. Currently you are required to grind away some material in the starter pocket to allow for the Cummins starter; you will end up with a small hole in the bellhousing of the transmission. We have not heard of any adverse effects from this, except your transmission will probably not be a good core if you ever want to trade it in for a rebuild.
E40D (also 99-02 7.3 4R100) - Unless it's a Bronco or a F-150, this is what your truck has now if it is a 4 speed automatic. If you are planning on doing a lot of heavy pulling or adding a lot of performance upgrades to your Cummins you may want to have your transmission beefed up with aftermarket parts, and get an aftermarket torque converter.
We have two styles of adapter plates available for the diesel version of the E4OD/4R100. If you buy yourself a Ford 6.0 diesel starter, you can use the adapter plate that does not require any grinding of the transmission (12 or 24 valve engines only at this time). This adapter plate uses the stock Dodge Cummins flexplate and a torque converter adapter. The plate has to be tilted just 2 ½ degrees to accommodate the starter without any significant grinding to the transmission or starter.
If you have a Cummins starter already, or a Common Rail Cummins, and don't mind grinding, you can use the Cummins starter. You will need to remove enough material just above the starter pocket in the bellhousing that you will end up with a hole in the side of the transmission. We have done this many times and have not had any adverse effects. Although it is not common, one E4OD 460 customer reported that he had to do the extra grinding required with the small block "M" or 400 bolt pattern transmission, so if you are using a Cummins starter with your conversion be prepared for this possibility.
We recommend that you have performance upgrades done to this transmission if you will be doing heavy towing or making performance upgrades to the Cummins engine.
Transmission control- Although we do not recommend it, some early E40D's that were behind a non-powerstroke engine do not absolutely require an aftermarket transmission controller. However, do not expect the transmission to shift in the optimum torque range of the Cummins since the Cummins makes its power at a much lower rpm than the 7.3. It also is required for you to make a bracket to mount your original Ford throttle position sensor to the Cummins throttle lever. We do not provide such a bracket. There have been more than a few guys try this option and had not so great results. A few have even burned up their transmission.
We offer two styles of transmission controllers for these transmissions- Please refer to the Automatic Transmission Controller article for more information.
The 99-02 7.3 4R100 is a bolt in alternative to any E4OD with the correct adapter, and these are a better choice if you are swapping in a 4 speed auto in place of a C-6 or manual trans as they have a speed sensor in the tail shaft housing (the E4OD does not). This allows you to use a transmission controller without having to get a speed signal off the rear axle. These transmissions will work with your older transfer case.
5R110- If you want a reliable automatic transmission in your older truck that will handle the power of the Cummins as is you may want to consider the 5R110. These are a 5 speed that come behind the 6.0l Fords. These transmissions are practically a bolt in replacement for the E40D/4R100 (with the 5R110's transfer case and appropriate Fordcummins adapter plate). While the E40D/4R100 transmissions can be beefed up to handle the power, the 5R110 can handle it as is. If you can find a good used 5R110 and transfer case cheaper than a performance build for your existing tranny it may make more sense to use the 5R110. If you are having a trans built a 4R100 may be the best choice for you.
See our Cummins to Ford 5R110 Torqshift article for more information about the 5R110.
Ford Manual Transmissions
Ford 5 speed- we make adapter plates for these transmissions as long as they were behind a 7.3 diesel or a 460 big block. We make two styles of adapter plates for the 7.3 diesel version. The Ford 6.0 diesel starter version which doesn't require any grinding of your transmission or starter. If you would prefer to use the Cummins starter you may already have, we offer adapter plates that use those starters- although they require you to grind your transmission bellhousing. This transmission was introduced in 1987. It is rated for 420 ft.lb of torque. 95 and newer transmissions are rated for 470 ft/lbs of torque.
Ford 6 speed- Although this transmission did not come as original equipment in these years it can be used in these trucks as we make adapters for the 7.3 and 6.0 diesel six speeds. We do not currently make an adapter to the V10 6 speed. Ford started using this transmission in '99. If you plan use your truck for heavy trailer pulling, you may want to consider swapping in one of these transmissions as they are rated for 520 ft/lbs of torque, and the extra gear is nice as well. We have transplanted the ZF-6 speed into 80-97 Ford trucks, so using one of these transmissions is possible by modifying the transmission cross member and floor. If you have a fuel tank directly behind the transmission you also have to hammer one end of the tank to make room for the six speed transfer case if your truck is a four wheel drive. Your transfer case shifter can be replaced with a Super Duty version which works better by modifying the Super Duty bracket. You can still use the existing hole in the floor. We recommend using the 03-07 ZF-6 in a swap as no grinding to any part of the engine, transmission, or starter is required.
NP 435/T-18/T-19 4 speed- We do not recommend using one of these transmissions behind a Cummins, but it is possible if you want. The 435 is identified by an aluminum shift tower. The T-18 and 19 both had cast iron shift towers. The T-18's have a case number of 1301. We can adapt to these with our custom flywheel (FCPN 1406, $ 595.00) and our adapter plate. You will also need to get a bellhousing from a T19 (case number 1309) from behind a 460 or a Ford diesel (6.9/7.3) for the necessary clutch clearance (if you don't already have one). You will need a 12" clutch disc and pressure plate for a Ford diesel (6.9/7.3) that had a T19. You will also need a ½" starter spacer. Keep in mind without an overdrive your top speed can be very limited, and although these transmissions have a reputation for being tough, they are not as tough as the newer ZF transmissions because of their smaller input shaft.
Parts information-
Adapter plates:
We sell three different styles of adapter plates for automatic and ZF-5 speed transmissions that were behind a 7.3 diesel version, depending on which starter you want to use. If you get a Ford 6.0 diesel starter you can avoid grinding on your transmission. If you already have a Dodge Cummins starter, and don't mind grinding the transmission out for starter clearance (we've done a pile of them that way with no problems), you may use that starter. It really boils down to preference or budget. Currently all 460 and 6 speed transmission adapters must use the Cummins starter only, and require grinding for starter clearance. Minor grinding of the oil pan rail on the engine block is also required for starter clearance. More detailed and specific information on our adapter plates can be found on our product pages in the parts catalog or by following the links in the kit builder.
All adapter plates for automatic transmissions original to these years use our torque converter adapter ring along with the Dodge flex plate(1994-2006). Manual transmissions use the appropriate Dodge Cummins flywheel and pilot bushing.
Our adapter plates are built out of aircraft quality aluminum and they replace the existing adapter on the Cummins Engine, making a factory quality connection between the engine and the Ford transmission.
Engine Mounts:
Mounts are designed for mounting in two original mount plate holes on your cross member. You will need to move the transmission back about 2 ½ inches, requiring your drive shaft lengths to be changed at a machine shop. This allows you to use the engine driven fan on the Cummins. Some of our customers choose to leave the transmission in the stock location and use electric fans; however, we do not usually recommend this. We've heard back from more than a few who have cooling and A/C problems. Electric fans probably don't save you any money or time in the long run, but they are possible to use if you would prefer. You would need to do some work on the cross member for the different mounting placement, as there is no flat spot on the cross member for the engine mounts to sit when leaving the transmission in the stock location.
Water neck assembly:
If you are using a 93 or newer Cummins (having an upper radiator hose connection that points to the driver's side) with the Ford radiator that has the upper radiator hose connection on the passenger side, we offer a water neck that points straight up. This arrangement makes your upper radiator hose connection quite a bit easier. This assembly also includes the required different sized thermostat and a mount that bolts to the water neck that enables you to use your existing upper Dodge alternator bracket.
Bushing Kits:
Bushing kits include adapters to put your Ford gauge sending units into the Cummins engine along with a compression coupler for your power steering line. There is also a Tee line that works by bringing together your vacuum or hydro-boost system.
Alternator Regulator Kit:
When using the 12 or 24 valve Dodge alternator, an external voltage regulator is needed to replace the Dodge's PCM regulating function. In our experience these work better than an internal regulator that is available for these alternators. The kit also includes a wire pigtail connector and a condenser. 99-02 Cummins swaps may use the optional Dodge PCM to regulate the alternator. 03 and newer engines use the required Cummins ECM so the regulator isn't needed. Some 80-97 trucks already have an external alternator regulator on the passenger side inner fender. If your truck already has it you can use it again by re-wiring it to the Dodge Cummins alternator.
Exhaust manifolds:
We sell exhaust manifolds that work much better than the stock Dodge Cummins manifolds in the conversion for the 12 valve and 98.5-02 24 valve engines. These manifolds place the turbo in a much better place for a/c box clearance, and they also make exhaust and turbo oil drain connections easier as well. For the 24 valve engines, other exhaust pieces are necessary when using our exhaust manifolds. Using these manifolds requires re-orientation, "clocking," of the turbo housings for proper oil draining. This also requires fixing the waste gate shut in most cases- which does not adversely affect the engine, although we recommend using a boost gauge to make sure you avoid boost pressures over 40 psi. We also offer a flexible oil drain tube for the turbo that makes the drain tube a snap, and gaskets for the new manifold for a reasonable extra cost. The manifolds do not come with turbo mounting studs, but you may use the studs in your original manifold. It will take some heat to get them out so if you would rather not fight them we can sell you new ones.
Tach kit
The following parts are necessary to make your factory tachometer work:
- Sensor - The Dodge Sensor, unfortunately, doesn't work.
- Mounting base or spacer- the 91-98 Dodge Cummins engines should already have one of these, unless it's been taken off. The Dodge Cummins base is bolted to the front cover- about 11 O'clock to the balancer to which the Dodge sensor is attached. If you have one, it can be used if you drill and tap a hole in it to bolt the tach mount to it. You will need a tach base if you have any of the following engines: 89-91 Dodge application (usually did not have a tach), 98.5 and newer Cummins Dodge, and all bus or commercial/industrial applications.
- Mount- this is the part that holds the sensor
- Tach ring – the part that bolts to the front of your Cummins balancer. Trucks with gas engines don't need the tach ring if you want to grind notches in your Cummins harmonic damper.
Transmission Controller:
We offer two types of transmission controllers for these trucks- See our Automatic Transmission Controller article for more detailed information.
We offer the PCS controller that works very well but a laptop computer is required. We recommend this controller as it has many good features- including two switch-able calibrations and fully adjustable shift and torque converter lock up points.
Both controllers are shipped pre-programmed with wiring instructions specific to the year of your truck, and we are available for technical assistance with installation and use of them.
If you do have a laptop the Compushift controller for the E40D is user friendly and does not require a laptop computer. It is very helpful to have the programmer/display box so it is highly recommended that you purchase one with the controller.
Air filter kit:
We sell a Brute Force air filter, pipe and hose to connect to your turbocharger. Two versions are available; one style puts the air filter right between your passenger side battery and the radiator. This style requires a bit more challenging to make passenger side intercooler tube than the other kit which puts the air filter right behind the passenger side headlight where the passenger side battery is now (this requires the passenger side battery to be moved over to the driver's side).
A/C manifold:
This manifold bolts to the back of a '94 and newer Dodge a/c pump, making the a/c plumbing less of a challenge. All you will need to do is have some new hoses crimped between our manifold and your Ford pieces at the drier and evaporator. If you would like, you may send your Ford lines and have us crimp the new hoses to the new manifold for a reasonable price.
The 94 and newer pump works fine in these trucks, but you may have to move the power steering lines on the engine cross member and cut a hole in the cross member to allow access to the manifold mounting bolt.
Radiator Hose kit:
We can also provide you with radiator hoses, along with a custom bent lower hose connector tube. Most of the hoses that are included in the kit are not hoses your local parts house will usually stock, but we have what works in stock at a reasonable price.
Some other parts you will need to get on your own are:
Intercooler- any Super Duty® diesel intercooler can be added to your truck, welding and cutting is required. There are some rare versions of the Super Duty intercooler that have one neck that angles out instead of straight back- stay away from this one, unless you are running a 460 radiator. The 93 Dodge intercooler is also an option and in some cases works better than the Super Duty intercooler. The 93 Dodge intercooler is smaller and can be a bit easier to fit into an already cramped space. Either option you choose will take some work to make the brackets so you can mount the intercooler onto your core support.
Additional battery- not completely required for previously gas powered trucks, but certainly not a bad idea.
Intercooler pipes- usually modified Dodge pipes work or you can sometimes get some bent out of scratch, or piece one together out of mandrel bent sections.
Cruise servo- If your truck was a 94-97 Diesel it used the Ford PCM for cruise control. You will have to install a gas powered truck's cruise servo according to our wiring instructions. If your truck already has a cable operated cruise control, you will just need to weld the Ford throttle cable bracket onto the Cummins throttle bracket and reuse your original throttle and cruise cables.
Gas pedal- The gas powered truck's gas pedal will replace your Ford diesel's "fly by wire" pedal so that you can connect the Dodge Cummins throttle cable.
Automatic transmission equipped trucks will require a throttle position sensor. Depending on the year and what transmission your Cummins engine had on it originally, you may need to purchase a throttle position sensor, or look into other options. All 24 valve engines already have a throttle position sensor that can be used for the transmission controller.
Exhaust downpipe- If you have the cast iron elbow on the back or the turbo a Dodge Cummins downpipe for an engine the same year as you have is a good start to get the exhaust under your cab. Be prepared you will most likely have to make some modifications to it, but it's nothing an exhaust shop can't handle or yourself if you have the ability to weld. If you are lacking the cast iron elbow we have a downpipe starter that allow you to use a V-clamp (included) to clamp the starter piece onto the turbo flange. Please be aware this is not nearly as long as a traditional downpipe so you'll have to add to this to get out of the engine bay.
Give us a call and find out how Diesel Conversions® can do a professional conversion on your truck for a reasonable price. We have an international airport for travel from and back to our shop, and also can help with shipping options getting a disabled truck here.
This information is provided to you to help you make an informed decision on your conversion. If you have any questions do not hesitate to contact us.
*Diesel Conversions® is not affiliated with Cummins, Ford, or Dodge. Our use of these and other registered trademarks is for descriptive purposes only.
Diesel Conversions®
Diesel Conversion Specialists


text:
quote:CUP OF COLD WATER
quote:Get him to bed earlier?
quote:Zzzzz...huh, wha? #@$%!! Come back here! Alarm clock rolls away when it goes off Deep sleepers will hate/love this clock By the time you chase him down, you're awake
quote:9:30-10:00 isn't really too late for 13 year old
quote:I bought an air horn. Works like a champ. If they don't get up when the alarm goes off - Dad's coming in with the air horn. They get motivated to get up on their own after day one. I even warned them in advance and that alone worked for a few days.
quote:how old is this kid?
quote:9:30-10:00 isn't really too late for 13 year old.


text:
Yaupon Asi Tea is unique amoung herbal beverages. Like its cousin, the Yerba Mate, Yaupon Asi delivers impressive antioxidant properties and a 'jitter-free' caffeine quality, which is noticeably smoother and more ethereal than Arabica coffee or teas from the genus Camellia. What's more impressive is that studies have shown Yaupon Asi to have anti-inflammatory qualities which seem to have the capability to reduce cancer cells, especially in the Colon. In addition to caffeine, Yaupon Asi contains other cordical stimulants such as theobromine. It's antioxidant values, which have been assessed using the ORAC test, can rival any super-food from any part of the world. Lucky for you, Yaupon Asi Tea is grown and packaged right here in the United States…An American native tea; who knew!
The native Ais and Timucua tribes of Florida used Yaupon Asi in their most revered ceremonies. It was truly their most prized possession, and its consumption was limited to high-status tribal elders and guests. An offering was first provided to the spirits before the chief could take his first sip. The native Floridians would drink massive amounts of Yaupon Asi in a single sitting, sometimes many gallons for each drinker. The natives would then purge themselves ritually, which they believed removed their anger and falsehoods. Regardless of what you may hear, Yaupon Asi does NOT have emetic properties, and the purgative effect was likely acheived through the addition of toxic native plants, such as Snakeroot. This is supported by modern science.
Below, you will find several links which serve to substantiate our claims about Yaupon Asi Tea. Most of the research has been conducted over many years by various respected insitutions of higher learning. All of these documents are available to you upon request,
At Yaupon Asi Tea, we believe in business accountability. We are Yaupon drinkers, and we are selling our life's work to you. We believe in Yaupon Asi, and we want you to believe too. However, we are obliged to let you know that Yaupon Asi Tea is NOT intended to treat, cure, or diagnose any medical condition. Our product is a food, not a drug, and has not been evaluated by the FDA. Yaupon Asi Tea is 100% sustainably harvested from secure wild populations. 100% of our product is derived from Central Florida, USA, where Yaupon Asi Tea has been consumed for thousands of years.
Some epidemiological studies have found a positive association between the consumption of foods containing kaempferol and a reduced risk of developing several disorders such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Numerous preclinical studies have shown kaempferol and some glycosides of kaempferol have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiosteoporotic, estrogenic/antiestrogenic, anxiolytic, analgesic, and antiallergic activities
The term chlorogenic acids refers to a family of esters of hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid) with quinic acid.[1]The term chlorogenic acid (CGA) can also be used specifically for an ester of caffeic acid and (-)-quinic acid. It is an important biosynthetic intermediate.[2] Chlorogenic acid is an important intermediate in lignin biosynthesis. This compound, long known as an antioxidant, also slows the release of glucose into the bloodstream after a meal.[3]Chlorogenic acids contain no chlorine. The name comes from the Greek χλωρός (light green) and -γένος (a suffix meaning "giving rise to"), because of the green color produced when chlorogenic acids are oxidized.
Isorhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol, a type of Flavonols, belonging to Flavonoids (polyphenols) found in Tagetes lucida.
Health benefits
1. Antioxidant activity
in the investigation the phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of aqueous infusions from wild-grown caper ( Capparis spinosa L.) and sea fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.) from the Dalmatia region (Croatia) after their submission to an in vitro digestion process. HPLC/UV-vis-DAD/ESI-MS analysis of the caper infusion identified rutin, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside as dominant flavonoids found that Both infusions exhibited good and dose-dependent antioxidant activity before in vitro digestion by the DPPH method, the β-carotene bleaching method, and copper-induced oxidation of human LDL, according to the study of "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Infusions from Capparis spinosa L. and Crithmum maritimum L. before and after Submission to a Two-Step in Vitro Digestion Model" by Siracusa L, Kulisic-Bilusic T, Politeo O, Krause I, Dejanovic B, Ruberto G.(1)
2. Stabilization of beta-catenin
In the evaluation of isorhamnetin and its effect of anti-adipogenic effects in stabilization of beta-catenin found that Isorhamnetin inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of hAMSCs. Additionally, when the effects of Wnt antagonists that promote adipogenesis were evaluated, isorhamnetin was found to down-regulate the mRNA levels of sFRP1 and Dkk1, but had no effect on the mRNA levels of sFRP2, sFRP3, sFRP4 and Dkk3, according to "Isorhamnetin-induced anti-adipogenesis is mediated by stabilization of beta-catenin protein" by Lee J, Lee J, Jung E, Hwang W, Kim YS, Park D.(2)
3. Anti-inflammatory properties
In the observation of quercetin and its major metabolites quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3G) and isorhamnetin and theirs effects on on inflammatory gene expression found that Anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin and isorhamnetin were accompanied by an increase in heme oxygenase 1 protein levels, a downstream target of the transcription factor Nrf2, known to antagonize chronic inflammation, according to "Effect of quercetin and its metabolites isorhamnetin and quercetin-3-glucuronide on inflammatory gene expression: role of miR-155″ by Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Loboda A, Wagner AE, Stachurska A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Döring F, Wolffram S, Rimbach G.(3)
4. Skin inflammation
In the analyzing the aerial parts of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg (Compositae)(AR), containing Nine major compounds, scopoletin, scopolin, scoparone, esculetin, quercetin, capillarisin, isorhamnetin, 3-O-robinobioside, isorhamnetin 3-O-galactoside and chlorogenic acid and theirs effect on Skin inflammation found that AR and some of their major constituents are 5-LOX inhibitors, and these in vitro and in vivo activities may contribute to the therapeutic potential of AR in skin inflammatory disorders in traditional medicine, according to "Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and skin inflammation by the aerial parts of Artemisia capillaris and its constituents" by Kwon OS, Choi JS, Islam MN, Kim YS, Kim HP.(4)
5. Myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells
In the confirmation of isorhamnetin3-O-rutinoside (I3-O-R) of ethyl acetate extract (EA) obtained from Nitraria retusa leaves and its effect on human chronic myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells (K562) found that Apoptosis, revealed by DNA fragmentation and PARP cleavage, was observed after 48-h incubation of these human myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells (K562), with the tested products. Likewise, caspase 3 and caspase 8 activities were induced in the presence of the EA extract and I3-O-R after 48 h of incubation, according to "Ethyl acetate extract and its major constituent, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, from Nitraria retusa leaves, promote apoptosis of human myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells" by Boubaker J, Bhouri W, Ben Sghaier M, Ghedira K, Dijoux Franca MG, Chekir-Ghedira L.(5)
6. Cytotoxicity
In the examination of heterogenoside E and F, isolated from Lysimachia heterogenea Klatt, together with the eight known compounds, including isorhamnetin-3-O-galactopyranoside found that The cytotoxic activities of anagallisin C, heterogenoside E and F were weak, according to "Two new triterpenoids from Lysimachia heterogenea Klatt and evaluation of their cytotoxicity" by Huang XA, Shen XL, Hu YJ, Liu YM, Liu KL, Zhang FX, Zhou XX.(6)
7. Hepatoprotective activities
In the investigation of antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of phenolic rich fraction (PRF) of Seabuckthorn leaves on CCl(4) including 319.33 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g PRF and some of its phenolic constituents, such as gallic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin and theirs effect on hepatoprotective activities found that PRF has potent antioxidant activity, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against CCl(4) induced oxidative damage in the liver found that Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of phenolic rich fraction of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves" byMaheshwari DT, Yogendra Kumar MS, Verma SK, Singh VK, Singh SN.(7)
8. Osteoporosis
In the analyzing crude ethanolic extract of TSZ. the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis (Tu-Si-Zi, TSZ), including quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, hyperoside and astragalin and theirs effects found that the clinical use of TSZ in the treatment of osteoporosis, and demonstrated that kaempferol and hyperoside are the active compounds in TSZ for the osteogenic effect, according to "Antiosteoporotic compounds from seeds of Cuscuta chinensis" by Yang L, Chen Q, Wang F, Zhang G.(8)
9. Skin cancer
In the analyzing 3′-Methoxy-3,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone (isorhamnetin) in fruits and medicinal herbs and its effect on skin cancer found that sorhamnetin inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced neoplastic cell transformation. It also suppressed anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells. Isorhamnetin attenuated EGF-induced COX-2 expression in JB6 and A431 cells. In an in vivo mouse xenograft using A431 cells, isorhamnetin reduced tumor growth and COX-2 expression, according to "Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3-K" by Kim JE, Lee DE, Lee KW, Son JE, Seo SK, Li J, Jung SK, Heo YS, Mottamal M, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee HJ.(9)
10. cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) activity
In the examination of a standard reference material of a Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), containing kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, ginkgolides and bilobalid found that demonstrated a strong induction (p < 0.005) of CYP1A1 activity and a slight, but significant (p < 0.005), decrease of this activity in the presence of B[a]P by the GBE at the realistic exposure level of 100 μg/ml, according to "Modulation of CYP1A1 activity by a Ginkgo biloba extract in the human intestinal Caco-2 cells" byRibonnet L, Callebaut A, Nobels I, Scippo ML, Schneider YJ, De Saeger S, Pussemier L, Larondelle Y.(10)
About kylenorton (author)
All rights reserved. Any reproducing of this article must have the author name and all the links intact. "Let Take Care Your Health, Your Health Will Take Care You" Kyle J. Norton I have been studying natural remedies for disease prevention for over 20 years and working as a financial consultant since 1990. Master degree in Mathematics, teaching and tutoring math at colleges and universities before joining insurance industries. Part time Health, Insurance and Entertainment Article Writer.
In a 2007 study that assessed the anti-Hepatitis B effects of Hyperoside, and that was published in the Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, it was shown that Hyperoside (which is the 3-O-galactoside of quercetin) is a strong inhibitor of HBsAg and HBeAg secretion in 2.2.15 cells. [17]
In another study also published in 2007 in the Archives of Pharmacal Research it was shown that quercetin, quercitrin and myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside displayed inhibition against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, all with IC50 values of 60 microM. [18]
The American Cancer Society says while quercetin "has been promoted as being effective against a wide variety of diseases, including cancer," and "some early lab results appear promising, as of yet there is no reliable clinical evidence that quercetin can prevent or treat cancer in humans." In the amounts consumed in a healthy diet, quercetin "is unlikely to cause any major problems or benefits."[19]
In laboratory studies of cells in vitro, quercetin produces changes that are also produced by compounds that cause cancer (carcinogens), but these studies do not report increased cancer in animals or humans.[20][21][22]
From laboratory studies is conjecture that quercetin may affect certain mechanisms of cancer.[23][24] An 8-year study found the presence of three flavonols — kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin — in a normal diet was associated with 23% reduced risk of pancreatic cancer, a rare but frequently fatal disease, in tobacco smokers.[25] There was no benefit in subjects who had never smoked or had previously quit smoking.
In vitro, cultured skin and prostate cancer cells were suppressed (compared to nonmalignant cells) when treated with a combination of quercetin and ultrasound.[26]
In laboratory culture studies, quercetin increased the sensitivity of resistant colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability to the chemotherapy drug, 5-fluorouracil.[27]
Several laboratory studies show quercetin may have anti-inflammatory properties,[28][29] and it is being investigated for a wide range of potential health benefits.[29][30]
Quercetin has been reported to be of use in alleviating symptoms of pollinosis.[31] An enzymatically modified derivative was found to alleviate ocular but not nasal symptoms of pollinosis.[32][33][34]
Studies done in test tubes have shown quercetin may affect immune cells from releasing histamines which might influence symptoms of allergies.[35][36]
A study with rats showed that quercetin effectively reduced immediate-release niacin (vitamin B3) flush, in part by means of reducing prostaglandin D2 production.[37] A pilot clinical study of four humans gave preliminary data supporting this.[38]
Quercetin may have properties of a calcineurin inhibitor, similar to cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, according to one laboratory study.[39]
Quercetin may be effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia because of its potential anti-inflammatory or mast cell inhibitory properties shown in laboratory studies.[40]
Quercetin has been shown to increase energy expenditure in rats, but only for short periods (fewer than 8 weeks).[28] Effects of quercetin on exercise tolerance in mice have been associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis.[29] In mice, an oral quercetin dose of 12.5 to 25 mg/kg increased gene expression of mitochondrial biomarkers and improved exercise endurance.[41]
It has also been claimed that quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive[42] and obese subjects in whom LDL cholesterol levels were also reduced.[43]
An in vitro study showed quercetin and resveratrol combined inhibited production of fat cells.[44]
A 12-week study of 941 adults found that supplements of 500 to 1000 milligrams of quercetin with vitamin C and niacin did not cause any significant difference in body mass or composition[45] and had no significant effect on inflammatory markers, diagnostic blood chemistries, blood pressure, and blood lipid profiles.[46]
Quercetin has also been shown to have MAO inhibiting activity, of MAO-A (IC50 = 18±0.2μM) which may explain some of its pharmacological properties.[47]
One research use of the saponin class of natural products involves their complexation with cholesterol to form pores in cell membrane bilayers, e.g., in red cell (erythrocyte) membranes, where complexation leads to red cell lysis (hemolysis) on intravenous injection.[15] In addition, the amphipathic nature of the class gives them activity as surfactants that can be used to enhance penetration of macromolecules such as proteins through cell membranes.[7] Saponins have also been used as adjuvants in vaccines.[7]
Saponins from the Gypsophila paniculata (baby's breath) plant have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells. The research groups of Professor Hendrik Fuchs (Charité University, Berlin, Germany) and Dr David Flavell (Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom) are working together toward the development of Gypsophila saponins for use in combination with immunotoxins or other targeted toxins for patients with leukaemia, lymphoma and other cancers.
Duke University: Historical account by John Lawson from 1709.
For other phytochemicals articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/10/phytochemicals-health-benefits.html
other health articles, please visit
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22017607
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20097210
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579867
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975819
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951288
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21934645
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723907
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21463675
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330379
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21329749