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Mating, conidiation and pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of the head-blight disease of wheat, are regulated by the MAP kinase gpmk1
- Nicole J. Jenczmionka,
- Frank J. Maier,
- Anke P. Lösch,
- Wilhelm Schäfer
- … show all 4 hide
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Get AccessAbstract.
To date, only very little is known about the molecular infection mechanisms of the head-blight pathogen of wheat, Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae). Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of the Fus3/Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase homologue Gpmk1 from F. graminearum. Disruption of the gpmk1 gene in F. graminearum results in mutants that are reduced in conidial production, are sexually sterile and are fully apathogenic. This leads to the conclusion that gpmk1 is responsible for signal transduction processes taking place during the most important developmental stages in the life cycle of this fungal pathogen. Thus, Δgpmk1 mutants are a useful tool to find other important genes involved in plant-infection mechanisms. Previously, only the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway was identified as a virulence factor in F. graminearum. Hence, Gpmk1 is now the second pathogenicity trait to be known in this important plant pathogen.
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- Title
- Mating, conidiation and pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of the head-blight disease of wheat, are regulated by the MAP kinase gpmk1
- Journal
Current Genetics
Volume 43, Issue 2 , pp 87-95
- Cover Date
- 2003-05-01
- 10.1007/s00294-003-0379-2
- Print ISSN
- 0172-8083
- Online ISSN
- 1432-0983
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Keywords
- MAP kinase
- Pathogenicity
- Mating
- Conidiation
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Nicole J. Jenczmionka (A1)
- Frank J. Maier (A1)
- Anke P. Lösch (A1)
- Wilhelm Schäfer (A1)
- Author Affiliations
- A1. Department of Applied Molecular Biology of Plants III (AMPIII), Institute for General Botany, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany


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When group of teenagers who participate in The Salvation Army of Martin County's Club 3:16 Youth Program wanted to purchase specific finishings for their new Teen Room, they looked no farther than to their volunteer Youth Leader for support. Greg Williamson, a youth activities volunteer leader from Port St. Lucie, encouraged the teens in their fundraising efforts by letting his hair grow - literally! And so was born the "To Cut or Not To Cut" fundraiser.
The Club 3:16 program moved into its new space in November of 2011when The Salvation Army opened its new Meyering Center for Services and Worship at 821 SE Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd. in East Stuart. "For the first time, the teens had their own space," explained Mariel Broffman, Salvation Army Mission Specialist. "And they wanted to furnish it with teen-type stuff, including a large-screen television and game console. Since these items were not included in the budget for the new building, the teens took it upon themselves to raise the funds."
Only what to do . . . . in conversations with Williamson, he offered to "let the fate of his hair be determined by the funds raised by the teens." In essence, donors to the fundraiser could designate whether or not Williamson should cut his hair or keep it long. For nearly a year, Williamson has not cut his hair, as the teens had not raised enough money to meet their $1,000 goal. Even throughout the hot summer months, Williamson kept his word - and let his hair grow.
"Finally, we had to make the decision as to whether or not Greg could cut his hair," said Broffman. "Unfortunately the teens didn't make their $1,000 goal, but they did raise enough for the television," she said. "And the overwhelming consensus was that Greg should cut his hair!"
The big day for Williamson finally arrived on Sunday, August 26th. During Sunday School, the teens gathered together with Williamson and local beauty salon owner Sherry Rycenga Riggs, who volunteered to make the cut! "After nearly a year, it was a little scary for Greg to let someone cut his hair," laughed Broffman. "But he was such a good sport and the kids had a really great time." Broffman explained that Evangeline Sanchez, a teen enrolled in the Club 3:16, actually won the right to make the first snip, thanks to her hard work on the project. Fifteen minutes later, Williamson emerged a new man - or at least a man with a lot less hair!
Broffman gives a lot of credit to the teenagers. "They really pulled together and donated every penny that they could," she said. "They talked it up among themselves, their friends and other church members. And while they fell short, they learned a lot about teamwork and project coordination."
The youth of Club 3:16 are still actively seeking donations to purchase the additional furnishings for the Teen Room. Broffman noted that donations can be mailed to The Salvation Army of Martin County, P.O. Box 2475, Stuart, FL 34994 with the words "Club 3:16" in the memo line. And while there are no plans to ask Williamson to grow his hair long again - "you never know," laughed Broffman. "Maybe next time he'll shave it!"
The Youth Department of the Salvation Army of Martin County works diligently to be a positive influence on area youth. The mission of Club 3:16 is to encourage children to have a sense of personal identity and Christian character and to promote physical, mental, spiritual and social development. Club 3:16 meets Tuesday evenings at 5:30 p.m. for varied activities. For more information, please contact 772-288-1471.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Pizza Lab: We Test The Mighty Pizza Oven and The Kalamazoo Pizza Oven
I will be launching very soon Mighty Pizza Oven 2 (MPO2) on kickstarter http://pic.twitter.com/IuubUYTlV9
Love to design & create
I will be launching very soon Mighty Pizza Oven 2 (MPO2) on kickstarter http://pic.twitter.com/IuubUYTlV9
@TinRoofRusted thank you
I submitted my pie yesterday on twitter... My pie tweet got 26 favorite and 10 retweet so far, my twitter Iphone ap is in shock, I can't get it to work to respond. For the same pie, I got zero feedback on PM, I am glad I gave the new MPM a try and I like the attention my pie got on twitter.
So, can you tweet pic of your pie anytime or just Monday?
I didn't submit too many pies to MPM, I think, I am going to like the new way better, less human interface. My last week pie tittle was suppose to be Tomato Pie not Cheese pizza, where cheese goes first than tomato sauce, it taste much better to me at least.
Here is a link to a simple recipe I use. I bake mine on the grill with my pizza oven insert but you can use it for your home oven with no problem
You don't need cornmeal, even if your dough is sticking, dust it with flour, also dust and rub your wood pizza peel with flour(always use wood peel to launch your pizza and metal peel to retrieve it). To control your recipe hydration (to make your dough less sticky) look up baker percentage.
@Chadburger: did you use wood logs and charcoal or just charcoal.
I did a deep dish last year and made a heart shape using parmesan cheese on top of it. It came out pretty good. I posted couple of pics of that pie in my deep dish post (middle of the post)
Awesome pies
Thanks @Andris, I did pre-roast the vege's with olive oil and salt. Vege's tasted great with the crust with a drizzle of spicy oil. The crust looked much better than the picture is showing.
Thanks @wilwn, the taste was great, I would add roasted onion to the mix next time. I posted pic of the under crust at http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,29553.0.html last post.
Thanks @wilwn, the taste was great, I would add roasted onion to the mix next time. I posted pic of the under crust at http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,29553.0.html last post.
don't mess with pizza
I bet more people ate pizza today than people read the times for the entire month.
I found this recipe at http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/grilled-beets-with-goats-cheese-and-walnuts-recipe0.html it sound good to use as pizza topping. But it will be way at the bottom of my list to try. Too much work IMO
Awesome looking pies this week
Richard H. - beautiful pie, love your choice of toppings
kranzmonkey - Nice cauliflower crust, looks very tasty, this has been on my list to do for a while, you just pushed it to the top
Deb - your BBQ Chicken is very tempting
crkoller - simple but beautiful
Adam Kuban - nice try
Joseph - That deep dish looks awesome, I like the cheese and tomato design on top.
Scagnetti - perfect choice of toppings - sound delicious.
Cool transformation of leftover pizza. Toaster oven works best for me though...It takes only 3 to 4 minutes to heat couple of slices in my toaster oven.
Pepperoni pie looks awesome (no slide show 4 me 2)
@derricktung, that's my kids favorites too. They love picking the olives first.
Minor correction, no Corn Oil (18%) in my dough. I was surprised how good and different it tasted, never thought reversing topping order will make that much difference in taste.
Checkout my homade charcaol adaptor for MPO, it can be used as a stand alone or inserted in any charcoal grill. It took me about couple of hours to built it. http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,27689.0.html
Update- I successfull baked 5 pies using MPO on a $49 charcoal oven that I bought from Acadany.
I used 100 charcoal briquettes (1 1/2 charcoal chimney), 5 pies were baked withing 50 minutes plus 10 minutes to heat up MPO. MPO temp was in the low 500 after 1.5 hours.
Bake time ranged from 2 minutes to 3.5 minutes (last pie). For pics see my post at http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,27500.new.html#new
MPO balaces top and bottom heat on gas grills so your top and bottom of your pizza cooked at the same time.
I just tested a custom charcoal burner for MPO. I got solid constant temp of around 600 deg F @ bottom and top stones. Using 4 lb of briquettes, the temp started to drop to below 600 after 1 hour. Is my finding similar to what you experienced with charcoal without adding any wood?
MightyPizzaOven hasn't written a post yet.
Last month I visited Seoul, South Korea, Here's a look at something I ate from my trip. For more, check out the rest of my Snapshots from South Korea. For a city where most people don't speak English, Seoul does a good job (and seems to be constantly trying to improve) accommodating English-speaking tourists and expats. Metro announcements are made in Korean and English, streets signs have English translations, and every taxi has a sticker with a phone number you can call if you need a translator. But what if you're clueless about Korean food? Tourists without a Korean speaker by their side may end up ordering something they don't like, or forgo a meal altogether since they can't read... More


text:
For years, UTMB's Department of Otolaryngology has earned a stellar reputation for the compassionate, high-quality care its highly renowned and respected physicians provide. We offer the latest technology and personal, caring service in a wide array of general and specialty care services. Meet our Team Vicente A. Resto, MD, PhD, FACS Paul Brindley, MD, FACS David L. Callender, MD, MBA* Deborah L. Carlson, PhD Tomoko Makishima, MD, PhD Susan Dixon McCammon, MD Shraddha S. Mukerji, MD Joel T. Patterson, MD Harold S. Pine, MD, FAAP, FACS Francis B. Quinn, Jr., MD, FACS* Farrah Siddiqui, MD Michael Preston Underbrink, MD Tammara Watts, MD, PhD Dr. Watts earned her MD degree from the University of Maryland. She completed her internship and residency in otolaryngology at the Medical College of Georgia. She also completed a fellowship in microvascular and facial plastic reconstructive surgery at the Oregon Health and Science University, where she previously was employed. Dayton Young, MD *Not currently able to accept new patients |
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text:
Ahold USA has named Raymond McCall senior vice president of pharmacy and health and beauty care.
Retail News Breaks Archives
CARLISLE, Pa. – Ahold USA has named Raymond McCall senior vice president of pharmacy and health and beauty care.
The food and drug retailer, the U.S. arm of Netherlands-based supermarket operator Ahold, said Wednesday that McCall will be responsible for the strategic leadership, direction and business plan design and execution for the pharmacy and health-and-beauty care teams across Ahold USA, which includes the Stop & Shop, Giant and Giant Food Stores chains.
McCall comes to Ahold USA from Boise, Idaho-based Albertsons LLC, where he served as vice president of pharmacy operations for the chain's more than 200 pharmacies.
The industry veteran brings over 21 years of retail experience to Ahold USA, where he will be based at the company's Carlisle, Pa., office.
Before Albertsons, McCall was a district pharmacy manager for CVS/pharmacy. He also has also held other pharmacy posts at Owen Healthcare, Albertsons and Kmart.
Ahold USA supports four regional divisions — Stop & Shop New England, Stop & Shop New York Metro, Giant Landover and Giant Carlisle — that together operate 750 supermarkets in 13 states and the District of Columbia, along with the online grocery service Peapod.
Last year, Ahold USA was the nation's 14th-largest retail pharmacy operator by Rx dollar volume (estimated at $2.04 billion) and the 15th-largest by pharmacy count (551), according to Chain Drug Review's 2010 Annual Report of Retail Pharmacy.


text:
So I pretty much came out to my mum as genderqueer over email when we were both entirely sober. She's not yet responded. Lalalalalala.
Also I've not spoken to another living being aloud for like a fucking week, I am such a social failure, everyone else has things to do Friday night, etc. etc. bla bla bla


text:
Welcome to the Hunger Games: White House Edition––who will be last one standing? Here, from worst to best, a breakdown of... more >
Fall 2005
John Varvatos
February 8, 2005
New York
Designer: John Varvatos
Owned By: Publicly traded
Founded: 1999, New York
History: John Varvatos started out as a designer for Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein (where he pioneered the boxer brief), and launched his own line in 1999, combining Klein's sense of shape and Lauren's curatorial sensibilities into a rock 'n' roll-inspired collection of suiting, denim, and edgy knits. Varvatos won CFDA awards in 2000, 2001, and 2005, and also maintains a successful ongoing collaboration with Converse. In 2007, he was named GQ's Designer of the Year.
The Look: Sinatra meets Slash
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- The Great Franco-Italian Pasta Experiment
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Technology Enthusiast and Information Architect. Responsive web and mobile apps developer. I love to code for Windows Phone 8 and Windows 8. Trailblazer for @RadLabs
Over the last couple of years I have gained widespread and profound knowledge in RIA development using ASP.NET, Silverlight & WPF. Nowadays, I am getting my hands on Windows Phone and Windows 8 Development. I am in love working with such a new and challenging platform.
Windows Store / Windows Phone Publisher
Team Lead
I can easily be reached on the following social networks or email.
Feel free to contact me for anything you would like know about me, my projects or work.


text: If nobody has any objections I will be moving the 1.2.4 branch of nALFS to trunk tomorrow. This will enable us to :- o have a stable and _working_ trunk again. o enable the current outstanding bug fixes to be done and committed. o find out where trunk went wrong i.e. diff the current trunk against 1.2.4 and add in the changes slowly until everything works as expected. If I don't hear anything against this in the next 24 hours I'll do the swap. As a side note, disabling of digest checking was mentioned as a bit of a show-stopper with people sed'ding out the md5 from profiles. I've attached a patch that applies to 1.2.4 which will add the -d or --disable-digest option which will skip md5 checking. It will be applied to trunk after the swap has taken place. -- Jamie -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: nALFS-1.2.4-disable-digest-checking.patch Type: text/x-patch Size: 3896 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://lists.linuxfromscratch.org/pipermail/alfs-discuss/attachments/20041129/7c87738f/attachment.bin>


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Product Number: | HMCB722 |
Item Price: | $261.98 |
Availability: | The item you are looking for is currently sold out and will no longer be available in the future. Please see similar items below. |
Shipping Weight: | 15.33 lbs. |
The Legacy 200 bows are a new line of recurve crossbows that really live up to the Horton name. The Legacy 200 features the finest laminated limbs, machined risers, SoundStopper technology, and premium triggers. The Horton CB722 Legacy 200 crossbow was inspired by the original Horton design of 1959. The Horton Legacy series of crossbows is a return to the beginnings, with some mindblowing advancements. Speed, power, simplicity.
• Legacy 200 Bow
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Movie Favorites - Bb Trumpet (Bb Trumpet). Arranged by Michael Sweeney. For trumpet. Hal Leonard Essential Elements Band Method. Movies. Difficulty: easy-medium. Trumpet solo songbook (no accompaniment). 24 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.860013).
ISBN 079355957X. Movies. 9x12 inches.
A collection of popular movie songs arranged to be played by either full band or by individual soloists with optional accompaniment CD (sold separately). Each arrangement is correlated with a specific page in the Essential Elements Band Method Books.
Pages: 24
Instruments: B-Flat Trumpet, Trumpet, Brass
Genres: Film & TV
Instruments: Trombone, Brass
Choral Instrumental Pak, Sheet Music Download, Combo. Artist: Natasha Bedingfield. Arranger: Steve Zegree. Composer: Danielle Brisebois; Natasha Bedingfield; Wayne Rodrigues. Writer: Danielle Brisebois; Natasha Bedingfield; Steve Zegree; Wayne Rodrigues.
Pages: 2
Instruments: Choir, Trumpet, Vocal, Brass
Choral Instrumental Pak, Sheet Music Download, Combo. Artist: Natasha Bedingfield. Arranger: Steve Zegree. Composer: Danielle Brisebois; Natasha Bedingfield; Wayne Rodrigues. Writer: Danielle Brisebois; Natasha Bedingfield; Steve Zegree; Wayne Rodrigues.
Pages: 2
Instruments: Choir, Trumpet, Vocal, Brass
The Phantom of the Opera (Trumpet). (Trumpet). By Andrew Lloyd Webber. For trumpet solo. Instrumental Solo. Broadway. Difficulty: easy-medium to medium. Trumpet solo book. Standard notation. 16 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.850204).
ISBN 0793513154. With standard notation. Broadway. 9x12 inches.
Nine songs from the Andrew Lloyd Webber masterpiece, including All I Ask of You, The Music of the Night, Think of Me and more.
Pages: 16
Instruments: B-Flat Trumpet, Trumpet, Brass
Genres: Broadway
Apocalyptica. (For Band). By George Rochberg. Concert Band. For Piccolo, Flute I, Flute II, Oboe, Clarinet I, Clarinet II, Clarinet III, Alto Clarinet (in Eb), Bass Clarinet (in Bb), Contrabass Clarinet, Bassoon, Alto Saxophone I, Alto Saxophone II, Tenor Saxophone, Baritone Saxophone, Cornet I, Cornet II, Cornet III,. This edition: full score. Classical. Full Score. Standard notation. Duration 20 minutes. Published by Theodore Presser Company (PR.11540075F).
With Standard notation. classical.
Instruments: Piccolo, Bass Clarinet, Oboe, Alto Saxophone, Baritone Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone, Bassoon, Double Bass, Cornet, Flute, Woodwinds, Clarinet, Saxophone, Strings, Trumpet, Brass
Genres: Classical
The Phantom of the Opera (Trombone). (Trombone). By Andrew Lloyd Webber. For trombone solo. Instrumental Solo. Broadway. Difficulty: easy-medium to medium. Trombone solo book. Standard notation. 16 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.850205).
ISBN 0793513162. With standard notation. Broadway. 9x12 inches.
Nine songs from the Andrew Lloyd Webber masterpiece, including All I Ask of You, The Music of the Night, Think of Me and more.
Pages: 16
Instruments: Trombone, Brass
Genres: Broadway
(Organ Solo or Organ and Bb Trumpet). By David German. For Bb trumpet and organ. Fred Bock Publications. 20th Century. Difficulty: medium. Set of performance parts (includes separate trumpet part on back cover ). 4 pages. Fred Bock Music Company #BG0920. Published by Fred Bock Music Company
Pages: 4
Instruments: Organ, B-Flat Trumpet, Piano and Keyboard, Trumpet, Brass
Genres: 20th Century, Classical
Seventh Symphony. (Liturgical). By Vincent Persichetti (1915-1987). Orchestra. For Piccolo, Flute, Oboe, English Horn, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet in Bb, Bassoon, Contra Bassoon, Horn, Trumpet, Tenor, Tuba, Timpani, Snare Drum, Chimes, Suspended Cymbal, Tenor Drum, Bass Drum, Violin I, Violin II, Viola, Cello, Contrabass. Full score (large). Standard notation. Opus 80. 139 pages. Duration 28 minutes. Published by Theodore Presser Company (PR.466000090).
With Standard notation.
Pages: 139
Instruments: Piccolo, B-Flat Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Oboe, Bassoon, English Horn, Violin, Cello, Viola, Double Bass, B-Flat Trumpet, Percussion, Timpani, Tuba, Flute, Woodwinds, Clarinet, Strings, Trumpet, Brass
Genres: Classical, 20th Century
Choral Instrumental Pak, Sheet Music Download, Brass/Percussion. Author: Henry Lyte. Composer: John Leavitt. Writer: Henry Lyte; John Leavitt.
Pages: 1
Instruments: Choir, Double Bass, Bass Guitar, Percussion, Brass, Vocal, Strings, Guitar
Choral Instrumental Pak, Sheet Music Download, Winds/Strings. Arranger: Vicki Tucker Courtney. Composer: Reuben Morgan. Writer: Reuben Morgan; Vicki Tucker Courtney.
Pages: 4
Instruments: Choir, Organ, Horn, Strings, Vocal, Piano and Keyboard, Brass
The Phantom of the Opera. (Instrumental Solos for Horn). By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Instrumental Solo. 16 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.849047).
ISBN 1423454154. 9x12 inches.
9 songs from the classic Andrew Lloyd Webber musical: All I Ask of You • Angel of Music • Masquerade • The Music of the Night • The Phantom of the Opera • The Point of No Return • Prima Donna • Think of Me • Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again.
Pages: 16
Instruments: Horn, Brass
Genres: Broadway
Hot Cha-Cha by Murray Houllif. For Concert Band (Flute (Piccolo), Oboe, Bassoon, Clarinet in Bb 1, Clarinet in Bb 2, Bass Clarinet, Alto Saxophone 1/2, Tenor Saxophone, Baritone Saxophone, Trumpet in Bb 1, Trumpet in Bb 2, Horn in F, Trombone 1, Trombone 2, Euphonium, (Baritone T.C.), Tuba, Percussion 1). Band Music. Grade 2. Score only. Duration 2:20. Published by C. Alan Publications (CN.10051).
To Chris Kullar & his 7th Grade BandAuthentic and danceable featuring infectious Latin unison rhythms and appealing melodies. Comfortable ranges for winds and brasses.
Instruments: Flute, B-Flat Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Oboe, Alto Saxophone, Baritone Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone, Bassoon, Horn, B-Flat Trumpet, Trombone, Euphonium, Percussion, Tuba, Woodwinds, Clarinet, Saxophone, Brass, Trumpet
Genres: Cha-Cha, Latin
Wedding March by Felix Bartholdy Mendelssohn (1809-1847). Arranged by Lewis Waldeck. Brass Quintet. For 2 trumpets, horn, trombone and tuba. Parts. Published by Wiltshire Music/Cor Publishing Co. (WS.BE85).
Instruments: Horn, B-Flat Trumpet, Trombone, Tuba, Brass, Trumpet
Genres: Classical, Wedding, Celebrations
Orchestra, Sheet Music Download, Orchestra, Level 2 to 3. Arranger: Johnnie Vinson. Composer: Jay Livingston; Ray Evans. Writer: Jay Livingston; Johnnie Vinson; Ray Evans.
Pages: 1
Instruments: Trombone, Bells, Brass, Percussion
Choral Instrumental Pak, Sheet Music Download, Combo. Arranger: Mark Brymer. Writer: Mark Brymer.
Pages: 3
Instruments: Choir, Trumpet, Vocal, Brass
Favorite Songs of Praise (Solo-Duet-Trio with Optional Piano) (Trumpet). Arranged by Michael Lawrence. For Trumpet. Mixed Instruments - Flexible Instrumentation; Worship Resources. Favorite Instrumental Series. Contemporary Christian; Sacred. Grade 2.5; Grade 3. Book. 40 pages. Published by Alfred Music Publishing (AP.32735).
ISBN 0739066587. Contemporary Christian; Sacred.
These beautiful and exciting arrangements of popular contemporary Christian praise songs are fun to play and will be audience/congregation-pleasers for years to come. The songs can be played as solos, duets, or trios, with or without piano accompaniment, and can be played on like or mixed instruments. Piano Accompaniment not included. Titles: Above All * Blessed Be Your Name * Come, Now Is the Time to Worship * Draw Me Close * Here I Am to Worship (Light of the World) * How Deep the Father's Love for Us * How Great Is Our God * I Could Sing of Your Love Forever * In Christ Alone (My Hope Is Found) * Lord, I Lift Your Name on High * My Savior, My God * There Is a Redeemer.
Pages: 40
Instruments: Piano, B-Flat Trumpet, Flexible Instrument, Piano and Keyboard, Trumpet, Brass, Other
Genres: Contemporary Christian, Christian, Religious
Choral Instrumental Pak, Sheet Music Download, Combo. Artist: Blues Brothers. Arranger: Alan Billingsley. Writer: Alan Billingsley; Blues Brothers.
Pages: 4
Instruments: Choir, Trumpet, Other, Vocal, Brass
Pachebel Canon (For Euphonium and Piano). By Johann Pachelbel (1653-1706). Arranged by Daniel Dorff. For Euphonium Solo, Piano. Solo part with piano reduction. Standard notation. 4 pages. Duration 4 minutes. Published by Theodore Presser Company (PR.114406600).
With Standard notation.
Pages: 4
Instruments: Piano, Euphonium, Piano and Keyboard, Brass
Genres: Baroque Period, Classical
Instantly downloadable sheet music by Georg Philipp Telemann for trumpet & piano of EASY/MEDIUM skill level.
Instruments: Piano, Trumpet, Piano and Keyboard, Brass
Genres: Classical
This is an exclusive transcription for trumpet & piano of MEDIUM skill level from the original composition by Ludwig Van Beethoven. This title is available as instant sheet music download. Contents: für elise, for eliza, bagatelle, bagatella,elize
Instruments: Trumpet, Brass
Genres: Classical
Espana Cani by P. Marquina. Arranged by Albert Ligotti. Brass Quintet. For 2 trumpets, horn, trombone and tuba. Score and Parts. Published by Wiltshire Music/Cor Publishing Co. (WS.BE135).
Instruments: Horn, B-Flat Trumpet, Trombone, Tuba, Brass, Trumpet
Belwin Master Duets (Trumpet), Volume 1. (Intermediate). By Keith Snell. For Trumpet. Brass - Cornet (Trumpet) Duet; Duet or Duo. Intermediate. Book. 32 pages. Published by Belwin Publishing (AP.EL03229).
A proven source of graded duets for both the student and teacher of brass and woodwind instruments. Each volume contains works from the Renaissance, Baroque and Classical periods, folk songs and traditional tunes, and a selection of original compositions by Keith Snell in a variety of styles. A useful source of repertoire. Contains: Anglaise (J.C. Bach) * The Ash Grove (Welsh Folk Song) * Austrian Folk Song (Kohler) * B-Flat Blues (Snell) * Churchill's March (Traditional) * Dos Mariachis (Snell) * Fanfare (Duncombe) * Gavotte (Dandrieu) * Grandfather's Clock (Traditional) * Irish Washer Woman (Irish Folk Song) * King William's March (Clarke) * Little Fugue (Snell) * Little Fugue (Zipoli) * March (Anonymous) * Polka (Snell) * Ragtime Duet (Snell) * Rondeau (Mouret) * See the Conqu'ring Hero Comes (Handel) * Sonatine (Mozart) * Study in 8ths (Snell) * Trumpet Tune (Purcell) * Turkey in the Straw (Traditional) * When the Saints Come Marching In (Traditional).
Pages: 32
Instruments: B-Flat Trumpet, Cornet, Trumpet, Brass


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Vareniki (Вареники) Le Shana Tova Happy New Year to all my Jewish friends.
May this year bring peace and a world filled with happiness, laughter and love. Rolling Couscous with Friends. Apparently, couscous doesn't only come in a box…It even has it's own dedicated pot. Rita's couscoussier A short while ago, after I posted a recipe for Vareniki (a dish I grew up eating), a friend told me a story about a comfort food from her childhood – handmade couscous. Rita's Italian family has been making their own handmade couscous together on special occasions for as long as she could remember.
I never thought of couscous-making as a "process," and definitely not a social affair. How to Make Greek Yogurt. Make your own regular or Greek yogurt at home with this easy method.
Next to salad in a jar, homemade fat-free Greek yogurt is one of my most powerful weapons in the war against extra poundage. I eat it a minimum of twice a day–with my breakfast cereal and as an afternoon snack. How to Make Paneer (Indian Cheese): 7 steps (with pictures) Edited by Shaiaqua, KnowItSome, Flickety, Maluniu and 38 others Paneer is a type of cheese first made in the Indian subcontinent.
It is called for in many Indian recipes and sometimes, may not be available at your supermarket. TasteSpotting. Stuffed poblano peppers $6.18 recipe / $1.03 serving. How to: kick the can (of beans) I know many of you Budget Byters already cook your own beans but I wanted to make this post for all of the newbies out there.
Beans are one of the most economical and nutritious foods available so I try to use them in recipes as often as possible. Canned beans are quick and convenient but with a little planning ahead, dry beans can be just as easy and HALF the cost of canned. Many people (including myself) shy away from cooking dry beans because it seems like such a daunting chore with the overnight soaking and hours of cooking.
Drinks. SMITTENKITCHEN. Smoothies. A community driven visual potluck. Japanese. Vietnamese.


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guest blogged
DIY Hero Supplies for Father's Day
Isabel over at Alpha Mom asked me to create a Father's Day DIY Project for the site. I was happy to oblige and came up with this box of "Hero Supplies"–a box filled with Dad's favorite treats. I had fun coming up with the labels. This is actually a really easy project, basically all you need is a printer. You can read the whole post with instructions and download the label designs free right here.
Some of my favorites:
Images and Concept by Jordan Ferney for Alpha Mom
Also, In case you missed it I wrote a list for Alpha Mom a few years ago on 50 Things to do with your children before they grow up in San Francisco.
DIY Iron On Onesies
My new article on the Nesting blog is up. It shows how to make iron on onesies. This project is very easy and is perfect for baby showers.
DIY Newborn Black + White Book
My new post is up on the Nesting Blog. I made this black and white book for my friend Michelle, who just had a baby. Find instructions, sources, and more pictures here.
DIY Detective Invitations
My new post is up at the Cookie Magazine Nesting blog. I show how to make these detective invitations.
Book Worm Party Invitation
My latest DIY post is up at the Cookie Blog. This week I created a "bookworm" party invitation for a book party out of some vintage books I got at the thrift store–go check it out for all the instructions.
(Also, thanks to Grace for featuring Aubrey's Birthday Party on Design*Sponge.)


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Sri Lanka: Harassment of Journalists Continues
by Laura VanVliet / December 2, 2011 / No comments
On October 27, Frederica Jansz, editor of The Sunday Leader, an independent English-language newspaper in Sri Lanka, received a four-page, handwritten death threat regarding an article she published in 2009.
In the 2009 article, General Sarath Fonseka, who was running for president at the time, alleged that Defense Minister Gotabaya Rajapaksa, brother of the incumbent President Mahinda Rajapaksa, ordered the execution of surrendered Tamil Tiger rebels.
Fonseka renounced his claims in 2010, but Jansz refused to retract her words, opting instead to publish a more thorough account of the interview with Fonseka and the chain of events that followed.
As a result Fonseka was sentenced to three years in prison during the "White Flag" trial on November 18, and has since lost his position as army commander. The threatening note Jansz received referred to Fonseka as a leader who "suffered during the war" and called Jansz a "traitor" and a "bloody whore." It also said that "whichever way the [White Flag case's] judgement, [Jansz] will not be spared." Jansz has since left the country.
Many journalists in Sri Lanka contend that since the end of the 25 year civil war in 2009, their situation has actually worsened. Print and online publications like The Sunday Leader are threatened or censored regularly, and by 2010 at least half a dozen writers fled the country. Parents have discouraged their children from careers in journalism and editors have struggled to motivate their staff after hearing fellow journalists' horror stories of arrest, death threats, assault, arson, abduction, and murder.
Amnesty International estimates that in the last 5 years 14 media workers have been killed in Sri Lanka.
On January 8, 2009, The Sunday Leader's previous chairman Lasantha Wickrematunge—hailed as a Press Freedom Hero by the International Press Institute for his undaunted reporting—was shot and killed on his way to work. On the same day, the newspaper Lankadissent closed because its staff chose not to endanger themselves.
Leadership of the newspaper was then succeeded by Wickrematunge's brother, Lal Wickrematunge. This summer he received a threatening phone call from the Sri Lankan president regarding an article alleging financial corruption in the government. This article was also written by Frederica Jansz.
However, The Sunday Leader is not the only publication to experience such blatant harassment.
Shortly after Wickrematunge's death, Lanka-e-News political analyst and cartoonist Prageeth Eknaligoda disappeared. He has been missing for over 500 days.
A year after Eknaligoda's disappearance, on the night of January 30, 2010, Lanka-e-News headquarters was destroyed in a fire. The following morning their website published: "It is well to note that under the President Rajapakse regime the free media had suffered most and sustained losses to persons and property on an unprecedented scale in the media history of Sri Lanka." Lanka-e-News is not the first media station to be burned. The government, however, claims the arson was an act intended to incite blame against them.
As of publication, the murder of Lasantha Wickrematunge, the disappearance of Prageeth Eknaligoda, and the arson of Lanka-E-News remain unsolved.
Watch an interview with Frederica Jansz from Reporters Without Borders, regarding repeated death threats and the mission of journalism in Sri Lanka:


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Mission type | Pluto flyby |
Operator | NASA |
Website | http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/ |
Mission duration | Primary mission: 9.5 years 8 years, 9 months and 9 days elapsed |
Spacecraft properties | |
Manufacturer | Applied Physics Laboratory Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) |
Launch mass | 478 kilograms (1,054 lb) |
Power | 228 watts |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | January 19, 2006, 19:00:00 | UTC
Rocket | Atlas V 551 |
Launch site | Cape Canaveral SLC-41 |
Contractor | ILS |
Flyby of (132524) APL (incidental) | |
Closest approach | June 13, 2006 |
Flyby of Jupiter (gravity assist) | |
Closest approach | February 28, 2007 |
Flyby of Pluto | |
Closest approach | July 14, 2015 (projected) |
Mission type | Pluto flyby |
Operator | NASA |
Website | http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/ |
Mission duration | Primary mission: 9.5 years 8 years, 9 months and 9 days elapsed |
Spacecraft properties | |
Manufacturer | Applied Physics Laboratory Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) |
Launch mass | 478 kilograms (1,054 lb) |
Power | 228 watts |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | January 19, 2006, 19:00:00 | UTC
Rocket | Atlas V 551 |
Launch site | Cape Canaveral SLC-41 |
Contractor | ILS |
Flyby of (132524) APL (incidental) | |
Closest approach | June 13, 2006 |
Flyby of Jupiter (gravity assist) | |
Closest approach | February 28, 2007 |
Flyby of Pluto | |
Closest approach | July 14, 2015 (projected) |
New Horizons is a NASA space probe launched to study the dwarf planet Pluto, its natural satellites and one or two Kuiper Belt objects, depending on which are in position to be explored. Part of the New Frontiers program, the mission was approved in 2001 following the cancellation of the Pluto Fast Flyby and Pluto Kuiper Express. The mission profile was proposed by a team led by principal investigator Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute. After several delays on the launch site, New Horizons was launched on 19 January 2006 from Cape Canaveral. Launched directly into an Earth-and-solar-escape trajectory with an Earth-relative velocity of about 16.26 km/s (58,536 km/h; 36,373 mph), it set the record for the highest launch velocity of a human-made object from Earth. New Horizons should perform a flyby of the Pluto system on 14 July 2015.
After a brief encounter with the asteroid 132524 APL, New Horizons proceeded to Jupiter making its closest approach on 28 February 2007 at a distance of 2.3 million kilometres (1.4 million miles) from the planet. The Jupiter flyby provided a gravitational assist increasing the probe's speed by 14,000 kilometres per hour (9,000 mph). The encounter was also used as a general test of New Horizons' scientific capabilities, returning data about the planet's atmosphere, moons and magnetosphere. After Jupiter, the probe continued its voyage towards Pluto. Much of the post-Jupiter voyage has been spent in hibernation mode to preserve onboard systems. New Horizons photographed Pluto for the first time in September 2006, followed by an image that distinguished Pluto and its moon Charon as two separate objects in July 2013. As of 7 October 2014, it was located about 2.23 AU (334,000,000 km; 207,000,000 mi) from Pluto and about 30.60 AU (4.578×109 km; 2.844×109 mi) from Earth, with radio signals taking more than 4 hours to travel to the spacecraft from Earth.[1]
New Horizons is the first mission in NASA's New Frontiers mission category, larger and more expensive than Discovery missions but smaller than the Flagship Program. The cost of the mission (including spacecraft and instrument development, launch vehicle, mission operations, data analysis, and education/public outreach) is approximately $650 million over 15 years (2001–2016). An earlier proposed Pluto mission—Pluto Kuiper Express—was cancelled by NASA in 2000 for budgetary reasons. Further information relating to an overview with historical context[2] can be found at the IEEE website and gives further background and details, with more details regarding the Jupiter fly-by.[3] After a three month concept study, NASA announced on 8 June 2001 that of the two competing design proposals, New Horizons and POSSE (Pluto and Outer Solar System Explorer), New Horizons will proceed with preliminary design studies for a Pluto flyby mission.[4]
The spacecraft was built primarily by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. The mission's principal investigator is Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute (formerly NASA Associate Administrator).
Overall control after separation from the launch vehicle is performed at Mission Operations Center (MOC) at the Applied Physics Laboratory. The science instruments are operated at the Clyde Tombaugh Science Operations Center (T-SOC) in Boulder, Colorado.[5] Navigation, which is not real-time, is performed at various contractor facilities, while the navigational positional data and related celestial reference frames are provided by the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station through Headquarters NASA and JPL; KinetX is the lead on the New Horizons navigation team and is responsible for planning trajectory adjustments as the spacecraft speeds toward the outer Solar System.
New Horizons was originally planned as a voyage to what was the only unexplored planet in the Solar System. When the spacecraft was launched, Pluto was still classified as a planet, later to be reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Some members of the New Horizons team, including Alan Stern, disagree with the IAU definition and still describe Pluto as the ninth planet.[6] Pluto's satellites Nix and Hydra also have a connection with the spacecraft: the first letters of their names ("N" and "H") are the initials of "New Horizons". The moons' discoverers chose these names for this reason, in addition to Nix and Hydra's relationship to the mythological Pluto.[7]
In addition to the scientific equipment, there are several cultural artifacts traveling with the spacecraft. These include a collection of 434,738 names stored on a compact disc,[8] a piece of Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne,[9] and an American flag, along with other mementos.[10]
About an ounce of Clyde Tombaugh's ashes are aboard the spacecraft, to commemorate his discovery of Pluto in 1930.[11][12] A Florida-state quarter coin, whose design commemorates human exploration, is included, officially as a trim weight.[13] One of the science packages (a dust counter) is named after Venetia Burney, who, as a child, suggested the name "Pluto" after the planet's discovery.
The spacecraft is comparable in size and general shape to a grand piano and has been compared to a piano glued to a cocktail bar-sized satellite dish.[14] As a point of departure, the team took inspiration from the Ulysses spacecraft,[15] which also carried a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) and dish on a box-in-box structure through the outer Solar System. Many subsystems and components have flight heritage from APL's CONTOUR spacecraft, which in turn had heritage from APL's TIMED spacecraft.
The spacecraft's body forms a triangle, almost 0.76 m (2.5 ft) thick. (The Pioneers have hexagonal bodies, while the Voyagers, Galileo, and Cassini–Huygens have decagonal, hollow bodies.) A 7075 aluminium alloy tube forms the main structural column, between the launch vehicle adapter ring at the "rear," and the 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) radio dish antenna affixed to the "front" flat side. The titanium fuel tank is in this tube. The RTG attaches with a 4-sided titanium mount resembling a grey pyramid or stepstool. Titanium provides strength and thermal isolation. The rest of the triangle is primarily sandwich panels of thin aluminium facesheet (less than 1⁄64 in or 0.40 mm) bonded to aluminium honeycomb core. The structure is larger than strictly necessary, with empty space inside. The structure is designed to act as shielding, reducing electronics errors caused by radiation from the RTG. Also, the mass distribution required for a spinning spacecraft demands a wider triangle.
Internally, the structure is painted black. This equalizes temperature by radiative heat transfer. Overall, the spacecraft is thoroughly blanketed to retain heat. Unlike the Pioneers and Voyagers, the radio dish is also enclosed in blankets which extend to the body. The heat from the RTG also adds warmth to the spacecraft in the outer Solar System. In the inner Solar System, the spacecraft must prevent overheating. Electronic activity is limited, power is diverted to shunts with attached radiators, and louvers are opened to radiate excess heat. Then, when the spacecraft is cruising inactively in the cold outer Solar System, the louvers are closed, and the shunt regulator reroutes power to electric heaters.
New Horizons has both spin-stabilized (cruise) and three-axis stabilized (science) modes controlled entirely with hydrazine monopropellant. Additional post launch delta-v of over 290 m/s (1,000 km/h; 650 mph) is provided by a 77 kg (170 lb) internal tank. Helium is used as a pressurant, with an elastomeric diaphragm assisting expulsion. The spacecraft's on-orbit mass including fuel is over 470 kg (1,040 lb) on the Jupiter flyby trajectory, but would have been only 445 kg (981 lb) for the backup direct flight option to Pluto. Significantly, had the backup option been taken, this would have meant less fuel for later Kuiper belt operations.
There are 16 thrusters on New Horizons: four 4.4 N (1.0 lbf) and twelve 0.9 N (0.2 lbf) plumbed into redundant branches. The larger thrusters are used primarily for trajectory corrections, and the small ones (previously used on Cassini and the Voyager spacecraft) are used primarily for attitude control and spinup/spindown maneuvers. Two star cameras (from Galileo Avionica) are used for fine attitude control. They are mounted on the face of the spacecraft and provide attitude information while in spin-stabilized or 3-axis mode. Between star camera readings, knowledge is provided by dual redundant Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit (MIMU) from Honeywell. Each unit contains three solid-state gyroscopes and three accelerometers. Two Adcole Sun sensors provide attitude control. One detects angle to the Sun while the other measures spin rate and clocking.
A cylindrical radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), protrudes from one vertex in the plane of the triangle. The RTG will provide about 250 W, 30 V DC at launch, and is predicted to drop approximately 5% every 4 years, decaying to 200 W by the encounter with the Plutonian system in 2015. The RTG, model "GPHS-RTG," was originally a spare from the Cassini mission. The RTG contains 11 kg (24 lb) of plutonium-238 oxide pellets. Each pellet is clad in iridium, then encased in a graphite shell. It was developed by the U.S. Department of Energy.
The use of a plutonium RTG battery was opposed by about 30 anti-nuclear protesters in demonstrations some days before launch. The amount of radioactive plutonium in the RTG is 10.9 kg (24 lb), about one-third the amount on board the Cassini–Huygens probe when it launched in 1997. That launch was protested by a number of people. The United States Department of Energy estimated the chances of a launch accident that would release radiation into the atmosphere at 1 in 350, and monitored the launch[16] as it always does when RTGs are involved. It was believed that a worst-case scenario of total dispersal of on-board plutonium would spread the equivalent radiation of 80% the average annual dosage in North America from background radiation over an area with a radius of 105 km (65 mi),[17] at the Materials and Fuels Complex (formerly Argonne West), a part of the Idaho National Laboratory in Bingham County, near the town of Arco and the city of Idaho Falls.[18] Less than the original design goal was produced, due to delays at the United States Department of Energy, including security activities, which held up production. The mission parameters and observation sequence had to be modified for the reduced wattage; still, not all instruments can operate simultaneously. The Department of Energy transferred the space battery program from Ohio to Argonne in 2002 because of security concerns. There are no onboard batteries. RTG output is relatively predictable; load transients are handled by a capacitor bank and fast circuit breakers.
Communication with the spacecraft is via X band. The craft had a communication rate of 38 kbit/s at Jupiter, however, at Pluto's distance, a rate of approximately 1 kbit/s is expected. Besides the low bandwidth, Pluto's distance also causes a (one-way) latency of about 4.5 hours. The 70 m (230 ft) Deep Space Network (DSN) dishes will be used to relay data beyond Jupiter. The spacecraft uses dual redundant transmitters and receivers, and either right- or left-hand circular polarization. The downlink signal is amplified by dual redundant 12-watt TWTAs (traveling-wave tube amplifiers) mounted on the body under the dish. The receivers are new, low-power designs. The system can be controlled to power both TWTAs at the same time, and transmit a dual-polarized downlink signal to the DSN that could almost double the downlink rate. Initial tests with the DSN in this dual-polarized mode have been successful, and an effort to make the DSN polarization-combining technique operational is underway.
In addition to the high-gain antenna, there are two low-gain antennas and a medium-gain dish. The high-gain dish has a Cassegrain layout, composite construction, and a 2.1-meter (7 ft) diameter (providing well over 40 Decibel of gain, and a half-power beam width of about a degree). The prime-focus, medium-gain antenna, with a 0.3-meter (1 ft) aperture and 10° half-power beamwidth, is mounted to the back of the high-gain antenna's secondary reflector. The forward low-gain antenna is stacked atop the feed of the medium-gain antenna. The aft low-gain antenna is mounted within the launch adapter at the rear of the spacecraft. This antenna was used only for early mission phases near Earth, just after launch and for emergencies if the spacecraft had lost attitude control.
New Horizons will record scientific instrument data to its solid-state buffer at each encounter, then transmit the data to Earth. Data storage is done on two low-power solid-state recorders (one primary, one backup) holding up to 8 Gigabytes each. Because of the extreme distance from Pluto and the Kuiper belt, only one buffer load at those encounters can be saved. This is because New Horizons will have left the vicinity of Pluto (or future target object) by the time it takes to transmit the buffer load back to Earth.
Part of the reason for the delay between the gathering and transmission of data is because all of the New Horizons instrumentation is body-mounted. In order for the cameras to record data, the entire probe must turn, and the one-degree-wide beam of the high-gain antenna will almost certainly not be pointing toward Earth. Previous spacecraft, such as the Voyager program probes, had a rotatable instrumentation platform (a "scan platform") that could take measurements from virtually any angle without losing radio contact with Earth. New Horizons' elimination of excess mechanisms was implemented to save weight, shorten the schedule, and improve reliability to achieve a 15+-year lifetime.
(The Voyager 2 spacecraft experienced platform jamming at Saturn; the demands of long time exposures at Uranus led to modifications of the mission such that the entire probe was rotated to achieve the time exposure photos at Uranus and Neptune, similar to how New Horizons will rotate.)
The spacecraft carries two computer systems, the Command and Data Handling system and the Guidance and Control processor. Each of the two systems is duplicated for redundancy, giving a total of four computers. The processor used is the Mongoose-V, a 12 MHz radiation-hardened version of the MIPS R3000 CPU. Multiple clocks and timing routines are implemented in hardware and software to help prevent faults and downtime.
To conserve heat and mass, spacecraft and instrument electronics are housed together in IEMs (Integrated Electronics Modules). There are two redundant IEMs. Including other functions such as instrument and radio electronics, each IEM contains 9 boards.
On 19 Mar 2007 the Command and Data Handling computer experienced an uncorrectable memory error and rebooted itself, causing the spacecraft to go into safe mode. The craft fully recovered within two days, with some data loss on Jupiter's magnetotail. No impact on the subsequent mission is expected.[19]
The spacecraft carries seven scientific instruments. Total mass is 31 kg (68 lb) and rated power is 21 watts (though not all instruments operate simultaneously).[20]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2014) |
On 24 September 2005 the spacecraft arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on board a C-17 Globemaster III for launch preparations.[24] The launch of New Horizons was originally scheduled for 11 Jan 2006, but was initially delayed until 17 Jan to allow for borescope inspections of the Atlas V's kerosene tank. Further delays related to low cloud ceiling conditions downrange, and high winds and technical difficulties—unrelated to the rocket itself—prevented launch for a further two days.[25][26] The probe finally lifted off from Pad 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, directly south of Space Shuttle Launch Complex 39, at 14:00 EST on 19 Jan 2006.[27][28]
The Centaur second stage reignited at 14:30 EST (19:30 UTC), successfully sending the probe on a solar-escape trajectory. New Horizons took only nine hours to reach the Moon's orbit, passing lunar orbit before midnight EST that day.
Although there were backup launch opportunities in Feb 2006 and Feb 2007, only the first twenty-three days of the 2006 window permitted the Jupiter fly-by. Any launch outside that period would have forced the spacecraft to fly a slower trajectory directly to Pluto, delaying its encounter by 2–4 years.
The craft was launched by a Lockheed Martin Atlas V 551 rocket, with an ATK Star 48B third stage added to increase the heliocentric (escape) speed. This was the first launch of the 551 configuration of the Atlas V, as well as the first Atlas V launch with an additional third stage (Atlas V rockets usually do not have a third stage). Previous flights had used none, two, or three solid boosters, but never five. This puts the Atlas V 551 take-off thrust at well over 8.9 MN (2,000,000 lbf), surpassing even that of the Delta IV Heavy.
The major part of the thrust is supplied by the Russian RD-180 engine, providing 4.152 MN (933,000 lbf). The Delta IV-H remains the larger vehicle, at over 730,000 kg (1.6 million lb) compared to 570,000 kg (1.26 million lb) of the AV-010. The Atlas V rocket had earlier been slightly damaged when Hurricane Wilma swept across Florida on 24 Oct 2005. One of the solid rocket boosters was hit by a door. The booster was replaced with an identical unit, rather than inspecting and requalifying the original.[29]
The Star 48B third-stage is also on a hyperbolic Solar System escape trajectory, and reached Jupiter before the New Horizons spacecraft. However, since it is not in controlled flight, it did not receive the correct gravity assist, and will only pass within 200 million km (120 million mi) of Pluto.[30]
New Horizons is often given the title of Fastest Spacecraft Ever Launched, although the Helios probes are arguably the holders of that title as a result of speed gained while falling toward the Sun. New Horizons, however, achieved the highest launch velocity and thus left Earth faster than any other spacecraft to date. It is also the first spacecraft launched directly into a solar escape trajectory, which requires an approximate velocity of 16.5 km/s (59,000 km/h; 37,000 mph), plus losses, all to be provided by the launcher. However, it will not be the fastest spacecraft to leave the Solar System. This record is held by Voyager 1, currently travelling at 17.145 km/s (61,720 km/h; 38,350 mph) relative to the Sun. Voyager 1 attained greater hyperbolic excess velocity from Jupiter and Saturn gravitational slingshots than New Horizons. Other spacecraft, such as the Helios probes, can also be measured as the fastest objects, due to their orbital velocity relative to the Sun at perihelion. However, because they remain in solar orbit, their orbital energy relative to the Sun is lower than the five probes, and three other third-stages on hyperbolic trajectories, including New Horizons, that have achieved solar escape velocity, as the Sun has a much deeper gravitational well than Earth.
The launch was dedicated to the memory of Daniel Sarokon, who was described by space program officials as one of the most influential people in the history of space travel.[31]
On 28 and 30 Jan 2006, mission controllers guided the probe through its first trajectory correction maneuver (TCM), which was divided into two parts (TCM-1A and TCM-1B). The total velocity change of these two corrections was about 18 meters per second (65 km/h; 40 mph). TCM-1 was accurate enough to permit the cancellation of TCM-2, the second of three originally scheduled corrections.[32]
During the week of 20 Feb, controllers conducted initial in-flight tests of three onboard scientific instruments, the Alice ultraviolet imaging spectrometer, the PEPSSI plasma-sensor, and the LORRI long-range visible-spectrum camera. No scientific measurements or images were taken, but instrument electronics, and in the case of Alice, some electromechanical systems were shown to be functioning correctly.[33]
On 9 Mar 2006 at 17:00 UTC, controllers performed TCM-3, the last of three scheduled course corrections. The engines burned for 76 seconds, adjusting the spacecraft's velocity by about 1.16 m/s (4.2 km/h; 2.6 mph).[34]
On 7 Apr 2006 at 10:00 UTC, the spacecraft passed the orbit of Mars, moving at roughly 21 km/s (76,000 km/h; 47,000 mph) away from the Sun at a solar distance of 243 million kilometers.[35][36]
Because of the need to conserve fuel for possible encounters with Kuiper belt objects subsequent to the Pluto flyby, intentional encounters with objects in the asteroid belt were not planned. Subsequent to launch, the New Horizons team scanned the spacecraft's trajectory to determine if any asteroids would, by chance, be close enough for observation. In May 2006 it was discovered that New Horizons would pass close to the tiny asteroid 132524 APL on 13 Jun 2006. Closest approach occurred at 4:05 UTC at a distance of 101,867 km (63,297 mi). The asteroid was imaged by Ralph (use of LORRI at that time was not possible due to proximity to Sun), which gave the team a chance to exercise Ralph's capabilities, and make observations of the asteroid's composition as well as light and phase curves. The asteroid was estimated to be 2.5 km (1.6 mi) in diameter.[37][38][39] The spacecraft successfully tracked the asteroid over 10–12 Jun 2006. This allowed the mission team to test the spacecraft's ability to track rapidly moving objects. Images were obtained through the Ralph telescope.[40]
On 25 Sep 2007 at 16:04 EDT, the engines were fired for 15 minutes and 37 seconds, changing the spacecraft's velocity by 2.37 m/s (8.5 km/h; 5.3 mph).[41] On 30 Jun 2010 on 7:49 EDT, mission controllers executed a fourth TCM on New Horizons that lasted 35.6 seconds.[42]
New Horizons used LORRI to take its first photographs of Jupiter on 4 September 2006 from a distance of 291 million kilometres (181 million miles).[43] More detailed exploration of the system began in January 2007 with an infrared image of the moon Callisto as well as several black and white images of the planet itself.[44] New Horizons received a Jupiter gravity assist with a closest approach at 05:43:40 UTC on 28 February 2007 when it was 2.3 million kilometres (1.4 million miles) from the planet. The flyby increased New Horizons' speed by 14,000 kilometres per hour (9,000 mph) accelerating the probe 84,000 kilometres per hour (52,000 mph) relative to the Sun and shortening its voyage to Pluto by three years.[45]
The flyby was the center of a 4-month intensive observation campaign lasting from January to June. Being an ever-changing scientific target, Jupiter was observed intermittently since the end of the Galileo mission. Knowledge about the planet benefited from the fact that New Horizons instruments were built using the latest technology, especially in the area of cameras, representing a significant improvement over Galileo's cameras, which were evolved versions of Voyager cameras which, in turn, were evolved Mariner cameras. The Jupiter encounter also served as a shakedown and dress rehearsal for the Pluto encounter. Because of the much shorter distance from Jupiter to Earth, the communications link can transmit multiple loadings of the memory buffer; thus the mission actually returned more data from the Jovian system than it is expected to transmit from Pluto.[46]
One of the main goals during the Jupiter encounter was observing the planet's atmospheric conditions and analyzing the structure and composition of its clouds. Heat induced lightning strikes in the polar regions and "waves" that indicate violent storm activity were observed and measured. The Little Red Spot, spanning up to 70% of Earth's diameter, was imaged from up close for the first time.[45]
Observing from different angles and illumination conditions New Horizons took detailed images of Jupiter's faint ring system discovering debris left over from recent collisions within the rings or from some other unexplained phenomena. The search for undiscovered moons within the rings showed no results. Travelling through the planet's magnetosphere New Horizons collected valuable particle readings.[45] "Bubbles" of plasma which are believed to be formed from material ejected by the moon Io were noticed in the magnetotail.[47]
The major (Galilean) moons were in poor position; the aim of the gravity-assist maneuver meant the spacecraft passed millions of kilometers from any of the Galilean moons. Still, the New Horizons instruments were intended for small, dim targets, so they were scientifically useful on large, distant moons. Emphasis was put on Io, whose active volcanoes shoot out tons of material into the planetary magnetosphere, and further. Out of 11 observed eruptions, three were seen for the first time while that of the volcano Tvashtar rose up to an altitude of 330 kilometres. The event gave scientists an unprecedented look into the structure and motion of the rising plume and its subsequent fall back to the surface. Infrared signatures of a further 36 volcanoes were noticed.[45] Callisto's surface was analyzed with LEISA, revealing how lighting and viewing conditions affect infrared spectrum readings of its surface water ice.[48] Minor moons such as Amalthea had their orbit solutions refined. The cameras determined their position, acting as "reverse optical navigation".
After passing Jupiter, New Horizons will spend most of its journey towards Pluto in hibernation mode: redundant components as well as guidance and control systems will be shut down in order to extend their life cycle, decrease operational costs and free the Deep Space Network for other missions.[49] During hibernation mode, the onboard computer monitors the probe's systems and transmits a signal back to Earth: a "green" code if everything is functioning as expected or a "red" code if the mission control's assistance is needed.[49] The probe will be activated for about two months a year so that the instruments can be calibrated and the systems checked. The first hibernation mode cycle started on 28 June 2007.,[49] the second cycle took place on 16 December 2008,[50] the third cycle on 27 August 2009,[51] and the fourth cycle on 29 August 2014 after a 10 week test.[52]
New Horizons crossed the orbit of Saturn on 8 June 2008,[53] and Uranus on 18 March 2011.[54] After astronomers announced the discovery of two new moons in the Pluto system, Kerberos and Styx, mission planners started contemplating the possibility of the probe running into unseen debris and dust left over from earlier collisions with the moons. A study based on 18 months of computer simulations, Earth-based telescope observations and occultations of the Pluto system revealed that the possibility of a catastrophic collision with debris or dust is less than 0.3% if the probe is to continue on its present course.[55][56] If the hazard increases, New Horizons will utilize one of two possible contingency plans, the so-called SHBOTs (Safe Haven by Other Trajectories): the probe could continue on its present trajectory with the antenna facing the incoming particles so the more vital systems would be protected, or, it could position its antenna and make a course correction that would take it just 3000 km from the surface of Pluto where it's expected that the atmospheric drag cleaned the surrounding space of possible debris.[56]
While in hibernation mode in July 2012, New Horizons started gathering scientific data with SWAP, PEPSSI and SDC. Although it was originally planned to activate just SDC, other instruments were powered on the initiative of principal investigator Alan Stern who believed they could use the opportunity to collect valuable heliospheric data. Before activating the other two instruments, ground tests were conducted to make sure that the expanded data gathering in this phase of the mission won't limit available energy, memory and fuel in the future and that all systems will be functioning during the flyby.[57] The first set of data was transmitted in January 2013 during a three week activation from hibernation. A new command and data handling software was also uploaded to address the problem of computer resets.[58]
The first images of Pluto from New Horizons were acquired between 21–24 September 2006, during a test of the LORRI. They were released on 28 November.[59] The images, taken from a distance of approximately 4.2bn km (2.6bn mi), confirmed the spacecraft's ability to track distant targets, critical for maneuvering toward Pluto and other Kuiper belt objects. Images from 1st to 3rd July 2013 by LORRI were the first by the probe to resolve Pluto and Charon as separate objects.[60]
New Horizons is scheduled to make long-range observations of a small KBO, temporarily designated VNH0004, in January 2015, before the Pluto flyby. The object will be too distant to resolve surface features or take spectroscopy, but it will be able to make observations that cannot be made from Earth, namely the phase curve and a search for small moons. A second object will be observed in June, and a third in September, after the flyby; the team hopes to observe a dozen such objects through 2018.[61]
New Horizons is intended to fly within 10,000 km (6,200 mi) of Pluto in 2015. New Horizons will have a relative velocity of 13.78 km/s (49,600 km/h; 30,800 mph) at closest approach, and will come as close as 27,000 km (17,000 mi) to Charon, although these parameters may be changed during flight.
On 14 July 2014, mission controllers performed a sixth trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) since its launch to enable the craft to reach Pluto at the mission specific time on 14 July 2015.[62]
After passing by Pluto, New Horizons will continue farther into the Kuiper belt. Mission planners searched for one or more additional Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) of the order of 50–100 km (31–62 mi) in diameter for as targets for flybys similar to the spacecraft's Plutonian encounter. As maneuvering capability is limited, this phase of the mission is contingent on the presence of suitable KBOs close to New Horizons's flight path, ruling out any possibility for a flyby of Eris, a trans-Neptunian object comparable in size to Pluto.[63] The available region, being fairly close to the plane of the Milky Way and thus difficult to survey for dim objects, is one that was not well-covered by previous KBO search efforts.
In 2011 a dedicated search for a suitable KBO using ground telescopes was started. The search relied mainly on the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope in Hawaii and the 6.5-meter Magellan Telescopes in Chile.[64] The public helped to scan telescopic images for possible mission candidates by participating in the Ice Hunters project, although that project is now finished.[65][66] The ground-based search resulted in the discovery of about 50 new KBOs, but none of these are close enough to the flight path of New Horizons.[64]
In June 2014 a search using the Hubble Space Telescope was started. This telescope has a much greater ability to find suitable KBOs than ground telescopes. The probability that a target for New Horizons would be found was estimated beforehand at about 95%.[67] On 15 October 2014, it was revealed that Hubble's search had uncovered three potential targets,[68][69][70] provisionally designated PT1, PT2 and PT3 by the New Horizons team. All are objects with estimated diameters in the 30-55 km range, too small to be sighted by ground telescopes, at distances from the Sun of 43-44 AU, which would put the encounters in the 2018-2019 time frame.[68] The initial estimated probabilities that these objects are reachable within New Horizons' fuel budget are 100%, 97% and 7%, respectively.[68] PT1 (designated 1110113Y on the HST web site[71]), the most favorably situated object, is a member of the "cold" (low-inclination, low-eccentricity) classical Kuiper belt, magnitude 26.8, 30-45 km in diameter, and would be encountered around January 2019. A trajectory to reach it would require about 35% of New Horizons' available delta-v.[68]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2011) |
Date | Event | Description | References |
8 Jun 2001 | New Horizons selected by NASA. | After a three month concept study before submission of the proposal, two design teams were competing: POSSE (Pluto and Outer Solar System Explorer) and New Horizons. | [4] |
13 Jun 2005 | Spacecraft departed Applied Physics Laboratory for final testing. | Spacecraft undergoes final testing at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). | [72] |
24 Sep 2005 | Spacecraft shipped to Cape Canaveral | It was moved through Andrews Air Force Base aboard a C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft. | [24] |
17 Dec 2005 | Spacecraft ready for in rocket positioning | Transported from Hazardous Servicing Facility to Vertical Integration Facility at Space Launch Complex 41. | [citation needed] |
11 Jan 2006 | Primary launch window opened | The launch was delayed for further testing. | [citation needed] |
16 Jan 2006 | Rocket moved onto launch pad | Atlas V launcher, serial number AV-010, rolled out onto pad. | [citation needed] |
17 Jan 2006 | Launch delayed | First day launch attempts scrubbed because of unacceptable weather conditions (high winds). | [25][26] |
18 Jan 2006 | Launch delayed again | Second launch attempt scrubbed because of morning power outage at the Applied Physics Laboratory. | [citation needed] |
19 Jan 2006 | Successful launch at 14:00 EST (19:00 UTC) | The spacecraft was successfully launched after brief delay due to cloud cover. | [27][28] |
7 Apr 2006 | Passes Mars | The probe passed Mars: 1.7 AU from Earth. | [35][73] |
13 Jun 2006 | Flyby of asteroid 132524 APL | The probe passed closest to the asteroid 132524 APL in the Belt at about 101,867 km at 04:05 UTC. Pictures were taken. | [74] |
28 Nov 2006 | First image of Pluto | The image of Pluto was taken from a great distance. | [59] |
10 Jan 2007 | Navigation exercise near Jupiter | Long-distance observations of Jupiter's outer moon Callirrhoe as a navigation exercise. | [75] |
28 Feb 2007 | Jupiter flyby | Closest approach occurred at 05:43:40 UTC at 2.305 million km, 21.219 km/s. | [76] |
8 Jun 2008 | Passing of Saturn's orbit | The probe passed Saturn's orbit: 9.5 AU from Earth. | [76][77] |
29 Dec 2009 | The probe became closer to Pluto than to Earth | Pluto was then 32.7 AU from Earth, and the probe was 16.4 AU from Earth | [78][79][80] |
25 Feb 2010 | Half mission distance reached | Half the travel distance of 2.38×109 kilometres (1,480,000,000 mi) was completed. | [81] |
18 Mar 2011 | The probe passed Uranus's orbit | This is the fourth planetary orbit the spacecraft crossed since its start. New Horizons reached Uranus's orbit at 22:00 GMT. | [82][83] |
2 Dec 2011 | New Horizons drew closer to Pluto than any other spacecraft has ever been. | Previously, Voyager 1 held the record for the closest approach. (~10.58 AU) | [84] |
11 Feb 2012 | New Horizons was 10 AU from Pluto. | Happened at around 4:55 UTC. | [85] |
1 July 2013 | New Horizons captures its first image of Charon | Charon is clearly separated from Pluto using the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI). | [86][87] |
25 Oct 2013 | New Horizons was 5 AU from Pluto. | [85][88] | |
20 July 2014 | Photos of Pluto and Charon | Images obtained showing both bodies orbiting each other, distance 2.8 AU. | [89] |
25 Aug 2014 | The probe passed Neptune's orbit | This was the fifth planetary orbit crossed. | [90] |
Jan 2015 | Observation of Kuiper belt object VNH0004 | Distant observations from a distance of roughly 75 million km (~0.5 AU) | [91] |
Feb 2015 | Observations of Pluto begin | New Horizons is now close enough to Pluto for the main science mission to begin. | [76] |
5 May 2015 | Better than Hubble | Images exceed best Hubble Space Telescope resolution. | [76] |
14 Jul 2015 | Flyby of Pluto, Charon, Hydra, Nix, Kerberos and Styx | Flyby of Pluto around 11:47 UTC at 13,695 km, 13.78 km/s. Pluto is 32.9 AU from Sun. Flyby of Charon, Hydra, Nix, Kerberos and Styx around 12:01 UTC at 29,473 km, 13.87 km/s. | [76] |
2016–20 | Possible flyby of one or more Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) | The probe will perform flybys of other KBOs, if any are in the spacecraft's trajectory. | [92] |
2026 | Expected end of the mission | The mission will conclude. | [93] |
2038 | New Horizons will be 100 AU from the Sun. | If still functioning, the probe will explore the outer heliosphere. | [94] |
Distance-encounter operations at Pluto, with the onboard LORRI imager plus Ralph telescope, will begin January 4, 2015.[95] The targets will be only a few pixels across. 70 days out (May 5, 2015), resolution will exceed the Hubble Space Telescope's resolution,[76] lasting another two weeks after the flyby. This should detect any rings or any additional moons (eventually down to 2 km diameter), for avoidance and targeting maneuvers, and observation scheduling. Long-range imaging will include 40 km (25 mi) mapping of Pluto and Charon 3.2 days out. This is half the rotation period of Pluto–Charon and will allow imaging of the side of both bodies that will be facing away from the spacecraft at closest approach. Coverage will repeat twice per day, to search for changes due to snows or cryovolcanism. Still, due to Pluto's tilt and rotation, a portion of the northern hemisphere will be in shadow at all times.
During the flyby, LORRI should be able to obtain select images with resolution as high as 50 m/px (if closest distance is around 10,000 km), and MVIC should obtain 4-color global dayside maps at 1.6 km resolution. LORRI and MVIC will attempt to overlap their respective coverage areas to form stereo pairs. LEISA will obtain hyperspectral near-infrared maps at 7 km/px globally and 0.6 km/pixel for selected areas. Meanwhile, Alice will characterize the atmosphere, both by emissions of atmospheric molecules (airglow), and by dimming of background stars as they pass behind Pluto (occultation).
During and after closest approach, SWAP and PEPSSI will sample the high atmosphere and its effects on the solar wind. VBSDC will search for dust, inferring meteoroid collision rates and any invisible rings. REX will perform active and passive radio science. Ground stations on Earth will transmit a powerful radio signal as New Horizons passes behind Pluto's disk, then emerges on the other side. The communications dish will measure the disappearance and reappearance of the radio occultation signal. The results will resolve Pluto's diameter (by their timing) and atmospheric density and composition (by their weakening and strengthening pattern). (Alice can perform similar occultations, using sunlight instead of radio beacons.) Previous missions had the spacecraft transmit through the atmosphere, to Earth ("downlink"). Low power and extreme distance means New Horizons will be the first such "uplink" mission. Pluto's mass and mass distribution will be evaluated by their tug on the spacecraft. As the spacecraft speeds up and slows down, the radio signal will experience a Doppler shift. The Doppler shift will be measured by comparison with the ultrastable oscillator in the communications electronics.
Reflected sunlight from Charon will allow some imaging observations of the nightside. Backlighting by the Sun will highlight any rings or atmospheric hazes. REX will perform radiometry of the nightside.
Initial, highly-compressed images will be transmitted within days. The science team will select the best images for public release. Uncompressed images will take about nine months[citation needed] to transmit, depending on Deep Space Network traffic. It may turn out, however, that fewer months will be needed. The spacecraft link is proving stronger than expected, and it is possible that both downlink channels may be ganged together to nearly double the data rate.
Loss of any of these objectives will constitute a failure of the mission.
It is expected, but not demanded, that most of these objectives will be met.
These objectives may be attempted, though they may be skipped in favor of the above objectives. An objective to measure any magnetic field of Pluto was dropped. A magnetometer instrument could not be implemented within a reasonable mass budget and schedule, and SWAP and PEPSSI could do an indirect job detecting some magnetic field around Pluto.
Other possible targets are Neptune trojans. The probe's trajectory to Pluto passes near Neptune's trailing Lagrange point ("L5"), which may host hundreds of bodies in 1:1 resonance with the planet. In late 2013, New Horizons passed within 1.2 AU (180,000,000 km; 110,000,000 mi) of the recently discovered large, high-inclination L5 Neptune trojan 2011 HM102,[97] which was identified by the New Horizons KBO Search Survey team while searching for more distant objects for New Horizons to fly by after its 2015 Pluto encounter. At this range, 2011 HM102 would have been bright enough to be detectable by New Horizons' LORRI instrument. However, the 2011 HM102 flyby came shortly before the Pluto encounter. At that time, New Horizons may not have had significant downlink bandwidth, and thus free memory, for trojan encounter data.[98] The New Horizons team eventually decided that they would not target 2011 HM102 for observations (as the preparations for the Pluto approach took precedence).[99]
New Horizons is designed to fly past one or more Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) after passing Pluto. Because the flight path is determined by the Pluto flyby, with only minimal hydrazine remaining, objects must be found within a cone, extending from Pluto, of less than a degree's width, within 55 AU. Past 55 AU, the communications link becomes too weak, and the RTG wattage will have decayed significantly enough to hinder observations. Desirable KBOs will be well over 50 km (31 mi) in diameter, neutral in color (to compare with the reddish Pluto), and, if possible, possess a moon. Because the population of KBOs appears quite large, multiple objects may qualify. Large ground telescopes with wide-field cameras, notably the twin Magellan Telescopes, the Subaru Observatory and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope[97] are being used to search for potential targets up until the Pluto flyby; the Pluto aim point, plus subsequent thruster firing, will then determine the post-Pluto trajectory. The citizen science project Ice Hunters has aided in the search for a suitable object.[101][102][103] With the completion of the Ice Hunters project, 143 KBO's of potential interest have been found,[104] but as of May 2014[update] all are out of range for New Horizons. Only the Hubble Space Telescope is likely to find a suitable target in time for a successful KBO mission.[105] As of 2014 June 16, time on Hubble has been granted.[106]
An extension of the project, Ice Investigators, is being launched.[107] KBO flyby observations will be similar to those at Pluto, but reduced due to lower light, power, and bandwidth. On August 21, 2012, the New Horizons team announced on their Twitter feed that they will attempt distant observations of the object VNH0004 in January 2015 just before the Pluto encounter, at a distance of 75 gigametres (0.50 AU).[61]
In August 2013, it was proposed[108] to use the radio-tracking data from New Horizons to put constraints on the position of a hypothesized trans-Neptunian planetary-sized body.[109]
On October 15, 2014, NASA announced finding several KBOs that may be targeted by the New Horizons spacecraft, presently expected to perform a flyby of the Pluto system on July 14, 2015.[100]
Provided it survives that far out, New Horizons is likely to follow the Voyager probes in exploring the outer heliosphere and mapping the heliosheath and heliopause. The heliopause might be reached around year 2047.[110]
Even though it was launched far faster than any outward probe before it, New Horizons will never overtake either Voyager 1 or Voyager 2, as the most distant human-made object from Earth. Close fly-bys of Saturn and Titan gave Voyager 1 an advantage with its extra gravity assist. When New Horizons reaches the distance of 100 AU, it will be travelling at about 13 km/s (29,000 mph), around 4 km/s (8,900 mph) slower than Voyager 1 at that distance.[94]
As of 12 September 2014, New Horizons' was about 2.43 AU (364,000,000 km) from Pluto, 30.37 AU (4.543×109 km) from the Sun and 29.98 AU (4.485×109 km) from Earth. The spacecraft traveled at 14.68 km/s (32,800 mph) or about 3.0 AU per year (relative to the Sun). Radio signals take more than 4 hours to travel to the spacecraft from Earth.[1]
The latest news and photos from the probe can be viewed at NASA's Web site: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/#.VCnGoii0fRY.
A visual depiction of New Horizons's current position can be seen at http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission/whereis_nh.php
The brightness of the Sun from the spacecraft is magnitude −19.3.[111]
New Horizons is heading in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius.[111] The mission is expected to end in 2026.[93]
Guo, Y.; Farquhar, R. W. (2005). "New Horizons Pluto–Kuiper Belt mission: design and simulation of the Pluto–Charon encounter". Acta Astronautica 56 (3): 421–429. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.05.076.
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text:
Thin Clients Booting over a Wireless Bridge
One of the requirements for a thin client is that it has a PXE-bootable system. Normally, PXE is part of your network card BIOS, but if your card doesn't support it, you can get an ISO image of Etherboot with PXE support from ROM-o-matic (see Resources). Looking at the server with, for example, ten clients, it should have plenty of hard disk space (100GB), plenty of RAM (at least 1GB) and a modern CPU (such as an AMD64 3200).
The following is a five-step how-to guide on setting up an Edubuntu thin-client network over a fixed network.
1. Prepare the server.
In our network, we used the standard standalone configuration. From the command line:
sudo apt-get install ltsp-server-standalone
You may need to edit /etc/ltsp/dhcpd.conf if you change the default IP range for the clients. By default, it's configured for a server at 192.168.0.1 serving PXE clients.
Our network wasn't behind a firewall, but if yours is, you need to open TFTP, NFS and DHCP. To do this, edit /etc/hosts.allow, and limit access for portmap, rpc.mountd, rpc.statd and in.tftpd to the local network:
portmap: 192.168.0.0/24 rpc.mountd: 192.168.0.0/24 rpc.statd: 192.168.0.0/24 in.tftpd: 192.168.0.0/24
Restart all the services by executing the following commands:
sudo invoke-rc.d nfs-kernel-server restart sudo invoke-rc.d nfs-common restart sudo invoke-rc.d portmap restart
2. Build the client's runtime environment.
While connected to the Internet, issue the command:
sudo ltsp-build-client
If you're not connected to the Internet and have Edubuntu on CD, use:
sudo ltsp-build-client --mirror file:///cdrom
Remember to copy sources.list from the server into the chroot.
3. Configure your SSH keys.
To configure your SSH server and keys, do the following:
sudo apt-get install openssh-server sudo ltsp-update-sshkeys
4. Start DHCP.
You should now be ready to start your DHCP server:
sudo invoke-rc.d dhcp3-server start
If all is going well, you should be ready to start your thin client.
5. Boot the thin client.
Make sure the client is connected to the same network as your server.
Power on the client, and if all goes well, you should see a nice XDMCP graphical login dialog.
Once the thin-client network was up and running correctly, we added a wireless bridge into our network. In our network, a number of thin clients are located on a single hub, which is separated from the boot server by an IEEE 802.11 wireless bridge. It's not an unrealistic scenario; a situation such as this may arise in a corporate setting or university. For example, if a group of thin clients is located in a different or temporary building that does not have access to the main network, a simple and elegant solution would be to have a wireless link between the clients and the server. Here is a mini-guide in getting the bridge running so that the clients can boot over the bridge:
Connect the server to the LAN port of the access point. Using this LAN connection, access the Web configuration interface of the access point, and configure it to broadcast an SSID on a unique channel. Ensure that it is in Infrastructure mode (not ad hoc mode). Save these settings and disconnect the server from the access point, leaving it powered on.
Now, connect the server to the wireless node. Using its Web interface, connect to the wireless network advertised by the access point. Again, make sure the node connects to the access point in Infrastructure mode.
Finally, connect the thin client to the access point. If there are several thin clients connected to a single hub, connect the access point to this hub.
We found ad hoc mode unsuitable for two reasons. First, most wireless devices limit ad hoc connection speeds to 11Mbps, which would put the network under severe strain to boot even one client. Second, while in ad hoc mode, the wireless nodes we were using would assume the Media Access Control (MAC) address of the computer that last accessed its Web interface (using Ethernet) as its own Wireless LAN MAC. This made the nodes suitable for connecting a single computer to a wireless network, but not for bridging traffic destined to more than one machine. This detail was found only after much sleuthing and led to a range of sporadic and often unreproducible errors in our system.
The wireless devices will form an Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layer 2 bridge between the server and the thin clients. In other words, all packets received by the wireless devices on their Ethernet interfaces will be forwarded over the wireless network and retransmitted on the Ethernet adapter of the other wireless device. The bridge is transparent to both the clients and the server; neither has any knowledge that the bridge is in place.
For administration of the thin clients and network, we used the Webmin program. Webmin comprises a Web front end and a number of CGI scripts, which directly update system configuration files. As it is Web-based, administration can be performed from any part of the network by simply using a Web browser to log in to the server. The graphical interface greatly simplifies tasks, such as adding and removing thin clients from the network or changing the location of the image file to be transferred at boot time. The alternative is to edit several configuration files by hand and restart all dæmon programs manually.
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