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Helen of Troy Tangle-Free Hot Air Brush
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Prominent auto dealer dies
Jennifer Lee Preyss
Feb. 13, 2011 at 10:05 p.m.
Updated Feb. 12, 2011 at 8:13 p.m.
Born: Sept. 28, 1930 in Crosbyton and graduated Beaumont High School and attended Lamar University
Wilkinson was a master mason and a member of the Beaumont Tolerance Lodge No. 1165 AM and FM
Previously served in the U.S. Air Force as an airplane and engine mechanic.
Began auto sales career as a door-to-door car salesman with Holley Motor Company in Beaumont.
Purchased Pontiac, Buick, GMC Truck-Subaru dealership in Bryan, Texas in mid 70s.
In 1985, Wilkinson purchased Victoria Nissan franchise
In 1987, Wilkinson purchased Toyota dealership.
In 1988, Wilkinson acquired GMC Truck and Daihatsu franchise
In 1993, Wilkinson purchased Oldsmobile-Cadillac dealership.
In 1996, Wilkinson purchased Pontiac, Buick, Jeep, Eagle and Mazda.
In 2001, Wilkinson purchased Chevrolet franchise.
In October 2006, Wilkinson retired.
In 2010, Wilkinson opened final dealership Wilkinson Pre-Owned SuperCenter.
*Dealerships listed have been sold, except Pre-Owned SuperCenter
His family will agree, Ted Wilkinson did things his own way. So much so, that Wilkinson's memorial service at Rosewood Funeral Home concluded Sunday afternoon with Frank Sinatra's "My Way."
It was Wilkinson's way that allowed the prominent Victoria-based car dealer to carve out a continued success in the auto sales industry for more than 50 years.
"My husband would hire people who knew the business, but mostly he hired green peas so he could train them his way," Wilkinson's wife of 42 years, Lisa Wilkinson, said smiling. "He did things his way."
Wilkinson's auto sales resume included a lifetime of profitable business transactions, including purchasing and selling multiple car dealerships. In the 1970s, he purchased his first dealership, a Pontiac-Buick-GMC Truck-Subaru in Bryan, which he owned for 10 years. When Wilkinson relocated to Victoria in 1985, he acquired the Victoria Nissan franchise, and two years later, the Toyota dealership. Later, against the advice of everyone, Wilkinson added the GMC Truck and Daihatsu franchises to his Nissan franchise, and surprised naysayers when it turned out to be an advantageous business move.
"Everyone thought he was foolish for buying the GMC trucks, but things changed for us after that. Business really started taking off," Lisa Wilkinson said.
But Wilkinson wasn't merely a success in business. He was a committed husband, father and grandfather, and will be forever remembered as loyal, generous, and the quintessential provider.
"One of his biggest fears and recurring nightmares he had was that he would be fired from his job and not be able to find another job to take care of his family," Lisa Wilkinson said. "He was driven to take care of his family and loyal to his friends and employees. He was a protector. He was a provider."
He was also a man who loved his five children, 10 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, spending every available moment making sure they knew grandpa loved them.
"He loved his children very much. And he loved being a grandfather," Lisa Wilkinson recalled.
Wilkinson's death at his Victoria home on Friday was sadly expected. His six-year battle with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease forced the ambitious businessman to slow down.
But even while enduring the side effects of his illness, Wilkinson's passion for auto sales never dwindled.
"He wanted to purchase the SuperCenter store, and we're going to make it a success for him, since it's what he wanted," Lisa Wilkinson said, referring to the Wilkinson Pre-Owned SuperCenter store that opened several months ago on Navarro Street. "That's his legacy and we want to carry it on."
A burial service for Wilkinson will be held Monday at 10 a.m. at Memory Gardens cemetery.


text: TOP 10 Top 10 Entertainment Top 10: Best-Dressed Football Coaches © Getty Images Back to Top ▲ Top 10: Best-Dressed Football Coaches Top 10: Best-Dressed Football Coaches Daniel Barna Share on Facebook Share on Twitter 0 Shares Remember when we showed you what the pot-bellied, bowl-cut-sporting, beer-swilling head coaches of the NHL wear behind the bench? Unfortunately, so do we. To make it up to you (and your retinas), it's our pleasure to present to you 10 of their best-dressed European counterparts. Dashing, debonair and daring, these men are just a portion of the style-conscious upper brass that direct and dissect your favorite players on the pitch. When fans turn their attention to the likes of El Clasico and the knockout stages of the Champions League, expect to see more of the tailored suits, wool overcoats and designer shoes that have come to characterize football's coaching elite. For now, these 10 managers are proof positive that football truly is "The Beautiful Game." Start With #10 TOP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Football Influence Soccer Fashion Trends Style Icons Comments Show Comments More Like This Promoted Around the Web Special Features


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Who We Are: For more than a century, Clubs have helped put young people on the path to great futures. Boys & Girls Clubs of America's mission is:
25 Jan 2012 - 11:16am - 0 Comments
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. -- Jani-King, the world's largest commercial cleaning franchise company, has been named the Official Cleaning Company of The PGA of America.
24 Jan 2012 - 8:52am - 0 Comments
ORLANDO, Fla.
24 Jan 2012 - 8:48am - 0 Comments
ORLANDO, Fla. -- John Hines of Middle Island, N.Y., born into a family of military veterans and inspired by the message of Patriot Golf Day, that ignited a passion to build a model local fundraising campaign, was presented today with the 2011 Patriot Award.
24 Jan 2012 - 8:41am - 0 Comments
ORLANDO, Fla. -- Three new members of The PGA of America's Board of Directors were sworn in Tuesday, Jan. 24, at the Association's 95th Annual Meeting at the Hilton Orlando in Orlando, Fla.
24 Jan 2012 - 8:36am - 0 Comments
For nearly four decades, the remarkable military career of John "Sid" Trench of Hampshire, England, sent him to many of the trouble spots in the world. Beginning with the political hotbed in Northern Ireland in the 1970s, to Bosnia, and capped by two tours in Iraq.
17 Jan 2012 - 6:45pm - 0 Comments
PORT ST. LUCIE, Fla. -- The PGA Center for Golf Learning and Performance hosted more than 1,100 kids and adults for the inaugural "Free Day of Play" on Sat., Jan.
17 Jan 2012 - 6:36pm - 0 Comments
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. -- Golf Digest senior writer Jaime Diaz, whose passion for golf as a youth evolved into a career of advancing the public's appreciation of the game, has been named the recipient of the 2012 PGA Lifetime Achievement Award in Journalism.
17 Jan 2012 - 6:22pm - 0 Comments
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. (Jan. 4, 2012) -- Patriot Golf Day and Folds of Honor Foundation Founder Maj. Dan Rooney, a PGA Professional and former F-16 Fighter Pilot, was named recipient of the William D.
10 Jan 2012 - 4:14pm - 1 Comments
WASHINGTON -- WE ARE GOLF today helped spearhead the White House's announcement of Summer Jobs+, a new call to action for businesses, non-profits, and government to work together to provide pathways to employment for America's youth in the summer of 2012.
5 Jan 2012 - 3:53pm - 0 Comments
Jack Nicklaus comments on the passing of Jim Huber by saying, 'Barbara and I are deeply saddened by the news of Jim's passing. We all lost a good friend in Jim—a good friend to the entire sports world, but particularly to the game of golf.'
3 Jan 2012 - 7:22pm - 0 Comments
The golf world lost one of its greatest friends and promoters as PGA.com's Jim Huber has passed away.
3 Jan 2012 - 6:44pm - 1 Comments
The golf world lost one of its greatest friends and promoters as PGA.com's Jim Huber has passed away.
3 Jan 2012 - 6:39pm - 1 Comments
PGA.com and the golf world lost a huge advocate and friend today as Jim Huber, - host, speaker, moderator and writer of the popular "A Sense of Huber" on PGA.com - passed away Monday, January 2, 2012 at the age of 67 after being diagnosed with acute leukemia.
2 Jan 2012 - 9:23pm - 0 Comments
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla.
19 Dec 2011 - 9:41am - 0 Comments
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. (Dec.
14 Dec 2011 - 10:34am - 0 Comments
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. -- The PGA of America (PGA) and the United States Golf Association (USGA) want golfers to have more fun by "teeing it forward" all year long.
14 Dec 2011 - 8:48am - 0 Comments
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. (Nov. 29, 2011) -- Jeff Freeman of Windermere, Fla., closed with a fourth consecutive 5-under-par 66 to claim medalist honors at the 2011 Champions Tour National Qualifying Tournament, Nov. 20, at the par-71 TPC Scottsdale's Champions Course.
29 Nov 2011 - 4:40pm - 0 Comments
Nov. 29, 2011 -- The Ryder Cup at The Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire, Scotland, will be conducted Friday, Sept. 26 to Sunday, Sept. 28, 2014. It will mark the second time in history that golf's premier team event will be hosted in Scotland.
29 Nov 2011 - 4:31pm - 1 Comments
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Thranduil | |
Tolkien's legendarium character | |
Aliases | Elvenking of Mirkwood |
Race | Elf (Sindarin) |
Book(s) | The Hobbit (1937) |
Thranduil is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is a supporting character in The Hobbit, and is referenced briefly in The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales.
Thranduil first appears in The Hobbit as the Elvenking, when Bilbo and the Dwarves enter his realm in the northern part of Mirkwood. The Dwarves are captured by Thranduil's guards and locked in his dungeons when they refuse to divulge their intentions. The Dwarves are rescued by Bilbo, who has remained in hiding with his use of a magic ring of invisibility.
After the death of the dragon Smaug, Thranduil along with the people of Lake-town demanded a share of the treasure of Erebor. War with the Dwarves was averted by the arrival of a goblin/warg army and the ensuing battle.
Thranduil was the father of Legolas Greenleaf, a supporting character in The Lord of the Rings. The gradually-established friendship between Legolas and the Dwarf Gimli, the son of Glóin of The Hobbit, helps to reconcile Thranduil's people and the Dwarves. The appendices to The Return of the King note that Thranduil withstood attacks by Sauron during northern battles of the War of the Ring, meeting with Celeborn and his people to together destroy Dol Guldur and cleanse Mirkwood of Sauron's taint of evil. Also, Legolas and the Silvan Elves later worked together with Gimli and the Dwarves to rebuild and improve Minas Tirith, capital city of Gondor, the realm of their mutual friend Aragorn. The last time Thranduil was mentioned was soon after Sauron's final defeat.
In the 1977 animated version of The Hobbit, Thranduil is voiced by Otto Preminger.
He is one of the playable Elven heroes in The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II real-time strategy game, joining Elrond, Arwen, Glorfindel, and the Dwarves in destroying Dol Guldur in the final battle of the Good version of the game, and falling to the Goblins mustered by the Mouth of Sauron in the penultimate struggle of the Evil one along with all Mirkwood itself.
In the film adaptation of The Hobbit he is portrayed by American actor Lee Pace. Peter Jackson announced the casting news on 30 April 2011, while simultaneously revealing that Pace had been a favorite for the part, after he saw his performance in The Fall. The character first appeared in the prologue in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey and will appear in the next two films.
Thranduil Cadet branch of the House of the Sindar Born: ? Years of the Trees Died: ? Years of the Sun | ||
Preceded by Oropher | King of Mirkwood |


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Kelsey Grammer Sells Beverly Hills Home; Still Not Free of Homes Shared with Camille
Kelsey Grammer's divorce drama never seems to end thanks to the real estate he shares with his ex-wife Camille. He just sold his Beverly Hills home at 701 North Linden Dr for $6.7 million, which he purchased with his new wife, Kayte Walsh, on April 25, 2012, for $6.5 million. Kayte has admitted to Oprah that… Read More


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Hi readers,
A massive tragedy had taken place at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah just like the title "Kemalangan Lori Tangki Keretapi Kota Kinabalu Sabah" on 31st October 2011. Incident took place around 5.40PM. The exact location of tragedy was Putatan, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
According to source, they are still no official dead had been announced from these incident and only nine are injured until 7.45PM but there's unofficial new that 18 people had died in this accident.
Checkout all the "Gambar Video Kemalangan Lori Tangki Keretapi Kota Kinabalu Sabah" below:
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If there's one common theme that threads through Biogen Idec, it's our commitment to the patients whom we serve. This singular focus drives all of us to strive for excellence in our work, our community, ourselves and in the lives of the people we touch everyday— whether it be our patients, our colleagues or our families.
We strive to foster a Culture of Excellence, in our employees, our processes and our results. It is important that our workplace culture enables employees to focus on priorities, make crisp decisions, be collaborative, think creatively and embrace accountability. To this end, we give individuals and teams the autonomy to take calculated risks and drive development of innovative products and solutions. By empowering employees, we believe we can best leverage their unique talents and abilities to support the company's growth.
Our Culture of Excellence extends beyond just our day-to-day work. As a company we are dedicated to giving back to the communities in which we live and work. Through our Corporate Citizenship efforts, Biogen Idec and our employees engage with the communities in which we live and work, - our annual Care Deeply Day, the Community Lab, local fundraisers and our matching gifts program are just a few of the many efforts and volunteer opportunities that are core to our dedication to Changing Lives around the world.
Biogen Idec's commitment to provide not only fulfilling work, but also fulfilling lives is highly evident through the various work/life benefits we offer our employees. Success for our team members means success for our company and success for the patients and caregivers who count on us every day.
Caring Deeply and Changing Lives. It's not only what we do, it defines who we are.


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"Together, we can make a meaningful difference – for our families, our communities, and our country – on the issues that will impact us the most."
- Ken Reed
Ken Reed is a proud West Virginian who was raised on the values of family, faith, hard work and caring for others in the community. The son of a steel worker, Ken grew up in Brooke County and went on to graduate from the West Virginia School of Pharmacy in 1992.
Ken and his wife, Tally, married in 1993 and opened their first Reed's Pharmacy in Berkeley Springs, WV in 1998. Today, they have four children and it is their children's future that motivated Ken to run for Congress. Like many West Virginians, Ken is worried about what the future holds for our children and grandchildren. The dishonest passing of debt to future generations and the fact that many of our children leave the state in search of better jobs is a troubling combination.
With our nation facing a $17 trillion national debt that grows by the day, funding crises for Medicare and Social Security on the horizon and the new taxes, regulations and worry caused by Obamacare, Ken is running to bring some West Virginia common sense to Congress.
As our voice in Washington, Ken will always stand up for what's right for West Virginia.


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Curly Sue got married. Former child star Alisan Porter is all grown up, and she tied the knot this weekend in a small California ceremony.
The 30-year-old sing-songwriter and actress is best known as the star of "Curly Sue," a 1991 John Hughes film also featuring John Belushi and Kelly Lynch.
Porter confirmed the wedding through her Twitter account, @alisanporter, posting on Sunday "IM MARRIED!!!!!!" and a picture of an outdoor floral altar. The actress also posted photos of her lacy, strapless gown, which People Magazine reports is a custom R-Mine dress.
The bride and groom Brian Autenrieth, 33, are longtime friends, and Porter tells People, "it's the most incredible feeling to know you're marrying your best friend." The pair started dated when the actress was just 18 before breaking up, and then getting back together; their first dance song was reportedly Frank Sinatra's "The Second Time Around."
The couple are expecting their first child in July. Porter began the year by posting a photo of her ultrasound and positive pregnancy tests on Twitter. Her baby bump is visible in one of the wedding day photos she posted online.
Porter was mostly recently seen on Broadway in "Footloose" and "A Chorus Line."


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Walata tyamateetj: carry knowledgeNow showing This unique exhibition of Aboriginal records, dating back from early settlement of Victoria in the mid-1800s through to the 1960s, will be on display at the Victorian Archives Centre Gallery from 17 May to early 2015. Visit 99 Shiel Street, North Melbourne. Entry is free. Open Monday to Friday 10am-4.30pm, and every 2nd and last Saturday. Learn more about this exhibition. Photo: A petition lodged in 1931 with the Board for the Protection of Aborigines, Lake Tyers Aboriginal Station. VPRS 1694/PO, Unit 11, May 1931-June1931. |
Sailing Into MelbourneThis winter, the Old Treasury Building features an impressive display of nautical history highlighting the extraordinary past of Melbourne's famous port. Sailing into Melbourne showcases major records from the collection of Public Record Office Victoria, covering grim stories of quarantine, devastating shipwrecks and grand voyages from Australia to Europe carrying large amounts of gold. On display at the Old Treasury Building, 20 Spring Street. Opens June 2 Visit oldtreasurybuilding.org.au. or click here for more information Public Record Office Victoria VPRS 386/ P2 |
Bigamy, Theft and Murder: the extraordinary tale of Frederick Bailey Deeming |
Disaster At West GateThe West Gate Bridge Collapse of 1970 |
Eureka on TrialArchives of the Eureka Stockade |
Lucy: a private life revealed through public records |
Ned Kelly |
Tracking the Native PoliceVictoria's Aboriginal police force 1837-1852. |
Water Stories |


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Mayfield defeats Las Cruces for District lead
Tuesday, January 29, 2013 - 10:38pm
The Mayfield girls basketball team stayed undefeated in district after a 48-34 victory over city rival Las Cruces High.
Elsewhere, girls basketball showdown had playoff seeding implications Tuesday night, as Andress held on to defeat Austin, 55-52. Austin was led by Guadaloupe Chao's 21 points, but Andress held on to win, improving to 7-5 in District 1-4A. Austin falls to 6-6 in district. Tune in for the highlights!
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dOP Plays Electric Pickle on Friday
Categories: Concert Preview, Nightlife
Boasting an infectious organic blend of techno, microhouse and experimental electroacoustic studio wizardry, dOP put on intense and spirited live shows, driven by frontman Jonathan Illel's energetic MC-style vocals and stage antics. After their much-lauded WMC appearances dOP will be returning to Miami for an exclusive live performance at Electric Pickle on Friday and this one should provide a refreshing change of pace from the ubiquitous guest DJ set, although with that said, DJs Will Renuart and Jason Baez will also be warming up nicely on the decks!
dOP Live. Friday, April 30. 10 p.m.-5 a.m. Electric Pickle. 2826 N. Miami Ave., Miami. $15 pre-sale tickets on www.residentadvisor.com.
Get a pre-taste of dOP in action on the video below after the jump.
Sponsor Content


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EMMERICH KNOLL GRUNER VELTLINER 'VINOTHEKFULLUNG' SMARAGD 2009, 750ml (Bottle)
- 92-94 points - Falstaff Magazine
- 93 points - International Wine Cellar
- "An elegant and harmonious veltliner.."
Grüner Veltliner is a late ripening variety, that is Austria's most famous grape. It is indigenous to Austria and grown extensively, accounting for 36% of all vineyard plantings. The finest Grüner Veltliners come from the Wachau, these are powerful wines, while more elegant examples come from Kamptal and Kremstal.
Grüner Veltliner produces wines that are pale green in colour and display aromas of grapefruits, limes, pears, and sometimes hints of white pepper. They have a core of steely acidity which enables the best bottles to age gracefully. The grape's natural acidity and subtle flavours makes its wines ideal partners for food.
Member of the United Lifestyle Group


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"I loved these as I used them to add both of our last names to the outside of the envelope. I wanted to do this, as there is only room for the first names on the save the date. They worked great and added some color to the outside of our save the date envelopes. The looked great and were easy to apply."
"These added a nice colorful touch to the envelopes! I liked that you can change the font, and make it exactly how you want it. I asked for two names to be on mine, and they turned out just as I had hoped!"
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"I was hesitant to order the wrap around labels for our invitations, because I was not sure how large our names would be and if the font was large enough for the address. These labels are STUNNING! We were thinking about writing the address ourselves or purchasing a stamp, however, I am so glad we did not. Definitely a great buy. Very happy with these."
"I actually bought 2 sets of these to go with some invitations I ordered and to use for everyday. They are so lovely - high quality, easy to read and overall the best labels I've ever purchased."


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The Better Angels of Our Nature
Author | Steven Pinker |
Publisher | Viking Books |
Publication date
2011 |
Pages | 832 |
LC Class | HM1116 .P57 2011 |
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. (May 2014) |
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined is a 2011 book by Steven Pinker arguing that violence in the world has declined both in the long run and in the short, and suggests explanations to why this has occurred.[1]
The phrase "the better angels of our nature" stems from the last words of US president Lincoln's first inaugural address. Pinker uses the phrase as a metaphor for four human motivations that, he writes, can "orient us away from violence and towards cooperation and altruism,"[2] namely: empathy, self-control, the "moral sense," and reason.
Pinker presents a large amount of data (and statistical analysis thereof) that, he argues, demonstrate that violence has been in decline over millennia and that the present is probably the most peaceful time in the history of the human species. The decline in violence, he argues, is enormous in magnitude, visible on both long and short time scales, and found in many domains, including military conflict, homicide, genocide, torture, criminal justice, treatment of children, homosexuals, animals and racial and ethnic minorities. He stresses that "The decline, to be sure, has not been smooth; it has not brought violence down to zero; and it is not guaranteed to continue."[3]
Pinker argues that the radical declines in violent behavior that he documents do not result from major changes in human biology or cognition. He specifically rejects the view that humans are necessarily violent, and thus have to undergo radical change in order to become more peaceable. However, Pinker also rejects what he regards as the simplistic nature versus nurture argument, which would imply that the radical change must therefore have come purely from external ("nurture") sources. Instead, he argues: "The way to explain the decline of violence is to identify the changes in our cultural and material milieu that have given our peaceable motives the upper hand."[4]
Pinker identifies five "historical forces" that have favored "our peaceable motives" and "have driven the multiple declines in violence."[2] They are:
- The Leviathan – The rise of the modern nation-state and judiciary "with a monopoly on the legitimate use of force," which "can defuse the [individual] temptation of exploitative attack, inhibit the impulse for revenge, and circumvent…self-serving biases."
- Commerce – The rise of "technological progress [allowing] the exchange of goods and services over longer distances and larger groups of trading partners," so that "other people become more valuable alive than dead" and "are less likely to become targets of demonization and dehumanization";
- Feminization – Increasing respect for "the interests and values of women."
- Cosmopolitanism – the rise of forces such as literacy, mobility, and mass media, which "can prompt people to take the perspectives of people unlike themselves and to expand their circle of sympathy to embrace them";
- The Escalator of Reason – an "intensifying application of knowledge and rationality to human affairs," which "can force people to recognize the futility of cycles of violence, to ramp down the privileging of their own interests over others', and to reframe violence as a problem to be solved rather than a contest to be won."[5]
Outline of the book[edit]
The first set of six chapters seeks to demonstrate and to analyze historical trends related to declines of violence on different scales. The next chapter discusses "inner demons" - psychological systems that can lead to violence (Pinker identifies five of them). The next chapter examines "better angels" or "motives" that can incline people away from violence (he identifies four). The following chapter examines historical trends that have led to declines in violence (he identifies five).
Six trends (Chapters 2 through 7)[edit]
Pinker writes: "To give some coherence to the many developments that make up our species' retreat from violence, I group them into six major trends", namely:
- The Pacification Process – Pinker describes this as the transition from "the anarchy of hunting, gathering, and horticultural societies … to the first agricultural civilizations with cities and governments, beginning around five thousand years ago" which brought "a reduction in the chronic raiding and feuding that characterized life in a state of nature and a more or less fivefold decrease in rates of violent death."[6]
- The Civilizing Process – Pinker argues that "between the late Middle Ages and the 20th century, European countries saw a tenfold-to-fiftyfold decline in their rates of homicide". Pinker attributes the idea of the Civilizing Process to the sociologist Norbert Elias, who "attributed this surprising decline to the consolidation of a patchwork of feudal territories into large kingdoms with centralized authority and an infrastructure on commerce".[6]
- The Humanitarian Revolution – Pinker attributes this term and concept to the historian Lynn Hunt. He says this revolution "unfolded on the [shorter] scale of centuries and took off around the time of the Age of Reason and the European Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries" (though he points to historical antecedents and to "parallels elsewhere in the world"). He writes: "It saw the first organized movements to abolish slavery, dueling, judicial torture, superstitious killing, sadistic punishment, and cruelty to animals, together with the first stirrings of systematic pacifism."[6]
- The Long Peace – a term he attributes to the historian John Lewis Gaddis.[7] This fourth "major transition", Pinker says, "took place after the end of World War II"; in it, he says, "the great powers, and the developed states in general, have stopped waging war on one another".[6]
- The New Peace – Pinker calls this trend "more tenuous", but "since the end of the Cold War in 1989, organized conflicts of all kinds — civil wars, genocides, repression by autocratic governments, and terrorist attacks — have declined throughout the world".[6]
- The Rights Revolutions – The postwar period has seen, Pinker argues, "a growing revulsion against aggression on smaller scales, including violence against ethnic minorities, women, children, homosexuals, and animals. These spin-offs from the concept of human rights—civil rights, women's rights, children's rights, gay rights, and animal rights—were asserted in a cascade of movements from the late 1950s to the present day…".[8]
Five inner demons (Chapter 8)[edit]
Here Pinker rejects what he calls the "Hydraulic Theory of Violence" – the idea "that humans harbor an inner drive toward aggression (a death instinct or thirst for blood), which builds up inside us and must periodically be discharged. Nothing could be further from contemporary scientific understanding of the psychology of violence." Instead, he argues, research suggests that "aggression is not a single motive, let alone a mounting urge. It is the output of several psychological systems that differ in their environmental triggers, their internal, their neurological basis, and their social distribution." He examines five such systems:
- Predatory or Practical Violence – violence "deployed as a practical means to an end"[9]
- Dominance – the "urge for authority, prestige, glory, and power"; Pinker argues that dominance motivations can occur within individuals and coalitions of "racial, ethnic, religious, or national groups"[10]
- Revenge – the "moralistic urge toward retribution, punishment, and justice"[11]
- Sadism – the "deliberate infliction of pain for no purpose but to enjoy a person's suffering..."[12]
- Ideology – a "shared belief system, usually involving a vision of utopia, that justifies unlimited violence in pursuit of unlimited good …"[2]
Four better angels (Chapter 9)[edit]
Pinker here examines four motives that "can orient [humans] away from violence and towards cooperation and altruism". He identifies:
- Empathy – which "prompts us to feel the pain of others and to align their interests with our own"
- Self-Control – which "allows us to anticipate the consequences of acting on our impulses and to inhibit them accordingly"
- The Moral Sense – which "sanctifies a set of norms and taboos that govern the interactions among people in a culture"; these sometimes decrease violence but can also increase it "when the norms are tribal, authoritarian, or puritanical"
- Reason – which "allows us to extract ourselves from our parochial vantage points"
In this chapter Pinker also examines and rejects the idea that humans have evolved in the biological sense to become less violent.[2]
Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the book Pinker uses a range of sources from different fields. Particular attention is paid to philosopher Thomas Hobbes who Pinker argues has been undervalued. Pinker's use of 'un-orthodox' thinkers follows directly from his observation that the data on violence contradict our current expectations. In an earlier work Pinker characterised the general misunderstanding concerning Hobbes:
Hobbes is commonly interpreted as proposing that man in a state of nature was saddled with an irrational impulse for hatred and destruction. In fact his analysis is more subtle, and perhaps even more tragic for he showed how the dynamics of violence fall out of interactions among rational and self-interested agents.[13]
Pinker also references ideas from occasionally overlooked contemporary academics; for example the works of political scientist John Mueller and sociologist Norbert Elias, among others. The extent of Elias' influence on Pinker can be adduced from the title of Chapter 3 of The Better Angels of Our Nature, which is taken from the title of Elias' seminal The Civilizing Process.[14] Pinker also draws upon the work of international relations scholar Joshua Goldstein. They co-wrote a New York Times op-ed article titled 'War Really Is Going Out of Style' that summarises many of their shared views,[15] and appeared together at Harvard's Institute of Politics to answer questions from academics and students concerning their similar thesis.[16]
The philosopher Peter Singer positively reviewed The Better Angels of Our Nature in The New York Times.[17] Singer concludes: "[It] is a supremely important book. To have command of so much research, spread across so many different fields, is a masterly achievement. Pinker convincingly demonstrates that there has been a dramatic decline in violence, and he is persuasive about the causes of that decline".[17]
Political scientist Robert Jervis, in a long review for The National Interest, states that Pinker "makes a case that will be hard to refute. The trends are not subtle – many of the changes involve an order of magnitude or more. Even when his explanations do not fully convince, they are serious and well-grounded.".[18]
In a review for The American Scholar, Michael Shermer writes, "Pinker demonstrates that long-term data trumps anecdotes. The idea that we live in an exceptionally violent time is an illusion created by the media's relentless coverage of violence, coupled with our brain's evolved propensity to notice and remember recent and emotionally salient events. Pinker's thesis is that violence of all kinds—from murder, rape, and genocide to the spanking of children to the mistreatment of blacks, women, gays, and animals—has been in decline for centuries as a result of the civilizing process.... Picking up Pinker's 832-page opus feels daunting, but it's a page-turner from the start."[19]
In The Guardian, Cambridge University political scientist David Runciman writes, "I am one of those who like to believe that... the world is just as dangerous as it has always been. But Pinker shows that for most people in most ways it has become much less dangerous". Runciman concludes "everyone should read this astonishing book".[20]
In a later review for The Guardian written when the book was shortlisted for the Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books, Tim Radford wrote, "in its confidence and sweep, the vast timescale, its humane standpoint and its confident world-view, it is something more than a science book: it is an epic history by an optimist who can list his reasons to be cheerful and support them with persuasive instances....I don't know if he's right, but I do think this book is a winner."[21]
Adam Lee writes, in his blog review for Big Think, that "even people who are inclined to reject Pinker's conclusions will sooner or later have to grapple with his arguments".[22]
In a long review in The Wilson Quarterly, psychologist Vaughan Bell calls it "an excellent exploration of how and why violence, aggression, and war have declined markedly, to the point where we live in humanity's most peaceful age.... powerful, mind changing, and important."[23]
Bill Gates wrote about the book that "Steven Pinker shows us ways we can make those positive trajectories a little more likely. That's a contribution, not just to historical scholarship, but to the world". He considers it one of the most important books he's ever read.[24]
In a long review for the Los Angeles Review of Books, anthropologist Christopher Boehm (Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California and co-director of the USC Jane Goodall Research Center ) called the book "excellent and important"[25]
Political scientist James Q. Wilson, in the Wall Street Journal, called the book "a masterly effort to explain what Mr. Pinker regards as one of the biggest changes in human history: We kill one another less frequently than before. But to give this project its greatest possible effect, he has one more book to write: a briefer account that ties together an argument now presented in 800 pages and that avoids the few topics about which Mr. Pinker has not done careful research." Specifically, the assertions to which Wilson objected were Pinker's writing that (in Wilson's summation), "George W. Bush 'infamously' supported torture; John Kerry was right to think of terrorism as a 'nuisance"; 'Palestinian activist groups' have disavowed violence and now work at building a 'competent government.' Iran will never use its nuclear weapons... [and] Mr. Bush ... is 'unintellectual.' " [26]
Brenda Maddox, in The Telegraph, called the book "utterly convincing" and "well-argued"[27]
The Economist called it "a subtle piece of natural philosophy to rival that of the great thinkers of the Enlightenment. He writes like an angel too."[28] Clive Cookson, reviewing it in the Financial Times, called it "a marvellous synthesis of science, history and storytelling, demonstrating how fortunate the vast majority of us are today to experience serious violence only through the mass media." [29]
The science journalist John Horgan called it "a monumental achievement" that "should make it much harder for pessimists to cling to their gloomy vision of the future" in a largely positive review in Slate Magazine.[30]
In The Huffington Post, Neil Boyd, Professor and Associate Director of the School of Criminology at Simon Fraser University, strongly defended the book against its critics, saying "While there are a few mixed reviews (James Q. Wilson in the Wall Street Journal comes to mind), virtually everyone else either raves about the book or expresses something close to ad hominem contempt and loathing.... At the heart of the disagreement are competing conceptions of research and scholarship, perhaps epistemology itself. How are we to study violence and to assess whether it has been increasing or decreasing? What analytic tools do we bring to the table? Pinker, sensibly enough chooses to look at the best available evidence regarding the rate of violent death over time, in pre-state societies, in medieval Europe, in the modern era, and always in a global context; he writes about inter-state conflicts, the two world wars, intra-state conflicts, civil wars, and homicides. In doing so, he takes a critical barometer of violence to be the rate of homicide deaths per 100,000 citizens.... Pinker's is a remarkable book, extolling science as a mechanism for understanding issues that are all too often shrouded in unstated moralities, and highly questionable empirical assumptions. Whatever agreements or disagreements may spring from his specifics, the author deserves our respect, gratitude, and applause." [31] Boyd specifically takes to task a number of the book's critics.
The book also saw positive reviews from The Spectator,[32] The Courier-Journal,[33] and The Independent.[34]
In his review of the book in Scientific American,[35] psychologist Robert Epstein criticizes Pinker's use of relative violent death rates — that is, of violent deaths per capita — as an appropriate metric for assessing the emergence of humanity's "better angels"; instead, Epstein believes that the correct metric is the absolute number of deaths at a given time. (Pinker strongly contests this point; throughout his book, he argues that we can understand the impact of a given number of violent deaths only relative to the total population size of the society in which they occur, and that since the population of the planet has increased by orders of magnitude over history, higher absolute numbers of violent death are certain to occur even if the average individual is far less likely to encounter violence directly in their own lives, as he argues is the case.) Epstein also accuses Pinker of an over-reliance on historical data, and argues that he has fallen prey to confirmation bias, leading him to focus on evidence that supports his thesis while ignoring research that does not.
Several negative reviews have raised criticisms related to Pinker's humanism and atheism.[36] John N. Gray, in a critical review of the book in Prospect, writes, "Pinker's attempt to ground the hope of peace in science is profoundly instructive, for it testifies to our enduring need for faith."[37] New York Times columnist Ross Douthat, while "broadly convinced by the argument that our current era of relative peace reflects a longer term trend away from violence, and broadly impressed by the evidence that Pinker marshals to support this view," offered a list of criticisms and concludes Pinker assumes almost all the progress starts with "the Enlightenment, and all that came before was a long medieval dark."[38] Theologian David Bentley Hart wrote that "one encounters [in Pinker's book] the ecstatic innocence of a faith unsullied by prudent doubt." Furthermore, he says, "it reaffirms the human spirit's lunatic and heroic capacity to believe a beautiful falsehood, not only in excess of the facts, but in resolute defiance of them.",[39] and continues:
In the end, what Pinker calls a "decline of violence" in modernity actually has been, in real body counts, a continual and extravagant increase in violence that has been outstripped by an even more exorbitant demographic explosion. Well, not to put too fine a point on it: So what? What on earth can he truly imagine that tells us about "progress" or "Enlightenment" or about the past, the present, or the future? By all means, praise the modern world for what is good about it, but spare us the mythology.
Craig S. Lerner, a professor at George Mason University School of Law, in an appreciative but ultimately negative review in the Winter 2011/12 issue of the Claremont Review of Books[40] does not dismiss the claim of declining violence, writing, "...let's grant that the 65 years since World War II really are among the most peaceful in human history, judged by the percentage of the globe wracked by violence and the percentage of the population dying by human hand," but disagrees with Pinker's explanations and concludes that "Pinker depicts a world in which human rights are unanchored by a sense of the sacredness and dignity of human life, but where peace and harmony nonetheless emerge. It is a future — mostly relieved of discord, and freed from an oppressive God — that some would regard as heaven on earth. He is not the first and certainly not the last to entertain hopes disappointed so resolutely by the history of actual human beings." In a sharp exchange in the correspondence section of the Spring 2012 issue, Pinker attributes to Lerner a "theo-conservative agenda" and accuses him of misunderstanding a number of points, notably Pinker's repeated assertion that "historical declines of violence are 'not guaranteed to continue'"; Lerner, in his response, says Pinker's "misunderstanding of my review is evident from the first sentence of his letter" and questions Pinker's objectivity and refusal to "acknowledge the gravity" of issues he raises[41]
Professor emeritus of finance and media analyst Edward S. Herman of the University of Pennsylvania, together with independent journalist David Peterson, wrote detailed negative reviews of the book for the International Socialist Review [42] and for Znet [43] concluding "...terrible book, both as a technical work of scholarship and as a moral tract and guide", and describing Pinker as pandering to the "demands of U.S. and Western elites at the start of the 21st century".
Two critical reviews have been related to postmodern approaches. Elizabeth Kolbert wrote a critical review in The New Yorker,[44] to which Pinker posted a reply.[45] Kolbert states that "The scope of Pinker's attentions is almost entirely confined to Western Europe"; Pinker replies that his book has sections on "Violence Around the World," "Violence in These United States," and the history of war in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Japan, and China. Kolbert states that "Pinker is virtually silent about Europe's bloody colonial adventures"; Pinker replies that "a quick search would have turned up more than 25 places in which the book discusses colonial conquests, wars, enslavements, and genocides." Kolbert concludes, "Name a force, a trend, or a 'better angel' that has tended to reduce the threat, and someone else can name a force, a trend, or an 'inner demon' pushing back the other way." Pinker calls this "the postmodernist sophistry that the The New Yorker so often indulges when reporting on science." An explicitly postmodern critique — or more precisely, one based on perspectivism — is made at CTheory.net by Ben Laws, who argues that "if we take a 'perspectivist' stance in relation to matters of truth would it not be possible to argue the direct inverse of Pinker's historical narrative of violence? Have we in fact become even more violent over time? Each interpretation could invest a certain stake in 'truth' as something fixed and valid — and yet, each view could be considered misguided." Pinker argues in his FAQ page that economic inequality, like other forms of "metaphorical" violence, "may be deplorable, but to lump it together with rape and genocide is to confuse moralization with understanding. Ditto for underpaying workers, undermining cultural traditions, polluting the ecosystem, and other practices that moralists want to stigmatize by metaphorically extending the term violence to them. It's not that these aren't bad things, but you can't write a coherent book on the topic of 'bad things.' ... physical violence is a big enough topic for one book (as the length of Better Angels makes clear). Just as a book on cancer needn't have a chapter on metaphorical cancer, a coherent book on violence can't lump together genocide with catty remarks as if they were a single phenomenon." Quoting this, Laws argues that Pinker suffers from "a reductive vision of what it means to be violent." [46]
John Arquilla of the Naval Postgraduate School criticized the book in a 3 December 2012 article in Foreign Policy for using statistics that he said did not accurately represent the threats of civilians dying in war:
"The problem with the conclusions reached in these studies is their reliance on "battle death" statistics. The pattern of the past century—one recurring in history—is that the deaths of noncombatants due to war has risen, steadily and very dramatically. In World War I, perhaps only 10 percent of the 10 million-plus who died were civilians. The number of noncombatant deaths jumped to as much as 50 percent of the 50 million-plus lives lost in World War II, and the sad toll has kept on rising ever since".[47]
Statistician and philosophical essayist Nassim Taleb coined the term "Pinker Problem" after corresponding with Pinker regarding the theory of great moderation [48] "Pinker doesn't have a clear idea of the difference between science and journalism, or the one between rigorous empiricism and anecdotal statements. Science is not about making claims about a sample, but using a sample to make general claims and discuss properties that apply outside the sample." [49] In a reply, Pinker denied that his arguments had any similarity to "great moderation" arguments about financial markets, and states that "Taleb's article implies that Better Angels consists of 700 pages of fancy statistical extrapolations which lead to the conclusion that violent catastrophes have become impossible... [but] the statistics in the book are modest and almost completely descriptive" and "the book explicitly, adamantly, and repeatedly denies that major violent shocks cannot happen in the future."[50]
Stephen Corry, director of the charity Survival International, criticized the book from the perspective of indigenous people's rights. He asserts that Pinker's book "promotes a fictitious, colonialist image of a backward 'Brutal Savage', which pushes the debate on tribal peoples' rights back over a century and [which] is still used to justify their destruction."[51]
In an extensive review of Jared Diamond's The World Until Yesterday, Anthropologist James C. Scott also mentions and attacks Pinker's The Better Angels of Our Nature. Summarizing the conclusions of both books as follows, "we know, on the basis of certain contemporary hunter-gatherers, that our ancestors were violent and homicidal and that they have only recently (very recently in Pinker's account) been pacified and civilised by the state. Life without the state is nasty, brutish and short." Scott argues, in attacking Diamond and Pinker alike, that "it does not follow that the state, by curtailing 'private' violence, reduces the total amount of violence." Also believing that Pinker and Diamond are representing Hobbesian views on the formation of states, "Hobbes's fable at least has nominally equal contractants agreeing to establish a sovereign for their mutual safety. That is hard to reconcile with the fact that all ancient states without exception were slave states." He also goes to describe various methods stateless societies used in curtailing violence and resolving feuds, and addresses a range of claims made by Diamond which similarly appear in Pinker's work.[52]
Awards and honors[edit]
- 2011 New York Times Notable Books of 2011[53]
- 2012 Samuel Johnson Prize, shortlist[54]
- 2012 Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books, shortlist[55]
- 2013 University of Edinburgh: appointment of Pinker to lectureship on the topic in its series of Gifford Lectures [56]
- Pinker delivering the 2013 Gifford Lecture at the University of Edinburgh [57]
- Pinker discusses The Better Angels of Our Nature with psychologist Paul Bloom on bloggingheads.tv, December 8, 2012[58]
- Pinker debates why violence has declined with Economist Judith Marquand, BHA Chief Executive Andrew Copson and BBC broadcaster Roger Bolton at the Institute of Art and Ideas[59]
See also[edit]
- ^ Smith, Jordan Michael (20 October 2011). "The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined" (Viking Books, 2011), p.xxv, ISBN=978-0-670-02295-3
- ^ Pinker 2011 New York Times ibid.
- ^ Pinker, Steven (6 October 2011). "'The Better Angels of Our Nature' Excerpt". New York Times.
- ^ Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined" (Viking Books, 2011), p.xxvi, ISBN=978-0-670-02295-3
- ^ a b c d e Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined" (Viking Books, 2011), p. xxiv, ISBN=978-0-670-02295-3
- ^ Pinker footnotes John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the history of the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
- ^ Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined" (Viking Books, 2011), pp. xxiv–xxv, ISBN=978-0-670-02295-3
- ^ Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels Of Our Nature. P.613: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03464-5.
- ^ Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels Of Our Nature. P.631: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03464-5.
- ^ Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels Of Our Nature. P.639: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03464-5.
- ^ Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels Of Our Nature. P.660: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03464-5.
- ^ Pinker, Steven, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (Penguin: 2002), p. 318
- ^ Elias, Norbert, The Civilizing Process, Vol.I. The History of Manners, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1969), and The Civilizing Process, Vol.II. State Formation and Civilization, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).
- ^ Goldstein & Pinker (17 December 2011). "War Really Is Going Out of Style". New York Times.
- ^ "Is War on the Way Out?". Harvard University Institute of Politics. 1 February 2012.
- ^ a b Singer, Peter (6 October 2011). "Is Violence History?". New York Times.
- ^ Robert Jervis, "Pinker the Prophet," The National Interest, Nov.–Dec. 2011, pp. 54–64
- ^ Michael Shermer, "Getting Better All the Time," The American Scholar, Autumn 2011, |URL=http://theamericanscholar.org/getting-better-all-the-time/
- ^ Runciman, David (22 September 2011). "Book Review: 'The Better Angels of Our Nature by Steven Pinker'". UK: The Guardian.
- ^ Tim Radford, "The Better Angels of Our Nature by Steven Pinker – review" The Guardian, November 19, 2012, URL=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/nov/19/better-angels-nature-steven-pinker-review
- ^ "Book Review: The Better Angels of Our Nature". Big Think. 11 May 2012.
- ^ Vaughan Bell, "Peace on Earth," The Wilson Quarterly, Autumn 2011 |URL=http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/book-reviews/peace-earth-0
- ^ Gates, Bill (18 June 2012). "Book Review: 'The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined'". The Gates Notes.
- ^ Christopher Boehm, "Peace, Violence and the Species: Steven Pinker's 'The Better Angels of Our Nature,'" Los Angeles Review of Books, August 22, 2012, |URL=http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?type=&id=864&fulltext=1&media=
- ^ James Q. Wilson, "Burying the Hatchet," Wall Street Journals, Oct. 1, 2011, URL=http://stevenpinker.com/files/pinker/files/book_review_the_better_angels_of_our_nature_-_wsj.pdf
- ^ Brenda Maddox, "The Better Angels of our Nature: the Decline of Violence in History and its Causes by Steven Pinker: review," The Telegraph, October 28, 2011, | URL=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/8853185/The-Better-Angels-of-our-Nature-the-Decline-of-Violence-in-History-and-itsCauses-by-Steven-Pinker-review.html
- ^ The Economist, "Books of the Year: Page-turners," December 10, 2011, |URL=http://www.economist.com/node/21541386
- ^ Clive Cookson, "The Better Angels of Our Nature," Financial Times, October 7, 2011, | URL=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/910d787a-eb91-11e0-a576-00144feab49a.html#ixzz1b5o1T17P
- ^ John Horgan, "Will War Ever End? Steven Pinker's new book reveals an ever more peaceable species: humankind," Slate Magazine, October 3, 2011, URL=http://www.slate.com/articles/Arts/books/2011/10/steven_pinker_s_the_better_angels_of_our_nature_why_should_you_b.single.html
- ^ Neil Boyd, "The Empirical Evidence for Declining Violence," The Huffington Post, January 4, 2012, |URL=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/neil-boyd/steven-pinker-violence-_b_1184510.html
- ^ Samuel Brittan, "The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and its Causes by Stephen Pinker," The Spectator, 22 October 2011, | url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/books/7325058/the-better-angels-of-our-nature-the-decline-of-violence-in-history-and-its-causes-by-stephen-pinker/
- ^ Coffman, Scott (28 September 2012). "Book Review: 'The Better Angels of Our Nature'". Courier Journal.
- ^ Kohn, Marek (7 October 2011). "Book Review: 'The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and its Causes', By Steven Pinker". UK: The Independent.
- ^ R Epstein (October 2011). "Book Review". Scientific American.
- ^ Template:Neil Boyd, "The Empirical Evidence for Declining Violence," The Huffington Post, January 4, 2012, URL=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/neil-boyd/steven-pinker-violence- b 1184510.html
- ^ Gray, John (21 September 2011). "Delusions of peace". UK: Prospect Magazine.
- ^ [Ross Douthat, "Steven Pinker's History of Violence", The New York Times, 17 October 2011, http://douthat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/steven-pinkers-history-of-violence/, see also Ross Douthat, "Democracy's Collateral Damage", New York Times, 15 October 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/opinion/sunday/douthat-democracys-collateral-damage.html]
- ^ Hart, David Bentley (2011-12-18). "The Precious Steven Pinker". First Things. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
- ^ "Have a Nice Millennium". Claremont Review of Books. 2012-04-16. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
- ^ "Correspondence". Claremont Review of Books. 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
- ^ Edward S. Herman and David Peterson, " Steven Pinker on the alleged decline of violence," International Socialist Review, vol. 86, URL=http://isreview.org/issue/86/steven-pinker-alleged-decline-violence
- ^ Herman and Peterson (2012), URL=Reality Denial: Steven Pinker's Apologetics for Western-Imperial Volence, Znet.
- ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (3 October 2011). "Peace In Our Time: Steven Pinker's History of Violence in Decline". The New Yorker.
- ^ Pinker, Steven (November 2011). "Frequently Asked Questions about The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined".
- ^ Laws, Ben (21 March 2012). "Against Pinker's Violence". Ctheory.
- ^ "The Big Kill – By John Arquilla". Foreign Policy. 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
- ^ http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/longpeace.pdf
- ^ http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/pinker.pdf
- ^ http://stevenpinker.com/files/pinker/files/comments_on_taleb_by_s_pinker.pdf
- ^ Corry, Stephen. "The case of the 'Brutal Savage': Poirot or Clouseau?: Why Steven Pinker, like Jared Diamond, is wrong". Survival International. Retrieved 30 May 2014. (Summary at The myth of the 'Brutal Savage')
- ^ Scott, James C. "Crops, Towns, Government." Rev. of The World until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies?, by Jared Diamond. London Review of Books 35.22 (2013): 13-15. 25 Nov. 2014 <http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n22/james-c-scott/crops-towns-government>.
- ^ New York Times, "100 Notable Books of 2011," November 21, 2011, URL=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/books/review/100-notable-books-of-2011.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
- ^ Alison Flood (5 October 2012). "Six books to 'change our view of the world' on shortlist for non-fiction prize". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ "Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books Longlist 2012 Announced". The Royal Society. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ^ University of Edinburgh College of Humanities and Social Science website, 2012-13 Event Details, "Professor Steven Pinker, "The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity", |URL= http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/humanities-soc-sci/news-events/lectures/gifford-lectures/archive/series-2012-2013/pinker
- ^ Prof Steven Pinker – The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity , Youtube upload, |URL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5X2-i_poNU#t=03m40s
- ^ Paul Bloom and Steven Pinker diavlog on bloggingheads.tv's "The Mind Report," |URL=http://bloggingheads.tv/videos/13361
- ^ Pinker, Steven. "The Decline of Violence". IAI. Retrieved 3 January 2014.


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Narrow your search
The Philips HTB3525B packs Blu-ray, Smart TV, and Bluetooth into an affordable sound bar, making it a great choice if you're looking for an all-in-one system.
CNET's favorite speakers, including sound bars, wireless speakers, and full surround sound systems.
Those who want movies with the very highest quality will be keen on 4K Blu-ray's better resolution, color, and dynamic range. Yet millions seem happy with streaming video, despite its shortcomings.
Ultra HD '4K' Blu-ray discs are due to hit the market at the end of 2015 with enhanced resolution, expanded color and more. Here's the 411 so far.
The Samsung BD-H6500 has emerged as the quickest and best budget Blu-ray player of 2014 in a series of speed and usability tests conducted by CNET.
The series, based on the smash hit game, will merge into a feature-length film and introduce a character who will make an impact in Halo 5.
3D hasn't taken the home-theater world by storm, but a lot of new TVs are 3D-enabled, so we put together a list of top 3D Blu-ray movies you might consider buying.
The Sony BDP-S5100 Blu-ray player offers a wealth of services and very good image quality for the money.
We go hands on with the second edition of the "Spears and Munsil HD Benchmark" test Blu-ray.
Plonk your favourite geek in front of the TV this Christmas with our pick of the best TV series and films on DVD and Blu-ray.


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star wars
Star Wars Fans Can Enter To Win A Cameo In Upcoming Film
Attention Jedis across the galaxy! You can now become a part of history! Starting today, fans can enter online for a chance to win a cameo role in the upcoming Star Wars: Episode VII film!
'Star Wars' Spin-Off Movie To Possibly Be About Yoda
Ready for some new Star Wars?
'Star Wars: Episode VII' Reenlists John Williams As Composer
Williams returns to the galaxy far, far away for the 'Episode VII', the first new 'Star Wars' film in 10 years.
Dollars Spent, Revenue Generated and Blood Drawn at Comic Con 2013
Two days in, Comic Con 2013 has been filled with pop culture "reveals," news and offerings show no chance of containment.
What Is "Vadering"? It's The Hottest New Internet Meme, Ya Dingus!
Have you heard of "Vadering"? It's the next big Internet craze!
Guess What? George Lucas Says Star Wars Has "Already Signed" Original Stars For Next Installment!
It's really rad when a rumor sort of substantiates itself, especially when that rumor involves Star Wars, Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, and Carrie Fisher.
Picture of the Day 03.21.10
Stormtroopers are not above the law Source: Wazaw


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South Florida QuickBooks Meetup, Free CPA CPE, 7/26/12, 7 PM
We are having our free monthly South Florida QuickBooks Meetup tonight, 7/26, at 7 PM. Click on the South Florida QuickBooks Meetup website to reserve your place.
I posted this:
MIKE BLOCK What should we cover at the meeting? Mike Block voted that Mario should give us a short version of the Sleeter Tampa Roadshow. What do you want?
If we do not have a topic we will devote ore time to introductions and answering user questions. These answers start with our expert commentary, bur often get better when novices to experts add their own messages. You can get free Florida CPA Continuing Professional Education for attending these meetings.
Tags: Free CPA CPE, Intuit 2 QuickBooks


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5 An action packed climate change novel...surely not!MickyValentine | 24/08/2008 | See all MickyValentine's reviews (31)Top 100 Books Reviewer This book really does look at the issue of global warming in an action-packed way. The book is set to the background of an upcoming conference held by an evnironmental charity on abrupt global warming and follows the lives of a series of individuals who are connected to this charity as their lives are literally turned upside-down by a series of connected events.It should be noted that if you are a firm believer in the process of human-induced climate change then this book might not be for you. The premise for the book is to fight against the scare-mongering that is advocated by some environmentalists. In order to do this, you may think that the book may be dry and uneventful. However, it really is action-packed from the offing and the science is very readable and the footnotes given with references can easily be ingnored without spoiling the flow of the book.I really would recommend this book. I took it on holiday and read it in a day by the pool. It really is gripping, highly addictive and thoroughly readable.
5 A fantastic and important novelElectroBoy | 20/01/2008 | See all ElectroBoy's reviews (10)Top 100 Books Reviewer This is an amazingly well researched novel; the story is brilliant and contains genuine compelling evidence against 'man-made' global warming. The book is essentially Crichton's attack on 'the march of unreason' (as the, equally brilliant, Dick Taverne would put it).Along the way the narrative of the book exposes (backed up by scientific research - all fully referenced I might add) many of the 'truths' we're fed via the media & eco-fundamentals to be no more than wilful fabrications and woeful manipulation of data.It makes for an amazingly thought provoking and enjoyable read.
5 my first crichton booksimjamlmx | 11/01/2008 | See all simjamlmx's reviews (19)brilliant. This is everything you expect from a book it was both entertaining and informative as well as thought provoking.


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How do you load a crossbow? How do you pull its string back? What's the trigger like? Do crossbows kick like a rifle? Are they noisy? Are they accurate, and at what distances? Do they have power to kill a deer? When I first started shooting modern crossbows several years ago, I had no idea what to expect. Like many who had never played with them, these tools confused me. I had seen them on TV, but without ever handling one, I wasn't sure about many things. Instead of an unwieldy, slow, inaccurate Robin Hood–era tool, modern crossbows are fast, accurate and powerful enough to take the largest big-game animals in North America cleanly. Modern crossbows are a pleasure to shoot, too. But to get the most from your crossbow, you must understand the basics of how to set one up for hunting and how to shoot it. Here are 12 tips to make you a crossbow-shooting machine using a crossbow-and-arrow setup designed specifically for hunting big game.
1. Buy the Best You Can Afford
2. Use Enough Draw Weight
3. Shoot a Fast Enough Arrow
4. Use a Scope Sight
5. Use Quality Arrows
6. Use Quality Broadheads
7. Take a Rest
8. Learn Arrow Trajectory
9. Use a Rangefinder
10. Get a Feel for the Trigger
11. Practice in the Field
12. Maintain String, Rail and Trigger


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Updated on
June 26, 2009,
asks from
Goshen, IN
June 22, 2009
My 7 Month Still Sleeps with Me
I have recently decided to try and move my daughter to her crib now that she is 7 months. However, she is waking up a lot more and cries a lot more. She is a very happy baby and she falls asleep fast and stays asleep when she is sleeping with me. She has to feel me to fall asleep(hold my finger, me play with her hair etc.)I feel terrible but I need to be able to move around too. I am a single mom so is it really that bad if I continue to let her sleep with me. I feel really bad when she cries because she hardly ever cries.? What should I do?
So What Happened?™
Well, just to let you all know.... My daughter is still sleeping with me and I have decided not to move her anytime soon. It eases my mind when she is right by my side. Plus I love waking up and watching her sleep. :) thanks to all that offered responses.
Featured Answers
S.D. answers from Indianapolis on June 26, 2009
No, co-sleeping is fine as long as it works for both of you. Don't move her just because someone tells you it's time. If you are both getting needed sleep, then I'd keep doing it.
Good books when the time comes (no CIO advocating):
"Happiest Baby on the Block"
"The Sleep Book"
"The No-Cry Sleep Solution" (also "...for Toddlers and Preschoolers"
More Answers
S.C. answers from Fort Wayne on June 22, 2009
First I think you need to ask yourself why you think it's time to mover her from your bed. Is it because you feel pressure to from outside sources or because you want your own bed back. If it's because YOU are ready, then by all means go for it. If you're not ready and are doing it because of what people say or think, then it's not the right time. My husband and I co-slept with our daughter until she was about 5 months old. We only stopped at that point because she was a little wiggler and a kicker in bed. It was time. She needed more room. We started with the pack and play in our room (which she had slept in off and on since birth). I put it right next to the bed so if she woke up and needed to be nursed or soothed, I could just reach right over. I didn't have to get out of bed. I would let her play in her crib while I was putting laundry away or at various times throughout the day. I made big deal out of how neat her crib was. I don't think she understood the words, but definitely picked up on the enthusiasm! Then I started her on naps in her crib. Once she had napping down, I switched her over at night. It was kind of rough the first few nights. She was still waking up fairly regularly (every 3 to 4 hours) to nurse, so I was up and down a lot. I admit, I still brought her to our bed to nurse, it was just easier on me, and lots of times we would both drift off. No big deal, when I woke up I would put her in her crib. I think it took us about a month to get her to sleep in her crib for a full night.
Let me stress to you that this is a decision only YOU can make. She's your daughter. If other people give you a hard time, tell them to stick it. There is TONS of research that shows how beneficial co-sleeping is. Don't rush things. They're only little once. If snuggling her at night makes you both feel better, then go for it! Just don't let anyone make you feel bad for the decisions that you make when it comes to raising YOUR daughter.
2 moms found this helpful
S.C. answers from Dayton on June 23, 2009
I am a mom of 4 children, and I have to tell you that your life will be much easier if you just let that baby sleep with you. Keep listening to your mothering insticts, you really know more than you think. The trouble starts when you let outside opinion matter too much, or let someone scare you into believing that you are doing something wrong. Fear shouldn't base important parenting decisions! Human babies need touch, your baby will be smarter because of the extra touches she gets all night from you. You and your baby will sleep better knowing that you are together. Your breathing actually reminds your baby to breath. Cribs are not always as safe. You are doing the right thing!
2 moms found this helpful
L. answers from Cleveland on June 22, 2009
My 13 year old still likes to sleep with me. Lots of people let their kids sleep in their beds. I wouldn't worry about it. If you are feeling cramped, you could always put her crib next to your bed and put her in it after she falls asleep. That way if she wakes up you can let her know you are right there.
They grow up so darn fast...my advice is to enjoy every minute you can with her.
1 mom found this helpful
J.R. answers from Cincinnati on June 23, 2009
Goodness--I'm still trying to keep my 3-yr. old in her bed and all 3 of my kids pretty-much slept with my husband and I for the first year or so even though they always started the night in their own bed.
Most parents I know or that have talked about this topic typically have had their kids in bed with them in some form or another until about ages 2-3. That's about the time it seems developmentally that they're ready to be on their own. Granted, there are plenty of acceptions I'm sure and plenty more people who do the "cry it out" method or the "no cry method" (which somehow for us always ended in tears anyway).
So, good luck and just know that this is perfectly normal behavior for your sweet, little one. Besides, cuddling in bed together can be special time together since you work full time.
1 mom found this helpful
S.W. answers from Cincinnati on June 22, 2009
No! Cosleeping is not bad! It is a completely healthy and beautiful thing that is common around the world. Here are some great links:
In addition, Dr. Sears and Martha Sears, author "The Baby Book" and "The Nightime Parenting Book" also support cosleeping as normal and safe.
1 mom found this helpful
R.R. answers from Evansville on June 23, 2009
First off, I'd like to say hats off to you for being a single mom. You have a full plate! My DH has started his new job in Evansville 10 weeks ago, and we have seen him maybe 10 - 12 days of it! So I have even a more deep appreciation for single parents. I don't have family in Cincinnati (which is where we live now), so it has been very rough and I'm not even working full time. But we are all moving next week to evansville even though our house hasn't sold yet.
Anyways, both our daughters really didn't start transitioning to their own crib until about 10 to 14 months. We started with nap times, then just at the beginning of bedtime. We would make a little bed on the ground next to the crib and have our hand in the crib because they liked that contact too. We would have white noise (fan) and soft music playing. It took a few days of them crying alittle at first until they realized we weren't going to leave and that we were staying in the room too. once they fell asleep, then we would sneak out of their room. Then if they'd wake up, we'd just bring them to bed. And then work slowing on getting them back into bed as time went on. We'd lay next to them on the floor by their crib until they'd fall back to sleep. It took several months before they were fully transitioned into their own crib. Our #2 took longer, since I really didn't start until she was 14 months old, and DH was out-of-state. I was tired all the time, but we both of adjusted and sleeping well. They both wake up from time to time, but I'm able to get them back to sleep just fine. The 15 month old is usually just thursty, so I keep a sippy cup of water close by.
1 mom found this helpful
A.S. answers from Canton on June 22, 2009
I am in the same situation with my daughter who is 8 months old. I actually just put my pack-n-play (that is also a co-sleeper) next to my bed and started her sleeping in that. I think she needs more room to move around when she sleeps so I think eventually she will like it, but last night was her first night and it was REALLY hard. She kept waking up and crying because she thought I wasn't there. I had to pat her back and talk to her and she went back to sleep. I agree with the other mom that commented...you have to do what is best for you and your daughter. Like I said, I think my daughter is feeling crowded but if your daughter is comfortable with you then let her sleep there. Just remember...they are only little once! Good Luck!
1 mom found this helpful
C.W. answers from Cincinnati on June 23, 2009
Try putting her crib next to your bed and touching her through the slats or maybe give her a scarf that smells like you to hold. That may be enough. I wouldn't worry about her sleeping with me unless I was planning on having a new man in my life. He might resent it. It also can make intimacy an issue. Our youngest sleep with us and he would sleep right throu our encounter's but that was his Dad so it never became an issue.


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Shayne Tristan Uyeda, 44, of Miami, Fla., and formerly of the Big Island, died Oct. 19 at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami. Born in Honolulu, he served in the United States Air Force and was regional manager for Burberry Ltd. Inc. Private services. Survived by partner, Sergio Moreno of Miami; mother, Darolyn Tanigawa of Keaau; sisters, Coreen (Chris) Roddie and Kami Tanigawa, both of Keaau, and Sharian (Jesse) Stacy of Waikoloa; brother, Ricky (Katy) Halualani of Kona; grandparents, Joe (Rose) Calica of Keaau; numerous nieces, nephews, aunta, uncles and cousins.
JoAnn M. Courtney-Suttle, 60, of Kurtistown died Nov. 24 at her home. Born in Honolulu, she was the parish secretary, a religious education coordinator, and an active member of St. Theresa Catholic Church in Mountain View. Friends may call from 9-10 a.m. Monday at St. Theresa Catholic Church in Mountain View; Funeral Mass at 10 a.m. Burial to follow at noon at Hawaii Veterans Cemetery No.2. Casual attire. Survived by husband, Ed Suttle; daughters, Martha-Ann (Cory) Aukai, Gabrielle Suttle, Amanda (Chris) O'Farrell; mother, Thelma Chung-Courtney; sister, Lynette (Tom) Noa; brother, Thomas (Renee) Courtney; five grandchildren, a niece, a nephew, and two grandnieces. Arrangements by Dodo Mortuary.
Joseph Akira Ishizaki Ignacio, 87, of Hilo died Nov. 24 at Hospice of Hilo Pohai Malama Care Center. Born in Papaikou, he was the retired proprietor for the former Iggie's TV, a World War II U.S. Army veteran, and member of St. Joseph Catholic Church and Kapualani Kumiai. Friends may call from 5-6 p.m. Monday at Dodo Mortuary chapel in Hilo; Wake service at 6 p.m. Friends may again call from 9:30-10:30 a.m., Tuesday, Dec. 10, at St. Joseph Catholic Church in Hilo; Funeral Mass at 10:30 a.m. Burial to follow at Hawaii Veterans Cemetery No.2. Casual attire. Survived by wife, Miyoko Ignacio; sons, Gary (Antoinette) Ignacio, Randy Ignacio, Michael (Doreen) Ignacio, Jay (Jacqueline) Ignacio, Mark (Denese) Ignacio, Terry Ignacio; daughter, Jo Ann (Lane) Ishida; sisters, Eleanor Miguel, Emogene Pacheco; 14 grandchildren and 11 great-grandchildren. Arrangements by Dodo Mortuary.
Diosdada "Dading" Mendoza Natividad, 66, of Nanawale Estate, Puna, died Thursday, Nov. 7, at her residence. Born in Luzon, Philippines, she was a proprietress for a papaya farm in Pahoa. Friends may call Friday at Dodo Mortuary Chapel; Visitation from 5-9 p.m.; Funeral service at 6 p.m. An all-night vigil to follow at the family residence in Nanawale Estate, Puna. Casual attire. Graveside service to be held Saturday at 10 a.m. at Homelani Memorial Park in Hilo (Ilima section). She is survived by companion, Danny Bautista of Nanawale Estate, Puna; daughters, Delia (Eddie) Yadao and Divina (Bertram) Duran of Pahoa; Son, Nestor (Lydia) Natividad of Philippines; nine grandchildren; numerous aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews. Arrangements by Dodo Mortuary.
Yukio Takeya, 87, of Hilo died Nov. 12 in Japan. Born in Wailea, he was the president of Ala Kai Realty, a retired USPS mail carrier, retired U.S. Army Major and World War II veteran 442nd RCT, and member of Honpa Hongwanji Hilo Betsuin, Hawaii Island Board of Realtors, Hawaii Association of Realtors, National Association of Realtors, Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce, Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Hawaii, Hawaii Island Portuguese Chamber of Commerce, Japanese Community Association of Hawaii, Big Island Housing Foundation, Hiroshima Kenjin Kai, and Kumamoto Doshi Kai. Friends may call from 2-4 p.m. Sunday at Dodo Mortuary Chapel in Hilo; Memorial service at 4 p.m. Casual attire, no monetary gifts and no flowers. Survived by son, Edmund (Sun) Takeya of Honolulu; daughter, Leona (Herbert) Chock of Honolulu; brothers, Toshio (Gladys) Takeya of Paauilo, Teruo (Misako) Takeya of San Francisco, Calif., Tom (Sandra) Takeya of Hilo, Herbert (Janet) Takeya of Kalaheo, Kauai, Kenneth (Judy) Takeya of Honolulu, Alan (Donna) Takeya of Hilo; sisters, Gale Takeya and Myrtle (Arnold) Hara, both of Hilo; brother-in-law, Alfred Gima of Hilo; sisters-in-law, Jessie Arita of Honolulu, Elaine Nishimoto of Los Angeles, Calif., Yoshiko Nabara of Hilo; two grandsons, one great-grandson, four step-grandchildren, numerous nieces, nephews, and cousins. Arrangements by Dodo Mortuary.


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Medal Details
gave ffegdhdhdhd a medal for ffegdhdhdhd's answer to
1. how do scientists classify stars ? (1point )
Sat Mar 01 03:25:49 UTC 2014
3 hours ago
500 Medals
is replying to Can someone tell me what button the professor is hitting...
Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy.


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Alsatian Gewürztraminer is the most cheese-friendly wine in the world
I have to disagree. Reading through my cheese and wine list Sauvignon Blanc appears more frequently than any other white. Sauvignon is classically matched with Goats Cheese of course – and a glorious pairing it is too – but a decent Sauvignon is also delicious with a host of British cheeses (Cheshire, Lancashire, Caerphilly etc). It is also a blast with Raclette, Taleggio and Graddost. Gewürztraminer lacks the acidity I feel, which of course Sauvignon Blanc offers in abundance.
What is it with cheeses, though, that makes people always want to serve Red wines? White is best!
I think a sweet white with hard cheeses is a bit of a winner. A few years ago now I had Horrocks Cordon Cut Riesling with a cheddar style cheese and it was fantastic!
It's true, everyone just believes cheese must go with red wine, although every "serious litterature" and every "serious palate" knows it goes bet with whites. (Cheese destroys and overlays the aromas of a complex red wine)
My favorite matches are also sweet whites (muscat for example)with a blue cheese like roquefort for example!
nice post.
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In this issue:
Natural Law - From Rural Pennsylvania to South America, a Global Alliance is Promoting the Idea that Ecosystems Have Intrinsic Rights Our friends at the Earth Island Journal published a new article this week that explores in depth the global movement for nature's rights. Read the article which includes interviews with Shannon Biggs, 2011 Human Rights Award winner Pablo Solon and many other allies from the Global Alliance for the Rights of Mother Earth.
Photo credit: Brett Weston, Corbis. Attend Democracy School this spring Join us to learn about how you can subordinate corporations to local democratic decision-making and assert your community rights at Democracy School! The two-day training teaches citizens and activists how to reframe exhausting and often discouraging single issue work (such as opposing toxic dumps, water withdrawal, local food sovereignty, etc.) in a way that allows us to confront corporate control on a powerful single front: people's constitutional rights. Lectures cover the history of people's movements and corporate power, and the recent organizing by over 120 communities across the US confronting unwanted corporate assaults. Included with enrollment in the Democracy School is a 300 plus-page notebook of background reading material.
Human Rights Award People's Choice Contest We are now seeking nominations for the 2012 People's Choice Award! The winner will be announced at our Gala celebration in San Francisco on May 10, 2012 and they will be awarded $1,000 toward their work. There are already some great nominations submitted, like indigenous environmental leader and rights of nature activist, Tom Goldtooth. Please nominate an organization or human rights hero that inspires you – it only takes two minutes! Now through March 19, 2012 you can log on to www.humanrightsaward.org to submit your nominations and cast your vote. We expect ten-of-thousands to visit the site, so this is a great opportunity to spread the word about the great work you do, or the great work of a human rights hero that inspires you. The winner will be announced at the Gala on May 10th. If you would like to attend the Gala, tickets are available online. We The People 2.0 Tree Media Group, the folks that brought you the film the 11th hour with Leonardo Di Caprio, are working on a new film about the movement for Community Rights and highlighting our partner Thomas Linzey (CELDF). For more information, visit the film's website.
Kylie Nealis Program Associate, Community Rights
TAKE ACTION! Get a copy of the book The Rights of Nature: The Case for a Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth. Contact Kylie Nealis »


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Boston Celtics Larry Bird Push Yourself ProQuote 8'' x 10'' Frame
Price: $19.95
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- Brand: Photo File
- Dimensions: 8'' x 10''
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- Made In: USA
A true basketball fan knows that the best players boast dedicated work ethic and skill. Legendary former Boston Celtic Larry Bird is no stranger in being the best and knowing what it takes to win. The Larry Bird ProQuote 8''x10'' Frame features a lightweight frame of a quote from Larry Legend - "Push yourself again and again. Don't give an inch until the final buzzer sounds." The Larry Bird ProQuote Frame is the perfect gift for the Celtics fan who appreciates the mentality and words of wisdom from a legendary Celtics player who has made his mark in NBA history.
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