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Brief Summary
MammalMAP: Caracal
Although the scientific name is a bit repetitive (Caracal caracal), this wide spread felid has an interesting history. The first caracal was described by a German naturalist in 1776 using a specimen found quite close to home – Table Mountain.
The name 'caracal' is derived from Turkish words 'kara kulak' which means 'black ear' – a characteristic feature of caracals. Caracals have tufted black ears, uniform reddish-brown fur and slender bodies. Their long legs may have a few spots. Prominent facial markings run from the inner corner of the eyes to the nose.
These solitary, nocturnal hunters have a varied diet. Feeding on small to medium sized mammals (usually rodents and small antelope), these agile felines can also jump up to 3 meters in the air to snatch flying birds. Caracals consume only meat off their prey and will seldom eat bones. These animals are adapted well for arid regions as their water demands are met by the body fluids of their prey.
Caracals mate year round and female caracals give birth to a litter of 1 – 6 kittens in caves, tree cavities or burrows. Kittens venture out of their birth den at 1 month and stay with their mother for a year when they reach sexual maturity.
The IUCN classifies caracals as a species of least concern. However, they are threatened by agriculture. Caracals are thought to opportunistically hunt livestock and are persecuted by farmers. There are however ecologically sustainable methods to deter caracals from preying on livestock. For example, using Anatolian shepherds to protect the flock of sheep.
Closing off with some more historical facts, caracals had a cultural role in the life of ancient Egyptians. Caracals were found on wall paintings, their bodies embalmed and statues of caracals and other cats guarded ancient tombs. Caracals were also used in blood sports in India where a captive caracal would be set upon a flock of pigeons and bets were made to guess how many pigeons the caracal would ground.
Want to get involved with Caracal research and conservation? Check out Cape Leopard Trust's wishlist.
For more information on MammalMAP, visit the MammalMAP virtual museum or blog.
Caracal caracal is distributed over much of Africa, Central Asia and southwestern Asia. North African populations are disappearing, but caracals are still abundant in other African regions. Their range limits are the Saharan desert and the equatorial forest belt of Western and Central Africa. In South Africa and Namibia, C. caracal is so numerous that it is exterminated as a nuisance animal. Asiatic populations are less dense than those of Africa and Asiatic populations are of greater concern. The historical range of caracals mirror that of cheetahs, and both coincide with the distribution of several small desert gazelles. There is little to no distribution overlap with their allies, African golden cats. However, their other allies, servals, share a notable portion of their range with caracals. Wildcats, Felis sylvestris, specifically the subspecies Felis silvestris lybica (African wildcats) and Felis silvestris ornata (Asian wildcats), share much of their range with caracals.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native )
- Breitenmoser, C., P. Henschel, E. Sogbohossou. 2008. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008" (On-line). Caracal caracal. Accessed March 16, 2009 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3847.
- Sunquist, M., F. Sunquist. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Range Description
Physical Description
Caracals have brown to red coats, with color varying among individuals. Females are typically lighter than males. Their undersides are white and, similar to African golden cats, are adorned with many small spots. The face has black markings on the whisker pads, around the eyes, above the eyes and faintly down the center of the head and nose. The trademark features of caracals are their elongated and black-tufted ears. The legs are relatively long and the hind legs are disproportionately tall and well muscled. The tail is short. Eye color varies from golden or copper to green or grey. Melanistic individuals have been reported, but are extremely rare. Juveniles differ in their shorter ear tufts and blue tinted eyes. Subspecies of C. caracal may not be distinguishable by phenotype. Females are smaller and at or below 13 kg, while males can be up to 20 kg. It is possible for a large female to weigh more than a small male. Although the tail is short, it still makes up a significant portion of the total body length. Tail length ranges from 18 cm (7 in) to 34 cm (13 in). Head and body length is measured from the nose to the base of the tail and ranges from 62 to 91 cm (about 24 in to 36 in). Even the smallest adult caracal is larger than most domestic cats.
Range mass: 8 to 19 kg.
Range length: 80 to 125 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Caracals occupy diverse habitats. Caracals are typically found in woodlands, thickets, and scrub forest, plains and rocky hills are also common habitats. They prefer edge habitats, especially forest/grassland transitions. They are found at elevations over 3000 meters in the mountains of Ethiopia. An arid climate with minimal foliage cover is preferred. Compared to servals, caracals can tolerate much drier conditions. However, they seldom inhabit deserts or tropical environments. In Asia, caracals are sometimes found in forests, which is uncommon in African populations.
Range elevation: 3,000 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest ; mountains
- Kingdon, J. 2004. The Kingdon Pocket Guide to African Mammals. Italy: Princeton University Press.
- Safari Club International. 2009. "Safari Club International" (On-line). Caracal - Species Detail. Accessed March 16, 2009 at http://www.scirecordbook.org/caracal/.
Habitat and Ecology
Home ranges are large in arid areas, with the home ranges of three males averaging 316.4 km² on Namibian ranchland (Marker and Dickman 2005). In Saudi Arabia, a radio-tracked male ranged over 270 km² to 1,116 km² in different seasons (Van Heezik and Seddon 1998), while in an Israeli study, home ranges of males averaged 220.6 km² (Weisbein and Mendelssohn 1990). Male home ranges in better-watered environments of South Africa are smaller (two males averaged 26.9 km² in West Coast National Park: (Avenant and Nel 1998), and female ranges are considerably smaller than males (Stuart and Stuart in press).
- Terrestrial
Trophic Strategy
Similar to all other species in the family Felidae, caracals are strict carnivores. The bulk of the diet is made up of hyraxes, hares, rodents, antelopes, small monkeys, and birds. Doves and partridge in particular, are seasonally important. Mountain reedbucks, Dorcas gazelles, Kori bustards, mountain gazelles, gerenuks and Sharpe's grysboks are specific examples of what caracals might hunt. Caracals consume some reptiles, although this is not a common component of the diet. The staple components of the diet vary with geography. For example, an individual in Africa might consume larger animals such as ungulates, while an Asian cat might consume only small vertebrates, such as rodents. Livestock are sometimes hunted as well. Although caracals are known for their spectacular, bird-snaring leaps, mammals make up over half of their diet in all ranges. Unique among cats of their size, caracals can take down prey two to three times their mass. Small prey such as hyraxes are killed with a bite to the nape, while large prey, such as gazelles are killed with a suffocating throat bite. Prey are usually stalked to within a few long bounds, then captured when the caracal leaps using its disproportionately long and muscular back legs. Perhaps a result of its opportunistic appetite, caracals may engage in surplus killing. Unlike leopards, caracals rarely hoist their kill into trees. In undisturbed environments, caracals will instead scrape earth over an unfinished carcass and continually return to feed until it is gone.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; reptiles
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)
Though caracals are both predators and prey, their known predators (e.g., lions and hyenas) do not regularly hunt them. The greatest impact caracals have on ecosystems is as population control for prey species. Opportunistic feeders such as caracals consume whatever is most available and whatever requires the least amount of energy to catch and kill. This method of hunting plays a role in preventing prey species from becoming under or over-populated. In some regions, caracals are one of only a few species capable of killing certain types of prey.
Camouflage is a primary defense against predators. When threatened in their preferred, open habitats, caracals lie flat and their plain, brown coats act as instant camouflage. Agile climbing abilities also aid caracals in escaping larger predators such as lions and hyenas.
Known Predators:
- lions (Panthera leo)
- leopards (Panthera pardus)
- hyenas (Hyaenidae)
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Known prey organisms
Raphicerus sharpei
Redunca fulvorufula
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Life History and Behavior
A thorough study of communication in caracals has never been carried out. Most of information comes from individuals kept in captivity. Like other felids, caracals have well-developed senses of hearing and sight. Although servals are noted for their incredible hearing, caracals can also detect small prey by sound alone. Once prey are detected, keen eyesight is used to narrow in on the target. The exact function of the ear tufts on C. caracal is unknown. However, some zookeepers speculate that they may be used in intraspecies communication. If this were the case, this social communication would be limited by the solitary nature of the animal. In captivity, caracals are known for their grating vocalizations. These cats communicate with a series of growls, spits, hisses and meows. Tactile communication, such as sparring and huddling, has been observed during mating periods. A potential mate is attracted by olfactory cues. Hormonal changes in the female result in a change in urine composition. When the female is ready to mate, she deposits her scent in various locations to attract males. Males may then perceive the scent through the vomeronasal organ.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
- Winger, J. 2005. "Smithsonian Zoogoer" (On-line). At the Zoo: Caracals, A Black-Eared Mystery. Accessed April 16, 2009 at http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2005/6/caracals.cfm.
Life Expectancy
Reliable longevity data for wild Caracal caracal individuals has not been reported. As in other felids, captive individuals can live significantly longer than wild relatives if well cared for. Captive C. caracal can live to be around 20 years old. The maximum captive longevity reported was 20.3 years for a wild-born female raised in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 20.3 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 12.0 years.
- de Magalhaes, J., A. Budovsky, G. Lehmann, J. Costa, Y. Li, V. Fraifeld, G. Church. 2009. "AnAge entry for Caracal caracal" (On-line). The Human Ageing Genomic Resources: online databases and tools for biogerontologists. Accessed March 20, 2009 at http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Caracal_caracal.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Before mating begins, chemical signals in the female's urine attract and notify the male of her readiness to mate. A distinctive "cough-like" mating call has also been reported as a method of attraction. There have been several different forms of mating systems observed for caracals. When a female is being courted by multiple males, the group may fight to mate with her or she may choose her mates, preferring older and larger males to younger and smaller males. Mating may occur with multiple individuals over the course of about a week. When a female chooses a mate, the pair may move together for up to four days, during which copulation occurs multiple times. Female caracals assume a lordotic position and copulation lasts for less than five minutes on average. Females almost always copulate with more than one male. Infanticide by males has been observed. This may be to induce ovulation in a female undergoing lactational amenorrhea.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Although both sexes are sexually mature at 7 to 10 months, the earliest successful copulation will occur around 14 to 15 months of age. Some biologists believe that sexual maturity is indicated by a body mass of 7 to 9 kg. Females exhibit estrous behaviors for 3 to 6 days but the cycle actually lasts twice as long. A female may go into estrus at any time during the year. One hypothesis to explain the breeding habits of C. caracal is the "use" of an opportunistic strategy. This strategy is controlled by the female's nutritional status. When a female is experiencing pinnacle nutrition (which will vary by range), she will go into estrus. This explains peak birth timing between October and February in some regions. A female cannot have more than one litter per year because of the parental investment involved and the lack of post partum estrus. Gestation lasts between 68 and 81 days, and the female will give birth to 1 to as many as 6 kittens. In the wild, generally no more than 3 kits are born, while in captivity, the number is more likely to be higher, rarely as many as 6.
Breeding interval: Caracals breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Caracals are capable of mating at any time of the year, but often do between August and December so that young are born in the summer.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 6.
Range gestation period: 68 to 81 days.
Range weaning age: 4 to 6 months.
Range time to independence: 9 to 10 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 7 to 10 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 7 to 10 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 165 g.
Average number of offspring: 3.
Parental investment in caracals plays a large role in greater reproductive behavior. The time a mother spends with her kits (and the combined lack of post partum estrus) restricts females to one litter per year. Once the young are conceived, males play no role in their direct or indirect care. Females invest a great deal of time and energy into their young. A tree cavity, cave, or abandoned burrow is often chosen for parturition and the first four weeks of postnatal development. After the first month, a mother may move her young continuously. Around this time, kittens begin to play and eat meat. Nursing continues until the kittens are around 15 weeks of age, but true independence does not take place for another 5 to 6 months.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
- Bernard, R., C. Stuart. 1987. Reproduction of the caracal Felis caracal from the Cape Province of South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology, 22/3: 177-182.
- Kingdon, J. 2004. The Kingdon Pocket Guide to African Mammals. Italy: Princeton University Press.
- Sunquist, M., F. Sunquist. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Caracal caracal
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
Primary concern for caracals is habitat loss in northern, central, and western Africa and Asia. The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) lists Asian populations as Appendix I and all others as Appendix II. This means Asian populations may not be traded for any commercial reason, but trade involving scientific research is allowed. Appendix II dictates that trade of these animals will be controlled by authorization of permits in cases that will not detrimentally harm the species.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: appendix i; appendix ii
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
- 2009. "The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" (On-line). The CITES Appendices. Accessed March 22, 2009 at http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml.
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
- 2002Least Concern
In its north Africa, the caracal is considered threatened (Stuart and Stuart in press), and rare in the Central Asian republics and India (Nowell and Jackson 1996).
Population Trend
Habitat destruction (agriculture and desertification) is a significant threat in central, west, north and northeast Africa where caracals are naturally sparsely distributed (Ray et al. 2005). It is also likely to be the main threat in the Asian part of its range (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002).
Conservation Actions
Caracal are present in many large, and well-managed protected areas, across their vast range.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Predation on small livestock has resulted in extermination of thousands of caracals annually. This is especially the case in South Africa and Namibia, where predator control programs have been put in place. Even with various programs in place, caracals quickly recolonize farmland.
In India and Persia, caracals were once trained to catch game birds and deer. By doing so, caracals provided both food and entertainment. Bushmeat and pelts in western and central Africa provide food and minor profit for locals. Luckily for caracals, their plain pelt is in very low demand.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; body parts are source of valuable material
The caracal /ˈkærəkæl/ (Caracal caracal), also known as the desert lynx, is a wild cat widely distributed across Africa, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia into India. In 2002, the IUCN listed the caracal as Least Concern, as it is widespread and relatively common. The felid is considered threatened in North Africa, and rare in the central Asian republics and India.[2]
The specific name is attributed to the German scientist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber who described Felis caracal in 1776 from a specimen collected near the Table Mountain, South Africa, which is considered the type locality of the species.[3] The generic name Caracal was first used by the British naturalist John Edward Gray in 1843 on the basis of a type specimen collected near the Cape of Good Hope.[4][5]
The caracal has been classified variously with Lynx and Felis in the past, but molecular evidence supports a monophyletic genus closely allied with the African golden cat and serval.[6]
The word 'caracal' is derived from the Turkish words kara kulak, which means "black ear".[7][8] In Persian, the caracal is known as سیاهگوش siyāh-gōsh, also meaning "black ear".[9] In North India, it is known as स्याहगोश syahgosh.[10]
It is also called African lynx, Asian lynx, and desert lynx, though it is not a member of the genus Lynx.[2] The local Toubou name is ngam ouidenanga, meaning gazelle cat.[11] In Afrikaans, it is called rooikat.[12]
Taxonomy and evolution[edit]
The caracal became first known to science through Walter Charleton in 1677.[13] Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon published a description and illustration of the caracal in the late 18th century. Schreber subordinated the caracal to the genus Felis in 1776.[14][15]
Results of multiple genetic analyses indicates that the caracal shared a common ancestor with the African golden cat around 4.85 million years ago.[16]
The caracal is distinguished from Felis by the presence of a long tuft on the tip of the ears, exceeding half their length. No trace of pattern remains in the coat, except a few spots on the underside and inside of the fore legs.[4] It is a slender, long-legged cat of medium size with a relatively short tail. The fur on the back and sides is generally of a uniform tawny grey or reddish, frosted-sand colour. The belly and the undersides of the legs and chest are whitish and spotted or blotched with pale markings. The tufted ears are black-backed. Black caracals also occur. The skull is high and rounded. The jaw is short, stoutly built, and equipped with large, powerful teeth. About 92% of caracals lack the second upper premolar teeth. Males reach a head and body length of 75 to 105.7 cm (29.5 to 41.6 in), with a 23.1- to 34-cm-long tail, and weigh 8.0 to 20 kg (17.6 to 44.1 lb). Females are smaller with a head and body length of 69 to 102.9 cm (27.2 to 40.5 in) and a tail 19.5 to 34 cm (7.7 to 13.4 in) long. They weigh from 7.0 to 15.9 kg (15.4 to 35.1 lb).[16]
Facial markings comprise a dark line running down the center of the forehead to near the nose, and another one running from the inner edge of the eye to the nostrils. The pupils of the eyes contract to form circles. A light-colored ring encircles the eyes, and a rather indistinct dark brown patch occurs over each eye. White patches occur on either side of the nose. The inner surface of the pinna is covered with small white hairs. Numerous stiff hairs emerge from between the pads and probably are an adaption for moving through soft sand.[7]
Ecology and behaviour[edit]
Adult caracals are solitary, but they have also been observed in pairs. They produce the usual range of sounds for cats, including growling, hissing, purring, and calling. Unusually, they also make a barking sound, which is possibly used as a warning. They scent mark their territory, leave faeces in visible locations, and mark territory by spraying urine onto bushes or logs, or raking it into the ground with their hind feet.[16]
Their home ranges are large in arid areas. Three males averaged 316.4 km2 (122.2 sq mi) on Namibian ranchland.[17] In northern Saudi Arabia, a radio-tracked male ranged over 270 to 1,116 km2 (104 to 431 sq mi) in different seasons.[18] In an agricultural area in Israel's Negev Desert, male home ranges averaged 220.6 km2 (85.2 sq mi). Home range size was positively correlated with body weight, and negatively correlated with prey availability. Male home ranges overlapped substantially (50%), and typically included those of several females. Two dispersals were observed: a male migrated 60 to 90 km (37 to 56 mi) south before establishing a home range, whereas a female remained in the vicinity of her natal range, with her range partly overlapping that of her mother. Twenty caracals, several of them transients, were found to use an area of 100 km2 (39 sq mi) with some ranging outside this area, making for a relatively high local density despite the large home ranges.[19] Male home ranges in better-watered environments of South Africa are smaller. In the West Coast National Park, South Africa, home ranges of two males averaged 26.9 km2 (10.4 sq mi), and those of three females 7.39 km2 (2.85 sq mi). Male home ranges overlapped completely with those of females, whereas female ranges overlapped between zero and 19%. Caracal were active by night and day, and significantly longer on nights colder than 20°C. Males moved more than twice the distance of females during an active period.[20]
Caracals can survive without drinking for a long period—their water demand is satisfied with the body fluids of prey. They are known for their ability to capture birds by leaping 2 m (6.6 ft) or more into the air from a standing start. They hunt by stalking their prey, approaching within about 5 m (16 ft) before suddenly sprinting. They kill smaller prey with a bite to the nape of the neck, and larger animals by biting the throat and then raking with their claws. They sometimes cover larger prey if they cannot consume the whole carcass in a single meal, and return to it later. Some have even been observed to hide carcasses in trees. They live mainly on prey smaller than 5 kg (11 lb), including hyraxes, springhares, gerbils, mice, and birds. They are capable of taking antelopes, including species such as mountain reedbuck, springbok, common duiker, and steenbok.[16] Occasionally, they tackle adult goitered gazelle.[7]
Reproduction and life cycle[edit]
Mating occurs year round.[11] In the Sahara, breeding is reported to occur primarily in midwinter.[21] The caracal's estrus cycle lasts about 14 days, estrus lasts on about 1.8 days.[15] Females copulate with several males in a "pecking order" which is related to the age and size of the male. One female was found to have mated with three different males during every estrous period, each time with the same individuals in the same sequence.[19] Copulation lasts around 4 minutes.[15]
Gestation lasts from 69 to 81 days, and litter size ranges from one to six kittens. Females use caves, tree cavities, or burrows as shelter when giving birth. Newborn kittens weigh 198 to 250 g (7.0 to 8.8 oz), and open their eyes between four and 10 days of age. Kittens venture outside the birthing den at around one month of age. Their deciduous teeth are fully developed at the age of 50 days. They are weaned at about 10 weeks. At around four or five months, the canine teeth appear, with the others following over the next six months. The young stay with their mother for up to one year, when they start to reach sexual maturity.[16] In the wild, caracals have an average lifespan of 6 years, in captivity, they may live as long as 19 years.[22]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Caracals are common in parts of their sub-Saharan range, especially in South Africa and southern Namibia, where they expand into new, and recolonize vacant, areas. They occur at much lower densities in Central and West Africa, where the carnivore community is more diverse. They occupy a wide variety of habitats from semidesert to relatively open savanna and scrubland to moist woodland and thicket or evergreen and montane forest such as in the Western Cape of South Africa. They prefer drier woodland and savanna regions with lower rainfall and some cover.[2] They also occur in the Saharan mountain ranges and semiarid woodlands.[11] On the Arabian Peninsula, caracals occur throughout the mountain ranges and hilly steppe regions, but probably do not penetrate far into the great sand deserts of the interior.[23]
The Caspian Sea, Ustyurt, and the Aral Sea constitute the northern distribution limit of caracals, which barely extends east of the Amu Darya. In Turkmenia, caracals were known from the coastal plains at the mouth of the Atrek River to the foothills of the Kopet-Dag, along the Tedzhen River, in the deserts along the Murghab River and east of the Kushka River. Their range extends southeastwards from Iran, through Pakistan and central India as far as Uttar Pradesh.[7]
Distribution of subspecies[edit]
Subsequent to Schreber's first description of a caracal from South Africa, several subspecies were described, of which these are recognized today:[1]
- C. c. caracal (Schreber, 1776) – inhabits South Africa[24]
- C. c. nubicus (Fischer, 1829) – inhabits Nubia[25]
- C. c. algira (Wagner, 1841) – ranges from Algeria through Tunesia to Morocco[24]
- C. c. lucani (Rochebrune, 1885) – ranges from Angola to north of the Congo River basin[25]
- C. c. schmitzi (Matschie, 1912) – ranges from the Dead Sea region through Syria and Pakistan to India[24]
- C. c. poecilotis (Thomas and Hinton, 1921) – inhabits northern Nigeria[25]
- C. c. damarensis (Roberts, 1926) – inhabits southwest Africa[25]
- C. c. limpopoensis (Roberts, 1926) – inhabits Transvaal[25]
The Russian zoologist Heptner described C. c. michaëlis in 1945 from the western Karakum.[7]
Habitat destruction due to agriculture and desertification is a significant threat in central, west, north and northeast Africa where caracals are naturally sparsely distributed. It is also likely to be the main threat in the Asian part of its range. As caracals are capable of taking small domestic livestock, they are often subject to persecution. Severity of depredation appears to be dependent on the availability of wild prey and husbandry techniques.[2]
In Iran, the killing of small livestock has brought the caracal into serious conflict with local people, who sometimes make efforts to eradicate it. The cat has never been recorded to be killed in road incidents, and no severe poaching pressure on it appears to happen.[26]
Populations in Asian range states are included in CITES Appendix I; populations in African range states are included in Appendix II. Hunting of the species is prohibited in Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. In sub-Saharan Africa, the caracal is protected from hunting in about half of its range states.[11] In Namibia and South Africa, the caracal is classified as a "problem animal", which permits landowners to kill the species without restriction; nonetheless, caracal have persisted and remain widespread.[2]
In captivity[edit]
As of November 2009, 18 caracals were kept in 12 AZA-accredited institutions participating in the Population Management Plan.[27] In 1998, a caracal was hybridised with a domestic cat at the Moscow Zoo.[28]
Historically, caracals have been used in India for hunting and blood sports. A popular sport in India was to have a captive caracal set upon a flock of pigeons, whereupon bets were made on how many birds could be taken down by the cat. A practiced caracal could ground as many as a dozen birds. Today, as well as in the past, caracals have occasionally been kept as exotic pets in Africa, India, North America and elsewhere.[29] It has been claimed caracals are "suitable as pets" because they are "easily tamed",[22] but caracals have also been claimed to attack people other than their owner.[30]
Cultural depictions[edit]
Caracals appear to have held some religious significance for the ancient Egyptians. They were found in wall paintings, their bodies embalmed, and sculptures of caracals and other cats guarded tombs.[31]
The Caracal Battalion, named after the caracal, is a unique combat unit in the Israel Defense Forces.[32]
- ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f Breitenmoser, C., Henschel, P. and Sogbohossou, E. (2008). "Caracal caracal". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ Allen, J. A., Lang, H., Chapin, J. P. (1924). "Carnivora collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 47: 73–281. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.53716.
- ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1939). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London. Pages 306–310
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text:
Posted: Jul 8, 2010 5:41 AM by Andrea Fontenot
Source: Associated Press
The National Institute on Drug Abuse awarded a $4 million grant to an LSU Health Sciences researcher for a five-year study on how the principal psychoactive component of marijuana can affect HIV patients.
Dr. Patricia Molina will lead a team examining how the substance produces subtle changes in gene activity that can affect how a patient responds to HIV.
Molina says the research could lead to new HIV treatment therapies.

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Contribution of amino compounds to dissolved organic nitrogen in forest soils
- Z. Yu,
- Q. Zhang,
- T.E.C. Kraus,
- R.A. Dahlgren,
- C. Anastasio,
- R.J. Zasoski
- … show all 6 hide
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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) may play an important role in plantnutrition and nitrogen fluxes in forest ecosystems. In spite of the apparentimportance of DON, there is a paucity of information concerning its chemicalcomposition. However, it is exactly this chemical characterization that isrequired to understand the importance of DON in ecosystem processes. Theprimaryobjective of this study was to characterize the distribution of free aminoacidsand hydrolyzable peptides/proteins in the DON fraction of Oa horizon leachatesalong an extreme edaphic gradient in northern California. Insitu soil solutions were extracted by centrifugation from Oahorizonscollected beneath Pinus muricata (Bishop pine) andCupressus pygmaea (pygmy cypress) on slightlyacidic/fertile and highly acidic/infertile sites. DON accounted for 77 to99% of the total dissolved nitrogen in Oa horizon leachates. Nitrogen infree amino acids and alkyl amines ranged from 0.04–0.07 mgN/L on the low fertility site to 0.45–0.49 mg N/L onthe high fertility site, and accounted for 1.5 to 10.6% of the DON fraction.Serine, glutamic acid, leucine, ornithine, alanine, aspartic acid andmethylamine were generally the most abundant free amino compounds. Combinedamino acids released by acid hydrolysis accounted for 48 to 74% of theDON, suggesting that proteins and peptides were the main contributor to DON inOa horizon leachates. Together, nitrogen from free andcombined amino compounds accounted for 59 to 78% of the DON. Most of theDON was found in the hydrophobic fraction, which suggests the presence ofprotein/peptide-polyphenol complexes or amino compounds associated withhumic substances. Because free and combined amino acids can be an importantnitrogen source for some plants, soil DON may play an important role in plantnutrition and ecosystem function.
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- Title
- Contribution of amino compounds to dissolved organic nitrogen in forest soils
- Journal
Volume 61, Issue 2 , pp 173-198
- Cover Date
- 2002-11-01
- Print ISSN
- 0168-2563
- Online ISSN
- Publisher
- Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Amino acids
- Dissolved organic nitrogen
- Nitrogen
- Nutrient cycling
- Polyphenols
- Proteins
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Z. Yu (1)
- Q. Zhang (1)
- T.E.C. Kraus (1)
- R.A. Dahlgren (1)
- C. Anastasio (1)
- R.J. Zasoski (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA


text: Ohio mother arrested after 3-year-old body found at dumpBy Lateef Mungin, CNNUpdated 1:04 AM ET, Tue November 27, 2012Story highlightsThe boy was reported missing on SundayThe mother called 911 crying as she said her son was missingPolice said they found inconsistencies in her storyAn Ohio mother, who frantically reported her three-year-old son missing over the weekend, is now in jail after the young boy's body was found at a nearby waste treatment plant."We offer our sympathies to anyone who loved or cared for this child because it is a very sad case," said Cleveland Police Det. Jennifer Ciaccia said.The mother, 20-year-old Camilia Terry, reported her son Emilliano missing on Sunday, crying as she struggled to tell a dispatcher what happened."I am calling you because I am at a park and my son is missing," the tearful mother said in a 911 recording obtained by CNN affiliate WEWS. She sobbed as she tried to tell the dispatcher what clothes the boy was wearing and how it had been 15 minutes since she had seen him.Police and the FBI searched for the boy while the mother was interviewed. Detectives found some "inconsistencies" in the mother's story, said Cleveland Police Commander Deon McCauley.FBI agents helping in the search noticed a garbage truck leaving the mother's home on Monday, copied down the information and contacted the waste management company. They went to the company to search and found what authorities believe is the child's body wrapped in a plastic bag, said McCauley.An autopsy is scheduled for Tuesday.The mother was being held by police and prosecutors will determine charges. Terry has two other children and they have been placed in the care of state children services officials. Authorities said they did not know the reason behind the killing."Unfortunately the statements coming from the mother were inconsistent so we have limited information," said McCauley. "We do not know why out of her three children this is the one that suffered the demise."More from justiceGeorgia police officer killed in 'ambush' CNN reporter grills Ferguson police chiefMom: We didn't do anything wrongPowered by Livefyre


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Your Neighborhood News Online
Your Neighborhood News Online
February 21, 2013 at 12:00pm — 1:30pm
| Hilton Branch Library, Springfield Avenue | Maplewood, NJ 07040
Posted February 14, 2013
Find out how well your lungs are working! This test uses spirometry to look for the presence of restrictive and/or obstructive lung disease and airway obstruction. Education materials and individual counseling will also be provided. Co-sponsored by Overlook Medical Center and Maplewood Memorial Library. For an appointment, Call 1-800-247-9580. Drop-ins are also welcome.
Overlook Medical Center and Maplewood Memorial Library. 1-800-247-9580


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Consumers Businesses
Release # 96-093
WASHINGTON, D.C.- As part of its ongoing investigation of zippered bean bag chairs that may present a suffocation hazard, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and Meri-Jon Artist Colony of Lexington, N.C., announced today a major cooperative repair program for 150,000 zippered bean bag chairs.CPSC's ongoing investigation has included corrective actions and repair programs implemented by 15 other bean bag chair manufacturers. Previous corrective actions have affected over 12 million bean bag chairs.CPSC is aware of 5 deaths from suffocation and at least 23 cases where children recovered from their injuries involving zippered bean bag chairs. The children who died unzipped the bean bag chairs, crawled inside, inhaled and ingested the small pellets of foam filling. In other cases children choked while playing with pellets from unzipped bean bag chairs which clogged their mouths and noses. None of these deaths and incidents involved bean bag chairs manufactured by Meri-Jon Artist Colony.Meri-Jon Artist Colony has sold bean bag chairs nationwide since 1980 at small retail furniture stores. The chairs, which are sold in a variety of styles and colors, can be identified by the manufacturer's label on the product. Owners of Meri-Jon Artist Colony's bean bag chairs can contact the company at (800) 476-4618 to receive instructions for repairing their bean bag chairs. Bean bag chairs manufactured and sold by Meri-Jon Artist Colony with an outer zipper with no pull tab are not affected.Any manufacturer's zippered bean bag chair that freely opens should be taken away from children IMMEDIATELY. Consumers should be aware that bean bag chairs manufactured with a small, T-shaped plastic tab attached to the zipper head are in need of repair. This repair program does not affect bean bag chairs that have been retroffitted to prevent children from freely opening them. Consumers who are not sure whether their bean bag chairs are included in this repair program or need help identifying their bean bag chair's manufacturer should call CPSC's toll-free hotline at (800) 638-2772 for assistance.
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of thousands of types of consumer products under the agency's jurisdiction. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical or mechanical hazard. CPSC's work to help ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters and household chemicals -– contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 40 years.
Federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly-announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the Commission.
To report a dangerous product or a product-related injury go online to www.SaferProducts.gov or call CPSC's Hotline at (800) 638-2772 or teletypewriter at (301) 595-7054 for the hearing impaired. Consumers can obtain news release and recall information at www.cpsc.gov, on Twitter @USCPSC or by subscribing to CPSC's free e-mail newsletters.
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Więcej informacji
The best way to get around Barcelona is on public transport. This is a large city, and the different tourist areas and monuments are spread around, with considerable distances between them. This makes the underground system and bus services ideal. They will take you to almost any point in the city quickly and comfortably.
Jak się przemieszczać?
The underground system links all the central zones of the city and has stations in the main tourist areas, marked with the letter "M". It runs from 5 am to midnight, Monday-Thursday, Sundays and public holidays; and from 5 am to 2 am on Fridays. On Saturdays and the eve of public holidays –1 January, 24 June, 15 August and 24 September– services run all night.
City buses are another good transport option. Depending on the line, they run from about 4:30 am to 11 pm. To get around at night, there are night buses, called Nitbus, which depart from Plaça Catalunya square between 11:15 pm and 6 am. Trams also provide quick access to major industrial, shopping and residential areas, and run from 5 am to 2 am approximately. There are direct buses from Barcelona to the airport terminals.
Most people prefer to use taxis at night for speed and comfort. Taxis can be found any day and any time. They are yellow and black and have their licence number displayed on the side. You can hail them in the street when they have the green light on. They can also be found at ranks on Barcelona's central streets and squares. There is a radio taxi service –the taxi will come and pick you up from wherever you like. Tariffs are displayed inside the taxis and show the minimum fare, flag-down charge, kilometre charge and other extras such as night service, public holidays, and station or airport service.
The trains run between 5 am and midnight.
Najlepsza opcja
The best option will depend on where you are, the number of journeys you wish to make, and the number of people travelling. One of the most practical choices is the T-10 card, which is popular with the locals. Not only does it offer considerable savings on the price of a single ticket, but also allows the use of the underground and bus services, has no time limit for use and –as it's transferable– can be used by more than one person. However, the sightseeing bus is one of the most popular means of transport for visitors to Barcelona: this is a double-decker bus which runs specifically to the most interesting places in the city. Tickets are valid for one or two days and cost €27 and €35. How much does transport cost? There are different tickets and fares. If you choose the Hola BCN! card you can travel anywhere on the public transport network, and the price ranges between €14 and €30.50. You can also buy a ticket for one one-way trip by metro, bus or funicular railway for €2.15, or a multiperson ticket with 10 trips –T-10– costing €10.30 and which is good for 10 complete trips from 1 to 6 zones. All these tickets and cards are available at information and customer service centres, and at ticket windows and vending machines in metro stations. Non-transferable travelcards are also available at tourist offices in Barcelona and online. There is also a tourist card (Barcelona Card) available, offering a range of benefits including unlimited use of public transport, as well as discounts for museums, shows, shops, leisure attractions and restaurants. There are cards for 2-5 days, with prices ranging from €34 to €58. These cards can be purchased at tourist offices in Barcelona, and at other outlets around the city. http://bcnshop.barcelonaturisme.com/Barcelona-Card
Inne sposoby poruszania się
There are many other ways to get around the capital of Catalonia:
Tramvia Blau: this is a historic tram which goes up the side of the Tibidabo mountain. One-way ticket: €4.20. /www.barcelonabusturistic.cat/es/tramviablau
Telefèric de Montjuïc cable car: the best way to go up to Montjuïc Castle. Adult one-way ticket: €7.50. Adult return ticket: €10.80. Children's one-way ticket: (4 to 12 years): €5.80. Children's return ticket: €7.80.
Montjuïc funicular: connects the Paral•lel metro station (L2 and L3) with Montjuïc park. www.tmb.cat
Tibidabo funicular: connects the Tramvia Blau tram stop in Barcelona (Plaça del Doctor Andreu square) with the Tibidabo amusement park.www.tibidabo.cat
Boat trips:
Las Golondrinas: leisure craft offering cruises around Barcelona. www.lasgolondrinas.com/
Catamarà Sensation BCN: sail catamaran. Route: sea route from the Port Olímpic. www.sensation-bcn.es
Catamarán Orsom: modern crafts offering a cruise along the coastline and beaches of Barcelona. www.barcelona-orsom.com
Sailing excursions with daily departures from Barcelona's Port Olimpic. www.barcelonaturisme.com
By bike: bike rental at www.bikinginbarcelona.net/es/
By motorbike: http://www.barcelonaturisme.com/Barcelona-Scooter
For more information, visit:
Barcelona Turisme (www.barcelonaturisme.com)
Barcelona Metropolitan Transport (www.tmb.net)


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Of all the Dalmatian Islands, Brač is the sportiest. It has first-class windsurfing and kite-boarding, and seems to attract a fair number of young,...more
see the Dalmatian Coast guideThis hotel is ingrained in the Dubrovnik landscape, both physically and culturally. The 14 floors of terraces dramatically stagger down a steep hillside toward...more
see the Dubrovnik guideThe first thing you see when you disembark on Hvar island are the wicker lounge chairs and plush pillows on the patio of this harbor-front hotel, so prominent a...more
see the Dalmatian Coast guideNear the main train station, this 1920s hotel originally housed Orient Express passengers. "Old-world elegant but not stuffy," the neoclassical and Art Deco...more
Opposite Gundulic Square, this 18th-century stone-and-marble Baroque mini-palace is the only deluxe hotel in the Old Town. And it is indeed very deluxe, with...more
see the Dubrovnik guideWine tourism is big along the Dalmatian coast. After years of catering to oenophile tourists—mainly French—one family with a local vineyard decided...more
see the Dalmatian Coast guideHvar Town is a great place to party, sure enough, but even hard-core types might consider taking a night or two off to rest their heads on the tiny island of...more
see the Dalmatian Coast guideWith 13 one- to four-bedroom accommodations, Lešić Dimitri Palace, in Korčula Town, the main settlement on the Dalmatian island of the same name,...more
see the Dalmatian Coast guideLe Méridien, which opened in 2006, packs several restaurants, cafés, and barsas well as a seaside infinity pool, spa, private beaches (with...more
see the Dalmatian Coast guideSplit, the busy mainland town, most often serves as a jumping-off point to the islands. The best reason to linger? Diocletian's Palace. Originally the...more
see the Dalmatian Coast guide


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TSYS To Acquire NetSpend
TSYS ® (NYSE: TSS), a leading global payment solutions provider, and NetSpend (NASDAQ: NTSP), a leading provider of general purpose reloadable (GPR) prepaid debit cards and related financial services to underbanked consumers in the United States, today announced that they have entered into a definitive agreement pursuant to which TSYS will acquire NetSpend in an all cash transaction valued at approximately $1.4 billion. Under terms of the agreement, NetSpend shareholders will receive $16.00 in cash for each share of NetSpend common stock. TSYS expects the transaction to be accretive to GAAP EPS for the first 12 month period following closing, excluding one-time acquisition related fees and expenses.
NetSpend's extensive distribution network provides consumers the ability to purchase prepaid debit cards at more than 62,000 distributing merchant locations, such as retailers, check cashers, convenience stores, grocers, insurance providers, tax preparers and many others. It is also a leading provider of corporate payroll card solutions, and has a direct distribution channel to reach consumers through online, mobile and direct marketing sources. NetSpend currently serves more than 2.4 million accounts — 46 percent of which are direct deposit accounts — with more than 500 retail distributors and more than 130,000 reload locations.
"The NetSpend acquisition is truly a transformational event for TSYS and consumers alike. It enables us to meet our strategic goals of diversifying our business, being a more innovative payment solutions provider and expanding our role within an area of payments that is expected to grow at a 20% annual rate over the next four years*. The acquisition also complements our already strong presence in the prepaid processing space," said Philip W. Tomlinson, chairman of the board and chief executive officer, TSYS. "By acquiring NetSpend, we gain a leadership team with deep prepaid experience, a company with scalable technology and a differentiated product offering customized for the partners and channels they serve. NetSpend's mission is to empower consumers with the convenience, security and freedom to be self-banked, and this promise aligns with TSYS' people-centered payments approach that is expected to add significant capabilities in terms of future revenue growth for our companies."
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Societal life cycle assessment—could you repeat the question?
- Thomas E. Swarr
- … show all 1 hide
Can social impacts be quantified?
It is generally accepted that life cycle assessment (LCA) is the predominant methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product system. It is also recognized that it is important to integrate the three pillars of sustainability—ecology, economics, and social equity—using the same functional unit and system boundaries and preferably in quantitative terms in order to evaluate whether alternative product systems are "more or less sustainable." (Klöpffer 2003, 2008; Reap et al. 2008b). Numerous methodological challenges might lead us to question the feasibility of societal life cycle assessment (SLCA), even though a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) work group determined there were no fundamental barriers (Grießhammer et al. 2006). Social concerns are highly diverse and have spawned more than 200 indicators that are weighted differently by different interest groups (Hunkeler and Rebitzer 2005). Many social indicators either describe ...
- Anderson V (2006) Turning economics inside out. Int J Green Econ 1(1/2):11–22 CrossRef
- Arrow KJ (1963) Social choice and individual values, 2nd edn. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
- Dreyer LC, Hauschild MZ, Schierbeck J (2006) A framework for social life cycle impact assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(2):88–97 CrossRef
- Grießhammer R, Benoît C, Dreyer LC, Flysjö A, Manhart A, Mazjin B `(2006) Feasibility study: integration of social aspects into LCA. Available at http://fr1.estis.net/builder/includes/page.asp?site=lcinit&page_id=D45A9A8F-10FA-4501-BF93-FB9AEAE4D163. Accessed 20 January 2009
- Hauschild MZ, Dreyer LC, Joergensen A (2008) Assessing social impacts in a life cycle perspective—lessons learned. CIRP Annals—Manufacturing Technology 57:21–24 CrossRef
- Hunkeler D (2006) Societal LCA methodology and case study. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(6):371–382 CrossRef
- Hunkeler D, Rebitzer G (2005) The future of life cycle assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 10(5):305–308 CrossRef
- Hutchins MJ, Sutherland JW (2008) An exploration of measures of social sustainability and their application to supply chain decisions. J Clean Prod 16:1688–1698 CrossRef
- Joergensen A, Le Bocq A, Nazarkina L, Hauschild MZ (2008) Methodologies for social life cycle assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13(2):96–103 CrossRef
- Klöpffer W (2003) Life-cycle based methods for sustainable product development. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(3):157–159 CrossRef
- Klöpffer W (2008) Life cycle sustainability assessment of products. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13(2):89–94 CrossRef
- Lenzen M (2006) Uncertainty in impact and externality assessments: implications for decision-making. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(3):189–199 CrossRef
- Musters CJM, de Graaf HJ, ter Keurs WJ (1998) Defining socio-environmental systems for sustainable development. Ecol Econ 26:243–258 CrossRef
- Norris GA (2006) Social impacts in product life cycles: towards life cycle attribute assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(1):97–104 CrossRef
- Reap J, Roman F, Duncan S, Bras B (2008a) A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment. Part 1: goal and scope and inventory analysis. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13(4):290–300 CrossRef
- Reap J, Roman F, Duncan S, Bras B (2008b) A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment. Part 2: impact assessment and interpretation. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13(5):374–388 CrossRef
- Rohracher H (2003) The role of users in the social shaping of environmental technologies. Innovation 16(2):177–192
- Simon HA (1978) Rationality as a process and product of thought. Am Econ Rev 68(2):1–16
- Tukker A, Jansen B (2006) Environmental impacts of products: a detailed review of studies. J Ind Ecol 10(3):159–182 CrossRef
- Tukker A, Eder P, Suh S (2006) Environmental impacts of products: policy relevant information and data challenges. J Ind Ecol 10(3):183–198 CrossRef
- Turner NJ, Gregory R, Brooks C, Failing L, Satterfield T (2008) From invisibility to transparency: identifying the implications. Ecol Soc 13(2), article 7. Available at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art7/
- WBCSD (2008) Sustainable consumption facts and trends: from a business perspective. World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland
- Weidema B (2006) The integration of economic and social aspects in life cycle impact assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11(1):89–96 CrossRef
- Title
- Societal life cycle assessment—could you repeat the question?
- Journal
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
Volume 14, Issue 4 , pp 285-289
- Cover Date
- 2009-06-01
- 10.1007/s11367-009-0088-2
- Print ISSN
- 0948-3349
- Online ISSN
- 1614-7502
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Thomas E. Swarr (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Sustainability by Design, LLC, 8 Shultas Pl, Hartford, CT, 06114, USA


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Junior Member
<3 first page, thumbs up if u like pizza
Hey what if the time and date are already right? and when i go to my cmd then i type net start 32time and i get access denied and a systom 5 error? wtf please help.i was told by jesse from riot that is how i can sync my time/date.
All yesterday I had the RADs error, until I used googles public DNS. Now today I get nothing but unable to connect to pvp.net server. I have charter internet, I have spent around 5 hours today alone trying to get it fixed(It was occuring on european servers as well, except i was able to get all the way to character select a couple times). I have done every single recommendation on this forum, reinstalled 4 times, contacted charter internet 3 times on the phone, and twice on chat. They all say "its a problem with the game, contact riot" no matter how much I tell them I dont think thats the case. I have officially spent more time in the last 2 days trying to get the game to work, than I have played in the last week.
Senior Member
I have the Rads error too and I un-installed the game and try to re-installed it, but the link on LoL website doesn't work to re- download it I mean
I just recently had the RADs Error, began to debug myself. Found that my error was fixed when I synced with another time site then time.windows.com. Also note I was unable to contact time.windows.com. I ended up using time.nist.gov to update my clock... Why the game requires your clock to be up to date is beyond me but it fixed my problem. Edit: On a side note, being a programmer, why is it this "company" is "new" yet some of the "software" on this site is old? Such an example being this vB_Editor I'm typing into..
If you haven't, make sure you update all your Windows Updates. Apparently something came out that is causing connection issues. Once I updated, restarted the PC, everything fired up with no problem.
what with mac users? I have same problem here.
revise "C:\Riot Games\League of Legends\RADS\projects\lol_air_client\releases\0.0. 0.68\deploy\LolClient.exe" With C:\Riot Games\League of Legends\RADS\projects\lol_air_client\releases\0.0. 0.69\deploy\LolClient.exe for the update on the client, if you have firewall problems.
yes I did and I did try other regions too as I thought maybe it was the incorrect one but I do know im logged into the North America one.


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NEWTON's HOME PAGE
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More Trees Today?
Name: Calvin Status: other Age: 40s Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: Around 1999
I have been told that there are more trees today in the United States of America than there were when the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. Is this true? If so, why?
Rather, the forests have been recovering from clearing after the arrival of Europeans.
Anthony R. Brach, Ph.D.
I don't know how this could be determined, since there is no real way of knowing exactly what forests looked like at any given time that far back in history. Its likely that there are more trees in some places, like on the great plains, where they have been widely planted around towns and home sites; on the other hand much of what was forested land in the eastern U.S. has been converted to agriculture and urban. Certainly there are more trees now than in 1900, at the end of the great timber baron era of deforestation, and especially since the 1930's depression years much marginal farmland has been turned back to forest - but much of that was probably forested originally anyway so its hard to say whether there has been any net gain. And what exactly is meant by "more trees?" If you really mean the total number of individual trees then this is probably a true statement since virgin forests had relatively few large trees per acre, and have been replaced by young forests with more but smaller trees per acre. But if you mean total forested land I think it is a very debatable proposition.
J. Elliott
Click here to return to the Botany Archives
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Update: June 2012


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I'm surprised at how little these scientist seem to know about African Clawed Water Frogs, I guess it shouldn't be all that surprising since most pet stores categorize them incorrectly and sell them to people who think they are African Dwarf Frogs which stay very small. This is a large part of the reason why people let them go into the wild after their tiny little frog ends up being 9" long and devours anything that will fit in it's gigantic mouth.
What's also surprising to me is the fact that they haven't caught on to the fact that this fungus not only affects amphibians as this article emphatically states but it drastically affects any fish that are in the water with them. These frogs enjoy mainly shallow water though so any fish that are in there, generally get eaten pretty quickly due to their small size.
I on the other hand, I have successfully, albeit accidentally cultured this fungus in a large fish tank with very large and aggressive fish present with the frogs. The thing about these frogs is that they are one of the heartiest little creatures on the planet, they could survive in a cesspool for a significant period of time, it's truly amazing. In their natural environment these frogs often times live their entire lives in a single puddle, they don't even need a pond and if by chance the puddle dries up, they can also hop a significant distance trying to find more water before drying out.
This fungus came very, very close to killing a beautiful and gigantic all white Koi fish that I just recently gave away after nursing it back to health. Until I started reading about this fungus, I had no idea why some of my very expensive, very large & very aggressive fish were dying on me out of the blue until I took some samples & put them under a few different microscopes that I have. I assure you, if exposed for an extended period of time, this still will kill anything that happens to be stuck in the water with these tremendous creatures.
The reason this problem has arose is that none of the frogs "captured" in CA actually originated there, all you need is a male & a female to be dumped in just about any water source that doesn't freeze over entirely and within two months, there will be hundreds of little frogs. I've bred these frogs very successfully, currently i'm trying to breed the albino female with a non-albino male which would have worked already had my female not become morbidly obese since I've had her for so long. It's amazing to watch them breed and to watch them go from egg to frog, it's like watching evolution right before you eyes, the only problem is that if you are not careful, you'll end up with far too many frogs to take care of or even get rid of in a responsible manner. These frogs will do the nasty for 12 hours at a time, the male wraps it's arms around her waste and just holds on for dear life as she drags him at full speed, all over the tank for hours at a time. In a single night, a female African Clawed Water Frog can easily lay 300-500 eggs but thankfully they will eat every last one of them within a day if you allow them to do so.
It's an awesome process and it's easy to see why they are so invasive because within 24 hours of the egg being laid & fertilized, it has already changed from a little round dot with a membrane around it, to a little white squiggly thing that can only swim very tiny distances before it sinks to the bottom and tries again. Within a week they go from freshly laid egg to full fledge tadpole, the albinos are particularly interesting because as tadpoles they are not just white or translucent but they are entirely transparent. So much so that you can actually clearly see the tadpoles heart inside of it's body and every time it pumps you can see the tiny little veins fill up with blood. Easily inside of just one month the tadpoles with grow legs, lose their tales and become full fledged baby frogs or froglets. If you breed them then this is the time to sell them because no one will want them once they get huge but that's the very problem at it's core, I live in MA so they cannot survive the winter here and are not a real threat to our ecosystem but I guarantee that if I were to let a male & female go into a small pond around April, that pond would be filled with hundreds, if not thousands of frogs by the time it got cold enough to freeze over but it would take a deep freeze to kill off all of them, that's how hearty they are and why they are such a threat, not to mention illegal in many states.
I find it sadly amusing that I am a complete amateur without a lab to work in, yet I seem to know a lot more about both, this species of frog as well as the different kinds of fungai that they carry. Especially considering the places where you can most certainly find these frogs living, I'd bet dollars to donuts that large quantities of these frogs can be found throughout our sewer systems in all of the southern and southwestern states. I would not be surprised at all if these things could easily survive in water that's contaminated with just about anything, even nuclear waste but if that were the case then I'd be terrified to see what they would become considering the biggest one I have already looks like Frogzilla.
These are really cool, fun and very easy pets to have but don't be an a hole! If they get too big or you don't want them anymore for some other reason then there are plenty of pet stores that will be happy to take them off your hands because they require almost no maintenance at all, they will eat as much as you feed them but they can also go a very, very long time without any food or even a light or heat source so it costs nothing for pet stores to take them off your hands and they will profit off of them. That being said, do the right thing if you are getting rid of these guys and don't let them go anywhere that doesn't get very cold in the winter or they will take over the entire body of water and possibly even spread to other bodies of water if close enough to one another.
These frogs can even survive in brackish or even full saltwater for some time before it dries them out so don't be surprised if you find them in estuaries or other places that connect to the ocean, they actually fair quite well in brackish water surprisingly enough.
There's no question though at least in my mind, that this fungus found on these frogs certainly spreads to any fish that are large & aggressive enough to survive the mere presence of these frogs, it takes a significant amount of time to manifest and will do so faster the more stagnant the water is. I don't know if the fish can carry & transmit it to other critters but eventually it will kill even the largest & most powerful of fish.
Sorry for the diatribe, I just find that whenever I find stuff about these critters on the internet, they never seem to give great information about them. Going on four or five years now, even when I had about 50 of them, I have never had a single frog die while in the water even when I had my biggest one in a tank with three massive & extremely vicious turtles (red eared & yellow bellied sliders), she still managed to survive their wrath but that was back before I really knew any better. The only time in the last five years that any of these frogs have died has been entirely because they managed to jump out of the tank. They are escape artists, especially if unhappy for some reason and the biggest frog is able to squeeze it's fat body through the tiniest of openings and boy can they jump when they want to.


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- dotTech - http://dottech.org -
How to add ability to copy content from right-click context menu in Windows [Guide]
Posted By MatthewA On March 5, 2014 @ 1:09 AM In Windows | 6 Comments
To copy and paste documents to the clipboard, you would usually have to select the file contents and then press the Ctrl + C shortcut key. However, with a few registry tweaks you can add an alternative Copy Content to Clipboard option to the Windows XP/Vista/7/8 context menus. Then, when you right-click a document or file or folder or icon, you can select Copy Content to Clipboard to add copy it.
To do this, press Win + R to open Run, and type regedit to open the registry. Then you should navigate to the file extension where you'll add the shortcut to. You could navigate to any of the following:
For this example, I'll be adding the Copy Content to Clipboard shortcut to the .txt context menu (HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell). You do exactly the same for any of the other alternative file types.
Right-click on shell, click New > Key and input the title Copy Content to Clipboard for the key title as in the shot below. Then you should right-click the right pane of Copy Content to Clipboard, and select New > String Value to add a new string. Add Icon as the new string's title, right-click it and click Modify. That should open the Edit String window where you input DxpTaskSync.dll, -52.
Next you should right-click on the Copy Content to Clipboard key in the left pane, and select New > Key. Input command as the new key's title. Then right-click Default in the right pane of command, and click Modify to open the Edit String window. There you should type cmd /c clip < "%1″, and click OK to close the window.
Now close the registry. Find some .txt files and right-click on one of them. Then there should be a Copy Content to Clipboard option on the file's context menu as below. Click on that option to copy it to clipboard, and then open a word processor application and press Ctrl + V. The content of the .txt document should be pasted into the word processor document.
You can add the Copy Content to Clipboard option to a variety of other document files in much the same way! To remove the option, delete the Copy Content to Clipboard key you added from the registry.
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Saint Hegesippus of Jerusalem
Born Jewish, he became an adult convert to Christianity. Hegesippus lived twenty years in Rome, Italy where he researched the early Church, but in later years he retired to Jerusalem. He was the first to trace and record the succession of the bishops of Rome from Saint Peter to his own day, and is considered the father of ecclesiastical history. Little of his writings survive, but he was highly recommended by other early writers including Eusebius and Saint Jerome. Compiled a catalogue of heresies during the first century of Christianity.
- in Jerusalem
Additional Information
- more material
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- Lives of the Saints, by Father Alban Butler
- New Catholic Dictionary
- Pictorial Lives of the Saints
- other sites in english
- siti in italiano
- nettsteder i norsk
MLA Citation
- "Saint Hegesippus of Jerusalem". Saints.SQPN.com. 23 March 2014. Web. 6 March 2015. <>


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