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February 5, 1941
I think I'll note some items about food. It has occurred to me that perhaps we have become more cranky than ordinary because of the food situation. Although we could not say the food situation is bad, it is decidedly tiresome. There are so many restrictions that variety in food is hard to come by, and meals are uninteresting and uninviting. Rationing does give everybody a definite amount of whatever is available. As it stands now this is what one person can get every week:
Sugar: four ounces
Tea: two ounces
Bacon: four ounces
Eggs: two (if you can find any)
Cheese: two ounces (if you can find any)
Meat: one shilling and two pence worth
Butter: two ounces
Margarine: four ounces
Note: this is per week!
Eggs are practically unobtainable. Lemons and onions are absolutely unobtainable. Kidneys and liver are not to be found. Fish is out of sight for all practical purposes. There is no fruit anywhere, either fresh or tinned. No dried fruit. No nuts. No tomatoes. No marmalade. No jam. No syrup. Sausages are forty percent bread.
Neither bread nor flour is rationed, yet, but only one sort of loaf is obtainable. Cakes and pastries have practically disappeared, certainly all those at popular prices. The last time I was on South Street I saw a chocolate layer cake in one baker's window priced at eight pence; ordinarily it would have been two pence.
We are exhorted to eat plenty of carrots and potatoes and oatmeal. What a diet! The lack of onions for all savory cooking, and also of tomatoes, fresh, tinned, or pureed makes very flat dishes; and the lack of sugar and eggs deposes of all sweets.
Try to cook without eggs or onions and see how little you can do! We diet on potatoes without butter; or porridge without sugar or syrup, and with milk at nine pence per quart. Meals have been dreadfully uninteresting. If one cared to sit down to a hearty, variegated, tasty meal one would feel like a new being.
Joan also told us something about shelter life and the effect it was having on people. She spent every night sitting up in a shelter for three months and finally got such excruciating pains in her back she had to go to the hospital to get cured. Shelter strain. Son has had to go to the hospital with neuritis in his right arm. Shelter life. Joan tells me many people are getting what is described as shelter ankles, that is swellings due to always sitting up, never lying in bed for a night anymore. Joan thinks all doctors must be under orders not to say anything against the shelters, or to admit that any aches or pains or illnesses are due to sleeping in shelters. She says it is quite remarkable how they don't ask patients about where they sleep and how they sleep!
"Of course the shelters must be bad for the health. I've heard of two doctors in this town who have forbidden mothers to take their young children into shelters. I heard that Dr. Levy wept when he lost a baby with pneumonia, contracted, he declared, by sleeping in a shelter. Another doctor told my Lily that she must take a chance on a bomb, but she must keep her bronchial baby out of the shelter."
February 7, 1941
I am serene, thanks to St. Francis. The whole of last night Ted was out on fire spotting duties, on top of Lyons, from eight p.m. until six this morning.
I was all right. Happily there were no raids. The weather was too bad I expect. We had deep snow yesterday. Anyhow, I was all right. I sat up until midnight, and then settled down to sleep quite calmly. Today I have been writing. My mind's in spate again, hurrah! There was news at one o'clock of the fall of Benghazi.
February 15, 1941
I am waiting for Sainsbury's delivery. Airplanes are buzzing about. No morning alert yet. The last alert was at one twenty a.m. this morning, with all clear after about an hour. Ted heard nothing of it, and even though I got up to get a light, he did not waken. We had raids most of the evening, too. The all clear came about eleven fifteen p.m., so that we could settle down comfortably to sleep.
Throughout this week there has been plenty of air activity again, after the January slow up. The weather is improving of course. Things are getting more frightening now. There is constant talk, in public, and on the air, of the prospect of imminent invasion. It is that Hitler must invade us to lick us, and he must do it soon before American aid reaches us. In the first news this morning at seven a.m. instructions were given as to what to do in case of invasion, to "stay put," and await direct instructions from the military or the police. It is sickening.
This week Franco went to Italy for a conference with Mussolini, and on his return had a meeting with Petain at Montpelier. What does this portend? So far Franco has kept out of the war, recovering from their civil war, of course. Franco is a minor dictator, and a puppet of the other two. Will he take Nazi orders? Will he copy Mussolini and land a stab in the back to a power he considers to be losing? God knows.
Anyhow the coming slaughter is going to be awful. Again millions of Europe's young men will be destroyed and for what? For the damned stupidity of political maniacs. Civilians too will perish in multitudes. Oh my God, the stupidity of men!
February 21, 1941
I went to the hairdressers this afternoon. Ted told me at dinnertime that he would go straight to church from the office, to play for benediction at six p.m., and would not be in until about six forty. So I decided I had time to get my hair done. It is a problem getting to the hairdressers. I certainly will not go out while the raids are on. No day raiding today, so off I went. There were raids again last night. We have had them every night since Wednesday in spite of the cold. On my way back I met Mary Bernadette Jude, so brought her into tea. She has returned to Romford and is living alone in their house, her mother still staying in Belfast.
February 22, 1941—Washington's Birthday
An alert! There is trouble again in Romford. So I cannot write now.
It is eleven thirty a.m. and all quiet, though no all clear has been given. We had a very bad night again last night. The evening was quiet, but the guns began soon after midnight. No clearance still from this morning. Oh this senseless war! What I sat down to note was another folly of men. Though perhaps not a "folly" but only a fundamental. Last night when Ted returned from seeing Mary Jude home, he began to kiss me, so we loved. Inside I was intensely amused. First, because I notice that a young girl around excites Ted, not towards them, but towards me. Next, because in the act of love, theology completely vanishes. Men forget God when their lust is upon them. I thought: what married woman, or any woman that lies with a man, can possibly believe in a man's religion? I don't mean the religion proposed by the individual man but the great cancers of religious dogmas, which men have invented, and the churches have built up?
February 24, 1941
I am waiting for the water to warm up for a bath. It was a noisy night again last night. Some bombs fell nearby about eight thirty p.m. Then everything quieted down again until nearly midnight. There were two bad spells of raiding then. All clear not coming until after three this morning. Oh this damned war!
About ten o'clock last night Artie telephoned. He said he got his leave, and was phoning from Victoria. He said he was going down to Hammersmith and would stay at Grandma's for the night, and would be in Romford in time for dinner today. Good.


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Thank you to everybody who entered my recent giveaways from 17 and L'Occitane. Without further ado, it's time to reveal the lucky ladies who've bagged themselves some beauty loot!
First up, the winners of my 17 Giveaway. The prize is a full set of the Autumn Collection which includes 17 Solo eye shadows and Fast Finish nail polishes.
I asked which eye shadows 17 Make Up Artist Vanessa Guallar used in this video for 'Look Two', and of course the correct answers were 'Violet Rock and Gold Emerald'.
1. Sinead O'Sullivan
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Next up ..my L'Occitane Divine Immortelle giveaway.
The lucky reader who wins a set of the new Divine Immortelle Eye Treatment & Serum is:
Well done to all the winners - you'll receive an email from me very shortly.
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If you didn't win, fear not, there will be plenty more giveaways to come on vexinthecity.com

subset: commoncrawl


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More reviews by strawberryappleorange
ingredients are good, moisturizes well, price is acceptable, a good basic. a good performer but not stunning.
I got this for 99c during Aubrey's Cyber Monday sale. In terms of its ability to moisturize, as a lip balm, this stuff is really good. It moisturizes, and it has a nice feeling. It goes on smooth, not too greasy and not too chalky. It's effective, has a nice consistency, and doesn't have any color. The only thing I dislike about this lip balm is the taste/smell -- one of its main constituents is olive oil, which is a fantastic moisturizer, but unfortunately you can really, really taste it in this lip balm. It literally tastes like vanilla ice cream with olive oil poured over it.
However, I also got the raspberry flavor of this lip balm and that one tastes/smells MUCH better - no olive oil taste at all (but it's still in there, thus you get good moisture). It just tastes like raspberries.
Still, though, nothing bad to say about its moisturizing properties. Pretty good! Better than Burt's Bees, I'd say, and one of the best lip balms I've used.
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
Brought this for the yummy honey scent! I am a big fan of good smelling lip balms and this one is up there on that list. If you have tried/used Burt's Bees honey lip balm its similar in smell but much better with the hit of vanilla and not as sickly sweet as BB and not at all as waxy! This works just as well as any other chap stick on the market with all natural ingredients and I may repurchase in the future but I am one of those women who is always trying new beauty products. The down fall to this lip balm is that it doesn't have a smidge of real honey in it! Honey is a wonderful moisturizing ingredient and it should defiantly be used in a Vanilla & Honey lip balm.
3 out of 3 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No


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Prudential Financial: No. 8 in the DiversityInc Top 50
Prudential Financial continues to be a diversity-management leader, under the guidance of Chairman and CEO John R. Strangfeld and Vice President and Chief Diversity Officer Michele C. Green.
Strangfeld signs off on executive compensation tied to diversity, meets with employee resource groups quarterly, and is a very visible supporter of the Newark, N.J., community where Prudential is headquartered. He is co-chair of the board of directors of the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. He and his wife, Mary Kay, also initiated and are sponsors of a recruitment and scholarship program for military officers seeking to transition into leadership roles in civilian life by getting an M.B.A.
The company emphasizes talent development and has formal succession planning for Blacks, Latinos, Asians, American Indians and women. The company has mandatory diverse slates for executive positions for both internal and external recruiters, requiring at least one woman and racial/ethnic minority to be interviewed for each opening. The requirement is being expanded to include veterans and people with disabilities.
Prudential has 14 employee resource groups, which it calls Business Resource Groups and Employee Network Groups. The groups have 75 chapters and subgroups in the United States. They have formal charters and are funded by the company. Business Resource Groups that submit a business case and rationale for targeted events and programs receive additional funding.
The groups' success is measured by a twice yearly review of their performance in five critical areas—talent-sourcing support, professional development, business integration, community outreach and diversity awareness and education. Individual group leaders also are assessed by their contributions to the organization and feedback is provided to management.
Chairman and CEO
"Prudential views diversity and inclusion as an important area of focus among our employees, in the marketplace and in the communities where we live and work. Our talented and diverse employee base provides a competitive advantage and enables us to help our customers solve financial challenges today and for future generations to come."
Vice President and Chief Diversity Officer
"D&I is integral to the strength of our talent, culture, business performance and identity. Beyond representation, the practice of inclusion reflects the reality that diverse vantage points lead to success in the workplace, marketplace and community. We are committed to the ongoing journey of creating an environment of involvement, respect and connection."
U.S. Headquarters: Newark, N.J.
Global Employees: 47,355
U.S. Employees: 19,678
• In Top 50 every year since it started
• Strong CEO commitment
• Metrics to asssess resource-group performance
- No. 4 Top 10 Companies for Recruitment
- No. 9 Top 10 Companies for Mentoring
Video: The Difference Between Mentoring and Sponsorship With Prudential Financial
Web Seminar: Multicultural Philanthropy With Prudential Financial, Ingersoll Rand
Why Corporate America Led Battle to End DOMA


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Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
Travel Better.
Etnia Clube de Mar
Estrada Trancoso para Itaquena n. 300 KM 02, Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil
Check availability as rates may vary for dates. Best rate guaranteed.
It's a pretty exclusive clube, the Etnia Clube de Mar, just five bungalows on a pristine beach outside the impossibly unspoiled town of Trancoso, Bahia, Brazil. Impossibly unspoiled because, though Trancoso is quickly becoming one of the most fashionable beach towns on the planet, it has somehow remained what it's long been: a bohemian retreat in a remote colonial village on the sea. It remains a town as much defined by its rows of brightly painted shacks, its pick-up futbol matches on a town green, its whitewashed old church, as by the helicopters and all-night dance parties that have become such common sights here.
Not to mention the golf course (it's stunning) and a nearby Club Med — all of which means that the time has come for a place like Etnia Clube de Mar, set a couple of quiet kilometers away from the scene in Trancoso. For while the scene in Trancoso is a pretty mellow one, it's a scene nonetheless, and it gets a little bigger every year. The spirit of Etnia tacks pretty close to the direction Trancoso's original pioneers probably had in mind — only now they've grown up and developed a pretty pronounced taste for what we euphemistically call "the finer things." On the one hand, the accommodations are not so much rooms as houses, many with balconies and outdoor showers and beds with accouterments from all the right places (the pillows from Sweden, the cotton in the sheets from Egypt). Yet for all the comforts, there's a certain rustic simplicity about the place — slatted windows, weathered wood, miles of muslin mosquito netting — to keep things in balance.
Then, of course, there's the beach. Remarkable that the better part of a millennium after the Portuguese landed in this first-discovered part of Brazil, these most spectacular beaches, all golden sand and shady palms, remain more or less as they've always been. The beach outside the hotel is as lovely as all the others in the area, and it's all the better with a few padded loungers laid in the sand beneath a stand of swaying trees. The hotel has a mellow little beachside bar and restaurant, any number of activities on offer, and the restaurants and shops and parties of Trancoso itself are a very short trip away — but for all that, you can still come here to do nothing, just kick back in a bungalow by the water.
Travel advisory: Passport and visa requirements differ from country to country. Please check with your local authority before booking.
- 8 Rooms
- Style: Contemporary Classic
- Atmosphere: Quiet
- 1 Guest Review
- Etnia Clube de Mar
- Estrada Trancoso para Itaquena n. 300 KM 02
- Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil
Hotel amenities and services
- 24 hour concierge
- 24 hour medical assistance
- Babysitting (on request)
- Bar
- Beauty salon
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Business center
- Central air conditioning
- Garden
- Golf nearby
- Lounge
- Multi-lingual staff
- Outdoor swimming pool
- Pet Friendly
- Restaurant
- Room service
- Self service parking (charges apply)
- Shopping area nearby
- Spa treatments (on request)
- Wi-fi (charges apply)
- Yoga
Other Trancoso hotels
1 Guest Review
All reviews are from Tablet guests with verified stays.
- Tobias Serup
- Stayed November 2014
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
Fantastic setting on a beautiful beach and a seducing bohemian/chic-rustique style without getting hipster or too fancy. Very relaxing atmosphere - perfect for a quiet get-away.
What the hotel could do better:
The service could have been better. Everyone was very nice and helpful but not really attentive if you look besides the concierges.


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text:
Tigers earn MIAA honors
By CONOR NICHOLL
Senior right tackle Mario Abundez personified the 2013 Fort Hays State University football team. In terms of returning starters and all-league players, the Tigers entered the season the MIAA's youngest and most inexperienced team.
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By CONOR NICHOLL
Senior right tackle Mario Abundez personified the 2013 Fort Hays State University football team. In terms of returning starters and all-league players, the Tigers entered the season the MIAA's youngest and most inexperienced team.
Plus, FHSU had to scramble on the offensive line after a season-ending knee injury to sophomore Matt Erbert in fall camp and a Week 2 knee injury to sophomore Jarred Stindt that kept him out several weeks.
Fort Hays started 0-4 against four top-25 teams, but helped by improvement across the squad, especially with the offensive line, the Tigers finished 6-1 in their final seven games.
On Tuesday, 12 Tigers earned all-MIAA honors, 10 for the first time. Fort Hays went 6-5, 4-5 MIAA and tied the most wins and conference victories since it switched conferences eight years ago.
"Could have said, 'We are done, season's over. We are not going to win a ball game,' " third-year coach Chris Brown said in his season-ending news conference Tuesday. "But this group of kids believed in each other, had faith, worked even harder after those four losses to get wins, and they were hungry, and it goes to our seniors. They are great leaders. They wanted to win."
Abundez and junior safety Micheal Jordan collected second team recognition; Jordan was an honorable mention selection in 2012.
Senior running back Andre Smith, senior wide receiver Keaton Callins, junior defensive lineman Jesse Trent and sophomore linebacker Justin McPhail were third team. FHSU had six honorable mentions: senior wide receiver Tanner Hageman, senior punter Cameron Owens, senior defensive tackle Jeremy Jones, senior center Greg List, junior linebacker Michael Terry and freshman kick returner DeAndre James. They helped FHSU improve from 3-8 to 4-7 to 5-6 to 6-5 in the last four years.
"I was really pleased with how the all-conference selections came out," Brown said. "Those kids really deserved those honors. They worked hard through the summer, and they worked hard through spring practices and they worked hard through fall camp and really bounced back from an 0-4."
Eight of the 12 all-MIAA selections spent at least three years in the Tiger program. James is the only one who hasn't spent at least two. Every all-league player improved, especially Callins and Owens.
"If I would have had these kids one or two years, you don't see much improvement in those guys," Brown said.
Jordan picked off five passes, the most by a Tiger since 1997 and tied for the conference-high.
He also had 70 tackles; before this season, he had 100 tackles and no interceptions in two years. Jones led the team with nine sacks, while Trent had seven. List had appeared in just one game before this year, but started all 11 contests at center.
McPhail and Terry finished 1-2 with 90 and 75 tackles, respectively. Smith collected 1,013 rushing yards, the first Tiger since 2004 to clear the 1,000 mark.
Callins, known for the acrobatic catch, had 53 grabs for 756 yards and 11 scores, while Hageman finished with 31 catches for 412 yards and two TDs. James averaged 25.2 yards per return.
Owens struggled in 2012 and was briefly suspended, but had a terrific season with 41.3 yards per punt, including 15 of 40 inside the 20-yard line.
"It's just going through our program, our strength and conditioning program, understanding our system both offense and defense and doing the things that we ask them to do and doing them well, and when those guys do those things, good things happen for them," Brown said.
The 6-foot-4, 295-pound Abundez transferred from Bakersfield (Calif.) Community College before the 2011 season. Abundez redshirted 2011 and played just seven games as a reserve in '12.
"Especially from his junior year to his senior year, I saw his most improvement," Brown said. "Very, very proud of that kid. Him and Andre Smith both, I think they are both the first ones in their family to graduate from college with a degree, that's huge to see those kids do that, and they are really going to excel in life."
For part of the year, Abundez was the Tigers' most experienced linemen. He helped FHSU allow just eight sacks, tied for first in the conference.
"I didn't know how strong they were going to be," Brown said of the line. "They kind of took ownership and wanted to do well and wanted to be successful and wanted their offense to be successful.
"I think that's one of the reasons, those last seven games, they were successful was because of our offensive line," he added. "Got against guys that were kind of the same strength, the same height, same weight."
Sophomore quarterback Treveon Albert finished with 2,338 passing yards and 507 rushing yards, the first Tiger QB in history with the 2,000/500 double. FHSU finished with 384 points and 4,721 yards, second and third-best in school annals.
"Very proud of the way those kids performed as the year went along," Brown said. "Gave our running backs great holes to run through, really protected our quarterback well."
Extra Points
After six interceptions in the first two contests, Albert ended up with one of the finest seasons by a Tiger signal caller in school history. Albert ranked 45th in NCAA Division II in total offense with 2,845 yards. Among sophomores, he ranked 11th. Albert was also responsible for 31 scores, including 24 passing, and tied for 21st in the country, tied fifth for sophomores. Albert helped Fort Hays average 6.4 yards per play. The previous two years, FHSU had averaged 5.3 and 5.1 yards per play.
"We finally had some explosive plays this year, and that's something that I didn't see our first two years," Brown said.
Brown was pleased with the offensive improvement, but wants to see more against the top teams. FHSU averaged 16.3 points in the first four losses, but did score 34 against Central Missouri in a Week 10 defeat.
Next year, the schedule will likely get harder with the addition of Pittsburg State University and Missouri Southern and the subtraction of the two non-conference games, Southwest Baptist (Mo.) University and Lincoln (Mo.) University.
"Our O-line did a great job this year, but I want to be able to ground and pound it anytime I want to ground and pound it, and I want to be able to protect our quarterback," Brown said.
Brown said Albert has the speed, athleticism, and arm strength for a MIAA quarterback, but still needs to work on the mental game.
"It's just really understanding what we are doing overall, every route, every protection, every formation, every run play that we are going to have," Brown said.
Recruiting, personnel update
Brown wants a recruiting class of five to six junior college players and 20-25 high school kids. Most of the junior college kids will come on the lines and Brown also wants a quarterback and a safety.
"Not just a one-year wonder," Brown said. "I want this to be something that continues on."
Brown will hold Erbert out of the spring drills as a precaution on his knee. Brown is uncertain whether junior Tomasi Molesi will play offense or defense in 2014. It likely depends on the Signing Day class.
Brown believes senior tight end Marshall Musil (La Crosse) can receive another year.
Musil played four years at University of Oklahoma, including a redshirt season and another year where he missed virtually all fall because of a medical redshirt. Musil finished with 12 catches for 131 yards and a TD and had eight special teams tackles.


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This does not mean that Moellin was the originator of the term as it came to be used in Yiddish; it's possible that it was current among Ashkenazi Jews before his time. The association of terror with Christian holidays, particularly Easter, was an old one. Anti-Jewish outbreaks often occurred on such days, a particularly dreadful case being that of the Prague Easter massacre of 1389, when Moellin was a young man. In it, hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Jews were killed — some by their own hands, to avoid falling into Christian ones. The pun on the verse in Isaiah was thus an entirely natural one.
A similar and older play on words also foreshadowed it. In the Bible, there are many occurrences of the word eyd, spelled with an initial aleph, in the sense of "calamity" or "disaster," as in the verse in Proverbs: "He who is glad at [someone else's] calamity [eyd] will not go unpunished." In Aramaic as in classical Arabic, on the other hand, the word id, spelled with an initial ayin, means "holiday." The Aramaic-speaking rabbis of the talmudic period took this word, spelled it eyd and used it to denote a non-Jewish holiday, just as khoge was used centuries later in Yiddish. Whoever coined khoge in this sense, whether the Maharil or someone else, had a solid precedent.
Indeed, there is even a Mishnaic tractate of Khoge. How can that be, you ask, when we have just said that the word in the sense of a Christian holiday is late medieval? True enough — but the tractate in question is a prank. It's one played by a certain Immanuel Burton, who composed it 15 years ago as a Purim-masekhte, a comical parody of the Talmud of the sort that learned Jews have traditionally amused themselves with on Purim, a holiday celebrated partly by jesting. Burton's tractate of Khoge, written in an impeccably Mishnaic style, starts with a section on the Christmas tree. Here are its first lines:
"A tree higher than twenty cubits is forbidden in a private home but permitted in the marketplace. One whose height is less than the width of three palms is not acceptable. Rabbi Noel permits bonsai trees; the sages forbid them. Trees that admit more sunlight than they give shade are forbidden. Rabbi Rudolf permits them if the light does not fall where the gifts are hung."
Beneath this "mishnah," in traditional Rashi script, is a rabbinic commentary. Regarding bonsai trees, for example, it explains:
"These are acceptable even if less than three palms' widths in height, such being their nature. This gives them their value — and even though they are useless for the hanging of gifts and serve for decorative purposes alone, Rabbi Noel waives the requirement of gift-hanging so as to avoid shaming the poor [who cannot afford to buy gifts], as is explained below."
Can not just Christmas, but New Year's, too, be a khoge in our day and age? I can't think of any reason why not. Have a happy one.
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Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal // Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
You are here: SAFLII >> Databases >> Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal // Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad >> 2008 >> [2008] PER 21 | Noteup | LawCiteDu Plessis, T. --- "Competitive Legal Professionals' use of Technology in Legal Practice and Legal Research" [2008] PER 21
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Citation: (2008) 4 PER, PDF accessible here
COMPETITIVE LEGAL PROFESSIONALS' USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN LEGAL PRACTICE AND LEGAL RESEARCH
T du Plessis *
1. Introduction
Advances in the information and communication technologies have led to the availability of a range of primary and secondary legal research publications online via the Internet or the World-Wide Web, rather than on other storing devices such as compact discs or publications in the print media.1 Not only has information and communication technology (ICT) impacted on the availability of legal information resources, but its effects are also noticed in various law-related areas such as legal practice management, legal education, corporate governance and the law per se.2 The question addressed by this article is whether the application of ICTs has an effect on the practice of law, and specifically whether information and knowledge management affects the processes of legal research in modern legal practice. Various issues are considered in this regard, including what the concept of knowledge management (KM) entails in a law firm and what the current KM trends in South African law firms are. The article investigates global trends in the application of ICTs for legal research purposes, what the specific applications of KM in support of legal research may be, how information technology applications and KM systems and strategies can support the legal research process, and what the benefits of KM are to legal research. It finally discusses the impact technology has had on the skills required of competitive legal professionals.
2. Skilled legal professionals
Most law students enter their careers as candidate attorneys and associates in law after completing the higher educational requirements of the profession3 and are admitted to the profession under regulation of the Attorneys Act4 as amended. As aspirant attorneys they will be expected to be able to handle many different tasks including clerical tasks, word-processing, research assistance, et cetera, and will also be introduced to legal practice time management and the billing practices typical of law firms. As they advance, their responsibilities will increasingly include the many aspects of giving legal advice, which is the core function of lawyers: the using, manipulating, and conveying of legal knowledge.
In time, and with practice, trial and examination, lawyers are considered competent once they have assimilated the relevant skills, attributes and values associated with conveying legal knowledge in a manner appropriate to each matter undertaken on behalf of a client. The competent lawyer thus has knowledge of general legal principles and procedures and extensive knowledge of the substantive law and procedure for the areas of law in which the lawyer practices. He or she is skilled in investigating facts, identifying issues, ascertaining client objectives, considering possible options, and developing and advising the client as to appropriate course(s) of action. Also, he or she can confidently implement the chosen course of action through the application of appropriate skills.5 These skills include a problem-solving ability, legal research, analysis, application of the law to the relevant facts, negotiation, and writing and drafting, as each matter requires.
In addition, modern legal professionals require general and business management skills including client relationship and development skills, information literacy skills, and computer literacy skills such as the use of presentation technologies and digital lawyering tools.6 Some elements of information and computer literacy in legal practice are identified in Table 2.1 (listed on the next two pages)7 but this list is not comprehensive.8 The table categorises three groups of skills, namely:
Category 1: Problem identification and analysis
The skills related to understanding the problem.Category 2: Using appropriate source(s) of law
Working with the problem and the sources of law.Category 3: Information search and retrieval
Using supporting mechanisms to find and research the law.
1. Problem identification and analysis |
3. Information search and retrieval |
2. Using appropriate source(s) of law |
Table 2.1 Elements of information and computer literacy in legal practice
In addition, some of the business and management skills required of modern lawyers are listed in Table 2.2, which continues on the next two pages.
Business management skills |
General business skills |
Client relationship skills |
Firm operations and procedures |
Client development skills |
Management and supervisory skills |
Self-management skills |
Supervising skills |
Table 2.2 Business and management skills of legal professionals
The above skills are tabled in order to emphasise the need for information and knowledge management skills. IKM skills allow the lawyer to understand that the modern legal world consists of a network of information and knowledge resources that support the everyday tasks of lawyers in legal practice. This includes a set (or sets) of databases, both internal and external to the firm, containing information on clients and prospective clients, cases, documents and the prior work product of the law firm, legal information databases, other proprietary databases, law firm experts and other experts, judges, courts, financial information, market and competitor information.
Modern legal professionals who are skilled in IKM are efficient in using electronic search tools designed for searching legal information databases, including commercial databases, the Internet and other systems. They know how to evaluate, use and report the results of the searches in a variety of formats and contexts; for example, if the report is a list of critical documents at a trial or a list of critical receipts in a client's tax audit, or an industry analysis that is the basis for a new law firm marketing strategy. Moreover, they know how to use presentation, simulation and imaging programmes to make an argument or build consensus.
In becoming more efficient, the modern lawyer increasingly uses electronic communication tools, for example email, to communicate with clients, other lawyers, courts and agencies. This not only includes the basic skills, for instance, knowing how and when to use email, but also how to set up facilities that address the specific needs of the law firm's clients. This could include using telecommunications in combination with other communication technologies such as Web conferencing, mobile, Wifi, VoIP or Skype-based communication in client relationships. Providing electronic notice of events important to the client, managing unstructured information in emails, and communicating in the client's preferred method connotes competence. Furthermore, the modern legal professional has electronic publishing skills such as the capacity to produce multimedia legal documents and 'file' or deliver them electronically to clients. Also, modern lawyers have reasonable fluency in the use of programmes that produce legal work. For example, in litigation practice using automated litigation support tools and methods might become a required skill and the lack of this skill might incur malpractice liability if the lawyer loses a case to a lawyer who does use litigation support technologies.
In legal practice it is expected of legal professionals to maintain certain standards of professional competence and ethical behavior. Throughout their careers it is required of lawyers to ensure that they keep current regarding the law in their practice area and maintain the knowledge and skill necessary to fulfill their professional responsibilities. These skills may include the application of technology for the purposes of information and knowledge manipulation, business management, enhanced firm operation and procedure, practice management and quality control of services, client relationship management and development, product analysis and development, and marketing of services. If lawyers could be equipped with these skills early in their careers they would develop into legal professionals who could, for example, be charged out to clients at a higher rate.
If one considers that time is of the utmost importance in the business of a modern law firm, then the successful lawyer is the one who applies skills to make time as productive as possible.9 Thus, in applying all of the above skills, the most important issue to lawyers is the effective use of time. In many ways technology and the application of KM principles will enhance the work of lawyers and save their time. These skills, including the application of KM in legal practice and legal research, are investigated in the following sections of this article.
3. Lawyers and legal research
Legal research is one of the critical skills that lawyers employ on behalf of their clients.10 Although certain areas of law do not require the same amount of research as other areas, competency in legal research remains essential to any lawyer regardless of the area of specialization or type of practice. Legal research should not be considered only as information seeking. It is in fact a combination of a variety of information- and knowledge-related activities. Currently, legal researchers may perhaps at times experience skill inadequacies because they are confronted with a large variety of commercial databases as well as an enormous, constantly expanding array of Internet and other electronic information resources. In addition, publishers of electronic information resources are frequently adding new search functionalities and other improvements to their products. These features often differ from product to product, requiring researchers to acquire or adapt skills for successful information retrieval.11
Since the law is a profession and professions have an assumed expertise in a specific body of knowledge, lawyers are considered as knowledge workers. Knowledge workers are defined by their relationship with information. Lawyers as knowledge workers adhere to a minimum standard of professional competence and the premise is that lawyers have a professional responsibility to research and know the law to serve in a client's or the public's best interest. A lawyer's duty to research and know the law has a strong ethical component. Equally important is the application of malpractice standards not only to traditional legal research, but also to electronic research.12 For example, the Internet currently provides access to information resources that previously would not have been readily available, and this requires modern lawyers to possess a high level of electronic research skills to find, amass, manage, evaluate and use all readily available, relevant and authentic information to serve a client's case or matter. The question is whether lawyers – professionals who are recognised for having knowledge and skill superior to those of the ordinary person – can be expected to be more skilled and proficient than the average layperson in their use of ICTs. In terms of legal professional responsibility, the answer is 'yes.' In the information era lawyers cannot claim to be knowledge workers without effectively using the ICTs, the Internet and other electronic resources for legal research if the situation so requires.
Traditionally the legal profession is associated with and given control over a particular body of knowledge, and when lawyers use technologies it is not simply for the sake of convenience but to maintain control over information and to improve service provision.13 This control in the legal information service market sets the legal profession apart in the sense that it is a profession identified with a specialized body of theoretical knowledge, which assumes the acquisition of the academic training required in order to be able to master this information.14 Also, it is a profession which regulates itself and which forms associations that allow members to share information and to establish rules for the profession. Typical of the profession is the relationship between professionals and clients, which is based on the belief that the professional is equipped with the necessary skills to serve a client's interests and the public good.
In the current paradigm lawyers are used to unpredictable situations and skilled, for instance, in confronting complexity and anticipating potential problems or negatives. For example, lawyers view matters from as many angles as possible in dispute resolution or in arranging agreements. They thus already have skills that are essential in a highly active and volatile information environment, or in what Katsh15 calls the digital world. This is a world of digital communications, transactions and the transfer of electronic information, a world of digital relationships and interaction in virtual societies with virtual rules.16 In this type of world it is sometimes required of lawyers to partly shift their mindset to an environment where, in general, time is accelerated and distance is compressed, where change is rapid and continuous and relationships are quickly formed but of uncertain duration, where information verification is often uncertain, and where anonymity rules and hacking prevails. It is in such a world that lawyers will increasingly be expected to practise as digital lawyers - that is, as knowledge workers who are skilled in effectively applying IT to every aspect of their practice.
Many lawyers nowadays do not ignore the change that was brought forward by the advent of the Internet, computerised legal databases and other electronic media channels. They recognise that legal research encompasses using and mastering both print and electronic resources. In the area of electronic resources, this involves the acquisition of skills and the knowledge of information resources that are either subscription-based, such as Jutastat, Butterworths/LexisNexis and WestLaw, or freely available, such as SAFLII, Polity or Concourt for South African court decisions and legislation, bills and regulations, and Cornell LII, AUSTLII, BAILII, CANLII, WORLDLII, and Courtsnet for international cases and legislation. Then there is also a variety of directories and search engines, such as Horters, the online directory of SA legal professionals, FindLaw (with access to the West Legal Directory of legal professionals) and Google or Yahoo for general information searching, as also the invisible Web and its vast resource potential.
In the situation where a lawyer is presented with a legal problem in an area of the law with which the lawyer is unfamiliar, print sources will typically aid the lawyer in analysing the facts; evaluating what legal concepts may be relevant; finding concepts in secondary sources; identifying primary authority; synthesising the principle contained in the primary sources; and applying the principle to the legal research problem. However, in a digital information environment researchers might follow different approaches and search for information in ad hoc, tailored ways, such as extracting key terms while analysing the facts and using these terms as key words in performing computerised searches to locate cases with similar facts and other applicable primary sources, or to find secondary resources that will direct the researcher to primary resources.17
In summary, although the primary skill that characterises the legal profession will remain intellectual capability, lawyers as legal researchers must also be able to effectively manipulate the modern tools of information technology and knowledge management. The next discussion investigates KM in law firms and specifically KM activities in South African law firms.
4. Information and knowledge management in legal practice
In both information management (IM) and knowledge management (KM) the concept of "managing" refers to the handling, directing, governing, controlling, coordinating, planning and organising of all the information and knowledge processes of an organization, as well as the products of those processes. Firestone18 notes that since knowledge is a form of information, it follows that KM is a form of IM, with KM being the more robust form.19 The key to successful KM lies in applying an integrated approach20 and adopting the best fit approach for the law firm and its context. The essential idea of KM is that individual and organisational knowledge, if shared and re-used in a manner that avoids starting each engagement from scratch, makes the law firm as a business function more effectively, saves time, creates efficiency, and improves the quality of service delivery.
4.1 Law firm knowledge management
The practice of law is knowledge intensive. Lawyers are generally highly skilled professionals who use and produce a wide range of types of information and knowledge. The services that lawyers offer often contain "knowledge" packaged in various formats. Some practical examples of law firm KM are listed in Table 4.1 below. These examples range from simple KM activities to fairly sophisticated KM applications.
KM activity or application |
Result (example) |
Word processing and document management. |
Sample letters and notices for estate administrations can be saved, copied and modified for similar future transactions. |
Annotation. |
Record-keeping of, for example, the dates of information changes, or why particular clauses were written the way they were written, or why and when they should or should not be used in particular situations. |
Creation of a computerised document drafting system. |
Automatically prepares legal documents, eg. wills, trusts, and powers of attorney when information about the client's estate plan is entered. |
Indexing for information searching and retrieval. |
Documents containing the results of legal research or analysis can be retrieved by subject, author, keywords, etc. |
Creation of spreadsheet templates. |
Performs financial analysis that may be re-used for multiple clients, eg. tax analysis on entering client specific data. |
Intranet content management. |
All of the statutes, regulations, rulings, court rules, forms and other information that might be relevant to a particular law practice area are put together, organised with applicable metadata and made available via the law firm intranet in HTML or PDF format. This information can be accessed, shared and easily referred to by one or more lawyers without it being necessary for the lawyer to visit the offices or law firm library. |
Information management through loose-leaf updating. |
All forms needed for a particular type of transaction are put into a notebook, which is manually updated as new forms arrive. |
Global virtual document management and online collaboration system. |
Lawyers at all international branches have remote connectivity, whether using notebooks, the Internet or wireless devices, and can collaborate and share documents without time or geographical constraints. |
Creation of expert systems. |
Through artificial intelligence particular legal problems can be analysed and a set of complex standardised rules applied, eg. application of grantor trust rules in selecting a trustee for a trust. |
Table 4.1 Examples of knowledge management in a law firm.
From these examples it can be noted that not all KM activities require expensive KM applications. It is therefore necessary to determine the value of managing law firm information and knowledge resources before initiating a costly KM programme. The value of KM can be measured in terms of its benefits, including:
On the other hand, unless the goals of KM are defined it is impossible to measure its success in a law firm or promote its necessity in modern-day legal practice. Therefore, before lawyers initiate KM in the firm it is necessary to contemplate the form that such an initiative should take. This firstly entails identifying the type of information and knowledge to be managed, secondly assessing the value of the information and knowledge to be managed, and thirdly measuring it against the goals of the law firm before the appropriate KM applications, processes or programmes can be determined. Successful KM is based on these four fundamental steps and starts with a well-defined KM strategy.21
4.2 Knowledge management trends in South African law firms
An empirical survey22 was conducted to investigate the IKM situation in South African law firms. The data from the questionnaires were processed by the Statistical Consultation Service at the University of Johannesburg, which used SPSS for the input, management and statistical analysis of the data. A favourable response rate of 72% of participants was received. Of the participants, 11% were from small law firms or were solo practitioners; 22% were from small to medium-sized law firms; 27% were from medium to large-sized law firms; 30% were from large law firms; and 10% were from the other segment of the sample, namely judges or advocates.23
Most lawyers, 77%, indicated that their law firms had intranets, though 7% of the participants were unsure. Only 5% of the participants indicated that their firms had an extranet and 42% of the participants were unsure. The high percentage of lawyers responding as 'unsure' possibly indicates a lack of knowledge or awareness with regard to these systems, or it could be an indication that these systems are not used in the law firms.
With regard to the current use of specific KM applications in law firms, the results were as follows: On average, more than 60% of law firms used KM systems of some kind. These included records and case management systems; expertise databases, customer relationship management, forms and precedents databases, research archive databases, systems for managing procedures such as best practice guides, and in-house developed databases.
The reasons for law firms having and using an intranet included: to gain access to resources, for example, brief bank or library resources; to gain access to precedent information; to be provided with links to legal or factual information; and to automate administrative processes, for example billing. However, only 39% of lawyers indicated that their intranets provided them with expert information, while 34% said that the intranet did not provide expert information and 28% were unsure. This could indicate a lack of expertise databases,24 or unawareness or lack of knowledge with regard to what these databases were. Participants who acknowledged having an extranet used it to communicate draft work product with clients, but they were generally unsure as to whether it was used for calendaring and client notification purposes.
Not surprisingly, the majority of participants (76%) stated that a growing amount of their work product was contained in emails and email attachments. This response strengthens the necessity of using KM systems to enhance the daily activities of lawyers who, to a large extent, rely on electronic communications and the creation and transfer of electronic files. The research findings further indicated that, on average, almost half of the participants experienced the need for methods that would enhance the retrieval of existing work product from their electronic work environment. This assumption was further supported by the response to the question regarding the need for a common electronic location where colleagues could obtain existing work product. Participants' responses indicated that, should they personally become unable to perform their duties, 58% of participants, to a large extent, and 24% to a moderate extent considered it important that sufficient information existed for another person to know their responsibilities and perform their duties. Only 6% did not regard it as important, and 12% indicated that it was necessary to a small extent. The majority of participants (72%) strongly indicated the necessity that in the event of their offices becoming destroyed, sufficient information and knowledge should exist in other locations for them to continue to perform their duties. The remaining participants responded to this question variously: "to a moderate extent" (13%), "to a small extent" (8%) and "not necessary" (5%). These results confirmed that there is a need to constantly develop systems and processes to manage and ensure the safety and accessibility of lawyers' information and resources.
5. Competent legal researchers and competitive legal professionals
The survey also investigated lawyers' opinions on the competencies of legal researchers. Participants indicated that being a competent lawyer involves knowing how to find appropriate information; knowing where to find appropriate information; providing timely and accurate information to relevant people; developing a personal system for finding information; oral communication skills; written communication skills; decision-making skills; problem-solving skills; creative thinking skills; presentation or public speaking skills; building working relationships; organising and managing information resources; keeping up with new information; and computer competency. An arrangement of these skills and competencies in order of significance is given in Table 5.1:
Never |
Sometimes |
Always |
0% |
5% |
95% |
0% |
5% |
95% |
0% |
5% |
95% |
0% |
8% |
92% |
0% |
10% |
90% |
0% |
11% |
89% |
0% |
20% |
80% |
1% |
27% |
72% |
0% |
33% |
67% |
2% |
33% |
65% |
0% |
44% |
56% |
1% |
53% |
46% |
3% |
60% |
37% |
9% |
61% |
30% |
Table 5.1 Legal research skills arranged according to significance
This suggests that the legal research skills considered important by most participants includes knowing how and where to find appropriate information, keeping up with new information, providing timely and accurate information to relevant people, written communication skills, and problem-solving and decision-making skills. Another skill of importance to the respondents seems to be the ability to organise and manage resources. Of less importance were creative thinking skills, developing a personal system for finding information, and computer competency. The skills that were not essentially associated with legal research by the participants were oral communication skills, building working relationships, and presentation or public speaking skills. Yet most participants indicated that these skills are sometimes required in legal research and should therefore not be discarded in the skill-set of a competent legal researcher.
Competency in legal research is thought to be one of the key factors that influences a lawyer's, and by implication, a law firm's competitiveness. Increasingly, competitive intelligence (CI)25 as an information skill is required of knowledge workers in modern legal practice. In this regard Darcy26 states:
CI is quickly becoming indispensible to the forward-thinking law firm. In a rapidly evolving market the key to successfully retaining market-share is to anticipate and be prepared for changes, rather than react to unforeseen external influences.
In addition to the many skills and competencies referred to in this article, modern legal professionals now also require CI skills. Competitive intelligence involves a deeper level of legal research, including market research, informed networking, accessing company records within ethical proximities, vertical searching of the invisible Web, value-added recommendation and knowledge dissemination to decision makers and strategists, protecting the firm against industrial espionage, and creating a clear competitive advantage for the firm.
A law firm possesses a competitive advantage if it:
Understands the perceptions and needs of its clients.
Proactively identifies business opportunities.
Is responsive to changes in the market.
Understands its competitors' strengths and weaknesses.
Manages its knowledge and leverages its collective intelligence.
Unconventionally applies new technologies such as blogs, wikis and online social networking tools.
Contextually analyses and efficiently communicates CI through KM-related semantic technologies.
Invests in applicable business intelligence tools.
Inherently remains a learning organisation.
Subscribes to meritocracy in knowledge sharing.27
The above discussion is by no means comprehensive in its listing of the competencies a modern-day lawyer should have in order to compete in the globalised Internet age, but the significant impact the modern ICTs have on the legal profession should now be clear.
6. Summary and conclusion
The ability to conduct legal research is one of the many essential skills a lawyer needs in legal practice. The proliferation of electronic legal resources and search tools has heightened the legal profession's awareness of the importance of research skills for lawyers. Lawyers who are often pressured for time could benefit greatly from skills that would allow them to utilise the full capacity of IT, KM and digital searching in their legal research activities. The availability of digital legal research tools has clearly influenced the threshold of the skills required for the mastery of legal research.28 These include advanced proficiency in the use of technology, competency as competitive legal researchers, and astuteness in law firm information and knowledge management.
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Du Plessis T "Legal Research in a Digital Information Environment" PER [Found on internet] http://www.puk.ac.za/opencms/export/PUK/html/fakulteite/regte/per/issues/2007x1x_Du_Plessis_art.pdf [Date of use 15 January 2008]
Germain http://www.llrx.com 30 Nov
Germain CM Legal Information Management in a Global and Digital Age: Revolution and Tradition [Found on internet] http://www.llrx.com [Date of use 30 November 2007]
Gottschalk 2002 JILT http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/02-2/gottschalk.html 15 Feb
Gottschalk P "A stages of growth model for knowledge management technology in law firms" 2002 Journal of Information, Law and Technology [Found on internet] http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/02-2/gottschalk.html [Date of use 15 March 2007]
Granat http://www.directlaw.com 18 Feb
Granat RS eLawyering for Competitive Advantage: How to earn legal fees while you sleep [Found on internet] http://www.directlaw.com [Date of use 18 February 2008]
SAQA http://www.saqa.org.za 29 Nov
South African Qualifications Authority Legal Education and Training [Found on internet] http://www.saqa.org.za [Date of use 29 November 2007]
Snyman and Barratt http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm 15 Jan
Snyman P and Barratt A Researching South African [Found on internet] http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm [Date of use 15 January 2008]
Susskind http://www.subtech.warwick.ac.uk/ 14 Nov
Susskind RE Clicks and mortals: transformations in legal practice and legal education [Found on internet] http://www.subtech.warwick.ac.uk/programme/3_papers/change_susskind.html [Date of use 14 November 2007]
Teshima http://www.lacba.org/ 27 Nov
Teshima D Keeping current in electronic legal research methods: computerized research keeps advancing and changing with each year [Found on internet] http://www.lacba.org/lalawyer/tech/legalresearch.html [Date of use 27 November 2007]
List of abbreviations
CI competitive intelligence
DoJ Department of Justice
ia inter alia
ICT information and communication technology
IKM information and knowledge management
IM information management
IT information technology
KM knowledge management
SAQA South African Qualifications Authority
SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
*BBibl (PU for CHE); MA (Information Science) (PU for CHE); D Litt et Phil (RAU). Senior Lecturer, Department of Information and Knowledge Management, Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg.
1 See amongst others Germain http://www.lrx.com 30 Nov; Robertson et al Legal Research Skills; Du Plessis 2007 PER http://www.puk.ac.za/ 15 Jan; Tjaden Legal research and writing; Teshima http://www.lacba.org/ 27 Nov.
2 Zittrain conceptualises the Internet as a "generative grid" that includes vast networks of computers as opposed to an "open network indifferent to the configuration of its endpoints".Zittrain 2006 Harv LR 1974. Granat and Lauritsen further defined lawyering in the Internet age as "all the ways in which lawyers can do their work using the Web and associated technologies. These include new ways to communicate and collaborate with clients, prospective clients and other lawyers, produce documents, settle disputes and manage legal knowledge. Think of a lawyering verb – interview, investigate, counsel, draft, advocate, analyze, negotiate, manage and so forth – and there are corresponding electronic tools and techniques." Granat and Lauritsen 2004 Law Practice Magazine 36. Cf detailed discussions on ICTs in law by Yu 2007 Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 374-395; Bierman and Hitt 2007 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 29-34; Anon 2008 Harv LR 1387-1409; Granat http://www.directlaw.com 18 Feb; Terrett 1998 Journal of KM 72; and Van der Merwe Computers and the Law; Oliver 2007 RMJ 82-93; Lustri, Miura and Takahashi 2007 TLO 186-202; Garratt 2007 PMM 189-196; Forstenlecher and Lettice 2007 Equal Opportunities International 823-833; Forstenlecher et al 2007 PMM 146-156; Hinson 2006 LR 311-322; and Roos et al Intellectual capital. Its reach in the South African context can be seen in, eg, the South African Judicial Education Institute Bill 2007; SAQA http://www.saqa.org.za 29 Nov; DoJ Integrated Justice System 374-375; IoD King II Report and the future King III Report (draft report open for comment on 1 October 2008); Electronic Communications Amendment Act 37 of 2007; Electronic Communications Act 36 of 2005 as amended; State Information Technology Agency Act 88 of 1998 as amended; Companies Act 61 of 1973 as amended; Electronic Communications Security (Pty) Ltd Act 68 of 2002; Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002; National Advisory Council on Innovation Act 55 of 1997; Skills Development Act 97 of 1998; Higher Education Act 101 of 1997; National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998; Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001; Spatial Data Infrastructure Act 54 of 2003; Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000; Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000.
3 That is, in the South African context. Garratt Accountability 11.
4 Attorneys Act 53 of 1979.
5 See in this regard Tjaden Legal research and writing 3; Collins Computers in Legal Education.
6 Galves 2000 Harv Journal of Law & Technology 165-301; Chitwood and Gottlieb http://www.alanet.org/periodicals/article.html 29 Nov; Perlin 2007 Canadian LLR 18-21; and Jackson 2001 KM 34.
7 Tables cited in this contribution, see Du Plessis Information and knowledge management.
9 See also Rusanow 2007 Information Outlook 30-34; Rusanow KM and the Smarter Lawyer; Rusanow 2001 KM 1-11; Susskind http://www.subtech.warwick.ac.uk/ 14 Nov; Susskind Transforming the law; Susskind Essays on technology; Susskind Future of law; and Susskind Expert systems in law.
10 Legal research as a lawyering activity is widely researched, eg, Maisel and Greenbaum Introduction to law and legal skills; Best http://www.legalresearch.org 15 Jan; Leckie, Pettigrew and Sylvain 1996 LQ 173; Dempsey et al 2000 IPM 254; Underwood "Avoiding the breakers;" Jackson 2001 KM 34; and Snyman and Barratt http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm 15 Jan.
11 For a more elaborate discussion on legal research in the digital information environment see Du Plessis supra n 1.
12 Adams 2002 Trial 58-59.
13 Muir and Douglas 2001 MSQ 177-178.
14 Katsh 1994 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 1141-1175; and Katsh Law in a Digital World 79.
15 Katsh 1996 Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication Part 2.
16 One avant-garde example is SecondLife, a (mostly lawless) virtual world where avatars interact, and its impact on the law.
17 A general observation in comparing research in the different information environments is that with print sources legal researchers start quite broadly and typically move from the facts of the research problem to general concepts and then to the specifics. In digital research, the process usually commences with narrow or focused searching for something very particular or looking for cases specific to the fact pattern, followed by reading the internal references and the noting-up of relevant cases. Cf Snyman and Barratt supra n 9; Du Plessis supra n 2; Bast and Pyle 2001 LLJ 297; and Halvorson Law of the super searchers 132.
18 Firestone Enterprise Information Portals 171.
19 For instance, KM includes aspects of learning, which is not one of the major concerns of IM. Cf Johannsen 2000 Journal of Documentation 42.
20 An intensive discussion of KM falls beyond the scope of this article. For more information see ia Rusanow supra n 8; Du Plessis supra n 7; Fawcett 2002 KM 19-20; Staudt KM in law firms 2; and Gottschalk 2002 JILT http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/02-2/gottschalk.html 15 Feb.
21 Strategic planning of a law firm's KM initiatives usually includes the following elements, which should be approached in a holistic manner: Involving senior management and developing an organisational support structure; planning short-, mid- and long-term KM phases; understanding the knowledge needs of the law firm and individual lawyers; understanding the law firm as a business within the industry of legal practice; developing a learning organisational culture open to KM; and developing an appropriate KM platform. Cf Rusanow supra n 8.
22 The research conducted was explorative in nature and the evidence reported in this article serves an illustrative purpose only. Research data, findings and reported analyses can be obtained from the author. The limited discussion of findings in this article aims to highlight some key issues regarding KM in South African law firms.
23 A reference to a 'participant' or 'law firm' may also include the law department of an organisation or, if applicable, individual lawyers who are not part of an organisation or firm, eg. solo practitioners. Also in some cases 'law firm' is used as an umbrella term to indicate those 'institutions' or 'associations' that lawyers belong to, which do not fall within the proper meaning of 'law firm,' such as groups of advocates.
24 Expertise databases provide directories categorised by practice area and speciality, indicating the expert's specific skills and competencies.
25 CI refers to the systematic gathering of information that, when collated, analysed and synthesised, it provides a better understanding of the competitive business environment.
26 Darcy Competitive Intelligence for Law Firms.
27 Viz rewarding high quality participation, work, leadership and input with promotion, thereby retaining lawyers as strategic competitive role players within the firm, rather than losing them to competitors.


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Satis Vixi LyricsArtist: AtaraxiaAlbum: The Moon Sang On The April Chair / Red Deep Dirges Of A November Moon acta est fabula omnia sub leges mors vocat atra suas ad perpetuam rei memoriam mors acerba aut mori in tormentis morsi sibi consiscere mors ultima ratio animus ad corpore se abstrahit ad perpetuam rei memoriam
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quote:Any Dem who takes up for the actions of this issue are true hacks
quote:Guess Obama was caught speaking without a teleprompter again.
quote:Obama has not been optimal
quote:Terrible word choice, but he truly wasn't trying to downplay the actual deaths.
quote:I have no idea of the grief a mother suffers when she loses a child but it really seems she has no idea of the context in which Obama said that (using Jon Stewart's word only to say it was not that).


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I currently have a les paul. After a hiatus from playing electric, I'm now back. I love the sound of the les paul and i'll have it with me until I die. However, I now search for a companion for my paul. I'd like something with a contrasting sound (single coils) that is also easier to practice with. The les paul weighs a ton ('75) and is not so ergonomically shaped. I like the range of tones that I hear from jaguars/mustangs (more so than the teles or strats). The les paul came from the days of thrashing hardcore and now I'm more of an experimental/indie type of guy. I do play with a lot of distortion/delay/chorus etc.
1) The mustang seems to be a lower end type of model, but will I still be satisfied with what I get from it?
2) I'll probably have to settle for a reissue - should I try to hold out for an original? Or are the reissues improved in some ways without sacrificing? I hear of the 'buzzing bridge' issue with the jags.
3) Here's the 'am I crazy' part - I'm starting to think that to get what I want, I'm going to need to go ebay or some sort of mail-order. I'm also considering used - I just don't think paying for a brand new electric is really worth it and I don't mind some wear as long as it plays well and can be set up correctly.
I haven't played too many of these yet as they seem harder to find.
Thanks for any feedback you can give or where you can send me to get some answers.


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Good movie.
So I did nothing today except chill. I drove my sister to work in the city, got extremely lost on the way home, got Maccas for breakfast, came home, watched a doco about Queer cinema, slept a bit, watched a few episodes of 90210 season 2 (the addiction has well and truly set in), snoozed some more, picked my sister up from work, did some more viewing, and here I am.
That's a bit sad, I realise. But honestly, I don't care. I'm glad to be out of my house for a while...even though I'm just doing the same as I was but in another location, I'm more relaxed. Compared to home where my mother is, who doesn't want to address my gayness, to here where I have my supportive sister and her lesbian roommate, it's a sweeter deal. I'm only here til Friday though.
As someone pointed out before, I have about 1 billion jobs lol but I wasn't getting any money. I can barely afford to go to the movies. I don't save - which is my fault. I've given up smoking, so that should keep a bit of cash in my pocket. I'm also trying to cut back my drug use. I can't keep buying pot and pills, it's just so expensive. One tab is about 25 dollars.
Oh btw, how funny are all those videos of guys (gay, I'm assuming) who recreate Beyonce's Single Ladies video?! I think my favourite is one of a morbidly obese guy. He really fills out his unitard.
So...I didn't really have anything important to say. I still don't.
I'm just really ready to go out and have some fun.
I have a younger cousin who is like a Native version of Chunk. Hilarious little guy. Should anything happen to me, he's the one who gets my DVD collection and albums.


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oh allison... allison....of course my horse!
im here to answer some of your Q's with A's
the strokes IV doesnt come out til (according to JC) march 2011
& you dont really want them to go touring right now, unless you want to postpone the release date of the strokes IV.
all the cool kids are over there hanging out either at http://www.thestrokesnews.com
or at my fb group "Alone, then Together"
right....here... [url]http://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_163320073687970&ap=1[/url]


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My Wayfair |
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Kingsley Bate Tiburon Adjustable Chaise Lounge
This elegant, yet durable chaise is a contemporary mixed media piece of heavy duty stainless steel, batyline, and teak. Hidden wheels make this chaise easy to maneuver. The patented hardware design allows for replacement of the batyline slings if necessary. The steel is easy to maintain with the occasional application of a non-abrasive stainless steel polish. This modern chaise lounge will bring extraordinary style to your outdoor area.
Kingsley Bate Tiburon Adjustable Chaise Lounge
Weights & Dimensions
Product Type: Single chaise | Seating Type: Sling |
Style: Modern | Finish: White |
Primary Frame Material: Wood | Secondary Frame Material: Wood
Commercial Use: Yes | Country of Manufacture: Indonesia |
Product Warranty: 5 Years warranty for residential applications / 3 Years warranty for commercial applications / 1 Year warranty for slings, |
About the Manufacturer
British craftsmen of the 18th century discovered what their Eastern counterparts had known for centuries; that teak has qualities unlike any other wood. Its ability to withstand the rigors of adverse climate, yet weather attractively, make it the ideal choice for outdoor furniture.As America's leading manufacturer of teak outdoor furniture, Kingsley-Bate uses only premium quality teak and precise mortise and tenon joinery in the construction of our furniture. Kingsley-Bate is the first American company to use Javanese teak in the manufacture of its furniture.
Kingsley-Bate teak is harvested from carefully controlled plantations, established in Indonesia by the Dutch in the Mid-19th century. Simply put, Kingsley-Bate sets the standard for quality, value and design innovation that other companies follow.
Kingsley Bate Tiburon Adjustable Chaise Lounge
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Customer Reviews
5 star | 2 | |
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1 star | 0 |
very modern but can't take too much abuse Jeanne from Lido Beach, NY– Verified Buyer– Top 100 Reviewer these are the modern design I was looking for, and although cheaper than most websites, they cannot take too much abuse (ie. if any stands on it,,i.e. 'kids') , the mesh sling will tear. the company has replacement slings but at an expense of course.. if no kids, i highly recommend then. |
FABULOUS first day out of the box HOLLYWOOD HILLS CAMP from HOLLYWOOD cALIFORnIa usa– Verified Buyer oVERALL EXPERIENCE AND FINAL PRODUCT AS beautiful AS EXPECTED although WOUD NOT ENCOURAGE US BY pOOL AREAS AS HTE STIAN RATHER EASY AND FAST DESTROYING THE SLEEK AND BEAUTY OF THE :( |
Love it! Gumby from New York, NY– Verified Buyer Use it up on our roof deck to read. Since the fabric is black the dirt doesn't show. It is a beautifully designed and yet comfortable piece of furniture. I hope it holds up for years to come. |
Valued Customer from Iowa |
Tiburon Adjustable Chaise Lounge is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: TB79BK, TB79BKEP, TB79C, TB79CEP, TB79O, TB79OEP


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Last weekend, I gave a presentation on HTML5 PushState using PushState, at Pablo's Fiesta (I know, I know… a presentation at an open spaces conf. ya. :P) and David Ohara was kind enough to record it and upload it to Vimeo. So, here it is… consider this part 3 of my 2 part series on pushstate.
Derick Bailey on HTML5 PushState from David O'Hara on Vimeo.
It's a fairly short talk, actually – only about 30 minutes of content directly related to PushState. After that, the audience starts asking about Backbone.js in general so I answer some questions about the router and implementing things in Backbone.
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in Vater.com
Vater Artist // David Goodstein
[ David Goodstein ]
Group //
Josh Kelley / Independent
Stick //
5A Wood
David Goodstein was born and raised in Miami Florida. After dabbling with violin and piano, he was inspired to play the drums by watching his father. His first break came when he was asked to form a band with singer/songwriter Nil lara in 1992. Nil's mix of cuban rhythms and rock provided David a unique template for expressing his musicality and groove. their 8 year run resulted in an independent record, a major label record (Capitol Records), and various national and international tours opening for artists such as Los Lobos, The Bare Naked Ladies, The Samples, Meshell Ndegeocello, Natalie Merchant, and many others. They played various national and international festivals including the H.O.R.D.E. tour, the Doctor Music Festival in Spain, and the North Sea Jazz festival in Holland. In 1999 David relocated to Los Angeles, where he has been regularly recording, performing, and writing. His playing can accommodate any style from rock to jazz, and even the Ringling Brother's Barnum and Bailey Circus, (summer and fall of 2000). some of the artists David has worked with include: Nil Lara, Edgar Winter, Ivan Neville, Desmond Child (producer/songwriter), Brian Bell (Weezer), the English Beat, General Public, Cool and Dre ( Hip Hop and R&B producers), Clarence Clemmons (the E Street Band), Chris Stills, Peter Stewart of Dog's Eye View, Danielle Brisbois, Delmar Brown (keyboardist for Sting, Gil Evans), Waddy Wachtel (guitarist for Linda Ronstadt, Stevie Nicks), Rick Rosas (bassist for Neil Young, Dan Fogelberg), Angus Thomas (bassist for Miles Davis, John Mayall), Bernard Fowler (vocalist for the Rolling Stones, Herbie Hancock), Blondie Chaplin (vocalist for the Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones), Andy Wallo (guitarist for Junior Wells), Lionel Cole (keyboardist for Mariah Carey), Chris Joyner (keyboardist for Sheryl Crow, Natalie Merchant), Gabe Gordon (guitarist for Natalie Merchant), Philip Sayce (guitarist for Melissa Ethridge), the Spam Allstars, Luther Russell, the Pat McGee Band, Curtis Peoples, Ashleigh Haney, Malik Pointer, Joe Firstman, Josh Kelley, Dave Yaden, Shelby tate ( Remy Zero), Diane Birch, Tyler Hilton, Pepe Alva, David Kalish (producer), Marshall Altman (producer), Nick Daniels (bassist for the Neville Brothers), Keaton Simons, Tony Lucca, Tim Jones, Rob Giles, and many more. In addition, David is currently working as a songwriter and producer with Anthony King for the Bradley Spalter Music Group.
270 Centre Street - Unit D | Holbrook, MA 02343 USA | 781.767.1877
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Board Meetings The Rovers have a Board that oversees some of the administrative activities of the club. The Board members are voted in each February and any member is eligible to run for any of the various positions. The Board meetings are usually held on the first Monday of each month at 7:00 pm. These meetings are open to all current members to come and observe. Certain decisions that concern the operations of the Rovers are made at the Board level, however, there are times when a town meeting is called and the members are asked to give their input and vote on specific issues. Scroll down to see who is on the Board and for links to the Board meeting minutes. Next Board Meeting Monday, September 8 at 7:00 p.m. 2014–2015 Board Members Responsibilities for officers roles (PDF)
| home | club info | meetings | activities | border
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Wilbert H. Kraehmer, 89, was received home by his Lord Tuesday, March 29, 2011, at his home at Fox Ridge Estate retirement community in Bryant. He was born Aug. 16, 1921, in Chicago, Ill. During World War II he met Aileen L. Kraehmer, who became his dear wife of 56 years. They lived in Memphis following eight years of service in the Navy during World War II and the korean Conflict until her death in October 2002. He then moved to Bryant.
Irene Eunice Moody, 80, of Benton died Sunday, March 27, 2011. She was born July 18, 1930, in Little Rock to the late John and Annie Lawhorn. She graduated from Mabelvale High School in 1947. She is survived by her son, Marcus; a daughter, Becky; and several nieces and nephews; and one sister-in-law. Graveside service will be held at 1 p.m. Thursday at Landmark Cemetery in Little Rock under the direction of Roller-Ballard Funeral Home in Benton. Call 315-4047. No visitation is scheduled. Online guest book: www.rollerfuneralhomes.com/ballard.
Mildred Bernice Rigdon, 83, of Benton died Monday, March 28, 2011. She was born July 29, 1927, in Brinkley. Mrs. Rigdon was an active member of Fort Worth Bible Students Divine Plan and a homemaker. She was preceded in death by her parents, William Edward and Mary Glenn Wilkins; brother, Norman Perry; and a grandson, Damon Weir. She is survived by her husband, Robert S. Rigdon of Benton; son, Robert P. Rigdon of Conway; daughter, Sharon C. Zuber of Benton; three grandchildren; and eight great-grandchildren.


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Infographic: Attack of the Debt Monkey
It seems like every few months in Washington, a debate rages over the federal budget deficit or debt ceiling -- until some last-minute agreement emerges and the crisis appears to pass. But have these stopgap measures done anything to address the underlying issue of America's growing debt?
This is not just a government issue; the average American has also taken on an unmanageable level of debt. This addiction to debt contributed to the recession and financial crisis a few years ago, and the fundamental problem has yet to be addressed by the government or most individuals.
This MoneyRates.com infographic examines how this debt burden weighs on America like a monkey on its back.
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Your responses to 'Infographic: Attack of the Debt Monkey'
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14 August 2012 at 5:20 pm
Richard Barrington addressed your question in the latest Ask the Expert feature:http://www.money-rates.com/ask-the-expert/where-did-the-debt-monkey-data-come-from.htm
Florida Golfer
14 August 2012 at 9:34 am
This is funny -- and frightening. Could you provide more details on the data this is based on. Thanks.