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State-Federal Fisheries
2005 NOAA Fisheries - State Marine Fisheries Directors' Meeting
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) recently hosted the third in a series of biennial meetings with its marine resource management partners from the coastal states, territories and Pacific and Caribbean Islands ("States"). During April 11-13, 2005, representatives of 30 of the 35 coastal States met with the entire NMFS Headquarters and Regional leadership in St. Pete Beach, Florida, to discuss current issues of mutual concern and to identify opportunities to better coordinate and cooperate in managing our shared marine resources. Dr. William Hogarth, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries, hosted the meeting, with logistical support provided by the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission.
This report summarizes the major issues covered during the meeting and is not intended to provide a verbatim representation of all discussions. The meeting agenda, a table of all participants, including affiliations, and a table of Action Items from the meeting are linked to this report, as are all power point presentations given during the meeting. The body of the report follows the order of presented topics and focuses on the discussions that resulted from the presentations, relying on the slides in the presentations to highlight the basis for ensuing comments. However, expanded summaries of speaker comments are provided when clarification of information in the presentation/slides is needed.
NMFS considers this series of biennial meetings with our State Marine Resource Management partners a critical element to the successful communication, coordination, and cooperation necessary in achieving our shared goals to protect, restore and manage our coastal ocean resources. We thank all participants for contributing their thoughts and time to this meeting and to our ongoing partnership efforts.
2005 NOAA Fisheries - State Directors Meeting
11-13 April 2005
April 11
11:00-1:00 Opportunity for Informal Discussions
1:00 2:15 Introductions & NOAA
Fisheries Updates (Bill Hogarth)
2:15 3:00 Regional Perspectives and overviews-
Issues from the States' perspective
Overviews from Atlantic (Vince OShea)
Gulf (Larry Simpson)
Caribbean (Barbara Kojis)
Pacific Islands (Francis Oishi, Richard
4:00 Aquaculture
update (Michael Rubino)
5:00 Marine Protected
Areas- (Joe Uravitch)
April 12
8:30-9:15 Ocean Commission
Follow-up; Ocean Action Plan (Bill
9:15-9:45 State
issues- funding strategies (Bill
10:30 Essential
Fish Habitat Guidelines- Update (Rollie
10:30-12:00 Data & Research Issues- (Steve
Cooperative Research Program
Recreational fishery data
Ecosystem level effects of fishing
Benefits and risks of seafood consumption
2:00 Magnuson-Stevens
Act Reauthorization (Rebecca Lent)
3:00 Ecosystem
Approaches to Management (Jack Dunnigan)
3:45-5:00 Recreational
Fisheries (Forbes Darby)
April 13
8:30-9:30 Comments
from the NOAA Administrator
9:45-10:15 Joint
Enforcement Agreements (Mark Spurrier)
10:20-11:10 Protected
Resources -update (Phil Williams)
12:00 Wrap-up
and Review (Bill Hogarth)
Introductions and NMFS Updates
Dr. Hogarth opened the meeting with a review of several recent events within the NMFS, including: the pending retirement of 3 senior staff members; a recently received petition to list the Eastern oyster as a threatened or endangered species; a proposed bycatch reduction experiment using pelagic longline vessels; and an endangered species status review being conducted jointly with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), on American eel.
Dr. Hogarth stressed the importance of partnerships between NMFS and the states, and provided an update on the status of action items from the 2003 biennial State Directors Meeting. Of the 29 Action Items from the 2003 meeting, 11 have been completed, 14 are ongoing, 2 remain in progress, and 2 have been overtaken by events. (see Appendix A for a copy of Dr. Hogarth's presentation).
Other topics touched on during opening
remarks, which were to be more fully addressed
later in the meeting, included:
The National Permit Project – addressing
adoption of a uniform policy for issuing
and managing fishery permits throughout
the country, to reduce duplicative data
submissions, and to link current and historical
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and
Management Act (MSA) reauthorization- to
be addressed by Congress this year. The
role of the National Environmental Policy
Act and the MSA will be part of those discussions;
Data issues, especially related to highly
migratory species tournaments; and
Joint Enforcement Agreements with the states.
There were also general discussions on state and NMFS concerns related to liquefied natural gas terminals slated for placement in the Gulf of Mexico, and on Section 6 permitting related to protected resources.
Regional Perspectives and overviews- Issues from the States' perspective
Following general updates from NMFS, representatives from the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts and the Pacific and Caribbean Islands provided brief reports on important current issues from their perspectives.
Reporting for the Atlantic States, Vince O'Shea, Executive Director of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC), noted that ASMFC is composed of the 15 Atlantic States, from Maine to Florida. The ASMFC serves as a forum for the states to solve common marine fisheries problems. There are 22 species currently under management through ASMFC fishery management plans implemented by the States. (See Appendix B).
Emerging issues that are currently receiving Atlantic states' attention, include concerns relative to the status of Atlantic menhaden, American lobster, Atlantic red drum and several diadromous species, and the need for expanded coverage of the nearshore trawl surveys.
For menhaden, while the coastwide stock
assessment indicated that the stock was
not overfished, and that overfishing was
not occurring, there is concern from some
sectors that pressure from the reduction
fishery in Chesapeake Bay could be contributing
to localized depletion of menhaden needed
for forage for predatory fish, such as
striped bass. The ASMFC is working with
the states, NMFS and USFWS to identify
and initiate research that will address
these concerns. ASMFC and the northern
States are coordinating research to address
an increase in the distribution of shell
disease in American lobster. The southern
States are working through the ASMFC to
develop research projects, including enhanced
tagging programs to better understand the
status of Atlantic red drum. In addition,
management of this species is being transferred
from the MSA to the Atlantic Coastal Fisheries
Cooperative Management Act. The ASMFC will
also be supporting updates of stock assessments
for the diadromous stocks of American shad
and river herring.
In addition, the ASMFC is developing
a multispecies model to better address
needs associated with a move toward an
ecological approach to management. This
model will be peer reviewed this year.
From a funding perspective, the ASMFC
is working with its member states in
a collaborative effort to develop research
programs to better identify needs to
meet management and research objectives,
and to justify the allocation of funds.
The Atlantic states also acknowledge the importance of the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistic Survey as source of recreational fisheries data needed for stock assessments, but encourage NMFS, ASMFC and the States to work together to address areas of improvement, including the quality of the data, poor stakeholder perception of the program, and insufficient funding. The ASMFC provides a forum for the states to work collaboratively to strengthen partnerships with Federal agencies to solve common problems.
Larry Simpson, Executive Director of the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC) provided an overview of current issues for the Gulf States. The GSMFC is comprised of the States of Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas; and provides a forum and administrative mechanism to address interjurisdictional fisheries issues and programs. (See Appendix C).
The Gulf States continue to improve fisheries data systems. The Fisheries Information Network (FIN), a state-Federal cooperative program to collect, manage, and disseminate statistical data and information on the marine commercial and recreational fisheries of the Southeast Region, is the primary data system in the Gulf. The FIN consists of two components: the Southeast Recreational Fisheries Information Network [RecFIN (SE)] and the Commercial Fisheries Information Network (ComFIN). The FIN has developed and implemented a data management system, which has been on-line since July 2002. This system provides data to both confidential and non-confidential data users and contains a multitude of fishery-dependent data. Data currently available from the FIN system include: trip ticket data from Florida (1984-2004), Alabama (2002-2004), Mississippi (2002-2003 for oyster and finfish only) and Louisiana (1999-2004); NMFS historical data (1954-2004, for those areas not covered by trip ticket systems); recreational catch estimates (1981-2003); menhaden catch and effort data (1987-1990 and 1993-1999); and biological data (2002-2003). There are currently almost 17 million records in the system.
For recreational fisheries, the Gulf states have increased sampling of the intercept portion of the MRFSS for charter boats in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida as well as overall charter boat sampling in Texas. In 2004, the states conducted over 56,000 interviews with recreational anglers and exceeded the quota for all survey modes by 35% Gulf-wide. Increased sampling occurred in the other survey modes, as well, by 1.3X for shore mode, 5.5X for charter mode, and 1.4Xfor private/rental mode, providing over a third more available data for fisheries management.
Beginning in 2002, all Gulf states conducted interviews of recreational and commercial fishermen and collected biological data from their catches. Increased biological sampling will lead to more accurate assessments for a greater number of Gulf species. Logbooks from Louisiana and Texas recreational head boats, collected since 1998, are also being complied. Head boat data include catch and effort as well as biological samples of the catch, which occurs primarily in the Exclusive Economic Zone from ports along the coasts of Texas and Florida. Beginning in 2004, Alabama has conducted at-sea sampling of ten percent of Alabama head boats trips, allowing collection of biological and disposition data on discards.. These data will be used to produce expanded estimates of catch and discards by wave for head boats. In 2005, Florida will also conduct at-sea sampling for head boats operating in their state.
The GSMFC coordinates collection of commercial fisheries data, including the use of electronic dealer reporting. Currently, there are 283 dealers from Louisiana to Florida utilizing this system, representing about twenty five percent of the commercial landings (excluding menhaden) reported to those states. Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama are working toward commercial trip ticket systems. Florida, Louisiana and Alabama have fully implemented programs while Texas will be implementing a program for a limited number of dealers (~60) in 2005. Mississippi has implemented trip-level reporting for oysters and finfish and is working towards including their other fisheries.
The Gulf states also participate in SEAMAP, which provides invaluable fisheries independent data to assess the conditions of stocks, and provides catch, location, and environmental information. This survey was the first to identify and provide information on the expanse of the hypoxic "dead zones" in the Gulf of Mexico.
The GSMFC also coordinates activities through its Interjurisdictional Fisheries Management Program, which has updated the striped bass plan, developed a sheepshead status profile, is reviewing the status of the blue crab fishery, has facilitated Gulf menhaden data entry, and has organized a literature database. The law enforcement committee is actively reviewing coordinated enforcement issues. The GSMFC supports the sportfish restoration program of the USFWS by coordinating states' program for artificial reef developments; serves with the Gulf and South Atlantic regional panel of the Aquatic Invasive Species Program; provides Geographic Information System support for all GSMFC activities; and administers a billfish research grant program.
The GSMFC's Habitat Program supports the states through coordination of the very successful efforts by the states to remove derelict blue crab traps, and through its involvement in discussions on the placement and type liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals.
Emerging issues important to the Gulf, include: shrimp imports, limited entry for some fisheries, and the reauthorization of the MSA. The GSMFC also requests that the SEAMAP and Interjurisdictional Act programs be funded at the full appropriation levels.
Randy Fisher, Executive Director of the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission (PSMFC) gave a brief review of Pacific coast issues. The PSMFC has a staff of more than 45, with a budget of $41,000,000, of which 96% goes to the Pacific States (Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington). The PSMFC does not have regulatory authority, buts serves the states through the coordination of data collection and data management programs.
Issues associated with the reauthorization of the MSA are of current importance to the Pacific states. These issues include: exemption of the MSA from the NEPA; clarification of the use Vessel Monitoring System collected data by the states, and allowing Councils the ability to develop Individual Quotas in all fisheries sectors. With respect to the Fishery Management Councils, the Pacific states believe that: the current system for selection of new members does not need to changed; there is a need to clarify that fisheries management rests with the MSA Councils and not with the NOAA Sanctuaries Program; and the present process of using science is good, and does not need to be modified.
There are also concerns in the Pacific area relative to the ability of the data collection programs, PACFin, RecFin, and AkFin, to remain as viable sources of the information needed to manage Pacific fisheries. These projects have been level funded for the last 8 years and are in jeopardy if inflation and increases in personnel costs are not reflected in the future budget allocations. Additional data needs resulting from the implementation of new initiatives in Ecosystem Approaches to Management, marine aquaculture, and the Integrated Ocean Observation Initiative will also require funding; this new funding should not be at the expense of current funding to existing fisheries data programs needed for stock assessments. The PSMFC believes that it is important for the states to review and have a more active role in the NMFS budget process.
The Pacific states also believe that there needs to be a discussion on how to manage restored seals and sea lion populations, relative to their effect to fisheries resources.
A review of Caribbean Island issues was presented by Barbara Kojis, of the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) (see Appendix D). Commercial fisheries of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are different than those of the other areas, in that they are characterized primarily as artisanal, or small scaled, consisting of boats of about 16 to 20 feet, with large boats generally no greater than about 35 feet in length. The fishing activities occur over narrow shelf and shelf edges. The Caribbean Fishery Management Council (CFMC) is the focus of joint management between the USVI and Puerto Rico; no interstate Commission exists in this area. The CFMC has recently approved an Essential Fish Habitat amendment for the spiny lobster, queen conch, reef fish and the coral and associated invertebrates and plants, and is in the process of developing amendments to their FMPs based on the requirements of the Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA). Puerto Rico had recently approved extensive new territorial regulations in support of SFA and has strongly recommended that federal regulations be compatible with theirs. The USVI is also pursuing compatible regulations, and has made several suggestions implementation of regulations in the EEZ.
The NMFS needs to consider how best to assist state governments in funding all the fisheries management work mandated by Congress. This is especially true in the U.S. Caribbean because most of the fishable habitat is within the jurisdiction of the local governments. Both Puerto Rico and the USVI collect needed fisheries data, but while Puerto Rico receives some state funding for these efforts, the USVI does not. Both jurisdictions receive funding from the State-Federal Cooperative Statistics Program, the Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act (IFA), and SEAMAP, but funding under these programs have decreased or remained the same over the years, while costs have increased substantially. The SEAMAP fisheries independent data collection is also hampered by limited funding, impacting the number of samples that can be collected and analyzed. NMFS must also ensure that Caribbean data are available and incorporated in the new Southeast Data, Assessment and Review (SEDAR) process.
Key issues of concern in the Caribbean, related to the previous discussion, are: who is going to determine the current status of species that have been undergoing rebuilding; who is going to establish baseline data for species that will be managed under the proposed new regulations; and who is going to monitor the effectiveness of the SFA rebuilding plan?
The Pacific Islands summary was provide by Francis Oishi, of Hawaii and Richard Seman, of the CNMI, based on summary slides provide in Appendix E. Information was not available for an update of fisheries activities in Guam.
Hawaii has several data collection programs. For the commercial fisheries, the Marine License Program provides effort and catch data, while the Marine Dealers Report provides sales data; and the Aquarium Fish Permit Program provides information of the catch of tropical fish for the aquarium trade. The Hawaii Marine Recreational Fishing Survey conducts intercepts surveys of recreational fishermen which provide catch data for the recreational fisheries. Additional fisheries independent data programs, include the Sportfish Tagging Project, Sportfish Stock Enhancement, Tagging, and Monitoring Project; and resource inventory surveys, which are conducted in partnership with NOAA. Hawaii is also participating in a multi-agency initiative to develop a long-term marine ecosystem research plan.
Funding issues are important for Hawaii, and increased support from NMFS is crucial for the future of the Hawaii Marine Recreational Fishing Survey. Support received from NMFS is also important for the WPACFin and Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act, while additional support is needed for fisheries independent research.
Issues that need to be discussed include the need for regular communications with Hawaii's Federal partners; the need to address overlapping Federal/state interests, such as with overfishing of bottomfish and with Marine Protected Areas; recreational marine licenses, coral reefs, and the Northwestern Hawaiian islands. As incidental take permits are developed, consideration also must be given as to how these permits affect commercial and recreational fisheries. In addition, consideration must be given to Native Rights.
American Samoa has two data collection programs: The Offshore Pelagic Fisheries Project, where data are collected as fish are landed; and an Inshore Creel Survey of recreational fishermen.
The fisheries legislation is currently under review, measures under consideration include size and seasonal limits. American Samoa also has had a very successful Fish Attracting Device (FAD) Program since 1979. The program is now using third generation FADs, many of which were destroyed by recent typhoons. In addition, two Community Development Program projects have been approved for funding. These include a cold storage facility and longline bycatch marketing project.
The CNMI has a fisheries data collection program funded by NMFS, WPACFin, and the IFA. There is also an inshore-lagoon and coastal survey for recreational fishermen. Most of the fresh fish consumed in CNMI is imported by air. Most information is gathered as commercial sales data. The CNMI does receive funds under the Coral Reef Initiative to support reef-monitoring efforts.
The FAD program in the CNMI has been in existence since 1988, with numerous typhoons having caused the FADs to be replaced every two to three years. A cost/benefit study should be conducted to assess the benefits of the program.
The CNMI has had no recent changes to the local fisheries regulations. The Commonwealth believes that the Joint Enforcement Authority is a good program, and has had CNMI enforcement officers deputized in this program. In the reauthorization of the MSA, the CNMI requests that the needs of remote islands be remembered, and that the needs of community level associations and traditional fishing methods be appreciated.
NMFS Aquaculture Update
Michael Rubino, the NMFS Aquaculture program manager provided an update of NMFS aquaculture activities (see Appendix F), noting that the NMFS emphasis is on opportunity, with aquaculture able to address increasing demand for seafood while creating jobs in coastal communities. He also discussed the challenges aquaculture presents and the reasons for the current momentum in related activities. He then described the elements of the NOAA Program, and how NOAA and State Programs compliment each other, and discussed the environmental, economic and social issues associated with aquaculture programs.
Following the NMFS presentation, there
was significant discussion by participants,
including expressions of several concerns.
These included: the potential for bureaucratic
problems, given different agencies' regulatory
requirements, if aquaculture were allowed
into the EEZ; operations that would not
be profitable elsewhere would require
subsidies, as seen with agriculture;
and in the Pacific region, the effects
on Alaskan fisheries of the escape of
Atlantic salmon from fish farms in Canada.
Best Management Practices must be very clear in order to adequately address escapements, cage placements, and fish health, and enforcement needs. "One stop" shopping will reduce the time needed to issues permits, and bureaucratic complexities will be reduced if only one organization coordinates regulatory requirements. However, it was noted that cooperation with the states will be very important, as well as with sister Federal agencies. The Joint Aquaculture Sub-Committee has workgroups of staff from U.S. Department of Agriculture, USFWS, and NOAA to develop a regulatory framework and to plan necessary research and development. There will be coordination between all Federal agencies in developing draft legislation, which is currently under review by OPM, and should be released for public review in May 2005.
There was discussion of the need for consistency with state regulations and Coastal Zone Management polices, and it was noted that, if aquaculture were prohibited in state waters, it would also be prohibited in the adjacent EEZ. It was also noted that Mexico has large bluefin tuna aquaculture operations, and that these operations could effect transboundary stocks. In addition, the need to harvest bait fish to feed these tuna could affect the availability of migratory bait fish on which California stocks feed. While this issue is not one to be addressed by the aquaculture bill, it will be discussed at the next meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Tunas. The State of California agreed to provide more information on concerns about bait fish impacts, so the issue can be discussed at future U.S. and Mexico bilateral fisheries meetings.
It was clear that there were a number of concerns, many of which could be addressed in the regulatory frameworks implemented for aquaculture, such as those introduced internationally in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, and nationally as in the deliberations on the introduction of Asian Oysters in Chesapeake Bay.
Concerns related to the introduction of invasive species can be addressed by using local, rather than non-native species. Communications will be a key component in avoiding invasive species issues, and since regions and states can have varying concerns, communication efforts need to be comprehensive and ongoing. It is important for the interstate commissions, as well as the states to be involved in the review of development of aquaculture programs.
It was noted that the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council has received permit applications for aquaculture pilot projects, and that it could take one to two years to have the legislation and rule in place. Discussion indicated that Exempted Fishing Permits may be appropriate for experimental pilot projects that may be requested prior to completion of rulemaking.
NOAA-Marine Protected Areas Update
Joe Uravitch, Program manager for the NOAA Marine Protected Areas (MPA) Center, provided a review of MPA activities (see Appendix G). MPAs are diverse groups of conservation areas that can have multiple uses, cultural significance, and economic impacts. On the Federal level, Executive Order 13158 (EO) requires NOAA to develop a scientifically comprehensive national system of areas representing diverse marine ecosystems, natural, and cultural resources. The EO applies only to Federal agencies and requires those agencies to consult and coordinate with states, territories, tribes, Fisheries Management Councils, and others. NOAA is looking for input from all sectors in implementing this program.
Implementation of the EO involves development of a comprehensive inventory of all marine managed areas, in consultation with state, territory, and federal agencies, and building and enhancing partnerships and coordination across existing MPA programs. The program is addressing issues on stakeholder involvement, governance, and adaptive management. There will be regional public dialogues, workshops with state advisory groups, and meetings with the Federal Interagency Working Group. The draft framework will be published in the Federal Register of public review and comment. A representative of the coastal states organization provides full-time staff support to the program, and has held various meetings with constituents. The MPA program offers a forum to coordinate ecosystem based planning and management of MPAs across federal, state, territory, and tribal boundaries, and can leverage resources for partners. State Directors are encouraged to request their names be added to the mailing list to be kept apprised of how their agencies can become involved in MPA program activities.
Several LNG terminals have recently been licensed for placement in the Gulf of Mexico and States question whether MPA designations could have been used to prevent such licensing. The concern of the states is that these LNG facilities will be "opened" systems that will use vast quantities of sea-water to the determent of fish larvae. In discussing protecting marine areas, the effects of LNG need to the discussed.
It was also noted that the public in different regions have differing views of the utility of MPAs, with some groups seeing beneficial effects to the environment, while others perceive negative impacts to the rights of fishers.
One state member who has participated in the MPA process reported that the MPA development process is working. However, many members of the MPA State Advisory Committee represent state Coastal Zone Management (CZM) agencies, rather than the state's marine fisheries agency. Differences in perspectives between state resource management and environmental agencies may result in conflicting opinions on how MPAs should be defined and/or managed. Therefore, it was suggested that all state directors become involved in the MPA process.
Ocean Commission Follow-up; Ocean Action Plan
Dr. Hogarth provided a review of the final report of U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (Commission), delivered to the President in September 2004. The report included comments from 37 Governors, and 212 recommendations: 60 specific to NOAA, and 26 pertaining to NMFS. The report recognized NOAA as the Nation's lead civilian ocean agency. Appendix H provides the slides for this presentation, additional information provided by Dr. Hogarth is summarized here.
The Commission recommended a number of Critical Actions, including:
(1) Ecosystem based management: to the extent possible, our management system should be based on ecosystem boundaries, rather than political boundaries;
(2) Improved governance: the current management regime is not up to the challenge of managing our oceans, it is not coordinated or comprehensive, in part due to the isolated nature in which the various management systems were developed;
(3) Sound Science: decision-makers are hampered by a lack science-based information to help them manage ocean and coastal resources, the Commission recommended doubling of the Federal budget for ocean-related scientific research;
(4) Education: the American public's lack of understanding of ocean issues is a contributing factor to many of the problems identified in the report; the Commission believes the success of all of their recommendations will require a strong ocean education program, not just in schools, but of the public at large;
(5) Support for Implementation (Trust Fund): a phased implementation strategy should be developed; the Commission recommended specific funding sources to pay for all of their recommendations through the creation of an Ocean Policy Trust Fund; and
(6) Specific Recommendations: the Commission made very specific recommendations in a wide range of issue areas, such as ocean leadership and governance, stewardship of ocean resources, economic growth and coastal conservation, increased scientific knowledge, education and public awareness, and international ocean science and policy.
In implementing the Committee's
recommendations, The White House Council
on Environmental Quality (CEQ) tasked Federal
agencies with identifying initiatives responsive
to the report that could be implemented
in the near-term
CEQ set up the Interagency Ocean Policy
Group, including staff from the Departments
of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education,
Energy, Homeland Security, the Interior,
Justice, State, and Transportation, plus
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
the Marine Mammal Commission, and others
to aid it in developing the President's
The Administrations response consisted of two elements: a Presidential Executive Order calling for a cabinet-level Committee on Ocean Policy, and the release of the U.S. Ocean Action Plan identifying key focus areas for the Administration in implementation of Commission recommendations will be a more systematic collaboration and better integration of effort would benefit the management and protection of our Nation's ocean, coastal and Great Lakes resources.
The President's Executive Order created the Committee on Ocean Policy, which includes the Secretary of Commerce. In addition, the Action Plan established a number of committees to develop a new ocean governance structure. Central to implementation of the Oceans Action Plan was creation of the Interagency Committee on Ocean Science and Resource Management Integration (referred to as the "Aqua Box" in the organization chart). NOAA Administrator Lautenbacher represents the Department of Commerce on this committee. In addition, the Subcommittee on Integrated Management of Ocean Resources, or "SIMOR" will address most actions of interest to NMFS. These committees will consider improvements to the overall structure for ocean and coastal governance, including improving Federal coordination and supporting regional collaboration.
The Ocean Action Plan proposes several changes to the MSA, including: promote dedicated access privileges, including IFQ's as a management; balance Council representation with a broader portion of interested parties; improve data acquisition methods to provide better information to managers; and develop standard and transparent procedures for incorporation of science in fisheries management
The Ocean Action Plan also addresses:
protection of corals, marine aquaculture,
a national bycatch strategy, Gulf of Maine
habitat restoration, a national strategy
for fisheries enforcement, and development
of guidelines for the use of science in
fisheries management, community watersheds,
wetlands, and reauthorization of many laws
that govern ocean activities (MSA, Marine
Mammal Protection Act, CZMA, etc.)
State participants noted that while the
Committee's report called for establishment
of an Ocean Trust fund, the Ocean Action
Plan does not contain this provision.
Participants identified creation of such
a fund as a key to the states' ability
to participate in addressing the Commission's
recommendations and asked that NMFS to
investigate options for such a Trust,
even if no monies are available in the
short-term. NMFS agreed to explore the
Additional discussions focused on the proposed ocean observation systems, and how oceanographic information could assist fisheries assessments. There was concern that development of these systems may result in funding reductions in current fisheries data collection systems, and suggestions that existing data collection programs could serve as models for these new systems. Participants recommended that an ecosystem approach to data collection be incorporated into NMFS' budgeting process, which is to be based on ecosystem goals.
Participants also noted that the states need to be involved in all aspects of the implementation of the Ocean Action Plan and the evolving approach to management, and that this involvement needs to include state marine fisheries agencies as well as state CZM agencies.
State issues- funding strategies
In addressing states' funding concerns, Dr. Hogarth provided a review of the sources of funding to states, the primary uses of funds to the states, a review of current programs, and other possible funding sources (see Appendix I). Overall grant funding to states in FY 2004 totaled $80,629,076. FY 2004 funding for Pacific salmon projects totaled $104,578,737. FY 2004 funding for Atlantic salmon projects totaled $1,460,000 Program emphasis has been to support habitat restoration and conservation, fishery dependent and independent data collection, fishery monitoring, research in support of fisheries management (stock assessments, habitat studies, ecosystem models), and law enforcement.
Participants discussed a need to evaluate,
both on a national and regional level,
funding for fishery science and management
activities; to assess what needs are
being met and not, what duplication is
occurring; and what priorities need to
be reviewed. It was generally agreed
that a national review would be a positive
exercise, and there is also a need to
look at how funds have been used historically.
This review should be done with the states
and Commissions, and should include both
base budgets and earmarks.
To initiate this review process, regions and centers should begin initial evaluations, and the states should be asked to commit to participate in these regional reviews. These reviews should include all resources available to address data, research, and management needs; focus on ecosystem based management; and link projects to appropriate programs.
State participants pointed out that the trust fund described in the Ocean Commission's report could be a source of funding for needed marine fisheries science and management activities, especially at the state level. They also discussed the need for a coordinated approach to gain Congressional support for a trust fund. However, concern was also expressed that existing funding should not be diverted to support the Ocean Action plan.
It was noted also that NMFS has entered a performance based budgeting process and that could complicate the immediate request for additional funding.
There was concern that NMFS Headquarters appears to be receiving more funds than previously, and some questioned the effect of reduced funds to the science centers and regional offices. However, it was pointed out that under current goal-focused budgeting, funds given to headquarters are passed through to the field as part of the matrix budget management. It was noted that all Agency attorneys located in the regions are funded through Headquarters accounts, as are all construction costs. In addition, Headquarters or the Department of Justice pay litigation fees, and that NMFS is now winning about ninety percent of suits.
There was broad agreement to revisit funding under the Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act. Historically this program was sufficient to fund the construction of laboratories, yet recent awards are often not thought to be worth the effort to submit an application. The states agreed to include review of grant programs as an action item, and to establish a work group to assist NMFS to use this program as a corner stone to update the state/interstate Commission/NMFS partnership. It was suggested that the funding formula also be reexamined and that both the Hill and the Administration be notified by the states of the extent of the problem the current funding level and distribution formula create for the states. It was also pointed out that while the Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act supports commercial fisheries, there is also a need to address funding levels for sport fishing projects.
There was also discussion that the funds states receive from the Regional Fisheries Management Councils, especially in the Northeast, to participate in the Council process, are no longer sufficient, and there is a need for reinstatement of funding for state Council liaison positions. It was noted that some Councils have continued giving states these liaison funds. State participants agreed that it would be appropriate to work through their Congressional representatives to encourage reinstatement of this funding, suggesting a level of $100K/state.
Essential Fish Habitat Guidelines- Update
Rollie Schmitten, Director of the Office of Habitat Conservation, provided a brief overview of Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) and an update on current EFH-related activities (see Appendix J).
In general, the MSA promotes the protection of EFH by requiring the review of projects conducted under Federal permits, licenses, or other authorities that affect, or have the potential to affect, such habitat. EFH is defined as those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. The three key elements of EFH management are: describe and identify EFH, minimize to the extent practicable adverse effects of fishing and identify other actions for the conservation of such habitat, and provide for a consultation process for actions that may adversely affect EFH.
While there are needs for improvement in the EFH process, these will be addressed through changes to technical guidance to refine EFH and to improve the approach to address impacts to EFH. NMFS will continue to push for basic science and mapping for habitat distribution, species/habitat relationships, and impacts.
A question was raised as to how to align
conflicting policy with Critical Habitat
in the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and
EFH under MSA. It was responded that
MSA should include ESA concerns, and
that under ESA action cannot occur that
would negatively impact critical habitat.
EHF should be used to identify all habitats,
while critical habitat designations should
be to truly protect needed areas. It
is hoped in the future these two policies
can come together. NMFS agreed to develop
a fact sheet describing the differences
between EFH, under MSA, and Critical
Habitat, under ESA.
It was pointed out that in the Gulf of Mexico EFH designated areas for sturgeon have slowed the installations of docks and beach renourishment. Also, oyster reefs cannot be planted, even though federal dollars have been allocated to do this work. The question was posed as to how EFH designations would affect the placement of LNG terminals in the Gulf of Mexico.
Participants also noted the importance of communicating with the public on successes resulting from EFH designations, and on a more collaborative basis on the health of ecosystems to avoid bureaucratic duplications. Some states are doing between two to three hundred EFH consultations, and they are tracking the interactions and the results; NMFS also should be tracking the results of their consultations.
It was also noted that there is congressional concern on the broadness of the EFH definition and its role in ecosystem management, and EFH will be discussed in the reauthorization of the MSA.
Data and Research Issues
Steve Murawski, Director of the Office of Science and Technology, provided reviews of a number of data and research issues, including: a National Data Workshop; the NMFS Cooperative Research Program; and three upcoming NRC studies.
National Data Workshop (see Appendix
NMFS will host a National Fisheries Data
Workshop in late summer of 2005, with
states, Interstate Commissions, Atlantic
Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program,
to discuss common data collection and
management issues. Of issue is how all
parties can collaborate more efficiently, "how
much data are enough," priorities
for data initiatives, additional requirements,
such as for bycatch monitoring, and recreational
fisheries. There are also questions concerning
the statistical accuracy and precision
in surveys and the confidence intervals
of data. There are three areas requiring
special attention: (1) the technical
aspects of statistical accuracy and precision;
(2) the development of new electronic
tools, such as electronic logbooks and
Vessel Monitoring Systems, and associated
issues of confidentially and storage
of new data types; (3) and the requirements
of the Data Quality Act (DQA) to enhance
quality assurance and control issues.
NMFS is in the process of developing
guidelines needed for the DQA and the
needs for peer review and transparency
in the review process. NMFS would like
to see established a universal system
for the data.
The workshop is intended to resolve data
issues and to provide collaboration with
all data partners. Participants generally
stated that, if the workshop will facilitate
a more to real-time management of fisheries
data, it would be welcomed.
A State Director inquired as to why NMFS does not include recreational data from Texas in NMFS assessments. Texas data are included in the Gulf FIN database. It was agreed that NMFS, the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, and Texas will discuss the use of Texas data in a more uniform manner, relative to other states' recreational data.
Some states expressed concern with confidentially issues on the use of VMS data; the data can by used by Councils, but not by the states. There were also questions on the use of VMS by the U.S. Coast Guard and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). NMFS reported that these issues will be discussed during reauthorization of the MSA, along with VMS and Search and Rescue needs.
To avoid duplication of state/federal data collection, it was suggested that case studies be developed of known state and federal data problems. It was also pointed out that in assessments there are large confidence intervals for rare species and that many Councils have stock assessments every three years. These may be considered as issues in accuracy under the DQA. Another important issue is the need to use state fishing license data to establish a statistical sampling frame for recreational fishing surveys.
In the Gulf of Mexico dealers report electronically, and there is a need for additional funding to add modules to the system. NMFS agreed to participate in supporting the expansion of this system.
NMFS Cooperative Research (see Appendix
Cooperative research is a scientific activity
involving two or more partners that gain
more collectively than separately in the
pursuit of a shared research goal. There
is much to be gained through cooperative
research, including survey precision and
mutual understanding and increased respect
among scientists and fisherman. Potential
partners in working with fishermen and
the fishing industry include fisheries
scientists and managers, state biologists,
universities, and others. Levels of participation
depend on regional and fisheries-specific
research needs and opportunities, program
costs, and potential benefits. Funding
for cooperative research is not centralized,
but come from many projects, and totals
roughly twenty million dollars per year.
The National Cooperative Research Program is based in NMFS headquarters and is responsible for the national coordination of activities and use of results. The Program allocates funding to the science centers to support Cooperative research (about $400K per science center). The Southeast Cooperative Research Program is using cooperative research to study the effectiveness of bycatch reduction devices and to support the Cooperative Statistics data collection program. The Northeast Cooperative Research Partners Initiative supports long-term research and monitoring projects and short-term projects funded through a competitive awards process. Other Northeast cooperative research projects include a black sea bass cooperative tagging project, and a cooperative monkfish survey. The Alaska Cooperative Research Program supports resource surveys on chartered fishing vessels and conservation engineering studies. The Northwest Groundfish Cooperative Research program focuses on research surveys and industry initiated proposals. The Southwest Cooperative Research Program supports the adult sardine survey and the nearshore groundfish survey. The Pacific Islands Cooperative Research Program funds the Northwest Hawaiian Islands lobster tagging program.
There are many issues in assuring successful
cooperative research programs. These
include the need for stable long-term
funding, assuring for adequate peer review,
streamlining permitting and regulatory
requirements, and training fishermen
in proposal writing. It was noted that
there will be an American Fisheries Society
sponsored symposium on cooperative research
and management at the Anchorage, Alaska
meeting in September, 2005.
There was consensus among participants that cooperative research: (1) needs to be as rigorously peer reviewed as other scientific endeavors and (2) is an important tool and has been useful in studies on yellowtail flounder in the Northeast. It was pointed out that the cooperative research program has evolved into a very good program.
One area of concern is the competitive nature of some of these programs; some groups who are not associated with fisheries management could apply for the funds, preventing others from doing long-term studies and building needed infrastructure. NMFS agreed, that there needs to be a national policy for the research approaches in these programs, while noting that some of these programs have requirements that have been specified by Congress.
NMFS agreed to prepare a breakdown on cooperative research funding by region and to send it to meeting participants. NMFS also agreed to work closely with the states on bycatch issues and to establish a national fishing gear testing program.
National Research Council Review of Recreational
Studies on Data (Appendix
To update studies for NMFS by the National
Research Council (NRC), the Ocean Studies
Board is reviewing the Recreational Fisheries
Data Collection Program, and the ecosystem
effects of fishing, specifically assessments
of the extent of ecosystem change and the
implications for policy. The Institute
of Medicine's, Food and Nutrition
Board is reviewing the benefits and risks
of seafood consumption.
The NRC's review of recreational fisheries survey methods will focus on how suitable are current statistical survey methods for monitoring different types of recreational fishing, and if there are alternative methods, or changes to current methods, that could improve the quality and utility of fishery statistics.
There are over seventeen million marine recreational anglers and over 65 million fishing trips per year, with an economic impact of more that $30 billion, and over $22 billion in related expenditures per year. Over 135,000 metric tons of fish are landed each year.
There are many challenges to recreational fishery sampling. There are a large number and variety of target species; some species are common, some species are rarely caught. There are incomplete sampling frames, such as licensing programs by states. Recreational discards account for about 60 percent of the catch, and are increasing. Many of the sampling designs were created long before many of today's management needs were recognized. There is an increasing need to provide credible, precise estimates needed for stock assessments, allocation discussions, and compliance needs.
Other sampling issues include difficulties in meeting or exceeding harvest targets due to errors estimating bag limits, seasons, or other indirect controls. Some biases in statistical estimates could occur if estimates from night fishing, tournaments, private access, etc. are not calculated. Another issue is the continued funding needed to maintain surveys at the intensity necessary for their use in the management process.
The use of state saltwater license databases as statistical frames poses some challenges, as the South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific states have licenses but have various exemptions and confidentiality restrictions. No Atlantic state north of Virginia, nor Hawaii, have recreational saltwater fishing licenses. It is hoped that the Ocean Action Plan can help implement state licenses.
The ecosystem effects study on fishing will evaluate evidence of long-term ecosystem effects. The study will comment on the quality of data and models available for assessing ecosystem effects and will focus the ecosystem effects for society and science.
There are many over arching ecosystem
issues for fisheries. What evidence exists
for reversibility of fishing effects and
for ecosystem change due to predator overfishing?
What are the fishing impacts on system-wide
productivity from sequential fishing down
trophic levels, trophic cascades, control
hypotheses for fisheries ecosystems, and
fishing induced regime change? The genetic
effects of fishing on fish stocks needs
to be understand. There have been many
studies describing the effects on fishing;
these papers are referenced on the power
point presentation. The ecosystem effects
study will review these publications, analyze
and assess their conclusions.
It was suggested that the increased emphasis
on ecosystem studies is a positive approach.
It was noted that states have various laws on the confidentiality of data given in applying for a recreational saltwater recreational licenses, complicating the concept of using a license to establish a recreational sampling frame.
Participants also noted that there is increasing reluctance by owners/operators of charter boats/head boats (C/H boats) to the telephone interviews needed for recreational fisheries data collection. The interviews are too long and require the owners/operators to repeat information, and are causing interview fatigue, resulting in incomplete data of fishing trips. There is a need to have the Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program (ACCSP) to begin to immediately address these issues.
It was noted that there is an increase in the number of C/H boats in the Gulf of Mexico, and an increase in the number of fly fishing guides in New York.
The state of Texas wildlife program, which was recently peer reviewed by the American Fisheries Society, could be a model for other peer reviews.
Increasing problems with telephone sampling were discussed, including the rise of cell phone numbers that are not subject to random dialing, and the increasing resistance to telemarketing, in general.
The work of the Committee on Nutrient Relationships
in Seafood: Selections to Balance Benefits
and Risks, will examine seafood consumption
to assess the substantial benefits for
human health (dietary, circulatory),
as well as risks from contaminants. The
study will update information on risks,
especially from methyl mercury accumulation
in fish tissues. The balance of benefits
to risks will be assessed. The study
will propose optional consumption levels
for various groups based on age and other
factors. It is expected that the report
will be completed in 2006.
NMFS' Seafood Inspection Laboratory
will be the lead group to provide information
needed for the health study, with input
from the Food and Drug Administration and
the Marine Fisheries Advisory Committee.
There will be an international meeting
in Norway late this year to discuss issues
of methyl mercury in fish. NMFS will ensure
that policy documents developed by the
ASMFC on seafood safety will be provided
to the necessary individuals, and NMFS
will organize public hearings on seafood
safety and will continue to work with state
public health agencies in this endeavor.
Magnuson-Stevens Act Reauthorization
Rebecca Lent, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, provided an overview of current activities associated with reauthorization of the MSA. Principal issues identified in the presentation include: ecosystems and the MSA; National Standard 1; separation of science and allocation decisions; Dedicated Access Privileges Programs; Council appointments; NEPA and the MSA; and EFH. Each of these issues is further discussed in the Appendix (L).
The next steps for development of NMFS input on MSA reauthorization include this meeting (the NOAA Fisheries – State Directors Meeting), the upcoming Council Chairs and Executive Directors Meeting, and future Congressional hearings. NMFS will continue to work with the Hill, management partners, and stakeholders on development of input to this reauthorization.
Participants noted that it would be wise
to use existing programs, such as the
Gulf of Mexico Program, as models for
getting input on actions that impact
ecosystems. It was also noted that the
process needs to be both top-down and
bottom up.
State participants stated that it is already difficult to find a suitable number of qualified individuals willing to serve as Council members; expanding the number of Council members, as suggested by the Oceans Commission, will only exacerbate this problem. In addition, state agencies know individuals in the commercial and recreational fishing sectors, but are not as familiar with representatives from other groups. They feel that MSA should recommend that Governors reach out to these other groups, but that it should not be mandated. It was acknowledged by NMFS that service on Councils can be stressful.
There was also discussion about the Council decision-making process being broader than simply enacting the conclusions of the Science and Statistical Committees. That the managers/Council members must incorporate the best available science with other factors in making any final management decisions. At the Gulf Council, each state agency's scientists and other staff are asked to comment in order for the Council to reach a balanced decision. It was suggested that rather than expanding the Council makeup, others, such as the Gulf Program who deal with laws such as the Endangered Species Act, be incorporated into the process.
In the review of the Council process, it was suggested that State Directors should not be voting Council members. However, after discussion it was concluded that this idea would not be a recommendation from the meeting.
There was also concern that incorporation of the ecosystem approach to management be carefully considered; the EHF provisions of the MSA generated over 96 pages of regulations. The ecosystem approach could overwhelm the current management system with new litigation.
Other issues raised during discussions included the need to: resolve questions on the use of VMS data in state and Federal courts; develop an alternative to the NEPA process; reduce the timeline for EFP approvals in the Northeast; improve base funding for critical infrastructure and identify opportunities to make lawmakers aware of this issue; develop alternatives to National Standard 1 and the focus on fishing mortality, and to address difficulties in separating stock assessments from other analyses; address States' needs for new funding to support new efforts.
It was pointed out that in Alaska, the SSC sets the TAC, and the Council allocates those numbers as an ABC, which is sometimes less than the TAC. Every MSY has some input on allocation based on the gear that is used in different fisheries targeting the same species. Councils could better identify allocation issues once these differences are identified.
There was discussion on the need to compensate individuals who provide information and services to the Councils; reviewing lengthy technical and legal documents is very time consuming. Federal and state personnel have other duties, including collecting and analyzing data needed for the assessments; additional funds must be given to the states and Councils to provide sufficient staff. Federal and state personnel may be adequately compensated, but others, such as University personnel who participate on SSCs, need support to document requirements for tenure. The lack of compensation was discussed as a possible cause for low recent turnouts at SSC meetings and AP meetings. As some Councils use contractors and individuals with local knowledge to perform needed analyses, sufficient funds are needed for these also. NMFS recognizes that the management process has become increasingly complicated and there is a need to simplify it as much as possible. NMFS will discuss the Council process in late April with the Council Chairs and Executive Directors.
Ecosystem Approaches to Management
Jack Dunnigan, Director of the Office of Sustainable Fisheries, discussed the move to ecosystem approaches to management (see Appendix M), describing an ecosystem as a geographically specified system of organisms (including humans), the environment and the processes that control its dynamics. He explained that an ecosystem approach to management is: collaborative, incremental, geographically specified (such as the ten identified Large Marine Ecosystems), accounts for ecosystem knowledge and uncertainty, considers multiple external influences, and balances diverse social objectives. This approach also supports NOAA's strategic goals to protect, restore, and manage the use of coastal and ocean resources. Additional information can be obtained at the website http://ecosystems.noaa.gov. Email related to ecosystem approaches to management can be sent to: email@example.com
There was discussion on the complexities
of moving from single to multi-species
management, and how this must be done
gradually by identifying different species
as an ecosystem approach is developed.
It was agreed that the states must be
fully engaged in developing ecosystem
approaches and that the public must understand
these new approaches. Additional funds
are needed to support this new approach;
some funds may have to come from existing
Recreational Fisheries
Forbes Darby, National Recreational Fisheries Coordinator with the Office of Constituent Services, provided a review of the implementation of the new NMFS recreational strategic plan (see Appendix N). He discussed the NMFS vision for recreational fisheries and the commitment to improve the science and management of recreational species and their habitats, as provided in the strategic plan. He also described the key components and agency responsibilities for implementation of the plan, details of which are provided in the Appendix. In addition, NMFS was hosting a recreational stakeholders meeting subsequent to the State Directors' meeting and invited the state participants to attend. However, given the timing of the meeting most would not be able to attend. NMFS will provide State Directors with access to the report of the stakeholders meeting, as soon as it is available.
Participants discussed the need to engage
all partners (stakeholders, state agencies,
USFWS, Sea Grant, etc) in outreach efforts
to the recreational fishing industry.
It is especially important to build collaborative
relationships with the States, since
they are most familiar with the key representatives
of the recreational sectors within their
Comments from the NOAA Administrator
NOAA Administrator, Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher USN (Ret.), was able to participate in a portion of the meeting and provided comments and updates on a number of NOAA and NMFS efforts of interest to the states. He recognized that partnerships between NOAA and the states are very important if we are going to fully support the President's U.S. Ocean Action Plan (OAP) (found at: http://ocean.ceq.gov).
Topics covered by Administrator Lautenbacher (details provided in Appendix O), included: the OAP's call for an ecosystem approach to management; incorporation of fisheries data into an Earth Observation Program; the Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership as an example of regional efforts that move beyond traditional Federal and state responsibilities; the NMFS recreational fisheries strategic plan; the cooperative enforcement program that increases federal patrols and strengthens state resources; reauthorization of the MSA; aquaculture and the opportunities it offers; and how the other NOAA Services provide support to the states.
Participants expressed concern about how
current fisheries data collection programs
would be integrated into the new ocean
observation program. NOAA responded that
consideration would be given to the states
and that NOAA would partner with the
states and others in meeting the Ocean
Action Plan (OAP) requirements.
Two important topics in the Gulf of Mexico that need to be considered in the discussion on implementing the OAP include hypoxic zones in the Gulf and the placement of LNG terminals and their effects on marine life.
There was also discussion of how the implementation of the OAP would work with universities to collect the data needed for the OAP. NOAA responded that the grant process is becoming more transparent, and that the internet grant application program is in development. There is also a four million dollar grant program to support small business research programs. The use of Sea Grant services also needs to be considered. However, there was concern from the states that a greater portion of available funds is going to competitive grants to universities at the cost of long-standing state monitoring programs.
Joint Enforcement Agreements
Mark Spurrier, Deputy Chief of the Office
of Enforcement, provided a review and update
of the joint enforcement program between
NMFS and the state law enforcement agencies
(see Appendix
P for details). The mission
of cooperative enforcement is to increase
Federal maritime conservation enforcement
while simultaneously strengthening state
marine conservation enforcement. Successful
examples of cooperative enforcement include
recent actions for red snapper in the Gulf
of Mexico, turtles, shark finning, etc.
Through these actions state and Federal
partners have been able to leverage funds
and resources. Through the Joint Enforcement
Agreements (JEA) states have been able
to add new officers and vehicles, and to
support additional enforcement overtime.
Details of recent JEA support and the
types of work they cover, along with
information on the current solicitation
for funding, are provided in the Appendix.
With State assistance, NMFS has developed
a uniform/standardized reporting software
program. This web based reporting program
will provide NMFS and the States with
accurate and consistent performance measures
to showcase our successes. NMFS urge
the states to implement the use of this
software as soon as is possible. NMFS
plans to require its use in FY 2006.
Participants discussed the law enforcement
process and the level of enforcement
for minor violations. There were concerns
expressed that minor violations could
be overlooked, tickets should have a
fixed schedule for fines, and that the
states should be partners with NMFS in
setting the fines schedule. NMFS agreed
to review the schedule of fines.
The benefits of the JEAs were discussed, and questions were raised as to the allocation of funds to the states to support this program. Funding for the JEA program has help states, which would otherwise have been forced to reduce enforcement budgets. Several region-specific issues were also raised, including: the Federal agent for the Northern Gulf of Mexico has retired and this position needs to be replaced; NMFS enforcement is needed in the Caribbean to assist in training local officers, as well as having federal enforcement, and outreach to local governments; and in the Pacific Islands fisheries the current level of enforcement is a concern, especially with increasing numbers of foreign and domestic vessels; American Samoa would like to discuss Cooperative Enforcement Agreements with NMFS.
NMFS agreed to have a workshop with state and Federal enforcement staffs this fall to discuss how the JEA program can be strengthened and on how funds are allocated to the states. The ASMFC has volunteered to host the workshop.
Protected Resources Update
Phil Williams, Office of Protected Resources, provided an update of NMFS protected species activities. His presentation included an overview of the NMFS protected resources program, brief descriptions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and the Endangered Species Act (ESA), discussions of considerations of fishery-protected species interactions under each Act, and a review of current "hot topics." Details of his presentation are provided in Appendix Q.
Relative to fishery interactions, NMFS is currently involved with fishing gear research, investigating gear modifications that may reduce seabird bycatch, fishing gear mitigation methods for right whales; and longline fishery mitigation for sea turtles. Future "hot topics" include: ship strike strategies for whales, ocean noise levels, marine animal and ocean health issues, reauthorization of ESA & MMPA, proposed listings (corals, green sturgeon, coho, killer whale), and status reviews (steelhead, Atlantic sturgeon, American Eel, and Eastern oyster).
Participants raised concerns about the
potential listing of Eastern oyster as
a threatened or endangered species, and
the impacts of such a listing on the
coastal fisheries and on aquaculture
facilities. NMFS has been petitioned
to consider such a determination and
has a 90-day determination period to
review the merits of the request. If
an endangered or threatened status is
suggested, NMFS will have a 12- month
period to arrive at a decision. NMFS
will work with the states and the ASMFC
on this issue.
Since there is concern about impacts to
aquaculture, should the species be listed,
it was suggested that a list of aquaculture
successes be organized, and distributed
to the states. Others felt there is a need
to be proactive and that the determination
review should not be seen as automatically
being negative to the development of aquaculture.
Participants noted that the ESA endangered status for staghorn and elkhorn corals in the Caribbean need to be fully considered, and any regulations to be developed should also address problems with the watershed.
Gulf representatives indicated that sea turtle work with Mexico has been successful, and that effort needs to be expanded in spite of current budget concerns.
Meeting Wrap-up
Bill Hogarth provided a summary wrap-up of the major points from the various sections of the meeting. Details of that summary are provided below and in his presentation, found at Appendix R.
General Points: (1) for American eel, the Northeast Regional Office will provide states with a current update of the status review being conducted by FWS: (2) the states, individually or through the Commissions, need to become involved in providing input on MSA reauthorization; and (3) NMFS will explore ways that the States can get more involved in the Agency's budget process.
Aquaculture: (1) as soon as the Aquaculture Bill is cleared for distribution NMFS will distribute it to the States and Commissions for review and comment; (2) California will provide more information to NMFS on its concern relative to Mexican bluefin tuna aquaculture so the issue can be raised at Mexico bilateral meetings; (3) there is a need to focus on endemic versus exotic species, and avoiding what could become invasive species; (4) states, as partners, need to be kept informed of aquaculture activities. There is also a need to get the Commissions involved in the discussion; and (5) NMFS should not issue permits until all needed information is available. However, use of EFPs or other permits may be best way to establish pilot programs without giving permanent rights.
MPAs: (1) MPAs are a critical state issue. States must pay attention to the MPA nomination system, as there is a lot of public interest for more MPAs; and (2) state marine fisheries agencies need to get involved in the MPA State Advisory Committee, as most current members represent CZM agencies. States need to have their fisheries agencies involved, as well.
Ocean Action Plan: (1) NMFS will investigate feasibility of establishing an Ocean Trust fund, as recommended by the Ocean Commission, even though no monies are available at this time; (2) at the first meeting of the "AQUA" box (See "Ocean Commission Follow-up; Ocean Action Plan" presentation), the Ocean Commission had asked for input from states, but the inclination has been to work with State CZM agencies, rather than fish agencies; and (3) state fish agencies need to work within states to ensure there will be one State voice - for both fisheries and CZM.
State funding: (1) Councils should look again at providing funds for state-Council liaison positions ($100,000 per state would go a long way to support coordinated state participation in Council process); and (2) states should work together to get additional funds and to ensure they are not taken from NMFS' base budget. There is a need to establish group with states/Commissions to work with NMFS to determine how funds, from both base budget and earmarks are spent and to identify what needs are and are not being met- (including conduct of a grant program evaluation.)
EFH: (1) NMFS will put together a fact sheet explaining the difference between EFH and Critical Habitat; and (2) NMFS should track and report the numbers of successful versus non-successful EFH consultations.
National Data Workshop: (1) meeting participants should review the handout provided on the National Data Workshop, and submit comments to NMFS. Project intent is to develop a universal system we can all use - and to drop duplicate systems and improve existing systems. NMFS will need buy-in from all states and their fishermen. NMFS will work with the 3 Interstate Commission Executive Directors to set up the meeting and agenda; and (2) NMFS should investigate why Texas recreational data are not accounted for in National summaries of recreational catch/landings.
Cooperative Research: (1) industry data must be peer reviewed in order to be able to use data in a creditable process; (2) NMFS will provide a breakout of cooperative research dollars that go to the states versus to NMFS; (3) cooperative research should be supported, but such funding should not be at the expense of long-term state funding for needed activities; and (4) there is a need to take better advantage of cooperative research for gear technology to address bycatch issues, and there is a need to partner more with states and NMFS' Pascagoula lab.
National Research Councils studies: (1) NMFS will report results back to states for all studies; (2) NMFS and the states need to address data confidentiality issues for recreational data and VMS; (3) NMFS and the states need to address increasing refusal rates for interviews from the for-hire fishery; and (4) NMFS and the states need to resolve data confidentiality issues, and to gain stakeholder confidence that data will not go to others (e.g., telemarketers).
MSA Reauthorization: (1) NMFS should consider using existing programs, such as the Gulf Program, as a pilot for ecosystem approaches to management; (2) states have difficulty identifying 3 qualified and interested nominees for Council seats, adding 3 additional seats would be even more difficult; (3) noting that language for EFH in the MSA lead to significant and complicated regulatory guidance, NMFS needs to consider more simple approaches when moving to incorporate ecosystem based approaches to management; and (4) need to resolve just how NEPA will or will not be incorporated into MSA actions, separately or within the MSA process itself.
Ecosystem Approaches to Management: (1) states need to be fully involved in the process; (2) a well informed public must be part of the process, and the process can not be driven by the number of emails received, but by substance. The public needs to be not only informed but engaged as stewards, and has to accept some responsibility; and (3) NMFS and the states need to work not only toward a more efficient use of funds, not just redistribution of current funding levels, but also on the need for investment of new funds.
Recreational Fisheries Strategic Plan: State directors need to be involved in directing the Nations recreational fishing policy. States should be notified as soon as regional teams are established, and these teams must include the states.
Joint Enforcement Agreements: (1) states should check the "Fix-it" list from NMFS Enforcement and provide input about whether they concur with list for their State/region States want continued support for JEAs; (2) NMFS will schedule a meeting with States and enforcement leaders this fall to review JEA program, and include discussions about how funds are allocated among states; (3) states should work to get funding transformed into line item funding; and (4) NMFS will discuss CEAs with American Samoa.
Comments from the NOAA Administrator: NOAA wants to ensure all needed data are available to make correct decisions. The states should have significant inputs to ensure that data needs for fisheries management are addressed. NOAA encourages the States to consider approaches for solving this need, and that state-Federal partnerships are critical to all our shared tasks.
Protected Resources Issues: (1) ship strike strategy; (2) ocean noise; (3) marine animal and ocean health; (4) reauthorization of ESA and MMPA; (5) proposed listings; (6) status reviews; (7) 2005 recovery plans; (8) Eastern oyster petition to list as endangered or threatened- NMFS will be meeting with NE State Directors to discuss needs and process for review in May, will schedule meetings with other States to discuss this issue, and consider any potential negative impacts on the development of aquaculture; and (9) NMFS will put together a list of proactive successes that have prevented need for reactive actions.


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How to create this object in javascript?
I'm writing a script in javascript(actually a chrome extension) and I need an object that I can write to it like this(sorry, don't know how to explain it better) and then I convert it to string with format of json.
Code:id[129].weekDay[6].hour[23] = 0
The id indices are unlimited, for weekDay 7 and hour 24.
I searched in google but i couldn't find what I wanted. Actually don't know the best keyword to search.(objects in arrays?)
I don't know what exactly it is called, I can write it's declaration in VB.NET if that helps you.
Code:// constructor for a DAY object: function DAY( ) { this.hour = []; this.minute = []; this.second = []; } // constructor for a WEEK object: function WEEK( start, days ) { this.startDate = start; this.weekDay = days == null ? [] : days; } var id = []; // an array of WEEK objects var d = new DAY( ); d.hour[16] = "School lets out"; var w = new WEEK( new Date(2011,6,16) ); // notice only one argument supplied w.weekDay[6] = d; id[129] = w; // an then: alert( id[129].weekDay[6].hour[16] ); // would alert "School lets out"
Last edited by Old Pedant; 05-27-2011 at 09:54 PM.
An optimist sees the glass as half full.
A pessimist sees the glass as half empty.
A realist drinks it no matter how much there is.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
PAX East 2014 Cosplay Round-Up and Magicka: Wizard Wars Key Giveaway!
Games in this Article: Infinite Crisis, League Of Legends, Final Fantasy XIV, Magicka: Wizard Wars, Heroes of the Storm
Photos by James Hunt (JamesBl0nde), Content Manager
Hey viewers, it's the week after PAX East 2014 and time to get rolling with all our coverage. But first we're kicking things off with the always favorite cosplay voting event! We're packing a large batch of Magicka: Wizard Wars beta keys as well so be sure to vote for your favorite on the official forum page to qualify for access to one of the best frantic PvP titles of 2014. Now onto the cosplay!
You've seen the beauties and brawn. Now tell us what you think. Enter the giveaway now and we'll select the Magicka: Wizard Wars winners on Friday the 18th!


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FAS 162 and the GAAP HierarchyCalifornia CPA magazine: July 2008
By A. Christine Davis, CPA and Michael J.McPartlan, CPA Up until now, the GAAP hierarchy resided in the auditing standards. A decade and a half after the issuance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 69, The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (SAS 69), the GAAP hierarchy is finally home—in the accounting standards. Statement on Financial Accounting Standards No. 162, The Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (SFAS 162), was issued by the FASB in May 2008 for nongovernmental entities. It is widely known that the GAAP hierarchy sets forth the level of authority attributed to a given accounting pronouncement or document. For example, an SFAS pronouncement, which is in category (a) of the GAAP hierarchy, has a higher authority than a FASB Technical Bulletin, which is in category (b). Preparers of financial statements will look to category (a) GAAP in selecting and applying appropriate accounting principles, and turn to categories (b), (c) and (d), in that order, only if the accounting for a transaction or event is not specified in category (a). Where there might be conflicting guidance between two categories, the more authoritative category will prevail. SFAS 162 comes in response to an SEC study in July 2003, which, in part, endorsed an improvement to the SAS 69 GAAP hierarchy ("old GAAP hierarchy"). The old GAAP hierarchy has been described as complex, directed to the auditor, and ranks the Concepts Statements too low in the chain of command. Indeed, it is in the Concepts Statements that some of the most fundamental terms of our profession are defined: assets, liabilities, equity, income, expense, accrual basis of accounting and materiality, along with a profound discussion of the often-quoted "objectives of financial reporting." In issuing SFAS 162, the FASB does not expect a change in current practice. What has changed is to whom the application of the GAAP hierarchy is directed. By being officially part of GAAP, SFAS 162 imposes the GAAP hierarchy on the reporting entities, not their auditors, based on the long-standing mandate that the entity's management, not their auditors, is responsible for selecting and applying the appropriate GAAP to their financial statements. The auditors' responsibility is to comply with GAAS as a basis for issuing their audit opinion. SFAS 162 improved the GAAP hierarchy in three ways: (1) in its presentation, (2) in defining the driver for category (a), and (3) in making additions to the hierarchy. Simplified Presentation What Drives Category (a) One exception to this expansion is the retention of EITF consensuses, which have been subjected to the FASB's due process only since 2003, within category (c). The reason is the FASB's desire to reduce the complexities of implementing SFAS 162, along with staying consistent with the EITF's majority position that its consensuses "should remain interpretive and, therefore, should be not be elevated in the GAAP hierarchy." New Documents Added In addition, because EITF consensuses are already in category (c), the FASB concluded that FASB staff announcements contained in EITF-D Topics should have the same authority as EITF consensuses and, therefore, are now part of category (c) GAAP. It is notable that the SEC, at times, utilizes EITF-D topics to publicly announce its views on accounting issues impacting SEC registrants. Therefore, not all EITF-D topics are applicable to non-SEC registrants. Added to category (d) are AICPA Industry Audit and Accounting Guides and Statements of Position not cleared by the FASB. Where Do the Concepts Statements Stand? The FASB, however, has expressed plans to elevate the Concepts Statements within the GAAP hierarchy and has indicated it would address the role of Concepts Statements in its ongoing conceptual framework project. The effective date of SFAS 162 has yet to be determined; it becomes effective for both SEC registrants and nonpublic entities 60 days after the SEC approves the PCAOB's amendments to AU Section 411 of the AICPA Professional Standards, the codified version of SAS 69. What is certain is the GAAP hierarchy is, finally, home at last. A. Christine Davis, CPA and Michael J. McPartlan, CPA are director and manager, respectively, at Hemming Morse, Inc. They can be reached at email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com. |


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Features Designer
Although I too am a fan of a good conspiracy theory, it really is just because we want to be cautious about the day 1 load of Dominion, both on the gameplay server and platform side. By doing this limited beta, evaluating the data, and then doing rapid tweaks, we can make sure that the entire system doesn't collapse once we flip the switch full time. 'Cause that'd be a bad experience for everyone.
Senior Member
Marketing what? It's a free game. If they released Dominion today they could still run an ad campaign for it in November.
No. If you actually knew what you were talking about then you would know that's not the case. I don't claim to be an expert, but the beta is for the very purpose of testing the servers. By gradually extending the time they let people play the more they know how much it they can handle during peak hours. Today we got 2 hours tomorrow we may get three or 2 and half hours. They will increase the time gradually so the people who normally missed it will get a chance to play and they get there data everyone is happy.
Lead Designer
Grassy knoll, magic bullet.
Shini Laser


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Eurobike 2013: A duo of new 650b Yeti's
At the Yeti stand on full display, getting so much attention was their new SB75, this new bit of kit features the 650b wheels, 5″ travel with the switch suspension technology, this alloy frame'd beauty comes in at £1895 (alloy only). They also had on display their new 650b wheeled 575 frame, coming in at £1595
Words & Photos: Jim Buchanan | Video: EpicTV
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I've become a big fan of white wines from the Rhône over the years. Condrieu, white Hermitage and white Châteauneuf-du-Papes: These are rare birds indeed, accounting for just 5 percent of the region's production. I like their interesting mix of rich, ripe white fruit flavors and exotic spice notes.
During a recent lunch at A Voce restaurant in New York, I was perusing the wine list while dining with Portuguese vintner João Ribeiro of Quinta do Vallado in the Douro. While the Douro is gaining renown for its deeply flavored red table wines, many top wineries, such as Vallado, are making an effort with whites as well. (Joao is planning a new wine project based on the Alvarinho grape.) Much as in the Rhône, these whites account for only a small fraction of the region's production, but are intriguing for their distinctive flavors. Most top producers are still looking for a definitive style for white Douro, so I decided to search out something on the A Voce list that might make a good comparison.
My eyes quickly settled on a white Châteauneuf by Perrin & Fils called Les Sinards, priced at $69, and sommelier Olivier Flosse vouched for its quality. The wine is a blend of 75 percent Grenache Blanc and 25 percent Clairette. Viscous and spicy, it featured rich flavors of fig, apricot, coconut, vanilla and cream. I rated it 92 points, non-blind, and Joao nodded his head in approval as well. It was a lush counterpoint to the clean, pure flavors of our seafood entrées, which were expertly prepared by new A Voce chef Missy Roberts (formerly of Spiaggia in Chicago, reportedly one of President Barack Obama's favorite restaurants).
Perrin & Fils Châteauneuf-du-Pape White Les Sinards 2005 (90, $34)
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Criminal Minds is among those addicting shows on TV immediately. More fun to keep an eye on it on DVD with no interruptions from commercials. Of all the crime beat shows we've - CSI, NCIS, L&O, for example,Cheap Ugg Classic Boots. this one is my favorite. The acting is wonderful and convincing. I much like the portrayal of a group of profilers that catches the bad guys. For problem solving in that level,Ugg 5815 Classic Tall Boots, you require a team of expertise. I've watched the series from the beginning and at times We do miss the characters Gideon together with Elle but their substitutions Rossi and Prentiss perform a fine job with this group chemistry dynamic.This is about FBI profilers from Quantico who are called in by the neighborhood authorities to use their idea of psychology and using the data at the crime scene formulate a profile of the owner they think is bad and using the profile to determine the guilty party.I am surprised there are taken till now to base a string on FBI profilers as when I have already been watching real crime reports, the amount of times your regional police have turned for the FBI and especially that Behavioural Analysis Unit are many too count.I think this programme will be much needed as all of those other crime based programmes because that time, it is about people who have to go into this disturbing and scary memories of serial killers and this has never been addressed that you have real agents dealing while using the filth on the streets along with the ways they have learnt for getting past what they have seen. The characters in the show are not superheros and that is exactly what I like about the show,Cheap Uggs For Toddlers, we see how hard it happens to be for them, using your skills, the crime scene and evidence to comprehend that person you might say so they can catch him thereafter they have to get all that person's thoughts from their head and they discover it hard to switch off from what they see,Uggs Navy Blue.An added bonus to the show is a fact it doesn't live in one location, the criminal activity can take them everywhere in the United States, so we discover see the difference of which the communities handle the crimes as well as the aftermath in the town or small environments.That is yet another show with which has you gripped to ones seat,Ugg Boots Sale Black Friday. Another good twist is anytime the audience think they've got figured out who is the guilty party, the show takes another surprise turn as well as the audience has to start again and make an attempt to think who else could be responsible. It is a wondering show and I find myself drawn involved with it, trying to figure out who has done it. It isn't predictable and I recommend that.The show has interesting characters,Rosabella Ugg Boot, brilliant stars, writers that keep target demographic entertained and keep these on their toes as well as being just so absorbing to watch, I get totally lost inside the programme.
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Availability: Out of stock
Taxis Pleins,Taxis Vides (Full Cabs, Empty Cabs)
Taxis Pleins,Taxis Vides is curated by Aurelien Arbet, Jeremie Egry and Nicolas Poillot.
This wonderful photography book contains work by: Alana Celii USA, Aurelien Arbet FR, Daniel Augshoell IT, Dustin Aksland USA, Hannah Modigh SE, Jeremie Egry FR, Jimmy Limit CA, Kourtney Roy CA, Marten Damgaard GK, Nicolas Poillot FR, Philippe Gerlach AT, Stepan Handza UA.
Preface written by Jeff Rian. Jeff Rian is a Writer, art Critic and musician. He is a contributor to Art in America, Frieze, Flash Art & View on Colour. He contributed to many catalogues. He is an editor of Purple magazine.
About J.S.B.J
(Je Suis Une Bande De Jeunes) Spread between Paris, Lyon, Barcelona and New York these French Photographers (Aurelien Arbet, Jeremie Egry, Nicolas Poillot and Marco Barrera) produce zines and larger collaborative photographic publications.
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Shreveport firefighters battled a large fire at the Aspen Apartment on the 9700 block of Baird Road Thursday afternoon.
Aspen officials say the fire broke out around 3:30 p.m. in Building 11. Two families were home when the fire began, but made it out safely without injury. In all, 8 families, none of which had insurance, were displaced. Fairfield management met with the families Thursday night and found them a place to stay.
Red Cross will be at the Aspen Apartments Friday morning to accept any donations from the public at the main office. Property management is asking for anything and everything for babies to adults.
The cause of the fire is unknown at this time.


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Mark Arteaga from RedBit Development will give you a high level overview of the Windows Phone 7 platform and will go into some of the new APIs available for Windows Phone 7. The webinar will cover the new application model, Windows Phone 7 specific services, sensors, multimedia plus more!
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On this page we list relevant chapters and sections from some of the reference texts.
We do not necessarily cover all the material in detail; some of the material listed will only be reviewed.
The material is also not covered in the same order.
This is just for your information and reference.
Only the material explicitely covered or
assigned in class is mandatory.
From Tsividis: Mixed Analog Digital VLSI Devices and Technology
Chapter 2 The MOSFET: Introduction and Qualitative View
MOS Transistor Structure
Assumptions about Terminal Voltages, Currents, and Temperature
A Qualitative Description of MOSFET Operation
Effect of VGS: Level of Inversion
Effect of VSB: The Body Effect
Effect of VDS: Drain Current
Complete Set of Characteristics
Form of Functional ID-VGS Dependence: Practical Limits for Regions of Inversion
Factors Affecting the Extrapolated Threshold Voltage
Other Factors Affecting the Drain Current
Chapter 3 MOSFET DC Modeling
DC Model for Weak and for Strong Inversion
The Current Equations
Model Parameters Influenced by the Body Effect
Origin and Validity of the Model
Drain versus Source
Symmetric Models
General Models and Moderate Inversion
Mobility Dependence on Gate and Substrate Bias
Small-Dimension Effects
The pMOS Transistor
Device Symbols
Chapter 4 MOSFET Small-Signal Modeling
Small-Signal Conductance Parameters
Expressions for Small-Signal Conductance Parameters in Weak and in Strong Inversion
Gate Transconductance
Body Transconductance
Drain-Source Conductance
Drain-Substrate Conductance
Small-Signal Parameters in the Presence of Second-Order Effects
Capacitance Parameters
Extrinsic Capacitances
Intrinsic Capacitances in Weak and in Strong Inversion
Intrinsic Cutoff Frequency and Limits of Model Validity
Extrinsic Parasitic Resistances
IEEE Journal Papers can be downloaded from the http://ieeexplore.ieee.org website from an on campus computer.
From Razavi: Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits
2 Basic MOS Device Physics (Entire chapter -- Review)
3 Single-Stage Amplifiers (Review)
3.1 Basic Concepts
3.2 Common-Source Stage
3.2.1 Common-Source Stage with Resistive Load
3.2.2 CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load
3.2.3 CS Stage with Current-Source Load
3.2.4 CS Stage with Triode Load
3.2.5 CS Stage with Source Degeneration
3.3 Source Follower
3.4 Common-Gate Stage
3.5 Cascode Stage
3.5.1 Folded Cascode
4 Differential Amplifiers (Review)
4.1 Single-Ended and Differential Operation.
4.2 Basic Differential Pair
4.2.1 Qualitative Analysis
4.2.2 Quantitative Analysis
4.3 Common-Mode Response
4.4 Differential Pair with MOS Loads
5 Passive and Active Current Mirrors (Review)
5.1 Basic Current Mirrors
5.2 Cascode Current Mirrors
5.3 Active Current Mirrors
5.3.1 Large-Signal Analysis
5.3.2 Small-Signal Analysis
5.3.3 Common-Mode Properties
6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers (Review)
6.1 General Considerations
6.1.1 Miller Effect
6.1.2 Association of Poles with Nodes
6.2 Common-Source Stage
6.3 Source Followers
6.4 Common-Gate Stage
6.5 Cascode Stage
6.6 Differential Pair
7 Noise
7.1 Statistical Characteristics of Noise
7.1.1 Noise Spectrum
7.1.2 Amplitude Distribution
7.1.3 Correlated and Uncorrelated Sources
7.2 Types of Noise
7.2.1 Thermal Noise
7.2.2 Flicker Noise
7.3 Representation of Noise in Circuits
7.4 Noise in Single-Stage Amplifiers
7.4.1 Common-Source Stage
7.4.2 Common-Gate Stage
7.4.3 Source Followers
7.4.4 Cascode Stage
7.5 Noise in Differential Pairs
7.6 Noise Bandwidth
9 Operational Amplifiers
9.1 General Considerations
9.1.1 Performance Parameters
9.2 One-Stage Op Amps
9.3 Two-Stage Op Amps
9.4 Gain Boosting
9.5 Comparison
9.6 Common-Mode Feedback
9.7 Input Range Limitations
9.8 Slew Rate
9.10 Noise in Op Amps
10 Stability and Frequency Compensation
10.1 General Considerations
10.2 Multipole Systems
10.3 Phase Margin
10.4 Frequency Compensation
10.5 Compensation of Two-Stage Op Amps
10.5.1 Slewing in Two-Stage Op Amps
10.6 Other Compensation Techniques
11 Bandgap References
11.1 General Considerations
11.2 Supply-Independent Biasing
11.3 Temperature-Independent References
11.3.1 Negative-TC Voltage
11.3.2 Positive-TC Voltage
11.3.3 Bandgap Reference
11.4 PTAT Current Generation
11.5 Constant-Gm Biasing
11.6 Speed and Noise Issues
11.7 Case Study
12 Introduction to Switched-Capacitor Circuits
12.1 General Considerations
12.2 Sampling Switches
12.2.1 MOSFETS as Switches
12.2.2 Speed Considerations
12.2.3 Precision Considerations
12.2.4 Charge Injection Cancellation
12.3 Switched-Capacitor Amplifiers
12.3.2 Noninverting Amplifier