text:
B. R. Ambedkar
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | |
Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee | |
In office 29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950 |
1st Minister of Law and Justice | |
In office 15 August 1947 – September 1951 |
President | Rajendra Prasad |
Prime Minister | Jawaharlal Nehru |
Preceded by | Position established |
Labour Member, Viceroy's Executive Council | |
In office 1942–1946 |
Preceded by | Feroz Khan Noon |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Mhow, Central Provinces, India (now in Madhya Pradesh) |
14 April 1891
Died | 6 December 1956 Delhi, India |
(aged 65)
Nationality | Indian |
Spouse(s) | Ramabai (m. 1906)[2] Savita Ambedkar (m. 1948)[3] |
Alma mater | University of Mumbai Columbia University University of London London School of Economics |
Religion | Buddhism |
Awards | Bharat Ratna |
Signature |
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ([bʱiːmraːw raːmdʑiː aːmbeːɽkər]; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Modern Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits, women and labour. He was Independent India's first law minister and the principal architect of the Constitution of India.[citation needed]
Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning a law degree and various doctorates from Columbia University and the London School of Economics, and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science. In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities, where he became involved in the negotiations for India's independence campaigning by publishing journals advocating political rights and social freedom for 'untouchables' and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.[citation needed]
In 1990, Ambedkar was posthumously conferred with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.[4][dead link] Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture.
- 1 Early life and education
- 2 Higher education
- 3 Opposition to untouchability
- 4 Protests
- 5 Poona Pact
- 6 Political career
- 7 Drafting India's Constitution
- 8 Economic planning
- 9 Second marriage
- 10 Conversion to Buddhism
- 11 Death
- 12 Legacy
- 13 In popular culture
- 14 Writings and speeches
- 15 See also
- 16 References
- 17 Further reading
Early life and education[edit]
Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar, (dalit) caste in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh).[5] He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, a ranked army officer at the post of Subedar and Bhimabai Murbadkar Sankpal.[6] His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambavade (Mandangad taluka) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. They belonged to the Mahar caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.[7] Ambedkar's ancestors had long been in the employment of the army of the British East India Company, and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment.[8]
Belonging to the Kabir panth, Ramji Sakpal encouraged his children to read the Hindu classics. He used his position in the army to lobby for his children to study at the government school, as they faced resistance owing to their caste. Although able to attend school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or assistance by the teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. Even if they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste would have to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon, and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; the situation he later in his writings described as "No peon, No Water".[9] He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him.[10]
Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt, and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars would go on to survive them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar succeeded in passing his examinations and graduating to a high school. His original surname Ambavadekar comes from his native village 'Ambavade' in Ratnagiri district.[11] His Brahmin teacher, Mahadev Ambedkar, who was fond of him, changed his surname from 'Ambavadekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.[11]
Higher education[edit]
In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Bombay where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, his marriage to a nine-year old girl, Ramabai, was arranged.[2]
In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, becoming the first from his untouchable community to do so. This success provoked celebrations in his community and after a public ceremony he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend.[2]
Degree in Economics and Political science[edit]
By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife, by then 15 years old, had just moved his young family and started work, when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.[12]
Postgraduation in Economics, Columbia University[edit]
In 1913, he moved to the United States. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by the Gaekwar of Baroda that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in New York City. Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, with Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology as other subjects of study; he presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce.
Economics, Columbia University[edit]
In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India-A Historic and Analytical Study for another M.A. and finally he received his PhD in Economics in 1927[13] for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he read his paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser.
London School of Economics[edit]
In October 1916 he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and also at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started work on a doctoral thesis. But in June 1917 he was obliged to go back to India as the term of his scholarship from Baroda ended. However, he was given permission to return to submit his thesis within four years. His thesis was on the "Indian Rupee." Ambedkar came back to London at the first opportunity and completed his studies. At the London School of Economics he took a Master's degree in 1921 and in 1923 he took his D.Sc.in Economics, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third and fourth Doctorates (Ll.D, Columbia, 1952 and Ll.D., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa.
Incidentally, in his journey (1917) he travelled separately from his collection of books, which were lost when the ship on which they were dispatched was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine.[12]
Opposition to untouchability[edit]
As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed as Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit within a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.[9] Thereafter he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable.[14] In 1918 he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Even though he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing the same drinking-water jug that they all used.[15]
Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.[16] In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help of Shahaji II (1874–1922), Maharaja of Kolhapur.[17]
Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926 he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor".[18]
While practicing law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to uplift the untouchables in order to educate them. His first organised attempt to achieve this was the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, which was intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes.[19] For the protection of Dalit rights he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.[20]
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.[21] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.[22]
By 1927 Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches to open up and share public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.[23] In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmrti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying the system of caste discrimination and "untouchability," ceremonially burning copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, thousands of people burnt copies of Manusmriti under leadership of Ambedkar.[24][25]
In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement. This was a non-violent movement for which he was preparing for three months. About 15000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. This movement was for human dignity and self-respect.[26]
Poona Pact[edit]
In 1932, British announced the formation of separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community into two groups.[27] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.[28] On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya(on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate and not by creating a separate electroate. Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The text uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950.[29][30]
Political career[edit]
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Mumbai, a position he held for two years. Settling in Mumbai, Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books.[31] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness in the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. Speaking at the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.[31] He would repeat his message at numerous public meetings across India.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested in the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats and securing 11 and 3 seats respectively.[32]
Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste in the same year. It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders, the caste system in general[33] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.[34]
Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee[35] and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister for labour.[35]
In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar attempted to explain the formation of Untouchables. He saw the Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system, as being separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation, although it performed poorly in the elections held in 1946 for the Constituent Assembly of India.
Babasaheb Ambedkar contested from Bombay North in the first Indian General Election in 1952 but lost to the Congress candidates Narayan Kajrolkar, who had been his assistant once. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably as an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in 1954 when he contested the by-election from Bhandara but he was placed third in the ballot won by Congress. By the time the second general election was held in 1957, Ambedkar had already passed away.
Ambedkar was critical of Islam and its practices in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of India, he condemned the practice of child marriage, as well as the mistreatment of women, in Muslim society.
No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.[36]
Drafting India's Constitution[edit]
Upon India's Transfer of Power by British Government to leaders of High Cast on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution.[37]
Granville Austin has described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'. ... 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.'[38]
The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and also won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class, a system akin to affirmative action.[39] India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.[40] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.[41]
Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951 following the stalling in parliament of his draft of the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to expound gender equality in the laws of inheritance and marriage.[42] Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) constituency by a little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 123576 votes.[43][44][45] He was appointed to the upper house, of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as member till death.[46]
Opposition to Article 370[edit]
Ambedkar opposed Article 370 in the Constitution, which gives a special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and it was put against his wishes. Balraj Madhok reportedly said, Ambedkar had clearly told Sk. Abdullah: "You wish India should protect your borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it." Then Sk. Abdullah went to Nehru, who directed him to Gopal Swami Ayyangar, who approached Sardar Patel asking him to do something as it was a matter of prestige of Nehru, who has promised Sk. Abdullah accordingly. Patel got it passed when Nehru was on foreign tour. On the day this article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it though he did participate on other articles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar.[47][48][49]
Economic planning[edit]
Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue an Economics doctorate degree abroad.[50] According to him the industrialization and agricultural industry growth could enhance the economy of the nation.[51] He stressed on money investment in the agricultural industry as the primary industry of India.[52] According to Sharad Pawar, Ambedkar's vision benefited the government in accomplishing the food security goal.[53] He supported economic and social development of the society for nations progress. He also emphasised on education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.[51] His DSc thesis "The problems of Ruppee, its origin and solution (1923)" reveals the factors responsible for Rupee fall.[52] He proved the importance of price stability than exchange stability. He analysed the silver and gold rate exchange and its effect on Indian economy. He found out the reasons for the failure of British Indian economy's public treasury.[52] He found the loss made by British rule on Indian development.[54]
He is creditworthy to establish Finance Commission of India. He did not support the income tax policy for the lower income group community. He contributed in Land Revenue Tax and excise duty policies to stabilize Indian economy.[52] He played an important role in the land reform and the state economic development.[55] According to him, the caste system divided labours and it was one of the hurdles for the economic progress. He emphasised on free economy with stable rupee which India has adopted recently.[52] He advocated the birth control rate to develop the Indian economy. This policy has been adopted by Indian government as national policy for family planning. He emphasised on equal rights to women for economic development.[52] He laid the foundation of industrial relations after Indian independence.[55]
Formation of Reserve Bank of India[edit]
Ambedkar was an economist by training and until 1921 his career was as a professional economist. It was after that time that he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics:
- Administration and Finance of the East India Company,
- The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
- The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution[56][57][58]
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission.[56][58][59][60]
Second marriage[edit]
Ambedkar's first wife had died in 1935 following long illness. After the completion of the drafting of India's constitution in the late 1940s, Ambedkar went to Bombay for treatment. He was suffering from lack of sleep, had neurotic pain in his legs and was taking both insulin and homeopathic medicines. There he met Dr. Sharada Kabir, a Saraswat Brahmin, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended that he needed a companion who was both a good cook and a possessor of medical knowledge and could thus take care of him.[61] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and took care of him for the rest of his life.[3]
Conversion to Buddhism[edit]
Ambedkar had considered converting to Sikhism, which saw oppression as something to be fought against and which for that reason appealed also to other leaders of scheduled castes. He rejected the idea after meeting with leaders of the Sikh community and concluding that his conversion might result in him having what scholar Stephen P. Cohen describes as a "second-rate status" among Sikhs.[62]
He studied Buddhism all his life, and around 1950, he turned his attention fully to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists.[63] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced that he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that as soon as it was finished, he planned to make a formal conversion to Buddhism.[64] Ambedkar twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time in order to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.[65] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.[66] He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956. It was published posthumously.[66]
After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,[67] Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.[64] He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then traveled to Kathmandu in Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference.[65] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.[68]
Since 1948, Ambedkar had been suffering from diabetes. He was bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 owing to side-effects from his medication and failing eyesight.[64] He had been increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.
A Buddhist cremation[69] was organised for him at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,[70] attended by half a million sorrowing people.[71] A conversion program was supposed to be organised on 16 December 1956.[72] So, those who had attended the cremation were also converted to Buddhism at the same place.[72]
Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003.[73] and his son Yashwant (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar).[74] Ambedkar's grandson, Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,[75] leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh[76] and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament.[76]
A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of 1951.[64]
A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.[77]
On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai.[78] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was "Educate!,Organize!,Agitate!".[79]
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India.[80][81] In post-Independence India his socio-political thought has acquired respect across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee responsible to draft a constitution. He passionately believed in the freedom of the individual and criticized equally both caste society. His allegation of Hinduism foundation of caste system, made him controversial and unpopular among the Hindu community.[82] His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.[83]
Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar is also named in his honour. A large official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. Ambedkar, was voted as the "Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN. Nearly 20 million votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the initiative.[84][85] Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,[86] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian economist of all times."[87] Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", Sen continues that "he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."[88][89] Osho a spiritual teacher remarked "I have seen people who are born in the lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the untouchables,so intelligent: when India became independent, the man who made the constitution of India, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is concerned – he was a world-famous authority." [90] President Obama addressed the Indian parliament in 2010, and referenced Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the great and revered Human Rights champion and main author of India's constitution.[91]
Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.[92] He is regarded as a Bodhisattva by some Indian Buddhists, though he never claimed it himself.[93] Outside India, at the end of the 1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and the situation of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar's approach, they started to convert to Buddhism.[94]
In popular culture[edit]
Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar. Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 2000 with Mammootty enacting the lead role. This biopic was sponsored by the National Film Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The film was released after a long and controversial gestation period.[95] David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer, has established Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge about the social and welfare conditions in India. Arising Light is a film on the life on Ambedkar and social welfare in India.[96] In Samvidhaan,[97] a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal, the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar. The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi, directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title.[98]
Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic novel narrates episodes from the life of Ambedkar using Pardhan-Gond style by Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam. The book published by Navayana Books was identified as one of the top 5 political graphic novel by CNN.[99] Author Prabhakar Joshi, began writing a biography of Ambedkar in Sanskrit in 2004. Joshi is a recipient of Maharashtra Government's 'Mahakavi Kalidas' award. The completed work, Bhimayan, comprises 1577 shlokas and is intended as an atonement for the injustice done to the young Bhimrao by some teachers.[100]
The Ambedkar Memorial has been constructed at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory. The chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography.[101][102]
Writings and speeches[edit]
The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra(Bombay) published the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes.[103]
- Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 other essays
- Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round Table Conferences, 1927–1939
- Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the pre-requisites of communism; Revolution and counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx
- Riddles in Hinduism[104]
- Essays on untouchables and un-touchability
- The evolution of provincial finance in British India
- Who Were the Shudras?
- Pakistan or the partition of India
- What Congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the emancipation of the untouchables
- Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46
- The Buddha and his Dhamma
- Unpublished writings; Ancient Indian commerce; Notes on laws; Waiting for a Visa ; Miscellaneous notes, etc.
- Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India
- (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill
- Ambedkar as free India's first Law Minister and member of opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956)
- Ambedkar's The Pali grammar
- Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order
- Ambedkar's Speeches and writing in Marathi
- Ambedkar's Speeches and writing in Marathi
- Ambedkar's Speeches and writing in Marathi
- Ambedkar's Photo Album and correspondence.
A new edition of The Annihilation of Caste, annotated and with an extended introduction by Arundhati Roy, is planned by an Indian press, Navayana, with a North American and British version being prepared by Verso Books[34]
See also[edit]
- ^ Frances Pritchett. "youth". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ^ a b c Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1900s" (PHP). Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ a b Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1940s". Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ "List Of Recipient Of Bharat Ratna" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-231-13602-1.
- ^ Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1890s" (PHP). Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Mahar". britannica.com. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Ahuja, M. L. (2007). "Babasaheb Ambedkar". Eminent Indians : administrators and political thinkers. New Delhi: Rupa. pp. 1922–1923. ISBN 8129111071. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ a b Frances Pritchett. "Waiting for a Visa, by B. R. Ambedkar". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ^ KURIAN, SANGEETH. "Human rights education in schools". The Hindu.
- ^ a b "Bhim, Eklavya". outlookindia.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ^ a b Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1910s" (PHP). Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html
- ^ Keer, Dhananjay (1971) [1954]. Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 37–38. ISBN 8171542379. OCLC 123913369.
- ^ ed Ian Harris. Buddhism and politics in twentieth-century Asia. Continuum International Group.
- ^ Tejani, Shabnum (2008). "From Untouchable to Hindu Gandi, Ambedkar and Depressed class question 1932". Indian secularism : a social and intellectual history, 1890-1950. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 205–210. ISBN 0253220440. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 1850654492.
- ^ Keer, Dhananjay (1990) [1954]. "Man of The Hour". Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission (Third Edition ed.). Mumbai: Popular Prakashan Private Limited. pp. 63–64. ISBN 81-7154-237-9. OCLC 123913369.
- ^ "Dr. Ambedkar". National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Benjamin, Joseph (June 2009). "B. R. Ambedkar: An Indefatigable Defender of Human Rights". FOCUS (Japan: Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center (HURIGHTS OSAKA)) 56.
- ^ Sukhadeo Thorat & Narender Kumar (2008). B.R. Ambedkar:perspectives on social exclusion and inclusive policies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- ^ B.R. Ambedkar (1979). Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, writings and speeches, Volume 1. Education Dept.,Govt.of Maharashtra.
- ^ "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar". Maharashtra Navanirman Sena. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
- ^ The lies of Manu
- ^ Annihilating caste
- ^ Keer, Dhananjay (1990). Dr. Ambedkar : life and mission (3rd ed. ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan Private Limited. pp. 136–140. ISBN 8171542379.
- ^ name="Round Table Conference 1930 - 1932. Dr. Ambedkar attended all three Round Table Conferences, where as Gandhi attended only 2nd RTC and did not participate in the 3rd RTC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Participants) because Dr. Ambedkar's demand for separate electorate for Untouchables was accepted. Gandhi was unable to establish any evidence for Untouchables to keep them as Hindus, Gandhi came back to India and went on his fast-unto-death against Untouchable's demand for separate electorate to escape caste-based untouchability. Gandhi's satyagraha drama mobilized caste-Hindus against Dr. Ambedkar and his people and forced them to discuss the Poona Pact in 1932 to give up Communal Award which gave Untouchables to get out of caste-based discrimination.
- ^ Omvedt, Gail (2012). "A Part That Parted". Outlook India (The Outlook Group). Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^ Sharma, Brij Kishore (2007). Introduction to the Constitution of India. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Source: [1] (accessed: Sat Dec 27, 2014)
- ^ "Gandhi's Epic Fast".
- ^ a b Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1930s" (PHP). Archived from the original on 6 September 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 76–77. ISBN 1850654492.
- ^ Mungekar, Bhalchandra (16–29 July 2011). "Annihilating caste". Frontline 28 (11). Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ a b Deb, Siddhartha, "Arundhati Roy, the Not-So-Reluctant Renegade", New York Times Magazine, March 5, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
- ^ a b Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 1850654492.
- ^ Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (1946). "Chapter X: Social Stagnation". Pakistan or the Partition of India. Bombay: Thackers Publishers. pp. 215–219. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ "Some Facts of Constituent Assembly". Parliament of India. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up an Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B. R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India
- ^ Granville Austin (1999), The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford University Press
- ^ "Constituent Assembly Debates Clause wise Discussion on the Draft Constitution 15th November 1948 to 8th January 1949". Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Sheth, D. L. (Nov 1987). "Reservations Policy Revisited". Economic and Political Weekly 22: 1957–1962. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
- ^ "Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
- ^ Chandrababu, B. S; Thilagavathi, L (2009). Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation. Chennai: Bharathi Puthakalayam. pp. 297–298. ISBN 8189909975.
- ^ Dalmia, Vasudha; Sadana, Rashmi, eds. (2012). "The Politics of Caste Identity". The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture. Cambridge Companions to Culture (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0521516250.
- ^ Ramachandra Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
- ^ "Statistical Report On General Elections, 1951 to The First Lok Sabha: List of Successful Candidates". Election Commission of India. pp. 83, 12. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
- ^ Rajya Sabha Website. "Alphabetical List of All Members of Rajya Sabha Since 1952".
Serial Number 69 in the list
- ^ Jamanadas, Dr. K. "Kashmir Problem From Ambedkarite Perspective". ambedkar.org. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ Sehgal, Narender (1994). "Chapter 26: Article 370". Converted Kashmir: Memorial of Mistakes. Delhi: Utpal Publications. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ Tilak. "Why Ambedkar refused to draft Article 370". Indymedia India. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ IEA. "DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR'S ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL THOUGHTS AND THEIR CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE". IEA NEWSLETTER The Indian Economic Association(IEA). India: IEA publications. p. 10.
- ^ a b Mishra, edited by S.N. (2010). Socio-economic and political vision of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 173–174. ISBN 818069674X.
- ^ a b c d e f Sarode, Jayashri Purushottam (March 2013). "Impact of Dr. B.R. Ambdekar's thoughts on Indian Economy". International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal IV (42). Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- ^ TNN (15 October 2013). "'Ambedkar had a vision for food self-sufficiency'". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- ^ Zelliot, Eleanor (1991). "Dr. Ambedkar and America". A talk at the Columbia University Ambedkar Centenary. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- ^ a b Ingle, M R (September 2010). "RELEVANCE OF DR. AMBEDKAR'S ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE CURRENT SCENARIO". International Research Journal I (12). Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- ^ a b [2][dead link]
- ^ http://www.onlineresearchjournals.com/aajoss/art/60.pdf
- ^ a b http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Dr%20Ambedkar%20Philosophy.pdf
- ^ Round Table India | The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin And Its Solution (History Of Indian Currency & Banking)
- ^ Columbia Law School : Ambedkar Lecture Series to Explore Influences on Indian Society
- ^ Keer, Dhananjay (2005) [1954]. Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 403–404. ISBN 81-7154-237-9. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ Cohen, Stephen P. (May 1969). "The Untouchable Soldier: Caste, Politics, and the Indian Army". The Journal of Asian Studies 28 (3): 460. doi:10.2307/2943173. (subscription required)
- ^ Sangharakshita (2006). "Milestone on the Road to conversion". Ambedkar and Buddhism (1st South Asian ed.). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 72. ISBN 8120830237. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1950s" (PHP). Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
- ^ a b Ganguly, Debjani; Docker, John, eds. (2007). Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives. Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia 46. London: Routledge. p. 257. ISBN 0415437407. OCLC 123912708.
- ^ a b Quack, Johannes (2011). Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0199812608. OCLC 704120510.
- ^ Online edition of Sunday Observer – Features. Sundayobserver.lk. Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
- ^ Buddha or Karl Marx – Editorial Note in the source publication: Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Vol. 3. Ambedkar.org. Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
- ^ "Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar".
- ^ Sangharakshita (2006) [1986]. "After Ambedkar". Ambedkar and Buddhism (First South Asian Edition ed.). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 162–163. ISBN 81-208-3023-7.
- ^ Smith, edited by Bardwell L. (1976). Religion and social conflict in South Asia. Leiden: Brill. p. 16. ISBN 9004045104.
- ^ a b Detlef Kantowsky (2003). Buddhists in India today:descriptions, pictures, and documents. Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
- ^ "President, PM condole Savita Ambedkar's death". The Hindu. 30 May 2003.
- ^ Kshīrasāgara, Rāmacandra (1994). Dalit movement in India and its leaders, 1857–1956. New Delhi: M D Publications pvt Ltd.
- ^ "maharashtrapoliticalparties".
- ^ a b "Biographical Sketch, Member of Parliament, 13th Lok Sabha". parliamentofindia.nic.in.
- ^ "Baba Saheb".
- ^ "Homage to Dr Ambedkar: When all roads led to Chaityabhoomi".
- ^ Ganguly, Debanji (2005). "Buddha, bhakti and 'superstition': a post-secular reading of dalit conversion". Caste, Colonialism and Counter-Modernity: : notes on a postcolonial hermeneutics of caste. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-415-34294-5.
- ^ Barbara R. Joshi (1986). Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement. Zed Books. pp. 11–14.
- ^ D. Keer (1990). Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Popular Prakashan. p. 61.
- ^ Susan Bayly (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 259.
- ^ Naik, C.D (2003). "Buddhist Developments in East and West Since 1950: An Outline of World Buddhism and Ambedkarism Today in Nutshell". Thoughts and philosophy of Doctor B.R. Ambedkar (First ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 12. ISBN 81-7625-418-5. OCLC 53950941.
- ^ IBN (15 August 2012). "The Greatest Indian after Independence: BR Ambedkar". IBNlive.
- ^ historyindia. "The Greatest Indian". historyindia.
- ^ Planning Commission. "Member's Profile : Dr. Narendra Jadhav". Government of India. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ PISHAROTY, SANGEETA BAROOAH (26 May 2013). "Words that were". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhgBUgfrw0c
- ^ Ambedkar my father in Economics: Dr Amartya Sen « Atrocity News
- ^ The_Messiah_Volume_2 , pg 23.http://www.oshorajneesh.com/download/osho-books/western_mystics/The_Messiah_Volume_2.pdf
- ^ Barack Obama's speech in Parliament http://www.declarationofempathy.org/u-s-president-barack-obama-on-dr-b-r-ambedkar/.
- ^ "One lakh people convert to Buddhism". The Hindu. 28 May 2007.
- ^ Michael (1999), p. 65, notes that "The concept of Ambedkar as a Bodhisattva or enlightened being who brings liberation to all backward classes is widespread among Buddhists." He also notes how Ambedkar's pictures are enshrined side-to-side in Buddhist Vihars and households in India|office = Labour Member in Viceroy's Executive Counciln Buddhist homes.
- ^ "Magazine / Land & People: Ambedkar in Hungary". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 22 November 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ^ Viswanathan, S (24 May 2010). "Ambedkar film: better late than never". The Hindu.
- ^ Blundell, David (2006). "Arising Light: Making a Documentary Life History Motion Picture on Dr B. R. Ambedkar in India". Hsi Lai Journal of Humanistic Buddhism 7. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3562784/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
- ^ P.ANIMA (17 July 2009). "A spirited adventure". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 14 August 2009.
- ^ Calvi, Nuala (23 May 2011). "The top five political comic books". CNN. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ Vedic scholar pens Ambedkar's biography in Sanskrit. NDTV.com (10 July 2010). Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
- ^ "DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR SAMAJIK PARIVARTAN STHAL". Department of Tourism, Government of UP, Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ "Ambedkar Memorial, Lucknow/India". Remmers India Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Brief Description
- ^ B. R. Ambedkar (1979), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, writings and speeches, Bombay: Education Dept., Government of Maharashtra, OL 4080132M
- ^ "Riddle in Hinduism". Ambedkar.org. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Definitions from Wiktionary | |
Media from Commons | |
News stories from Wikinews | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- Michael, S.M. (1999). Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5.
- Beltz, Johannes; Jondhale, S. (eds.). Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Sangharakshita, Urgyen. Ambedkar and Buddhism. ISBN 0-904766-28-4. PDF
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). Ambedkar and Untouchability. Analysing and Fighting Caste. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Omvedt, Gail. Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India. ISBN 0-670-04991-3.
- Gautam, C. (May 2000). Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar (Second ed.). London: Ambedkar Memorial Trust.
- Kuber, W. N. Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
- Bholay, Bhaskar Laxman (2001). Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav Ani Athavani. Nagpur: Sahitya Akademi.
- Kasare, M. L. Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. New Delhi: B. I. Publications.
- Ahir, D. C. The Legacy of Dr. Ambedkar. Delhi: B. R. Publishing. ISBN 81-7018-603-X.
- Ajnat, Surendra (1986). Ambedkar on Islam. Jalandhar: Buddhist Publ.
- Fernando, W. J. Basil (2000). Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy—A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881–1956) India. Hong Kong: AHRC Publication. ISBN 962-8314-08-4.
- First Indian Cabinet
- B. R. Ambedkar
- Indian economists
- Alumni of the London School of Economics
- Columbia University alumni
- Columbia University fellows
- Recipients of the Bharat Ratna
- Buddhist philosophers
- Converts to Buddhism
- Dalit activists
- Dalit politics
- Dalit writers
- Law Ministers of India
- Hinduism-related controversies
- Indian activists
- Indian Buddhists
- Indian caste leaders
- Indian reformers
- Marathi people
- Buddhist writers
- University of Mumbai alumni
- 1st Lok Sabha members
- 1891 births
- 1956 deaths
- People from Ratnagiri district
- Members of Constituent Assembly of India
- Elphinstone College alumni
- Former Hindus
- Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal
- Social reformers


text:
Wednesday 5/12
We find it hard to believe that there is a living soul on Earth who has not seen the musical Cats. On what evidence do we form such an assumption? Well, the show based on T.S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats and featuring mostly forgettable music (except for that one song "Memory") by Andrew Lloyd Webber debuted in London in 1981, ran on Broadway for eighteen years, and is still going strong on the road. And yes, yet another traveling production of Cats opened last night at the Jackie Gleason Theater of the Performing Arts (1700 Washington Ave., Miami Beach) and will be coughing up hairballs through Sunday, May 16. The incredible catlike longevity leaves us with an appalling thought: Maybe there are people out there who like seeing the musical again and again? Tickets range from $17 to $57. Call 305-673-7300. (NK)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
HFH of Boone County IL
1021 West 5th Street, Belvidere, IL
Habitat Board Members and volunteers serve as construction site supervisors on Saturday workdays. Before serving as a site supervisor, please read the Responsibilities of the Building Site Supervisor.
Building Site Supervisor Information
Habitat for Humanity Boone County proudly dedicated the house at 735 Chicago Street on November,23, 2013. Lisa Waters with her children Juliana, Saroya and Damien, got the keys for their new home. Friends and volunteers looked on and congratulated the new homeowners. This is the fifth house that Habitat of Boone County has built.
Do you have an older car, truck, van, trailer, RV or boat taking up valuable space in your yard?
Your car donation will support Habitat for Humanity's local and global mission of elimating poverty housing and homelessness and save you the time and energy of finding a buyer. By donating a car to our vehicle donation program, you can help Habitat for Huminity of Boone County, IL build houses in partnership with families in need of a hand up, not a hand out.
Earth Day is April 22nd. Boone County Habitat for Humanity is urging everyone to celebrate Earth Day by donating vehicles to Cars for Homes tm, which is Habitat's vehicle donation program. If you have older vheicles that do not meet current efficency and emission standards, get them off the roads by donating them to Habitat . Funds realized from those donations help put local families into energy-efficent homes. This is the perfect reycycling program!
It is quick and easy to donate cars, trucks, boats. RVs, motorcycles, construction equipment and other vehicles -- running or not! Plus, you may be eligible for a tax deduction. (Consult your tax advisor or the IRS for details.
To donate a car, truck, boat or RV to Cars for Homes - Habitats offical car donation program, call (877-277-4344) toll free or visit www.cardonationwizard.com/habitat-for-humanity/program.jsp
and let us take care of the rest. It's a convient way to support Habitat for Humanity of Boone County, IL and create more space in your driveway!


text:
Our public media system has achieved this extraordinary result despite being starved for public funds, in comparison to other industrialized countries. The U. S. spends about $1.43 per capita, or $420 million a year, on public media. Great Britain spends about $87 per capita. Canada, one of the most miserly among industrialized countries, spends about $27 per capita. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting's budget has increased less than 5 percent in real terms since 1982.
The U.S. has always taken less government-driven approaches to media policy than other rich countries, and in these fiscally challenged times it is unrealistic to consider increases in funding from the general tax base. But it should be possible to pursue reforms and add funding to public media without making any significant call on general revenues.
The FCC regularly auctions and allocates valuable broadcast spectrum. There should be opportunities to raise considerable funds from spectrum purchasers and users, and to redirect to more productive use the funds they already expend under regulatory mandates such as the P.I.O. system. This search for revenue should also expand beyond FCC licensees to include cable franchisees and satellite broadcasters, among others. Satellite broadcasters, for example, are required to set aside expensive bandwidth for public interest uses, but the impact of these investments is negligible; the equivalent revenue would serve the public better if it were directed to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
What can we achieve with this revenue? For a number of reasons, including political practicality, we should construct reform within the system we already have, rather than invent a new one. That means we should direct all or nearly all of the increased funds we get from public property users and other special interests to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, in return for systemic reforms within the CPB-funded system.
The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 created the CPB. The system was founded to promote the public interest amid pervasive commercial media—precisely the mission we need to revive now. The Corporation has contributed to the success of PBS and NPR. Some of its recent experiments, such as Argo, which is intended to fund multimedia local reporting in response to the loss of newspaper jobs, may be promising.
CPB has a record of accountability to Congress and to the public about questions of political bias. Congress has already implemented special funding and governance rules to protect the corporation from politicization—rules that have been reviewed, revised, and argued about for years, but which nonetheless require strengthening. Funding should be removed from the appropriations process to an even greater degree, perhaps by setting up semi-automated flows into an independent trust fund. Governance and appointments to the cpb board must be further depoliticized.
The current CPB is also biased toward mainstream television and radio, particularly television, which receives, by law, three-quarters of its funds. I've heard suggestions that new funding should be linked to more pluralistic formulas, including a restructuring of CPB to encompass new digital entrants, such as ProPublica, for example, or local sites like the nonprofit Voice of San Diego—a change that might be signaled by renaming the entity as the Corporation for Public Media. That may be ambitious politically, but it is certainly the right strategic direction. Any new funding regime should be measured by whether or not it will produce more serious, independent, diverse, public-minded reporting.
Any new funds routed through a reformed corporation should come with conditions. One should be that that PBS, NPR, and their member stations have incentives to work across digital media, and to embrace local reporting to a much greater degree than they do now (which is not much, overall; only 478 of the 901 stations airing NPR programming have staff of any kind, and only a fraction of those have a local news staff). The stations should also be given incentives to connect their audiences to other non-profit and commercial media outlets through open systems, just as web aggregators do, in order to strengthen innovators and new entrants.
As Bill Kling, the retiring president of American Public Media, has forcefully pointed out, the current CPB-funded radio and television station system is also hobbled by internal problems. Stations are often badly governed. Colleges and universities control many public stations, and their administrations sometimes milk them for cash while neglecting original news and public affairs. Any new funding routed to this system should be linked to a reforms and incentives that will address public media's governance failures.


text:
Any organization that had so significant and interesting an influence on South Florida deserves some sort of lasting memorial, and any war so bitter (even a secret one) needs its monuments. But after the early Seventies shutdown of JM/WAVE, the Agency sold off its navy, locked up its safe houses, and vanished into the night, without offering a word about what it did in Dade County unless forced by congressional subpoena.
With the exception of Memorial Boulevard (SW Thirteenth Avenue) and the Brigade 2506 museum, there are no overt monuments to the covert anti-Castro war in South Florida. Veterans of the special missions keep their sea logs and charts stashed away in footlockers, or remember their gunboats with black-and-white photos on office walls. And so we decided to put together our own CIA anti-Castro tour of Dade County, taking in the high and low points of the secret war's home front. Our list is far from complete. For one thing, the total number of locations involved is staggering, and for another, memories have faded. But as a kind of historical smorgasbord, this is one outing we hope will whet your appetite for more.
A Guided Tour
1. Why not begin at the CIA's epicenter, easily accessible from Florida's Turnpike. For most of the Sixties, South Dade had its very own version of the Twilight Zone: the 1571 acres between Coral Reef and Eureka drives, just west of the entrance to Metrozoo. Formerly occupied by the Richmond Naval Air Station, and nominally under the control of the University of Miami (some contemporary maps show it as UM's "South Campus"), the property was leased in late 1961 to a mysterious outfit called Zenith Technical Enterprises, which sealed off the tract from its then-rural surroundings with high fences, gray-uniformed guards, and attack dogs. Zenith placed such a high value on its privacy for good reason -- it was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Central Intelligence Agency, a dummy corporation set up as a cover for the biggest Agency spy base anywhere in the world outside of its headquarters in Langley, Virginia. Code-named JM/WAVE (the acronym, as far as anyone knows, was meaningless), the sprawling complex quickly grew to include everything a secret warrior could desire. Buildings that had survived the navy blimp base's 1945 destruction by hurricane and fire were refurbished and turned into offices for hundreds of CIA employees. A gas station was installed to service the Agency's large motor pool. (Vehicles were doled out according to rank: Low-level case officers got Chevies, higher-ups got Pontiacs, and station chief Ted Shackley drove a Cadillac.) Powerful radio systems were installed, enabling secure communications all over the Caribbean. And World War II-era bunkers and warehouses were stocked with all the paramilitary necessities: automatic weapons and ammunition, high explosives, Cuban army uniforms, even coffins. Nothing was overlooked -- with the possible exception of the CIA charter's injunction against covert operations on American soil.
2. Now we head south to Everglades National Park and its southernmost tip, the camping and boating outpost known as Flamingo. When the CIA launched Operation Mongoose, it soon ran into a problem with its plan to infiltrate hundreds of agents into Cuba by sea. Most of the Agency's exile recruits were young men from middle-class families, not sailors or fishermen, and they were sorely lacking in the skills needed to pilot a small boat at high speed under cover of darkness and possible machine-gun fire. What the Company required, in short, were smugglers. And since those were in short supply, it set out to create some of its own in the mangrove mazes of the coastal Everglades. Down at the end of the park's main road, at the Flamingo marina, the Agency kept a small number of Boston Whalers moored. Arriving from safe houses in Homestead or Miami and accompanied by a case officer, trainees would load the boats with gear (guns and other obvious military hardware were concealed in duffel bags) and roar off, bound for the watery hinterlands west of Cape Sable. There -- in a part of South Florida that real smugglers have always found hospitable -- they would practice boat handling, emergency outboard repairs, map reading, and navigating at night by dead reckoning or radio direction-finder. Taking advantage of their isolation, they often would also run live-fire exercises with automatic weapons. Park rangers based out of Flamingo were apparently not a concern, which led to speculation that the CIA had smoothed the way in advance. "That's funny, those things were going on, and I didn't give it a lot of thought, you know?" one of the men who trained in the park says, chuckling. "And we used to go practice there regularly, with the AR-15s and everything. There was always an officer with us, but there were never any questions or anything."
3. Our next stop is north of the park entrance by a few miles, in an area near today's Fruit and Spice Park in the Redlands. Five teenage pranksters got more than they bargained for when they threw firecrackers up the driveway of a homestead at 26145 SW 195th Ave. on the night of August 25, 1960. The place was an Agency-sponsored anti-Castro training camp, and its Cuban-exile occupants had army-issue M-1 rifles. The recruits responded to what sounded like a sneak attack by opening fire into the darkness, grazing sixteen-year-old John Francis Keogh in the back of the head as he and his panic-stricken pals roared off in a pick-up truck. Keogh wasn't seriously hurt (conspiracy trivia buffs may want to note his initials, the location of his wound, and the fact that those responsible were CIA-trained Cubans), but his shooting brought Metro-Dade police down on the camp a few hours later. According to the Miami News, the cops "rounded up 15 toughened Cubans" who had been undergoing jungle-warfare training at the heavily wooded site, marching up and down what was then known as Comfort Road, brandishing machetes and conducting nightly rallies with a loudspeaker. The would-be commandos left behind a makeshift obstacle course and a man-shaped knife-fighting target scraped into the bark of a royal poinciana tree; the target survived until 1992, when Hurricane Andrew knocked down the tree. Alumni of the camp weren't so lucky. Bill Box, who bought the property just after the police raid, believes almost all were caught during pre-Bay of Pigs infiltrations. "They wiped that bunch out," Box says grimly. "One man showed up one Easter -- he said they'd made a vow to meet back here on Easter Sunday -- but he was the only one that came back alive."


text:
Santa Barbara
Guests experience a unique setting at this uptown hotel, less than five minutes from downtown Santa Barbara, local beaches, UCSB, Goleta, Montecito and all the attractions for which Santa Barbara is world famous for. Our rooms are further than the main street than most other hotels, which means you can be certain of a quieter room. GREAT Value
One of Santa Barbara's best budget hotels by the Los Angeles Times 2011 and a winner of the 2011 and 2012 Trip Advisor Award of Excellence! Spacious Grounds
The Sandman Inn offers 112 non-smoking guest rooms, suites, and two-room family units on its 4.5 acre property, along with a large hot tub and two beautifully landscaped pools. The perfect choice on upper State Street, especially if you are on a budget! |
A Best Santa Barbara
Budget Hotel/Motel The Sandman Inn is the perfect place to stay while visiting Santa Barbara.Our award-winning Santa Barbara budget hotel has two pools and a large hot tub in a beautiful tropic setting. Our guest rooms have dual pane glass for comfort and noise control. Enjoy complimentary continental breakfast and high speed internet access. Check availability. We are now sporting stylish new, more comfortable bedding in most rooms! (July 2012) Walk to:


text:
Our cabin, made entirely of wood, with 66m2 living space, can welcome up to four people. With a private terrace (30m2), an enchanting West Indian treehouse kitchen, an incredible indoor/outdoor bathroom its inescapably charming!
Recommanded by GeoGuide « A special mention to the 100% wood cabin needs to be reserved far in advance »
For your comfort, the cabin hut includes :


text:
That is certainly one of the reasons, but not the whole story at all. You can actually see the evolution - as other countries grow into prosperity, their incidence of cancer, like say breast cancer, skyrockets. Here is an interesting start that you can read, if you would really like to know about this issue: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/opinion/06kristof.html I always enjoy reading Kristof's articles.
@xxx hardcore,
I don't even want to comment on your imbecile childishness. All I can say is go get a life - you have absolutely no clue what science is if your best argument is that companies spend billions of dollars so it is right. Your extreme ignorance is your greatest shield, so I will not comment on anything you say. Go back to your fantasy land that your username describes you best. This isn't a place for you at all. And please don't read the above article.


text:
When Jon and I lived in Mexico, we used to go to a market in Coyoacan where they made the best fried quesadillas ever. I blogged about this in a previous post where I included pictures of the process. I have been avoiding fried foods as much as I can, but every once in a while I still like to enjoy deliciuos treats like these.
I am always looking for ways to give old recipes a twist and this time I decided to add spinach to the corn dough for the quesadillas. This is something I've tried before and you can read about my spinach corn tortillas here and my beetroot chalupas here (which was also a clever way to make Jon eat spinach and beets, LOL) If you are looking for new ways to sneak feed vegetables to your family, adding them to the dough of tortillas or bread is a clever and fun way to do it.
In the U.S. most people have probably made or eaten quesadillas. However, in Mexico they are completely different. While in the U.S they are made mostly with flour tortillas and stuffed with cheese and meat and serve with lettuce and sour cream, in Mexico they are a lot simpler. Quesadilla is a word that comes from queso (cheese) and tortilla. Ironically enough, some types of quesadillas aren't made with any cheese inside (especially in the center of the country, which has created an argument from some northern states that those aren't true quesadillas).
But leaving all that behind I present this simple cheese quesadillas that are perfect as a game snack or a quick Sunday meal. For some variety you can stuff them with tinga de pollo, mushrooms, pumpkin blossoms and huitlacoche and don't forget to accompany them with your favorite salsa! Even though they are fried, you won't feel too guilty knowing that you are eating some healthy spinach, too. That is my logic, at least.
¡Buen provecho!
Related Articles
About Author
(15) Readers Comments
They look a bit frightening, but anything with cheese inside and then fried must taste great!
Cheesy quesadillas, yum.
I think it is a perfect logic Ben! Those look absolutely delicious. I know we had quesadillas when we were in Mexico, but it's so long ago I can't remember exactly what was in them! I guess it must be time to go back to Mexico…:)
I really have to work on making tortillas – yours always look so good!
I love the spinach twist you've provided on the original quesadilla! And I like your logic behind them too!
I love the use of spinach in the tortilla itself. I want to make some tortillas now!
I could not resist this treat. I don't like the white flour tortillas that we find in supermarkets. I would prefer yours.
Oh stuffing them with pumpkin sounds heavenly
I love the spinach and corn tortillas, Ben! This looks delicious!
that is one unique looking quesadillas.:-D


text:
Tested by the Good Housekeeping Research Institute
Signature Jacquard Down Pillow By Garnet Hill
Product Review
About GHRI Ratings
XGood Housekeeping Research Institute (GHRI) ratings are based on laboratory tests conducted by our scientists at the U.S.'s foremost consumer products evaluation laboratory, and incorporate consumer feedback. GHRI is situated on the 29th floor of the Hearst Tower in New York City and is staffed by chemists, engineers, nutritionists, textile specialists, culinary experts, and other scientists.
Using state-of-the-art equipment, GHRI experts test consumer products — from microwaves to mascaras — for their performance, safety, and, with the help of volunteer testers, ease of use.
Established in 1900, before there was a Federal Drug Administration or a Federal Trade Commission, GHRI has always been the most trusted source consumers can rely on to choose products that are safe and effective.
The Signature Jacquard Down Pillow by Garnet Hill slid easily into a standard pillowcase, and it only took a few seconds for it to become fluffy again after we weighed it down. It was fairly durable in our testing, although we noticed a few loose threads at the seams after a few launderings Still our consumer testers thought this pillow looked above average after washing. garnethill.com.
Type: Down
GHRI Tested: Pillows
- AllerEase Washable Allergy Protection Pillow
- Bloomingdale's My Flair Pillow
- Bloomingdale's My PrimaLoft Pillow
- Borghese Dolce Notte Pillow
- Calvin Klein Pleated Edge Pillow
- Cannon Coolest Comfort Pillow
- Cannon Down Alternative Luxury Pillow
- Cannon Eco Pillow
- Cannon Gusset Memory Foam Pillow
- Cannon Gusseted Density Pillow
- Cannon Ventilated Contour Memory Foam Pillow
- Cannon Won't Go Flat Foam and Fiber Pillow
- Cannon Zone Down Alternative Pillow
- Carpenter Ambient Comfort Pillow
- Carpenter Beyond Down Pillow
- Carpenter Indulgence Pillow by Isotonic
- Carpenter IsoPerfect Pillow
- Carpenter TheraGel Pillow by Isotonic
- Cuddledown 450 Thread Count Sateen Luxury Synthetic Fill Pillow
- Cuddledown Batiste 800 Fill Power European White Goose Down Pillow
- Cuddledown Organic 700 Fill Power European White Goose Down Pillow
- Downlite Hotel Luxury Collection Down Pillow
- Dream Mate Latex/Wool Pillow
- Eileen Fisher Organic & Down Pillow
- Lands' End Essential Goose Down Pillow
- Lands' End Essential PureLoft Pillow
- Lands' End PureLoft Chamber Pillow
- Lands' End Ultimate Goose Down Pillow
- Lauren Ralph Lauren Classic White Down Pillow
- Lauren Ralph Lauren Regent White Goose Down Pillow
- Leggett & Platt Brisa Memory Foam Pillow
- Leggett & Platt Talalay Latex Pillow
- Leggett & Platt Triple Chamber Pillow
- Leggett and Platt Micro Gel Fiber Pillow
- Macy's Charter Club Microloft Pillow
- Macy's Charter Club Vail Down Pillow
- Macy's Hotel Collection Down Pillow
- Magniflex Memoform Comfort Pillow
- Natura Cloud Pillow
- Natura Ultimate Latex Pillow
- Natural Living Extra Loft Pillow
- Pacific Coast Affirm Down Pillow
- Pacific Coast Double Down Around Pillow
- Pacific Coast Tria Blend Pillow
- Portico Lyocell Down Pillow
- Pottery Barn Micro Max Pillow
- Primaloft Comfort Pillow
- Primaloft Deluxe Pillow
- Primaloft Luxury Down Alternative Pillow
- Primaloft Luxury Pillow
- Restoration Hardware Goose Down Pillow
- Sealy Posturepedic Response Pillow
- Signature Jacquard Down Pillow By Garnet Hill
- Sleep for Success Pillow by Dr. James B. Maas
- Sleep Number Pillowology True Silver Pillow
- Sleepharmony by Glidaway Latex Pillow
- Stearns & Foster Down Caress Pillow
- TCS Down Free Pillow
- The Season's Collection Grand Horizon White Down Pillow
Special Offer


text:
I happened to visit Apprising Ministries website today and when I spied a post about Matt Chandler and The Village Church what I read troubled me greatly.
First, Silva pointed out the covenant for membership at the church. Pretty common these days, but I have yet to be convinced that such covenants are Biblical. James 5:12 says, "Above all, my brothers, do not swear–not by heaven or by earth or by anything else. Let your 'Yes' be yes, and your 'No,' no, or you will be condemned." Covenanting with a church even with pure motives puts a person under condemnation later when they fall short of their promises — as practically every person will.
I visited The Village Church website for myself to view this covenant document myself.
Silva did not get into the biblical or unbiblical nature of covenants. Rather he went on to examine what The Village Church is requiring of its members and was particularly concerned about the requirement of "spiritual disciplines" which you can see in the second bullet point below:Those words also got my attention. Silva continued: "The issue now becomes what is meant by 'practice of spiritual disciplines.' After-all, it could simply mean practicing what's commonly referred to as the means of God's grace e.g. in Acts 2:42. It wouldn't automatically mean that Matt Chandler and his elders are telling their covenant members that they must practice spurious CSM." (Silva uses CSM as an abbreviation for Contemplative Spirituality/Mysticism)
Silva found the answer in the membership section of TVC's website devoted to Frequently Asked Questions where Dallas Willard's definition of spiritual disciplines was praised and his and Richard Foster's books were recommended.
How sad to find that Chandler's church is not only endorsing books about contemplative spirituality, but actually requiring its members practice "spiritual disciplines. Pastor Gary Gilley lays out the reasons such practices are unbiblical in this article (and exposes Foster's many theological problems). I pray that Chandler and others in The Village Church would be awakened to the dangers of these mystical practices.
Related articles:
101 of Contemplative Prayer – from Stand Up For the Truth
Richard Foster, A Celebration of Deception – Critical Issues Commentary
Biblical Silence vs. Mystical Silence – Do Not Be Surprised
Related books:
A Time of Departing - Ray Yungen


text:
You have no items in your shopping cart.
LEGO Duplo LEGOVille Deluxe Train Set (5609)
Other products by LEGO
Availability: Out of Stock
Product Description
Construction toy.
A whole world of train adventures starts here!
This deluxe cargo train set has it all! Load and unload the train's cargo wagons at the warehouse with the big loading crane and fun conveyor belt. LEGO® DUPLO® bricks are sturdy, colorful, and safe for a toddler's hands.
Model No. 5609
Ages: 2-5 Years


text:
EDUCATION: The Richland School District is looking for three seasonal groundspersons. Duties include maintainin More info |
INSURANCE: Growing local insurance agency is seeking individual with strong agricultural knowledge to add to ou More info |
HEALTH CARE: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) Sunnyside Community Hospital Clinics is currently seeking Licensed P More info |
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES: DUTIES: Performs skilled mechanical tasks in the diagnosis of malfunctions, preventative maintenance More info |
HEALTH CARE: RN/LPN/CAREGIVER JOB FAIR! MARCH 6TH 9:00 A.M.-2:00 P.M. Total Care will be hosting job fair for tho More info |
SALES: Motivated sales person to join our growing sales team. If you are goal driven, confident and have t More info |
DISTRIBUTION - SHIPPING: Driver needed with Class A CDL and full endorsements including Hazmat. TWIC card required. Seasonal More info |
DISTRIBUTION - SHIPPING: Class A Drivers TWO OPENINGS Hourly pay, Overtime available. LOCAL HAULS ONLY Benefits package. Pick More info |
ACCOUNTING: Alexandria Nicole Cellars is dedicated to producing small lots of hand-crafted wine from our own Des More info |
HEALTH CARE: LPNs and Care Providers Wanted! We are hiring RNs for FULL and PART TIME shifts for immediate openin More info |


text:
Elbow Beach
In the next few years, when the last stroke of clotted cream–colored paint is applied to the grand dowager duchess of Bermuda resorts, when the last lacy fan of dried marine algae is mounted in a box frame and hung, Elbow Beach will be rebranded as a Mandarin Oriental resort. (The company currently holds only the management contract.) Guests can already see the transformation in the 235 guest rooms and the spa. Scuttled once and for all are the juicy pinks and greens and the hothouse florals. In place of that endearing look is a soothing and serene palette, with sharp tailored furniture in blond wood and natural wicker. The spa, with its bamboo floors, hand-carved granite tubs, and river-rock showers, is a page from the same stylish book.
From Food & Wine , JUN 2004
An ongoing, multimillion-dollar face-lift is helping this resort shed its reputation as a preppy outpost for honeymooning New Englanders. A big update is Scott Connor's innovative cooking at the signature restaurant, the Seahorse Grill, which looks out over one of Bermuda's prettiest pink beaches....MORE
Congratulations to Mei Lin, winner of Top Chef Season 12.


text:
Venture Capital Blog
The P-I traces startups, venture capital and life in the Pacific Northwest technology community.
Monthly Archive for October, 2006
Light Sciences postpones IPO
Light Sciences Oncology, which was on deck to go public this week, has postponed its IPO plans. The Associated Press reports that the Snoqualmie-based medical device maker cited adverse market conditions as the reason.
[Read More]
YouTube, Zillow and the return of eyeballs
Google's $1.65 billion acquisition of YouTube this week got me wondering what would happen if Seattle's best known Web 2.0 startup — Zillow.com — decided to entertain acquisition offers.
[Read More]
Big Fish scales down some staff, hooks others
Add Big Fish Games to the list of Seattle area technology companies cutting staff this month.
[Read More]
Google hires former Microsoftie
Google continues to gobble up talent in the Seattle area.
[Read More]
What's a Verathon?
As you may know, I always get a kick out of when companies choose made up words for their corporate names.
[Read More]
100,000 homeowners edit Zillow profiles
Zillow.com reports that more than 100,000 people have edited their home profiles on the site, including 12,000 homeowners in Washington state. That comes just 23 days after Zillow rolled out the editing function, which allows homeowners to update the number of bedrooms, bathrooms, square footage and other details.
[Read More]
Social networking and books
Social networking sites have been created around photos (Flickr), videos (YouTube) and news (Digg).
[Read More]
InfoSpace cuts deep
InfoSpace, the Bellevue Internet search and mobile content company, today announced that it is cutting 40 percent of its staff or 250 employees. The announcement follows up on a report last month that the provider of ringtones, games and other mobile content lost a contract with one of its biggest customers, thought by many to be Cingular Wireless. P-I reporter Todd Bishop reports today that the majority of the cuts will not occur at the company's headquarters.
[Read More]
A new online real estate player
A new player is entering the competitive online real estate industry.
[Read More]
What does the YouTube deal mean to Seattle startups?
A lot of buzz about the Google acquisition of YouTube and what that might mean for the rest of the online video sector.
[Read More]
Show More


text: When your sexual preferences are so outta this world you need to consult a sex therapist every time you consider letting someone in on your little secret, you might wanna give Fetish Galaxy a visit. Built around a blending together of recorded hardcore, instructional materials, and live webcam sessions with kinky dommes and trainers, Fetish Galaxy certainly is unique. But is it worth your time, your money, and your abundance of shame?


text:
Stuart Gurden // Gallery
'Homeopath (Terry & Kurt)'
installation view of digital video projection with stereo audio - Collective Gallery, Edinburgh, 2005, 8'00"
A 'live' collision between minimalist composer Terry Riley's 'time lag accumulator' tape looping set-up and a fragment of Kurt Vonnegut's 1959 novel 'Sirens of Titan'. Two (faintly anthropomorphic) reel-to-reel tape decks produce a rhythmic noise-scape which slowly resolves into a repeated phrase from Vonnegut's novel: "Here I am...So glad you are...".
funded by a Scottish Arts Council/Scottish Screen Film and Video Award


text:
10 Delicious (and Cheap!) Tofu Dinners
Whether you're already enamored with vegetarian cuisine or just eager to try a new ingredient, tofu is the perfect dinner solution. This super-food packs a triple wallop: It's cheap, tasty, and as healthy as it gets! You can grab a pound of tofu at your local grocery store for about $2, which makes this versatile option less expensive than even chicken, that other much-loved mealtime staple. Get inspired and try your hand at one of our 10 mouthwatering recipes below!
» More from Recipes & Menus - More
Post a Comment
When using Facebook Connect your image and name may display on Delish. All privacy settings are controlled by Facebook.


text:
Wanted: Design Concepts for Ike Memorial in D.C.
A federal commission is accepting entries for a competition to design a Washington, D.C. monument honoring Dwight D. Eisenhower, the United States' 34th president.
For a four-acre site just south of the Mall divided by Maryland Avenue S.W., and near many Cabinet agencies that Eisenhower had a hand in creating, the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission seeks proposals that emphasize open spaces with little in the way of actual buildings or statuary. Indeed, one of the only requirements is a canopy to protect against rain, plus 2,500 square feet of enclosed space for a bookshop, bathrooms, and ranger station, though that could be contained in one structure or several, says Daniel Feil, FAIA and commission spokesman. The $110 million project is part of the General Services Administration's Design Excellence program.
Despite not offering a traditional museum, the memorial should feature an interactive electronic element, so schoolchildren can download biographical information about Eisenhower, who was also the Allied forces' commanding general in Europe during World War II, Feil adds.
Owing to both the minimalist approach and urban location, this presidential memorial could look quite different than, say, the Washington Monument, a soaring obelisk surrounded by lawns. "It's the first civic square for a president that's ever been done in D.C.," says Feil. The commission plans to complete the project by 2013.
Based on what you have seen and read about this project, how would you grade it? Use the stars below to indicate your assessment, five stars being the highest rating.
The GSA announced the competition on August 15. The first deadline for the design phase, which is open to non-architects, is October 8; submissions should include examples of past projects, especially in city settings. A 12-member panel will evaluate the entries.
Split between two sections, the memorial's site is divided diagonally by the 11-lane-wide Maryland Avenue. The northern half-acre triangle, owned by the National Park Service, features community gardens; the 1.5-acre southern triangle, meanwhile, contains a plaza for the Department of Education, which Eisenhower helped form.
Under the competition's guidelines, designers can connect the halves by closing the two-acre section of Maryland Avenue. That suggestion, however, doesn't sit well with the National Coalition to Save Our Mall, an eight-year-old group that advocates rehabbing the street. "Maryland could become a grand counterpart to Pennsylvania Avenue, lined with all kinds of activity," says coalition president Judy Scott Feldman, citing planner Pierre L'Enfant's original hub-and-spoke layout. "But the city wants to give it away."
For more information, visit the GSA's competition announcement.
Get Architectural Record digital with free bonus content not found in the magazine!
Order back issuescomplete your library!
Sign in to Comment
To write a comment about this story, please sign in. If this is your first time commenting on this site, you will be required to fill out a brief registration form. Your public username will be the beginning of the email address that you enter into the form (everything before the @ symbol). Other than that, none of the information that you enter will be publically displayed.


text:
High-Functioning Autism and Asperger's Disorder: Utility and Meaning for Families
- Luisa Ruiz Calzada,
- Nancy Pistrang,
- William P. L. Mandy
- … show all 3 hide
Rent the article at a discount
Rent now* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
Get AccessAbstract
We used framework analysis to investigate the utility of pervasive developmental disorder diagnoses, interviewing young people (aged 9–16 years) with high-functioning autistic disorder (AD) and Asperger's disorder (AsD), and their parents. Twenty two participants from ten families described both gains and costs resulting from diagnosis. Perceived advantages of AD and AsD diagnosis were increased understanding and practical support, and parental empowerment. Disadvantages included the effects of stigma and concerns about validity. Participants tended to consider AsD and AD as interchangeable terms. Findings suggest that the utility of AD and AsD depends upon both their validity and how these diagnoses are received in their cultural, economic and legislative context. Improvement of post-diagnostic services will improve the utility of AD and AsD.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2010). DSM V Development: Autistic disorder. Retrieved 22 October 2010 from. http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=94.
- Avdi, E., Griffin, C., & Brough, S. (2000). Parents' constructions of professional knowledge, expertise and authority during an assessment and diagnosis of their child for an autistic spectrum disorder. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 327–338. CrossRef
- Barker, C., & Pistrang, N. (2005). Quality criteria under methodological pluralism: Implications for conducting and evaluating research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 35(3/4), 201–212. CrossRef
- Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L. L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 184–198. CrossRef
- Carbone, P. S., Behl, D. D., Azor, V., & Murphy, N. A. (2010). The medical home for children with autism spectrum disorders: Parent and pediatrician perspectives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 317–324. CrossRef
- Cashin, A. (2006). Two terms–one meaning: The conundrum of contemporary nomenclature in autism. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 19(3), 137–144. CrossRef
- Chilvers, R. (2007). The hidden world of autism. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003). Autistic traits in the general population: A twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 524–530. CrossRef
- Daniels, A. M., Rosenberg, R. E., Law, J. K., Lord, C., Kaufmann, W. E., & Law, P. A. (2010). Stability of initial autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in community settings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 236–246.
- First, M. B., Pincus, H. A., Levine, J. B., Williams, J. B. W., Ustun, B., & Peele, R. (2004). Clinical utility as a criterion for revising psychiatric diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(6), 946–954. CrossRef
- Geschwind, D. H., & Levitt, P. (2007). Autism spectrum disorders: Developmental disconnection syndromes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 103–111. CrossRef
- Gray, D. E. (2003). Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 631–642. CrossRef
- Happé, F., Ronald, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nature Neuroscience, 9(10), 1218–1220. CrossRef
- Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Adult outcome for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 212–229. CrossRef
- Howlin, P., & Moore, A. (1997). Diagnosis in autism: A survey of over 1,200 patients in the UK. Autism, 1(2), 135–162. CrossRef
- Hurlbutt, K., & Chalmers, L. (2002). Adults with autism speak out: Perceptions of their life experiences. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(2), 103–111. CrossRef
- Jones, R. S., Zahl, A., & Huws, J. C. (2001). First-hand accounts of emotional experiences in autism: A qualitative analysis. Disability and Society, 16(3), 393–401. CrossRef
- Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.
- Kendell, R., & Jablensky, A. (2003). Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(1), 4–12. CrossRef
- Kendler, K. S. (1980). The nosologic validity of paranoia (simple delusional disorder). A Review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 699–706. CrossRef
- Kirk, S. (2007). Methodological and ethical issues in conducting qualitative research with children and young people: A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44, 1250–1260. CrossRef
- Kreuger, M., & Kendall, J. (2001). Descriptions of self: An exploratory study of adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 14(2), 61–72. CrossRef
- Landsman, G. (2003). Emplotting children's lives: Developmental delay vs. disability. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 1947–1960.
- Leekam, S., Libby, S., Wing, L., Gould, J., & Gillberg, C. (2000). Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg's criteria for Asperger syndrome. Autism, 4(1), 11–28. CrossRef
- Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Jr., Leventhal, B. L., Di Lavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223. CrossRef
- Mahoney, W. J., Szatmari, P., MacLean, J. E., Bryson, S. E., Bartolucci, G., Walter, S. D., et al. (1998). Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(3), 278–285. CrossRef
- Mandy, W. P., Charman, T., Gilmour, J. & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Autism Research. doi:10.1002/aur.178.
- Mandy, W. P., & Skuse, D. H. (2008). Research review: What is the association between the social-communication element of autism and repetitive interests, behaviours and activities? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 795–808. CrossRef
- Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Crites, D. L. (2001). Does DSM-IV Asperger's disorder exist? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(3), 263–271. CrossRef
- Mays, N., & Pope, C. (2000). Qualitative research in health care. Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ, 320, 50–52. CrossRef
- McCabe, H. (2007). Parent advocacy in the face of adversity: Autism and families in the People's Republic of China. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(1), 39–50. CrossRef
- Midence, K., & O'Neill, M. (1999). The experience of parents in the diagnosis of autism: A pilot study. Autism, 3(3), 273–285. CrossRef
- Newman, B., & Newman, P. (2008). Development through life: A psychosocial perspective (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
- Nissenbaum, M. S., Tollefson, N., & Reese, R. M. (2002). The interpretative conference: Sharing a diagnosis of autism with families. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 30–43. CrossRef
- O'Brien, M. (2007). Ambiguous loss in families of children with autism spectrum disorders. Family Relations, 56(2), 135–146. CrossRef
- Pope, C., Ziebland, S., & Mays, N. (2000). Analysing qualitative data. British Medical Journal, 320, 114–117. CrossRef
- Portway, S. M., & Johnson, B. (2005). Do you know i have Asperger's syndrome? risks of a non-obvious disability. Health Risk and Society, 7(1), 73–83. CrossRef
- Reichow, B., & Volkmar, F. R. (2010). Social skills interventions for individuals with autism: Evaluation for evidence-based practices within a best evidence synthesis framework. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 149–166. CrossRef
- Ritchie, J., & Spencer, L. (1994). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In A. Bryman & R. G. Burgess (Eds.), Analysing qualitative data. London: Routledge.
- Robins, E., & Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: Its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983–987.
- Seida, J. K., Ospina, M. B., Karkhaneh, M., Hartling, L., Smith, V., & Clark, B. (2009). Systematic reviews of psychosocial interventions for autism: An umbrella review. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51, 95–104. CrossRef
- Siklos, S., & Kerns, K. A. (2007). Assessing the diagnostic experiences of a small sample of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 9–22. CrossRef
- Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 921–929. CrossRef
- Skuse, D. H., Mandy, W., Steer, C., Miller, L. L., Goodman, R., Lawrence, K., et al. (2009). Social communication competence and functional adaptation in a General population of children: Preliminary evidence for sex-by-verbal IQ differential risk. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(2), 128–137. CrossRef
- Skuse, D., Warrington, R., Bishop, D., Chowdhury, U., Lau, J., Mandy, W., et al. (2004). The developmental, dimensional and diagnostic interview (3di): A novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 548–558. CrossRef
- Smith, J. A. (1995). Semi-structured interviewing and qualitative analysis. In J. A. Smith, R. Harre, & L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology. London: Sage.
- Stiles, W. B. (1999). Evaluating qualitative research. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 2, 99–101. CrossRef
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Streiner, D. L., & Norman, G. R. (1995). Health measurement scales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Vismara, L. A., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Behavioral treatments in autism spectrum disorder: What do we know? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 447–468. CrossRef
- Williams, J. (2006). Learning from mothers: How Myths, policies and practices affect the detection of subtle developmental problems in children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(3), 282–290. CrossRef
- Willig, C. (2008). Introducing qualitative research in psychology: Adventures in theory and method (2nd ed.). Buckingham: Open University Press.
- Woodgate, R. L., Ateah, C., & Secco, L. (2008). Living in a world of our own: The experience of parents who have a child with autism. Qualitative Health Research, 18, 1075–1083. CrossRef
- Title
- High-Functioning Autism and Asperger's Disorder: Utility and Meaning for Families
- Journal
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Volume 42, Issue 2 , pp 230-243
- Cover Date
- 2012-02-01
- 10.1007/s10803-011-1238-5
- Print ISSN
- 0162-3257
- Online ISSN
- 1573-3432
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Autistic disorder
- Asperger's disorder
- Utility
- Qualitative research
- Framework analysis
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Luisa Ruiz Calzada (1) (2)
- Nancy Pistrang (1)
- William P. L. Mandy (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1N 6BT, UK
- 2. The Harkenwell Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Maldon, UK


text:
Simply the best.
The physicians at Westlake Orthopaedics are among the most experienced orthopaedic specialty providers in Austin. Our doctors are committed to not only state-of-the-art medical care for our patients, but also respectful and professional treatment throughout your experience.
To ensure our patients receive the best treatment and care available, our physicians are highly skilled, or fellowship trained in their specialty, and are innovators in their field. They are dedicated to patient care utilizing the most minimally invasive and conservative treatment while incorporating the latest cutting edge and innovative techniques to provide the best outcome.
We have but one goal: your comfort, shaped around your time constraints. Our patient-friendly staff are committed to your comfort and responsive information., Be assured that the physicians at Westlake Orthopaedics have dedicated their medical expertise and experience to making your life better.