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Noise and the ear
Last updated on 13 April 2011
The ear
The human ear is a remarkable organ. Essentially it is a very sensitive vibration sensor but is particularly designed to receive the minute longitudinal vibrations in air that make up sound waves. The human ear is broken down into 3 parts: the outer, middle and inner ears. The outer ear is in essence a funnel that 'catches' and focuses sound waves down onto the ear drum or tympanic membrane. The middle ear takes the relatively low intensity vibrations of the eardrum and 'magnifies' them through 3 little bones: the malleus, incus and stapes respectively. Finally the vibrations of the stapes are transmitted through the oval window membrane to the fluids of the inner ear (cochlea). It is here, in the inner ear, that the fluid vibrations lead to bending of the minute hair cells of the cochlea. It is this bending that causes tiny electrical signals to be passed through the auditory nerve to the brain where they are interpreted as sounds that we can then make sense of. The human ear can detect sounds from 20Hertz (very low pitch) to 20,000Hertz (very high pitch) but is particularly sensitive to sounds in the range of 500-5000Hertz. These are the so-called speech frequencies and are especially important for human social communication.
The ear is also able to deal with a huge range of sound intensity (volume) from the quietest whisper or rustle of grass, to the sound of a jumbo-jet taking off! As the range of sound intensities (volume) which the ear can hear is so great, a logarithmic scale is used to measure the sound levels. This scale is called the decibel scale. So a sound of 20dB is not twice as loud as a sound of 10dB but in fact is 10 times as loud! Unfortunately, the ear, and in particular the cochlea or inner ear, can also be damaged by exposure to too much of the energy it was designed to detect. In other words, too much noise can cause damage to the ear and even make you deaf!
Sound and noise
As examples of sound levels, a whisper is about 30dB, normal conversation is about 50dB, a busy bar 80-90dB and a noisy club can be 100dB or more. If, to have a conversation with a friend in a club, you have to shout by their ear, the background noise level must be in the region of 100-105dB. This is a noise level that is 'safe' for less than 30 minutes!
To help work out how much noise the ear can safely cope with, scientists have developed something called the 'equal energy principle'. There is good evidence that the human ear can tolerate sound levels below 85dB almost indefinitely but with increasing sound levels above this, the chance of ear damage rises. Recent European legislation suggests that 85dB is safe for about 8 hours (the typical working day). The equal energy principle then says that for every doubling of sound intensity above this, the safe time of exposure must halve. As sound intensity is measured logarithmically, this means that a 3dB increase corresponds to a doubling of intensity. So, 88dB is therefore safe for 4hours, 91dB for 2 hours, 94dB for 1 hour and so on.
In the ear
At first, after relatively short periods of loud noise exposure, the ear suffers from something called 'Temporary Threshold Shift' (TTS). Most people have experienced this as the short-lasting upset to hearing and ringing in the ears (tinnitus) after say, an evening in a loud bar or club. Usually by the next day everything is back to normal. It is believed that TTS is due to metabolic exhaustion of the hair cells of the cochlea. This can recover with a period of 'rest' as the background noise levels fall. However, if this type of noise exposure continues, over a prolonged period of time, permanent changes may occur. This is called 'Permanent Threshold Shift' (PTS) and typically affects the higher speech frequencies around 4-6000Hertz. Initially the sufferer might not notice a hearing loss as such but rather a difficulty understanding what people are saying, particularly in the presence of background sound. As the high-tone hearing loss worsens, eventually an obvious hearing loss appears. PTS is due to actual damage or even death of the delicate hair-cells of the cochlea.
One of the additional, and often more troublesome problems that follows permanent noise-damage to the inner-ear is tinnitus. This tinnitus is due to the damage to the hair-cells which then leads to an upset or alteration in the tiny electrical signals that pass up the auditory nerve to the brain. If the affected individual is unlucky, this new pattern of electrical signals may be recognised by the brain as a sound. The sound itself is as individual as the person suffering with it, but common descriptions include: a whistle, a whine, a high-pitch ringing or even a buzzing.
For many people, tinnitus can be a far more troublesome symptom than any hearing loss which may be very mild indeed. Tinnitus can affect sleep, concentration and even one's mood.
Luckily, although tinnitus is quite common, it is usually quite mild. For some people it can be very troublesome indeed.
Avoiding damage
Nowhere does the old adage of 'Prevention is better than a cure' apply more than to noise damage to the ear. This is especially true as there is no cure as such; once the damage has been done, it is permanent. In reality the equal energy principle probably slightly underestimates the durability of the human ear. This means that the ear can probably stand relatively high noise levels for a period of 2-3 hours provided it doesn't have to do so too often. Once or twice a week in a loud club is probably reasonable; every night is not and is likely to lead to problems. If you are going to be exposed to high noise levels on a regular basis then you should use earplugs. People often worry that this might spoil their enjoyment of the music but in fact the research evidence suggests that if the noise levels are very high, then in fact you may hear things better with the earplugs in! The scientific basis for this is that in very high noise levels, the ear becomes 'saturated' with sound. If you block some of the sound out, then the ear is no longer 'saturated' and some of the receptors are 'freed-up' to listen to other things.
Try to take 'time-out'. Take a few minutes in every hour when you try and go somewhere quiet, to literally give your ears a 'rest'.
Also important is to keep well hydrated. People often sweat in clubs and at parties and dehydration is not good for inner-ear function. So make sure you take plenty of fluids. And avoid too much alcohol in a noisy environment as this causes a specific fluid shift out of the inner ear which also causes problems and predisposes to damage. (It also explains why people often feel quite dizzy if they have drunk too much as the same process affects the fluid in the balance-controlling, semi-circular canals of the inner-ear.)
Finally, it is worth remembering that as we get older, everyone's ears and hearing deteriorate. This can add to a mild (and previously un-noticed) hearing loss picked up when younger. This can mean the appearance of a hearing problem much sooner in later life than normal and may be a real nuisance.
Your ears need to last a lifetime – look after them and they will!!
Andrew McCombe MD FRCS
October 2008
© British Tinnitus Association
The human ear is a remarkable organ
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Healthy Every Week Challenge: Cook More at Home Round-Up
by Michelle Buffardi in Uncategorized, January 24, 2012We're teaming up with fellow food bloggers and healthy eating advocates to host a Healthy Every Week Challenge, a month-long initiative to develop healthy eating habits. The plan is to develop a manageable healthy habit each week that will carry through the new year. Join us here and share what you're eating on Facebook and Twitter with the hashtag #gethealthy.
The theme of the third week of our healthy challenge was to cook more at home. Cooking more means something different to everyone — some of us eat out once each day, some once a week, some of us buy lunch but prepare dinners at home and some of us buy breakfast on-the-go but pack lunch each day. Regardless of your personal dining away from home practices, increasing the number of meals you prepare yourself will save you money and you'll save on calories, too. Plus, if you're feeding a family, preparing a meal together makes for fun family time.
It was great to see variation in the recipes our challenge participants made this week — some shared dinner recipes, we saw quite a few homemade breakfast ideas, a selection of easy-to-make lunches, and of course, some sweet treats too, like the Carrot-Walnut Muffins pictured above from Cookin' in my Kitchen. What did you make last week? Did your good habits carry over to this week? Check out our challenge participants' recipes from week 3 after the jump.
Homemade Meals from Our Friends:
Cookin' in my Kitchen: Be Inspired to Cook at Home (and a recipe for carrot muffins, above)
Carlene's Figments: Top Healthy Recipe Websites
Picky Eater Blog: 8 Quick and Easy Breakfasts
Olive Tomato: Easy Greek Red Pepper Pie
Healthy Eating Starts at Home: Cook More at Home
Family Fresh Cooking: How to Get Started Cooking More at Home
Eat. Enjoy. Live: So Simple Beef Supper
City, Life, Eats: Cooking at Home
Hungry Jenny: Cheap (and Less Greedy) Ways to Cook More at Home
An Uneducated Palate: Slow-Roasted Cherry Bombs
Nutritious Daily: Cook at Home
You Don't Look Sick: Living With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Healthy Food Challenge and Crohns
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Idenix Pharmaceuticals' CEO Provides Update On IDX184 Clinical Development Program Conference (Transcript)
In addition BMS094 distribution appears to be far less liver targeted than IDX184. Finally in pre-clinical testing performed by Idenix, BMS094 exhibited significant cytotoxicity across a wide variety of cell types in sharp contrast to IDX184. The FDA has requested that Idenix perform additional cardiac testing of patients in the ongoing study.
This is a priority to us, as Idenix has always committed to ensuring the safety of our patients, Specifically we are initiating echocardiograms on nine patients with reported dyspnea in the ongoing Phase IIb study. These included one case of grade 3 dyspnea and 8 cases of cases of grade 1 dyspnea.
Of note dyspnea is a well known side effect of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. We expect to submit the data to the FDA in the coming weeks. Idenix also intends to engage in an ongoing dialog with the FDA and to seek the FDA's feedback on the necessary steps to remove the partial clinical hold.
At this point our timelines for advancing IDX184 are expected to be impacted by the partial clinical hold. Until we gain additional clarity from the FDA, we cannot predict potential delays in our clinical timelines with more certainty at this time.
Patient safety is our main concern and we work quickly and diligently to address the FDA's concerns, but remain confident in the safety profile of IDX184. Idenix remains strongly committed to advancing (inaudible) or oral combination of direct acting antivirals to change the treatment paradigm of patients infected with HCV. With that I will now turn the call back to the operator to open the question-and-answer session. Question-and-Answer Session Operator (Operator Instructions) Our first question is from Geoff Meacham with JPMorgan. Geoff Meacham - JPMorgan Just got a couple here. Is it your sense from talking to FDA as the hold related to the fact that you have a somewhat similar structure, somewhat similar active metabolite or is it more to do with fact that you don't have as many patients as say some other nucs in the space? Ron Renaud Read the rest of this transcript for free on seekingalpha.comCheck Out Our Best Services for Investors
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If you have a computer that's used by multiple people, it's possible that it's suffering from what I like to call desktop clutter syndrome. To clarify, clutter syndrome is when the desktop is littered with application icons, folder shortcuts and more. Personally, I like a clean desktop, but because I'm not the only one that uses the computer in my household that can sometimes be a problem. AutoHideDesktopIcons is a free, portable application that allows you to instantly clean the desktop by hiding icons. It's great for those times when you want to experience a clutter free desktop, or you just want to admire that nifty wallpaper you applied.
What is it and what does it do
Main Functionality
AutoHideDesktopIcons is a lightweight application that serves a very specific purpose. With it, you can quickly hide desktop icons to clean up your desktop's appearance. The desktop icons still exist, and can be restored at any time. AutoHideDesktopIcons includes a bunch of activation options to enhance your experience with the app. By default, the app hides icons and shortcuts after five seconds and restores them any time you click on an empty space of the desktop with the left, right or middle mouse buttons.
- Incredibly lightweight and simple, easy to use
- Hides desktop icons and shortcuts completely after the timer counts down
- The hidden content is revealed as soon as you click on an empty space of the desktop with the right, left or middle mouse buttons
- Includes simple customization options
- Disable the application with the click of a button
- Start the app with Windows
- Run the app minimized when it first starts
- Keep the application window on top of all other windows
- Hide the Windows taskbar
- Set the timer, from 3 to 100 seconds
- Enable or disable any of the click actions
- There's no scheduling option built-in, however you could use the Windows scheduler tool or third party software to run the app at various times
AutoHideDesktopIcons may seem pretty silly at first, but once you actually use it you come to realize it's a useful customization tool. If you're the type of person that hates dealing with a cluttered desktop then this app is for you.
It's a portable application which means it comes packaged as a compressed archive. You will need an archive tool like WinZIP, WinRAR or 7Zip to extract the related executable. Once the main file has been extracted, you can run it from any directory including an external or portable drive.
By default, as soon as you start the application the timer will countdown and the desktop icons will be hidden automatically after five seconds. Clicking anywhere on the open space of the desktop with the right, left or middle mouse buttons will restore those icons to view. However, interacting with any open windows or programs will not trigger the icon reset. In addition, you can also navigate the Windows Start Menu while the icons remain hidden.
Basically, this allows the desktop to remain clean until you need to use the various shortcuts stored there.
The application menu includes several settings and options to alter the experience. You can change the timer, so that it takes longer to hide the icons after a click- you can choose from 3 seconds all the way to 100 seconds via a slider bar. You can disable the application completely with just a click, and you can also hide the app window in the system tray.
You can also set AutoHideDesktopIcons to start with Windows during startup, to always start minimized to the system tray, or to stay on top of all other windows. All of the options are simple tick boxes, allowing you to either enable or disable them.
Furthermore, you can disable or enable any of the click options which are used to restore icons. For example, if you want to the set the app to only display the desktop icons with a middle mouse button click then you can disable the right and left click options.
The application works great, and it helps keep your desktop clean and clutter free. It's pretty straightforward and simple, but it's definitely useful.
For reference, AutoHideDesktopIcons uses less than 1,000KB of RAM, it actually uses about 956KB. That means it's incredibly lightweight and you can definitely leave it running the background without any serious performance issues.
Conclusion and download link
AutoHideDesktopIcons is a portable application that allows you to quickly hide and unhide desktop icons and shortcuts. It's incredibly light on system resources, so you can leave it running in the background without any detrimental performance issues. Because it's portable, you can run it from any type of external drive and don't need to install it. Better yet, it includes several customization options that allow you to control how the hide function works. You can choose what click actions reveal the icons (right, left, middle mouse buttons), how long the timer lasts until the icons are hidden, and how the app window itself operates. You can even setup the app to run automatically when Windows starts. If you're tired of seeing all that clutter on your desktop, you might want to check this one out.
Price: Free
Version reviewed: 2.04
Supported OS: Windows (XP, Vista, Seven, Eight)
Download size: 21KB (zipped), 35.5KB (unzipped)
VirusTotal malware scan results: 0/47
Is it portable? Yes
AutoHideDesktopIcons homepage [AutoHideDesktopIcons download page]
Leave a Reply
6 comments
[@melen001] Oh ya there are many ways for the means alright I find Fences helpful but others may not
[@KMHamm] I thought I would see what the price of the basic program runs and for $10 it is worth it of course free is better: http://www.stardock.com/products/fences/download.asp
A lot of us where I work use the free Fences and love it, and I use it at home as well. Sadly, 'tis no longer free. That opens up a spot for another company to make something similar and put it up for less $$ or free… This one sounds like it would work as an interesting screen saver, tho.
[@spredo] I second the program Fences, I want to have the icons but not all over the screen and Fences allows me to do that exactly how I want too.
Seems like a good idea.
But if all you really want is to SEE a clutter-free desktop, I would recommend the PREVIOUS version of Fences (Stardock).
(OK, the new version may even be better, but it is no longer free…so…)Fences, the free version, is one of the best desktop-organizers I have seen. Easy and intuitive to use.
You arrange your desktop icons inside "fences", named as you please. (I use "games", "writing", "technical", "web-browsing"). Whenever install a new program, I put the desktop icon in its designated "fence". (a good thing is that each "fence" is scrollable, so you can have WAY more icons than usually fits on your desktop, OR have the fences so small they do not clutter your desktop as much as having all the icons "running free"
And… if you want to see a desktop without ANY icons at all, just double click anywhere on the desktop, and you can…


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Burglary Reported on Stirling Road in Warren
Monday, November 18, 2013 • 11:04pm
WARREN, NJ - On the evening of Nov. 15, a Stirling Road resident reported that her residence had been burglarized.
Police found that someone had broken a window to get into the house and took approximately $2,950 in electronics.
There have been no arrests and the investigation is ongoing. Anyone with information should contact the Warren Township Police Department.
TAP into your town! Get Your Town's News In Your Inbox: Click here to sign up.


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Knicks Statement in Support of Commissioner Silver
From MSG Executive Chairman James L. Dolan
NEW YORK, April 29, 2014 – Executive Chairman of The Madison Square Garden Company, James L. Dolan, made the following statement in support of Commissioner Adam Silver's response to the Donald Sterling matter:
"I have been in touch with the NBA and fully support Commissioner Silver's decision. I applaud Adam for acting quickly and decisively in appropriately addressing these disgusting and offensive comments. This kind of behavior has no place in basketball, or anywhere else, and we as a league must stand together in condemning this ignorance."


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Always remember your six C's of credit, even if the C's don't always seem to be the same for everyone. For some, the sixth C is Common Sense. And, when something does not quite 'fit' in the story, that is when it is time to dig a little deeper…
A few weeks ago, an underwriter contacted me about her process in reviewing a new deal. She also wanted to share some Red Flags that arose in her process.
The prospect had been owned by one party, but all correspondence had been through another individual. We'll call him Joe. The underwriter on the deal felt that Joe, although stating he was forthcoming, continued to omit pieces of information. She went through her six C's of credit ultimately concluding to decline the deal.
But, let's start at the beginning, the credit.
The debtor credit was insufficient for the amount being requested; the credit department was looking for additional history to support the request. In the interim, the underwriter requested copies of invoices. Joe said they did not invoice the debtor. Instead, they provided handwritten backup to the debtor and the debtor invoiced the client. The underwriter never did receive a report or copy of these debtor invoices.
Speaking of credit, the application noted another person owning the business, not Joe. The owner's personal credit and background appeared good. However, the documentation on who actually owned the company legally did not link back to this person. Moreover, Joe had been the one to provide all correspondence, since he was who was running the daily operations. Since Joe did not own the business, he also would not sign an application for credit or background checks, nor would he sign any type of guaranty. After all, he was just helping out the owner to start the business.
The underwriter then decided to start searching – the Internet – there were just too many pieces that did not add up in the story. After trying different search phrases, there it was… Joe was no stranger to factoring. In fact, he had defrauded other factors in other states using the same strategy. Unfortunately for him, one of those times, he had the business in his name.
But, it was the Common Sense part of the underwriting process that led the underwriter to search a little bit more on the Internet, where she ultimately found these articles. Afterwards, she prepared some Red Flags to think about when going through this process:
Red Flag # 1:
"This prospect was almost overly friendly, likable, and eager to help. Fraudsters know that they need to become your friend first in order to drop the wall of skepticism between you. Typically prospects will get exasperated with the front end factoring process at some point in time, but this prospect was always making reassuring statements such as 'we will get whatever report you need, and I will make sure that it has every piece of information you need is on it'. He also didn't even hesitate when I asked to speak directly to the debtor at an early stage in the underwriting process which would typically be a good sign."
Please note that the reports were never received; the conversation with the debtor was never had.
Red Flag # 2:
"Double Talk. After going through a few questions on the underwriting call, specifically Joe's background and experience, I felt as though we had talked for over 20 minutes regarding his background yet I couldn't tell you one thing about him. Keep in mind that he wasn't the owner of the business, but was acting more as an advisor and therefore we didn't have any information on him (application info, background/credit information, driver's license, financials, etc.). I pressed a bit further and nicely let him know that I still really didn't understand what his experience or background was and that this is an important piece given the fact that it is a start-up operation. At this point, he finally realized he would have to give something concrete and told me that he used to work in the sporting goods industry (still not much). As we know, when answers are vague, that is when you need to keep pressing for better answers."
This is another tactic fraudsters will use (see How to Smell a Rat).
Red Flag # 3:
"Physical signs of discomfort. When pressing the individual for a background report, I not only got an excuse as to why that wouldn't be necessary, but he also mentioned his age along with the a reference as to his great character accompanied by a sort of numerous small coughs that had not been there previously. When attending the IFA's fraud seminar this past year, a former FBI agent spoke to the group regarding various physical signs of distress. This was clearly a sign of distress as he had never done that in our previous conversations, going back to what the agent called 'knowing your prospect's baseline'."
Thank you for sharing your experience with our readers.
Wishing you all continued success. The Factor Guru.


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This year I'm taking screenwriting as my elective, so for our BIG project we have to write a sixty page screenplay. *laughs*Now, whenver I write, what's going on inside me usually crops up. So, my screenplay is about a gay teen coming to grips with himself and the world around him. Unfortunately, I'm not out, so a part of me is presenting this as a way to lead up to the discussion! They all think it's cool, but inside I'm laughing hysterically.
"This is about me, ha ha ha ha ha!"
I'm not sure how fair this is, but my mind thinks it's a good way to go. Instead of dropping it in everyone's lap like a dead fish ("I'm gay!" ..."Um, okay?") I'm leading up to it, which is what happend in my own head when I came out to myself.
I have to admit, I'm just *praying* for the day when someone will ask me, "So, are you gay?"
"Yes, yes, I'm gay! Now can I talk about my crushes and be myself for a change?"
Then I plan on starting our school's own GSA, and doing all this great stuff. Ah, dreams are so wonderful aren't they? Especially when they come true.
*sweet sigh*
As an explenation for my rather upbeat mood, my friend tried to pronounce French with a totally Spanish accent so I laughed at her for about ten minutes, then tried to show her...then she butchered it again. We both found this very hillarious. She said she's actually going to practise tonight so she can prove to me she can speak French;).
Anyways, my master plan is slowly forming as I widdle my way into out-hood:).


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- - http://www.sportstalkflorida.com -
Polo Star Dies After Florida Accident
Posted By Amanda Borges On February 26, 2014 @ 3:45 PM In Borges - Article,Florida News | No Comments
MIAMI (AP) — A Mexican-born polo great has died following an accident during a match in Florida.
Harold Ruslander, an investigator for the Palm Beach County medical examiner, told The Associated Press that polo player Carlos Gracida died Tuesday. An autopsy was being performed Wednesday.
The Palm Beach Post [2] reports that the 53-year-old Gracida was playing at Everglades Polo Club when another player accidently hit Gracida's horse. The horse banged heads with Gracida, who fell off. The horse then rolled on top of him.
Gracida was a nine-time U.S. Open winner, five-time Argentine Open winner and five-time player of the year.
Grand Champions Polo Club manager Juan Olivera said in a phone interview with The Associated Press that a match Gracida was scheduled to play on Wednesday was postponed in his honor.
SOURCE: Associated Press
Article printed from : http://www.sportstalkflorida.com
URL to article: http://www.sportstalkflorida.com/polo-star-dies-after-florida-accident/
URLs in this post:
[1] Image: http://www.sportstalkflorida.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Polo-Star.jpg
[2] Palm Beach Post: http://bit.ly/1mGAqOh
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2011 ESPN Florida. All rights reserved.


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In this section, you will study how to obtain the name of file.
In order to get the file name, we have provided the path of file 'Hello.txt" to the constructor of class File. The method getName() returns the name of the file directory denoted by the pathname.
Here is the code of GetFileName.java
import java.io.File;
Output will be displayed as:
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text: Community14 Countries 0 Friends 3 Reviews & Articles 3 Firsts Last Login: Member Since: Aug 24, 2008 Karin S.Travel ScorecardCountries See cities Karin has been to 57 cities and 14 countries and counting... Worldly: is a scout Danger: flirts with danger Roughing it: likes a bug-free bed and hot showers Shrewdness: can dodge thieves and survive touts Off the beaten track: occasionally strays off track Depth of Knowledge: knows a lot & has written a bunch Overall TravelCred score: 606 Updates on Karin's World! Karin's Friends! Karin currently has no friends, but you know what? You can be the FIRST one! |


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iHerb Customer Reviews
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Didnt arribe
Posted by 5490488725934031121 on Oct 25, 2013
I can not say Anything just because its been almost 2 months And the product didnt arribes yet.
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Note: iHerb does not imply any medical claims from this review. Disclaimer.


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Citizens Medical Center Home Health named to Top 500 list for care
Oct. 28, 2011 at 5:28 a.m.
About Citizens Medical Center Home Health
Since 1967, Citizens Medical Center Home Health has brought its patients quality healthcare in the comfort and security of their own homes. It offers professional services closely resembling services received at Citizens Medical Center.
The Home Health offers skilled nursing and rehabilitation services for the homebound and certified home health aides to assist with basic needs of bathing, skin care, exercise, ambulation and meal preparation. The Home Health service serves patients living within a 60-mile radius of Victoria.
Call 361-579-1305 for more information.
Citizens Medical Center Home Health has been named in the 2011 HomeCare Elite top 500, a list of top performance home health agencies in the nation.
The agency also made the top 500 last year and has been in the top 25 percentile in its six years of operation.
"The 2011 HomeCare Elite winners demonstrate a commitment to providing patients with the best possible care while managing their business efficiently and effectively," said Amanda Twiss, chief executive officer of OCS and My Innerview.
The agencies are ranked based on measures of quality outcomes, quality improvement and financial performance.
Teamwork is what has made the agency so successful, said Diane Crabtree, the director of Citizens Home Health.
"Our ability to work as a team to provide exceptional care is the key to our success," she said.
To view the complete list of top home health agencies in the country visit www.ocshomecare.com.


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Cobra Golf Clubs & Equipment |
About CobraCobra Golf designs and engineers equipment that maximizes your game. They only manufacture high performance woods and irons. With advancements like 9 Point Face Technology, Adjustable Flight Technology and Baffler Rail Technology, their entire focus is on designing real golf technology that improves the games of avid golfers. Shop All Cobra Products |


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Khan, Abad and Khan, Muhammad I. and Iqbal, Zafar and Shah, Yasar and Ahmad, Lateef and Nazir, Shabnam and Watson, David G. and Khan, Jamshaid Ali and Nasir, Fazli and Khan, Abbas and Ismail, A.F. (2011) A new HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and aminothiols in human plasma and erythrocytes using electrochemical detection. Talanta, 84 (3). pp. 789-801. ISSN 0039-9140


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My name is Kent Gerber and I am the owner of Aruba Bob Snorkeling in Aruba. Just to tell you a little about myself, I live in Indiana and own a Lawn Care & Tree Business. I am 50 years old and have been married for 30 years. We have 3 kids. The Gerber family has been traveling for the last 28 years to Florida, Hilton Head, Smokey Mountains, Hawaii, Cayman Island, Florida Keys, Puna Cana, Cancun, Bonaire and Aruba. I LOVE to snorkel, so I'm always asking people everywhere I travel where they think the best snorkeling place is. I had always heard that Aruba has the best snorkeling. Fifteen years ago my wife and I took a trip to Aruba for our Wedding Anniversary. I fell in love with everything about the Island, both above and below the water. We started vacationing there every year for 2 weeks at a time, and now I spend up to 7 months a year on the Island. I have been using underwater scooters since 2001, and in 2010 I bought some Bladefish 5000 Water Scooters. These scooters are hand held, 3 speed, battery operated machines that pull you along in the water so you can enjoy seeing all the fish. You are able to stay out in the water for longer periods of time without getting tired. "You can also dive down deeper with the scooters and take some nice underwater pictures, but most people just stay at the top and snorkel". I decided to start giving tours, and in 2010 Aruba Bob Snorkeling was established. In the summer of 2011, I met Stuart on one of the Aruba boards. He is from the UK and was planning a trip to Aruba. He booked a tour with me during his stay and he had such a great time snorkeling, he decided to move to Aruba and help give the tours. Mangle Halto is where the tours are given. It has the best fire coral and fish on the Island. I have snorkeled Mangle Halto over 1,000 times and I've learned where some of the most beautiful fish and coral spots are at. Of all the places in the world I have snorkeled, Aruba is by far the best. Book a tour today and see for yourself! We offer both day and night trips. Tours are given all year round.
We charge $80 per person for up to a 2 hour tour with all the equipment and a water scooter. Be sure to read and sign our Release Of Liability Form (PDF).
Transportation is available from any location on the island for a total of $30 for your group for the round trip. See Virtual Map View Directions PDF Contact Stuart by email: email@example.com or local cell phone (297) 745-7459. You can also e-mail me directly: email@example.com
Things To Know About Aruba Bob Snorkeling (click here)


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NEW DELHI: Recently, rumours about a Nokia tablet made quite a buzz, but details have been scarce. Now, sources close to the Finnish manufacturer have started dishing out leaks and one says Nokia's upcoming tablet will be powered by two batteries - one standard and the other in the keyboard cover.
According to a report in technology news website The Verge, the keyboard cover that will come with the device will have a battery and work as a kickstand, much like the one in Microsoft Surface. Users will be able to switch the keyboard-based battery in when the tablet's battery runs low.
The report cites sources as saying that the battery in the keyboard cover will work when the tablet's battery runs low.
The Verge also says that the primary battery of the tablet "will have a 10-hour capacity with fast charging that boosts the battery capacity to 50 percent in a short period of time." The tablet and the cover can be folded like a book, and the latter will also feature two built-in ports for connectivity.
Coming to the tablet itself, the upcoming Nokia device will have HDMI as well as USB ports and a 10.1-inch touchscreen. It will support cellular data connectivity and AT&T will be the first operator to have it on its shelves, as per the report. Nokia's tablet will be built on an ARM processor and run on Windows RT operating system. The Finnish manufacturer is likely to showcase the new product at Mobile World Congress in February.


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I have recently started an Aragon campaign in 1453 (MMU).
Around 1494 I have finally inherited Naples, but so far no sign of useful developments with Castile.
Now i am in 1501.
Please note that I have a RM with them since beginning (apart a couple of years after the death of one of my monarchs) and relations constantly 200. Also an alliance until they dishonoured it.
Am i missing anything here? Have i lost the train for the diplomatic/historical formation of Spain?
Tks for ur help, Hastu Neon


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Auto Finance Made Easy! Get Approved Today. | - Chevrolet-Silverado 1500 Pickup• Page 1 • Page 2 • |
clunking in front end 2005 4x4Got my truck new in 2005 and only have 20 thousand miles on it. Started this summer. Turning the wheel in a turn it feels like there is a clunk in the front end , can also feel it in the steering wheel. Jacked it up and checked joints in the front to see if any were loose , thinking bad ball joint somewhere but found nothing. Garage tells me it's in the steering column , they all do it nothing to worry about.Anybody know what this is ? |
Hi Marty, Had what sounds like the same problem with my 2005 Silverado 4X4. I think your garage might be right, it is probably in the steering column. I think this is a somewhat common problem that your local dealer should be familiar with. As I understand it, it has something to do with a steering column joint or knuckle or some such thing. Hope this helps. Steve |
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I had 2005 doing the same thing, I made them replace the steering shaft in the colunm, fixed the noise. |
My 05 silverado crew cab has a clunking in front end . If i jack up front end i can wiggle tires when holdin it at the 3:00 & 9:00 position and have clunking sound near the rack inside the boot. My mechanic wants to change inner tie rods. My brothers 03 ss has same problem. is gm listening? |
I have my truck jacked up too. I was my steering column. I replaced it and the noise went away. |
All, the Clunk is in the steering column. GM was to come up with a fix and recall yet they choose the least expensive path. Cram it full of grease!! I have had this done once and it currently needs another dose. My BIGGER problem is outter tire wear on the front tires. Original set was replaced by GM. I went through these generals front and rear and bought a new set. Yes--that is 3 sets of tires on the front wiht only 32K miles. I know I'm not alone as I have obseved other trucks with same condition. My question is: Does ANYONE HAVE A FIX!!!!! |
Please see reply #1. This seems to be a rather common probem that can be easily repaired. If I am not mistaken, GM is fully aware of this problem and will happily fix it for you. Check with your dealer--if you still have one! |
I have a 2005 Silverado that has the same problem. I had an 04 I bought new that had 2 INTERMEDIATE steering shafts replaced during the time I had it. I called the local dealer about my 05 and there is no factory recall on this because it is not a safety issue. They have come up with a fix (something with the bolt). However, talk to your dealer and give them my story. I got the dealer to cover the cost, honest truth. About a $200 repair in my area. |
There is a recall on this problem 05010A JAN 05 Recall - Steering Shaft to Steering Gear Bolt Defect |
It could be your intermidiate drive shaft...tends to go out on rados |
I have the same issue in my 2005 1500 2x4 with 19k miles. just noticed it. I've got a 1979 Blazer and it does not have any klunks in front end at 60k. And i have used it very hard over the years. Chevy better fix the 05 for free. But it is now Goverment Motors, so do not know what to expect. |
4x4 wont shift out of 4low ? any ideas |
I have a 2004 chevrolet 1500 4X4. It developed a low growling sound in the front end when turning left in four wheel drive. Checked the axle shafts and wheel bearings. Everything seems to be fine. Any idea's? |
It is an "intermediate steering" shaft issue. Some people call it a "upper steering shaft". The issue is very common in 2003, 2004, 2005, and some 2006 Silverado 1500. The issue was noted in late 2003/early 2004 and GM propmtly issued a bulletin to fix the issue. This was a "lube kit" that they thought would solve the issue. The original shaft's GM part # is 19149105. The issue resurfaced showing GM that this lube kit wasn't a permanent fix so GM then re-conditioned the steering shaft and gave it a new GM part # 88965505. The proved to be an ineffective fix to the issue so they eventually redesigned the part and since then there have been no issues. The redesigned part is GM part # 19153614 and you can get it for about $95 with taxes and shipping through wholesalers. (Note from GW: "DESCRIPTION: 99-07 1500 Fullsize truck upper steering column intermediate shaft This upper steering column intermediate shaft has been designed to replace your current steering column shaft that may be making a clunking type noise under the hood and can be felt in the steering wheel and/or steering column. This condition may be felt while making low speed turns or on rough road conditions. Intermediate shaft P/N 19153614 has been designed to replace previous designed dampened and non-dampened Intermediate shafts and will not look like your original.") So there you go, this should resolve your issues with the "steering clunk". Feel free to correct me if i have the part numbers wrong but everything should be good with how this is. Hope it works for you guys, I just ordered one for my 2004 Z71 extended cab. I'll report back with how it works. |
P.S. It also affects the following: Cadillac Escalade 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002 Chevrolet Suburban, Tahoe 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999 Chevrolet Avalanche 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2002 GMC Sierra, Yukon, Yukon XL 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999 Hummer H2 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003 |
My 07 Silverado Classic 4x4 has 16K and now making noise in Steer Wheel Column ! Went to dealer and said my warranty ended in July! they said they can replace it for around $300 but it may be an ongoing issue later on??? Has Chevy resolved this problem or is it unrepairable ongoing problem! Noise sucks my truck is like new and I have to listen to this now!Does any one know if Chevy as a new replacement column that will fix this issue? |
My 2005 chevy 1500 4x4 makes a clicking noise when acelerating from a stoped position. the noise is comeing from the levt front tire area, any suggestions? |
I was having same problem as everyone else except they charged me about $800 at GM for the fix and its been about 4mo and sounds worse than ever! Pretty embarising when you have some bad ass looking truck that clunks when you hit a bump or make a turn. |
2001 silverado 4x4 5.3 engineWhen in 4x4 when you step on the gas a rattle occurs from the front end. It sounds like a loose heat sheild yet when inspected nothing is loose. Axel fluid is up no play in the front wheels, shafts are solid no play in the cv or universal. Any ideas? |
#3... it is not your stearing column, that definately sounds like the hub assembly, or maybe the kuckle behind it. #11 & 12... transfer case, you will need a rebuild. #16... lift up the front end, take off the tire and check it out. #18... you may have some loose metal in the transfer case. drain some fluids and see if they have metal shavings. everyone else: no need to post if you have the steering column issue. the answers are plastered all over this board. |
when i put in 4 wheel drive it pulls left to right and if i use the auto button sounds like it going back and forth in the front end i mean from tire to tire. |
I have a silverado that has the same clunking but, the year of my truck is a 2002 could its still be the same problem? |
chev dealer came out with a new steering shaft talk 2 yur chev dealer got 1 for my 05 cost about 80.00 bucks for the part plus labor but its not hard to change 2 bolts |
Well I finally had that Dorman intermediate shaft installed by a GM dealer and everything sounds and feels great. The labor was $60 (for 1/2 hour at $120/hour). The part cost me about $54.00 so all together I'm only in for $114.00 and it seems my worries are over. |
My son's 2006 silverado 4x4 he bought it new and he has replaced the front wheel hub assemblies at least four times. It starts 0ut make a clicking/grinding noise and then it sounds like the front end is falling apart. He replaced the right side hub in January of this year and today he replaced the left. He hasnt been hard on the truck this is all from normal driving to and from work. Is there a recall on this problem are does anyone have the answer to his problem. Help is needed!!!!!!!!!! |
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Originally posted by Old_OX_Eagle83
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One of the challenges of being a good SM is what they don't know because when someone states mater-of-factly that the SM can't be a MBC, the SM might believe it, thus tying their hands of an opportunity for helping a scout's growth.
I believe the biggest barrier for scouts' growth in all units are adults creating rules, regulations, restrictions and protocols based from their fears. I used to teach a class on this very subject helping adult leaders get their program past the adult fears. Look at the post in this discussion and look at the self-created MBC "guidelines". Most if not all are based simply from the fear of an adult making an unethical decision. National doesn't support these guidelines, but you would think they were written in stone by the tone of scouters giving them.
The OPs basic question was "Do you know if there are any limitations or restrictions for the merit badge process when a SM is also a MBC?". He followed with reasons for asking the question, but the simple answer is "The limitations for a SM are the same as all other MBCs". Now some adults' fears may lead to adding more requirements and that is fine because all of us do it to some degree. But when we add requirements, we risk creating a barrier to a scouts growth because we lose the meaning of the process or method. From Nationals perspective, there are no more requirements on a SM being a MBC than any other registered scouter. And as far as I can tell, the MBC is the highest authority of the scout's performance for recognition of MB requirements even if the SM has a place to sign after all is done. Seems silly to me personally because I can't imagine how that signature could trump the MBC, but it's that fear thing again.