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Category Archives: Special Occasions
Ride Like an All-Star, Duh!
Guest Blog Post: Keith Lumpp & Astro Araujo, Limos.com There are plenty of things to love about October, including harvest time, Halloween and most places are finally cooling off from summer. However, what excites us most here at Limos.com is … Continue reading
Posted in Cool Rides, Deals, Fun Stuff, iPhone, Special Occasions
Tagged baseball, basketball, football, safe rides, soccer, sports
1 Comment
Hey, You! Get Out & Do Some Wine Tasting
Guest Blog Post Justin Falco, Certified Sommelier Greetings cork-poppers! August is a fantastic time to head into wine country no matter what region you're closest to! The rapidly growing grapes are on their way to peak ripeness, filling with sugar, acid, … Continue reading
Posted in Contests, Deals, Fun Stuff, Limos News, Wine Tours
Tagged limo, Party Bus, Sedan Service, Wine Country, Wine Tasting, wine tour, Winery Tour
1 Comment
Deal of the Week
Wine tours from $120 A road trip filled with wine and relaxation leaves very little room for maps and hassle. Hire a driver to get you there – and back – and give everyone a taste of the good life. … Continue reading
It's all about the wheels…
Hey brides — want to bring out the best in your groomsmen? Book a sweet ride for the wedding day and you'll be giving them lifelong bragging rights. Whether it's a traditional stretch or something sportier like a stretch SUV, … Continue reading
Posted in Cool Rides, Fun Stuff, Special Occasions, Wedding
Top three ways to prolong your Summer
Summer is almost over. Squeeze the last drops out of the season with our top three summer excursions: WINE TOURS: A road trip filled with wine and relaxation leaves very little room for maps and hassle. Hire a driver to … Continue reading
Posted in Birthday, Concerts, Cool Rides, Limos News, Special Occasions
1 Comment
5 Tips Every Bride Needs Before Booking a Limo
Millions of wedding limos are rented each year. The average bride spends $500 on transportation for her big day, which translates into big business for car service operators. If you are a bride, how can you ensure you get the … Continue reading
Time to upgrade your prom
Imagine the night: you're wearing the hottest dress in town… one that would make Megan Fox green with envy. Your hair and make-up are flawless, his tux complements your dress perfectly, and his hair would make Justin Bieber reconsider his … Continue reading
Posted in Prom
Tagged car service, limousine, Prom


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The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Review
+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPadWith great power comes... Ah who cares? I just want to swing!
Read The Full Review »
Posts Tagged open worldThe Amazing Spider-Man 2 Review+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPadWith great power comes... Ah who cares? I just want to swing! Read The Full Review » Ravensword: Shadowlands Review+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPadRavensword: Shadowlands returns to the open-world RPG that made Crescent Moon Games' name, and it's a brilliant, expansive affair with giant worlds and giant creatures. Read The Full Review » Way back in 2009, Crescent Moon Games released an open-world RPG named Ravensword: The Fallen King. After years of titles developed and/or published by the studio, including various other RPGs, it's returning to its big original hit, and it's promising to be bigger and better than ever. Meet Ravensword: Shadowlands. Releasing on December 20th, it's not only going to contain a massive open world, with numerous quests and things to discover, rivaling even console and PC open-world games, but it could be one of the best-looking games on the platform, as evidenced with my time on a near-final build. The first hours of the game set the tone that this is an open world, and once the opening tutorial scene is finished, it's open season. A town with dozens of buildings and giant detailed landscapes are immediately available. Want to go on the main quest, to discover what happened to the main character after the battle of Heronmar? Sure, do it. Want to mess around and join a guild, and help random citizens, affecting the character's reputation? Do that, too. The game won't say anything about it. In fact, doing a lot of side quests and exploring is highly recommended, because there's plenty of tough foes that will come in the way, and the game prefers trial by fire. Spoiler alert: trolls and bears are a lot tougher than goblins and deer. Weapon-based combat is simple: tap the attack button to use a weapon, tap on an enemy to target it, and hold down on attack to raise the shield. It does mean that shielding is not necessarily the most intuitive thing, but it does keep the controls from being overly-complicated. Magical items can add a third button for special attacks, and weapons and items can be set as quick use buttons at the bottom of the screen. In general, the best way to raise a stat like shielding or a weaponry type is to use it, or train it at a guild. The game is going to be absolutely packed with content, if the sense of scale is anything to be believe: anywhere visible on land may actually be accessible in the game. Even many of the NPCs feature voice acting (usually for their first line), and a voice actor who worked on the Elder Scrolls series provides many of the NPC voices. iPhone 5 owners are in for a treat: the game looks absolutely stunning, and only stutters occasionally in towns, for example. The build I have is "near-final" so it may or may not be sorted out, though the game is generally quite smooth. The draw distance is unparalleled as well. Playing Ravensword: Shadowlands for several hours already, it feels like I've barely scratched the surface of this game, and there's still mountains of content to discover. Between the vast landscape to uncover, and stories to unfold, this game could take a long time to truly discover all it holds. Pilot's Path Review+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPadWho would have thought that transporting cargo from place to place in a helicopter could be so much fun? Read The Full Review » From the first moment video game consoles began to appear in homes across the world, there were people who longed to take the experience with them wherever they might go. And as rapidly as technology might improve, it's still not easy to replicate the console experience on a handheld device. But it is possible, even on gadgets that weren't created with video games as their primary function. With that in mind, we present an iOS title that many of us here at 148apps believe is worthy of being called a console-quality game. *NOTE: "Console-quality" refers to the quality of the experience, not just the graphics. This is about the depth of gameplay, content, and in some cases how accurately it portrays the ideals of its console counterpart.* The Backstory The Gameplay How Does It Play? Touch controls and hardware constraints aside, Aralon: Sword and Shadow basically is an Elder Scrolls game for iOS devices. The world is huge and full of secrets, there are lots of items to acquire and enemies to vanquish, and most importantly it's incredibly easy to spend hours doing non story-related tasks. And honestly, I can't think of a better game to call a console-quality iOS game.
$4.99 + Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPad Released: 2010-12-16 :: Category: Games The Amazing Spider-Man Review+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPadA movie tie in game that's great fun and captures the spirit of the movie? Yes, really. Read The Full Review » RobotGladi8tor Review+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPadThe "open world" and "mega battles" aren't quite as open and mega as expected, but RobotGladi8tor is still a nifty sci-fi brawler. With a few caveats, of course. Read The Full Review » Microcraft is something of an oddity. It's a fan-made "remake" of a port of a Notch-made knockoff of one of the most popular indie games of all time. Wow, that was intense. The game itself functions much like a top-down Minecraft, with a few other key differences. While surviving assaults by vicious monsters and crafting items from wood and stone are still a major factor, there's not much in the way of building. So while players can (and should) explore the world and create helpful tools and weapons for themselves, they can't construct a fortress to live in. Kind of a shame, but making something like that from this perspective would undoubtedly be tough to pull off. With several "mobs" to fight, a number of different environments to explore and a day/night cycle (not to mention all the crafting), I think Microcraft should make for a good time. Whether or not it stays on the App Store for very long is up in the air at this point since it does share many a similarity to Mojang's runaway train of a game, as well as Notch's Ludum Dare spin-off, but I'd like to think that it's different enough to earn a permanent place among the other hundreds of thousands of titles up there. $0.99 iPhone App - Designed for the iPhone, compatible with the iPad Released: 2012-01-30 :: Category: Games Junk Jack ReviewiPhone App - Designed for the iPhone, compatible with the iPadJunk Jack is another sandbox game with rather obvious "inspirations," but to simplify it as such would be doing the game (and fans of this somewhat new-ish genre) a HUGE disservice. Read The Full Review » Crafted ReviewiPhone App - Designed for the iPhone, compatible with the iPadIts inspirations are more than blatantly obvious, but that doesn't mean Crafted should be written-off. Read The Full Review » Fossil Feast Review+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPadFossil Feast is an oddly relaxing game all about eating everything that moves. Read The Full Review » CasteriPhone App - Designed for the iPhone, compatible with the iPadCaster has great potential as a magical 3D shooter. Its innovative control scheme excels in all fields...except when it comes to aiming, which is a major flaw that ultimately cripples the experience. Future updates could make this a surefire hit, but as it stands, Caster frustrated me with its brevity and difficulty of targeting enemies. Read The Full Review » |

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This programme is designed to provide students with a knowledge and understanding of aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical process technology so that they can apply the skills developed in the course and operate effectively in the areas of chemical development, process development and design, scale-up and technology transfer to production and process operation. It is intended for graduates in scientific or engineering disciplines who work or intend to work in the chemical and pharmaceutical sector.The part time programme will operate on a 2 year cycle.
On successful completion the following awards may be made. Postgraduate Diploma in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Process Technology (DIT). MSc in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Process Technology (DIT).
Career Opportunities
Graduates of the programme will have the necessary knowledge and skills to operate effectively in process operation and process development in the chemical and pharmaceutical sector and related industrial sectors.
The course is delivered through lectures, practical work, case studies and tutorials. The programme consists of 12 taught modules (5ECTs each) and 1 project module (30 ECTs). Modules include the following:Chemical and pharmaceutical processes
Mass and energy balances in chemical processes
Mass transfer applications
Heat transfer and heat exchangesDistillation processes
Liquid / Liquid extraction processes
Absorption processes
Absorption processes
Reactor operation and designFluids
Particulate solids technology
Membrane separation processesProcess control systems
Process utilities
Materials handling
Process safetyProcess design and development
Environmental managementProcess validation
Pharmaceutical quality assurance
Pharmaceutical regulatory aspects
Project management
Process economics
Final moduleProject
Scientists and engineers who wish to or are working in the pharmaceutical or chemicals sector.
BSc (Hons) in a scientific or engineering discipline or equivalent qualification. Applicants for the part-time programme should be employed in a relevant industrial sector. Selection of candidates may be by interview.
IELTS band: | 6 |
CAE score: (read more) Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) is part of the Cambridge English suite and is targeted at a high level (IELTS 6.5-8.0). It is an international English language exam set at the right level for academic and professional success. Developed by Cambridge English Language Assessment - part of the University of Cambridge - it helps you stand out from the crowd as a high achiever. | 200 (Grade A) |
TOEFL paper-based test score : | 550 |
Sign in to find all related scholarships and all information about funding here.
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Small classes. Engaging instructors. Lasting friendships.
If you're academically talented and highly motivated, USD's Honors Program is for you. The Honors Program provides you with a participatory, get-involved education that promotes the exchange of ideas and the development of personal passion for future endeavors.
In addition to the courses in your chosen field, you'll take one honors course a semester where you'll learn to digest complex issues, cultivate an opinion, persuasively share your conclusions in writing and discussion and develop the skills needed to give you a competitive advantage - no matter what your career.
- The Honors Program is open to students in all majors
- Most Honors students apply for and are admitted to the program before entering as first year students.
- There are no extra costs associated with enrollment in the Honors Program.
- Generally you must have displayed potential for Honors work in high school through good grades, college preparatory curriculum, high ACT scores and participation in school and community activities.
- Successful applicants typically score a 27 or above on the ACT and rank in the top 15% of their class.
- Others with special experiences, talents or academic interests are encouraged to apply - all applications are reviewed for achievement and potential.
Honors Program Application
Additional information and the Honors online application are available through the Honors Program web site.


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Plan Specification: HHF-3395
Total Square Footage: 2,045Main Level: 1,560Second Level: 485Bedrooms: 4Baths: 2Garages: 2Width: 57 ft Depth: 32 ftFoundation: Basement, Crawl Space, Walk-out Basement
© copyright by designer |
Plan: HHF-3395This striking contemporary flaunts a unique exterior of vertical siding, shed roofs and glass. I designed the home with a tuck-under garage, making it ideal for a sloping lot. Without the garage, it may be built on a level lot. A semi-circular silo houses the stairway to the private master suite on the upper floor, which features a skylighted bath and a private balcony. The skylighted foyer opens to a huge Great Room, also with skylights. A cathedral ceiling, a large fireplace and lots of glass are other highlights.
Additional Images
Get Your House Plans In Minutes!NEW PDFs Now! Plan packages available. Simply place your order, electronically sign the license agreement, and receive your PDFs within minutes in your inbox!Plan Pricing Packages
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© copyright by designer First Floor Plan: © copyright by designer Second Floor Plan: © copyright by designer Basement Floor Plan: Top Plan Details


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Protect America's Environment: For Our Families, For Our Future |
2000-2001 Newsletter |
Here is our X-C Ski program for 2000-2001. We have 28 trips listed and we'll add more if snow lasts. This winter is forecast to be more "normal", no ninas this time. Even though Southern California was much drier than normal, we had a fine snow pack in the higher mountains (San Gorgornio and San Jacinto). Mt. Shasta was magnificent once again.
Our monthly meetings are in the Clairemont Community Room. It is in the Clairemont Town Square Shopping Center in north Clairemont. Beginners are invited to come at 6 PM and learn about ski equipment and clothing. More experienced skiers can come to Acapulco's across the parking lot for food and drink. Back in the Community Room at 7 PM we will go over out trips. At 7:30 PM, our programs feature high adventure and fine photography. Check out the meeting notices.
Beginners are welcome on most winter trips and lessons are provided until spring. Jan 28 is a beginner class in our local mountains. Jan 21 is a Telemark turn clinic at one of the downhill resorts. We are also listing "demo days" and other instructional trips even though we are not sponsoring them. They can be of great value in learning the more advanced skills.
We have two new trips this season. Jackie's March trip to Washington's Methow Valley, east of the Cascades involves skiing from one resort to another. Jackie's trips always include fine food, warm ambiance, and easy skiing. Craig will insure that challenging skiing is also available. Craig is taking us back to Mt. Shasta again in the late spring. The lateness is to give the Park Service time to plow the roads to Mt. Lassen. Lassen is surprisingly easy to climb when you can drive to it.
The Mammoth, Bear Valley, and Yosemite trips are still outstanding for beginner and intermediate skiers. I hope you will join us this season. Our ski season usually lasts until the end of spring. Your ski skills can provide 5 or 6 months of breathtaking alpine experience.
Mike Fry, X-C Ski Section Chair.
TRIP DESCRIPTION FORMAT: Trip format includes date & days of trip; trip name; pricing information, including deposit, full payment date and items included in price; skier level(s); trip description and coordinator name and contact information. Prices are estimates based on the best information at the time of publication and are subject to change.
Ski Levels:
RESERVATIONS: Make check(s) payable to the Sierra Club and send with a note including your name, address, phone number, ski experience and the name of the trip. Include two 4"x9" Self-Addressed Stamped Envelopes (SASE). Deposits are non-refundable. Priorities, such as bus seating and room assignments, are based on the date your full payment is received. When calling a trip coordinator, please remember they are volunteers. Call between 6 PM and 9 PM, unless otherwise stated. Please sign-up early if you can. We have to make large deposits many months in advance for these trips. To avoid loss, we usually cancel unreserved lodging 30 days before the trip.
WSI - "Where the Snow Is" - TRIPS. We go to the closest skiable snow. These trips are usually just for one day but occasionally we offer optional overnight stays. The leader usually knows if they have Sat. or Sun. free before we know what the snow conditions are. Transportation is usually by car. The only costs are car pool, ski rental, food or lodging. As a courtesy to WSI coordinators, please do not call more than 5 days in advance of the trip and call only between 6 PM and 9 PM. This season we will trial e-mail notification of WSI trips. If you wish an e-mail notice, forward your e-mail address to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Newsletter updates are in red; recaps are in green.
Nov 9, Thur, 6 PM - 8:30 PM, SKI SECTION MEETING at Clairemont Community Room, 4731 Clairemont Dr. on Lakehurst Lane, Clairemont Town Square, between Vons and Pick-n-Save. 6 PM beginner instruction in the community room, or dinner at Acapulco's across the parking lot. At 7 PM (back in the community room) we will describe our trips of the coming season. At 7:30 PM Kent Reed will present an equipment and slide show on Citizen Racing. Kent is a highly competitive senior athlete. He races in x-c ski events throughout the west.
Nov 11-12, Sat-Sun, "PRE-SEASON" KELSO DUNES-MOJAVE NATIONAL PRESERVE: Beginner - advanced. Sand skiing is fun and the dunes are beautiful. Car camp and day tour. Sand skis and boots provided. No fee. Leader: Mike Fry, 858-566-3851 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. 20 people enjoyed the dunes. The weather was cool during the day, and cold at night. The booming sand noise was great!
Nov 23-26, Thur.-Sun., MAMMOTH THANKSGIVING SKI WEEKEND: Beginner/ advanced. Stay in condominiums in Mammoth Lakes with access to the downhill and cross-country ski slopes. Daily outings will be planned based on snow conditions/interest of the group. Snow (or no), join us in Mammoth for Thanksgiving. Cost $166. Car-pool extra. For reservation send $25 non-refundable deposit to Coordinator: Barbara Domurad: 10846 Parkdale Ave. S.D. 92126 or call 858-271-0696 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Chapter fund raiser. 19 skiers enjoyed an incredible Thanksgiving dinner and 2 to 3 feet of still soft snow. We skied to the Red Cones, Mammoth Crest, Minaret Vista, the Tamarack groomed trails, and a few telemarked on Mammoth Mtn. This was the best Mammoth trip yet!
Dec 10, Sun, NORPINE DEMO DAYS. Snow Summit, $40 includes lift ticket and demo skis and boots. This is a comercial event, not a Sierra Club Outing. You must call 619-276-1577. Look for other nordic events on their website http://www.norpine.com/.
Dec 9, 16/17, 23/24, Sat &/or Sun. WSI-Where the Snow is, Coordinator Jim Crouch 619-223-9084. No WSI trips this month. December is normally too early for local snow.
Dec 14, Thur night, 6 PM - 8:30 PM, SKI SECTION MEETING (See Nov 9 for time and location). Program: Kent Reed will present a slide show of the Sierra High Route. Kent has made numerous trans-sierra ski expeditions with the legendary ski guide Dave Beck. Beck's route starts on the eastside at the Shepherd Pass trailhead and finishes at Giant Forest in Sequoia about a week later. Don't forget the dinner (at Acapulco's) or beginner instruction (in the community room) at 6 PM, before the program.
Dec 16 &/or 17. Sat or Sun, DEMO DAYS, BIG BEAR MTN RESORT, 909-585-2519 x348. This is a commercial event with lift ticket, demo gear and lessons. The Angeles Chapter's SMS group Keller Hut is available for Fri and Sat nights. Call Keith Martin 310-316-7617. Their price of $95 includes lodging, 1 dinner and the demo days package. Car pool is extra. Many of us have improved our skills at these events.
Dec 28-Jan 1, Thur-Mon. NEW YEAR'S BEAR VALLEY X-C SKI BUS TRIP. Come join us to bring in the New Year on the slopes at Bear Valley (25 miles north of Yosemite). We will be skiing tracks, groomed slopes and in the backcountry. Price includes four nights in cabins in the Arnold area, bus transportation, and ski instruction. Ideal for skiers of all levels. Cost $275. To register, please send $25 non-refundable deposit plus 3 SASE to: Coordinator: Alice Fichandler, 4520 Greene St., San Diego, CA 92107 or call 619-226-6083. Chapter fund raiser. 26 happy, friendly skiers enjoyed 2-3 feet of good snow and excellent lodging. We need more skiers to continue offering this trip. If you would like to go to Bear Valley next season, call Alice now. We will research other locations, and we need your input on that as well.
Jan 11, Thur, 6 PM - 8:30 PM, SKI SECTION MEETING. (See Nov 9 for time and location). Program: Alvin Walter will present a slide show of his ski expedition to the North Pole. Alvin joined a European group that used Russian military support. They were flown from Siberia to a base on the ice, then skied north to reach the pole.
Jan 6/7, 13/14, 20, Sat &/or Sun WSI, Coordinator: Craig Denson 858-270-3828.
Jan 21, Sat, TELEMARK CLASS. Interm.-Advanced. Improve your turning skills. Est. cost $45 for lessons and lift ticket. Car-pool extra. Leader: Alvin Walter: 8435 Jade Coast Road, S. D. 92126, 858-586-1982.
Jan 27, Sat. LEADER TRAINING, WSI: Class includes ski instruction techniques, avalanche awareness, and equipment repair. No fee. Leader: Mike Fry, 858-566-3851 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Jan 28, Sun: BEGINNER CLASS, WSI: Ski lessons for beginners. Cost $15 plus car pool costs and ski rental. For information on location contact Leader: Craig Denson, send a SASE to 4259 Feather Ave., S.D. 92117 or call 858-270-3828 or email@example.com.
Jan 27-28, Sat-Sun, SMS FREEHEEL CLINIC. Lift ticket, lessons and rental discounts at Big Bear Mountain. Call Keith Martin 310-316-7617 for Keller Hut lodging. See Dec 16-17.
Feb 3/4, 10/11. Sat &/or Sun. WSI. Coordinator: Mark Vogt, 858-831-0067.
Feb 8, Thur, 6 PM - 8:30 PM, SKI SECTION MEETING (See Nov 9 for time and location). Program: Alvin Walter will present a slide show of his trip to the Canadian Rockies. Selkirk Mtn Experience is a hut and guide service reached by helicopter. The skiing is done by human power, about 5000 vertical feet each day.
Feb 15-19. Thur-Mon. YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK: Beginner-Advanced. Spend Presidents' day in Yosemite. Price includes 4 nights lodging (three at Yosemite Lodge) and bus transportation. Prices are $295 quadruple occupancy (shared beds), $325 triple occupancy (one shared and one separate bed), $380 double occupancy (two beds). Add $25 for non-Sierra Club members. Bus space is limited to 47.Send $25 non-refundable deposit and 3 SASE to Coordinator: Chuck Hansen, 4574 Adair Street, S.D. 92107 or call 619-224-3086. Chapter fund raiser.
Feb 24-25. Sat-Sun. MT. BALDY TO WRIGHTWOOD TRAVERSE. Ambitious weekend of climbing and skiing rarely skied slopes. Leader: Alvin Walter, 858-586-1982.
Mar 3-11, Sat-Sun. METHOW VALLEY, WA. Intermediate-Advanced. The Methow Valley is one of the nation's premier X/C ski areas with a community trail linking three separate trail systems, to equal over 200km of groomed trails. Located on the Eastern side of the ridge, the combination of dry snow and abundant sunshine make this valley a desirable destination for winter play. Cost: $615 includes; 8 nights lodging (six in lodges and two in trail huts) transportation to/from airport at Wenatchee. Does not include airfare (approx. $350), food, trail passes or transportation within valley. Coordinator: Jackie Gray 858-270-3828. To reserve your space, send 2 SASEs (legal size), address, phone number, ski experience and $100 non-refundable deposit to Jackie Gray, 4259 Feather Ave., S.D. 92117. Deposit is refundable until Jan 3, 2001. For information only, send 1 SASE.
Mar 8, Thur, 6 PM - 8:30 PM, SKI SECTION MEETING (See Nov 9 for time and location). Program: Reiner Stenzel shows slides of outings of the Ski Mountaineering Section (SMS)/Angeles Chapter/Sierra Club. The SMS was formed in 1938. They ski the steepest slopes around and are responsible for the Keller and Baldy huts.
Mar 18-21. PEAR LAKE SKI HUT. Great backcountry skiing in classic setting. We'll (again) enter Sequoia NP lottery for three nights at Pear Lake Ski Hut. Intermediate backcountry skiers, limited to 10. Pack-in six mile with food, fuel, sleeping bag. Estimated hut cost $50, paid in advance. Carpool, Saturday night lodging extra. Contact leader by Oct. 15 for details and sign-up. Leader: Jim Crouch. 619-223-9084.
Mar 24-25. Sat & Sun. WBC SNOW CAMP, There may be space on the busses for non-WBC students. Call Starla Rivers 858-673-0886 for information.
Mar 29-Apr 1, Thur-Sun. TIOGA PASS WINTER RESORT. Intermediate-advanced. Join us for some of the best x-c skiing in Yosemite's high country. Ski into a snowed in lodge with heated cabins, shower, etc. The food is outstanding, lodge is cozy and company great! Cost is $400 per person. Includes 6 delicious meals and lodging. Trip is limited to 12. Send non-refundable, $40 deposit with 2 SASE to Coordinator: Rhea Leptich, 4017 Mt. Blackburn Ave. S.D. 92111-2828. or call 858-277-8123. Chapter fund raiser.
Apr 8-9, Sat-Sun. SAN GORGONIO SNOW CAMP. Strong intermediate - advanced. Hike and ski with packs to the southernmost glacier cirques in the US This is the premier southern California backcountry ski area. Car-pool. Leader: Alvin Walter 858-586-1982.
Apr 12, Thur 7:30 PM SKI SECTION MEETING (See Nov 9 for time and location) Program: We hope to have Suniva Sorby report on her Antarctic expedition. No beginner instruction this time. Meet for dinner at Acapulco's at 6 PM if you wish.
Apr 20-23, Fri-Mon. SIERRA NEVADA SKI CAMP. Intermediate-Advanced. Annual ski camp, car camp or motel camp to the best snow in the Sierra. Previous trips have been to Piute Pass, Tuolomne Ski Hut, and Virginia Lakes. Leader: Mike Fry 858-566-3851 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
May 10. Thur. 7 PM. SKI SECTION PLANNING MEETING. Clairemont Community Room. Plan next seasons trips. Dinner at Acapulco at 6 PM. No beginner instruction.
May 17-21. Thur-Mon, MT. SHASTA AND MT. LASSEN. Motel and/or ski backpack to our own cascade delight. Shasta was so much fun last season that we have lengthened the trip and included Mt. Lassen. Fly to Sacramento, rent cars and drive to the snow. Finish the season in Chico at the Sierra Nevada Brewery. Leader: Craig Denson 858-270-3828 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Refund Policy
Note that sickness or injury does not play a part in refunds. See "Trip Insurance".
Full Refund: 1. We cancel the trip. 2. The leader determines you shouldn't be on the trip or 3. You find your own replacement and they reimburse you.
Partial Refund: 1. We find your replacement and keep only your deposit. 2. We can't replace you, but we get a refund (or are not charged) by our providers because of your absence. You get back whatever we get back.
Trip Insurance: You may purchase trip insurance from any travel agent. They usually cover sickness, injury, family emergencies, lost luggage etc.
SKI SECTION MAILING LIST: Though all our trips are advertised in the HiSierran, mailing list members receive a complete listing in advance of publication. To receive a copy of the newsletter, send your name, address, phone number, e-mail address and ski level to Barbara Domurad, 10846 Parkdale Ave. S.D. 92126 or via e-mail at email@example.com. Ski section members may opt to receive the newsletter via regular mail, e-mail or both. Please indicate your preference. This newsletter is on our Web page: http://sandiego.sierraclub.org/xcski.html.
TRIP COORDINATORS & COL volunteers are needed. Discounts are available based on the number of participants and length of the trip. If you are interested in becoming an outing leader for ski trips our January 27th training outing augments the chapter's leader training program. For more information contact Mike Fry at 858-566-3851 or email email@example.com.
SUGGESTIONS: Help us make the Ski Section better. Call Mike Fry, Chairperson, at 858-566-3851 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
San Diego Chapter Sierra Club Office, 3820 Ray Street, San Diego, CA 92104. Telephone 619-299-1744; voice mail 299-1744; FAX 299-1742.
Sierra Club, 85 Second St, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105-3441, USA. Telephone 415-977-5500; FAX 415-977-5799.
If you have problems or comments concerning our WWW service, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
http://sandiego.sierraclub.org/xcski.html -- last updated 7/26/01 by Brad Buffett: update links for move to new directory.


text: Legal Studies - Law School Early Admission 3-3 Major The Legal Studies Department offers its own 3-3 program, the Legal Studies-Law School Early Admission (LGST-LSEA) Major. Students wishing to pursue a 3-3 track should meet with a Legal Studies professor upon entrance to Hamline for assistance in planning their coursework. If you decide partway through your studies that the 3-3 track is no longer right for you, then simply continue on with your studies and graduate in four years. Participation in the 3-3 program does not guarantee you law school admission; students must take the LSAT and apply to and be accepted to Hamline's School of Law. Students interested in completing the 3-3 program in a major other than Legal Studies may chose from a variety of majors paired with a Law School Early Admission Minor. For more information, visit the 3-3 Law School Early Admission Program web page. Requirements Download the 3-3 Major Advising Sheet Candidates for early admission to Hamline University School of Law (HUSL) must:1. Submit a Declaration of LGST-LSEA Major for as soon as possible. You will need a Legal Studies Department advisor. 2. Complete the five required Legal Studies Major classes below by the end of your junior year. LGST 1110 Legal Systems in American Society LGST 1250 Legal Research and Writing LGST 3770 Law Office Technology LGST 5900 Legal Studies Practicum LGST 5800 Senior Seminar in Legal Studies* *Must be take no earlier than the last semester of junior year. 3. Complete 20 credits of electives from from all LGST courses, with 16 of these 20 credits from listed interdisciplinary offerings to count toward both their major and Breadth of Study requirements. 4. Complete a minor outside of the Legal Studies Department by the end of your junior year. 5. Complete all Hamline Plan requirements and 100 semester credits by the end of your junior year. 6. Complete 76 credits breadth of study credits (credits outside the Legal Studies Department) by the end of your junior year. (First year law school classes transferred back the CLA are legal classes and do not count toward the Breadth of Study requirements.7. File your intent to graduate form by December of your junior year.8. Apply to HUSL during junior year. Application should be completed no later than March. 9. Sit for the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and complete the application process through the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) during junior year. Materials and scholarship applications are also available on the LSAC website and at the law school.Visit the Legal Studies Major page for information on the major requirements> Continuation After The Junior Year To continue in the 3-3 Program after the junior year the student must be accepted for regular admission by HUSL. Upon successful completion of 28 credits of law school course work, (C- or better grades) the undergraduate degree will be conferred. If a student is not accepted into HUSL after their junior year, the student returns to the CLA to finish their degree and a minor other than LGST. Transfer students Transfer students are eligible to participate in the law school early admission (LSEA, 3-3) program and must, in addition to the requirements set forth above, take a minimum of sixteen (16) credits in the major while enrolled the College of Liberal Arts.


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An improved autocidal gravid ovitrap for the control and surveillance of Aedes aegypti
- Andrew J Mackay,
- Manuel Amador,
- Roberto Barrera
- … show all 3 hide
Limited success has been achieved using traditional vector control methods to prevent the transmission of dengue viruses. Integrated control programs incorporating alternative tools, such as gravid ovitraps (lethal ovitraps and sticky ovitraps) may provide greater potential for monitoring and reducing vector populations and dengue virus transmission. We had developed an autocidal gravid ovitrap (AGO) as a simple, low-cost device for surveillance and control of Ae. aegypti without the use of pesticides that does not require servicing for an extended period of time. The purpose of our study was to improve the efficacy and efficiency of this device.
Competitive assays were performed in the laboratory and an outdoor cage to evaluate whether modifications to the structure and appearance of our original trap design (AGO-A), and the addition of an olfactory bait (hay infusion), improve trap function. The performance of a modified trap design (AGO-B) was then assessed and compared with conventional ovitraps in a series of field tests in San Juan City, Puerto Rico. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze adult Ae. aegypti capture data from the laboratory, outdoor cage and field experiments.
Increasing the size of the trap entrance, altering the color of trap components, and increasing the volume/surface area of the aqueous bait significantly improved the performance of the AGO in the outdoor cage. In a subsequent field comparison, captures of Ae. aegypti females were 3.7 fold greater in the improved trap (AGO-B), compared with the original design (AGO-A). An infusion bait produced "in situ" significantly improved capture rates of the improved trap under both semi-natural and field conditions. Semi-weekly collections of Ae. aegypti females in the AGO-B were significantly correlated with cumulative rainfall 8 to 28 days prior to sampling, whereas egg collections in paired conventional ovitraps were not. When vector abundance was low, the AGO-B provided greater sensitivity and precision as a surveillance device, compared with paired conventional ovitraps.
The AGO-B can be used to efficiently attract and capture gravid Ae. aegypti females for more than 8 weeks without the need for trap maintenance.
- Morrison AC, Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Scott TW, Rosenberg R: Defining challenges and proposing solutions for control of the virus vector Aedes aegypti . PLoS Med 2008, 5:e68. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050068. CrossRef
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- Steffler LM, Marteis LS, Dolabella SS, Cavalcanti SCH, Santos RLC: Risk of dengue occurrence based on the capture of gravid Aedes aegypti females using MosquiTRAP. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011, 106:365–367.
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- Maciel-de-Freitas R, Peres RC, Alves F, Brandolini MB: Mosquito traps designed to capture Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) females: Preliminary comparison of Adultrap, MosquiTRAP and backpack aspirator efficiency in a dengue-endemic area of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008, 103:602–605. CrossRef
- Eiras AE, Resende MC: Preliminary evaluation of the "Dengue-MI" technology for Aedes aegypti monitoring and control. Cad Saude Publica 2009,25(Suppl. 1):S45-S58. CrossRef
- Wu HH, Wang CY, Teng HJ, Lin C, Lu LC, Jian SW, Chang NT, Wen TH, Wu JW, Liu DP, Lin LJ, Norris DE, Wu HS: A dengue vector surveillance by human population-stratified ovitrap survey for Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) adult and egg collections in high dengue-risk areas of Taiwan. J Med Entomol 2013, 50:261–269. CrossRef
- Lee C, Vythilinggam I, Chong CS, Razak MAA, Tan CH, Pok KY, Ng LC: Gravitraps for management of dengue clusters in Singapore. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0329. Published online March 11, 2013
- Perich MJ, Kardec A, Braga IA, Portal IF, Burge R, Zeichner BC, Brogdan WA, Wirtz RA: Field evaluation of a lethal ovitrap against dengue vectors in Brazil. Med Vet Entomol 2003, 17:205–210. CrossRef
- Rapley LP, Johnson PH, Williams CR, Silcock RM, Larkman M, Long SA, Russell RC, Ritchie SA: A lethal ovitrap-based mass trapping scheme for dengue control in Australia: II. Impact on populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti . Med Vet Entomol 2009, 23:303–316. CrossRef
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- Sithiprasasna R, Mahapibul P, Noigamol C, Perich MJ, Zeichner BC, Burge B, Norris SL, Jones JW, Schleich SS, Coleman RE: Field evaluation of a lethal ovitrap for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. J Med Entomol 2003, 40:455–462. CrossRef
- Williams CR, Ritchie SA, Long SA, Dennison N, Russell RC: Impact of a bifenthrin-treated lethal ovitrap on Aedes aegypti oviposition and mortality in North Queensland, Australia. J Med Entomol 2007, 44:256–262. CrossRef
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- Harrington LC, Ponlawat A, Edman JD, Scott TW, Vermeylen F: Influence of container size, location, and time of day on oviposition patterns of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti , in Thailand. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008, 8:415–422. CrossRef
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- Ritchie SA: Effect of some animal feeds and oviposition substrates on Aedes oviposition in ovitraps in Cairns, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2001, 17:206–208.
- Barbosa RMR, Furtado A, Regis L, Leal WS: Evaluation of an oviposition-stimulating kairomone for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti , in Recife. Brazil J Vector Ecol 2010, 35:204–207. CrossRef
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- Favaro EA, Dibo MR, Mondini A, Ferreira AC, Barbosa AAC, Eiras AE, Barata EAMF, Chiaravalloti-Neto F: Physiological state of Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti mosquitoes captured with MosquiTRAPs® in Mirrasol, San Paulo, Brazil. J Vector Ecol 2006, 31:285–291. CrossRef
- Russell RC, Ritchie SA: Surveillance and behavioral investigations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis in Moorea, French Polynesia, using a sticky ovitrap. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2004, 20:370–375.
- Chadee DD, Corbet PS: The gonotrophic status and diel pattern of entry to outdoor oviposition sites of female Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1993, 87:263–268.
- Chadee DD, Ritchie SA: Oviposition behaviour and parity rates of Aedes aegypti collected in sticky traps in Trinidad. West Indies Acta Tropica 2010, 116:212–216. CrossRef
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- Title
- An improved autocidal gravid ovitrap for the control and surveillance of Aedes aegypti
- Open Access
- Available under Open Access This content is freely available online to anyone, anywhere at any time.
- Journal
Parasites & Vectors
- Online Date
- August 2013
- 10.1186/1756-3305-6-225
- Online ISSN
- 1756-3305
- Publisher
- BioMed Central
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Aedes aegypti
- Oviposition
- Sticky ovitraps
- Vector surveillance
- Puerto Rico
- Authors
- Andrew J Mackay (1) (2)
- Manuel Amador (1)
- Roberto Barrera (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, 00959, Puerto Rico
- 2. Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA


text: The BET Hip-Hop Awards is currently going down in Atlanta as we type. Chris Lighty was remembered at today's ceremonies with a tribute that included Busta Rhymes, Q-Tip, Missy Elliott, Fat Joe & 50 Cent. Above is a candid shot of 50 Cent & Fat Joe sharing the stage together for the first time EVER. As you may know, the two have had their exchange of words in the past, but both rappers were big enough to put that all to the side tonight in honor of Lighty. Another shot of TS affiliate Raul & 50 Cent after the cut. Hip Hop is alive and well.


text:
The SW-MOTECH ALU-RACK is a clean looking, stand-alone base system that allows Quick-Release fitment of TraX, Givi and other Topcases, SW-MOTECH luggage racks, or SW-MOTECH Bags-Connection Quick-Lock Tankbags to keep your motorcycle as versatile as you are.
ALU-RACK Topracks are a sturdy and elegant solution for mounting your topcase. Constructed from high-strength, lightweight aluminum for durability, they are bike-specific and shaped to accentuate the lines of your motorcycle. Three mounting points for Quick-Lock fasteners in the center of the ALU-RACK allow attachment of removable adapters to fit most Topcases, an SW-MOTECH Quick-Release Soft Luggage Carrier, or an SW-MOTECH ALU-RACK QUICK-LOCK Tankring for fitting flat-bottom SW-MOTECH Bags-Connection Tankbags such as the QUICK-LOCK EVO Sport Tankbag or the QUICK-LOCK EVO Daypack Tankbag.
Adapter plates are available to fit the following Topcases
- Givi Monolock
- Givi Monokey
- TraX ALU-BOX
- Pelican
- DrySpec
- Shad SH26, SH29, SH32, SH33, SH37, SH40, SH42, SH45 & SH46 (not SH48, SH49 or SH50)
- Kappa
- Hepco-Becker
- Coocase
Jakob Schwartz of the SV1000 discussion group wrote:
I used it this summer on my holiday in France. It worked perfect and I really liked the feature that I could just "click" off the rack when we arrived to our destination.
Dimensions of Alu-Rack's flat surface:
- 5.5" long front-to-back
- 7.0" wide at front of rack
- 3.5" wide at rear of rack
- Review by sharpzuki


text:
Here we go, my first guest post – how exciting! This column will be a place where I share my fashion and style musings with you from inspiration to outfits to lots of shopping. Hopefully it'll offer a bit of an insight into the Leeds fashion and retail scene that perhaps isn't always exploited to its full potential.
I could have been a bit predictable with this first instalment and done a bit of an introduction post about me and my style, but I thought I'd be topical and tackle a seasonal issue head on, 'guns a blazing' as it were… Christmas shopping. When I say Christmas shopping, I don't mean just rocking up and down the high street, barging people out of the way and slalom dodging flailing shopping bags, I mean that time when you have to actually think about what on earth you're going to get that someone special. Specifically, the man in your life.
Now, I'm just as guilty as a lot of men and women for making a beeline for Topman and sifting through the piles of carrot jeans and polyester-wool knitted jumpers to find something that the man's wardrobe is lacking. Many a time have I become fumigated with stink as I ploughed through the hazy land known as the men's aftershave section in Boots. Once I even braved the unknown dark depths of the Sports Direct basement in search of some athletic inspiration. Well, not any more…
MKI - Not at all am I suggesting it to be the 'one stop shop' for Christmas presents for all men, but it's a pretty strong place to start in my eyes. Tucked away in the Corn Exchange, this calming and serene haven of menswear is not only a pleasure to shop in experience wise but also aesthetically, offering menswear that actually isn't as expensive as you might first think. Considering the majority of the collection is their own brand, with each garment individually designed in it's own right and not just as another piece in the range, I'm astonished by the value. Normally I would think boutique = lots of pennies, but I can honestly say it's no more so than Topman or Zara's premium ranges, plus in the majority of cases it's a hell of a lot nicer.


text:
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Lighting & Studio » Studio Accessories » Triggers & Sync » PocketWizard
Order within 20 hours 5 minutesfor Delivery on Monday 9th March
The Nikon dedicated Pocket Wizard FlexTT5 Transceiver, with its built in hot-shoe and ControlTL firmware, is the perfect addition to Nikon i-TTL II flash systems. The FlexTT5 takes the existing benefits of Nikon wireless systems beyond the boundaries of infrared technology. When paired with the Mini TT1 Transmitter or another FlexTT5 Transceiver, a whole new world of wireless flash freedom opens up. The FlexTT5 is also the perfect Transceiver for your manual triggering needs and works with all MultiMAX channels and many of the MultiMAX advanced functions. More
The FlexTT5's simple design comes to life through its hot-shoe connection with a camera or flash. Mount a flash or command unit on the FlexTT5 to use the same zone controls and ratio commands as you would normally. The system tracks your changes in ISO, shutter speed and aperture and reacts accordingly to make sure exposures stay right on target. Use the flash compensation dial on your camera or flash just as you would normally and the changes pass seamlessly through the system.
The FlexTT5 has two channel configuration settings; C1 and C2. Each can be programmed as needed with up to 20 ControlTL channels for TTL photography, or 32 standard channels for manual flash photography. The FlexTT5 Transceiver also has a three-zone selector switch for ease of use with Canon zones and ratios.
With PocketWizard HyperSync™ Technology, the FlexTT5 can precisely advance the timing of your flash trigger so that increased flash sync speeds, up to 1/500th of a second is achievable with many strobes.
Need more speed? Push your ControlTL system beyond 1/500th and go into FP/High-Speed sync mode automatically. Simply change your shutter speed to get flash sync all the way to 1/8000th. No buttons to press or settings to change!
A PocketWizard Utility program is provided to support the FlexTT5 Transceiver via a USB port. The Utility allows you to configure your channel settings, dial in your HyperSync timing, adjust your sleep-mode timers as well as update your product to the latest firmware.
For a full, in-depth look at the PocketWizard FlexTT5 for Nikon click here.
The FlexTT5 also has our Auto-Sensing Transceiver Technology that enables it to switch back and forth between Transmitter and Receiver modes as needed for greater flexibility on the job. When a hot-shoe or other trigger is detected, it automatically switches to Transmitter mode. With Auto Relay Mode you can easily trigger a remote camera in sync with remote flash. Put a camera where you can't be and use remote TTL or non-TTL lighting at the same time. Expand your coverage and increase your creativity.
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Reviewed by 11 customers
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one not to buy
By James
from London
About Me Pro Photographer
Comments about PocketWizard FlexTT5 - Nikon:
unreliable which is really unfortunate. If i had my time again i would buy cactus flash guns which have reliable integrated tx/rx and the facility to adjust the flash guns remotely
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Reliable off-camera flash control
By Jenny the wedding photographer
from Worthing
Purchased these for greater flash-fire reliability than can be obtained with Nikon's CLS system
TT5 with Elinchorn
By johnhjic
from Yorkshire
About Me Semi-pro Photographer
Got this to work with my Elinchorn Range quadra and it work very well up to 1/8000 of sec. on my D800e
Using with Elinchrom
I got this to sync with an Elinchorm Quadra eco ring flash with shutter speeds up to 8000th sec. I did hope it would and it does what a relief. I am using them on Nikon D800e and there is no clipping of shuttering of the images. With the TT1 needed to use this setup
Quality in a flash
By Red Snapper
from Nottingham
About Me Professional
Easy to use and very reliable. This unit makes creative lighting control simple.
Great system
By RichardShephard
from Birmingham
The PW system is great and has added a dimension to my photography. Occasional misfires and questionable power levels, but not too bad to put up with.
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Free the Flash
By Carlos
from Bournemouth
I pondered over my investment in the Pocket Wizard mini tt1 and flex tt5's and i have to say apart from the plastic shoe mounts i have not been disappointed at all. I gave 4 stars because of this, pocket wizards are more or less industry standard bits of kit and in my own opinion should have more durable metal ones, Gripe over ! CLS is great but this is better ! No more line of sight issues, strong sunlight no worries, distance as far as i will ever need. Couple one of these some flex tt5's and an ac3 controller together and you will have great control at your fingertips of flash power and lighting ratios. Easy and quick set up, sync speeds of 1/8000th very happy !!
Long awaited kit
By Jon Allen
from Worcestershire
Wow, what a wait it has been for the nikon versions. You will just love this kit, works very well with the SU800 commander unit, you can control 3 sets of speedlights at any given time, very easy to set up. TTL works fine. Much more creativeness can be achieved over the infrared, although infrared worked very well for me even in bright sunlight as long as make sure that your have good line of sight. my only minus, is the construction of the units may not impress, especially when compared to a nikon speedlight at roughly the same price. They are still quite new but my units have been in constant use since Christmas 2010Min kit 3 x Flexs 1 x miniTT, perfect set up
Worth the Wait
By JHP
from Honiton
These really take the reliability of Nikon speedlights to the next level - Infra red TTL signals always seemed to be rather hit and miss if used outside and made one lose faith in their equipment on a shoot. Design quality is good and the units are nice and small so fit in a bag easily. The ability to sit your flash on top of the unit is also considerably better than previous PW incarnations. With the correct connector (PW MM1) they can also be used on Elinchrom lights (BXRi 400s) offering reliable synching way above the normal 1/250th all the way up to 1/8000th. This should work with any slower flash duration (S) heads, but have heard people don't see much improvement on faster flash duration (A) heads. One thing I haven't yet managed is to fire SB900s and Elis at the same time - prob need to play with hypersync offset for this. There is some power loss at higher speeds so you may need to open up the aperture more, but these are leagues ahead of any other brand of radio triggers on the market. Just waiting for the Nikon AC3 now....
Nikon Flash just got much better
By Andrew Gransden
from Buckie, Scotland
The PocketWizard FlexTT5 for Nikon has been long awaited but well worth the wait. Used with the MiniTT1 and the Nikon SU-800 Commander you can control up to 3 groups of Nikon flashes (ie. SB-800) without the reliability issues of the infra red remote link. You now have the flexibility to use Nikon superb flash system in bright sunlight and/or without line-of-sight. The only issue is that you must first switch on the camera, then the MiniTT1/FlexTT5 and then the Speedlight flash. This is especially important when you move the MiniTT1/FlexTT5 between camera bodies.


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Shao H. Yang1, Margarita Meta2, Xin Qiao1, David Frost3, Joy Bauch3, Catherine Coffinier1, Sharmila Majumdar2, Martin O. Bergo4, Stephen G. Young1 and Loren G. Fong1
1Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. 2Department of Radiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. 3Abbott, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA. 4Department of Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
Address correspondence to: Loren G. Fong or Stephen G. Young, 650 Charles East Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. Phone: (310) 825-4934; Fax: (310) 206-0865; E-mail: email@example.com (L.G. Fong) or firstname.lastname@example.com (S.G. Young) .
First published July 1, 2006Submitted: May 2, 2006; Accepted: May 23, 2006.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is caused by the production of a truncated prelamin A, called progerin, which is farnesylated at its carboxyl terminus. Progerin is targeted to the nuclear envelope and causes misshapen nuclei. Protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI) mislocalize progerin away from the nuclear envelope and reduce the frequency of misshapen nuclei. To determine whether an FTI would ameliorate disease phenotypes in vivo, we created gene-targeted mice with an HGPS mutation (LmnaHG/+) and then examined the effect of an FTI on disease phenotypes. LmnaHG/+ mice exhibited phenotypes similar to those in human HGPS patients, including retarded growth, reduced amounts of adipose tissue, micrognathia, osteoporosis, and osteolytic lesions in bone. Osteolytic lesions in the ribs led to spontaneous bone fractures. Treatment with an FTI increased adipose tissue mass, improved body weight curves, reduced the number of rib fractures, and improved bone mineralization and bone cortical thickness. These studies suggest that FTIs could be useful for treating humans with HGPS.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare pediatric progeroid syndrome characterized by multiple disease phenotypes, including slow growth, sclerodermatous changes of the skin, alopecia, micrognathia, osteoporosis, osteolytic lesions in bone, and occlusive atherosclerotic vascular disease (1–5). HGPS is caused by an LMNA mutation that results in the synthesis of a mutant prelamin A, commonly called progerin, that contains a 50-amino-acid deletion within the carboxyterminal portion of the protein (2, 6). Progerin undergoes farnesylation at a carboxyterminal CaaX motif, but it lacks the cleavage site for the endoprotease ZMPSTE24 and therefore cannot be further processed to mature lamin A (2, 6). Within cells, progerin is targeted to the nuclear envelope, where it interferes with the integrity of the nuclear lamina and causes misshapen nuclei (7–9).
We suspected that protein farnesylation might be crucial for the targeting of progerin to the nuclear rim, and we hypothesized that blocking farnesylation with a farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) would mislocalize progerin away from the nuclear rim and reduce the frequency of misshapen nuclei (6, 9, 10). Indeed, this was the case; an FTI reduced the number of misshapen nuclei in fibroblasts from mice with a targeted HGPS mutation (9). Subsequently, we (10) and others (11–13) showed that FTIs also improved nuclear shape in fibroblasts from humans with HGPS.
The fact that FTIs improved nuclear shape in HGPS cells raised hope for a potential therapy and stimulated interest in testing the efficacy of FTIs in a gene-targeted mouse model of HGPS (6, 9–13). In this study, we describe disease phenotypes in mice carrying a targeted HGPS mutation and define the impact of FTI treatment on the course of the disease.
Slow growth, bone abnormalities, and loss of fat in LmnaHG/+ mice. The tissues of LmnaHG/+ mice (mice heterozygous for a targeted HGPS mutation [ref. 9] yielding exclusively progerin) expressed lamin A, lamin C, and progerin. The amount of progerin in both liver and aorta was greater than that of lamin A or lamin C, as judged by Western blotting (Figure 1A). Homozygous mice (LmnaHG/HG) expressed exclusively progerin (Figure 1A).
Phenotypes of LmnaHG/+ mice. (A) Western blot (with an antibody against lamin A/C), revealing progerin, lamin A, and lamin C in the liver and aorta of LmnaHG/+mice and progerin in the liver of LmnaHG/HG mice. (B) Retarded growth in male and female LmnaHG/+ mice. Body weight curves are shown for male LmnaHG/+ mice (n = 8) and littermate male Lmna+/+ mice (n = 6) and for female LmnaHG/+ mice (n = 8) and littermate female Lmna+/+ mice (n = 7). Error bars for female mice and male LmnaHG/+ mice are too small to be seen. (C) Reduced survival of LmnaHG/+ (n = 42) and LmnaHG/HG (n = 12) mice. (D) Representative H&E-stained sections of skin from a 6-month-old LmnaHG/+ mouse and a littermate Lmna+/+ mouse; n = 4 mice of each genotype examined. (E) Body fat in LmnaHG/+ (n = 4) versus Lmna+/+ mice (n = 3) at 2 months of age (P = 0.2); LmnaHG/+ (n = 8) versus Lmna+/+ mice (n = 8) at 4 months of age (P < 0.0001); and LmnaHG/+ (n = 5) versus Lmna+/+ mice (n = 6) at 7 months of age (P < 0.0001). Original magnification, ×20.
LmnaHG/+ mice appeared normal for the first 3 weeks of life. By 6–8 weeks, however, both male and female LmnaHG/+ mice began to lose weight (Figure 1B). The survival of LmnaHG/+ mice was reduced (Figure 1C). Also, LmnaHG/+ mice had significantly less subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat (Figure 1, D and E) and exhibited more kyphosis of the spine (Figure 2, A and B). LmnaHG/+ mice invariably developed osteolytic lesions in the ribs, predisposing to rib fractures near the costovertebral junction (Figure 2, C and D). By 18 weeks of age, all LmnaHG/+ mice (n = 11 examined) developed osteolytic lesions in the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch (Figures 2, E and F); they also had micrognathia and a reduction in the zigzag appearance of the cranial sutures (Figure 2, E and F). Some LmnaHG/+ mice had osteolytic lesions in other sites (e.g., clavicle, scapula, calvarium, and mandible). The LmnaHG/+ mice became progressively malnourished, and 50% (39/78) died or were so sick that they had to be euthanized by 27 weeks of age.
Phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice. (A) Radiograph of a 6-month-old LmnaHG/+ mouse and a littermate Lmna+/+ mouse. (B) Kyphotic index of LmnaHG/+ and Lmna+/+ mice at 1 month (P = 0.076), 4 months (P = 0.009), and 7 months (P < 0.0001) of age (n = 4 per group). (C) Thorax of a 6-month-old LmnaHG/+ mouse and a littermate Lmna+/+ mouse. Black arrowheads indicate fracture callus surrounding broken ribs. (D) Number of rib fractures in 2-month-old LmnaHG/+ female (n = 3) and male (n = 4) mice, 4-month-old LmnaHG/+ female (n = 10) and male (n = 8) mice, and 7-month-old LmnaHG/+ female (n = 7) and male (n = 7) mice. No rib fractures were observed in Lmna+/+ mice. (E) Surface renderings of μCT scans of the skulls of 4-month-old LmnaHG/+ and Lmna+/+ mice. Red arrows indicate a characteristic absence of the zigzag appearance of the cranial sutures and osteolytic lesions of the zygomatic arch. (F) Surface renderings of μCT scans of the skulls of 4-month-old LmnaHG/+ and Lmna+/+ mice. Red arrows in the LmnaHG/+ skull indicate micrognathia and the site of an osteolytic lesion of the zygomatic arch. (G) Percentage of 4.5-month-old Zmpste24–/– (n = 16), littermate Zmpste24+/+ (n = 11), LmnaHG/+ (n = 30), and littermate Lmna+/+ mice (n = 12) with normal grip strength (ability to hang upside down from a grid for 60 seconds). P < 0.0001 for both Zmpste24–/– versus Zmpste24+/+ mice and Zmpste24–/– versus LmnaHG/+ mice. (H) H&E-stained sections of the ascending aorta from a 7-month-old LmnaHG/+ mouse and a littermate Lmna+/+ mouse. Original magnification, ×20.
Many of the phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice (e.g., slow growth, weight loss, loss of adipose tissue, kyphosis, osteolytic lesions in the zygomatic arch, and fractured ribs at the costovertebral junction) are shared by Zmpste24–/– mice (14, 15). However, one difference was noteworthy: Zmpste24–/– mice developed a grip strength abnormality (inability to hang upside down from a grid at 4 months of age) (14, 15), whereas in LmnaHG/+ mice the grip strength was invariably normal (Figure 2G). No histological abnormalities in skeletal muscle were identified in LmnaHG/+ mice. The aortas of 6- to 7-month-old mice (n = 8) were also examined by routine histology; the intima, media, and adventitia of LmnaHG/+ aortas were normal, free of lesions, and indistinguishable from those of Lmna+/+ (wild-type) mice (Figure 2H).
Early death and severe bone abnormalities in LmnaHG/HG mice. In sustained breeding efforts, we were able to obtain only a few (n = 12) homozygous mice (LmnaHG/HG). LmnaHG/HG mice were invariably very small (approximately one-half the size of their littermates), with a complete absence of adipose tissue, and many had spontaneous bone fractures in the extremities (Figure 3, A and B). All LmnaHG/HG mice died by 3–4 weeks of age (Figure 1C). As judged by μCT scans, the bones of LmnaHG/HG mice were poorly mineralized; the mice also had micrognathia and an abnormal skull shape, with open cranial sutures (Figure 3, C–F).
LmnaHG/HG mice are small and have poorly mineralized bone. (A and B) Photographs of 17-day-old Lmna+/+ (A) and LmnaHG/HG (B) mice. The LmnaHG/HG mouse had a spontaneous fracture in the left forelimb (red arrow). (C–F) Surface renderings of μCT scans of the skull (performed at exactly the same threshold) for a 17-day-old LmnaHG/HG mouse (D and F) and littermate Lmna+/+ mouse (C and E). (C and D) Top view of skulls. The LmnaHG/HG skull is misshapen, poorly mineralized, and exhibits incomplete fusion of the cranial sutures (red arrow). (E and F) Lateral view of skulls. The LmnaHG/HG skull is misshapen, with a small mandible (upper red arrow) and a short lower incisor (lower red arrow).
We suspected that the more severe disease phenotypes in LmnaHG/HG mice would be accompanied by more extensive abnormalities in nuclear shape in cultured cells. Indeed, a high frequency of nuclei from LmnaHG/HG fibroblasts were misshapen (59.5% of nuclei had folds or blebs versus 29.6% in LmnaHG/+ cells and 10.8% in Lmna+/+ cells; more than 1,000 cells counted for 2 different fibroblast cell lines of each genotype; P < 0.0001 by c2 test) (Figure 4). Treatment of LmnaHG/+ and LmnaHG/HG fibroblasts with an FTI significantly reduced the frequency of misshapen nuclei (P < 0.0001).
More severe nuclear blebbing in LmnaHG/HG embryonic fibroblasts than in LmnaHG/+ andLmna+/+ fibroblasts. The frequency of nuclear blebs in LmnaHG/HG embryonic fibroblasts, compared with LmnaHG/+ and Lmna+/+ fibroblasts, was significantly increased (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Treatment of cells with an FTI (2.5 μM ABT-100) reduced the frequency of misshapen nuclei (P < 0.0001). Black circles in each bar indicate the results obtained with 2 independent cell lines; ratios within each bar represent the number of cells with misshapen nuclei over the total number of cells evaluated.
The phenotype of LmnaHG/– mice (mice with 1 LmnaHG allele and 1 Lmna-knockout allele; ref. 16) was less severe than that of LmnaHG/HG mice but more severe than that of LmnaHG/+ mice. LmnaHG/– mice (n = 10) had multiple rib fractures by 8 weeks of age (resembling 5- to 6-month-old LmnaHG/+ mice), and all LmnaHG/– mice died by 10–14 weeks of age (data not shown).
Amelioration of disease phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice with an FTI. To determine whether an FTI would improve disease phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice, we administered a potent FTI, ABT-100 (17), in the drinking water (39 mg/kg body weight) to groups of 7–10 male and female LmnaHG/+ mice and 6–9 male and female littermate Lmna+/+ mice, beginning at 4 weeks of age. Biomarker studies indicated that the FTI was active in vivo. First, the FTI interfered with the biogenesis of mature lamin A from the wild-type (Lmna+) allele, resulting in the appearance of nonfarnesylated prelamin A in the livers of FTI-treated mice, which could be readily detected by Western blotting with a prelamin A–specific antibody (Figure 5A). Second, Western blots of HDJ-2, a chaperone protein that is normally farnesylated, revealed that approximately 70–80% of the HDJ-2 in the livers of FTI-treated mice was nonfarnesylated (Figure 5A).
An FTI (ABT-100) ameliorates disease phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice. (A) FTI treatment in LmnaHG/+ and Lmna+/+ mice leads to the appearance of wild-type prelamin A (with antibodies against prelamin A and lamin A/C) and the appearance of nonfarnesylated HDJ-2 (with an antibody against HDJ-2; nonfarnesyl–HDJ-2) in liver extracts of FTI-treated mice. Red arrows indicate prelamin A, which migrates slightly above mature lamin A. (B and C) Effect of FTI treatment on body weight in female (B) and male (C) mice. Lmna+/+ (circles) and LmnaHG/+ (squares) mice were given the FTI (red symbols) or vehicle alone (open symbols), beginning at 4 weeks of age, and body weights were measured weekly. Body weight curves for the FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice were significantly improved, compared with those for vehicle-treated LmnaHG/+ mice (P < 0.0001 for both males and females). Male LmnaHG/+ mice on vehicle, n = 9; male LmnaHG/+ mice on FTI, n = 7; female LmnaHG/+mice on vehicle, n = 5; female LmnaHG/+ mice on FTI, n = 10; male Lmna+/+ mice on vehicle, n = 5; male Lmna+/+ mice on FTI, n = 5; female Lmna+/+ mice on vehicle, n = 9; female Lmna+/+ mice on FTI, n = 4. (D) Body fat weights in LmnaHG/+ mice on FTI or on the vehicle alone. The weight of body fat in LmnaHG/+ mice was significantly lower than in Lmna+/+ mice (P < 0.0001) and was significantly increased after FTI treatment (P = 0.002). (E) Representative H&E-stained sections of skin from 6-month-old Lmna+/+, vehicle-treated LmnaHG/+, and FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice; n = 4 mice in each group examined. The black line spans the layer of subcutaneous fat.
In Lmna+/+ female mice, the FTI reduced body weight compared with Lmna+/+ mice given the vehicle alone (P = 0.03) (Figure 5B); however, the FTI had no apparent effect on weight gain in male Lmna+/+ mice (Figure 5C). Aside from the minor changes in body weight in the female mice, the FTI had no noticeable side effects. In contrast, the FTI improved body weight curves in both female and male LmnaHG/+ mice (P < 0.0001) (Figure 5, B and C). FTI treatment increased the weight of the major fat pads in LmnaHG/+ mice (P = 0.002) (Figure 5D) and also increased the amount of fat in subcutaneous tissues (Figure 5E).
The FTI treatment significantly improved, but did not completely cure, the bone disease in LmnaHG/+ mice. The degree of kyphosis was reduced in FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice (kyphotic index: 3.32 ± 0.37 in FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice versus 1.91 ± 0.38 in vehicle-treated littermate LmnaHG/+ mice; P = 0.02) (Figure 6, A and B). The FTI-treated mice also developed fewer rib fractures (1.13 ± 1.45 in FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice versus 9.1 ± 3.76 in vehicle-treated littermate LmnaHG/+ mice; P < 0.0001) (Figure 6C). The reduced number of rib fractures was evident on μCT scans (Figure 6D). FTI treatment of LmnaHG/+ mice also led to an improvement in bone mineralization and cortical thickness (Figure 6, E and F).
An FTI (ABT-100) ameliorates bone disease in LmnaHG/+ mice. (A) Radiographs of a 6-month-old vehicle-treated LmnaHG/+ mouse and a littermate FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mouse. (B) Kyphotic index in FTI-treated and vehicle-treated LmnaHG/+ and Lmna+/+ mice. The degree of kyphosis in LmnaHG/+ mice was greater (a smaller kyphotic index) than in Lmna+/+ mice (P < 0.0001) and was significantly reduced (a larger kyphotic index) after FTI treatment (P = 0.02; n = 10 per group). (C) Reduced number of rib fractures in FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice. After 24 weeks, surviving mice were euthanized, and the number of rib fractures was counted. The number of rib fractures in the FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated LmnaHG/+ mice (P < 0.0001). (D) μCT scans illustrating reduced numbers of rib fractures in FTI-treated LmnaHG/+ mice. Red arrowheads indicate rib fractures and surrounding callus. In the FTI-treated mouse, there was thinning of 1 rib along with a small amount of callus. No rib fractures were observed in Lmna+/+ mice. (E and F) FTI treatment improved bone mineralization (E) and bone cortical thickness (F) in LmnaHG/+ mice without affecting the bones of Lmna+/+ mice. Error bars are too small to be seen in E. gHA/cm3, grams of hydroxyapatite per cubic centimeter.
Our first goal was to define the phenotype of gene-targeted mice expressing progerin, the mutant protein responsible for HGPS. The LmnaHG/+ mice were normal at birth but then exhibited many of the hallmarks that appear early on in humans with HGPS, such as slow growth, osteolytic lesions in bone, osteoporosis, micrognathia, and loss of adipose tissue. These phenotypes were even more dramatic in LmnaHG/HG mice. A second goal was to determine whether treatment with an FTI would ameliorate disease phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice. Our studies provided a clear answer: an FTI, administered at 4 weeks of age, improved body weight curves, prevented loss of adipose tissue, improved bone mineralization, and reduced the number of rib fractures. Very recently, Fong et al. (18) reported that an FTI ameliorated disease phenotypes in Zmpste24–/– mice. An absence of ZMPSTE24, the prelamin A endoprotease, leads to an accumulation of wild-type prelamin A — not the progerin molecule found in humans with HGPS. The current studies with a mouse HGPS model showed that an FTI ameliorates disease phenotypes caused by progerin, providing support for the notion that FTIs could be useful for treating human HGPS patients.
The phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice closely resemble those in Zmpste24–/– mice. These phenotypic similarities were reassuring, given that both mouse models have an accumulation of one form of farnesyl–prelamin A (a wild-type prelamin A in Zmpste24 deficiency and the truncated prelamin A in HGPS). However, one phenotypic difference was clear: unlike the Zmpste24–/– mice, LmnaHG/+ mice did not develop a grip strength abnormality. The absence of the grip abnormality in LmnaHG/+ mice underscores that these mice constitute a faithful model of human HGPS, since children with HGPS do not exhibit significant muscle weakness (1). It is not clear why the Zmpste24–/– mice had muscle weakness, whereas the LmnaHG/+ mice did not. Clearly, the Zmpste24–/– mice are sicker mice, in general, than the LmnaHG/+ mice, but that may not be the entire explanation, since LmnaHG/+ mice retained normal grip strength even when they were very debilitated.
The expression of severe disease phenotypes in mice heterozygous for the LmnaHG allele underscores the potency of progerin in eliciting disease phenotypes. Other groups had previously used gene targeting to create mice with a Lmna-knockout mutation (16) and various Lmna missense mutations (19–21). In those cases, homozygous mice had distinct phenotypes, whereas the heterozygous mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice.
Occlusive disease of the large arteries is a late phenotype of humans with HGPS, apparent during the second decade of life and often leading to fatal stroke or myocardial infarction. The mechanisms underlying the occlusive arterial disease are uncertain. Pathologic studies of several progeria patients by Stehbens and coworkers (4, 5) and Ackerman and Gilbert-Barness (3) revealed moderately severe atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial intima along with the loss of some smooth muscle cells in the arterial media. The LmnaHG/+ mice did not have histopathological abnormalities in the intima or media of the aorta, even though they clearly exhibited many of the early hallmarks of HGPS. We do not know why the LmnaHG/+ mice did not develop disease in their large arteries, but we suspect that they simply did not live long enough for this late HGPS phenotype to emerge. Recently, Varga et al. (22) created transgenic mice with a 164-kb human bacterial artificial chromosome spanning 4 genes — RAB25, UBQLN4, MAPBPIP, and LMNA (engineered to contain the G608G HGPS mutation; ref. 2). The amount of progerin expressed in the tissues of transgenic mice, relative to the amounts of human and mouse lamin A and lamin C, was not clear. The transgenic mice did not manifest any of the early hallmarks of progeria, nor did they have arterial intimal lesions or vascular occlusions, but they did exhibit loss of smooth muscle cells in the media of the aorta (22). The explanation for this constellation of findings is not clear.
In this study, an FTI ameliorated disease phenotypes in LmnaHG/+ mice but fell short of curing the disease. The concentration of the FTI in the plasma of mice in these studies was low relative to that achieved in earlier anticancer studies (17); in the future, it will be interesting to determine whether a higher dose of an FTI would be more efficacious in preventing disease. Also, it will be important to test the efficacy of an FTI in reversing disease phenotypes in mice after they are well established, as the ability to reverse disease will be of paramount importance to HGPS patients who already suffer from advanced disease. Another key issue for future studies will be to determine whether nonfarnesylated progerin (which is present during FTI treatment) has the potential to elicit disease phenotypes over the long term.
A gene-targeted model of HGPS. Previously, we generated chimeric mice from mouse embryonic stem cells with a mutant Lmna allele (LmnaHG) yielding exclusively progerin and bred those mice to generate LmnaHG/+ embryonic fibroblasts (9). In the current study, we bred LmnaHG/+ mice to obtain LmnaHG/HG mice. Genotyping was performed by PCR with genomic DNA from tail biopsies (9). All mice had a mixed genetic background (~75% C57BL/6 and ~25% 129/OlaHsd). The mice were fed a chow diet and housed in a virus-free barrier facility with a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle. Body weights and the ability to hang upside down from a grid (14) were assessed weekly. UCLA's Animal Research Committee approved all procedures.
An FTI, ABT-100 (17), was mixed in drinking water containing 0.4% hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and 1.0% ethanol at a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml, so as to deliver a dose of approximately 39 mg/kg/d. The vehicle control consisted of drinking water with 0.4% hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and 1.0% ethanol. Blood samples were collected between 4:00 and 5:30 am; the mean concentration of ABT-100 in the plasma of LmnaHG/+ mice (n = 5) was 0.7104 μg/ml. The treatments were continued until 6 months of age; at that point, surviving mice were euthanized.
Tomographic analyses. Lmna+/+, LmnaHG/+, and LmnaHG/HG mice were examined by compact cone-beam tomography (μCT 40 scanner; Scanco Medical). Whole-body scans were performed in the axial plane mounted in a cylindrical sample holder at medium resolution with a current of 0.16 mA and a voltage of 70 kilovolt peak (kVp), at an isotropic voxel size of 20.5 μm for the skulls and 30.7 μm for the remainder of the skeleton.
Cortical thickness and degree of mineralization of the cortical bone in the proximal portion of the posterior ninth left rib were determined by μCT scanning; the X-ray tube operated at 55 kVp and 145 μA. Scans of transverse sections of the rib were obtained at 10-μm nominal resolution (high-resolution mode). Two-dimensional images were reconstructed in 2,048 × 2,048–pixel matrices using a standard convolution back-projection procedure with a Shepp and Logan filter, and a cortical volume of interest (VOI) was defined for each measurement. A constrained 3-dimensional Gaussian filter was used to suppress noise. The mineralized tissue was segmented with a fixed threshold for all samples. A manufacturer-provided hydroxyapatite phantom of known density was used to calibrate the system, allowing us to estimate the degree of mineralization of the cortical bone tissue.
Standard skeletal X-rays were performed with a Faxitron X-ray system (Faxitron X-ray Corp.) at 30 kV for 2 seconds. The degree of kyphosis of the spine (kyphotic index) was calculated as described previously (23).
Analysis of rib fractures in LmnaHG/+ mice. Lmna+/+ and LmnaHG/+ mice were euthanized at 8, 16, 24, and 28 weeks of age. The interior of the thorax was photographed with a digital camera, and rib fractures were counted.
Body fat measurements. Lmna+/+ and LmnaHG/+ mice were euthanized at 8, 16, 24, and 28 weeks of age. The major fat pads (reproductive, inguinal, and mesenteric) were isolated and weighed.
Histology. Tissues were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours and dehydrated in 50% ethanol. The tissues were then embedded in paraffin, and 5-μm sections were stained with H&E.
Treatment of cells with the FTI and Western blots. Adherent early-passage mouse embryonic fibroblasts in 6-well tissue culture plates were incubated with the vehicle control (DMSO) or 2.5 μM ABT-100 in culture medium at 37°C for 48 hours. The cells were washed with PBS, and urea-soluble extracts were prepared (24). Liver and aorta samples were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen, and urea-soluble extracts were prepared and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting (15). The antibody dilutions were 1:6,000 for a rabbit anti-prelamin A antiserum, 1:400 for a goat anti-lamin A/C antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), 1:500 for a mouse anti–HDJ-2 antibody (NeoMarkers), 1:2,000 for a goat anti-actin IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), 1:6,000 for HRP-labeled anti-goat IgG (Amersham Biosciences), 1:6,000 for HRP-labeled anti-mouse IgG (Amersham Biosciences). Antibody binding was detected with the ECL Plus chemiluminescence system (Amersham Biosciences) and exposure to x-ray film.
Immunofluorescence microscopy. The percentage of Lmna+/+, LmnaHG/+, and LmnaHG/HG fibroblasts with misshapen nuclei was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Fibroblasts were grown on coverslips, fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100, and blocked with PBS containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.2% bovine serum albumin (15). Cells were incubated for 60 minutes with antibodies against lamin B1 and B2 (sc-6217, 1:400; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) or lamin A (sc-20680, 1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.). After washing, cells were stained with species-specific Cy3-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc.) and DAPI to visualize DNA. Images were obtained on an Axiovert 40 CFL microscope (Zeiss) with a 63×/1.25 oil immersion objective and processed with AxioVision 4.2 software (Zeiss). Two independent observers blinded to genotype scored nuclear shape abnormalities.
Statistics. Body weight curves were compared with repeated-measures ANOVA and the log-rank test. The degree of mineralization, cortical thickness, number of rib fractures, fat pad weight, and kyphotic index measurements were compared with the 2-tailed Student's t test. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Differences in the percentages of misshapen nuclei were assessed by the χ2 test.
We thank Ken Jarvis for measurements of ABT-100. This work was supported by NIH grants AR050200 and HL76839 and grants from the Progeria Research Foundation. S.H. Yang was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship grant from the American Heart Association, Western States Affiliate.
Nonstandard abbreviations used: FTI, farnesyltransferase inhibitor; HGPS, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome.
Conflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
Citation for this article:J. Clin. Invest.116:2115–2121 (2006). doi:10.1172/JCI28968.


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Somersworth police log
Tuesday, October 8, 2013
SOMERSWORTH — The following are entries on the Somersworth police log from Sept. 25 through Sept. 27.
7:50 p.m. — Maritza Rivera, 50, of 177 High St., Apt A, in Somersworth was arrested on a warrant issued by the Somersworth Police Department for an original charge of conduct after an accident. Rivera was released on $2,500 personal recognizance bail and ordered to appear in the Dover District Court on Oct. 10 at approximately 12:30 p.m.


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After a while, a Charlie Crist reversal and a reversal of his reversals can dull the senses. So what's a conservative to do? The folks at rightchange.com found the answer in this tribute to Andy Warhol.
« Flores takes herself out of contention as Scott's running mate | Main | Sink lists names of Republicans who aren't under the unity banner »
Charlie Crist's floppery is weirder than Andy Warhol
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Snoop Dogg Lands NBC Sitcom, Starts Wearing Cosby Sweaters
Categories: News
Via facebook.com/snoopdogg |
Will Snoop rock this gnarly Cosby-like sweater on his new NBC sitcom? |
MTV News (via Deadline Hollywood) is reporting that NBC is working on Snoop's "family comedy project" with legendary comedy writer and producer Don Reo.
You know, the dude whose resume includes '90s gems like Blossom and The John Larroquette Show.
Historically, NBC has had a massive hard-on for sitcoms starring rappers. The network carried Will Smith's Fresh Prince of Bel-Air through six seasons, 148 episodes, and two Vivian Banks in the '90s.
Then LL Cool J's In the House premiered on NBC in '95 before disappearing into obscurity after it was moved to UPN.
And who can forget Sisqó's 2001 "show within a show," co-starring television icon Bob Newhart? Actually, we all can, because NBC pulled the show immediately after the pilot. But that likely won't happen with Snoop.
Unlike Sisqó, Snoop's mad talented. Dude's already appeared in a shit-ton of films -- and damn good ones. He smoked a fat J in Half Baked, played Mitch-a-palooza in Old School, and helped David Starsky and Ken Hutchinson capture Vince Vaughn in Starsky & Hutch. Oh, and not to mention the 31 other movies he's been in.
Snoop's already conquered music, pimp-slapped the box-office, and destroyed reality TV ratings on the E! network. We're totally psyched that NBC's throwing him a proper sitcom, and we can only speculate it'll replace Whitney after the network pulls the plug on that train wreck.
Catch you during Sweeps Week, Snoop.
Follow Crossfade on Facebook and Twitter @Crossfade_SFL.
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From: $340,990
The Chatham is a refreshing home design with a spacious, thoughtfully designed kitchen, a private study and a hobby room. The master bedroom suite features two walk -in closets and a luxurious master bath with shower and soaking ...more
The sophisticated Chatham offers the versatility of either one or two floor living.
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1200 West Bay Avenue , Barnegat, New Jersey 08005
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49 Heritage Point Blvd. (Hatteras)
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Welcome to Heritage Point, a 55+ resort community in Ocean County, NJ - just minutes from the shore. Heritage Point has won numerous awards, and best of all, it's getting glowing reviews from residents. With two resort clubhouses and more than 150 year round social groups and activities, there is truly something for everyone at Heritage Point. A maintenance-free lifestyle and energy efficient home designs all help to give Heritage Point residents a true "stay-cation" community that they love to call home. Beyond the walls of our attractive Heritage Point homes, this resort community features two luxurious clubhouses – "The Breakers" Spa and "The Point" Resort Club – equipped with every amenity, accommodation, and convenience. Come exercise, socialize, pursue your interests, discover new hobbies, or just relax!
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From Points North Garden State Parkway south to Exit 67 B. From exit ramp, bear right onto Route 554 (West Bay Avenue). Proceed 1 1/2 miles to Heritage Point Sales Center on the right. From Points South Garden State Parkway north to Exit 63A (Route 72 West). Proceed on Route 72 west approximately one mile to traffic light by Southern Ocean County Hospital (Nautilus Drive). Make right on Nautilus Drive. Proceed approximately three miles to end. Make left on Route 554 (West Bay Avenue). Proceed 1 mile to Heritage Point Sales Center on the right. From Points West Route 70 East. Merges at circle onto Route 72 East (Toward Long Beach Island). Continue east on Route 72. Upon entering Barnegat Township make left turn at sign onto Route 554 East (West Bay Avenue - Barnegat). Proceed approximately three miles to Heritage Point Sales Center on the left.
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1200 West Bay Avenue
Barnegat, New Jersey 08005
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