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In the United States, the most notorious Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
Since the early 1800s, many laws in both North and South discriminated systematically against free Blacks. In the South, "slave codes" placed significant restrictions on Black Americans who were not themselves slaves. A major purpose of these laws was maintenance of the system of white supremacy that made slavery possible.
With legal prohibitions of slavery ordered by the Emancipation Proclamation, acts of state legislature, and eventually the Thirteenth Amendment, Southern states adopted new laws to regulate Black life. Although these laws had different official titles, they were (and are) commonly known as Black Codes. (The term originated from "negro leaders and the Republican organs" according to Confederate historian[1][2] John S. Reynolds.)[3] The defining feature of the Black Codes was vagrancy law which allowed local authorities to arrest the freedpeople and commit them to involuntary labor.
Vagrancy laws date back to the end of feudalism in Europe. Introduced by aristocratic and landowning classes, they had the dual purpose of restricting access of "undesirable" classes to public spaces and of ensuring a labor pool as serfs did not become emancipated from their land.[4]
Over the period of 1687-1865,Virginia enacted more than 130 slave statutes among which were seven major slave codes, with some containing more than fifty provisions.[5] "Black codes" in the antebellum South contained more regulations of free Blacks than of slaves. Chattel slaves basically lived under the complete control of their owners; non-slaves showed more of a challenge to the boundaries of White-dominated society.[6] Black Codes in the antebellum South heavily regulated what people could do. If a meaningful courtship was established across plantations, the enslaved risked severe punishments at the hands of the patrollers or a pass in order to pursue this relationship.[7] Blacks could not assemble, bear arms, become literate, speak freely, or testify against White people in Court.[8] These regulations intensified during the 1800s, intensifying after Nat Turner's insurrection of 1831, and culminating in the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision of 1857.[9][10][11] Restrictions on manumission and freedom of movement placed restrictions on what Black people could do.[11]
These codes contained a few protections, such as prohibition against murdering slaves. Louisiana based its laws on the French Code Noir issued in 1685.[11] New restrictions, as well, were placed on intermarriage, concubinage and miscegenation with slaves. Free whites could no longer marry a slave and thereby emancipate her and her children, and no freed person was capable of receiving a donation from a white, whether by act inter vivos or mortis causa. [12]
As the abolitionist movement gained force and escape programs for slaves such as the Underground Railroad expanded, concern about blacks heightened among some whites in the North. North of the Mason–Dixon line, anti-Black laws were generally less severe. Some public spaces were segregated, and Blacks generally did not have the right to vote.[8]
All the slave states passed laws banning the marriage of whites and black people, so-called anti-miscegenation laws, as did several new free states, including Indiana, Illinois and Michigan.[13] Indiana and Illinois shared borders with slave states and the southern populations of these states had cultures that shared more values with the South across the Ohio River than the northern populations. In some states these codes included vagrancy laws that targeted unemployed blacks, apprentice laws that made black orphans and dependents available for hire to whites, and commercial laws that excluded blacks from certain trades and businesses and restricted their ownership of property.[14]
Article 13 of Indiana's 1851 Constitution stated "No Negro or Mulatto shall come into, or settle in, the State, after the adoption of this Constitution." The 1848 Constitution of Illinois led to one of the harshest Black Code systems in the nation until the Civil War. The Illinois Black Code of 1853 prohibited any Black persons from outside of the state from staying in the state for more than ten days, subjecting Black persons who remain beyond the ten days to arrest, detention, a $50 fine, or deportation.[15]
Maryland passed vagrancy and apprentice laws, and required Blacks to obtain licenses from Whites before doing business.[16] It prohibited Black immigration until 1865.[17] Most of the Maryland Black Code was repealed in the Constitution of 1867, although Black women were not allowed to testify against White men with whom they had produced children.[17]
In some States, Black Code legislation used text directly from the slave codes, simply substituting Negro or other words in place of slave.[18][19]
The Union Army relied on the labor of newly freed people, and did not always treat them fairly. Thomas W. Knox wrote: "The difference between working for nothing as a slave, and working for the same wages under the Yankees, was not always perceptible."[20] At the same time, military officials resisted local attempts to apply pre-war laws to the freed people.[21] After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Army was able to conscript Black "vagrants" and sometimes others.[22]
Slavery wus a bad thing en' freedom, of de kin' we got wid nothin' to live on wus bad. Two snakes full of pisen. One lying wid his head pintin' north, de other wid his head pintin' south. Dere names wus slavery an' freedom. De snake called slavery lay wid his head pinted south and de snake called freedom lay wid his head pinted north. Both bit de nigger, an' dey wus both bad.
The Union wage system also went into large-scale effect after the Emancipation Proclamation, upgrading free Blacks from "contraband" status. It began in February 1863 under the jurisdiction of General Nathaniel P. Banks in Louisiana. General Lorenzo Thomas implemented a similar system in Mississippi.[24][25] The Banks-Thomas system offered Blacks $10 a month, with an agreement to provide rations, clothing, and medicine. The worker would have to agree to an unbreakable one-year contract.[25] In 1864, Thomas expanded the system to Tennessee, and allowed white landowners near the Nashville contraband camp to rent the labor of refugees.[26]
Against opposition from within the Republican Party, Lincoln accepted this system as a step on the path to gradual emancipation.[24] Abolitionists continued to criticize the system. Wendell Phillips said that Lincoln's proclamation had "free[d] the slave, but ignore[d] the Negro," calling the Banks-Thomas contracts tantamount to serfdom. The Worcester Spy described the government's answer to slavery as "something worse than failure."[24][27]
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As the war ended, the Army implemented Black Codes to regulate the behavior of Black people in general society. Although the Freedmen's Bureau had a mandate to protect Blacks from a hostile Southern environment, it also sought to keep Blacks in their place as laborers under a system of white supremacy.[28] The Freedmen's Bureau cooperated with Southern authorities in rounding up Black "vagrants" and placing them in contract work.[29][30][31] In some places, it supported owners to maintain control of young slaves as apprentices.[32]
Soon after the end of slavery, white planters encountered a labor shortage and sought a way to manage it. Although Blacks did not all abruptly stop working, they did try to work less. In particular, many sought to reduce their Saturday work hours, and women wanted to spend more time on child care.[33] In the view of one contemporary economist, freedpeople exhibited this "noncapitalist behavior" because the condition of being owned had "shielded the slaves from the market economy" and they were therefore unable to perform "careful calculation of economic opportunities."[34] An alternative explanation treats the labor slowdown as a form of gaining leverage through collective action.[35] And at the same time, freedpeople certainly did not want to work the long hours that had been forced upon them for their whole lives.[36] Whatever its causes, the sudden reduction of available labor posed a challenge the Southern economy, which had relied upon intense physical labor to profitably harvest cash crops, particularly King Cotton.[37]
Southern Whites also perceived Black vagrancy as a sudden and dangerous social problem.[38][39]
White Americans, particularly in the South, had established their beliefs about Black people during multiple generations of living in a racist society. Whites believed both that Black people were destined for servitude and that they would not work unless physically compelled.[39] Culturally, free Blacks no longer felt compelled to show conspicuous deference to White people. The enslaved also strove to create a semi-autonomous social world, removed from the plantation and the gaze of the slave owner.[40] The racial divisions which slavery had created immediately became more obvious.[41] Blacks also bore the brunt of Southern anger over defeat in the War.[41]
Legislation on the status of freedpeople was often mandated by constitutional conventions held in 1865. Mississippi, South Carolina, and Georgia all included language in their new state constitutions which instructed the legislature to "guard them and the State against any evils that may arise from their sudden emancipation."[42] The Florida convention of October 1865 included a vagrancy ordinance that was in effect until process Black Codes could be passed through the regular legislative process.[43]
Black Codes restricted black people's right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces.[44] A central element of the Black Codes were vagrancy laws, in which states classified not working as criminal behavior.[39] Failure to pay a certain tax, or to comply with other laws, could also be construed as vagrancy.[45] Nine states updated their vagrancy laws in 1865–1866. Of these, eight allowed convicting leasing (a system in which state prison hired out convicts for labor) and five allowed prisoner labor for public works projects.[46]
Another important part of the Codes were the annual labor contracts, which Black people had to present in order to avoid vagrancy charges.[30][44]
Strict punishments against theft also served to ensnare many people in the legal system. Previously, Blacks had been part of the domestic economy on a plantation, and were more or less able to use supplies that were available. After emancipation, the same act performed by someone working the same land might be labeled as theft, leading to arrest and involuntary labor.[47]
Some states explicitly curtailed Black people's right to bear arms, justifying these laws with claims of imminent insurrection.[48][49] In Mississippi and Alabama, these laws were enforced through the creation of special militias.[50]
Samuel McCall commented in 1899 that the Black Codes had "established a condition but little better than that of slavery, and in one important respect far worse": by severing the property relationship, they had diminished the incentive for property owners to ensure the relative health and survival of their workers.[51]
Regarding the question of how intentionally Southern legislatures intended to maintain White supremacy, Beverly Forehand writes: "This decision was not a conscious one on the part of white legislators. It was simply an accepted conclusion."[52]
The new laws established some positive rights for Blacks. States legalized Black marriages and in some cases increased rights to own property and conduct commerce.[49]
Mississippi was the first state to pass Black Codes. Its laws served as a model for those passed by other states, beginning with South Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana in 1865, and continuing with Florida, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, Texas, Tennessee, and Arkansas at the beginning of 1866.[39] Intense Northern reaction against the Mississippi and South Carolina laws led some of the following states to excise overt racial discrimination; nevertheless, their laws on vagrancy, apprenticeship, and other topics were crafted to effect a similarly racist regime.[53] Even states that carefully eliminated most of the overt discrimination in their Black Codes retained laws authorizing harsher sentences for Black people.[54]
Mississippi was the first state to legislate a new Black Code after the war, beginning with "An Act to confer Civil Rights on Freedmen." This law allowed Blacks to rent land only within cities—effectively preventing them from earning money through independent farming. It required Blacks to present, each January, written proof of employment. The law defined violation as vagrancy, punishable by arrest—for which the arresting officer would be paid $5, taken from the arrestee's wages. Provisions akin to fugitive slave laws mandated the return of runaway workers, who would lose their wages for the year.[55][56][57] An amended version of the vagrancy law also included punishments for sympathetic whites:[45][56][58]
That all freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes in this State, over the age of eighteen years, found on the second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter, without lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together, either in the day or night time, and all white persons so assembling themselves with freedmen, free negroes or mulattoes, or usually associating with freedmen, free negroes or mulattoes, on terms of equality, or living in adultery or fornication with a freed woman, free negro or mulatto, shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding, in the case of a freedman, free negro, or mulatto, fifty dollars, and a white man two hundred dollars, and imprisoned, at the discretion of the court, the free negro not exceeding ten days, and the white man not exceeding six months.
Whites could avoid the code's penalty by swearing a pauper's oath. In the case of blacks, however: "the duty of the sheriff of the proper county to hire out said freedman, free negro or mulatto, to any person who will, for the shortest period of service, pay said fine or forfeiture and all costs."[56][58] The laws also levied a special tax on blacks (between ages 18 and 60); those who did not pay could be arrested for vagrancy.[56]
Another law allowed the state to take custody of children whose parents could or would not support them; these children would then be "apprenticed" to their former owners.[55][59] Masters could discipline these apprentices with corporal punishment.[55] They could re-capture apprentices who escaped and threaten them with prison if they resisted.[57]
Other laws prevented blacks from buying liquor and carrying weapons; punishment often involved "hiring out" the culprit's labor for no pay.[55]
Mississippi rejected the Thirteenth Amendment on December 5.
General Oliver O. Howard, national head of the Freedmen's Bureau, declared in November 1865 that most of the Mississippi Black Code was invalid.[60]
The next state to pass Black Codes was South Carolina, which had on November 13 ratified the Thirteenth Amendment—with a qualification that Congress did not have the authority to regulate the legal status of freedmen. Newly elected governor James Lawrence Orr said that blacks must be "restrained from theft, idleness, vagrancy and crime, and taught the absolute necessity of strictly complying with their contracts for labor."[61]
South Carolina's new law on "Domestic Relations of Persons of Color" established wide-ranging rules on vagrancy resembling Mississippi's. Conviction for vagrancy allowed the state to "hire out" blacks for no pay. The law also called for a special tax on blacks (all males and unmarried females), with non-paying blacks again guilty of vagrancy. The law enabled forcible apprenticeship of children of impoverished parents, or of parents who did not convey "habits of industry and honesty."[61] The law did not include the same punishments for Whites in dealing with fugitives.[62]
The South Carolina law created separate courts for Black people, and authorized Capital punishment for crimes including theft of cotton.[63] It created a system of licensing and written authorizations that made it difficult for Blacks to engage in normal commerce.[64]
The South Carolina Code clearly borrowed terms and concepts from the old slave codes, re-instituting a rating system of "full" or "fractional" farmhands and often referring to bosses as "masters."[65]
A "Colored People's Convention" assembled at Zion Church in Charleston to condemn the Codes. In a memorial (petition) to Congress, the Convention expressed gratitude for emancipation and the Freedmen's Bureau, but requested (in addition to suffrage) "that the strong arm of law and order be placed alike over the entire people of this State; that life and property be secured, and the laborer as free to sell his labor as the merchant his goods."[66][67]
Some Whites, meanwhile, thought the new laws did not do enough. One planter suggested that the new laws would require paramilitary enforcement: "As for making the negroes work under the present state of affairs it seems to me a waste of time and energy […] We must have mounted Infantry that the freedmen know distinctly that they succeed the Yankees to enforce whatever regulations we can make."[68] Edmund Rhett (son of Robert Rhett) wrote that although South Carolina might be unable to undo abolition, "it should to the utmost extent practicable be limited, controlled, and surrounded with such safe guards, as will make the change as slight as possible both to the white man and to the negro, the planter and the workman, the capitalist and the laborer."[69]
General Daniel Sickles, head of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina, followed Howard's lead and declared the laws invalid in December 1865.[60]
However, even as the legislators passed these laws, they despaired of the forthcoming response from Washington. James Hemphill said: "It will be hard to persuade the freedom shriekers that the American citizens of African descent are obtaining their rights."[70] Orr moved to block further laws containing explicit racial discrimination.[71] In 1866, the South Carolina code came under increasing scrutiny in the Northern press and was compared unfavorably to freedmen's laws passed in neighboring Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia.[72]
In a special session held in September 1866, the legislature passed some new laws in concession to the rights of free Blacks. Shortly after, it rejected the Fourteenth Amendment.[73]
The Louisiana legislature, seeking to ensure that freedmen were "available to the agricultural interests of the state", passed similar yearly contract laws and expanded its vagrancy laws. Its vagrancy laws did not specify Black culprits, though they did provide a "good behavior" loophole subject to plausibly racist interpretation. Louisiana passed harsher fugitive worker laws and required blacks to present dismissal paperwork to new employers.[74]
State legislation was amplified by local authorities, who ran less risk of backlash from the federal government. Opelousas, Louisiana passed a notorious code which required freedpeople to have written authorization to even enter the town. The code prevented freedpeople from living in the town or walking at night except under supervision of a White resident.[75]
Thomas Conway, the Freedmen's Bureau commissioner for Louisiana, testified in 1866:[19]
Some of the leading officers of the state down there—men who do much to form and control the opinions of the masses—instead of doing as they promised, and quietly submitting to the authority of the government, engaged in issuing slave codes and in promulgating them to their subordinates, ordering them to carry them into execution, and this to the knowledge of state officials of a higher character, the governor and others. […] These codes were simply the old black code of the state, with the word 'slave' expunged, and 'Negro' substituted. The most odious features of slavery were preserved in them.
Conway describes surveying the Louisiana jails and finding large numbers of Black men who had been secretly incarcerated. These included members of the Seventy-Fourth Colored Infantry who had been arrested the day after they were discharged.[19]
The state passed an even harsher version of its code in 1866, outlawing "impudence," "swearing," and other signs of "disobedience."[60]
Of the Black Codes passed in 1866 (after the Northern reaction had become apparent), only Florida's rivaled those of Mississippi and South Carolina in severity.[76] Florida's slaveowners seemed to hold out hope that the institution of slavery would simply be restored.[77] Advised by the Florida governor and attorney general as well as by the Freedmen's Bureau that it could not constitutionally revoke Black people's right to bear arms, the Florida legislature refused to repeal this part of the codes.[48]
The Florida vagrancy law allowed for punishments of up to one year of labor.[78] Children whose parents were convicted of vagrancy could be hired out as apprentices.[79]
These laws applied to any "person of color," which was defined as someone with at least one Negro great-grandparent.[78] White women could not live with men of color.[78] Colored workers could be punished for disrespecting White employers.[60]
Explicit racism in the law was supplemented by racist enforcement discretion (and other inequalities) in the law enforcement and legal systems.[80]
In Maryland, a fierce battle began immediately after emancipation (by the Maryland Constitution of 1864) over apprenticeship of young black people. Former slave owners rushed to apprentice the children of freedpeople; the Freedmen's Bureau and some others tried to stop them. The legislature stripped Baltimore Judge Hugh Lennox Bond of his position because he cooperated with the Bureau in this matter. Salmon Chase eventually overruled the apprentice laws on the grounds of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.[81]
The Slave Codes of North Carolina, first enacted in 1715 and then reinforced after 1741, sought to limit the movements of the enslaved beyond the physical boundaries of the plantation.[82] North Carolina's Black Code also specified racial differences in punishment only for Blacks convicted of rape.[75]
The Texas Constitutional Convention met in February 1866, declined to ratify the (already effective) Thirteenth Amendment, provided that Blacks would be "protected in their rights of person and property by appropriate legislation" and guaranteed some degree of rights to testify in court.[83] Texas modeled its laws on South Carolina's.[65]
The legislature defined Negroes as people with at least one African great-grandparent.[84] Negroes could chose their employer, before a deadline. After they had made a contract, they were bound to it. If they quit "without cause of permission" they would lose all of their wages.[85] Workers could be fined $1 for acts of disobedience or negligence, and 25 cents per hour for missed work.[85] The legislature also created a system of apprenticeship (with corporal punishment) and vagrancy laws.[86] Convict labor could be hired out or used in public works.[87]
Negroes were not allowed to vote, hold office, sit on juries, serve in local militia, carry guns on plantations, homestead, or attend public schools. Interracial marriage was banned.[84][86] Rape sentencing laws stipulated either capital punishment, or life in prison, or a minimum sentence of five years. Even to commentators who favored the codes, this "wide latitude in punishment" seemed to imply a clear "anti-Negro bias."[87]
Tennessee had been occupied by the Union for a long period during the war. As military governor of Tennessee, Andrew Johnson declared a suspension of the slave code in September 1864. However, these laws were still enforced in lower courts.[88] In 1865, Tennessee freedpeople had no legal status whatsoever, and local jurisdictions often filled the void with extremely harsh Black Codes.[89] During that year, Blacks went from one-fiftieth to one-third of the State's prison population.[89]
Tennessee had a particularly urgent desire to re-enter the Union's good graces and end the occupation.[90] When the Tennessee Legislature began to debate a Black Code, it received such negative attention in the Northern press that no comprehensive Code was ever established.[91] Instead, the State legalized Black suffrage and passed a civil rights law guaranteeing Blacks equal rights in commerce and access to the Courts.[92]
However, Tennessee society, including its judicial system, retained the same racist attitudes as did other states. Although its legal code did not discriminate against Blacks so explicitly, its law enforcement and criminal justice systems relied more heavily on racist enforcement discretion to create a de facto Black Code.[93] The State already had vagrancy and apprenticeship laws which could easily be enforced in the same way as Black Codes in other states.[94] Vagrancy laws came into much more frequent use after the war.[95] And just as in Mississippi, Black children were often bound in apprenticeship to their former owners.[96]
The legislature passed two laws on May 17, 1865; one to "Punish all Armed Prowlers, Guerilla, Brigands, and Highway Robbers"; the other to authorize capital punishment for thefts, burglary, and arson. These laws were targeted at Blacks and enforced disproportionately against Blacks, but did not discuss race explicitly.[97]
Tennessee law permitted Blacks to testify against Whites in 1865, but this change did not immediately take practical effect in the lower courts.[98] Blacks could not sit on juries.[99] Still on the books were laws specifying capital punishment for a Black man who raped a White woman.[100]
Tennessee enacted new vagrancy and enticement laws in 1875.[101][102]
Kentucky had established a system of leasing prison labor in 1825.[103] This system drew a steady supply of laborers from the decisions of "negro courts," informal tribunals which included slaveowners.[104] Free Blacks were frequently arrested and forced into labor.[105]
Kentucky did not secede from the Union and therefore gained wide leeway from the federal government during Reconstruction.[106] With Delaware, Kentucky did not ratify the Thirteenth Amendment and maintained legally slavery until it was nationally prohibited when the Amendment went into effect in December 1865.[107] After the Thirteenth Amendment took effect, the state was obligated to rewrite its laws.[108]
The result was a set of Black Codes passed in early 1866. These granted a set of rights: to own property, make contracts, and some other innovations.[108] They also included new vagrancy and apprentice laws, which did not mention Blacks explicitly but were clearly directed toward them.[109] The vagrancy law covered loitering, "rambling without a job" and "keeping a disorderly house."[109] City jails filled up; wages dropped below pre-war rates.[110]
The Freedmen's Bureau in Kentucky was especially weak and could not mount a significant response.[111] The Bureau attempted to cancel a racially discriminatory apprenticeship law (which stipulated that only White children learn to read) but found itself thwarted by local authorities.[112]
Some legislation also created informal, de facto discrimination against Blacks. A new law against hunting on Sundays, for example, prevented Black workers from hunting on their only day off.[113]
Kentucky law prevented Blacks from testifying against Whites, a restriction which the federal government sought to remedy by providing access to federal courts through the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Kentucky challenged the constitutionality of these courts and prevailed in Blyew v. United States (1872).[114] All contracts required the presence of a White witness.[113] Passage of the Fourteenth Amendment did not have a great effect on Kentucky's Black Codes.[115]
The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to negate the results of the war.[116] When the Radical 39th Congress re-convened in December 1865, it was generally furious about the developments that had transpired during Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction. The Black Codes, along with the appointment of prominent Confederates to Congress, signified that the South had been emboldened by Johnson and intended to maintain its old political order.[117] Railing against the Black Codes as returns to slavery in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Second Freedmen's Bureau Bill.[118]
The Memphis Riots in May 1866 and the New Orleans Riot in July brought additional attention and urgency to the racial tension state-sanctioned racism permeating the South.[118]
After winning large majorities in the 1866 elections, the Republican Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts placing the South under military rule. This arrangement lasted until the military withdrawal arranged by the Compromise of 1877.[45] In some historical periodizations, 1877 marks the beginning of the Jim Crow era.[a]
The 1865–1866 Black Codes were an overt manifestation of the system of white supremacy that continued to dominate the American South.[122] Historians have described this system as the emergent result of a wide variety of laws and practices, conducted on all levels of jurisdiction.[123] Because legal enforcement depended on so many different local codes, which underwent less scrutiny than statewide legislation, historians still lack a complete understanding of their full scope.[124] It is clear, however, that even under military rule, local jurisdictions were able to continue a racist pattern of law enforcement, as long as it took place under a legal regime that was facially race-neutral.[125]
In 1893–1909 every Southern state except Tennessee passed new vagrancy laws.[45] These laws were more severe than those passed in 1865, and used vague terms that granted wide powers to police officers enforcing the law.[126] In wartime, Blacks might be disproportionately subjected to "work or fight" laws, which increased vagrancy penalties for those not in the military.[127] The Supreme Court upheld racially discriminatory state laws and invalidated federal efforts to counteract them; in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) it upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation and introduced the "separate but equal" doctrine.[128]
A general system of legitimized anti-Black violence, as exemplified by the Ku Klux Klan, played a major part in enforcing the practical law of white supremacy. The constant threat of violence against Black people (and White people who sympathized with them) maintained a system of extralegal terror. Although this system is now well known for prohibiting Black suffrage after the Fifteenth Amendment, it also served to enforce coercive labor relations.[129] Fear of random violence provided new support for a paternalistic relationship between plantation owners and their Black workers.[41]
This regime of White-dominated labor was not identified by the North as involuntary servitude until after 1900.[130] In 1907, Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issued a report, Peonage Matters, which found that, beyond debt peonage, there was a widespread system of laws "considered to have been passed to force negro laborers to work."[122]
After creating the Civil Rights Section in 1939, the federal Department of Justice launched a wave of successful Thirteenth Amendment prosecutions against involuntary servitude in the South.
Many of the Southern vagrancy laws remained on the books until the Supreme Court's Papachristou v. Jacksonville decision in 1972.[126] Although by 1972 the laws were defended as preventing crime, the Court held that Jacksonville's vagrancy law "furnishes a convenient tool for 'harsh and discriminatory enforcement by local prosecuting officials, against particular groups deemed to merit their displeasure.'"[131]
Even after Papachristou, police activity in many parts of the U.S. discriminates against racial minority groups. Gary Stewart has identified contemporary gang injunctions—which target young Black or Latino men who gather in public—as a conspicuous legacy of Southern Black Codes.[132] Stewart argues that these laws maintain a system of white supremacy and reflect a system of racist prejudice, even though racism is rarely acknowledged explicitly in their creation and enforcement.[133] Contemporary Black commentators have argued that the current disproportionate incarceration of African Americans, with a concommitant rise in prison labor, is comparable (perhaps unfavorably) with the historical Black Codes.[134][135]
The desire to recuperate the labor of officially emancipated people is common among societies (most notably in Latin America) that were built on slave labor. Vagrancy laws and peonage systems are widespread features of post-slavery societies.[136] One theory suggests that particularly restrictive laws emerge in larger countries, ( compare Jamaica with the U.S.A) where the ruling group does not occupy land at a high enough density to prevent the freed people from gaining their own.[137] However, it seems, the U.S. was uniquely successful in maintaining involuntary servitude after legal emancipation.[138]
Historians have also compared the end of the slavery in the U.S. to the formal decolonization of Asian and African nations. Like emancipation, decolonization was a landmark political change—but its significance was tempered by the continuity of economic exploitation.[139] The end of legal slavery in the U.S. did not seem to have major effects on the global economy or international relations.[140] Given the pattern of economic continuity, writes economist Pieter Emmer, "the words emancipation and abolition must be regarded with the utmost suspicion."[141]
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Dads & Grads Gift Ideas
Father's Day is June 15th; Get some ideas for gifts and shop before the big day. We have great gifts for grads too! Graduation gifts are more fun when they serve as pathways to adventure. Get your loved one out in nature this Summer with these great outdoor gift ideas.

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Following his two-film Hollywood sojourn, David Cronenberg returned to more idiosyncratic material with this adaptation of Bari Wood's novel Twins, which was loosely based on the real-life story of twin doctors Stewart and Cyril Marcus, who were found dead in their Manhattan apartment from a barbiturate overdose.
Jeremy Irons gives an indelible, critically lauded performance as
identical twin gynecologists Elliot and Beverly Mantle, who share more than
just genes: the assertive, confident Elliot regularly seduces his female
patients, and when he tires of them passes them on (without informing them
of the switch) to the shy and introverted Beverly. When the brothers become
involved with troubled actress Claire Niveau (Geneviève Bujold), their
symbiotic relationship begins to unravel, with bizarre and eventually fatal
One of Cronenberg's most subtle and sophisticated fusions of the
cerebral and the physical—the brothers' complex psychological bond is
intimately bound up with their clinical, increasingly disturbing
fascination with the female reproductive system— Dead Ringers is also one
of his most tragic and emotional works, thanks greatly to Irons' remarkable
double performance.
Dead Ringers screens on October 31, 2013 at 6:30 p.m. and will be
introduced by Jeremy Irons and David Cronenberg to kick off From Within: The Films of David Cronenberg, the full film retrospective for The Cronenberg Project.
Running from November 1 to January 19, this retrospective showcases
Cronenberg's oeuvre from his first short feature Stereo (1969) to his
most recent film Cosmopolis (2012), and features a substantial number of
newly struck and restored 35mm prints and new digital presentations.
Then on Friday, November 1, 2013 at 7 p.m., we welcome Mr. Irons back to
TIFF Bell Lightbox for In Conversation With…Jeremy Irons, a look back
at his impressive career and discussions on his collaborations with David
Cronenberg on Dead Ringers and M. Butterfly.
Dead Ringers will be preceded by Cronenberg's short film, Transfer.
Made while Cronenberg was earning his BA in English Language and Literature
at the University of Toronto, it is a surreal sketch about a psychiatrist
and his obsessive patient who have an uncomfortable conversation at a
dinner table in the middle of a snow-covered field.
Transfer screens on Saturday, November 16 at 2 p.m. along with Stereo,
From the Drain, Camera and At the Suicide of the Last Jew in the World at the Last Cinema in the World.
See below for complete schedule of films:
Dead Ringers
New 35 mm Print!
David Cronenberg | Canada/USA | 1988 | 116 min | R | 35mm
Jeremy Irons gives a pair of remarkable performances as twin gynecologists whose symbiotic bond leads them towards mutual self-destruction, in one of Cronenberg's most sophisticated fusions of the physical and the cerebral.
Thursday, October 31 at 6:30 p.m. *Jeremy Irons and David Cronenberg in attendance!
Sunday, November 17 at 4 p.m. *With onstage talk by film Scholar Christine Ramsay!
Tuesday, November 26 at 9:45 p.m.
Sunday, January 19 at 7 p.m.
Naked Lunch
David Cronenberg | Canada/UK/Japan | 1991 | 115 min. | R | 35mm
David Cronenberg fused episodes from William S. Burroughs' notorious (and notoriously unfilmable) novel with elements from the writer's biography and his own unique imaginings to create this visually striking masterpiece.
Friday, November 1 at 9 p.m. *Producer Jeremy Thomas and David Cronenberg in attendance!
Sunday, November 24 at 7 p.m.
Sunday, December 8 at 7:30 p.m. *Academy Award-winning composer Howard Shore in attendance!
Monday, December 23 at 8:45 p.m.
Sunday, January 12 at 6:30 p.m.
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1981 | 103 min. | R | 35mm
A powerful telepath (a.k.a. "scanner") finds himself caught in the middle of a war between a sinister weapons firm and a scanner renegade, in David Cronenberg's slick (and memorably gory) sci-fi thriller.
Saturday, November 2 at 1 p.m.
Tuesday, November 19 at 9:15 p.m.
Sunday, December 22 at 5:45 p.m.
Saturday, January 18 at 7 p.m.
M. Butterfly
David Cronenberg | USA | 1993 | 101 min. | 14A | 35mm
A French civil servant (Jeremy Irons) in Mao's China falls in love with a beautiful opera singer (John Lone) — not realizing that "she" is both a man and a spy — in Cronenberg's adaptation of the acclaimed stage play by David Henry Hwang.
Saturday, November 2 at 3:30 p.m. *Costume designer Denise Cronenberg in attendance! Sunday, December 1 at 7 p.m.
The Fly
New 35mm Print!
David Cronenberg | USA | 1986 | 96 min. | R | 35mm
David Cronenberg's remake of the fondly remembered 1950s creature feature — about a brilliant, eccentric scientist (Jeff Goldblum) who finds himself undergoing a hideous transformation following a botched teleportation experiment — is one of the signature films in his oeuvre.
Saturday, November 2 at 7 p.m. *Special effects makeup artist Stéphan Dupuis in attendance!
Saturday, November 23 at 7 p.m.
Thursday, January 16 at 9 p.m.
Sunday, January 19 at 1 p.m.
Fast Company
New digital presentation!
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1979 | 91 min. | 14A | digital
One of Cronenberg's most uncharacteristic films, this action-packed drag-racing drama attests to the director's gearhead fascination with cars and machinery.
Sunday, November 3 at 2 p.m.
Newly restored 35mm director's cut!
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1983 | 87 min. | R | 35mm
A mysterious pirate station lures a cocky Toronto cable entrepreneur (James Woods) into the reality-warping world of the "new flesh," in David Cronenberg's prescient and vastly influential vision of a media age run amok.
Sunday, November 3 at 4:30 p.m.
Sunday, November 24 at 4 p.m. *With onstage talk by Piers Handling! Friday, January 17 at 9 p.m.
Newly digital restoration!
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1975 | 87 min. | 18A | digital
A sluglike parasite transforms the swinging residents of a Montreal condo into a legion of sex-crazed zombies, in David Cronenberg's controversial first professional feature.
Sunday, November 3 at 9:30 p.m.
Friday, November 15 at 8:45 p.m.
Wednesday, December 25 at 9 p.m.
Tuesday, December 31 at 6 p.m.
Saturday, January 11 at 6:30 p.m.
New 35mm print!
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1977 | 91 min. | R | 35mm
Porn star Marilyn Chambers stars in David Cronenberg's second feature as a young Quebec woman who undergoes an experimental plastic surgery treatment that transforms her into a blood-lusting, sexually insatiable disease-spreader.
Friday, November 8 at 6:30 p.m.
Thursday, December 19 at 9 p.m.
Monday, December 30 at 9 p.m.
David Cronenberg | Canada/UK | 1996 | 100 min. | 14A | 35mm
Cronenberg's masterful, icily fascinating adaptation of the J.G. Ballard novel was one of the most lauded and controversial films of his career.
Friday, November 8 at 8:45 p.m.
Saturday, December 7 at 1 p.m. *Onstage talk with TIFF Bell Lightbox Artistic Director Noah Cowan!
Sunday, December 29 at 4:30 p.m.
Saturday, January 4 at 6:30 p.m.
The Dead Zone
New digital presentation!
David Cronenberg | USA | 1983 | 103 min. | 14A | digital
Adapted from the Stephen King bestseller, Cronenberg's first Hollywood feature stars Christopher Walken as a mild-mannered schoolteacher who awakens from a coma to discover that he can see the future of anyone with whom he makes physical contact.
Saturday, November 9 at 2:30 p.m.
Friday, January 3 at 9 p.m.
The Brood
New 35mm print!
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1979 | 92 min. | R | 35mm
An emotionally disturbed woman materializes her rage as a swarm of sexless, murderous children that take vengeance on those who have wronged her.
Saturday, November 9 at 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, December 1 at 1:30 p.m. *Onstage talk with Religious Studies scholar Elijah Siegler and David Cronenberg!
Thursday, January 2 at 9 p.m.
A Dangerous Method
David Cronenberg | Canada/UK/Germany | 2011 | 99 min. | 18A | digital
The personal and professional relationship between Carl Jung (Michael Fassbender) and Sigmund Freud (Viggo Mortensen) is put to the test by the arrival of a beautiful, troubled young patient (Keira Knightley), in Cronenberg's ambitious drama about the heroic age of psychoanalysis.
Sunday, November 10 at 1 p.m.
Saturday, November 23 at 2 p.m.
Sunday, December 8 at 1 p.m. *Followed by a panel discussion with longtime David Cronenberg collaborators costume designer Denise Cronenberg, editor Ron Sanders, composer Howard Shore and cinematographer Peter Suschitzky!
David Cronenberg | Canada/UK/France | 1999 | 97 min. | R | 35mm
Cronenberg reboots Videodrome for the virtual age in this sci-fi thriller about a video-game designer (Jennifer Jason Leigh) and her would-be protector (Jude Law) who plunge into the reality-warping dimensions of her new gameworld.
Saturday, November 16 at 7 p.m. *Genie Award-winning production designer Carol Spier in attendance!
Saturday,January 18 at 1 p.m.
A History of Violence
David Cronenberg | Canada/USA/Germany | 2006 | 96 min. | 18A | 35mm
One of Cronenberg's greatest and most complex works, this combination of searing psychological thriller and ingeniously subtle social allegory focuses on a small-town Everyman (Viggo Mortensen) who finds his hidden past catching up with him after he brutally foils an attempted stick-up.
Friday, November 22 at 9 p.m.
Saturday, December 7 at 7 p.m. *Genie Award-winning cinematographer Peter Suschitzky in attendance!
Wednesday, January 8 at 9:30 p.m.
David Cronenberg | Canada/France/Italy/Portugal | 2012 | 109 min. | 14A | digital
Cronenberg's ambitious adaptation of the Don DeLillo novel follows a billionaire New York financier (Robert Pattinson) as he traverses a rapidly crumbling city in the backseat of his limousine on the way to a fateful (and perhaps fatal) appointment.
Thursday, November 28 at 9 p.m.
David Cronenberg | Canada/UK | 2002 | 98 min. | 18A | 35mm
Released to a halfway house on the seedy side of London, a mentally disturbed outpatient (Ralph Fiennes) finds the ghosts of his traumatic past rising before him, in Cronenberg's moody adaptation of the novel by Patrick McGrath.
Saturday, November 30 at 1:45 p.m.
Sunday, January 5 at 6:30 p.m.
Crimes of the Future
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1970 | 70 min. | PG | 35mm
A research scientist searches for his mad mentor after a plague triggered by cosmetics eliminates all sexually mature women and hideously mutates the surviving men, in Cronenberg's eerie, conceptually ambitious second independent film.
Thursday, December 12 at 9:15 p.m.
Eastern Promises
David Cronenberg | UK | 2007 | 100 min. | 18A | 35mm
Cronenberg reunited with his History of Violence star Viggo Mortensen for this pungently seamy, London-set underworld drama.
Thursday, November 21 at 9 p.m. *Master Class with Guillermo del Toro and David Cronenberg!
Thursday, January 16 at 6:30 p.m.
Filmed in black and white on the Scarborough campus of the University of Toronto, Cronenberg's first short feature announced the arrival of a powerful new cinematic imagination.
Saturday, November 16 at 2p.m
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1969 | 65 min. | R | 35mm
Filmed in black and white on the Scarborough campus of the University of Toronto, Cronenberg's first short feature announced the arrival of a powerful new cinematic imagination.
New Digital Restoration!
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1966 | 7 min. | 14A | digital
Made while Cronenberg was earning his BA in English Language and Literature at the University of Toronto, Transfer is a surreal sketch about a psychiatrist and his obsessive patient who have an uncomfortable conversation at a dinner table in the middle of a snow-covered field.
From the Drain
David Cronenberg | Canada | 1967 | 13 min. | 14A | digital
Two men — purportedly a secret agent and a chemical warfare expert — meet in a bathtub, where they discuss the strange mutations caused by a recent war and have a bizarre vegetative encounter.
David Cronenberg | Canada | 2000 | 6 min. | 14A | 35mm
Commissioned by TIFF to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Festival in 2000, Camera features frequent Cronenberg collaborator Leslie Carlson as an actor who delivers a diatribe against the malicious power of the movie camera while a group of young children film him.
At the Suicide of the Last Jew in the World at the Last Cinema in the World
David Cronenberg | France | 2007 | 4 min. | 14A |digital
Commissioned for the sixtieth anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival as part of the anthology film Chacun son cinéma, the sardonic yet disturbing At the Suicide… stars Cronenberg himself in the title role, holding a gun to his head and preparing to kill himself on live TV, while unseen commentators dispassionately discuss the role of Jews in cinema.
David Cronenberg and numerous special guests participate in a series of lectures, discussions and Master Classes as part of From Within: The Films of David Cronenberg.
Christine Ramsay on Dead Ringers
Film scholar Christine Ramsay explores the cultural significance of "the double" and the ways in which it has informed the archetype of the twin in David Cronenberg's masterpiece Dead Ringers. Sunday, November 17 at 4 p.m.
Cronenberg Master Class: Guillermo del Toro on Eastern Promises
Guillermo del Toro offers an in-depth look at David Cronenberg's 2007 underworld thriller Eastern Promises, delivering an extended introduction to the film and then welcoming Cronenberg himself onstage for a post-screening discussion. Thursday, November 21 at 9 p.m.
Piers Handling on Videodrome
In his introduction to this pivotal film in the Cronenberg canon, TIFF Director and CEO Piers Handling considers how the role of the Cronenberg protagonist changes as they began to wrestle with issues of control over their lives. Sunday, November 24 at 4 p.m.
Elijah Siegler on The Brood
David Cronenberg in attendance!
Religious Studies scholar Elijah Siegler considers the place of religion and its felt absence in Cronenberg's oeuvre prior to the screening of The Brood, and will be joined by the director himself for an onstage dialogue following the film. Sunday, December 1 at 1:30 p.m.
Noah Cowan on Crash
TIFF Bell Lightbox Artistic Director Noah Cowan considers the intertwining of evolution, desire and contemporary science fiction in his introduction to Cronenberg's envisioning of the notorious J.G. Ballard novel. Saturday, December 7 at 1 p.m.
Panel Discussion: A Dangerous Method
Denise Cronenberg, Ron Sanders, Howard Shore and Peter Suschitzky join us for a panel discussion following the screening of A Dangerous Method.
Sunday, December 8 at 1 p.m.


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text:
Marijuana is a 100 billion $$ a year industry.
420 studios places you at the forefront.
Our latest project:
420 Studios is an eclectic marketing company in the marijuana sector. We provide multi-dimensional marketing solutions and innovative web design to some of the biggest companies in the industry.
In 2009 we launched The Ganja Girls, a brand dedicated to raising the general public's awareness of just how normal the use of recreational and medical marijuana is. Since then, and millions of views later, The Ganja Girls are now the fastest growing marijuana-centric entertainment brand online.
Companies we've worked with.
Web applications, UI/UX design, Viral marketing, Viral traffic, Mobile web, SaaS and more.


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Marianne Cornetti is recognized internationally as one of the leading Verdi mezzo-sopranos in the world. She has appeared as Amneris in Aida, Azucena in Il Trovatore, and Eboli in Don Carlos at theatres including the Teatro alla Scala, Metropolitan Opera, Vienna State Opera, Bayerische Staatsoper, Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Teatro Comunale in Florence, the Arena di Verona, and the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. In 2005 she sang her first Wagner role appearing as Ortrud in Lohengrin at the Teatro Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste and continued her excursion into this repertoire with her debut as Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma. In the autumn of 2006 she made another significant role debut, appearing as Lady Macbeth in Verdi's Macbeth at the Opera de La Wallonie. Her verismo heroines include the Principessa di Bouillon in Adriana Lecouvreur, Santuzza in Cavalleria Rusticana and Rosa in Cilea's L'Arlesiana, which she sang to great acclaim at Carnegie Hall with the Opera Orchestra of New York. In September of 2009 Marianne Cornetti made her debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden as Eboli in Don Carlos. She debuted at the Hamburg State Opera as Santuzza in Cavalleria Rusticana and sang her first performances of Abigaille in Nabucco at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo. She returned to the Teatro Comunale in Florence in Adrianna Lecouvreur, and returned to Royal Opera for Amneris in Aida, which she sings this summer at the Arena di Verona along with Azucena. Among Ms Cornetti's future projects are her return to the Metropolitan Opera as Azucena in Il trovatore, her return to the Teatro alla Scala as Santuzza in Cavalleria Rusticana, Adriana Lecouvreur at the Gran Teatro del Liceu in Barcelona, and Don Carlos in Bilbao.
May 2010


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Cape Town Cycle Tour 2015: Road Closures
Rob Peters
This weekend around 35 000 cyclists will take part in the Cape Town Cycle Tour. Due to the fires raging in Cape Town, organisers have been forced to shorten and rework the route. We bring you all the road closures in effect this weekend. -
11 spots you can carbo-load at before The Argus Cycle Tour
Rob Peters
The Cape Town Cycle Tour may have been cut to 47km, but there is nothing stopping you loading up on on some much-needed fuel before taking on the historic ride this year. Check out these 11 carb-friendly spots in the Mother City! -
Cape Town Cycle Tour cuts route to 47km
The Cape Town Cycle Tour announced on Wednesday that the route would be dramatically cut as a result of the fires raging across the Southern Peninsula. Cycle Tour Director David Bellair said that the decision had not been taken lightly and that it was done so with the safety of the race's participants in mind. -
Unlocking the wonders of Jonkershoek
Maxwell Rani
Most people know of Long Street and its sleepless nights, the lovely scenery of Camps bay and its wonderful restaurants, but have you ever felt like a tourist in your own city? I did when I was recently invited to Jonkershoek Nature Reserve in Stellenbosch.
Loading blog articles, this will just take a moment!
4 Must-see Baboon Pics that are totally bananas!
Baboons are a hotly debated topic in the Western Cape, and particularly so with regards to their interactions with tourists who explore some of Cape Town's natural treasures such as Cape Point.
Beyond #LoveCapeTown: Popping out to Paternoster
I'm a big fan of Cape Town. I've had the luxury of living in a few other cities so I feel I can make a fair comparison, but every so often I need to get out of the Mother City. Recently, I picked Paternoster as my weekend destination, and before my girlfriend even had time to say "It's the weekend!", we were off.
Tourist in My Own City: The V&A Waterfront Dine-About
Living in Cape Town, I've always used the V&A Waterfront as a quick shopping stop - a meal, groceries, new shirts, etc. Thus when I was recently invited to a dine-about at three of the Waterfront's top restaurants, I leapt at the opportunity to try something a little different, and a lot more fun.
Winelands with a twist
I have an obsession with doing things differently, which normally makes me really annoying to travel with, but occasionally I find something really cool, like my long weekend in the Robertson Winelands with my girlfriend.


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Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi dies after illness
Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi has died aged 57 in a hospital abroad, the government says.
It did not give details but an EU spokesman later told journalists Mr Meles had died in Brussels, Belgium.
Mr Meles had not been seen in public for weeks and speculation about his health mounted when he missed a summit in Addis Ababa last month.
His deputy, Hailemariam Desalegn, becomes prime minister until elections due in 2015, state media reported.
Mr Meles took power as the leader of rebels that ousted communist leader Mengistu Haile Mariam in 1991.
He is credited with spearheading economic development in Ethiopia - but, critics charge, at the price of respect for human rights.
Meles Zenawi's death will have repercussions far beyond his country.
He was undeniably central to everything in Ethiopia - the good and the bad, the economic growth and development, as well as the repressive climate denounced by opposition politicians and journalists.
But he also played a key role in the region.
Since Mr Meles took power in 1991, Ethiopia has seen Eritrea secede, then fought a war with the new country. It also twice sent troops into Somalia to fight militants linked to al-Qaeda.
Ethiopia also has peacekeepers in Abyei, the border region claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan.
Political leaders in all these countries will be carrying out rapid calculations about what Mr Meles' death means for them.
The West has also lost a key ally in the Horn of Africa.
Now the attention will switch to whether Mr Meles built a strong enough system to outlast him.
He was austere and hardworking, with a discipline forged from years spent in the guerrilla movement - and almost never smiled, says Elizabeth Blunt, the BBC's former correspondent in Addis Ababa.
Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf said Mr Meles was an "intellectual leader for the continent", and UK Prime Minister David Cameron called him "an inspirational spokesman for Africa" who had lifted millions out of poverty.
But a spokesman for al-Shabab Islamist militants in Somalia - where Mr Meles twice sent troops to fight - told Reuters news agency they were "very glad" of his death, saying Ethiopia was "sure to collapse".
Ethiopia's Council of Ministers announced "with great sadness the untimely death of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi" in a statement, state TV reported.
The statement said Mr Meles had been receiving medical treatment abroad for the past two months and that his health was improving. But he developed a "sudden infection" on Sunday and despite emergency treatment, died at 23:40 on Monday.
European Commission spokesman Olivier Bailly later told a regular news briefing that Mr Meles "passed away during the night here in Brussels".
"Start Quote
End Quote Barnaba Benjamin South Sudanese Information MinisterIt's a very, very sad day for the people of the Republic of South Sudan and the people of the East African region as a whole"
Over some eight weeks that Mr Meles had been absent from the public eye, concerns about his health had grown, and in July he was said to have been admitted to hospital.
Reports suggested he was in hospital in the Belgian capital suffering a stomach complaint but these were never confirmed by the Ethiopian authorities.
Three weeks ago, government spokesman Bereket Simon dismissed reports Mr Meles was critically ill, and declined to give any details about Mr Meles's whereabouts.
A period of mourning had been declared until the funeral, for which no date has been announced.
State television said his body would be flown to Addis Ababa later on Tuesday.
Instability concernsMr Hailemariam, who is also Ethiopia's foreign minister, will become acting prime minister, government spokesman Bereket Simon told reporters.
He said an election was not necessary as the "constructional procedure" allowed for Mr Hailemariam to "kick off as a full-fledged prime minister".
In an earlier news conference, Mr Bereket said Mr Meles had struggled with illness for a year, but he had continued to work regardless.
Concerns have been expressed - including by Kenyan Prime Minister Raila Odinga - that Mr Meles's death could lead to a power vacuum and dangerous instability in Ethiopia.
But Mr Bereket insisted the country was stable and that "everything will continue as charted" by the late prime minister.
This theme was echoed by state television, which stated that "even if Ethiopia has been badly affected for missing its great leader, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi initiated fundamental policies and strategies which will be further strengthened".
Ethiopia's economy has grown rapidly in recent years, despite the secession of Eritrea and the subsequent war between the two countries.
Meles Zenawi
- Emerged from Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which carried out armed struggle against Communist military regime in 1970s and 1980s
- Became president in a transitional government in 1991 and then prime minister in 1995
- Married another TPLF veteran, Azeb Mesfin, and had three children
- Under his leadership, a closed and secretive country gradually opened to the outside world
- But reputation tarnished in 2000s amid increasing repression in Ethiopia
Under Mr Meles, Ethiopia became a staunch US ally, receiving hundreds of millions of dollars in aid over the years, and hosting the US military drones that patrol East Africa.
He won accolades from the West for sending troops to battle Islamist militants in Somalia, says the BBC's James Copnall.
But concern had been growing about the lack of democracy and human rights in Ethiopia, our correspondent in the region says.
At least 200 people died in the violence that followed the 2005 elections, and many journalists and politicians have been locked up.
One rights critic, Commander Assefa Seifu, called Mr Meles "a devil incarnate".
"He was always talking about democracy, civil rights, adherence to [the] constitution and the like. But it was only a lip service," he told the BBC.


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Rochester, N.Y. -- Nicole Ferrell's son Jayden is among thousands of city students taking up to seven assessment tests this fall.
"His confidence is so low because he feels he is not performing up to standards because they are requesting so much from them," said Ferrell, a mother of two.
Assessments are part of the new Annual Professional Performance Review or teacher evaluations and they are based on the Common Core curriculum. The problem according to parents and district leaders is the volume of tests and the expense.
"It is definitely not a wise thing to do to give so much testing," said Bolgen Vargas, Rochester Schools Superintendent. Some suburban districts chose to measure student performance and evaluate teachers in different ways, avoiding the extra exams.
13WHAM News requested a cost analysis in September after Vargas announced plans to reduce the number of assessment tests.
Two months later, a cost analysis showed that the district spent $1,196,138 in the 2012-2013 school year and expects to spend $656.070 in 2013-2014.
Most of the costs were for hardware and software and labor costs, according to the analysis.
Prior to APPR testing, the district did not incur these costs, said an RCSD spokesman.
If the state approves the district's request to lower the amount of tests, it would mean a substantial savings, according to Vargas.
Money that could be used to bolster summer academic programs.
In place of the tests, Vargas said the schools will be able to measure student achievement through prior history, records of areas of improvement for each student, teacher assessments and previous test grades.
The State Education Department did not respond to a request for comment.
A spokesman for RCSD said the state is expected to approve its request to reduce the number of assessment exams.
In spring, post-assessment exams will be given, but Vargas said there will be fewer than last year.


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Hello people!
For a while now I've been wanting to join the scanlation world, and one of the projects that came to mind was Holy Avenger.
Holy Avenger is not a manga, it's a Brazilian comic book, based on a D&D campaign, but it's heavily influenced by manga and so it might hold interest to some manga reading crew.
The story is set in the world of Arton, which is very similar to Earth, with the exception of being a place for heroes and adventurers. Almost a typical medieval fantasy story, huh? Not quite. Along with a large deal of humorous situations, some inclined to ecchi, there's also an interesting plot, with unusual developments.
Certainly, it might not be an epic like Dai no Daibouken, much less Berserk. Some could say it's a bit similar to Slayers.
In any case, since it's not a Japanese production, it has, of course, a few distinctive elements, that may prove interesting or not. Judge for yourselves.
I'm not really good with describing without spoiling much, so, if you guys want more info:
Holy Avenger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (detailed description, with spoilers, so be warned)
Baka-Updates Manga - Holy Avenger (short description, adapted from the first chapter introduction)
If you'd like to, please have a try! (6 MB)
zSHARE - holy avenger v01c01enxame-scans.rar
Send big files the easy way. Files too large for email attachments? No problem!
RapidShare: Easy Filehosting
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That has been my first scanlation, so it's a bit flawed. Morten kindly has done some further editing in order to make it look more fitting:
zSHARE - holy avenger v01c01enxame-scans.rar (8 MB)
I intend to translate the whole first volume (8 chapters), and if it's well received, I'll go all the way, including the extra and special chapters.
Once they're ready I'll post the links here.
Look forward to the next releases, then. ^^
That's it.


text: FROM EAR TO TAIL 61CM SHIPPING I pack very well, however I will NOT be held responsible for breakages or loss of items once the goods have been shipped. The Seller accepts no responsibility and is hereby indemnified against any loss or damage to items, after a parcel has been handed in at SAPO. Please note shipping fees includes costs (besides SAPO postage charges) packaging materials, labour etc.NO COLLECTIONS AND IF YOU NOT HAPPY WITH POSTAGE PLEASE DO NOT BID ON THE ITEM PAYMENTS Payments strictly 72 hours EFT, Credit-card (5% Additional charge), or Cash (R16.50 Additional charge) to Bid or Buy. I ONLY accept bobPay EFT, bobPay CREDIT CARD If you want to make other arrangements for payment do it before you Bid or Buy so that I am aware of it. International buyers – please wait for my e-mail confirming your postal costs before you make payment. Thanks for your interest shown in this offer I truly value my clients support of my auctions. ** Payment due within 3 days of auction closing ** |


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Kevin Hogard took his third cutting from 150 alfalfa acres during two weeks of sunny weather in mid-July. His 2013 yield and quality have been very good.
"We haven't gotten a sprig rained on so far this year," says Hogard, of St. Mary, MO.
He and other growers in his state expect to have plenty of hay to sell, although not all will be high in quality. Last year was abnormally dry, so hay supplies were low going into winter and very little was carried over. Now hay barns are filling up and pastures are green again.
That's the case throughout the eastern half of the U.S., which received plentiful rainfall through midsummer. The western half, on the other hand, remains in the throes of drought. The U.S. Drought Monitor shows that, except for the northern tier of states plus Iowa, Missouri and Louisiana, every state west of the Mississippi River is abnormally dry.
The result is a hay-supply imbalance that will help keep the hay market strong until fall and probably longer, believes Matt Diersen, South Dakota State University ag economist. He expects supplies to be tight and prices high, although not quite as high as last year's, at least until some 2013 hay is redistributed.
"Rather than a draw from the North to the South this year, we're probably going to have a draw from states in the East to states in the West," says Diersen.
Much of the eastern hay is low in quality, however. A cool spring delayed the harvest season in many areas; then persistent rains damaged first and second cuttings.
That's the case even in Hogard's area of southeastern Missouri. Because he takes the first cutting as baleage, he got his harvested on time and is on track for his normal six cuttings. Some of his neighbors are still working on second cutting, and growers in other parts of the state have had even more rainy-weather problems.
Sales have been slow. Hogard listed 850-lb, second-cutting square bales on the Missouri Hay Directory for $90/bale or about $220/ton, a little lower than his 2012 price.
"Everybody is kind of waiting to see what happens," he says. "I wouldn't have thought they'd do that this year after what we went through last year, but everybody is playing things pretty close to the vest right now."
Ron Tombaugh recently delivered 190-RFV alfalfa to Wisconsin for around $350/ton, but that was 2012 carryover hay.
"I don't know that there's been much 190 hay made this year, even out on the Plains," says Tombaugh, of Streator, IL.
All of his first- and second-cutting hay was rained on, although not all was severely damaged.
"Some of our first cutting was down two weeks," he reports. "It's all been down at least a week, and ordinarily we'd get it up in two or three days."
Tombaugh occasionally gets five alfalfa cuttings but expects four this year because of the late start. Yields have been high. His normal full-season yield is 5.5-6 tons/acre, and the first two cuttings totaled over
3 tons/acre.
"We've got hay; the quality is not supreme."
Rain has been an issue in Kentucky, too, but some quality hay has been harvested, reports Tom Keene, University of Kentucky hay marketing specialist. Cold weather in March and April delayed the first cutting past the normal early May start; then wet weather caused further delays. Growers had taken one cutting of grass and two of alfalfa by mid-July.
Some Kentucky growers will have hay to sell, but Keene doesn't know if much of it will be available to new buyers.
"The ones who really do a good job — dot the i's and cross the t's — don't have any trouble selling their hay," he says. "Most of it's committed prior to the season."
While most of it is in round bales, 3 x 3' and 3 x 4' square bales are becoming more numerous every year.
Keene wonders, though, if livestock producers accustomed to feeding Western hay will be satisfied with hay grown farther east. Eastern hay doesn't test as well as that grown in high elevations of the West, he points out.
Like what you're reading? Subscribe to eHay Weekly and get the latest news right to your inbox.
Diersen figures many Western livestock producers will look to buy almost any hay they can find, creating a market for low-quality hay that won't exist farther east. Those with hay and forage crop insurance may have money to pay for it because indemnity payments are higher than they were a few years ago.
"That's going to help keep
prices supported, because some of the farmers who need replacement feedstuffs are going to have the cash to be able to buy that feed,"
he says.
Eastern dairy and beef producers who ran short of hay last winter may be willing to part with some of their surplus production, especially with prospects for late-planted corn going to silage.
"If you can sell your rained-on hay for $100-150 a ton, maybe that makes sense for you," he says.
Overall, Diersen expects 2013 hay production to end up slightly higher than last year's, largely be-cause of a small increase in acreage. In its June Acreage report, USDA reported that growers expected to harvest 56.6 million acres of hay this year, up roughly 350,000 acres from the 2012 figure.
Most of the projected increase is in the eastern half of the country, including significant gains in Minnesota and Wisconsin where carryover stocks were at record lows and many alfalfa fields winter-killed. Nationwide, USDA put May 1 carryover stocks at 14.2 million tons, a 34% drop from last year's ending-stocks figure and an all-time low.
Although livestock numbers are down, Diersen figures 60 million hay acres would be needed to satisfy the demand and rebuild stocks to a reasonable level. At just 56.6 million acres, supplies will be tight. Below-average consumption will be necessary in the 2013-14 marketing year, and that will be achieved with high hay prices, he says.
Hogard can be reached at 573-587-2151; call Tombaugh at 309-531-4229.
You might also like:
USDA Bolsters Emergency CRP Haying, Grazing


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Karl Laventure, a man believed to be high on bath salts, attacked police officers and took 20 jolts from a Taser as he threatened to eat them yesterday. Frightened golfers at a driving range in Alpharetta, Ga., called police when Laventure went on a rampage, running around half-naked waving a golf club. Video footage shows the crazed man, 21, being held down by several officers and screaming incoherently about God, Biggie, Tupac, etc. "I'll eat you! Don't make me eat you!" he threatened.
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Connecting Families to Senior Living
Call a Senior Living Advisor
888 704-7785
Find the right nursing home in Jasper Alabama. There are more than nursing homes and skilled nursing facilities in Jasper, AL. Request info to get free assistance finding the right senior care from a local Senior Living Advisor in the Jasper area.
Alabama has southern charm, a rich history and a large senior citizen population. In fact, 13% of the state is over 65 years of age and many of the larger cities, life Montgomery, Huntsville and Birmingham offer many senior living choices. The picturesque state also offers a low cost of living and affordable health care, making it a popular place to enjoy the golden years.
Brookdale Place University Park provides a full range of choices for today's seniors. Choosing a senior living community represents a lifestyle choice and we understand that our residents are choosing much more than a comfortable living environment to call home. Our Brookdale community delivers...
38 miles from Jasper, AL
Provides: Assisted Living, Independent Living, Alzheimer's Memory Care
From the moment you walk through the door, you will experience the difference that is Chateau Vestavia. Family owned and locally operated, we are a part of the beautiful Vestavia Hills community. Our caring professional staff is committed to making this the most worry-free time of your life. We take...
39 miles from Jasper, AL
Real Service At the heart of Country Cottage is CareSteps, an individualized service plan designed to solve the real, day-to-day issues that have threatened to destroy the independence you've worked so hard to achieve. CareSteps assures that you'll receive the right amount of help at the right time....
42 miles from Jasper, AL
Provides: Assisted Living, Alzheimer's Memory Care
From every window, beauty only found in the Appalachian foothills stretches in a quilt of dappled green, gold and scarlet hardwoods towards shadowed mountains all connected by a shining ribbon of river sparkling in the sun. But it's our view of retirement that has given this Birmingham, Alabama...
Brookdale Place Northport provides a full range of choices for today's seniors. Choosing a senior living community represents a lifestyle choice and we understand that our residents are choosing much more than a comfortable living environment to call home. Our Brookdale community delivers Inspired...
45 miles from Jasper, AL
Located 1.12 miles west of the Cypress Inn on Rice Mine Road toward Northport, Morning Pointe of Tuscaloosa is a state-of-the-art assisted living community offering 30 spacious apartments with mulitple floor plan choices. The facility also offers an additional 24 apartments designed to enhance...
Situated on a beautiful park like setting at the convenient crossroad of Skyland and Hwy 215. Regency Retirement Village offers all the warmth of small town living with easy access to all that Tuscaloosa has to offer. Our lovely community offers Assisted Living, Independent Living including Garden...
49 miles from Jasper, AL
It's all about making the right choice to accommodate your loved ones needs. Westminster Assisted Living and Memory Care is a retirement community that embraces an individual's independence in a loving, caring and socializing environment. Westminster Assisted Living and Memory Care of Decatur is...
53 miles from Jasper, AL
Welcome to The Terrace at Priceville Senior Living, Assisted Living and Alzheimer's Care in Priceville, Alabama Welcome to The Terrace at Priceville! Our beautiful senior living retirement community offers Independent Living for active seniors, Assisted Living with the levels of care, and...
40 miles from Jasper, AL
Provides: Alzheimer's Memory Care
Learn about the causes of Alzheimer's aggression and how to care for Alzheimer's patients.
Read dementia information, including typical symptoms and medical options for dementia care.
Complete list of questions to ask memory care facilities.
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Here is why I am asking. About 3 weeks ago I am coming out of Wally World with the wife heading back to the truck. As usual I am doing my side-to-side head movement looking for things out of the ordinary when my wife makes a comment about some females wardrobe that was so loud it made Liberace look like a Mennonite. I went where? where? and she pointed at the woman. I couldnt care less about the woman but what shocked me is that I did not register her at all even though I had scanned the area where she was!
The following days were ones of readjusting and trying to absorb everything I watched but all of the sudden I was confronted with way too much information and my scans were not as effective because I tended to focus too much which it is not bad if you are stationary, but it is hell on the move.
I went on to dissect what I was doing originally: Head moving side-to-side, looking for potential hiding places for BGs, giving people a brief examination for attitude, pose, hands and eyes. Do they belong in the area? Yes? No? I guess I do a sort of mental quick checklist and discard the person if I feel he/she is not a threat. And all in an almost subconscious state of mind (P95s spidey sense I guess) which is easier to do than the full what-is-she-wearing observation and I reverted to this type of scanning.
Now, I have no idea if I am doing it right or wrong or I am missing something and I want to know what you guys do and think while scanning.


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If you're a printer or a designer or a paper company, there's a lot of pressure to produce something memorable at the holidays. In that spirit, we've pulled together a collection of 16 of our favorite holiday cards from the foldfactory sample library.
If you've produced a holiday card that you're proud of, either this year or in the past, please send it to us so that we can share it with the world.


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Bear Grylls® Pocket Tool
Item # WX2-223488
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You must be 18 years of age to purchase this item.
Shipping restrictions apply to this product under some jurisdictions. Known age, state and local shipping requirements are applied at checkout and may result in changes to an order.
This item cannot ship to Canada.
This item cannot ship internationally.
- Details & Specs
Bear Grylls® Pocket Tool, an everyday survival specialist!
The Bear Grylls® Pocket Tool from Gerber® gets the job done. You probably don't often get dropped from an aircraft into extreme wilderness situations, like Bear Grylls does... but for everyday use, camping, having in the car, it pays off.
- Made with premium 5Cr15 stainless steel
- 3"l. fine edge blade
- Small and medium slot screwdrivers
- Phillips head screwdriver
- Bottle opener
- Tough, sure-grip rubberized handle. It's 5 1/ 2 "l. open, 3 1/ 4 "l. closed, weighs 3 ozs.
Fit for ordinary use and adventure... order yours ONLINE now!
- Reviews
Bear Grylls Pocket Tool is rated out of 5 by 2.Rated 5 out of 5 by TERRANCE from nice knifeDate published: 2013-08-16Rated 5 out of 5 by DAVID from Nice Knife, Lightweight..Grips well. Will use as general utility knife for day to day carrying.Date published: 2012-10-19
<!--BVSEO|dz:Main_Site-en_US|sdk:v22.214.171.124-n|msg:Error: Request errored out - The remote server returned an error: (403) Forbidden. -->
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Gerber Suspension Multi - Plier®
Buyer's Club $31.49 Non-Members $34.99 -
Mossy Oak® Break Up® Pocket Gunsmithing Tool
Buyer's Club $22.49 Non-Members $24.99 -
84-in-1 Multi-Purpose Pocket Toolbox
Buyer's Club $11.69 Non-Members $12.99


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John Pinney
Born into a Circus Family. When it was discovered he had a fear of sawdust, the family had to leave in disgrace. Spent his formative years in Chicago trying to convince his schoolmates he wasn't a midget. His family moved him to Springfield, Missouri where he attended a Catholic School run by the "Holy Order of Killer Nuns". A Professional Boxer at age nineteen, he had forty-two pro fights and became the "Southern Middle-weight Champion". He was suspended from boxing after losing a fight on a bad decision because he remarked, "I knew I was in trouble when I saw the judges had seeing-eye dogs". After being hit in the head for eight years, he realized he had a weird way of thinking about things and became a comedian. Some people didn't understand how he would do comedy after boxing, but then again, they didn't see his last two fights.


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X5 Superlite Tourmaline Ionic Hair Dryer
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JennyDec 6, 2013Link to this post
Folica Hair ExpertTourmaline + Ionic CeramicThis product is a professional Tourmaline + Ionic Ceramic 1875 watt hair dryer.Jul 16, 2012Link to this post
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June BroughamSearching For Powerful And Quiet DryerOn a mission for a professional really quiet but powerful dryer. I have a chi rocket now but dissatisfied. Is the X5 really all it says it is?Really. JuneReply to this postJan 19, 2010Link to this post
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If you'd like to hear more about how this product worked (or didn't) for people with hair like yours, take advantage of our network of experts and customers by posting a question. Or, if you've used the product and want to post a tip or advice, go for it.
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New Price: $9.99
The Sedu Revolution 4000i Hair Dryer reduces drying time in half with 60% more power and is the industry's most effective tourmaline coated ionic generator.
Old Price:$200.00New Price: $170.0015% OFF


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True African Art .com
News & Updates
You can also find our latest updates
on our Facebook Page. "Like" Us!
This Page is an archive of our older news. Go to our "Welcome Page" to read our very latest news from The Holidays, 2014. There you can also learn more about our African artists and website!
Autumn, 2014 News:
- We have dozens of NEW, beautiful, & original paintings from Africa for sale on our New Paintings Page. Look for the artist name in the artwork's description and find them in our "Paintings for Sale" Artist navigation. Our very latest paintings include additions to Kimbo's Batiks Page, the South African Greeting Cards Page, South African, Kowie Theron, and our latest artist from Ghana, Peter Boateng.
- We have provided new African painting images for our Home Page Slideshow!
- We are steady on Facebook with over 350,000 members as of late November! "Like" our Page tor all kinds of photos of Africa, our paintings, plus exclusive news, sales, and special previews. "Like" us today!
Spring, 2014 News:
- We have a new Home Page Slideshow that opens up the site when you first arrive. We also have a secondary Home Page labled "Welcome" that summarizes who we are and what we do.
- Our New "Make an Offer" Feature is for higher end paintings. Previously, an Inquire button had you e-mail us for the prices. Now, the website has the price appearing along with the Make an Offer button. You can range your offer based on the suggested price.
- Art critics have called Ephrem Kouakou "The African Picasso". We have new original paintings by this spectacular Ivory Coast African artist, who has works in permanent collections of The Metropolitan Museum, New York and The Smithsonian National Museum of African Art in Washington D.C. This is the African artist's Info Page & here is his African Paintings for Sale Page. Ephrem has set his own pricing on his artwork. Read his list of his collectors, museums, & exhibitions here.
- Enam Bosokah, an African artist from Ghana, joins our ranks with his only painting tool, a pen. He makes stunning, detailed portraits from it. Enam's Info Page can be read here.
- Three new paintings by Ghanaian artist Ti Jay!
January, 2014 News:
- We have over 100 newly acquired artworks and Blue Rhino Maps You can see examples of them here on the Home Page or go to our "New Paintings" link under the "Paintings for Sale" menu label.
- We have new categories in our Navigation! Click the "Paintings for Sale" menu at the top of each page to browse African paintings by art category. Searching by "Artist Name" is still useful if you an artist's work in one category and want to browse their whole collection.
- New Artists: Ras T from Tanzania and Richard Kimbo from Kenya!
Winter, 2013 News:
- We are now in partnership with most of our African artists to sell prints of their best artworks from this website onto Fine Art America .com There you can order quality prints of sold out and available African paintings, choose the size of the print you want, & even pick out your own frame and matting. Click the link here or go to their website and search for "True African Art." We currently have about 150 prints for sale there from our originals. In the months to come, we will continue to select and add to Fine Art America the best from our collection. Enjoy!
- See December's Newsletter here! Subscribe to future newsletters at the footer of any our webpages.
- Gathinja's enchanting paintings have inspired the creation of the character and children's book, "Hello Zuri" by Nancy Hahn, Owner and Founder of RainForest Books. "Hello Zuri" features Gathinja's endearing, evocative artwork and Hahn's poetic prose on every page as the young reader goes on the journey of self discovery through beauty and diversity.
September 2013 News:
- From January through September, 2013 we've posted just over 335 NEW paintings from Africa! As of January, 2014, many of these have already sold. To see our latest painitngs still available, see our "New Paintings" Page under our "Paintings for Sale" menu.
Spring, 2013 News:
Want to receive notices when we add new paintings? How about for special sales or major updates to our site? Now you can! At the
Beloved friend and one of our
African Artists, Sarah Shiundu,
passed away on March 8, 2013.
- Unfortunate News from Nairobi: One of our beloved friends & artist Sarah Shiundu, died on March 8, 2013 in Nairobi hospital after a long illness. We will miss Sarah's joy & laughter tremendously as she brightened & added happiness to our lives. For those of you who have purchased her artwork, please treasure it & pass it on to your future generations with Sarah's information, video interview, and pictures.To view Sarah's remaining African artworks, please see her Store Page.
- We have a new logo on the Home Page! An original African painting by watercolor artist Joseph Thiongo, we Photoshopped the image to make a beautiful, happy, and bright new logo.


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Former Captain is Fined, Placed on Probation, and Agrees to Stay Out of United States Waters as Crewmember for One Year
PERIKLIS PETRIDIS, 47, a Greek citizen, and former Captain of the Celebrity Cruise Line ship, Mercury, pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court in Seattle today to one count of operating a vessel while under the influence of alcohol. United States Magistrate Judge James P. Donohue immediately sentenced PETRIDIS, pursuant to his plea agreement with the government, to one year of probation, and further ordered PETRIDIS not to enter United States waters as an employee of a commercial vessel of any type without approval of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for a period of one year. Judge Donohue also imposed a fine of $15,000. PETRIDIS previously spent four days in jail in connection with this charge.
PETRIDIS was arrested on May 19, 2006, when Coast Guard officials, during a routine visit, discovered that he had been drinking. PETRIDIS was in command of the 866-foot Celebrity Cruise ship, Mercury, carrying 1,884 passengers, scheduled to depart from Pier 66 in Seattle in less than four hours. According to witnesses, PETRIDIS's breath smelled of alcohol, his eyes were bloodshot and red, and he appeared agitated and on edge. PETRIDIS was tested and found to have a blood alcohol level as high as 0.181, more than four times the legal limit for vessel operators. The federal maritime limit for operating a vessel in U.S. waters is 0.040. PETRIDIS ultimately failed four separate breath tests. Celebrity Cruise Line immediately relieved PETRIDIS of duty.
In sentencing PETRIDIS, Judge Donohue stressed the serious nature of the charge, and noted that the guilty plea shows that PETRIDIS committed an "abuse of trust" as the Captain of the Mercury. Judge Donohue added that PETRIDIS was charged with the safety and lives of almost 2,000 passengers and another 1,000 crewmembers. Judge Donohue commented that the Coast Guard's mission is to prevent another incident similar to the Exxon Valdez.
"Today's guilty plea and sentencing demonstrates our resolve to protect the traveling public and Puget Sound, " said John McKay, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington.
"Barring Captain Petridis from U.S. Waters for a year sends a strong message that we will not turn a blind eye to those who flout our maritime laws putting passengers and other boaters at risk."
This case was investigated by the U.S. Coast Guard Investigative Service, and prosecuted by Assistant United States Attorneys Susan B. Dohrmann and Barbara J. Sievers, and Special Assistant United States Attorney Adam W. Cornell.
For additional information please contact Emily Langlie, Public Affairs Officer for the United States Attorney's Office, at (206) 553-4110.


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Facing a possible ban in Turkey, Facebook has complied with a court order, according to news reports.
Inspired by his own experiences with dyslexia, Dutch designer Christian Boer developed a font to make reading easier.
New Zealand, Austria, Denmark and Spain are among the next nations to get a taste of Apple's supersized smartphones.
Microsoft's Sogol Malekzadeh talks about her journey from artist in Iran to designer who helped create Windows Phone's marquee virtual assistant.
The LG G3 will be officially unveiled, but with the Samsung Galaxy S5 and HTC One M8 already on shop shelves experts say it may not be the sales boost LG hopes.
London joins New York and Berlin today with a local top-level domain, .london, but concerns remain over the expense of new TLDs.
It's Tom Waits' world. We just happen to be living in it. An online map pinpoints his song lyric locations all across the globe.
The celebrated entrepreneur is trying to make the world more human one place at a time.
An exciting breakthrough by an academic little known before last year is firing up mathematicians. Now even playwrights are getting in on the act.
Awash in political controversy, Turkey goes after social media users it believes are spreading propaganda.


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I'm standing (barefoot, of course) at the counter humming a tuneless song and snapping the ends off a mess of beans. My fingers work quickly and automatically, finding that spot at the end of each greenbean with my thumbnail, that spot where it snaps just right. When there's a lot on my mind, I cook a lot. Sometimes too much, and the leftovers pile up in little foil pouches and tupperware too mountainous for my hubby's appetite to keep up with. When there's a lot on my mind, the standing at the kitchen counter roots me. There's little room in my head for long-lingering worries or orchestrated imaginary futures. My chatty internal conversations (and arguments) with myself reduce to a simmer. The kitchen counter is my moving meditation on chopping and measuring and whisking, for finding the just-right spot in the bean, for tending the onions as they soften. I am rooted, barefoot, into my kitchen floor and rooted into the women who taught me and my little-girl fingers how to snap the beans just so.
I picked and snapped mountains of beans sitting on grandma's back porch at the cabin in North Carolina. A towel in my lap with a heap of beans, snapping the ends and watching the bowl to my side fill up. Often we'd pick wild blueberries and blackberries together, Grandma, Momma, Jenny and I. Blackberries are juiciest when fresh-plucked and hot-baked under the summer sun, with a few scratches on your arms from the stickers. Few made it to the intended cobbler.
Grandma taught me how to help in the kitchen and how to not get underfoot (although the latter lesson was only mildly successful). She is pragmatic, resolute and endearingly optimistic. She cooked solid southern fare in that practical, post-war way. She is okra and tomatoes, she is angel food cake with strawberries, she calls me her Strawberry Girl. The first time my Daddy met her, he took the lid off her rice and she smacked his hand. I'm so wildly nostalgic I can tell the old stories like I was there. My great-grandaddy who always dribbled gravy on his tie. Back when men wore ties to supper.
My Momma taught me how to cook. We love to eat together, yes. But we recognize the cooking as a special act, a creative and sacred place apart where individual ingredients are blended and married into something new. I recall very few "cooking instructions" but rather I was a participant in the process. I remember the first Thanksgiving I cooked Grandma's squash casserole and greenbean casserole, using her recipes that Momma scanned and printed out for me. The torn-edge magazine page with her handwritten notes in half-cursive (like mine, of course) in the margin. I have many of her recipes, and Grandma's and Great-Grandma's. Dad does a lot of their cooking these days; his kitchen-counter-meditation is a lot noisier than mine ("If Dad's raising a ruckus in the kitchen, he's happy!") and when we eat together we spend half the meal discussing how it was cooked. The method he used for the flank steak. We know the flank steak is love; the love we show our loved ones by taking time to put everything on hold while we immerse ourselves at the counter to create a nourishing meal.
And so I stand at my own counter – grown now, rooted, and wildly nostalgic. When I make homemade bone broth, I feel connected to the women in my family and women everywhere, from centuries ago, who (apart from the crockpot) would know exactly what I'm doing and what that first sip of broth from the ladle will taste like. We know it's the marrow and ginger and garlic that's healing. Tonight as I snapped the beans, Momma text me a photo of Grandma sitting at her kitchen table with her two dearest girl friends who came in town to visit her, they had a dinner party tonight. She's mostly in her bed these days, the bed is in the living room now, and she watches for the squirrel in the tree and talks to (bosses around? probably!) the repairmen through the window as they fix the septic tank. I told Mom about the beans. "You said it! We have such good memories!" she said.
This is why I cry happy tears when I snap beans, my barefeet rooted in our kitchen.


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What does HOAF mean in US Government?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand HOAF in the Governmental field in general and in the US Government terminology in particular.
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