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Seal of the National Security Agency | |
Flag of the National Security Agency | |
Agency overview | |
Formed | November 4, 1952[1] |
Preceding Agency | Armed Forces Security Agency |
Headquarters | Fort Meade, Maryland, U.S. 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″W / 39.10889°N 76.77139°WCoordinates: 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″W / 39.10889°N 76.77139°W |
Employees | Classified (30,000-40,000 estimate)[2][3][4][5] |
Annual budget | Classified (estimated $10.8 billion, 2013)[6][7] |
Agency executives | Admiral Michael S. Rogers, U.S. Navy, Director of the National Security Agency Richard Ledgett, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency |
Parent agency | United States Department of Defense |
Website | www.nsa.gov |
This article's introduction may be too long for the overall article length. (May 2014) |
Seal of the National Security Agency | |
Flag of the National Security Agency | |
Agency overview | |
Formed | November 4, 1952[1] |
Preceding Agency | Armed Forces Security Agency |
Headquarters | Fort Meade, Maryland, U.S. 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″W / 39.10889°N 76.77139°WCoordinates: 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″W / 39.10889°N 76.77139°W |
Employees | Classified (30,000-40,000 estimate)[2][3][4][5] |
Annual budget | Classified (estimated $10.8 billion, 2013)[6][7] |
Agency executives | Admiral Michael S. Rogers, U.S. Navy, Director of the National Security Agency Richard Ledgett, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency |
Parent agency | United States Department of Defense |
Website | www.nsa.gov |
National Security Agency surveillance |
Programs |
Institutions |
Related |
The National Security Agency (NSA) is a U.S. intelligence agency responsible for providing the United States government with encrypted communications (information assurance) and the reading of encrypted communications (signals intelligence) of other nations. The NSA also creates and maintains secure computer network operations for the U.S. Government and prepares for network warfare.[8]
Originating as a unit to decipher code communications in World War II, it was officially formed as the NSA by President Truman in 1952. Since then, it has become one of the largest of U.S. intelligence organizations in terms of personnel and budget,[6][9] operating under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense and reporting to the Director of National Intelligence.
The NSA is tasked with the global monitoring, collection, decoding, translation and analysis of information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, including surveillance of targeted individuals in U.S. territory. The agency is authorized to accomplish its mission through clandestine means,[10] among which are bugging electronic systems[11] and allegedly engaging in sabotage through subversive software.[12][13]
The NSA is also responsible for the protection of U.S. government communications and information systems.[14] As part of the growing practice of mass surveillance in the United States, the NSA collects and stores all phone records of all American citizens.[15]
Unlike the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), both of which specialize primarily in foreign human espionage, the NSA has no authority to conduct human-source intelligence gathering, although it is often portrayed doing so in popular culture. Instead, the NSA is entrusted with coordination and deconfliction of SIGINT components of otherwise non-SIGINT government organizations, which are prevented by law from engaging in such activities without the approval of the NSA via the Defense Secretary.[16]
As part of these streamlining responsibilities, the agency has a co-located organization called the Central Security Service (CSS), which was created to facilitate cooperation between NSA and other U.S. military cryptanalysis components. Additionally, the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service.
The NSA has been a matter of political controversy on several occasions in its short history. During the Watergate affair, as a result of a congressional inquiry led by Sen. Frank Church [17] it was revealed that the NSA, in collaboration with Britain's secret listening post, GCHQ, had routinely intercepted the international communications of prominent anti-Vietnam war leaders such as Jane Fonda and Dr. Benjamin Spock.[18] A multi-year investigation by the European Parliament highlighted the NSA's role in economic espionage in a report entitled 'Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information', in 1999.[19]
However, in 2013, the extent of the NSA's secret surveillance programs was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden. According to the leaked documents, the NSA intercepts phone and internet communications of over a billion people worldwide and tracks the movement of hundreds of millions of people using cellphones. It has also created or maintained security vulnerabilities in most software and encryption (by collaborating with, coercing, or infiltrating numerous technology companies), so that the majority of the internet is susceptible to cyber attacks from the NSA and other parties.
The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28, 1917, three weeks after the U.S. Congress declared war on Germany in World War I. A code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau and Military Intelligence Branch, Section 8 (MI-8). It was headquartered in Washington, D.C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization. During the course of the war it was relocated in the army's organizational chart several times. On July 5, 1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit. At that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the navy's cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918. World War I ended on November 11, 1918, and MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20, 1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley.[20][21]
MI-8 also operated the so called "Black Chamber".[23] The Black Chamber was located on East 37th Street in Manhattan. Its purpose was to crack the communications codes of foreign governments. Jointly supported by the State Department and the War Department, the chamber persuaded Western Union, the largest U.S. telegram company, to allow government officials to monitor private communications passing through the company's wires.[24]
Other "Black Chambers" were also found in Europe. They were established by the French and British governments to read the letters of targeted individuals, employing a variety of techniques to surreptitiously open, copy, and reseal correspondence before forwarding it to unsuspecting recipients.[25]
Despite the American Black Chamber's initial successes, it was shut down in 1929 by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson, who defended his decision by stating: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail".[22]
During World War II, the Signal Security Agency (SSA) was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers.[26] When the war ended, the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency (ASA), and it was placed under the leadership of the Director of Military Intelligence.[26]
On May 20, 1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA).[26] This organization was originally established within the U.S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[27] The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, except those of U.S. military intelligence units.[27] However, the AFSA was unable to centralize communications intelligence and failed to coordinate with civilian agencies that shared its interests such as the Department of State, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[27] In December 1951, President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the investigation led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency.[28]
The agency was formally established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24, 1952, that revised National Security Council Intelligence Directive (NSCID) 9.[29] Since President Truman's memo was a classified document,[29] the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time. Due to its ultra-secrecy the U.S. intelligence community referred to the NSA as "No Such Agency".[30]
In the 1960s, the NSA played a key role in expanding America's commitment to the Vietnam War by providing evidence of a North Vietnamese attack on the American destroyer USS Maddox during the Gulf of Tonkin incident.[31]
A secret operation code-named "MINARET" was set up by the NSA to monitor the phone communications of Senators Frank Church and Howard Baker, as well as major civil rights leaders including Dr. Martin Luther King, and prominent U.S. journalists and athletes who criticized the Vietnam War.[32] However the project turned out to be controversial, and an internal review by the NSA concluded that its Minaret program was "disreputable if not outright illegal."[32]
In the aftermath of the Watergate Scandal, a congressional hearing in 1975 led by Sen. Frank Church[33] revealed that the NSA, in collaboration with Britain's SIGINT intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), had routinely intercepted the international communications of prominent anti-Vietnam war leaders such as Jane Fonda and Dr. Benjamin Spock.[34] Following the resignation of President Richard Nixon, there were several investigations of suspected misuse of FBI, CIA and NSA facilities.[35] Senator Frank Church uncovered previously unknown activity,[35] such as a CIA plot (ordered by the administration of President John F. Kennedy) to assassinate Fidel Castro.[36] The investigation also uncovered NSA's wiretaps on targeted American citizens.[37]
After the Church Committee hearings, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 was passed into law. This was designed to limit the practice of mass surveillance in the United States.[35]
In 1986, the NSA intercepted the communications of the Libyan government during the immediate aftermath of the Berlin discotheque bombing. The White House asserted that the NSA interception had provided "irrefutable" evidence that Libya was behind the bombing, which U.S. President Ronald Reagan cited as a justification for the 1986 United States bombing of Libya.[38][39]
In 1999, a multi-year investigation by the European Parliament highlighted the NSA's role in economic espionage in a report entitled 'Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information'.[40] That year, the NSA founded the NSA Hall of Honor, a memorial at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade, Maryland.[41] The memorial is a, "tribute to the pioneers and heroes who have made significant and long-lasting contributions to American cryptology".[41] NSA employees must be retired for more than fifteen years to qualify for the memorial.[41]
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the NSA created new IT systems to deal with the flood of information from new technologies like the internet and cellphones. ThinThread contained advanced data mining capabilities. It also had a 'privacy mechanism'; surveillance was stored encrypted; decryption required a warrant. The research done under this program may have contributed to the technology used in later systems. ThinThread was cancelled when Michael Hayden chose Trailblazer, which did not include ThinThread's privacy system.[43]
Trailblazer Project ramped up in 2002. SAIC, Boeing, CSC, IBM, and Litton worked on it. Some NSA whistleblowers complained internally about major problems surrounding Trailblazer. This led to investigations by Congress and the NSA and DoD Inspectors General. The project was cancelled in early 2004; it was late, over budget, and didn't do what it was supposed to do. The Baltimore Sun ran articles about this in 2006–07. The government then raided the whistleblowers' houses. One of them, Thomas Drake, was charged with violating in 2010 in an unusual use of espionage law. He and his defenders claim that he was actually being persecuted for challenging the Trailblazer Project. In 2011, all 10 original charges against Drake were dropped.[44][45]
Turbulence started in 2005. It was developed in small, inexpensive 'test' pieces rather than one grand plan like Trailblazer. It also included offensive cyber-warfare capabilities, like injecting malware into remote computers. Congress criticized Turbulence in 2007 for having similar bureaucratic problems as Trailblazer.[45] It was to be a realization of information processing at higher speeds in cyberspace.[46]
The massive extent of the NSA's spying, both foreign and domestic, was revealed to the public in a series of detailed disclosures of internal NSA documents beginning in June 2013. Most of the disclosures were leaked by former NSA contractor, Edward Snowden.
It was revealed that the NSA intercepts telephone and internet communications of over a billion people worldwide, seeking information on terrorism as well as foreign politics, economics[47] and "commercial secrets".[48] In a declassified document it was revealed that 17,835 phone lines were on an improperly permitted "alert list" from 2006 to 2009 in breach of compliance, which tagged these phone lines for daily monitoring.[49][50][51] Eleven percent of these monitored phone lines met the agencies legal standard for "reasonably articulable suspicion"(RAS).[49][52]
A dedicated unit of the NSA locates targets for the CIA for extrajudicial assassination in the Middle East.[53] The NSA has also spied extensively on the European Union, the United Nations and numerous governments including allies and trading partners in Europe, South America and Asia.[54][55]
The NSA tracks the locations of hundreds of millions of cellphones per day, allowing them to map people's movements and relationships in detail.[56] It reportedly has access to all communications made via Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Yahoo, YouTube, AOL, Skype, Apple and Paltalk,[57] and collects hundreds of millions of contact lists from personal email and instant messaging accounts each year.[58] It has also managed to weaken much of the encryption used on the Internet (by collaborating with, coercing or otherwise infiltrating numerous technology companies), so that the majority of Internet privacy is now vulnerable to the NSA and other attackers.[59][60]
Domestically, the NSA collects metadata of the phone calls of over 120 million US Verizon subscribers[61] as well as internet communications,[57] relying on a secret interpretation of the Patriot Act whereby the entirety of US communications may be considered "relevant" to a terrorism investigation if it is expected that even a tiny minority may relate to terrorism.[62] The NSA supplies domestic intercepts to the DEA, IRS and other law enforcement agencies, who use these to initiate criminal investigations against US citizens. Federal agents are then instructed to "recreate" the investigative trail in order to "cover up" where the information originated.[63]
The NSA also spies on influential Muslims to obtain information that could be used to discredit them, such as their use of pornography. The targets, both domestic and abroad, are not suspected of any crime but hold religious or political views deemed "radical" by the NSA.[64]
Despite President Obama's claims that these programs have congressional oversight, members of Congress were unaware of the existence of these NSA programs or the secret interpretation of the Patriot Act, and have consistently been denied access to basic information about them.[65] Obama has also claimed that there are legal checks in place to prevent inappropriate access of data and that there have been no examples of abuse;[66] however, the secret FISC court charged with regulating the NSA's activities is, according to its chief judge, incapable of investigating or verifying how often the NSA breaks even its own secret rules.[67] It has since been reported that the NSA violated its own rules on data access thousands of times a year, many of these violations involving large-scale data interceptions;[68] and that NSA officers have even used data intercepts to spy on love interests.[69] The NSA has "generally disregarded the special rules for disseminating United States person information" by illegally sharing its intercepts with other law enforcement agencies.[70] A March 2009 opinion of the FISC court, released by court order, states that protocols restricting data queries had been "so frequently and systemically violated that it can be fairly said that this critical element of the overall ... regime has never functioned effectively."[71][72] In 2011 the same court noted that the "volume and nature" of the NSA's bulk foreign internet intercepts was "fundamentally different from what the court had been led to believe".[70] Email contact lists (including those of US citizens) are collected at numerous foreign locations to work around the illegality of doing so on US soil.[58]
Legal opinions on the NSA's bulk collection program have differed. In mid-December, 2013, U.S. District Court Judge Richard Leon ruled that the "almost-Orwellian" program likely violates the Constitution, and wrote, "I cannot imagine a more 'indiscriminate' and 'arbitrary invasion' than this systematic and high-tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually every single citizen for purposes of querying and analyzing it without prior judicial approval. Surely, such a program infringes on 'that degree of privacy' that the Founders enshrined in the Fourth Amendment. Indeed, I have little doubt that the author of our Constitution, James Madison, who cautioned us to beware 'the abridgement of freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments by those in power,' would be aghast."[73]
Later that month, U.S. District Judge William Pauley ruled that the NSA's collection of telephone records is legal and valuable in the fight against terrorism. In his opinion, he wrote, "a bulk telephony metadata collection program [is] a wide net that could find and isolate gossamer contacts among suspected terrorists in an ocean of seemingly disconnected data" and noted that a similar collection of data prior to 9/11 might have prevented the attack.[74]
Numerous conflicting stories have been put forward by the Obama administration in response to new revelations in the media.[66] On March 20, 2013 the Director of National Intelligence, Admiral James Clapper testified before Congress that the NSA doesn't wittingly collect any kind of data on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans, but he retracted this in June after details of the PRISM program were published, and stated instead that meta-data of phone and internet traffic are collected, but no actual message contents.[75] This was corroborated by NSA Director, General Keith Alexander, before it was revealed that the XKeyscore program collects the contents of millions of emails from US citizens without warrant, as well as "nearly everything a user does on the Internet". Alexander later admitted that "content" is collected, but stated that it is simply stored and never analyzed or searched unless there is "a nexus to al-Qaida or other terrorist groups".[66]
Regarding the necessity of these NSA programs, Gen. Alexander stated on June 27 that the NSA's bulk phone and Internet intercepts had been instrumental in preventing 54 terrorist "events", including 13 in the US, and in all but one of these cases had provided the initial tip to "unravel the threat stream".[76] On July 31 NSA Deputy Director John Inglis conceded to the Senate that these intercepts had not been vital in stopping any terrorist attacks, but were "close" to vital in identifying and convicting four San Diego men for sending US$8,930 to Al-Shabaab, a militia that conducts terrorism in Somalia.[77][78][79]
The U.S. government has aggressively sought to dismiss and challenge Fourth Amendment cases raised against it, and has granted retroactive immunity to ISPs and telecoms participating in domestic surveillance.[80][81]
The NSA is led by the Director of the National Security Agency (DIRNSA), who also serves as Chief of the Central Security Service (CHCSS) and Commander of the United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) and is the highest-ranking military official of these organizations. He is assisted by a Deputy Director, who is the highest-ranking civilian within the NSA/CSS.
NSA also has an Inspector General, head of the Office of the Inspector General (OIG), a General Counsel, head of the Office of the General Counsel (OGC) and a Director of Compliance, who is head of the Office of the Director of Compliance (ODOC).[82]
Unlike other intelligence organizations such as CIA or DIA, NSA has always been particularly reticent concerning its internal organizational structure.
As of the mid-1990s, the National Security Agency was organized into five Directorates:
Each of these directorates consisted of several groups or elements, designated by a letter. There were for example the A Group, which was responsible for all SIGINT operations against the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and G Group, which was responsible for SIGINT related to all non-communist countries. These groups were divided in units designated by an additional number, like unit A5 for breaking Soviet codes, and G6, being the office for the Middle East, North Africa, Cuba, Central and South America.[84][85]
Currently, NSA has about a dozen directorates, which are designated by a letter, although not all of them are publicly known. The directorates are divided in divisions and units, which have a designation which starts with the letter of the parent directorate, followed by a number for the division, the sub-unit or a sub-sub-unit. New information about NSA units was revealed in top secret documents leaked by Edward Snowden since June 2013.
The main elements of the current organizational structure of the NSA are:[86]
In the year 2000, a leadership team was formed, consisting of the Director, the Deputy Director and the Directors of the Signals Intelligence (SID), the Information Assurance (IAD) and the Technical Directorate (TD). The chiefs of other main NSA divisions became associate directors of the senior leadership team.[93]
After president George W. Bush initiated the President's Surveillance Program (PSP) in 2001, the NSA created a 24-hour Metadata Analysis Center (MAC), followed in 2004 by the Advanced Analysis Division (AAD), which had to analyze content, internet metadata and telephone metadata. Both units were part of the Signals Intelligence Directorate.[94]
There's also an office of Information Sharing Services (ISS), lead by a chief and a deputy chief.[95]
The NSA maintains at least two watch centers:
The number of NSA employees is officially classified[4] but there are several sources providing estimates. In 1961, NSA had 59,000 military and civilian employees, which grew to 93,067 in 1969, of which 19,300 worked at the headquarters at Fort Meade. In the early 1980s NSA had roughly 50,000 military and civilian personnel. By 1989 this number had grown again to 75,000, of which 25,000 worked at the NSA headquarters. Between 1990 and 1995 the NSA's budget and workforce were cut by one third, which led to a substantial loss of experience.[98]
In 2012, the NSA said more than 30,000 employees work at Ft. Meade and other facilities.[2] In 2012, John C. Inglis, the deputy director, said that the total number of NSA employees is "somewhere between 37,000 and one billion" as a joke,[4] and stated that the agency is "probably the biggest employer of introverts."[4] In 2013 Der Spiegel stated that the NSA had 40,000 employees.[5] More widely, it has been described as the world's largest single employer of mathematicians.[99] Some NSA employees form part of the workforce of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the agency that provides the NSA with satellite signals intelligence.
As of 2013 about 1,000 system administrators work for the NSA.[100]
The NSA received criticism early on in 1960 after two agents had defected to the Soviet Union. Investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee and a special subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee revealed severe cases of ignorance in personnel security regulations, prompting the former personnel director and the director of security to step down and leading to the adoption of stricter security practices.[101] Nonetheless, security breaches reoccurred only a year later when in an issue of Izvestia of July 23, 1963, a former NSA employee published several cryptologic secrets.
The very same day, an NSA clerk-messenger committed suicide as ongoing investigations disclosed that he had sold secret information to the Soviets on a regular basis. The reluctance of Congressional houses to look into these affairs had prompted a journalist to write "If a similar series of tragic blunders occurred in any ordinary agency of Government an aroused public would insist that those responsible be officially censured, demoted, or fired." David Kahn criticized the NSA's tactics of concealing its doings as smug and the Congress' blind faith in the agency's right-doing as shortsighted, and pointed out the necessity of surveillance by the Congress to prevent abuse of power.[101]
Edward Snowden's leaking of PRISM in 2013 caused the NSA to institute a "two-man rule" where two system administrators are required to be present when one accesses certain sensitive information.[100] Snowden claims he suggested such a rule in 2009.[102]
The NSA conducts polygraph tests of employees. For new employees, the tests are meant to discover enemy spies who are applying to the NSA and to uncover any information that could make an applicant pliant to coercion.[103] As part of the latter, historically EPQs or "embarrassing personal questions" about sexual behavior had been included in the NSA polygraph.[103] The NSA also conducts five-year periodic reinvestigation polygraphs of employees, focusing on counterintelligence programs. In addition the NSA conducts aperiodic polygraph investigations in order to find spies and leakers; those who refuse to take them may receive "termination of employment", according to a 1982 memorandum from the director of the NSA.[104]
There are also "special access examination" polygraphs for employees who wish to work in highly sensitive areas, and those polygraphs cover counterintelligence questions and some questions about behavior.[104] NSA's brochure states that the average test length is between two and four hours.[105] A 1983 report of the Office of Technology Assessment stated that "It appears that the NSA [National Security Agency] (and possibly CIA) use the polygraph not to determine deception or truthfulness per se, but as a technique of interrogation to encourage admissions."[106] Sometimes applicants in the polygraph process confess to committing felonies such as murder, rape, and selling of illegal drugs. Between 1974 and 1979, of the 20,511 job applicants who took polygraph tests, 695 (3.4%) confessed to previous felony crimes; almost all of those crimes had been undetected.[103]
In 2010 the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process.[107] The video, ten minutes long, is titled "The Truth About the Polygraph" and was posted to the website of the Defense Security Service. Jeff Stein of The Washington Post said that the video portrays "various applicants, or actors playing them -- it's not clear -- describing everything bad they had heard about the test, the implication being that none of it is true."[108] AntiPolygraph.org argues that the NSA-produced video omits some information about the polygraph process; it produced a video responding to the NSA video.[107] George Maschke, the founder of the website, accused the NSA polygraph video of being "Orwellian".[108]
After Edward Snowden revealed his identity in 2013, the NSA began requiring polygraphing of employees once per quarter.[109]
The number of exemptions from legal requirements has been criticized. When in 1964 the Congress was hearing a bill giving the director of the NSA the power to fire at will any employee, the Washington Post wrote: "This is the very definition of arbitrariness. It means that an employee could be discharged and disgraced on the basis of anonymous allegations without the slightest opportunity to defend himself." Yet, the bill was accepted by an overwhelming majority.[101]
The heraldic insignia of NSA consists of an eagle inside a circle, grasping a key in its talons.[110] The eagle represents the agency's national mission.[110] Its breast features a shield with bands of red and white, taken from the Great Seal of the United States and representing Congress.[110] The key is taken from the emblem of Saint Peter and represents security.[110]
When the NSA was created, the agency had no emblem and used that of the Department of Defense.[111] The agency adopted its first of two emblems in 1963.[111] The current NSA insignia has been in use since 1965, when then-Director, LTG Marshall S. Carter (USA) ordered the creation of a device to represent the agency.[112]
The NSA's flag consists of the agency's seal on a light blue background.
Crews associated with NSA missions have been involved in a number of dangerous and deadly situations.[113] The USS Liberty incident in 1967 and USS Pueblo incident in 1968 are examples of the losses endured during the Cold War.[113]
The National Security Agency/Central Security Service Cryptologic Memorial honors and remembers the fallen personnel, both military and civilian, of these intelligence missions.[114] It is made of black granite, and has 171 names (as of 2013) carved into it.[114] It is located at NSA headquarters. A tradition of declassifying the stories of the fallen was begun in 2001.[114]
Headquarters for the National Security Agency is located at 39°6′32″N 76°46′17″W / 39.10889°N 76.77139°W in Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, although it is separate from other compounds and agencies that are based within this same military installation. Ft. Meade is about 20 mi (32 km) southwest of Baltimore,[115] and 25 mi (40 km) northeast of Washington, DC.[116] The NSA has its own exit off Maryland Route 295 South labeled "NSA Employees Only".[117][118] The exit may only be used by people with the proper clearances, and security vehicles parked along the road guard the entrance.[119]
NSA is the largest employer in the U.S. state of Maryland, and two-thirds of its personnel work at Ft. Meade.[120] Built on 350 acres (140 ha; 0.55 sq mi)[121] of Ft. Meade's 5,000 acres (2,000 ha; 7.8 sq mi),[122] the site has 1,300 buildings and an estimated 18,000 parking spaces.[116][123]
The main NSA headquarters and operations building is what James Bamford, author of Body of Secrets, describes as "a modern boxy structure" that appears similar to "any stylish office building."[124] The building is covered with one-way dark glass, which is lined with copper shielding in order to prevent espionage by trapping in signals and sounds.[124] It contains 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2), or more than 68 acres (28 ha), of floor space; Bamford said that the U.S. Capitol "could easily fit inside it four times over."[124]
The facility has over 100 watchposts,[125] one of them being the visitor control center, a two-story area that serves as the entrance.[124] At the entrance, a white pentagonal structure,[126] visitor badges are issued to visitors and security clearances of employees are checked.[127] The visitor center includes a painting of the NSA seal.[126]
The OPS2A building, the tallest building in the NSA complex and the location of much of the agency's operations directorate, is accessible from the visitor center. Bamford described it as a "dark glass Rubik's Cube".[128] The facility's "red corridor" houses non-security operations such as concessions and the drug store. The name refers to the "red badge" which is worn by someone without a security clearance. The NSA headquarters includes a cafeteria, a credit union, ticket counters for airlines and entertainment, a barbershop, and a bank.[126] NSA headquarters has its own post office, fire department, and police force.[129][130][131]
The employees at the NSA headquarters reside in various places in the Baltimore-Washington area, including Annapolis, Baltimore, and Columbia in Maryland and the District of Columbia, including the Georgetown community.[132]
Following a major power outage in 2000, in 2003 and in follow-ups through 2007, The Baltimore Sun reported that the NSA was at risk of electrical overload because of insufficient internal electrical infrastructure at Fort Meade to support the amount of equipment being installed. This problem was apparently recognized in the 1990s but not made a priority, and "now the agency's ability to keep its operations going is threatened."[133]
Baltimore Gas & Electric (BGE, now Constellation Energy) provided NSA with 65 to 75 megawatts at Ft. Meade in 2007, and expected that an increase of 10 to 15 megawatts would be needed later that year.[134] In 2011, NSA at Ft. Meade was Maryland's largest consumer of power.[120] In 2007, as BGE's largest customer, NSA bought as much electricity as Annapolis, the capital city of Maryland.[133]
One estimate put the potential for power consumption by the new Utah Data Center at $40 million per year.[135]
When the agency was established, its headquarters and cryptographic center were in the Naval Security Station in Washington, D.C.. The COMINT functions were located in Arlington Hall in Northern Virginia, which served as the headquarters of the U.S. Army's cryptographic operations.[136] Because the Soviet Union had detonated a nuclear bomb and because the facilities were crowded, the federal government wanted to move several agencies, including the AFSA/NSA. A planning committee considered Fort Knox, but Fort Meade, Maryland, was ultimately chosen as NSA headquarters because it was far enough away from Washington, D.C. in case of a nuclear strike and was close enough so its employees would not have to move their families.[137]
Construction of additional buildings began after the agency occupied buildings at Ft. Meade in the late 1950s, which they soon outgrew.[137] In 1963 the new headquarters building, nine stories tall, opened. NSA workers referred to the building as the "Headquarters Building" and since the NSA management occupied the top floor, workers used "Ninth Floor" to refer to their leaders.[138] COMSEC remained in Washington, D.C., until its new building was completed in 1968.[137] In September 1986, the Operations 2A and 2B buildings, both copper-shielded to prevent eavesdropping, opened with a dedication by President Ronald Reagan.[139] The four NSA buildings became known as the "Big Four."[139] The NSA director moved to 2B when it opened.[139]
In 1995, The Baltimore Sun reported that the NSA is the owner of the single largest group of supercomputers.[140]
NSA held a groundbreaking ceremony at Ft. Meade in May 2013 for its High Performance Computing Center 2, expected to open in 2016.[141] Called Site M, the center has a 150 megawatt power substation, 14 administrative buildings and 10 parking garages.[129] It cost $3.2 billion and covers 227 acres (92 ha; 0.355 sq mi).[129] The center is 1,800,000 square feet (17 ha; 0.065 sq mi)[129] and initially uses 60 megawatts of electricity.[142]
Increments II and III are expected to be completed by 2030, and would quadruple the space, covering 5,800,000 square feet (54 ha; 0.21 sq mi) with 60 buildings and 40 parking garages.[129] Defense contractors are also establishing or expanding cybersecurity facilities near the NSA and around the Washington metropolitan area.[129]
As of 2012, NSA collected intelligence from four geostationary satellites.[135] Satellite receivers were at Roaring Creek Station in Catawissa, Pennsylvania and Salt Creek Station in Arbuckle, California.[135] It operated ten to twenty taps on U.S. telecom switches. NSA had installations in several U.S. states and from them observed intercepts from Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, Latin America, and Asia.[135]
NSA had facilities at Friendship Annex (FANX) in Linthicum, Maryland, which is a 20 to 25-minute drive from Ft. Meade;[143] the Aerospace Data Facility at Buckley Air Force Base in Aurora outside Denver, Colorado; NSA Texas in the Texas Cryptology Center at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas; NSA Georgia at Fort Gordon in Augusta, Georgia; NSA Hawaii in Honolulu; the Multiprogram Research Facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and elsewhere.[132][135]
On January 6, 2011 a groundbreaking ceremony was held to begin construction on NSA's first Comprehensive National Cyber-security Initiative (CNCI) Data Center, known as the "Utah Data Center" for short. The $1.5B data center is being built at Camp Williams, Utah, located 25 miles (40 km) south of Salt Lake City, and will help support the agency's National Cyber-security Initiative.[144] It is expected to be operational by September 2013.[135]
In 2009, to protect its assets and to access more electricity, NSA sought to decentralize and expand its existing facilities in Ft. Meade and Menwith Hill,[145] the latter expansion expected to be completed by 2015.[146]
The Yakima Herald-Republic cited Bamford, saying that many of NSA's bases for its Echelon program were a legacy system, using outdated, 1990s technology.[147] In 2004, NSA closed its operations at Bad Aibling Station (Field Station 81) in Bad Aibling, Germany.[148] In 2012, NSA began to move some of its operations at Yakima Research Station, Yakima Training Center, in Washington state to Colorado, planning to leave Yakima closed.[149] As of 2013, NSA also intended to close operations at Sugar Grove, West Virginia.[147]
Following the signing in 1946–1956[150] of the UKUSA Agreement between the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, who then cooperated on signals intelligence and Echelon,[151] NSA stations were built at GCHQ Bude in Morwenstow, United Kingdom; Geraldton, Pine Gap and Shoal Bay, Australia; Leitrim and Ottawa, Canada; Misawa, Japan; and Waihopai and Tangimoana,[152] New Zealand.[153]
NSA operates RAF Menwith Hill in North Yorkshire, United Kingdom, which was, according to BBC News in 2007, the largest electronic monitoring station in the world.[154] Planned in 1954, and opened in 1960, the base covered 562 acres (227 ha; 0.878 sq mi) as of 1999.[155]
The agency's European Cryptologic Center (ECC), with 240 employees in 2011, is headquartered at a US military compound in Griesheim, near Frankfurt in Germany. A 2011 NSA report indicates that the ECC is responsible for the "largest analysis and productivity in Europe" and focusses on various priorities, including Africa, Europe, the Middle East and counterterrorism operations.[156]
In 2013, a new Consolidated Intelligence Center, also to be used by NSA, is being built at the headquarters of the United States Army Europe in Wiesbaden, Germany.[157] NSA's partnership with Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), the German foreign intelligence service, was confirmed by BND president Gerhard Schindler.[157]
NSA's eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting, both from various organizations and individuals, the Internet, telephone calls, and other intercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission includes military, diplomatic, and all other sensitive, confidential or secret government communications.[158]
According to the Washington Post, "[e]very day, collection systems at the National Security Agency intercept and store 1.7 billion e-mails, phone calls and other types of communications. The NSA sorts a fraction of those into 70 separate databases."[159]
Because of its listening task, NSA/CSS has been heavily involved in cryptanalytic research, continuing the work of predecessor agencies which had broken many World War II codes and ciphers (see, for instance, Purple, Venona project, and JN-25).
In 2004, NSA Central Security Service and the National Cyber Security Division of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) agreed to expand NSA Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education Program.[160]
As part of the National Security Presidential Directive 54/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 23 (NSPD 54), signed on January 8, 2008 by President Bush, the NSA became the lead agency to monitor and protect all of the federal government's computer networks from cyber-terrorism.[14]
Echelon was created in the incubator of the Cold War.[161] Today it is a legacy system, and several NSA stations are closing.[147]
NSA/CSS, in combination with the equivalent agencies in the United Kingdom (Government Communications Headquarters), Canada (Communications Security Establishment), Australia (Defence Signals Directorate), and New Zealand (Government Communications Security Bureau), otherwise known as the UKUSA group,[162] was reported to be in command of the operation of the so-called Echelon system. Its capabilities were suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world's transmitted civilian telephone, fax and data traffic.[163]
During the early 1970s, the first of what became more than eight large satellite communications dishes were installed at Menwith Hill.[164] Investigative journalist Duncan Campbell reported in 1988 on the Echelon surveillance program, an extension of the UKUSA Agreement on global signals intelligence SIGINT, and detailed how the eavesdropping operations worked.[165] In November 3, 1999 the BBC reported that they had confirmation from the Australian Government of the existence of a powerful "global spying network" code-named Echelon, that could "eavesdrop on every single phone call, fax or e-mail, anywhere on the planet" with Britain and the United States as the chief protagonists. They confirmed that Menwith Hill was "linked directly to the headquarters of the US National Security Agency (NSA) at Fort Meade in Maryland".[166]
NSA's United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18 (USSID 18) strictly prohibited the interception or collection of information about "... U.S. persons, entities, corporations or organizations...." without explicit written legal permission from the United States Attorney General when the subject is located abroad, or the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court when within U.S. borders. Alleged Echelon-related activities, including its use for motives other than national security, including political and industrial espionage, received criticism from countries outside the UKUSA alliance.[167][168]
The Real Time Regional Gateway was a data collection program introduced in 2005 in Iraq by NSA during the Iraq War. It consisted of gathering all Iraqi electronic communication, storing it, then searching and otherwise analyzing it. It was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques.[169] Glenn Greenwald of The Guardian believes that the "collect it all" strategy introduced by NSA director Alexander shows that "the NSA's goal is to collect, monitor and store every telephone and internet communication" worldwide.[170] The NSA is also involved in planning to blackmail people with "SEXINT", intelligence gained about a potential target's sexual activity and preferences. Those targeted had not committed any apparent crime nor were charged with one. [171]
The NSA began the PRISM electronic surveillance and data mining program in 2007.[172][173] PRISM gathers communications data on foreign targets from nine major U.S. internet-based communication service providers: Microsoft,[174] Yahoo, Google, Facebook, PalTalk, AOL, Skype, YouTube and Apple. Data gathered include email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, VoIP chats such as Skype, and file transfers. Another program, Boundless Informant, employs big data databases, cloud computing technology, and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) to analyze data collected worldwide by the NSA, including that gathered by way of the PRISM program.[175]
In 2013, reporters uncovered a secret memo that claims the NSA created and pushed for the adoption of encryption standards that contained built-in vulnerabilities in 2006 to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the International Organization for Standardization (aka ISO).[176] This memo appears to give credence to previous speculation by cryptographers at Microsoft Research.[177]
Edward Snowden claims that the NSA often bypasses encryption altogether by lifting information before it is encrypted or after it is decrypted.[176]
NSA's mission, as set forth in Executive Order 12333, is to collect information that constitutes "foreign intelligence or counterintelligence" while not "acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United States persons". NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the USA, while confining its own activities within the USA to the embassies and missions of foreign nations.[citation needed]
NSA's domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court for example held in October 2011, citing multiple Supreme Court precedents, that the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the contents of all communications, whatever the means, because "a person's private communications are akin to personal papers."[178] However, these protections do not apply to non-U.S. persons located outside of U.S. borders, so the NSA's foreign surveillance efforts are subject to far fewer limitations under U.S. law.[179] The specific requirements for domestic surveillance operations are contained in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), which does not extend protection to non-U.S. citizens located outside of U.S. territory.[179]
These activities, especially the publicly acknowledged domestic telephone tapping and call database programs, have prompted questions about the extent of the NSA's activities and concerns about threats to privacy and the rule of law.[citation needed]
On December 16, 2005, The New York Times reported that, under White House pressure and with an executive order from President George W. Bush, the National Security Agency, in an attempt to thwart terrorism, had been tapping phone calls made to persons outside the country, without obtaining warrants from the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, a secret court created for that purpose under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).[180]
One such surveillance program, authorized by the U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive 18 of President George Bush, was the Highlander Project undertaken for the National Security Agency by the U.S. Army 513th Military Intelligence Brigade. NSA relayed telephone (including cell phone) conversations obtained from ground, airborne, and satellite monitoring stations to various U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Officers, including the 201st Military Intelligence Battalion. Conversations of citizens of the U.S. were intercepted, along with those of other nations.[181]
Proponents of the surveillance program claim that the President has executive authority to order such action, arguing that laws such as FISA are overridden by the President's Constitutional powers. In addition, some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute, the Authorization for Use of Military Force, although the Supreme Court's ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld deprecates this view. In the August 2006 case ACLU v. NSA, U.S. District Court Judge Anna Diggs Taylor concluded that NSA's warrantless surveillance program was both illegal and unconstitutional. On July 6, 2007 the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the decision on the grounds that the ACLU lacked standing to bring the suit.[182]
On January 17, 2006, the Center for Constitutional Rights filed a lawsuit, CCR v. Bush, against the George W. Bush Presidency. The lawsuit challenged the National Security Agency's (NSA's) surveillance of people within the U.S., including the interception of CCR emails without securing a warrant first.[183][184]
In September 2008, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed a class action lawsuit against the NSA and several high-ranking officials of the Bush administration,[185] charging an "illegal and unconstitutional program of dragnet communications surveillance,"[186] based on documentation provided by former AT&T technician Mark Klein.[187]
In May 2006, Mark Klein, a former AT&T employee, alleged that his company had cooperated with NSA in installing Narus hardware to replace the FBI Carnivore program, to monitor network communications including traffic between American citizens.[188]
NSA was reported in 2008 to use its computing capability to analyze "transactional" data that it regularly acquires from other government agencies, which gather it under their own jurisdictional authorities. As part of this effort, NSA now monitors huge volumes of records of domestic email data, web addresses from Internet searches, bank transfers, credit-card transactions, travel records, and telephone data, according to current and former intelligence officials interviewed by The Wall Street Journal. The sender, recipient, and subject line of emails can be included, but the content of the messages or of phone calls are not.[189]
A 2013 advisory group for the Obama administration, seeking to reform NSA spying programs following the revelations of documents released by Edward J. Snowden.[190] mentioned in 'Recommendation 30' on page 37, "...that the National Security Council staff should manage an interagency process to review on a regular basis the activities of the US Government regarding attacks that exploit a previously unknown vulnerability in a computer application." Retired cyber security expert Richard A. Clarke was a group member and stated on 11 April that NSA had no advance knowledge of Heartbleed.[191]
In August 2013 it was revealed that a 2005 IRS training document showed that NSA intelligence intercepts and wiretaps, both foreign and domestic, were being supplied to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and were illegally used to launch criminal investigations of US citizens. Law enforcement agents were directed to conceal how the investigations began and recreate an apparently legal investigative trail by re-obtaining the same evidence by other means.[192][193]
In the months leading to April 2009, the NSA intercepted the communications of American citizens, including a Congressman, although the Justice Department believed that the interception was unintentional. The Justice Department then took action to correct the issues and bring the program into compliance with existing laws.[194] United States Attorney General Eric Holder resumed the program according to his understanding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act amendment of 2008, without explaining what had occurred.[195]
On April 25, 2013, the NSA obtained a court order requiring Verizon's Business Network Services to provide metadata on all calls in its system to the NSA "on an ongoing daily basis" for a three-month period, as reported by The Guardian on June 6, 2013. This information includes "the numbers of both parties on a call ... location data, call duration, unique identifiers, and the time and duration of all calls" but not "[t]he contents of the conversation itself". The order relies on the so-called "business records" provision of the Patriot Act.[196][197]
In August 2013, following the Snowden leaks, new details about the NSA's data mining activity were revealed. Reportedly, the majority of emails into or out of the USA are captured at "selected communications links" and automatically analyzed for keywords or other "selectors". Emails that do not match are deleted.[198]
Polls conducted in June 2013 found divided results among Americans regarding NSA's secret data collection.[199] Rasmussen Reports found that 59% of Americans disapprove,[200] Gallup found that 53% disapprove,[201] and Pew found that 56% are in favor of NSA data collection.[202]
Edward Snowden revealed in June 2013 that between 8 February and 8 March 2013 NSA collected about 124.8 billion telephone data items and 97.1 billion computer data items throughout the world, including in Germany, United Kingdom and France. NSA made 70.3 million recordings of French citizens' telephone data from 10 December 2012 to 8 January 2013.[203]
Politician Nils Torvalds, Linus' father, revealed that the NSA asked his son to put a backdoor in the Linux kernel, the main component of GNU/Linux computer operating systems.[204][better source needed]
NSA has been involved in debates about public policy, both indirectly as a behind-the-scenes adviser to other departments, and directly during and after Vice Admiral Bobby Ray Inman's directorship. NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the export of cryptography in the United States. Restrictions on export were reduced but not eliminated in 1996.
Its secure government communications work has involved the NSA in numerous technology areas, including the design of specialized communications hardware and software, production of dedicated semiconductors (at the Ft. Meade chip fabrication plant), and advanced cryptography research. For 50 years, NSA designed and built most of its computer equipment in-house, but from the 1990s until about 2003 (when the U.S. Congress curtailed the practice), the agency contracted with the private sector in the fields of research and equipment.[205]
NSA was embroiled in some minor controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a standard and public block cipher algorithm used by the U.S. government and banking community. During the development of DES by IBM in the 1970s, NSA recommended changes to some details of the design. There was suspicion that these changes had weakened the algorithm sufficiently to enable the agency to eavesdrop if required, including speculation that a critical component—the so-called S-boxes—had been altered to insert a "backdoor" and that the reduction in key length might have made it feasible for NSA to discover DES keys using massive computing power. It has since been observed that the S-boxes in DES are particularly resilient against differential cryptanalysis, a technique which was not publicly discovered until the late 1980s, but which was known to the IBM DES team.
The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reviewed NSA's involvement, and concluded that while the agency had provided some assistance, it had not tampered with the design.[206][207] In late 2009 NSA declassified information stating that "NSA worked closely with IBM to strengthen the algorithm against all except brute force attacks and to strengthen substitution tables, called S-boxes. Conversely, NSA tried to convince IBM to reduce the length of the key from 64 to 48 bits. Ultimately they compromised on a 56-bit key."[208]
Because of concerns that widespread use of strong cryptography would hamper government use of wiretaps, NSA proposed the concept of key escrow in 1993 and introduced the Clipper chip that would offer stronger protection than DES but would allow access to encrypted data by authorized law enforcement officials.[209] The proposal was strongly opposed and key escrow requirements ultimately went nowhere.[210] However, NSA's Fortezza hardware-based encryption cards, created for the Clipper project, are still used within government, and NSA ultimately declassified and published the design of the Skipjack cipher used on the cards.[211][212]
The involvement of NSA in the selection of a successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), was limited to hardware performance testing (see AES competition).[213] NSA has subsequently certified AES for protection of classified information (for at most two levels, e.g. SECRET information in an unclassified environment) when used in NSA-approved systems.[214]
The widely used SHA-1 and SHA-2 hash functions were designed by NSA. SHA-1 is a slight modification of the weaker SHA-0 algorithm, also designed by NSA in 1993. This small modification was suggested by NSA two years later, with no justification other than the fact that it provides additional security. An attack for SHA-0 that does not apply to the revised algorithm was indeed found between 1998 and 2005 by academic cryptographers. Because of weaknesses and key length restrictions in SHA-1, NIST deprecates its use for digital signatures, and approves only the newer SHA-2 algorithms for such applications from 2013 on.[215]
A new hash standard, SHA-3, has recently been selected through the competition concluded October 2, 2012 with the selection of Keccak as the algorithm. The process to select SHA-3 was similar to the one held in choosing the AES, but some doubts have been cast over it,[216][217] since fundamental modifications have been made to Keccac in order to turn it into a standard.[218] These changes potentially undermine the cryptanalysis performed during the competition and reduce the security levels of the algorithm.[216]
NSA promoted the inclusion of a random number generator called Dual_EC_DRBG in the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology's 2007 guidelines. This led to speculation of a backdoor which would allow NSA access to data encrypted by systems using that pseudo random number generator.[219]
This is now deemed to be plausible based on the fact that the output of the next iterations of the PRNG can provably be determined if the relation between two internal elliptic curve points is known.[220][221] Both NIST and RSA are now officially recommending against the use of this PRNG.[222][223]
Perfect Citizen is a program to perform vulnerability assessment by the NSA on U.S. critical infrastructure.[224][225] It was originally reported to be a program to develop a system of sensors to detect cyber attacks on critical infrastructure computer networks in both the private and public sector through a network monitoring system named Einstein.[226][227] It is funded by the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative and thus far Raytheon has received a contract for up to $100 million for the initial stage.
NSA has invested many millions of dollars in academic research under grant code prefix MDA904, resulting in over 3,000 papers (as of 2007-10-11). NSA/CSS has, at times, attempted to restrict the publication of academic research into cryptography; for example, the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers were voluntarily withheld in response to an NSA request to do so. In response to a FOIA lawsuit, in 2013 the NSA released the 643-page research paper titled, "Untangling the Web: A Guide to Internet Research,[228] " written and compiled by NSA employees to assist other NSA workers in searching for information of interest to the agency on the public Internet.[229]
NSA has the ability to file for a patent from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office under gag order. Unlike normal patents, these are not revealed to the public and do not expire. However, if the Patent Office receives an application for an identical patent from a third party, they will reveal NSA's patent and officially grant it to NSA for the full term on that date.[230]
One of NSA's published patents describes a method of geographically locating an individual computer site in an Internet-like network, based on the latency of multiple network connections.[231] Although no public patent exists, NSA is reported to have used a similar locating technology called trilateralization that allows real-time tracking of an individual's location, including altitude from ground level, using data obtained from cellphone towers.[232]
NSANet stands for National Security Agency Network and is the official NSA intranet.[233] It is a classified network,[234] for information up to the level of TS/SCI[235] to support the use and sharing of intelligence data between NSA and the signals intelligence agencies of the four other nations of the Five Eyes partnership. The management of NSANet has been delegated to the Central Security Service Texas (CSSTEXAS). [236]
NSANet is a highly secured computer network consisting of fiber-optic and satellite communication channels which are almost completely separated from the public internet. The network allows NSA personnel and civilian and military intelligence analysts anywhere in the world to have access to the agency's systems and databases. This access is tightly controlled and monitored. For example, every keystroke is logged, activities are audited at random and downloading and printing of documents from NSANet are recorded. [237]
In 1998, NSANet, along with NIPRNET and SIPRNET, had "significant problems with poor search capabilities, unorganized data and old information".[238] In 2004, the network was reported to have used over twenty commercial off-the-shelf operating systems.[239] Some universities that do highly sensitive research are allowed to connect to it.[240]
The thousands of Top Secret internal NSA documents that were taken by Edward Snowden in 2013 were stored in "a file-sharing location on the NSA's intranet site" so they could easily be read online by NSA personnel. Everyone with a TS/SCI-clearance had access to these documents and as a system administrator, Snowden was responsible for moving accidentally misplaced highly sensitive documents to more secure storage locations.[241]
The DoD Computer Security Center was founded in 1981 and renamed the National Computer Security Center (NCSC) in 1985. NCSC was responsible for computer security throughout the federal government.[242] NCSC was part of NSA,[243] and during the late 1980s and the 1990s, NSA and NCSC published Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria in a six-foot high Rainbow Series of books that detailed trusted computing and network platform specifications.[244] The Rainbow books were replaced by the Common Criteria, however, in the early 2000s.[244]
On July 18, 2013, Greenwald said that Snowden held "detailed blueprints of how the NSA does what they do", thereby sparking fresh controversy.[245]
The NSA is responsible for the encryption-related components in these legacy systems:
The NSA oversees encyption in following systems which are in use today:
The NSA has specified Suite A and Suite B cryptographic algorithm suites to be used in U.S. government systems; the Suite B algorithms are a subset of those previously specified by NIST and are expected to serve for most information protection purposes, while the Suite A algorithms are secret and are intended for especially high levels of protection.[214]
scheme (help). The Huffington Post (London). Retrieved May 6th, 2014. Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Security Agency, United States. |


text:
T.I. and Q-Tip Discuss Iggy Azalea and Hip-Hop on Twitter, Azealia Banks Not Impressed
Iggy Azalea hasn't responded yet. Azealia Banks? Not impressed.
News Anchor Annoys His Co-Anchor with T.I.'s 'Where They At Doe': Watch
If T.I. needs backup dancers for his next video, we're sure Dan Thorn is available.
Snoop Dogg Apologizes to Iggy Azalea Because T.I. Told Him To
"I appreciate the apology," Azalea tweeted at the rapper.
Migos and T.I. Collaborate on 'Trouble': Listen
The Atlanta rappers are making headlines for the right reason this time, teaming up with one of their city's rap legends for a new track.
T.I. Jumps on Jeremih's 'Don't Tell Em' for Remix: Listen
Look for this remix on DJ MLK's upcoming mixtape, 'Goodnight Don't Exist in ATL: Clubs – Studios – Airports.'
T.I. Gets Cast in 'Ant-Man,' But He'd Rather Talk About Ferguson
T.I. is set to join the Marvel Universe. But he's more interested in speaking about things of this world.
T.I. Confirms 'Paperwork' Will Feature Basically Every Artist Ever
T.I.'s upcoming album Paperwork: The Motion Picture is shaping up to be his most star-studded release yet.
Quickest Interview Ever: T.I. [VIDEO]
T.I. stopped by the station and did the Quickest Interview Ever with me!
MTV Paying Millions After T.I. Shows Dead Body on TV
We've all had the same thought when Survivor characters battle for a reward or Road Rulers skydive over the Grand Canyon: they won't show it if someone dies. Apparently one reality series did dare show a dead body on it, and MTV is paying the price.
Janelle Monáe Has a Star-Studded Video for 'Electric Lady,' Featuring T.I., Estelle: Watch
Janelle Monaé's new video for the track "Electric Lady" makes an impression by doing something unexpected: it entirely ditches her style.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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If your inquiry finds too few results then please adjust your words a little. If you see too many listings, then adjust your search terms and run the search again.
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text:
Customers who have purchased this item have also been interested in the following items.
The Outdura Scoop Sapphire throw pillow features a textured basketweave fabric in a beautiful navy shade. Outdura fabric is extremely durable, making it perfect for any indoor or outdoor furnishings.
Pillow dimensions are based on measuring along the cut edge of the pillow, not the width of the stuffed pillow. Once filled with poly fiber, the height and width will be slightly less than the measurements ordered. For example, a 17" x 17" pillow will have finished dimensions around 16" x 16".


text:
Parker® Tornado F4 165-lb. Crossbow with 1X Illuminated Scope Package
Item # WX2-425164
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You must be 18 years of age to purchase this item.
This item is shipped directly from the factory. To see the expected shipping date, please add to your Shopping Cart. Sorry, no express shipping available. We are unable to ship factory direct items to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico or APO or FPO addresses.
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- Details & Specs
Parker® Tornado F4 165-lb. Crossbow with 1X Illuminated Scope Package. A cyclone of power and finesse in a lightweight package!
This Tornado F4 Crossbow has new Advanced Split Limb technology and Fulcrum Pocket System, so it's ultra compact and devastatingly powerful, and fast at 340 F.P.S. And it's just 8 lbs., sleek and stealthy!
The G2 Trigger on every Parker® Crossbow is extra-crisp, with virtually no travel, for sure control. Made completely of metal, no plastic, and it's sealed, never requires lube. An auto-engage safety and anti-dry-fire mechanism make your crossbow super safe. It's the best, and it's on every Parker here... count on it for shots that count!
Details:- Measures 35 1/2"l., 20 3/4" axle-to-axle
- Power stroke: 12 1/4"
- Advanced Split Limb technology for pure force and accuracy
- Auto-engage ambidextrous safety
- G2 bull-pup trigger, and anti-dry-fire mechanism for safety
- Sure-handling pistol grip stock with vented forearm
- Machined aluminum barrel and riser
- Red Hot synthetic cable that's resilient and durable enough to hand this Crossbow's power
- 165-lb. draw weight, and EZ Draw system for reduced cocking effort
- Dual string suppressors for smooth, quiet firing
- Picatinny rail to mount accessories. Weighs 8 lbs.
- 1X Illuminated Multi-reticle Scope with 5 aiming points
- 4 arrows with field points
- 4-arrow quiver.
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Please note that the University links to a very limited number of commercial Web sites as a service to our constituents. These links are neither an endorsement of products or services, nor are they meant to be a complete list of agencies through which these services and products can be acquired.
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APL's flagship website, Getfacts, is the first of its kind online interactive mapping and data extraction tool for Wisconsin demographics.
Net-Migration Patterns for US Counties
The Net Migration website highlights trends and patterns in where Americans are moving by providing reliable estimates of net migration broken down by age, race, Hispanic-origin, and sex for all U.S. counties each decade from 1950 to 2010. Hits on the US Counties Net Migration site soared to over 100,000 owing to coverage from several online news sources. The site was designed by Jim Beaudoin at APL and featured in The Atlantic - Cities. Traffic snowballed when bloggers chimed in: Gizmodo, io9, Flowing Data. The site was awarded the prize for Best Interactive Online Map by the Wisconsin Land Information Association.
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The recently expanded Wisconsin Food Security Project provides a cutting-edge interactive website for exploring and documenting food security and food security infrastructure throughout the state.
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The Madison Neighborhood Indicators project seeks to quantify the diverse and changing social conditions in Madison neighborhoods.


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New Orleanian Locure, Ewell of Detroit sign with Nuggets
Alexandria Locure
Simone-Alyse Ewell
April 13, 2012
NEW ORLEANS — Alexandria Locure of New Orleans and Simone-Alyse Ewell of Detroit are Xavier University of Louisiana's first announced women's tennis signees for the 2012-13 academic year. Both are seniors in high school.
Locure, who attends John Curtis Christian School in suburban River Ridge, La., is a TennisRecruiting.net two-star prospect ranked ninth in Louisiana and 80th in the Gulf States region. She has won approximately 20 singles championships and one doubles title in amateur age-group tournaments.
As a sophomore at Curtis in 2010, Locure ran the third leg
on the 1,600-meter relay team which won the district championship in outdoor track and field.
A honor roll student multiple times at Curtis, Locure will major in pharmacy at Xavier.
Ewell, who attends The Roeper School in Birmingham, Mich., is a TennisRecruiting.net three-star prospect ranked 12th in Michigan and 53rd in the Great Lakes region. A veteran of USTA regional and national events since age 11, Ewell won two singles matches and two doubles matches to help her Southeast Michigan team finish second in the 2011 Marian Wood Baird Cup.
Ewell, whose career goal is to become a veterinarian, has played flute in jazz and concert bands at Roeper since fifth grade. She also won an award for a children's book she published at age 12, and she organized a Christmas 2010 drive which collected 2,000 books.
Xavier competes in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference. Coach Alan Green's Gold Nuggets qualified for the NAIA National Championship five of the previous seven seasons and won first-round dual matches at nationals all five times.
The Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets compete in Division I of the
(National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics) as a member of the
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So fucking typical. Just the no class Packers being the no class Packers. Straight up lewd, gross, and disrespectful to the game of football. Offended.
So fucking typical. Just the no class Packers being the no class Packers. Straight up lewd, gross, and disrespectful to the game of football. Offended.
Packers look like they got their groove back tonight. Fuck
a barstool blogger whining about class and respect…k
Absolutely no problem with GB getting their fuck on tonight as I needed Rodgers to go off to secure me the W. Mission "two in the stink one in the pink" complete.
Biggest bitch bag of that game is JJ Watt of the Texans… #99 stupid wannabe prick was mocking Aaron Rodgers after some early tackles… How's does Rodger's dick taste now? 42 points and 6 Passing TDs later?
does dat mean dat ugly mothafucka do dat shit to brady quin sister?
i thumb down my own shit now, u crackers dat mad a brotha figured out how to make an account so u discriminate against his fucking comments, FOH!!!!
hey mikeydatrillest how does a nice warm glass of shut the hell up sound?
i made this account just to show how much i fucking hate u and ur stupid comments……..
@fuckyoumikeydatrillest @smitty3 i hate you white suckas too, go listen to ur mac miler mixtape
dis shit personal now youngins
i know u crackas awake sniffing ya mommies bras, come on say sumthing back you little snow angels
@Mikey-If you're trolling it's not funny because nobody likes blacks. If you're not, then you are a fucking dumbass and go to school if you even know what that is.
100% chance that mikeydatrillest is white. And @smitty3 i don't know if you're into cursing but that comment would have been 10x better if you replaced "hell" with "fuck". It's better off the tongue once you get your first pubs. Im not tryna dissect your comment too much, as we have a mutual enemy. Just some critique. Fuck you mikeydatrillest
pube* ahh fuck me if you need me I'll be playing in traffic
Are you kidding me? Why are Chicago sports fans so fucking gay? As if it wasn't bad enough making a Philly site, did you really have to expand into the Midwest? For fucks sake prez
Getatme- smitty quoted Happy Gilmore. Get with the program, dildo.
So, no mention of the irony in giving the shocker while wearing breast cancer awareness gloves?
Just stop trying to hate on America's team. . . Just Stop, Stop, Stop as it makes you look stupid as all get-out.
@sn00gans i was so pissed when I realized it and my next comment expressed my anger at myself
Comments will close out after 24 hours.


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No lucky pennies here: Police have charged Jason West, an aggrieved medical patient in Vernal, Utah, with disorderly conduct. His alleged crime? Attempting to pay a disputed medical bill of $25 entirely in pennies.
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Emmerdale star Matthew Wolfenden has recaptured his spark on Dancing on Ice.
The actor managed to pull off the difficult `wrist ripper" lift during his performance on Ultimate Skills week on Sunday night.
Matt and pro partner Nina Ulanova were awarded their highest ever score, 28 points, for their routine to David Guetta's 'Without You.
Robin Cousins said of their performance: "There is very little to say because every move you made...you made us notice and you made it right."
Katarina Witt said: "..Such an incredible performance, it was excellent, almost perfect...especially the step sequence.
"The dancing, the mood and the performance of it...just all the skills."
Louie Spence added: "You lost your spark a couple of weeks ago and you've got it back.
"It was fabulous this evening."
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Volunteer Spotlight
Volunteers are involved in every aspect of our daily operations, contributing over 1200 combined hours a month to the work of our organization. They come from all across Nashville – schools, universities, local businesses and faith communities. We are so thankful to have such a generous community helping us steward our important work.
Click here to learn more about the ways you can partner with The Nashville Food Project.
Julie Blackwell
Julie Blackwell grew up in a creative family. Her grandmother once served her a memorable lunch of chicken salad, shaped into a person, with asparagus limbs and olive eyes, so it's not surprising that Julie grew up loving to cook and garden. While raising their boys, Julie and her husband lived on ten acres in the Bellevue area where they tended a large garden. She continued the food styling legacy for her boys' birthdays, making breakfast special with banana cars and skateboard parks made from breakfast bars. These days, Julie is spending time in our kitchen helping create delicious meals from our fresh produce. What keeps her coming back to TNFP? The ability to connect with people when serving meals from our truck, and the joy of preparing a made-from-scratch, hot meal for others. Thanks for all you do Julie! We appreciate you.
Mary Dionne
"I love Tuesdays because I wake up and get ready to go to The Nashville Food Project," says volunteer Mary Dionne.
Mary became involved with us last fall after responding to a Facebook post from our farmer friend Tally May. Upon learning more about our mission, Mary joined us for a volunteer session and now can be found in our prep room, chopping produce every Tuesday morning and delivering meals most Thursdays.
What keeps her coming back? She says she really appreciates that our meal recipients don't have to prove anything in order to receive a meal from our trucks. She laughs when stating that her volunteer time has helped improve her knife skills because, she quickly admits, cooking was never a big focus for her. Perhaps that is because she and her husband were too busy flying hot air balloons! For more than 20 years they were involved in racing balloons and taking charter flights, but are now retired from the sport. We're glad that Mary is happy wielding a knife in our kitchen these days and entertaining us with stories about life high in the sky.
Marilyn Lane
When Marilyn Lane's granddaughter, Parker, spends time with her, the activity that Parker always wants to do with her grandmother is volunteer. Marilyn introduced her granddaughter to volunteering at TNFP, and when Parker is out of school, these two are found in our kitchen mixing, cleaning, and prepping food for our meals.
Marilyn found TNFP while volunteering with FiftyForward's RSVP program over a year ago. Now, she is involved in everything at TNFP from meal prep to meal delivery. Marilyn says what she loves most about our work is that we "serve with open hearts and no judgment." She is also impressed by the way we reclaim and use food. This speaks directly to Marilyn's approach to life which is to make as small a footprint as possible. For 25 years, Marilyn and her family were homesteaders in Michigan on a 3 acre farm. Cows, turkeys, and goats were among the livestock they raised. She grew a large garden and made her own soap. She embraces sustainability and strives to "live small." Marilyn moved to Nashville 9 years ago to be close to her children and granddaughter. Marilyn, you inspire us all!
Learn more about our wonderful volunteers here.


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Weekly Podcast Roundup: April 16-22, 2012
Every Monday evening, WoW Insider brings you a long list of WoW podcasts that were published the week and weekend before. If you don't see your favorite World of Warcraft podcast listed, just let us know in the comments. Be sure to leave a link to it, and we'll pick it up next week.
All podcasts and content belong to their owners. WoW Insider is not responsible for what you hear, and some of the content may not be safe for work.
- All Things Azeroth Such a cute /beg
- BlizzPlanet The Week of Warcraft Episode 1
- The Instance Red panda male tail
- Legendary The Wait is Over
- Twisted Nether Blogcast For the Lodur
- 5 WoW Things Episode 55
- The Addicted Pax East late special sort of
- Auction House Junkies Wes Goes to Bed, Bath & Beyond
- The Bifactional Podcast Truly Bifactional
- Blessing of Frost Blizzard, Responsibility and Moving Forward
- Convert to Raid Holy Water Polo with Eade!
- Ctrl Alt WoW Hey you get off of my egg
- Darkmoon Herald A Grand Old Time
- Epic Podcast Beta Buddies
- Grand Old Podcast The Book of Khadgar
- Group Quest The voices ... in my head
- The Guardian Tank Podcast (Tote Returns)
- Holy Shatt Podcast We're LIVE
- Horde for Life Episode 35
- The Mana Cooler Mana Men
- Middle Finger Podcast Does this title interest you?
- My Epic Heals Ketchup and Mayo
- The Overlores The Video Cast has BEGUN!
- Rigarmorty's Blight Night The Howling
- Slash2 Bootjacked
- Something Suggestive Episode 11
- Stopcast Reacharound the Chop
- The Sundering Bacon Army
- Ventchat Little gun all ammo
Other podcasts
The WoW Insider staff listens to a lot of other podcasts around the internet. Here are some we thought you might be interested in.
- Adam Carolla Adam ... Carolla!
- Car Talk Click and Clack, the Tappet brothers
- Electronic Explorations Electronic music
- Engadget Our sister site's podcast about gadgets and technology
- For the Lore A podcast devoted to story-driven games
- Grammar Girl Quick and dirty tips for better writing
- Joypod Two Idiots One Show about gaming
- Low End Theory A music podcast from LA
- Massively Speaking Our sister site Massively on all the latest MMO news
- The Nitpixels Podcast The WoW Insider Show crew on games outside of WoW
- PCGamer Podcast The official Podcast of PC Gamer magazine
- PMAcast A music podcast
- Polygamerous Because you can't play just one
- Smodcast Kevin Smith and Scott Mosier podcast
- Stuff Mom Never Told You
- Stuff You Missed in History Class
- Stuff You Should Know
- The Incredible Podcast An incredible podcast full of amazing awesomeness
- The Moth A weekly story podcast
- This American Life A popular Chicago Public Radio podcast
- Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me! A popular NPR news/game show podcast
The Weekly Podcast Roundup brings you the preceding week's WoW-related podcasts. Don't see your favorite listed? Leave us a link in the comments. Also of community interest: our podcast listing, staff blog and Twitter listings and WoW websites and blogs (all part of our Guide to WoW Resources).
Filed under: Podcasting, Weekly Podcast Roundup


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Did the Pres do it again or did the Pres do it again? That old sandbagging son of a bitch. Whose got next! I may even upgrade to straight 1 on 1 after this demolition job.
Did the Pres do it again or did the Pres do it again? That old sandbagging son of a bitch. Whose got next! I may even upgrade to straight 1 on 1 after this demolition job.
I can't tell if he was seriously mad or not
I guarantee that he beat his wife and kids after this.
Hey Mrs Shceffler I see you (4:30 mark), and there is evidence you like to fuck.
him puking at the end made me laugh so fcking hard
scheffler is a fucking legend!
Schefflers's Wikipedia page: "In September of 2013 a hunchback named Dave "Big Nose" Portnoy "beat " him in a 2v1 basketball game, 11-10. But since Portnoy is jewish, he cheated Tony out of 2 points and called 5 full timeouts durning the pick-up game"
"I'm having a hard fucking breather bro" dumbass
hey pres suck up much?
It was me
My 12 year old sister shoots better than you. And I don't even have a sister.
It was not me who put that up.
In September 2013, he lost a 2 v 1 basketball game against Barstool Sports' hunchback smut blogger David Portnoy and overweight pedophile stingray expert Big Cat.
The top comment was too good not to get the wikipedia treatment. Check it out.
safe to say pres got jewed out of athleticism
I just dropped Gronkowski and picked up Scheffler.
Check out scheflers Wikipedia some asshole updated it stating he lost to portnoy in hoops
Biting off Man vs. food now. Keep up the originality. Good to see you are fulfilling all your boyhood dreams in your mid 30s.
God El Prez, Renee could beat you in a jack-off competition.
Scheffler seemed like kind of a dick. He took that way too fucking seriously. Hardo.
Pres, how is it even possible to be that out of shape? I felt like I was about to watch you go into cardiac arrest.
when scheffler say "what the hell was that" when pres shoots it lmaoooooo
Can we get a gif of the pass pres throws at the 9:18 mark please?
Pres you shoot like a retarded girl
Some advice: blog about sports and do bro shows involving other things. Not the other way around.
Tony Scheffler is my new favorite player in the NFL.
Pres is such an indoor kid.
Ball don't lie
Thought you had on an ankle brace. Nope. Your ankles are just that fat.
Who's Tony Scheffler?
My friend makes about 90% of the shots he takes. His shooting form looks similar to yours. We all make fun of him for sucking dick at basketball. Sometimes making the shot doesn't matter when you look like a vagina shooting it
jesus pres you guys just cheated there
You guys forgot to ask Tony what tribe he joined to get that sick tattoo
Saw this like a month ago
I laughed at the pizza challenge.. prez has a bird mouth, yet he is fat… he must eat all day
your unathelticism never ceases to amaze me
I found this to be hysterical. Sheffler seems like a funny, cool dude no homo. "Its good pizza. I give it a 6…. its actually not that good" while the whole company is watching had me dying
I don't know if someone else said it already – but this video was enough to make me start working out again starting today.
This is like the smoking PSA with the guy talking out of the hole in his neck…you don't want to end up like this fat blogger kids…exercise!
You guys showed up to his house with a case of Modelo? Who the fuck are you?
video works on the app and pres is in shape and talented
why are you laying on the ground after every point and the size of 2 Big Cats? isn't he a blogger too?
i've also never wanted you to lose more at something, especially since you cheated him out of 2 points (one with the 6-5 score, and the other with that timeout mid play crap)
Prez's basketball skills are vomit-inducingly bad and that tank top definitely fit Big Cat a lot better a year ago
By god Pres, this is your worst sport yet. Also, my best friend Hank Mardukas and I would have rolled this Scheffler character. You guys lack athleticism on both ends of this best friend partnership; honestly surprised you were able to stay on the tandem bicycle long enough to get off a quality homoerotic shot.
@martybarrett17 you're trying too hard
If Big Cats shoes were any uglier he would have had to wait in line overnight outside of an inner city footlocker to get them
i may be sitting behind a computer but when he was getting mad tony was scaring me
you use the f word too much in social situations
Sheffler was the man in Denver. Quite a fall from grace in Detroit I guess
Prez you better make a will cause you are on your last legs buddy, your a disgrace to mankind
I was fucking hoping Scheffler was going to grab your gross fucking neck and slamdunk your head like shaq back in the day. I would have.
Fuck HBO Real Sports, this should be front and center. Give up the blogging and the 2 of you just do this show. No, really….give up the blogging.
You have the most random fucking guests on this show.
Also Sheffler's got a sweet Grand Wagoneer.
I laughed my ass off. "Yeah, but you do shit. You play in that fucking football league."
Absolutely LOVE the Bronco in the driveway. Pretty badass digs
Absolutely LOVE the Bronco in the driveway. Pretty badass digs
Michigan, where eminem hair is always in style.
Scheffler is not as athletic as I thought a pass catching tight end should be.
The moment Scheffler gets cut is the moment pyscho coach Schawrtz sees this video.
We now know Big Cat is Jewish when he threatened the lawsuit and questioned the homeowner's insurance. I always thought he was a Pollack.
scheffler scored the 6th point twice and had his 9th taken away on the "timeout" 13-11 scheffler…
Killin it as always. El pres FTW!
I'd rather live in his house than my house
*UPDATE*: a twitterless athlete, a tell tale sign he must be a nobody.
*UPDATE*: a twitterless athlete, a tell tale sign he must be a nobody.
I honestly think i could take you guys 2 on 1
Wow! Just Wow
Literally no idea who he was before this video…but now I'm following him on twitter bc he's a stoolie pro athlete
Your math skills are terrible! Game was over before you even started hitting jumpers.
You guys sucks at counting
2 receptions for 5 yards on the season, lions where probably hoping he broke his leg
So now the Nate Burleson broken arm makes sense
I'd rate your athletic ability as: super jewish
BC: "Shoot Bro Shoot Bro You Won't Shoot Shoot Bro" Scheffler knocks it down–point doesn't count. And you two are the first ever to call time in the middle of a point in the history of street ball. Scheffler won 12-7
Congratulations… the two of you beat one guy, 11-10.
First of all…. You're playing a football player in basketball and second of all big cats sideburns were as pointy as ever
I feel bad for Big Cat having to be nice to Portnose all the time
Pres, you're an embarrassment to the entire human race
I can't believe I watched that whole thing. And prez you are a pussy with all the time outs.
"If you don't have proper homeowner's insurance and he gets hurt, we'll sue you." -Big "Pussy" Cat
Also you shoot like a high school girl on JV
"Hmm…. now there's a real man."
-Renee Portnoy
Who the fuck is Tony Scheffler?
Now I see why you went away from sports and went to swinging from Biebers cock Pres.
The videos you used to take around the office ripping on the interns, feitelberg, etc. were 1000x better than these shitshows with B list athletes.
in all seriousness, you should really get that neck/hunchback situation looked at cause it's sickening to look at
Yep, jewed out of a point..scheffler won.
guess i have to pick up Scheffler in my fantasy league now
This is some cutting-edge stuff, Pageviews.
Am I crazy or did Scheffler get Jew'd out of a point right around 5-6? Classic Pres.
Imagine if he got hurt during this?
"Hey Tony, how'd you twist your ankle?"
"Sorry Coach, I was playing pickup 1 on 2 basketball with a hunchback smut blogger and an overweight pedophile stingray expert."
holy shit just kill ur self dave
Really getting the big names huh
So since u don't have one yourself . Is this the reason u only chill with tight ends
This just doesn't even make sense..
The more I watch these, the more I actually believe that Renee is leaving you for Sales Guy. It's like watching a train wreck, and the train is 40 years old and depressed.
why is it still called the bro show? p.s. pres, you cant be THAT unathletic


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Virginia Trioli: The Rosie Batty effect Finally, there's no eye-rolling or sneering as we approach International Women's Day.
Que Sera: Joining a trend... There is a fine line between those who are light-fingered and those who are forgetful.
Pictures of the Month: February... Great way to start the month! Check out our best photos from February.
Que Sera: Hatching a column... At times a story idea – like kids in detention – keeps crying out for release.
Don Deeble Rising Star: Jade... Jade Milne-Parry, a taekwondo natural, has added a new award to her string of achievements.


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A 727 apartment home community situated on 37 acres of gently rolling, landscaped grounds. Our 12 different floorplans feature selections from studios to 3 bedrooms, all with utilities included. Our recreational facilities include a swimming pool, tennis courts, basketball courts and play areas.
Click below to find the perfect home for you!


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Wondercon Archives - Comics Should Be Good! @ Comic Book Resources
Committed: Fun at WonderCon
Last weekend I attended WonderCon in Anaheim and took a few photos. Nothing like previous years (regular readers know I can get a little nuts taking photos), but I wanted to take my time experiencing the convention and documenting that as simply as possible. Here are some key things which stood out for me (and as always, you can enlarge each photo by clicking on it):
Committed: WonderCon Weekend Dominates
This past weekend was the insanity that is the San Francisco comic book convention; WonderCon. Maybe it is because this is such a tiny little city, but unlike other comic book conventions that I've been to, the convention exists smack in the middle of everything. Since I live here that means I don't always drop everything the way I do for other conventions, the proximity makes everything a lot more convenient and real life becomes a lot harder to ignore.
Committed: "Intervention: Entertainment System"
Last week I accidentally attended the meeting of a local writer's group and got a sneak peek at a new mini-comic. I say accidentally, because they met in a bar and I was invited for a pre-meeting cocktail by my friend Kirsten. As everyone else gradually arrived, they convivially greeted me and invited me to stay. There wasn't a point where it felt like the meeting officially began, so I just stayed. Before I knew it I was attending their meeting.
Committed: Wondercon and self-restraint
Last week, I looked at my schedule and thought I was sorted. With Wondercon finishing just a couple of days before my article was due, I'd obviously have tons to write about.
As it turns out, there was a lot to write about, but instead of pacing myself, I went a little crazy. Continue Reading »


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Temp: 4°C
Really great store, staff are super friendly and the quality and choice is really good. Visited while staying in caravan park a few hundred meters away.
Was this review helpful (Yes: 10, No: 2)?
Cody Massalo, 17/03/2014
Was in shopping last night and had to leave feedback as the girl serving on tills was just lovely. Very helpful and polite. Keep it up!
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kevin harvey, 28/02/2014
Very friendly staff and everything you need under one roof.
Was this review helpful (Yes: 12, No: 7)?
Johnnie Johnston, 19/12/2012