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Cinque Terre + Portofino Restaurants
19 Via Volastra
Groppo di Manarola , Manarola
Italy 19017
Tel: 39 01 8792 0563
The hamlet of Groppo is just a scatter of houses high up on the hill behind Manarola, but it's here, in two rooms of a converted private house, that you'll find the best restaurant in the Cinque Terre. Chef Maurizio Bordoni is passionate about the local peasant cuisine, which has always been equally balanced between land and sea. This is reflected in the binary menu, which offers two routes through the meal: The menu di terra might kick off with a humble but delicious focaccina, sprinkled with grains of sea salt and filled with local testa in cassetta salame and red pepper purée, and continue with stuffed leg of rabbit in pine-nut and lemon sauce. The menu di mare offers a fishy selection, which almost always features the dish that gives the restaurant its name: Cappun Magru, a rococo assemblage of pesce cappone (a type of gurnard), ship's biscuits, steamed vegetables, broccoli pesto, oysters, mussels, and clams. In each case you pay a fixed price (around $50 for the land menu and $60 for the sea version) and generally get two choices for each of the three courses. Bordoni's German wife, Christine, who takes your order, is a trained sommelier: Ask her to recommend a bottle from their good selection of smaller local producers. If you don't have a car, you'll need to get a taxi from Riomaggiore or La Spezia.
Open Wednesdays through Saturdays for dinner only, Sundays for lunch and dinner.
1 Via Vincenzo Gioberti
Monterosso al Mare
Italy 19016
Tel: 39 01 8781 8333
Focaccia, the less doughy Genoese form of pizza, is the staple local snack. Just about every village has a bakery or focacceria where you can buy slabs of the stuff with various toppings, but this Monterosso takeaway establishment, on a side street just off the main drag, is one of the best. Top toppings include tomato and pesto or anchovies and capers, and the turnover is so rapid that you'll generally be eating it fresh out of the oven. They also do a couple of other specialties, like torta di riso salato (a rice, egg, and cheese bake) and, in winter and early spring, a knockout castagnaccio (classic Ligurian chestnut-flour pizza with pine nuts and golden raisins).
Open daily 9 am to 1 pm and 4 to 8 pm.
7 Piazza Marconi
Italy 19018
Tel: 39 01 8781 2265
Right above Vernazza's small beach, next to the colorful fishing boats pulled up onto the slipway, this is one of the very few Cinque Terre waterside restaurants to maintain high culinary standards despite the tourist onslaught. The seafood practically lands on your plate from the sea and is prepared with a minimum of fuss in antipasti like moscardini (baby octopus) with crostini, or the marvelous paccheri al Gambero Rossoshort pasta tubes cooked al dente and dressed with a sauce of red mullet, herbs, and spices. Service is efficient, without the smarmy edge that mars not a few Cinque Terre dining experiences. It's not the cheapest meal on the coast, but it's a reliable option if you feel like splurging.
Open Tuesdays through Sundays noon to 3 pm and 7 to 10 pm.
2 Località Beo
Monterosso al Mare
Italy 19016
Tel: 39 01 8781 7829
In the hills above Monterosso stands this utterly charming country restaurant (they'll even send a minibus down to pick you up if you book ahead). Eat on the chestnut tree-shaded terrace and watch the paragliders circling above the slopes that descend from here to the sea. The menu is classic Ligurian: trofie (short pasta twists) are served in an herb-rich swordfish and tomato sauce from a huge casserole. Anchovies in various guisesperhaps fried in bread crumbs, or stuffed with cheese and herbstake a starring role among the secondi, which also include coniglio à la cacciatora (hunter-style rabbit stewed in wine.) The house wine is a little on the rustic side, but there are plenty of bottles to choose from if you want something more refined. Finish up with a homemade mandarin liqueur. Service is extremely affable, but you'll have a more rewarding experience here if you speak a little Italian, as the servers' English is pretty limited.
Open Tuesdays through Sundays.
126 Via Molfino
San Rocco di Camogli
Italy 16032
Tel: 39 01 8577 3835
In such a dramatically perched village you'd expect a panoramic terrace, but apart from a handful of tables near the entrance, "Grandma Nina's Kitchen" is all inside, on the second floor of a typically sober Ligurian house. The approach is so local that the seasonal menu is written in Camogli dialecta challenge even for most Italian speakers. But the attentive owner-host will talk you through the day's highlights in regular Italian or halting English. Starters include a delicate torta rustica di verduresteamed and spiced bietola (Swiss chard), chopped up fine and encased between two thin layers of phyllo pastry. Follow up with a generous plate of tagliolini with branzino (bream) and artichokesthey don't skimp on portions here. If you still have room, try a classic Genoese secondo like buga in carpionea bogue (a small fish with the improbable Latin name Boops boops) that is marinated in vinegar and oil and then fried. If you're planning to walk back to Portofino over the mountain (it's actually a fairly easy 90-minute trek), you may also want to sample their delicious homemade cakes.
Open Thursdays through Tuesdays.
51 Via Bighetti
Italy 16043
Tel: 39 01 8530 1063
When you've had your fill of Portofino's yachty elitism, head for the historic town of Chiavari, around 20 minutes away by train. Chiavari rivals Bologna as Italy's arcade town: Most of the lanes in the centro storico are lined with ancient porticoes, and underneath one of them you'll find this buzzing canteen of a place, which has been going strong since 1907. Luchin's specialty is farinata: Liguria's classic chickpea-flour bake, a sort of wheatless pizza (it looks a bit like a burnt coconut pie). Grab a seat at one of the communal tables and watch the farinata being cooked in the huge wood-fired oven. Other local dishes on the menu include burrida di seppie (a filling cuttlefish and potato stew) and baccalà al forno (salt cod baked with tomatoes). Service is unrefined but friendly, and there's a surprisingly good wine selection. Luchin doesn't generally take bookings, but the turnover of tables is rapid.
Open Mondays through Saturdays.
117 Via Fieschi
Italy 19010
Tel: 39 01 8782 1166
Aloof on its rocky spur and lacking a port, Corniglia feels less touristy and more authentically Ligurian than the other four Cinque Terre villages. Its more rustic, inland spirit is summed up in this cave of wonders halfway up the narrow main street, where gruff but simpatico owner-chef Agostino Galletti presides. The day's menu is scrawled on a series of blackboards inside the stone-walled main dining room. Pasta dishes might include tagliolini with mixed seafood, or the classic pansotti (spinach-and-ricotta-filled ravioli) in walnut sauce; follow up with a perfectly grilled fish of the day or the rabbit baked with olives and thyme. Galletti's English is pretty limited, but the effort to communicate tends to encourage a communal atmosphere, and by the end of the meal everyone is swapping Cinque Terre tips and anecdotes. Booking is essential, especially in high season.
Open Wednesdays through Mondays 1 to 3 pm and 8 to 9:30 pm.
5 Piazza Martiri dell'Olivetta
Italy 16034
Tel: 39 01 8526 9037
If you want to hang with the Portofino smart set, book a table chez Puny, the most classic and chichi of the harborside restaurants, with its refined marine decor (including a cool raffia-seated version of Gio Ponti's iconic Superleggera chair). You probably won't recognize most of the VIPs who pack in here on summer evenings, as few of these captains of industry, Roman aristos, and small-time Milanese TV celebs have achieved international fame, but the people-we-know vibe is unmistakable and makes for an entertaining meal. As for the food, it's standard Ligurian fishy fare; competent but unchallenging. On our last visit, the warm octopus and artichoke salad was good, fresh, and herby, but the main-course gilthead bream baked with potatoes and olives was rather too doused in oil. Still, the faithful, well-heeled clientele comes here for '60s-style comfort food, not nouvelle cuisine. And the lemon and wild strawberry sorbet is delicious. Book well ahead or trust in fate: There are times when even the concierge at the Splendido can't guarantee you a table.
Open Fridays through Wednesdays 12:30 to 2 pm and 7:30 to 10:30 pm.
1 Piazza Cavour
Italy 19015
Tel: 39 01 8780 8497
In a corner of Levanto's main square, a couple of blocks back from the sea, this local institution is always full of regulars. Angle for an alfresco table on the veranda, which functions year-round (in winter, overhead braziers take the edge off the chill). Best advice is to follow the suggestions of the owner's son Matteo, whose surliness is only skin-deep. The day's offerings might include an antipasto of salted anchovies with roast yellow peppers, or a primo of taglierini neri (thin pasta ribbons dyed black with squid ink) in seafood sauce. In autumn, don't miss the scaloppina (veal cutlet) with mushrooms; the mixed fish grill (for a minimum of two) is another flagship dish. The house white wine is excellent, but there are plenty of other options. Wrap up with a refreshing lemon sorbet. If you're coming for dinner be aware that the kitchen starts to wind down around 9:30 pm.
Open Tuesdays through Sundays.


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Spring Soccer
Due to lack of field availability, we are unable to support a full, open registration Spring season. However, there are a couple options for playing in the spring.
Neighbor Regions
First off, two of our neighboring Regions have open registration, fall-like programs in the Spring. More information is available on their websites:
AYSO Region 35 – Cupertino
AYSO Region 64 – West San Jose
Spring Select Teams
Our Region supports for Spring Select teams that participate in the Pacific Coast Spring Soccer League and/or weekend tournaments. These teams provide an opportunity for players to play at a higher level than is possible in the fall season.
The driving force behind our Spring Select teams is a team coach or manager. It is up to the coach or manager to pull together a team and handle all the logistics. This includes identifying one or more coaches, selecting players, determining participation in PCSSL and/or tournaments, setting a budget and collecting fees, coordinating with other teams for for field access, getting uniforms, etc. Over the past several years, there have been four to five Region 43 Spring Select teams – each representing a single division between U10 and U19. The Region 43 Board will provide guidance and help with a few of the logistics including arranging for limited field access.
Eligibility is determined by the corresponding league or tournament. In general, any player who is registered with an AYSO region in the preceding Fall season and played in at least half the games is eligible. Players play in the same age bracket as in the fall, except that a player who played up in the fall may play in his/her standard age bracket in the spring. As in the fall, a player could potentially play up if skilled.
Level of Play
All of the teams that play in the spring leagues and tournaments are select teams so that level of play is higher than in the fall AYSO season. Players are in better condition, the game is more physical and players are expected to be committed to improving their skills.
Player Selection
It is up to the coach/team manager to determine how to select players. Tryouts may be held or players may be invited simply based on their participation level and play during the fall season. Player and family commitment level may also be a factor in pulling together a team. Given the limited flexibility with practice fields, players participating in other sports may have schedule conflicts. The coach should make sure that there is a clear understanding of the expected level of participation.
The Spring Select coaches need to work together to determine practice slots. We have limited field availability so this can be a challenge.
Playing Time
Select teams operate under AYSO guidelines. Players are guaranteed to play at least half of each game and most coaches give their players close to equal playing time. Coaches are expected to demonstrate good sportsmanship and positive coaching.
Parental Committment
The local region does not provide support to the spring teams. Each team is responsible for registering in any league, applying to tournaments, and handling its own finances. All parents are expected to help.
Teams that can provide certified referees have a better chance of being accepted by tournaments.
Coaches who have participated in the preceding fall season, have several years of coaching experience, and hold the appropriate AYSO coaching certificates are the ones who usually run a Spring team. Most teams have assistant coaches who also have AYSO coaching experience. Coaches are approved by the Spring Coordinator and board. Note that as of 2008, tournaments can only accept teams with coaches of the appropriate training level for the age group of the team. That is, U12 trained coach for a U12 team, Intermediate trained coach for a U14 team, Advanced trained coach for a U16 team, etc.
Each team pays for its uniforms, registration fees, team events and travel costs individually. The coach or team manager should draw up a rough budget, collect all fees, and reimburse parents as appropriate. Like in Fall, AYSO is still an all-volunteer organization and so coaches cannot be renumerated except maybe for their direct expenses for the team and players.
This is still an AYSO sponsored, insured and managed activity even though the coach or team manager is collecting and expending funds directly. Parents who are concerned with any expense abnormalities should contact the Regional Board.
In recent years, all Region 43 teams have joined the Pacific Coast Spring Soccer League. It is comprised of AYSO select from San Jose to San Bruno – sometimes there are teams from as far away as Gilroy, Aptos, or Pacifica. The season runs from March through late May with games on Sundays. Teams must provide a home game field for half the games and they are asked to submit a referee or two to the pool as well.
See the Region 45 Spring Select web page for a list of tournaments. Teams can also sign up to play in some US Club and CYSA tournaments that are open to USSF members. Finding the tournament lists and deciding which ones to attend is a team / coach function. All expenses for tournaments are carried by the team at the discretion of the coach and parents. Tournaments typically have entry fees of $300 or more per team and may require travel and hotel stays. Some examples of popular local tournaments are:
Concord Cup is a mid-May weekend tournament open to AYSO teams from throughout northern California and Nevada. There are two games on Saturday and one on Sunday morning. Top teams play a championship game on Sunday afternoon. Most of the teams stay overnight in Concord on Friday and Saturday nights.
Davis World Cup is the premier AYSO tournament held in northern California. It is held on Memorial Day weekend. Teams come from throughout northern California and Nevada. There are two games on Saturday and two on Sunday. The top teams play championship games on Monday. All the teams stay overnight in Davis or Sacramento.
Other Spring Soccer Options
Winter FUTSAL leagues (Dec-Feb) For the real die-hard teams, winter FUTSAL leagues start in December and go through to February. Futsal is a FIFA sponsored sport of soccer on a basketball court. There are unlimited, on-the-fly substitutions and so the game is fast paced like basketball but really hones ball touch skills due to the close proximity and speed of the action. Palo Alto Soccer Club hosts a Futsal league in Redwood City gyms and plays on Sundays. MACSAL hosts another FUTSAL league in San Jose.
Indoor Soccer (Dec-May) At Off the Wall Soccer in Santa Clara. Played on turf inside a hockey rink with walls. Based on professional indoor soccer.


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- About this Journal ·
- Abstracting and Indexing ·
- Advance Access ·
- Aims and Scope ·
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- Table of Contents
International Journal of Dentistry
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 407023, 12 pages
The Prevalence of Root Sensitivity following Periodontal Therapy: A Systematic Review
Centre for Adult Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London E1 2AD, UK
Received 19 September 2012; Accepted 2 October 2012
Academic Editor: Michelle A. Chinelatti
Copyright © 2012 Y. H. Lin and D. G. Gillam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The reported prevalence of dentine/root (hyper)sensitivity (DH/RS) in the published literature varies, and this may be due in part to a) the different study populations and (b) the different methodologies employed in evaluating the pain response. According to von Troil et al. (2002) there are limited data available in terms of the prevalence and intensity of DH/RS following periodontal therapy. Objectives. The aim of the present study was therefore to review the literature in order to identify all relevant studies for inclusion and to determine whether there was any evidence of DH/RS following periodontal procedures in the published literature up to 31st December 2009 using an agreed search protocol. Methods. 840 papers were identified, from searching both electronic databases (PUBMED) and hand searching of relevant written journals. Twelve papers were subsequently accepted for inclusion. Results. The results of the present study would indicate that the reported prevalence for DH/RS (following nonsurgical therapy) was between 62.5% and 90% one day after treatment decreasing to approximately 52.6% to 55% after one week. The prevalence of DH/RS following surgical therapy was between 76.8% and 80.4% one day after treatment subsequently decreasing over time to 36.8% after 1 week, 33.4% after 2 weeks, 29.6% after 4 weeks, and 21.7% after 8 weeks. Conclusions. It is evident from reviewing the included studies that patients may suffer from mild discomfort following periodontal procedures although both the prevalence and intensity of DH/RS may vary depending on the duration and the type of procedure involved. Most of the studies included in this paper would tend to suggest that DH/RS may be relatively mild/moderate in nature and transient in duration.
1. Introduction
According to Addy et al. [1] and a Canadian Consensus Document [2], dentine hypersensitivity (DH) can be defined as "pain derived from exposed dentine in response to chemical, thermal, tactile or osmotic stimuli which cannot be explained as arising from any other dental defect or pathology." This definition was subsequently modified by the Canadian Board on DH [2] which suggested that "disease" is a more appropriate term than "pathology." From the literature it was apparent that there are other terms used to describe this clinical condition, for example, cervical dentine sensitivity (CDS) or cervical dentine hypersensitivity (CDH) or dentine sensitivity (DS), and root dentine sensitivity (RDS)/root dentine hypersensitivity (RDH). To date, the term "dentine hypersensitivity" (DH) has been preferred in the published literature due in part to its historical significance [3]. Another term "root sensitivity" (RS) was recently suggested by the European Federation of Periodontology [4] to describe tooth sensitivity associated with periodontal disease and its treatment. Epidemiological studies have been undertaken on DH in order to assist our understanding of the prevalence, progression, causative factors, and the preventive or therapeutic measures of the condition. However despite the abundance of papers in the published literature on the condition several researchers have previously reported that there are limited data on its epidemiology and prevalence [5–7].
According to a previous systematic review by von Troil et al. [8] there is also limited data on the prevalence of RS following periodontal therapy. The problem however in reviewing the various published papers to identify the actual prevalence of RS is that historically most if not all of these papers include both subjects complaining of DH and those patients who may be complaining of RS following periodontal therapy [9]. Data from these studies evaluating DH/RS in individuals that have a periodontal condition or have received periodontal treatment in the form of scaling procedures suggest that these individuals may have a higher prevalence than previously reported in the literature (60–98%) [7, 9–15]. Data from the published studies would appear to suggest that DH/RS may affect individuals of all ages, although the peak prevalence was reported to be between the ages of 30 and 60 years [1, 6, 16–22]. Interestingly a higher prevalence figure has been reported in females compared to males, but this does not appear to be statistically significant although numerically more females were reported to have experienced more sensitivity than males [1, 6, 16, 17, 22–24]. This observation however may be due to a number of reasons but generally it is accepted that females have a greater awareness and interest in general and oral health issues [3].
2. Aim and Objectives
The objective of this paper was to therefore examine the available literature to determine the prevalence of root sensitivity (RS) following periodontal therapy (nonsurgical and surgical procedure) and to evaluate whether there is any potential causal link between periodontal (nonsurgical and surgical) therapy and root sensitivity.
3. Methodology
The search methodology used for the present based on a modified version of von Troll et al. [8] includes both short-term and long-term studies (see below).
3.1. Selection Criteria
3.1.1. Types of Study
This paper included any type of studies in which patients were treated by periodontal therapy and the prevalence or the intensity as assessed by recognized pain scores (e.g., VAS) was evaluated following treatment.
3.1.2. Types of Subject
Included criteria for relevant studies were dentate, healthy adults (at least 18 years of age) with/without reported periodontitis undergoing periodontal treatment(s).
Types of outcome measurement are as follows:(1)history of DH/RS as assessed as baseline data,(2)the prevalence or the intensity of DH/RS following periodontal therapy, (3)the methodology used in studies to evaluate root sensitivity (clinical/patient based), (4)the duration of each included study which can be divided as single application, short term (<3 months), moderate term (4–11 months), and long term (>12 months),(5)the treatment intervention used during study (pain relief and desensitizing treatment), and(6)intervention studies—the assessment of the desensitizing products following scaling and/or surgical procedures.
4. Search Strategy
The search strategy included using hand searching or electronic databases (PUBMED) up to 31st December 2009. Hand searching also included examining relevant published or incomplete journals. The searching key words in PUBMED were (root OR pulp OR cervical OR tooth OR teeth OR dentin* OR dental) AND (sensitiv* OR hypersensitiv* OR pain*) AND (periodont*) AND (random* OR trial OR (randomized controlled trial [pt]) OR (controlled clinical trial [pt]) OR cohort* OR longitudinal* OR "follow up" OR prospective* OR case-control).
5. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis of data from these studies was not attempted due to the variations in the study design, methodology, study duration, and reporting of the pain response (percentages or VAS scores or pain categories, etc.) following the periodontal procedures.
6. Method of the Review
A review of the abstracts and titles was carried out by one of the authors (Y. H. Lin) who then obtained copies of all the relevant studies where available. Two reviewers (Y. H. Lin and D. G. Gillam) sought to determine the eligibility of the papers and data extraction. Any differences as to inclusion or exclusion of papers were resolved following a discussion between Y. H. Lin and D. G. Gillam.
7. Results
7.1. Overall Description of the Included and Excluded Studies
After the initial screening of identified papers for the present study, there were 840 potentially relevant studies found by searching either the electronic databases (PUBMED) or by hand searching papers from the literature. Unpublished papers were found by searching both the electronic databases or by hand searching. 31 studies were regarded as relevant for this study while 809 studies were excluded. The 31 selected studies were grouped into four categories in terms of the methodology identifying DH/RS: (1) clinical test (20 studies*) (2) questionnaire based (7 studies) (3) combined questionnaire and clinical (3 studies) (4) review paper (1 study), and (*1 study was a combined clinical/SEM in vitro study). Following evaluation of 31 studies, 19 studies were excluded (Table 1), and 12 studies were included (Table 2). Of these 12 studies a further subdivision of the category (included studies) was agreed by the two reviewers: (1) non-surgical therapy, (2) surgical therapy, and (3) a combination of the two. The flow diagram (Figure 1) of the selection procedure is illustrated below.
7.2. Excluded Studies
There were five studies excluded from the present studies because neither the methodology for DH/RS assessment nor previously reported sensitivity data was described by the investigators [14, 25, 29, 33, 37]. One study was excluded for lack of any recorded objective clinical methodology evaluating DH/RS [35]. Five studies were excluded as they were reported in an abstract [26, 28, 30, 31, 36]. Further five studies were excluded as the investigators did not report any previous DH/RS history before periodontal therapy [11, 23, 32, 34, 38]. The Haugen and Johansen study [25] was excluded as this was a single case report study focusing mainly on the SEM characteristics of extracted teeth. The systematic review by von Troil et al. [8] and the clinical reports by Matthews and McCulloch [27] and Kontturi-Närhi[10] were also excluded from this paper following a further discussion by the two examiners (YH/DG) but were considered for comparison with the findings of the present study in the discussion section. In summary, 19 studies were excluded, and the reasons for exclusion were described as above (Table 1).
7.3. Analysis of Included Studies
7.3.1. Study Design
The studies included in the present review were comprised of either case reports, nonrandomized controlled studies, randomized controlled studies (RCT) (double-blind, single-blind, nonblind studies), questionnaire, systematic review, and so forth. All included studies were accepted as the study design, intervention and participants age were within the study criteria for inclusion (Table 2). There were five studies which involved using randomized controlled trials (RCT) [15, 40–43]. Two of the RCT were reported by the investigators as being of a double-blind design [27, 43]. One study was single-blind [42]. Two other studies did not specify the subtype of RCT [15, 41]. A nonrandomized controlled trial study design can be observed in six of the other included studies [9, 12, 39, 44, 45, 47]. Three studies reported in the present review used either a questionnaire-based design [44] or utilized both a questionnaire and clinical design in their studies [9, 47]. These three studies, however, did not have a control group.
7.3.2. Study Population
Most included studies were conducted in the setting of a specialist periodontal clinic unit in dental practices or university hospitals. Participants usually having a recognized periodontal condition were referred by local dentists to the university hospitals or specialist clinics. Most study participants in the included studies were healthy patients with a recognized periodontal condition, attending or being referred to periodontal clinics in universities in different countries. As for the gender distribution, most clinical studies enrolled almost equal numbers of participants in females or males. Some studies however were not balanced or stratified for gender. For example, four studies were predominantly female [9, 15, 41, 45] whereas the other two studies were predominantly male [42, 47]. However, some studies did not mention the gender distribution [39, 40, 44].
7.3.3. Age Range of Participants
Although the age distributions vary widely from study to study, most participants in the included studies were adult (>18 years old). Five studies reported on the mean of age of participants [12, 40, 41, 46, 47] whereas Uchida et al. [40] failed to report any information on the age of the participants. Two studies were very similar with reported mean age in the mid 40 years old range [12, 15]. This omission may be significant if the age variable is a factor for the reported differences of DH between studies. The differences between the reported mean ranges of published studies may also be due to the different populations recruited for these studies.
7.3.4. Study Duration
Most studies evaluating the effects of postperiodontal therapy on DH/RS were short term in nature lasting no longer than three months. For instance, two studies [44, 46] investigated the very early pain response following the "wearing off" of the local anesthesia given during periodontal therapy. Three studies followed up their patients for less than one month monitoring the change of sensitivity [15, 42, 47]. Five studies followed up the outcome of sensitivity for 6 range 8 weeks [9, 12, 39, 40, 43], whereas two studies followed up the outcome of sensitivity for three months [41, 45].
7.3.5. Statistics Power Calculation
None of the included studies for this paper described or reported any statistical power calculation prior to the commencement of their studies, and given the relatively small sizes of their study populations it may be that a Type II error may have occurred which could in turn have affected their results particularly when comparing different surgical or intervention procedures (Table 3).
7.3.6. Randomization and Allocation Concealment
Of the 12 included studies in the present study only 5 [15, 40–43] reported on any details of randomization and/or allocation concealment.
7.3.7. Consideration of Withdrawals and Dropouts
Withdrawals and dropouts were reported in only 4 of the included studies; for example, Fischer et al. [9] (2 out of 13 subjects), Tammaro et al. [12] (14 out of 49 subjects), Vaitkevičienė et al. [15] (five out of 67 subjects), and Gong et al. [47] (7 out of 45 subjects). None of those studies however mentioned the reasons for dropout (Table 3).
8. Data Analysis
There were variations in the reporting of prevalence data, incidence of DH/RS, intensity of DH/RS, and changes in intensity of DH/RS over the duration of the study as reported by the investigators of the included studies. As a result of this variation in the reporting of the data either in average percentages over time, category scales, or differences in VAS assessment, it was difficult to compare data across the studies.
8.1. Previous DH History of Sensitivity
A previous DH history of sensitivity when reported by investigators in the included studies was reported in the form of either percentages and/or mean scales (VAS/Heft-Parker pain scale) and form the baseline data. Prevalence of DH/RS before periodontal treatment was reported by several investigators as being between 0% and 30.6% based on subject reporting [9, 12, 45–47] or between 21% and 69.9% based on assessment of the test teeth [15, 39]. Pre-treatment pain intensity data for DH/RS was reported by several investigators to be in a range of none to moderate discomfort [12, 15, 39–47].
8.2. Types of Treatment Intervention
Six included studies were based on a nonsurgical therapy intervention including oral hygiene instruction, supragingival scaling and subgingival scaling and root planning [9, 12, 42, 44, 45, 47]. The Grant et al. study compared two inserts of scalers (metal and plastic) to determine which scaler insert would cause less pain following scaling. The administration of a local anesthesia during treatment was reported in two studies [9, 44] and DH/RS was subsequently assessed after 1 week, and 3 range 4 hours after local anesthesia was given respectively. Furthermore, in the study of Pilhstrom et al. [44], 23% patients reported using analgesic medication to relieve postprocedural pain; however, the duration of taking medicine was unknown. Four of the included studies involving surgical therapy, which included either gingivectomy, open flap debridement, apical positioned flap, modified Widman Flap (±osseous contouring, bone grafting, and papilla preservation flap (±Emdogain) procedures [15, 39, 40, 43]. Only Wang et al. [43] provided any information on analgesic medication given to patients to relieve postoperative pain. Two studies combined both nonsurgical and surgical therapy intervention procedures [41, 46]. In the study of Wallace and Bissada [41], nonsurgical therapy included SRP and surgical therapy involving a modified Widman flap or apical positioned thickness flap (with osseous contouring and decalcified freeze dry bone grafting) procedures. In the study by C. F. Canakçi and V. Canakçi [46] both nonsurgical therapy (including SRP) and surgicaltherapy (modified Widman flap, open flap, or gingivectomy) were compared. However, none of these studies reported providing any local anesthesia for the nonsurgical group. No postoperative analgesic was reported as being provided or taken by patients in these studies. Four of the included studies were, however designed for testing desensitizing products in addition to the periodontal therapy procedure provided by the Investigators [15, 40, 43, 45].
8.3. Clinical Methodology Used to Assess DH/RS
The most commonly reported method used for evaluating DH/RS by investigators in this paper was a cold air stimulus (dental air syringe). Other methods included thermal testing (cold/hot), explorer probe, electric pulp test, and questionnaire reporting (Table 4). Most studies reported using two or three methods to evaluate DH/RS [9, 12, 39–43, 45, 47]; however two studies used only an air stimulus method [15, 46] and one study only used a questionnaire [44] (Table 4).
8.4. Prevalence of DH/RS following Periodontal Therapy
When considering studies for inclusion in the present study, it was observed that there were a number of differences in the reporting of DH/RS, due in part to variables such as clinical methodology, study design, and duration of followup. For example, the Pilhstrom et al. [44] study lasted for less than one day and recorded DH/RS following scaling procedures by a questionnaire whereas other included studies reported over longer periods using clinical evaluation (Table 4). The incidence of DH/RS reported in some of the included studies, comparing before and after therapy intervention, ranged from 23% to 80.4%, depending on the duration of the study and the type of therapy that was provided [9, 12, 39, 45–47]. There were inconsistencies in the recording of DH/RS data as in the Pilhstrom et al. [44] study which makes comparison between the included studies very difficult. Due to variations in the study duration of the included articles, it was observed that the recorded prevalence of DH/RS peaked at different times. For example most of the short-term clinical studies reported that the prevalence peaked about one week following periodontal therapy, ranging from 36.8% to 100% after which the prevalence subsequently decreased [9, 12, 39, 40, 45, 47]. Other studies only reported on the final prevalence data without necessarily specifying any change in prevalence/incidence over time [44, 46]. For example, one study [9] comparing the influence on sensitivity resulted from either supragingival and subgingival scaling and reported that the prevalence following subgingival scaling was greater than supragingival scaling as assessed by both clinical testing and questionnaire. C. F. Canakçi and V. Canakçi [46] also compared the influence of both nonsurgical and surgical therapy and reported that there was a greater prevalence following surgical therapy than in nonsurgical therapy; however, it should be noted that this was only an observation 24 hours after therapy.
8.5. The Intensity of Sensitivity following Periodontal Therapy
In the present study, the assessment of any intensity from DH/RS following periodontal therapy in most of the included studies was rated by visual analogue scales (e.g., VAS: 0–3/0–10 cm/: 0–100 mm scale; Heft-Parker 0–170 mm scale) or verbal rating (faint/weak/mild/moderate/severe, etc.) scales. Any change in the intensity of reported DH/RS between pretherapy (baseline) and posttherapy (result) can only be compared in some of the included studies [12, 39, 41, 43, 45–47]. The reported onset of DH/RS as reported in the included clinical studies generally peaked 2.8 hours after therapy up to 2 weeks following periodontal therapy [39, 44, 47]. The change of intensity from the baseline to peak time also fluctuated significantly in the included short-term studies, from 1 day to 3 months following therapy. Most of the included studies reported that the intensity of DH/RS was mild to moderate in nature and following an initial increase in severity returned to baseline values over time. However due to the differences in the reporting of DH/RS by the various investigators who used different methodology to assess the pain response it was difficult to compare the results from these studies.
8.6. Calibration of Indices and Examiner Training
No training or calibration for DH/RS methodology was reported in the 12 included studies. The study by C. F. Canakçi and V. Canakçi [46] reported having a trained and calibrated examiner (CFC) who only determined each patient's clinical probing depth, probing clinical attachment level (CAL), and dental plaque and bleeding on probing (BOP). These investigators however failed to report any kappa values or reproducibility data from the calibration exercise.
9. Discussion
Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) is a recognized clinical condition that has been reported to affect the adult population at various stages of their life. It is essentially a diagnosis of exclusion [2]. Periodontal therapy in the form of nonsurgical and surgical procedures are common procedures in both dental and periodontal clinics, and patients often report experiencing discomfort (in the form of DH/RS) immediately following these procedures or once the local anaesthetic has worn off [44]. However, according to several investigators data on the impact on the quality of life of those who suffer from DH/RS following these procedures is somewhat lacking. According to von Troil et al. [8] there are limited data available in terms of both prevalence, and intensity of DH/RS following periodontal therapy (such as scaling root surface, debridement and surgical procedures).
The previous systematic review by von Troil et al. [8] examined the literature on the prevalence/incidence and severity of DH/RS; however, this paper only reported on two included studies [9, 12]; neither of these studies were randomized and one study had no control group [48]. Furthermore both of these studies measured DH/RS by different methodologies, for example, (1) by mechanical force (probe) or air stimulation and (2) by subjective patient response in the form of VAS or using a different study design (e.g., split mouth design in Tammaro et al. [12], or the duration of followup was different (4 weeks versus 8 weeks).The present study included 12 studies following an extensive review of the published literature description up to 31st December 2009. The reasons for the differences in the number of included studies in the present study and the von Troil et al. [8] review are based on a number of factors. For example, since 2002 there have been a number of studies that have been published and have been included in the present study if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the review. Secondly, a number of studies excluded by von Troil et al. [8], but included in the present study were due to differences in the inclusion criteria between the two reviews. The von Troil et al. review [8] included only studies that had at least one follow-up time point at least 12 months following completion of the treatment phase whereas in the present study both short- and long-term studies were included for review as both nonsurgical and surgical studies were investigated to determine any causal relation between DH/RS and periodontal therapy. Short-term studies that were excluded by von Troil et al. [8] but included in the present study were the studies by Wallace and Bissida [41] and Grant et al. [42] following agreement between the Authors. A detailed analysis of differences between the included studies in the present study has highlighted a number of problems that may prevent an overall understanding of the extent and severity of DH/RS following periodontal therapy, and these will be now addressed in the following section. It is generally accepted that a double-blind, randomized, and parallel clinical trial (RCT) is on the top of hierarchy of levels of evidence when considering the quality of a clinical study [49]. In the present study there were five studies involved in using a randomized controlled trial design (RCT) [15, 40–43]. Two of the RCTs were reported by investigators as being of a double-blind design [40, 43]. One study was single-blind [42]. Two other studies did not specify the subtype of RCT [15, 41]. A nonrandomized controlled trial study design can be observed in six of the other included studies [9, 12, 39, 44, 45, 47]. Three studies reported in the present review used either a questionnaire-based design [44] or utilized both a questionnaire and a clinical design in their studies [9, 47]. These three studies; however, did not have a control group.
According to (consolidated standards of reporting trials) CONSORT [50] guidelines, a generated allocation schedule should be implemented by using allocation concealment, since allocation concealment is a critical process that prevents foreknowledge of treatment and thus shields those who enroll participants from being influenced by this knowledge. However of the 12 included studies in the present study only two reported on details of randomization and/or allocation concealment. For example, Grant et al. [42] and Wang et al. [43] reported using coin flip for allocation purposes. Other included studies did not report or describe any steps that were taken to conceal the allocation sequence when the various interventions were assigned. It should be noted however the majority of studies in this paper were non-randomized controlled trials [9, 12, 39, 44, 45, 47] in which a time series analysis was used that but no control/placebo was allocated in the treatments/interventions. Generally speaking, this design isused whenrandomizationis impossible, impractical, or unethical, it enables the investigator to make some generalizationsaboutthe population in the study and it is considered efficient inlongitudinalresearch. However, this deficiency in randomization of treatments/interventions makes it harder to rule out anyconfounding variablesthat may occur, and this may introduce new threats tointernal validity of the data. Since randomization is absent from the study design, some knowledge about the data can be approximated although subsequent conclusions ofcausalrelationships are difficult to determine. Therefore, in this aspect, the strength of evidence of this present study is not very robust due to the various designs in the included studies.
A further problem regarding the included studies in this paper described or reported a statistical power calculation prior to the commencement of their studies and given the relatively small sizes of their study populations it may be that a Type II error may have occurred which could in turn have affected their results particularly when comparing different surgical or nonsurgical intervention procedures (Table 3). Furthermore from a statistical analysis point of view, published DH/RS efficacy studies usually consider the subject rather than the tooth as the experimental unit although subjects may have multiple sites which can be scored at each evaluation visit [51]. Five of the included studies, however, reported data for the test tooth rather than for the subject [15, 40, 43, 45]. Most of the included studies were conducted in the setting of a specialist periodontal clinic unit in dental practices or university hospitals. It was not clear from some of these studies whether all the participants had a similar diagnosis of periodontal disease, and it may be that some of the participants did not have any established periodontal disease. This observation made it problematic when trying to assess whether that is a causal link between the prevalence of DH/RS and periodontal procedures in periodontally involved patients. A further problem observed in the present study was the question of gender balance and while most of the clinical studies enrolled almost equal numbers of participants in females or males, some of the studies were not balanced or stratified for gender. For example, four studies were predominantly female [9, 15, 41, 45] whereas the other two studies were predominantly male [42, 43]. Three studies did not mention the gender distribution [39, 40, 44]. The reported age range of the participants from the included studies, varied from study to study although mean age values were not reported in every study. The range of mean ages in this paper was between 30 and 63.4 years of age [12, 15, 46, 47]. This is similar to the age range reported in DH/RS previous studies although the peak prevalence in an age may vary depending on the type of population being assessed [6, 20, 40, 52]. Most of studies in this paper evaluating DH/RS following periodontal therapy and were short term in nature, lasting no longer than three months and this was in contrast to von Troil et al. [8] study that excluded short-term studies. Generally speaking some of the included studies were not DH/RS efficacy studies, and as such this was not the focus of their study however while it is important to determine the actual prevalence/incidence of DH/RS following periodontal procedures, it is essential to utilize recognized methodology and study designs that can accurately report on subsequent outcomes. The recommendations by Holland [51] are useful in that they suggest an eight-week study duration based on established clinical methodology which would be a suitable time period. It should be noted that these recommendations relate to DH/RS efficacy studies, but nevertheless they would be a useful addition to the type of study included in this paper process. One major problem that may occur in a clinical study is that of patient compliance, and this may be for a number of reasons; for example, if the intervention or treatment in a study is perceived by the participant to be uncomfortable or unpleasant, this may in turn dissuade them in complying with the conditions of the study. This is particularly true in studies of a long duration but can also affect studies of a short-term nature, and sometime this may be due to relative straightforward reasons such as moving away from the area, sickness, and pregnancy) but of obvious concern to investigators and the regulatory authorities would be if the intervention caused a serious reaction in an individual. It is therefore important to record not only the number of dropouts from a study but also the reasons for dropping out as this may have a profound effect on the data to be analyzed [51]. One way of resolving this problem is to include data of these participants as if they were still in the study, this is called the intention-to-treat analysis. Withdrawals and dropouts were reported in only 4 of the included studies, for example Fischer et al. [9] (2 out of 13 subjects), Tammaro et al. [12](14 out of 49 subjects), Vaitkevičienė et al. [15] (five out of 67 subjects), and Gong et al. [47] (7 out of 45 subjects). None of those studies however mentioned the reasons for dropout (Table 3).
Prior to any study it is essential for those assessing clinical outcomes to have both adequate training and be calibrated in the indices that they will be assessing throughout the study. From the present review of the included studies it was observed that only one article by C. F. Canakçi and V. Canakçi [46] reported an examiner calibration. However this particular calibration only determined the patient's clinical probing depth, probing clinical attachment level, dental plaque, and bleeding scores, but this calibration did not involve any recognized methodology in identifying DH/RS. A further observation from these included studies is that it was uncertain whether the same examiner assessing for DH/RS was the same clinician performing the periodontal therapy for the participant. It is therefore possible that unless this was accounted for in these studies, there is a potential risk of bias which may subsequently affect the results of the study. It is also clear from the included studies that a number of assessment tools were employed in the study such as an air stimulus, explorer probe, or a thermal stimulus. Several investigators have recommended that at least two hydrodynamic stimuli should be used in clinical testing as a single method may underestimate the true prevalence of DH/RS [51, 53, 54]. Two studies in this paper only used an air stimulus for identifying DH/RS [15, 46]. The sequence of applying the various stimuli is also important, and it has been previously recommended that the least invasive stimulus (e.g., an explorer probe) should be used before an air or thermal stimulus [53]. One study by Fischer et al. [9] reported using a probe stimulus prior to an air stimulus to assess DH/RS; however, most of the other studies failed to mention the sequence of testing which may have had a subsequent effect on the results. Most studies failed to record any details regarding the use of their assessment methodology in their papers, for example, the probing pressure, only one study by Tammaro et al. [12] (0.45N 45.9 g) or the air syringe [12, 15, 41, 42, 45, 46], and this may also have introduced further difficulties when trying to evaluate the results from the studies. Other investigators used alternative clinical methodology such as water [43] and electrical assessment [9, 41, 43] (Table 4) although the use of this type of stimuli in DH/RS has been criticized for a number of reasons [52, 55, 56]. One study by Wolff et al. [36] which was excluded for the purpose of the present review as it was only an abstract is worth mentioning here since the investigators utilized both tactile (Yeaple probe: a controlled force probe) and thermal (dental air syringe) stimuli together with a subjective evaluation (VAS). This small pilot study with only 9 subjects (24 teeth) characterized the incidence of DH/RS following periodontal surgery over a six-week period. The investigators assessed DH/RS prior to the surgery, baseline (postsurgery) and over 6 weeks and reported that when assessed by standardized DH methodology the incidence of DH/RS returned to the pre-surgical levels between 4 and 6 weeks. Although in abstract form with a very small sample size, it was clear from the available details that the study is following a recommended protocol based on the guidelines for evaluating DH, and it would appear to be the basis of a model for evaluating the incidence and or prevalence following periodontal surgery although the duration of such a study would have to be extended if desensitizing products were to be evaluated on the participants [51].
Although the importance of standardized methodology is essential in the assessment of DH/R,S it should be noted that pain measurement also requires subjective evaluation and as such should also be included in the assessment of DH/RS [54]. Traditional methods may provide an indirect assessment of pain by numerical estimates of detection, pain, or tolerance thresholds. Contemporary methods can provide a direct assessment of the pain strength by the expression of pain in units of the subjective intensity. Both methods of assessing DH/RS are valid if they are utilized in a well-conducted clinical study [51, 53, 54]. Three studies used a questionnaire to assess DH/RS following scaling [9, 44, 47]. Pilhstrom et al. [44] provided participants with a take-home pain assessment form 3 to 4 hours following scaling procedures in order to assess the pain response. Fischer et al. [9] provided a questionnaire to patients at each clinical interval whereas Gong et al. [47] utilized both questionnaire and clinical testing at each clinical session, prescaling and root planning, at 1 week and 4 weeks, respectively after treatment for an overall assessment of DH/RS on a daily basis. Measurement of the pain response is inherently difficult as it is highly subjective, and its perception and subsequent pain may differ widely among individuals [57–60]. Furthermore it is recognized that there are profound placebo and nonplacebo effects, regression to mode or mean, occurring during clinical studies, and this may also have a profound effect on the subsequent results [61]. A further problem when evaluating the true prevalence or incidence of DH/RS from the included studies was the effect of the local anaesthetic provided during the treatment session, together with the intervention medication that may have been taken after the completion of treatment. For example the study by Pilhstrom et al. [44] reported that the questionnaires were given out to the participants 3 hours after treatment, and it is possible that the recovery from the local anesthesia may have varied and impacted on the participant's perception of pain. Analgesia medication may have also been taken by the participants, and this may have interfered with the participants' pain and impacted on the subsequent prevalence or incidence of DH/RS [43, 44].
Most studies evaluating the effects of postperiodontal therapy on DH/RS were short term in nature lasting no longer than three months. For instance, two studies [44, 46] investigated the very early pain response following the "wearing off" of the local anesthesia given during periodontal therapy. Three studies followed up their patients for less than one month monitoring the change of sensitivity [15, 42, 47]. Five studies followed up the outcome of sensitivity for 6 range 8 weeks [9, 12, 39, 40, 43] whereas two studies followed up the outcome of sensitivity for three months [41, 45]. The reported duration of pain in the included studies lasted from a few days to a few years depending on the type of studies reported (questionnaire or clinical outcomes) which is consistent with other studies [10, 23, 30]. In general, the reported pain duration was shorter in the clinical studies (less than 2 months). The reported onset of DH/RS, symptoms fluctuated significantly over time and depending on the type and duration of the study DH/RS peaked at 2.8 hours [44], and up to 1 range 3 weeks following periodontal therapy [12, 15, 39, 43]. Several studies have reported that periodontal treatment (non-surgical and surgical) is frequently associated with pain which is generally mild in nature [27, 38, 42, 57–60]. The results from the present study were similar to those reported by von Troil et al. [8] which is not surprising considered both reviews incorporated studies that provide similar data on the prevalence of DH/RS following periodontal therapy, the reduction of the gingival protective barrier as a result of the surgical excision of tissue which subsequently exposes the root surfaces, whereas scaling and root-planing procedures (SRP) may remove 20–50 micrometers of cementum thus exposing the dentinal tubules to external stimuli [39, 41]. An included study by C. F. Canakçi and V. Canakçi [46] compared the postoperative pain and DH/RS from different periodontal procedures. In general, these investigators reported that postoperative pain and postoperative sensitivity were significantly higher in surgical procedures. In particular, a flap design with osseous resection resulted in the highest degree of discomfort which may be as a result of a time-consuming procedure together with and exposure of bone. Participants who experienced surgical procedures appeared to be more likely to have increased discomfort from DH/RS (1.3 and 1.4X) than non-surgical procedures.
The reported prevalence of DH/RS following surgical therapy was 76.8% range 80.4% after 1 day [46], 36.8% after 1 week, 33.4% after 2 weeks, 29.6% after 4 weeks, and 21.7% after 8 weeks [39] whereas the prevalence following nonsurgical therapy was reported to be between 62.5% and 90% after 1 day of nonsurgical intervention [44, 46], 52.6% and 55% after 1week of nonsurgical therapy [9, 12, 45, 47].
The increase of DH/RS prevalence in studies that compared pre- and posttherapy intervention ranged from 23% to 80.4%, depending on the type of therapy provided [9, 12, 39, 45–47]. The observation that surgical procedures aggravate DH/RS as compared with nonsurgical procedures would appear to be supported by most of the studies included in the present review. For example, both Wallace and Bissada [41] and C. F. Canakçi and V. Canakçi [46] reported that DH/RS appeared to increase to mild-to-moderate intensity levels following periodontal therapy. One should note however that the study by C. F. Canakçi and V. Canakçi [46] was only up to 24 hours. According to Tammaro et al. [12] sub-gingival scaling procedures caused more sensitivity than supragingival scaling procedures. This observation was also supported by Fischer et al. [9].
It was difficult however to compare the various treatment procedures (nonsurgical/surgical, type of surgical procedure, etc.) and their subsequent effect on DH/RS. This is due in part to the differences between all the studies included in this present review, whether it is the type of study, the duration of the study, the type of treatment intervention, the methodologies employed, or the manner in which the results were recorded (in terms of percentages or pain categories, etc.); all have impact in the attempt to analyze the data. As a consequence of the heterogeneous nature of the data reported in the 12 included studies either in terms of different study designs and variations in the analysis of the pain response (average percentages over time, category scales, differences in VAS assessment, etc.) it was decided not to conduct any further statistical analysis of the data [8]. The results from the present study were similar to those previously reported by von Troil et al. [8], in terms of reported prevalence of DH/RS following periodontal procedures which is not surprising, considering that both reviews incorporated studies with the same data. However it was evident that despite the previous recommendations of von Troil et al. [8] and of Holland [51], none of the studies include in the present review used recognized or standardized methodology for assessing DH/RS apart from Tammaro et al. study [12] (note that this study was included in the von Troil et al. review [8]). According to von Troil et al. [8] the prevalence of DH/RS before any treatment was between 9 and 23% and 54 and 55% following the allocated periodontal therapy (nonsurgical procedures) whereas in the present study the reported prevalence for DH/RS (following nonsurgical intervention) was between 62.5% and 90% treatment [44, 46] after 1 day which subsequently decreased to approximately 52.6% range 55% after one week [9, 12, 45, 47]. In the present review the prevalence of DH/RS following surgical therapy ranged from 76.8% to 80.4% after 1 day following treatment [46], and subsequently decreased over time to 36.8% after 1 week, 33.4% after 2 weeks, 29.6% after 4 weeks, and 21.7% after 8 weeks [39]. However in both the von Troil et al. [8] review and in the present study there was a lack of standardized data relating to any patient-based (subjective) (e.g., VAS) evaluation of DH/RS following periodontal procedures.
10. Conclusions
It is evident from reviewing the included studies that patients may suffer from mild discomfort following periodontal procedures although both the prevalence and intensity of DH/RS may vary depending on the duration and the type of procedure involved. Most of the studies included in this paper would tend to suggest that DH/RS may be relatively mild/moderate in nature and transient in duration. Currently there appears to be limited data on the effect of DH/RS following periodontal procedures on the quality of life of patients, and it is recommended that both short- and long-term studies should be implemented to determine whether there is a major impact on life style following these procedures.
The authors acknowledge the valuable contribution of Dr. Valeria Marinho for her advice in conducting a systematic review.
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Russell Statue on the Horizon
The Boston Celtics and the City of Boston will unveil the Bill Russell Legacy Project statue before the home opener.


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Life in the online marketing world can get quite busy, pretty fast. Before you know it, they hobbies that you love fall to the wayside, or take different forms into full time positions or work themselves into a book. For the past year or so that is what happened to me and to a lot of the Search Marketing Gurus group of writers. Many of the writers here have moved on to new positions from when they started with SMG or have even started their own businesses which take up a major amount of their time.
For me it was writing the social media marketing book, Social Media Marketing: Engaging Strategies for Facebook, Twitter & other Social Media. It was a true labor of love - sharing my knowledge of this industry and how companies can effectively utilize social media as a true online marketing tool.
I also threw my heart and soul into my client work at Serengeti Communications. Nan Dawkins is one of the best bosses anyone could wish to have. She kind, caring and so willing to share. Her generous nature and willingness to be a great mentor is something I not only greatly respect, but am honored to have been able to have in my life. It's also what made my decision to move on from Serengeti Communications so difficult.
Friday, will be my last day with my awesome co-workers John Lynch, Kevin Olson, Nate Linnell and Stacy Moren who I was with from the start. They are really great people and another reason why its tough to leave.
So, where am I going? What am I about to venture out on? Well stay tuned, there's a lot to come, a lot of exciting stuff - especially with SMG. We've got a bunch of writers coming back to help kick up some great ideas, tips and insights and Julie will be keeping up with the Women of Internet Marketing Interviews. We'll also have conference coverage and photos again starting with Search Marketing Expo (SMX) and eConsultancy next week and Search Engine Strategies in Chicago in mid-October and AffCon in December. SMG will also be going through both a platform and design change as we'll be moving from Typepad to Wordpress over the month of October.
We're back folks, so stay tuned - more to come! :)


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Today I managed to get to the root of a problem I have been trying to eliminate for some time now. It all has to do with the "use the EXIF coordinates" feature of the GoogleMap addon for Pixelpost. It seemed when using this feature the location magically shifted a few meters or even more.
When using reverse geocoding for latitude and longitude values Google Maps focuses on nearby (and sometimes not so near by) "points of interest" or the closest address it can find. This behavior can be changed by changing the following Javascript function function showLocationLatLng().
Change the code of that function to:
function showLocationLatLng() {
var latlng = new GLatLng(document.forms['view-latlng'].lat.value,document.forms['view-latlng'].lng.value);
editMap.addOverlay(new GMarker(latlng));
editMap.setCenter(latlng, 16);
This will force the addon to use the exact location of the image provided in the EXIF.


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Mission Statement
Our mission is to provide quality Substance Abuse Treatment to adults, adolescents and perinatal (pregnant and postpartum women) for whom drugs and alcohol have become a problem. Education, counseling, treatment, and referral services are delivered by qualified professionals to those impacted by this disease. We are dedicated to the recovery and health of the individual, the family, and the community. We teach our clients to see and recognize the cognitive patterns of the Drug and Alcohol Addiction that control them.
Our objective is allowing the whole person to rehabilitate and to re-enter society and lead responsible, successful drug and alcohol free lives. By using our proven tools of recovery, the ultimate goal of our outpatient treatment program is long-term abstinence from drugs and alcohol. This is achieved by educating and treating clients with the proper treatment that each individual needs. We recognize and fulfill each clients needs by helping them attain a thorough understanding of themselves and the recovery process.
Outpatient Care
We'll introduce our clients to individual and group counseling, 12 step/relapse prevention skills, peer support, daily reflection, parenting classes, health education, drug and alcohol assessments, Aids and Hepatitis awareness presentations. We have transportation, tutoring, and meals available while in treatment. We also provide Certified Bilingual Counselors to meet needs of Multi-Cultural Communities. In addition to planning a strategy for their futures, we teach communication skills, personal ethics, and to repair wreckage from the past. An important step to recovery is for individuals to learn to make healthy choices that will make life worth living.
Have a Question?
We are located:
1011 Goodrich Blvd
Los Angeles, CA
Tel: (323) 888-9191
Fax: (323) 888-9222
Toll Free: (877) 546 5986
The objective of Circle of Help Foundation's Outpatient Treatment Program is to rehabilitate the whole person, Read more...


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My suggestion is that the DESIGN 21's international panel of judges chooses their favorite logo out of the finalists and that the $5000 prize is equally split between the 'judges favorite' and the chosen by MCA-I NY.
If this isn't an option I think the $5000 prize shouldn't be added to another competition but that it should go to a charitable organization, although ideally someone should win so that the entire competition process doesn't loose credibily.
Any other suggestions?


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Eijffinger Wallpaper
I was flipping through a recent copy of VTWonen and noticed Eijffinger wallpaper and felt an instant attraction to some of their latest patterns. Their papers for kid's rooms really make an impact! On their website they mention that wallpaper framed versus on an entire wall is a big trend right now. Do you agree?
I've also noticed a rising interest in using only a few sheets of wallpaper to visually section off a room, useful in open spaces that double as a dining and living area. Eijffinjer recently collaborated with VTWonen magazine on a special line, you can view that here.
I'm glad that their site is both in English and Dutch or else I would have completely missed this otherwise. It's a handy guide for wallpaper installation and the space effects that it has on a room depending on pattern and color. "With the use of colour it is possible to make a room look larger or smaller. Light tints optically enlarge while dark tints make smaller. Colour and atmosphere are inseparable. It is perhaps useful to think of regions and countries when trying to create a certain mood."
(images from eijffinger)
Your comments...
Cecilia Pena commented
August 17th, 2011 at 4:28amHi.
I am from Uruguay, South America, and I am travelling to USA next september and would like to buy a Wall Mural from Eijffinger's last collection.
I have their catalogue with me and I have the product number.Do you know how can I order this to my hotel in the USA??
Please kindly let me know.
Thank you !
Cecilia Pena


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by bodecia » 05 Sep 2003, 06:01
by ptimber » 05 Sep 2003, 14:04
by bodecia » 11 Sep 2003, 19:00
by bodecia » 11 Sep 2003, 19:36
bodecia wrote:I am looking for any information on the surnames of Sanzottera/Cucchi. Also I am looking for information on the following people: Roberto Sanzotera was married to Maria Cucchi. She came to America from Italy. They settled in Missouri. They have six children. Also looking for information on Maria Cucchi. Her parents were Therasa (Caloia) and Guiseppe Cucchi. Any help would be appreciated and thank you. I have a bit more info if anyone can help me. Sanzotera seems to be rare.
by regina » 12 Sep 2003, 06:12
by ptimber » 12 Sep 2003, 13:07
by ptimber » 12 Sep 2003, 13:28
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Using LimeSurvey
The path to opening a Geek Ranch is not exactly straight. That is, each week there is one more strange thing that needs to be done. This week, it happens to be surveys. Not the measure the ground kind—we already did that—but the on-line ask questions kind.
While our primary focus is renting geek cabanas, there has been some interest in buying space in the facility or at least acquiring space on 99 year leases. One opinion lead to another and it became clear that for us as well as people in the Nicaragua real estate market in general, a survey would be in order. So, time to write one.
I started writing a multi-group survey using PHPSurveyor a few days ago. Being an ex-software tester I managed to break it. The good news was that I found that there was a new version and that new version even included a new name, LimeSurvey. It's pretty and clean and multi-lingual and lots of other good things. Besides that, it didn't blow up with the survey I was working on.
There is little reason to offer a blow-by-blow of setting up a survey. LimeSurvey is designed for the GUI crowd. It is full-featured and once you get used to the icons and the hierarchical structure (survey->group->question) and label sets you should be home free.
I was originally running PHPSurveyor on a shared host where I have shell access. Where I really wanted it was on a different shared host where I only had FTP access. I decided it was worth a try. So, I unpacked the tarball locally and FTP-ed file hierarchy over. The additional setup I needed before I could just start talking through the web server was minimal:
- Manually create a database.
- Edit config.php to set up database access information and a few other minor things.
I then went to the admin page and all seemed well. That is, until I tried to upload my old survey that I had saved from PHPSurveyor. It failed but the error message suggested a permissions problem on a temporary directory. The suggestion was correct, I fixed it and all was well. All in all, not a bad experience.
In theory, I could stop talking now and you could just go use LimeSurvey. If you have written serious surveys before—whether it was on paper, writing your own software or using a different package—that would probably be true. But, by far, the hardest part of the whole process is designing a survey that makes sense. LimeSurvey will help you out but here are some pointers.
One thing I learned long ago is that if you have a big task, breaking it up into smaller tasks is always of benefit. In the case of a survey, you will probably have questions that logically belong together. LimeSurvey offers groups which are sets of questions that you can then include in the full survey. For example, if someone is a Linux user, you might want to ask them how long they have been using Linux, which GUI they use and what Linux "brands" they use. These questions could be put into a group, worked with as a logical unit and finally included in a survey. LimeSurvey even allows you to present questions a group at a time to someone taking a survey rather than only a question at a time.
Along the same line of thinking, if you asked someone if they used Linux and they said no, there would be no reason to ask them the group of questions I just discussed. LimeSurvey to the rescue once again. Its branching feature allows you to selectively ask questions based on the answer to a previous question or questions.
The interface to do this requires a minimum of thinking. That is, there are no regular expressions to deal with and such. You add conditions by picking (clicking on) a previous question and then selecting the answers (again by clicking) that you wish to use. This is also not limited to a single question—a question can have multiple dependencies.
While there is no "build some conditions and use them over" capability you get close. Once you set conditions for one question, you can copy those conditions to other questions. The only caveat is to make sure you don't have a condition that depends on a question that might have been skipped do to other conditional logic.
Another very useful feature is label sets. This gives you the ability to define a set of labels for use in multiple places. For example, if you wanted a "scale" as answers to a set of questions where there were three answers, you could use a label set. The label set would relate codes to the textual answers. You then just reference the label set. For example, if the answers you wanted were Gnome, KDE and shell, you could just put those choices in a label set (say interface) and then reference it when writing your questions.
At the question level, you have lots of choices. In fact, 25 which the documentation divides into:
- Single choice questions
- Multiple Choices question
- Lists
- Arrays
- Other types
The easiest to understand are single choice questions. There are five choices here: three different text sizes, numerical input and date. These formats can be further restricted by what are called Question Attributes. For example, you could define the maximum character length for a text field.
Multiple choice questions are just what you would expect. You can, however, control whether they will be displayed as a drop-down or radio buttons. You can also turn on an "other" answer. Multiple answers (check boxes) are also available.
Lists and arrays allow you to present sets of questions. There are enough options here that I will just say if you can think of something you want to do, it is probably available.
In the other category are the ability to ask the user to rank the items displayed, a boilerplate display (not really a question) and the ability to select a language.
Some other features worth mentioning are:
- Assessments—The ability to selectively display text based on evaluation of some answers. This gives you the ability to offer immediate feedback after completion of a survey.
- Multiple users—Multiple people can build and run surveys based on one running copy of LimeSurvey.
- Templates—Multiple looks are included but if you want to go beyond that, you can edit the templates and styles for survives.
- Multiple languages—LimeSurvey uses GNU gettext message catalogs and is already translated into many languages.
- Selective access—An invitation which includes an access token can be sent to people and they access can be tracked.
This should be enough for you to decide if LimeSurvey is something you might need and, if so, give it a try. Now, you are invited to take my survey here. Have fun.
Phil Hughes
No validation
The survey you created contained an answer where one should give a date on the form "YYYY-MM-DD". To try the questionarie, I put in a value with a completely different format. However, the questionarie did not show any warning and just let me continue. Thus, making it a badly designed questionarie generating invalid data.
Is it possible to create this checks in LimeSurvey?
The last question with the
The last question with the instructions about scissors doesn't have any scissors on it when viewed with Opera and I can't figure out how to answer it. Otherwise, a nice looking project. Thanks for sharing.
I created it with Opera
I actually used Opera when I was creating and testing the survey. When you click on something in the left list, it moves to the right list and the scissors appear to the right of it. You click there if you want to move it back to the "not selected yet" list.
Phil Hughes
As Linux continues to play an ever increasing role in corporate data centers and institutions, ensuring the integrity and protection of these systems must be a priority. With 60% of the world's websites and an increasing share of organization's mission-critical workloads running on Linux, failing to stop malware and other advanced threats on Linux can increasingly impact an organization's reputation and bottom line.
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Most companies incorporate backup procedures for critical data, which can be restored quickly if a loss occurs. However, fewer companies are prepared for catastrophic system failures, in which they lose all data, the entire operating system, applications, settings, patches and more, reducing their system(s) to "bare metal." After all, before data can be restored to a system, there must be a system to restore it to.
In this one hour webinar, learn how to enhance your existing backup strategies for better disaster recovery preparedness using Storix System Backup Administrator (SBAdmin), a highly flexible bare-metal recovery solution for UNIX and Linux systems.
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The Cats Meow Necklace Chrysoberyl (Cats Eye), Prasiolite and Tourmaline When I first came across these Chrysoberyl (Cats Eye) stones I had to ask what they were. I had never seen anything quite like them. I had always associated cats eye with a golden brown stone that I assume must be more commonly found. The soft green color of the generous Cats Eye briolette pendant drop is accentuated with a delicate cascade of tiny tourmaline beads. Fanciful lantern cut Prasiolite beads are intermixed with generous faceted oval tourmaline beads in a rosary style chain of Argentium (non-tarnishing) Silver. A final wink of Cats Eye suspended from the rectangular toggle clasp as you leave the room makes others purr with envy! 24 long with a 1.5 drop. Reference: 18078
Size: 24" long SOLD Browse Categories • Bracelets • Cherish Collection • Earrings • Ever After - Couture Bridal Jewelry • Gift Certificates • Grand Tour Collection • Legacy Collection • Multi-Strand Necklaces • Past Jewelry Designs • Rings • Single-Strand Necklaces • The Tableau Collection • Treasure Trove Sale


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Leeds United captain Ross McCormack has handed in a transfer request, Sky Sports understands.
McCormack has been left out of Leeds' pre-season trip to Italy, as his future at the club remains in doubt.
Fulham have now returned with a second offer for the Scottish international, whilst other clubs also look to engage Leeds in talks.
However, no club has yet been able to agree a deal with Leeds owner Massimo Cellino and McCormack has now officially indicated to the club his desire to leave.
Having met with Cellino in the past week, McCormack has now handed in an official request as he looks to move on.
McCormack is one of the most in-demand players outside the Premier League having finished last season as top-scorer in the Championship.