text:
Formerly the Thinking Catholic Strategic Center
Vic Biorseth, Tuesday, March 10, 2009
I submit that the so-called "Constitutional Principle" of Separation of Church and State is, indeed, not a Constitutional Principle, and is, instead, antithetical to the original constitution (i.e., government organization) of the United States of America. Many American Founders, including Adams, Madison, Jefferson, Washington and others wrote extensively about the need for a moral people, in the Judeo-Christian sense of the word moral, for our Constitution to properly function and even survive. Once a people descend into immorality, a Constitution such as ours can no longer fulfill its intended function. Religion is the foundation for morality. Our religious foundation is the one handed on to us from the long history of Western Civilization, whose "morality" is described in the Judeo-Christian Ethos page.
Separation of Church and State Vs.
American National Existence
Constitution of the United States of America; Amendment I:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
There's nothing tough about this; you don't have to be a legal scholar to understand the simple English of it. The clause in question is:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
You can see at once that this clause places two legal restrictions upon the Congress, and no legal restrictions upon anyone other than Congress. The Congress is legally prohibited from:
Note well that, nowhere in this clause, nowhere in this Amendment, and nowhere in the entire Constitution, do the words Separation Of Church And State appear. The so-called "Constitutional Principle" of Separation Of Church And State may not properly be called a Constitutional Principle since it may not be found anywhere in the Constitution. The Establishment Clause says nothing whatsoever about any such separation. The language is crystal clear.
The intention of the Founders was similarly crystal clear. Most of the Colonies-becoming-States already had legally established official State Religions in their pre-existing formational Constitutions or Charters, and they (at first) fully intended to keep them. The Delegates from the individual Colonies were seeking to prohibit the larger Federal Government form legally establishing some official National religion right over the top of their own existing, legally established, official State religions.
That was the whole purpose for the Establishment Clause being put into the First Amendment of the National Constitution. The Framers sought two things: First, to prohibit any Federal legal requirement for citizens to join any religion other than the Colonial one to which they already belonged. Second, to have religious toleration established in Federal law for open practice or "Exercise" of their existing official and legal Colonial religions. Here are our founding era official State religions:
Rhode Island |
Baptist |
The issue drew attention and much thought to the voluntary and free-will nature of Christian faith required of salvation, and fed the notion of freedom of religion. Over time the individual Sates each had their own "Disestablishment" movements in favor of the proven wisdom of the National Establishment Clause; today, every State has similar clauses in their own State Constitutions. The notion that the Framers intended any sort of restriction at all on any Church or Synagogue, or on any minister or theologian, is just plain ludicrous. Nor did they intend to put any restrictions on themselves regarding their public endorsements, who they supported, who contributed to their campaigns or anything else.
Legislators and Presidents and Justices were perfectly free to quote Scripture, teach Sunday School, pray in public, lead public prayer, give government dollars to Churches and Church groups and organizations, or anything else they wanted to do. And they did these things. The Clause wasn't intended to restrict religion, but to free it. It placed two and only two very specific restrictions on Congress, and absolutely no restrictions on anyone else.
Jefferson's Wall
Thomas Jefferson has been taking a bum rap for a long time now, as somehow having created this "Constitutional" principle called Separation of Church and State. He did no such thing. He wrote a private letter to some Connecticut Baptists using the phrase in full support of what you just read above. Here's Jefferson's letter:
To messers Nehemiah Dodge, Ephraim Robbins, & Stephen S. Nelson, a committee of the Danbury Baptist association in the state of Connecticut.
The affectionate sentiments of esteem & approbation which you are so good as to express towards me, on behalf of the Danbury Baptist association, give me the highest satisfaction. my duties dictate a faithful & zealous pursuit of the interests of my constituents, and, in proportion as they are persuaded of my fidelity to those duties, the discharge of them becomes more & more pleasing.
Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man & his god, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;" thus building a wall of eternal separation between Church & State. Congress thus inhibited from acts respecting religion, and the Executive authorised only to execute their acts, I have refrained from prescribing even those occasional performances of devotion, practiced indeed by the Executive of another nation as the legal head of its church, but subject here, as religious exercises only to the voluntary regulations and discipline of each respective sect,
I reciprocate your kind prayers for the protection & blessing of the common father and creator of man, and tender you for yourselves & the Danbury Baptist [your religious] association assurances of my high respect & esteem.
Th Jefferson
Jan. 1. 1802.
Again, this was a private letter, not any kind of law, and President Jefferson did not intend for any part of it to ever be construed as any new law or in any way become legally binding on anyone. Even if it literally did become binding, if you read it, you see that it says exactly and precisely what the Establishment Clause says. Few documents in history have been more misrepresented than this one. Obviously, President Jefferson wasn't too crazy about the Church of England, but his letter shows that he respected the rights of those who claimed it as their own.
Later that year President Jefferson signed into law a tax exemption for Churches in Alexandria County. The following year he made a treaty with the Kaskaskia Indians in which he pledged federal money to erect a Catholic Church for them and to provide some support their priest. Now, Jefferson wasn't particularly fond of the Catholic Church. In fact, he wasn't too fond of Protestantism either. (He was a Deist.)
But it's worth noting here that President Thomas Jefferson, the Founding Father most central to this whole issue, as President, spent American tax dollars to support a Church, granted tax-free status to some other Churches, and clearly showed in his correspondence his belief in God, and his sense of duty to protect American religious freedom and independence from government.
Justice Black's Dumb Assed Interpretation
The first Amendment, as written, bans laws that would establish a state religion; it has now been interpreted to place a wall of separation between the Church and the state. This is an invention. Jefferson, the first to use the term, intended this "wall" to protect religions from government; today's officials interpret its intention to be to protect government from religion. They've turned it upside down. In the 1947 Everson case the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment "incorporated" the establishment clause of the First Amendment, and extended the meaning of "establishment" to include "aid" to religion or religions. See?
Justice Black, for the majority:
"The "establishment of religion" clause of the First Amendment means at least this: Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another. Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion. No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs, or church attendance or nonattendance. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion. Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religions organizations or groups and vice versa. In the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by laws was intended to erect a "wall of separation between Church and State."" (Emphasis added.)
He just made all that up out of thin air.
The Black Court Majority was either very, very dumb, or evil. As we have already seen, Jefferson himself, and others, actually did the very things Black's opinion said and pretended that they could not legally do. Jefferson's wall of separation certainly did not mean that the government or members of the Government were thereafter prohibited from supporting or practicing or publicly espousing religion, or teaching Sunday School in their spare time.
This decision brought about the exact opposite of what was intended by Jefferson and the other framers: Direct government control of and interference with religion. This was a direct violation of the intention of the religion clause. The clause intention was to restrict government and free religion; this opinion restricted religion and made government supreme over it to some degree, and invented, out of nothing, a "Constitutional" legal wall of separation that had not previously existed, nor been intended by the Founders.
The Founders used to begin all proceedings, public or private, with prayer, and they did so on the day following the ratification of the Bill of Rights; they certainly did not intend to place themselves or their successors in the position of not being able to pray publicly, invoke the name of God in public speeches, quote Scripture to any audience including school children, or teach religion in their spare time, perhaps at a public school. What they did intend was to not legislate religion, and to not allow the government to hinder or restrict or control religion or religious expression. Period.
We don't really have a crime problem, as such. We have a morality problem. Separation of Church and state provides an excuse for a pure form of part-time atheism called secularism, which supports its parent religion of atheism, which simultaneously promotes evil and directly attacks all tradition, orthodoxy and mainstream religions that oppose evil. This is a direct attack on our national Divine Ground Of Being.
Secularism is evil, pure and simple. State secularism must begin to be widely recognized for what it is, which is a religious persuasion officially established, promoted and enforced by the state; not by Congress, mind you, but by the Court. Its main agenda is religious cleansing, concentrating on Christianity, and, for the secularists, the ends justify the means.
Secularism - separation of religion and anything at all - is immoral. And, if you are any variety of mainstream monotheist, then secularism is also against your religion. Currently, it is also the law of the land.
Consider how the Secularists / Wall-Of-Separationists quite regularly ask you to put your faith aside when you step up to the blackboard, or podium, or jury box, or microphone, or voting booth, or whatever. I submit for your consideration the notion that putting your faith aside for any reason, in any environment, for even an instant, is very strictly against your religion, if you have a real religion. It cannot be claimed that it should be done for any higher purpose, for there is and can be no higher purpose.
I ask you to take a moment to quietly think about the idea of separation of Church and, not only state, but, anything at all. What moral purpose could there possibly be for you to put aside and disregard your deep religious beliefs, for a moment, or for an issue, or in an environment? Pick a time frame, pick a topic, pick a place, and think about it; perform a thought experiment. After having put aside your religious beliefs and your faith-based moral standards, and having considered the secular topic or made the secular decision or done the secular business, in the end, have your religious teachings and moral standards regarding the apparently vitally important secular topic changed? If not, then, why did you disregard them?
Question: Why would you ever be asked to put your religion aside?
Answer: To get you to choose or decide or vote for something against your religion and/or against your religious moral basis. In America, the national religious moral basis is the Western Culture Ethos, which forms the very foundation for our civil law.
There is and can be no other reason. Think about it.
Pre-American Church and State Relationships.
Ancient Rome allowed religious freedom, up to a point, in the Holy Land. There was a vaguely defined separation between temporal and ecclesial power, illustrated by the fact that the High Priest had to bring our Lord Jesus Christ before the Roman Procurator Pilate, because only the temporal law could impose the death penalty; the ecclesial authority could not legally do that. Of course, there followed many years of brutal religious persecution; it seemed that religious freedom depended largely upon the Roman ruler of the moment.
During and after the Peace of Constantine, there was a closer relationship between Church and State. Popes crowned emperors; there were even incidents of emperors nominating popes (a severe conflict of interest, since popes crowned emperors) and emperors even calling ecumenical councils. However, there always remained a separation between ecclesial authority on matters of faith and morals, and temporal authority on matters of law. The two were somewhat intertwined, of course, since civil law itself was based upon the morality that came out of the religion.
Even more interesting is the historical fact that many bishops were also princes, dukes or lords of domains in the secular order before they were raised to the purple and made bishops, or princes of the Church. There was a dual role for many of them, holding both secular power and ecclesial power. Although many bishops were common men, nobility was certainly represented in the ranks of the bishops.
Popes were once monarchs over vast European territories, which were once included in the papal estates. Over the centuries these dwindled, down to its present state, under Mussolini; the present Vatican City is now all that remains. Nevertheless, the pope is both secular and ecclesial ruler in the Vatican. It is important that the pope remain a secular ruler in an established sovereign state in order that the popes not fall under the command and influence of any secular ruler, who may impose a civil law conflicting with the moral law, and who might try to dictate, order, instruct or control the pope.
Luther's Combination of Church and State.
Until the Reformation, separation of Church and state was not really an issue or a hot topic at all. There was, of course, some crossing of the lines; however, among Christians, there was only one faith, and that one faith – Roman Catholicism – fairly permeated all of Christian society, at all levels. As I earlier explained in For God and Country, Martin Luther invented a radical combination of Church and state, meaning, exactly, Christian theocracy.
Luther's dictum, Cujus region, ejus rligio (Whoever's reign, his religion) became the law of the land. A citizen's religion became a matter of civil law. Luther's words: "He who owns the country owns the Church, and he that makes your laws for you has the right to make your religion for you." In the instance of Pfalz, the religion of the people was changed four times in eighty years because of this new Lutheran principle.
Of course, the history of state abuse of various religions in Europe became a major reason for the colonization of America. And, as we have already seen, each new American colony established its own official state religion, so that disciples would be free to worship openly, completely unhindered by the state.
What to do about it.
I submit that, since the 1947 Everson case, our government has systematically violated our religious freedom by imposing a state religion of atheism, through a program of legal secularization. This secularization is, precisely, a program of religious cleansing, of the public square and of the American people, being done by the American government. American citizens are increasingly forced by civil law to be, appear to be or pretend to be either atheists, or such pervasive moral relativists as to be guilty of the mortal sin of indifferentism.
The Constitution restricted the government from dictating religion to the people. The Court turned this around, and set the government to legally secularizing itself, divorcing itself from God, and thereby beginning a program of legally secularizing the people. The unseen victim in this program was the Judeo-Christian religion itself, and the Judeo-Christian moral code that formed the original basis for the very idea of America.
I further submit that Justice Black and the 1947 Court was out of order in the Everson decision; that it had no foundation in precedent or existing law, that it was an arbitrary and personal opinion, that it has had tragic consequences adversely affecting the morality of the American people and the integrity of the American government. It should therefore be overturned. The Supreme Court overstepped its bounds in establishing what amounted to new law, which is unrepresentative law. It is not within the duties of the Supreme Court to dictate new law by the method of establishing bogus legal precedent of use in suppressing open Christian religious exercise and Christian religious expression anywhere in America. Such religious suppression represents an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment free exercise clause.
Just as the Court established the Principle of Judicial Review, in Maybury v. Madison in 1803, the Congress may establish a Principle of Congressional Review, and the President may establish a Principle of Executive Review, by overturning clearly unconstitutional, Court-established legal precedent, and declaring it null, void and no precedent from that date forward.
The 1947 Everson case should be overruled by the Legislative branch or by the Executive branch, either acting together or acting singly. The Court, the Legislature and the Executive are all co-equal branches of the American government. The Court has no dictatorial authority to establish new "Constitutional principles" that may not be found anywhere in the Constitution.
Congress and/or the President should have acted to put this aside in 1947. Since it didn't happen then, it remains for a future government to do it.
His will be done.
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From: Vic Biorseth
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On Threats to America's National Existence. A look at the nature of our national existence, what makes us America, physical threats to that, and the possibility of just going out of existence.
On the ethics of language: English dictionary Vs. Political-Correctness taboos. Language evolves, yet morals are (or should be) fixed. This poses questions re the ethics of language.
Thinking Catholic direction: threats to America, Church, Ethos, even History. The Thinking Catholic Direction is multi-faceted, facing threats to American National Existence, Catholic Liturgy, our common Guiding Ethos - emphasis changes to meet the threat of the moment.
Catholics learn and practice Glossalalia, in the Life In The Spirit seminars. Life in the Spirit seminars, fueling the Catholic Charismatic renewal, bring tongue-speaking "Glossalalia", and being "Slain in the Spirit", to Catholicism.
The website is going on hold for at least the next five weeks. Business calls, and I must respond. Will be traveling, and not taking the laptop this time.
Current Website Status. Still too busy for individual responses to questions, comments & criticisms.
Our 2006 Ohio Voter Guide. The choices are quite clear, and the 2006 Ohio Voter Guide was easy to produce.
On carrying my Lord, Jesus Christ, in my pocket. As a Eucharistic Minister, I am on occasion carrying the Lord Jesus in my pocket. It's a wondrous thing.
A 2006 Christmas and Hanukkah wish. May the Holy Days we celebrate remind us all of who we are, and how we are different from other peoples.
Current Democratic Party platform reveals anti-Semitic streak among Liberals. In their voting, their speechifying, and in the slant of their controlled mainstream media reporting, the current Democratic Party Platform is made clear to all observers.
The "Left", and The DaVinci Code, The Passion, and Cartoons of Mohammed. You can tell a lot about a movement by its public words. The Passion? "Unreservedly Bad." The DaVinci Code? "Unreservedly Good." Anything to do with Islam? "No Comment."
Who's driving the Health Care bus? Health insurance companies "grading" doctors? Health insurance companies grading doctors: a legitimized conflict of interest. A preparatory step toward the nationalization of the health insurance industry?
On the forced use of medical boiler plate language rather than simple notes. The "little dictators" from insurance companies and government bureaucracies force MDs to use stilted, verbose, medical boiler plate language in their own documentation.
Home For Christmas 2008. Website Getting Active Again
Hydrogen power could be, and should be, the wave of our automotive future. Any move toward hydrogen power is a move toward a cleaner and more efficient fuel, and away from our dangerous dependency on oil.
Thoughts in remembrance of 09/11/2001, five years later. The changing shape of the war, the changing shape of the enemy.
The Jewish Shabbat. Description of Jewish Shabbat (Sabbath) from my Holy Land item supplier.
Kerry lies again, and then lies about his lies, in concert with the SLIMC. There he goes again! Kerry lies again and again about American servicemen and veterans; he just can't help himself.
Kerry's Lies: The Old, Vietnam-Era Anti-War Chickens are Comming Home to Roost. POW Lawsuit Could Force Kerry To Come Clean - by George "Bud" Day, Chairman, Vietnam Veterans Legacy Foundation.
What's going on with Mel Gibson? Is he really an anti-Semite? I am surprised that Mel Gibson is an alcolholic. But I am never surprised at any words that come out of the mouth of any drunk.
Still Worrying Over NuVo Consequences. The Holidays have gone by, several days have passed, and the SANE NuVo Initiative still stands pat.
The Dem's October Surprise involves another flip-flop of their public "standard". The clearly pro-sodomy Party that openly seeks the "Gay" vote goes Victorian for another pre-election October Surprise ploy.
Some Problems with NuVo: the so-called Null-Vote Initiative. A "philosophical" movement aimed at keeping religious conservatives from voting? Seriously? Let me state my problems with NuVo.
Come, let us sit and reason together. Jews and Christians of various stripe and spot can say to each other, 'Come, let us sit and reason together.' But we can't do that with the Moslems.
Regarding SANE works dropping NuVo: Nul Vote Initiative dies with a whimper. If you can't really present a good argument, sit down. On SANE Works dropping the NuVo Initiative: a program that works hard to SOUND pro-American while ACTING to oppose American National Existence.
Even experts grossly underestimate the Marxist zeal of the American Left. The sharp Left turn happened in the Hoover-FDR era, and the Marxism of the American Left has been deepening ever since.
Thinking American, in a nutshell: When one has lots to say, but time is limited. The older I get, the busier I get. Answering multiple questions as a thinking American, but in a hurry.
"We are an Easter People, and Hallelujah is our Song." (John Paul the Great) Our absolutely unique and singular Easter story, and the incredible force with which it struck human history.
Witnessing, grieving and weeping for our dieing culture. What might it take to call a whole people back from the brink of cultural death?
If we have an inherent right to something, then, who must supply it? Rights and Responsibilities exist in paired sets; a right does not exist in the absence of a related responsibility. If indeed we have a right to our job, then, someone must provide it. Who?
So how come we have all these homeless people if our system is so great? The strong "Utopian Idealist" firmly believes that absolute worldly perfection is actually possible. Therefore, there should never be any such thing as a hungry or homeless person.
Taking a look at Illegal Imigration and Tax Problem solutions. In our view, the minimum wage and income tax have outlived their usefulness, and only contribute to the illegal alien problem.
First journal / blog entries when the thinking catholic blog first opened up. Notes to readers about what I was doing.
On-going WebSite work and planned WebPages as of 09/07/2006. Adding items to book store.
Vic's busted finger status - life goes on. Another busted finger status report, since the original one rolled off of the 50-entry BLOG update records.
Website Status as of 02/05/2009. No more Bookstore; no more Contact Me; no more complexity.
Website Status 03-09-2009. Just a note to bring you up to date on website status 03-09-2009.
Website Status 04/06/2009. Busy driving daily now; most website work will be weekend and as available.
The Plastic Bags and Eco Doom theory: will plastic bags end life as we know it? Plastic Bag and Eco Doom predictions tell us that plastic grocery and garbage bags will still be buried in the land fills and dumps a thousand years from now. Well … so what?
Farewell Smokey Biorseth; Rest In Peace. Hello Coal Biorseth; Welcome Home. As we were laying our beloved Smokey Biorseth to rest in his grave beside the lilies, a carbon-copy of Smokey, in younger form, emerged from the lilies.
Honky Biorseth really runs this house. If you want to know what's in any cabinet in the house, just ask Honky Biorseth.
Kill the illegal alien marketplace, and illegal aliens will leave on their own. Why should we "imagine" life with no Mexico? Shouldn't the Mexicans be trying to imagine no such thing as the USA?
More Marxist infiltration of higher education. Public school and the media are not the only places dominated by Marxist thought; even Catholic institutions are infected.
Of Families and Fortunes, and Inheritance Vs. Redistribution. Families and Fortunes are despised by Marxists, because Marxism demonizes the family, demonizes fortunes, and even demonizes profit.
Website Status Update 11/09/10. Just a Website status update; where we are and where we're going.
Regarding the 2010 Tax Deal Pledge Breaker: Pledge? What Pledge? How can Republican deal makers even face us? We need to hang a Tea Party target on all professional politicians for 2012.
Pray for peace in Jerusalem, and for deliverance of Israel from harm. To pray for peace in Jerusalem is to pray for deliverance from Obama.
A tale of Promised Financial Melt-Down Debt Ceiling Nonsense and Happy Marxists. Everyone, on both sides, believes the Debt Ceiling Nonsense. Why?
God and Nature: on the Nature of Things, established by the Creator of Things. God and Nature: on man's Perversion of the Nature of Things, even with the best of intentions.
Our Ohio voter Guide for the 2012 Election. The 2l012 Ohio Voter Guide – The Choices Have Never Been Clearer, or more critical.
Evangelization enters the animal kingdom with the first bear prayer. It is fitting that the first bear prayer would be a prayer of thanksgiving.
Is the Internet down in Lithuania? Sudden loss of Lithanian traffic suggests the internet is down in Lithuania.
The rise of the Femi Nazi Green Beret, and the decline of military victory. The first Femi Nazi Green Beret will be awarded out of fairness, not excellence.
Food Insurance: Is this stuff really any good? All of us conspiracy-theorizing, global-calamity doomsday-preppers need their Food Insurance.
We just had to try to do Robert Irvine's Plastic Wrapped Baby Back Ribs. Put plastic wrapped baby back ribs in the oven? What? Are you nuts?
Thoughts on the first Eucharist, established by the Last Supper. The first Eucharist was recognized by the Apostles for what it was on that holiest Holy Thursday.
Tea-Party-Candidates-04-18-2014. The Constitution is not going to be restored to legal preeminence unless we replace leadership incumbents of BOTH PARTIES.
Ecce homo; Behold the man. Ecce Homo. Behold the Innocent Lamb, who takes away the sins of the world.
When your system slows down or hangs, it's time for a Total System Reboot. America, the World, and even the Catholic Church may need a Total System Reboot.
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Pets Brave the Wrath of Superstorm Sandy
As much of the Northeast digs out from Superstorm Sandy's devastation, it's clear that both pets and people need as much help as they can get. During the storm, pet-friendly evacuation centers up and down the coast welcomed owners and animals forced to leave their homes. And now, local animal shelters are mobilizing volunteers to provide much-needed relief to furry friends without access to important resources like food and housing.
Check out our photo gallery of pets weathering the storm, and one dog who's already "helping" with cleanup efforts in New York.
For more information on what you can do to help pets affected by Sandy, contact your local animal shelters and rescue organizations. The Humane Society is promoting a #Sandypets Twitter hashtag to collect information on disaster relief efforts for animals.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
The seventh-day Sabbath, observed from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset, is an important part of the beliefs and practices of seventh-day churches. These churches emphasize biblical references such as the ancient Hebrew practice of beginning a day "at the going down of the sun", and the scriptural account of creation in Genesis wherein an "evening and morning" established a day, predating the giving of the Ten Commandments (thus the command to "remember" the sabbath). Seventh-day Sabbatarianism was the practice of all or most of the early Christian church through the 4th century.[1][2] The seventh day of the week is recognized in many languages and calendars as Sabbath, and is still observed as such in modern Judaism.
Christian seventh-day Sabbatarians seek to reestablish the practice of the early apostolic Christians who kept the sabbath. They usually believe that all humanity is obliged to keep the Ten Commandments, including the sabbath, and that keeping all the commandments is a moral responsibility that honors, and shows love towards, God as creator, sustainer, and redeemer. The majority of Christians do not observe the sabbath on the seventh day, but instead honor Sunday, the first day of the week, as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection, and (in some traditions) as the Christian Sabbath.[3]
The sabbath is one of the defining characteristics of seventh-day denominations, including Seventh Day Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, the Seventh-Day Evangelist Church, the Church of God (7th Day) headquartered in Salem, West Virginia and the Church of God (Seventh Day) conferences, and the United Church of God, among many others.
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The sabbath was first described in the biblical account of the seventh day of creation. Observation and remembrance of the sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments (the fourth in the Eastern Orthodox and most Protestant traditions, the third in Roman Catholic and Lutheran traditions). Most people who observe first-day or seventh-day sabbath regard it as having been instituted as a perpetual covenant: "Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant." (Exodus 31:13-17) (see also Exodus 23:12, Deuteronomy 5:13-14)) This rule also applies to strangers within their gates, a sign in respect for the day during which God rested after having completed creation in six days (Genesis 2:2-3, Exodus 20:8-11).
According to R. J. Bauckham, the post-apostolic church contained diverse practices regarding the sabbath.[4] In the first centuries, the first day of the week, being made a festival in honor of Christ's resurrection, received attention as a day of religious services and recreation, but seventh-day sabbath rest was still observed by "almost all churches".[5][unreliable source?]
Early Christian observance of both spiritual seventh-day sabbath and Lord's Day assembly is evidenced in Ignatius's letter to the Magnesians ca. 110.[4][6] The Pseudo-Ignatian additions amplified this point by combining weekly observance of spiritual seventh-day sabbath with the Lord's assembly.[7] If Pseudo-Ignatius dates as early as 140, its admonition must be considered important evidence on 2nd-century sabbath and Lord's Day observance.[8] According to classical sources, widespread seventh-day sabbath rest by gentile Christians was also the prevailing mode in the 3rd and 4th centuries.[1][2]
On March 7, 321, the Roman emperor Constantine issued a decree making Sunday a day of rest from labor, stating:[9]
All judges and city people and the craftsmen shall rest upon the venerable day of the sun. Country people, however, may freely attend to the cultivation of the fields, because it frequently happens that no other days are better adapted for planting the grain in the furrows or the vines in trenches. So that the advantage given by heavenly providence may not for the occasion of a short time perish.
Ellen G. White states that ecumenical councils generally each pressed the sabbath down slightly lower and exalted Sunday correspondingly, and that the bishops eventually urged Constantine to syncretize the worship day to promote the nominal acceptance of Christianity by pagans. But "while many God-fearing Christians were gradually led to regard Sunday as possessing a degree of sacredness, they still held [seventh-day] Sabbath."[10] Bauckham also states some church authorities continued to oppose this as a judaizing tendency.[4]
In the 4th century, Socrates Scholasticus (Church History, Book V) stated:[1]
For although almost all churches throughout the world celebrate the sacred mysteries on the sabbath of every week, yet the Christians of Alexandria and at Rome, on account of some ancient tradition, have ceased to do this. The Egyptians in the neighborhood of Alexandria, and the inhabitants of Thebaïs, hold their religious assemblies on the sabbath, but do not participate of the mysteries in the manner usual among Christians in general: for after having eaten and satisfied themselves with food of all kinds, in the evening making their offerings they partake of the mysteries.
In the 5th century, Sozomen (Ecclesiastical History, Book VII), referencing Socrates Scholasticus, added to his description:[2]
Assemblies are not held in all churches on the same time or manner. The people of Constantinople, and almost everywhere, assemble together on the Sabbath, as well as on the first day of the week, which custom is never observed at Rome or at Alexandria. There are several cities and villages in Egypt where, contrary to the usage established elsewhere, the people meet together on Sabbath evenings, and, although they have dined previously, partake of the mysteries.
Thus both early church historians, Socrates and Sozomen, cite the seventh day as the Christian day of rest and corporate worship, with the exception of the Christians in Rome and Alexandria.[11]
The "Sabbath in Africa Study Group" (SIA), founded by Charles E. Bradford in 1991,[12] holds that the sabbath has existed in Africa since the beginning of recorded history.[13][14] Taddesse Tamrat has argued that this practice predates Saint Ewostatewos's advocacy of observing both Saturday and Sunday as days of sabbath, which led to his eventual exile from Ethiopia around 1337.[15] Emperor Zara Yaqob convened a synod at Tegulet in 1450 to discuss the sabbath question.[16][17][18]
In Bohemia, as much as one quarter of the population kept seventh-day the sabbath in 1310. This practice continued until at least the 16th century, when Erasmus wrote about the practice.[19]
The Unitarian Church condemned Sabbatarianism as innovation (forbidden by the Transylvanian law on religious toleration) in 1618. The last Sabbatarian congregation in Transylvania disappeared in the 19th century and the remaining Sabbatarians, who were known as "Somrei Sabat" (the Hungarian transliteration of the Hebrew words for "Sabbath observers") joined the existing Jewish communities, into which they were eventually absorbed. Sabbatarianism also expanded into Russia, where its adherents were called Subbotniks, and, from there, the movement expanded into other countries. Some of the Russian Subbotniks maintained a Christian identity doctrinally, while others formally converted to Judaism and assimilated within the Jewish communities of Russia. Some of the latter, however, who had become Jewish, although they and their descendants practiced Judaism and had not practiced Christianity for nearly two centuries, still retained a distinct identity as ethnic Russian converts to Judaism until later.[citation needed]
A small number of the anti-Trinitarian Socinian churches of Eastern Europe and the Netherlands adopted the seventh day as the day of worship and rest.
Sects such as the Waldenses, Albigenses, and Leonists appear to have retained sabbath observance in Europe during the Middle Ages. A report of an inquisition, before which were brought some Waldenses of Moravia in the middle of the 15th century, declares that among the Waldenses "not a few indeed celebrate the Sabbath with the Jews."[20] The Ti Ping Revolution kept the sabbath in China. The Goa Inquisition attacked Sabbatarian Saint Thomas Christians.
At the time of the Protestant Reformation some Anabaptists, such as Oswald Glait, argued that the seventh day should be observed as the sabbath and that Sunday sabbath was an invention of the Pope.[21]
Seventh-day Sabbatarianism was revived in 17th-century England. Early advocates included the Elizabethan Seventh-Day Men, the Traskites (after John Traske, 1586–1636), and Thomas Brabourne. The majority of seventh-day Sabbatarians were part of the Seventh Day Baptist church and experienced harsh opposition from Anglican authorities and Puritans. The first Seventh Day Baptist church in the United States was established in Rhode Island in 1671.[21]
Seventh Day Baptists are Christian Baptists who observe seventh-day Sabbath. The Seventh Day Baptist World Federation today represents over 50,000 Baptists in 22 countries.
It is the oldest modern Sabbatarian denomination. The first recorded Seventh Day Baptist meeting was held at The Mill Yard Church in London in 1651[22] under the leadership of Peter Chamberlen.
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2011) |
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is the largest modern seventh-day Sabbatarian denomination, with about 16 million members, and holds the sabbath as one of the Pillars of Adventism. Seventh-day Adventism grew out of the Millerite movement in the 1840s, and its founders were converted to Sabbatarianism under the influence of Rachel Oakes Preston, a young Seventh Day Baptist laywoman living in New Hampshire.
Seventh-day Adventists observe the sabbath from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset. In places where the sun does not appear or does not set for several months, such as northern Scandinavia, the tendency is to regard an arbitrary time such as 6 p.m. as "sunset". During the sabbath, Adventists avoid secular work and business, although medical, relief, and humanitarian work is accepted. Though there are cultural variations, most Adventists also avoid activities such as shopping, sport, and certain forms of entertainment. Adventists typically gather for church services on Saturday morning. Some also gather on Friday evening to welcome in the sabbath hours (sometimes called "vespers" or "opening Sabbath"), and some similarly gather at "closing Sabbath".
Traditionally, Seventh-day Adventists hold that the Ten Commandments (including the fourth commandment concerning the sabbath) are part of the moral law of God, not abrogated by the teachings of Jesus Christ, which apply equally to Christians. This was a common Christian understanding[23] before the Sabbatarian controversy led Sunday-keepers to adopt a more radical antinomian position. Adventists have traditionally distinguished between "moral law" and "ceremonial law", arguing that moral law continues to bind Christians, while events predicted by the ceremonial law were fulfilled by Christ's death on the cross.
"Sabbatarian Adventists" emerged between 1845 and 1849 from within the Adventist movement of William Miller, later to become the Seventh-day Adventists. Frederick Wheeler[24] began keeping the seventh day as the sabbath after personally studying the issue in March 1844 following a conversation with Rachel Preston, according to his later report.[25] He is reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in support of the sabbath. Several members of the church in Washington, New Hampshire, to which he occasionally ministered, also followed his decision, forming the first Sabbatarian Adventist church.[26] These included William Farnsworth[27] and his brother Cyrus.[28] T. M. Preble soon accepted it from either Wheeler, Oakes, or someone else at the church. These events preceded the Great Disappointment, which followed shortly after, when Jesus did not return as Millerites expected on October 22, 1844.
Preble was the first Millerite to promote the sabbath in print form, through the February 28, 1845, issue of the Adventist Hope of Israel in Portland, Maine. In March he published his sabbath views in tract form as A Tract, Showing that the Seventh Day Should be Observed as the Sabbath, Instead of the First Day; "According to the Commandment".[29] This tract led to the conversion of John Nevins Andrews and other Adventist families in Paris, Maine, as well as the 1845 conversion of Joseph Bates, who became the foremost proponent of the sabbath among this group. These men in turn convinced James Springer White, Ellen Harmon (later White), and Hiram Edson of New Hampshire.[30] Preble is known to have kept seventh-day sabbath until mid-1847. He later repudiated the sabbath and opposed the Seventh-day Adventists, authoring The First-Day Sabbath.
Bates proposed an 1846 meeting among the believers in New Hampshire and Port Gibson, which took place at Edson's farm, where Edson and other Port Gibson believers readily accepted the sabbath message and forged an alliance with Bates, White, and Harmon. Between April 1848 and December 1850, 22 sabbath conferences in New York and New England allowed White, Bates, Edson, and Stephen Pierce to reach conclusions about doctrinal issues.[31]
Also in 1846, a pamphlet written by Bates created widespread interest in the sabbath. Bates, White, Harmon, Edson, Wheeler, and S. W. Rhodes led the promotion of the sabbath, partly through regular publications.[32] Present Truth magazine was largely devoted to the sabbath at first.[33] J. N. Andrews was the first Adventist to write a book-length defense of the sabbath, first published in 1861. Two of Andrews' books include Testimony of the Fathers of the First Three Centuries Concerning the Sabbath and the First Day[34] and History of the Sabbath.[35]
The pioneers of the church have traditionally taught that the seventh-day sabbath will be a test, leading to the sealing of God's people during the end times, though there is little consensus about how this will play out. The church has traditionally taught that there will be an international Sunday law enforced by a coalition of religious and secular authorities, and that all who do not observe it will be persecuted and killed. This is taken from the church's interpretation, following Ellen G. White, of Daniel 7:25, Revelation 13:15, Revelation 7, Ezekiel 20:12-20, and Exodus 31:13. Where the subject of persecution appeared in prophecy, it was thought to be about the sabbath. Some early Adventists were jailed for working on Sunday, in violation of various local blue laws that legislated Sunday as a day of rest. It was expected that a universal Sunday law would soon be enforced, as a sign of the end times.
Seventh-day Sabbatarianism was a key feature of the former Worldwide Church of God, founded by Herbert W. Armstrong, and its various descendent movements. Armstrong, who began the Radio Church of God, was in 1931 ordained by the Oregon Conference of the Church of God (Seventh Day), an Adventist group, and began serving a congregation in Eugene, Oregon. The broadcast was essentially a condensed church service on the air, with hymnsinging featured along with Armstrong's message, and was the launching point for what would become the Worldwide Church of God.
The primarily Chinese True Jesus Church supports the seventh-day sabbath, and has approximately 2 million believers worldwide. Initial founder Ling-Sheng Zhang accepted the sabbath after studying Seventh-day Adventist theology, and co-founder Paul Wei was originally a Seventh-day Adventist. An American missionary named Berntsen, who was from a sabbath-keeping Church of God, was also influential upon the founders.
Other minor Sabbatarian churches include:
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Pillow top mattresses and plush linens provide you with the comfort of a great night's sleep after exploring our beautiful city.
Click here to order Emil Bach House and other great Frank Lloyd Wright products.
Tour Frank Lloyd Wright's Emil Bach House on Wednesdays, 11 am – 3 pm from May 7 through September 24, 2014.


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Find out what's new this month from Portobello Books, discover defining titles and treasures from the backlist, get to know our authors and much more.
Meet the Portobello Books team, find out about our unique approach to publishing and get news of Portobello Books events and author appearances near you.
Click here to read the opening chapter to Edward Hollis's acclaimed, The Memory Palace: A Book of Lost Interiors.
"I'm not in politics because I'm playing about" - Caroline Lucas
Read this interview with Caroline Lucas on being the only Green MP and her account of her first five years in parliament, Honourable Friends?: Parliament and the Fight for Change, in the Guardian.


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Andy Oram
Fast data calls for new ways to manage its flow
Examples of multi-layer, three-tier data-processing architecture.
Like CPU caches, which tend to be arranged in multiple levels, modern organizations direct their data into different data stores under the principle that a small amount is needed for real-time decisions and the rest for long-range business decisions. This article looks at options for data storage, focusing on one that's particularly appropriate for the "fast data" scenario described in a recent O'Reilly report.
Many organizations deal with data on at least three levels:
- They need data at their fingertips, rather like a reference book you leave on your desk. Organizations use such data for things like determining which ad to display on a web page, what kind of deal to offer a visitor to their website, or what email message to suppress as spam. They store such data in memory, often in key/value stores that allow fast lookups. Flash is a second layer (slower than memory, but much cheaper), as I described in a recent article. John Piekos, vice president of engineering at VoltDB, which makes an in-memory database, says that this type of data storage is used in situations where delays of just 20 or 30 milliseconds mean lost business.
- For business intelligence, theses organizations use a traditional relational database or a more modern "big data" tool such as Hadoop or Spark. Although the use of a relational database for background processing is generally called online analytic processing (OLAP), it is nowhere near as online as the previous data used over a period of just milliseconds for real-time decisions.
- Some data is archived with no immediate use in mind. It can be compressed and perhaps even stored on magnetic tape.
For the new fast data tier, where performance is critical, techniques such as materialized views further improve responsiveness. According to Piekos, materialized views bypass a certain amount of database processing to cut milliseconds off of queries. Read more…
The big data sweet spot: policy that balances benefits and risks
Deciding what data to collect is hard when consequences are unpredictable.
A big reason why discussions of "big data" get complicated — and policy-makers resort to vague hand-waving, as in the well-known White House executive office report — is that its ripple effects travel fast and far. Your purchase, when recorded by a data broker, affects not only the the ads and deals they offer you in the future, but the ones they offer innumerable people around the country that share some demographic with you.
Policy-making might be simple if data collectors or governments could say, "We'll collect certain kinds of data for certain purposes and no others" — but the impacts of data collection are rarely predictable. And if one did restrict big data that way, its value would be seriously reduced.
Follow my steps: big data privacy vs collection
Data collection will explode as we learn how to connect you to different places you've been by the way you walk or to recognize certain kinds of diseases by your breath.
When such data exhaust is being collected, you can't evade consequences by paying cash and otherwise living off the grid. In fact, trying to do so may disadvantage you even more: people who lack access to sophisticated technologies leave fewer tracks and therefore may not be served by corporations or governments. Read more…
Commodity data analytics for health care
Predixion service could signal a trend for smaller health facilities.
Analytics are expensive and labor intensive; we need them to be routine and ubiquitous. I complained earlier this year that analytics are hard for health care providers to muster because there's a shortage of analysts and because every data-driven decision takes huge expertise.
Currently, only major health care institutions such as Geisinger, the Mayo Clinic, and Kaiser Permanente incorporate analytics into day-to-day decisions. Research facilities employ analytics teams for clinical research, but perhaps not so much for day-to-day operations. Large health care providers can afford departments of analysts, but most facilities — including those forming accountable care organizations — cannot.
Imagine that you are running a large hospital and are awake nights worrying about the Medicare penalty for readmitting patients within 30 days of their discharge. Now imagine you have access to analytics that can identify about 40 measures that combine to predict a readmission, and a convenient interface is available to tell clinicians in a simple way which patients are most at risk of readmission. Better still, the interface suggests specific interventions to reduce readmissions risk: giving the patient a 30-day supply of medication, arranging transportation to rehab appointments, etc. Read more…
Fast data fuels real-time streaming applications
A new report describes an imminent shift in real-time applications and the data architecture they require.
The era is here: we're starting to see computers making decisions that people used to make, through a combination of historical and real-time data. These streams of data come together in applications that answer questions like:
- What news items or ads is this website visitor likely to be interested in?
- Is current network traffic part of a Distributed Denial of Service attack?
- Should our banking site offer a visitor a special deal on a mortgage, based on her credit history?
- What promotion will entice this gamer to stay on our site longer?
- Is a particular part of the assembly line overheating and need to be shut down?
Such decisions require the real-time collection of data from the particular user or device, along with others in the environment, and often need to be done on a per-person or per-event basis. For instance, leaderboarding (determining who is top candidate among a group of users, based on some criteria) requires a database that tracks all the relevant users. Such a database nowadays often resides in memory. Read more…
New Swift language shows Apple history
Still reflects conventions going back to original adoption of Objective-C
Like many Apple programmers (and new programmers who are curious about iOS), I treated Apple's Swift language as a breath of fresh air. I welcomed when Vandad Nahavandipoor updated his persistently popular iOS Programming Cookbook to cover Swift exclusively. But I soon realized that the LLVM compiler and iOS runtime have persistent attributes of their own that have not gone away when programmers adopt Swift. This post tries to alert new iOS programmers to the idiosyncrasies of the runtime that they still need to learn.
How Flash changes the design of database storage engines
High-performing memory throws many traditional decisions overboard
Over the past decade, SSD drives (popularly known as Flash) have radically changed computing at both the consumer level — where USB sticks have effectively replaced CDs for transporting files — and the server level, where it offers a price/performance ratio radically different from both RAM and disk drives. But databases have just started to catch up during the past few years. Most still depend on internal data structures and storage management fine-tuned for spinning disks.
Citing price and performance, one author advised a wide range of database vendors to move to Flash. Certainly, a database administrator can speed up old databases just by swapping out disk drives and inserting Flash, but doing so captures just a sliver of the potential performance improvement promised by Flash. For this article, I asked several database experts — including representatives of Aerospike, Cassandra, FoundationDB, RethinkDB, and Tokutek — how Flash changes the design of storage engines for databases. The various ways these companies have responded to its promise in their database designs are instructive to readers designing applications and looking for the best storage solutions.
Does net neutrality really matter?
Competition, access to bandwidth, and other issues muddy the net neutrality waters.
It was the million comments filed at the FCC that dragged me out of the silence I've maintained for several years on the slippery controversy known as "network neutrality." The issue even came up during President Obama's address to the recent U.S.-Africa Business forum.
Most people who latch on to the term "network neutrality" (which was never favored by the experts I've worked with over the years to promote competitive Internet service) don't know the history that brought the Internet to its current state. Without this background, proposed policy changes will be ineffective. So, I'll try to fill in some pieces that help explain the complex cans of worms opened by the idea of network neutrality.
Read more…
Smarter buildings through data tracking
Buildings are ready to be smart — we just need to collect and monitor the data.
Buildings, like people, can benefit from lessons built up over time. Just as Amazon.com recommends books based on purchasing patterns or doctors recommend behavior change based on what they've learned by tracking thousands of people, a service such as Clockworks from KGS Buildings can figure out that a boiler is about to fail based on patterns built up through decades of data.
I had the chance to be enlightened about intelligent buildings through a conversation with Nicholas Gayeski, cofounder of KGS Buildings, and Mark Pacelle, an engineer with experience in building controls who has written for O'Reilly about the Internet of Things. Read more…
Health games platforms mature in preparation for mainstream adoption
Business models and sustainability will drive success in the health games space.
These efforts have born fruit, and clinical trials have shown the value of many such games. Ben Sawyer, who founded the Games for Health conference more than 10 years ago, is watching all the pieces fall into place for the widespread adoption of games. Business plans, platforms, and the general environment for the acceptance of games (and other health-related apps) are coming together.


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Started in 2009, Bin 707 Food and Wine opened at 707 Horizon Drive in North Grand Junction. Named after a high end Cabernet of the same name by Australian Winemaker Penfold's. In 2011 it morphed into Bin 707 Foodbar in downtown Grand Junction serving Seasonal American fare.
Food is our passion. Each item on the menu at Bin 707 Foodbar is carefully created by our chefs by using local, Colorado, and domestic products combined in such a way they truly delight the senses. Wines, spirits, bar food and everyday fare, experience Bin 707 Foodbar.
West Slope Supper Club
To promote the Grand Valley as an agricultural oasis in the desert; to showcase our creative chefs, farmers, brewers, distillers, wine makers, and our collective vision to make western Colorado a celebrated destination. Food, friends, and fun for all.


text: For three years you have been asking for this flavor that reminds you of summer. We've been working hard to master the art of this sweet and salty treat. Now the time has come. You won't believe how addicting the flavor is. And the crunch is amazing. Kettlecorn will be added to our line-up of "Traditional Flavors" which means you get to have Ketttlecorn everyday of the year. Kettlecorn will be available in "Tall", "Big", "Jumbo" sizes, as well as, special orders. Kettlecorn is also great in popcorn tins. Kettlecorn will be available in stores and online beginning Saturday, July 19th.


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Improve your basketball skills this summer. Join us in Bangkok for great basketball training and fun.
NBC Camps is the largest overnight basketball camp program in the world. We believe building talent is a choice. We help educate athletes on how to talent works, how to get more and how to train the brain to make confidence, courage, and gratitude intrinsic. Our camps are high energy, fun, and unlike any other camp experience.
NBC Camps hosts a comprehensive basketball camp at the American School of Bangkok - Bangna Campus for people who love the game enough to work to play it well. Improve your shooting, defense, offensive moves, dribbling, ball handling and knowledge of the game. Step up your confidence, mental toughness, leadership and love for life. Have a blast as you work hard becoming your best on and off the court.
Complete Player Basketball Camp
Complete Player Camps focus on the crucial keys to becoming a great player. We break our teaching into four focus areas: Individual offense, defense, shooting and team skills. Campers are separated into teaching groups and teams based on their age and ability. These camps are not for the beginning basketball player. Athletes who attend must have fair amount of experience and ability appropriate for 6 to 8 hours a day of basketball. We recommend our junior camp option to younger or more beginner athletes.
Complete Player Camps are highly recommended and emphasis extensive skill development, intensity, enthusiasm, leadership, and team. Many athletes who have attended our program go on to play at the college level and beyond. NBC Camps full-time staff work year round to make NBC Camps the premier basketball camp in the world. One of the highlights of this week is Intensity Night. Enjoy tournaments, games, amazing staff who care about helping you become the best person you can be.
Pure Shooting and Offensive Skills Camp
This camp is designed to help you become excellent at basketball's most crucial skill as well as helping you become an unstoppable offensive force. Every athlete at the Pure Shooting Camp receives video analysis and detailed instruction on shot mechanics and correction.
In August 1997, the Bangna Campus of ASB opened with a capacity for 2,000 students from pre-kindergarten through to Grade 12. It is located off the Bangna-Trad Road at Km. 15, within the beautiful grounds of the Green Valley Country Club. Students enjoy a fresh, open and natural environment, with state of the art facilities.
The ASB Bangna campus is known for its beauty in design and architecture. The auditorium and gymnasium are made of wood imported from Sweden in order to provide a professional basketball court as well as a beautiful stage. The libraries, soccer fields, two swimming pools, tennis courts, theatre, computer labs, and dance, music, drama, art and video production studios provide students with plenty of activities to do.
The Bangna Campus also has a dormitory that can accommodate up to 100 students. The housing facilities are located behind the main building of the school on the second and third floors.
"NBC Camps it the BEST camp you can attend. I highly recommend it."
"As a former camper and coach at NBC Camps, I can't think of a situation that would be more beneficial for a basketball player than NBC Camp."
"NBC CAMPS has done a great job of setting themselves apart from their competition. I don't think anyone would disagree that they give their campers not only great basketball instruction, but also an unforgettable EXPERIENCE. Their evening programs and summer themes are life-changing. My amazing parents will tell you that they consider NBC Camps to be one of the best investments they ever made in my life."
"As a freshman, I was only 5'2" and 95 pounds. NBC Camps inspired me, despite my obvious limitations at that time, to make the dream of playing Division I basketball a reality. Because of the focus of life skills and top level basketball skill development, I credit NBC Camps with making me not only a better player, but a better person."
"My name is Angela and I am a professional basketball coach in Rome. My passion is basketball. At one point, my desire was to be one of Italy's best players. The highlight of my career was when Italy defeated the USA in the 1993 World Games. I have played basketball at the highest level and I have experienced many great learning opportunities. Today my motivation is to coach Italy's Olympic team. When I saw NBC Camps for the first time, I knew this would be a great opportunity for me to learn more about coaching basketball, especially the technical and motivational aspects of the game. This past summer I spent 10 days in the United States at Crowell's Intensity Camp. NBC Camps is fantastic. Being part of NBC Camps is one of the best experiences of my life and I am a better coach for it. NBC Camps will make you a better player, but more importantly, you will be a better person."


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Marty McFly and Doc Brown are back in an all new time-travelling adventure on PlayStation 3.
- Travel through time in the famous DeLorean and meet up with the McFlys, Tannens and Browns as you try to amend timelines and prevent terrible mistakes.
- Experience an adventure created in conjunction with the Back to the Future series co-creator and writer, Bob Gale.
- Immerse yourself in a story featuring the likenesses of Michael J Fox and Christopher Lloyd, and with Christopher Lloyd voicing the character of Doc Brown.


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Tag Archives: Gauley River
ACE raft guides are well-versed in how to surf West Virginia whitewater on the Gauley River. This post lets you in on the secret. Continue reading
Editor's Note: This is a Great Gauley Blog-Off contest submission by Darylanne Pearson. Darylanne wrote a poem called "River Magic." Terms and rules are listed at the end of this post and your essay and poem submissions are being accepted … Continue reading
It's almost Gauley Season and we're starting to get a little antsy. Why can't it just be September already, right?
Every season, nearly 40,000 people come to ACE just to go rafting. Many companies also come to work on their communication skills, leadership skills, trust in the group and other such dynamics. Continue reading
Before the 1880s, the Gauley River was a completely different river than the one we raft and ducky today. It was most likely impossible to navigate! Continue reading
Volunteering while on vacation is not a new concept, but I am starting to see it more often in major media. What is it that is sparking more and more people to give up a portion of or their entire vacation in order to help others or our environment? Continue reading
ACE hosts Mid-Atlantic Region, Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR) Department's 9th annual all-military Wilderness Challenge on the New and Gauley Rivers Continue reading
U.S. military gear up to take on the grueling 9th Annual Wilderness Challenge hosted by ACE Adventure Resort in the New River Gorge of West Virginia Continue reading
When Summersville Dam is releasing and the Gauley River fills with awesome whitewater, not even a best friend's wedding can tear this ACE Adventure Resort raft guide away Continue reading
With a DVD of your Gauley whitewater rafting experience, you can relive the triumphs of your trip. But beware, the camera sees all and captures the bloopers as well. Continue reading


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More reports in French media that Emmanuel Frimpong could be heading their way.
Emmanuel Frimpong could be heading to Saint Etienne if reports on a number of French sites are to be believed.
The rumour first appeared a few days ago and since then it's gained a bit of traction with Chrisophe Galtier, the Saint Etienne coach saying
If we have the opportunity, we would like to recruit a quality midfielder.
Frimpong hasn't got anywhere near the Arsenal first team this season. Missing the first part of the campaign with injury, he does not really seem to be in Arsene Wenger's plans and is out of contract in the summer.
The midfielder has obtained something of a cult status at the club amongst a certain section of the fans but for me I wouldn't be bothered in the slightest if Arsenal were to let him go. He is frequently offensive [especially to women] and seems more concerned with the whole 'Dench' malarky.
Anyway, I'm sure Frimpong in France couldn't possibly go wrong.


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Rihanna - Nobody's Business Feat. Chris Brown
Nobody's Business Rihanna Feat. Chris Brown
Check out one of the anticipated cuts off Rihanna's "Unapologetic" album which drops November 19th. What do you think?
Bump Nobody's Business, the latest cut from Rihanna featuring Chris Brown on the assist. It was released on Thursday, November 15th, 2012. Things are improving for Rihanna with each new offering, and Nobody's Business is certainly no exception. It's a worthy addition to the Rihanna's catalogue, which has seen much evolution as of late. We're definitely anticipating the next step.
Have you heard Rihanna's Loveeeeeee Song, featuring Future ? Check out Rihanna's profile page for the most recent info, news, songs, and mixtapes.
How do y'all feel about this collabo? Are y'all feeling this one?


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Welcome to Carrie Ann's Blog Hops! Click the Tabs above to see what hops you want to sign up for! All are open for sign ups! Be on the lookout for a welcome email before the hop starts. Thanks so much for coming and I can't wait to HOP with you!
Tuesday, October 30, 2012
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DHS partners with counties, tribes, providers, consumer groups, advocacy organizations and other partners in human services to address Minnesotans' needs.
Minn. Stat. §256B.0911, subd. 2b establishes training and certification requirements for the MnCHOICES assessment process. MnCHOICES Certified Assessor Training prepares assessors to conduct assessments and use the MnCHOICES Web-based application. Certified assessors recertify every three years.
Once DHS implements the MnCHOICES assessment process, lead agencies must use trained and certified assessors. Certified assessors need to have a common set of skills and knowledge in best practices and use person-centered principles. Training and certification helps ensure consistency across assessments for long-term services and supports. Certified assessor training also allows for equal access to services statewide.
Candidates must have one of the following:
DHS designed a training curriculum and developed a certification process. Training and certification includes four steps:
Step 1 - Foundation: Candidates need to demonstrate understanding about programs and services, formal and informal supports and MnCHOICES principles and values.
Step 2 - Principles: Candidates take online courses to learn to perform MnCHOICES assessments and support planning functions. Candidates must pass a test following each course.
Step 3 - Application: Candidates demonstrate skills using the MnCHOICES application through guidance and hands-on experience.
Step 4 - Recertification: Assessors participate in professional development activities, document their experience and describe how activities improve their knowledge and skills.
MnCHOICES Certified Assessor Training (MnCAT) is available in TrainLink.
Step 1–Foundation and Step 2–Principles are currently available. Step 3–Application will be available in April 2014. DHS will add additional courses to TrainLink as they are completed.
Send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com with questions or comments about certified assessor training.


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Home » Donate
Thursday, January 29, 2015, 3:30 AM
OLC Winter 2015 Volunteer Training Series
Tuesday, February 3, 2015, 9:30 AM
East Bay Innovation Academy School Tour
Sunday, February 8, 2015, 2:00 PM
Technites Past & Present Centennial Showcase
A Fundraiser for Boost, The Peer Tutoring Program
Tuesday, February 10, 2015, 9:00 AM
Sunday, February 15, 2015, 12:30 PM
Black History Month Special @ The New Parkway Theater
Attitudinal Healing Connection celebration of 25 years of serving the Oakland community, and this time it's the screening of Belle at the New Parkway Theater!
Quality Schools For All
Superintendent Wilson Strategic Plan Introduction
Check out highlights from our meetings, school board meetings and more. More on YouTube >


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CARMI (Center for Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Infertility) St. Luke's Medical Center
CARMI offers assisted reproductive technology (ART) services such as IVF-ICSI, GIFT, In Vitro Maturation, oocyte/sperm cryopreservation, surgical sperm retrieval, laser-assisted hatching, IUI/AI, among others. As the only hospital-based ART lab in the country, CARMI is a fully-Filipino state-of-the-art IVF facility armed with the most complete diagnostic center, and boasts of success rates that compare very well with the top IVF centers in the world. Located in St. Luke's Global City, CARMI's hospital-based setup assures maximum patient safety and convenience with access to other relevant specialties as urology, immunology, genetics, acupuncture, weight management and psychology.
Monday to Friday; 8:00AM to 4:00PM (Cut-off for semen collection is 2:00PM)
CARMI – St. Luke's Medical Center-Global City
Ground Floor, Medical Arts Building
32nd St. Bonifacio Global City
Taguig City, Metro Manila 1112 Philippines
Phone: (632) 789-7700 ext. 2111
E-mail Address: email@example.com
Center for Reproductive Medicine
The Center for Reproductive Medicine Inc. offers highly advanced and proven scientific and medical capabilities currently available within this field. Center for Reproductive medicine Inc. has an experienced team of Doctors, Nurses, Embryologists and Technicians dedicated to fertility treatment. It has been known as one of the first successful fertility centers in the Philippines with an impressive success rate.
11th Floor, Raffles Corporate Center
F. Ortigas Jr. Rd., Ortigas Center
Pasig City, Philippines
Phone: +632-9151048-49
Fax: +632-9151048
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Kato Repro Biotech Center
Weekdays; 8:30AM-11:30AM & 2:00PM-3:30PM
Saturday & Sunday; 8:30AM-12:00AM
8/F Tower 1, The Enterprise Center, 6766 Ayala Ave Makati, Manila
Phone: +63-2-822-1209
Fax: +63-2-836-9824
E-mail: email@example.com
Repro Optima Center for Reproductive Health, Inc.
Located in Cebu, Repro Optima is a fully integrated reproductive care center that attends to all types of fertility needs, from regular health checks to planning a baby to a wide range of fertility tests and treatments. Repro Optima is one-stop center for advanced reproductive care that encompasses a comprehensive range of services from basic consultation to laboratory assessment to more sophisticated treatments like IVF and laparoscopic reproductive tract surgery.
Repro Optima Center for Reproductive Health, Inc.
Ground Floor JRDC Building, Osmeña Blvd.,
Capitol Site, Cebu City 6000 Philippines
Phone: +6332-2562433 or +6332-2546965
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Victory Art Laboratory Manila
Victory A.R.T. Laboratory Phils Inc. is part of the Hong Kong based Victory Group of A.R.T. Laboratories and is one of the pioneer IVF laboratory here in the Philippines. Established in and spearheaded by Dr. Gregorio Pastorfide, a renowned and internationally acclaimed OB-GYN and IVF specialist, Victory continues to assist and provide infertility solutions using state-of-the-art equipment and an ever-growing and adapting medical team.
Victory A.R.T. Laboratory Phil. Inc.
Unit D-1 Medical Plaza Makati
Amorsolo cor. Dela rosa Sts.,
Legaspi Village, Makati City 1229
Phone: +632 8842290 to 92, 94
Fax: +632 8842293
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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ABC World News Tonight on Climate Change
ABC World News Tonight on Climate Change
Our colleague Ross Gelbspan shows his best side in this video of an ABC World News Tonight broadcast from last week.
Find what you were looking for?
DeSmogBlog was recently named one of the "Top 50 Eco-Blogs" in a Times of London Article. If this page wasn't what you wanted, go to our homepage and search through our 5,000 + articles on global warming.


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Mandatory College Drug Testing
One college's controversial new policy starts a nationwide debate.
Brought to you by Liberty Mutual's
The Responsibility Project
Drug tests in college used to be administered only to student athletes, but as of this semester, Linn State Technical College, in Linn, Mo., will require all 1,200 of its students to submit a urine test to check for illegal drugs. The tests, which require a $50 fee per student, will be used to determine the presence of 11 drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine and oxycodone, according the school's written policy. Students who test positive can stay in school on probation, but must test clean 45 days later and complete an online drug-prevention course in order to remain enrolled.
Almost immediately after Linn State adopted the policy, the American Civil Liberties Union sued on behalf of several dissenting Linn State students. They won a temporary injunction and a hearing in the case began this week.
According to an article in the Columbia Missourian, the fact that Linn State is the first to enact a student-body wide drug testing policy is a point of pride for the school. "It does appear that our program is unique in its scope and breadth," Kent Brown, a Jefferson City attorney who represents the school, told the paper. "But there aren't very many colleges as unique as ours." Because of Linn State's unique curriculum – coursework includes aircraft maintenance, heavy engine repair and nuclear technology – school leaders are arguing that the tests are not only necessary to ensure student safety on campus, but also to prepare students for the real world.
Columbia Tribune columnist Ralph Voss is taking Linn State's side. He argues that the American Civil Liberties Union and its Missouri branch are taking an extreme stance, and because the students are enrolled at a public college, their privacy isn't being invaded as they "are using public money to advance their education."
And according to one prominent source, students nationwide are on Linn State's side as well. A poll in The New York Times invited students over the age of 13 to comment on the following questions: "Can this policy help students at Linn State Technical College prepare for their future? Do you think some schools or student populations need it, or would benefit from it? How would you feel if you had to submit to a drug test at school? What about at work?"
At the time of this post's writing, only 17 out of 76 respondents were seriously opposed to drug testing. The concept that drug screenings like Linn State's actually prepared students for the real world seemed to resonate with many. "Megan" suggested not only that schools should have random screenings once a month, but that teachers should also be screened. "Natalie" took another perspective, writing, "Although drug tests may be mandatory at Linn State Technical College, enrolling in the school is not."
What's your take? Are the screenings invasive, or good preparation for real life? Sound off here.