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If upon start-up you notice a rattling sound from your 1997-2000 Jaguar V8 engine, or unusually rough running, turn off the engine immediately and DO NOT restart it. Have the car towed to a Jaguar specialist service facility for inspection. The secondary tensioner (red) for each cylinder bank is visible when the valve cover is removed. This tensioner is cracked in the typical way first-generation tensioners fail. Cracked tensioners can break apart, causing severe engine damage. As of April 2005 we use Jaguar's third-generation metal replacement tensioners exclusively. Jaguar's third-generation secondary and primary tensioners are mostly metal, not plastic. Although we have not had problems with the second-generation plastic units, as of April 2005 we are using third-generation tensioners exclusively. Other preventive maintenance options for your late-90s Jaguar V8 In addition to timing gear replacement, we offer package prices on refurbishment of other potentially problematic areas on late-90s Jaguar V8 cars: A cooling system overhaul is a good idea for late-90s Jaguars if it has not already been done. The original water pump was a weak design and caused overheating in many early Jaguar V8s. Its replacement (see below) is far more robust and reliable. Jaguar's original water pump design was faulty, resulting in broken ceramic impeller blades and engine overheating. The improved unit (above) is far more reliable and highly recommended if your car still has the original. We recommend the thermostat be replaced every two years at minimum. Often, a worn thermostat manifests itself not by overheating, but via secondary problems such as engine warning light, low coolant indicator, and other symptoms. Thermostats should be replaced at least every two years on late-90s Jaguar V8 cars. Worn units can cause secondary problems that are not immediately traceable to the thermostat unless the technician has experience spotting the tell-tale indicators. Another preventive maintenance item to consider: replacement spark plugs and/or ignition coils. The original units often deteriorate well before the manufacturer's 100K mile recommended replacement interval, and cause rough running and poor starting. At no cost we will inspect your plugs and, if wear indications are visible, point them out to you. We offer replacement plugs, gaskets and other parts for your late-90s Jaguar V8. All parts are OEM quality and warranteed for 12 months, unlimited mileage. If you live outside the San Francisco Bay Area, see our Mail Order page or click button below. MONEY SAVING TIP: If your late-90s Jaguar V8 is approaching the mileage at which the factory recommends a major service -- 60K miles or 90K miles -- it may be advantageous to look into a combined major service and refurbishment of components that often need replacing at higher mileage: tensioners, water pump, thermostat, plugs, valve cover gaskets, oil pan gasket, and so on. |
Jaguar's 4.0-liter V8, known as the AJ-V8, was the first-ever eight-cylinder engine from that manufacturer. Designed in the mid-1990s by an all-Jaguar engineering team (including employees who worked on the previous twin-cam six), it proved to be a superb combination of lightness, torque, power, and fuel efficiency, the equal of anything from BMW or Mercedes. In their zeal to reduce the weight of the valve train and related components as a way of improving fuel efficiency, the engineers underdesigned the AJ-V8's timing gear: in particular, the cam chain tensioners. These plastic components are part of the AJ-V8's single-chain design, a weight-saving alternative to the more robust double-chain approach Jaguar has used on most of its six-cylinder engines. (The new 4.2L version of the Jaguar AJ-V8 engine has double timing chains.) As a result of their weak design and other factors like engine overheating or poor maintenance, the plastic cam chain tensioners on 1997 to 2000 V8 Jaguars began to experience stress fractures, and so did some of the plastic guides. While the cars were under warranty, many tensioners were replaced by Jaguar service departments with improved components. In their Technical Service Bulletin No. X303-68 of February 2005, titled "Rattle From Engine on Start-up and Idle," Jaguar states: This Technical Bulletin has been issued to address customer concerns of a rattle emanating from the engine on start-up and idle. Cause: Failure of a primary or secondary timing chain tensioner. Should a customer express concern, and the fault has been confirmed as a timing chain tensioner, new primary or secondary timing chain tensioners must be installed. Engines subject to this problem include XJ8/XJR engines with the last six digits of their VIN numbers between 812256-F41862, and XK8/XKR engines with the last six digits of their VIN numbers between 001001-A24195. Note that late in the 1999 model year the factory began installing upgraded plastic tensioners. These second-generation units are, to the best of our knowledge, more reliable than the originals. In 2005, Jaguar introduced a third-generation metal-based tensioner kit. (See the photos at left.) We now use the metal-based third-generation tensioners exclusively when replacing cracked first- and second-generation Jaguar V8 tensioners. What happens when a tensioner breaks When a plastic tensioner shatters or wears to the point the cam chain becomes loose, a rattling around can be heard in the cam area at the front of the engine. Usually this happens on start-up, when the engine is cold. (Note that a rattling sound does not necessarily mean broken tensioners. There can be other causes that are not as drastic but nevertheless indicate trouble.) On some occasions there is no rattling sound to serve as a warning. As the tensioners wear, the cam chains can become loose and eventually jump one or two teeth on the cam sprockets – usually on a cold start. If the chain jumps one tooth, rough running will be experienced. If it jumps more than one tooth, the valves on one block will contact the pistons, resulting in engine failure. If upon start-up you notice a rattling sound from your 1997-2000 Jaguar V8 engine, or unusually rough running, turn off the engine immediately and DO NOT restart it. Have the car towed to a Jaguar specialist service facility for inspection. Though the tensioners of this 1998 XJ8 engine with 56,000 miles appeared intact on visual inspection with the valve covers removed, upon disassembly both were discovered to be badly cracked, and so was one of the main tensioner guides. A cracked tensioner can break apart and cause cam chain failure, damaging the engine severely. History of tensioner failures The AJ-V8 was first installed in the XK8/XKR starting in 1997, and then in the XJ8/XJR (and Vanden Plas models) starting in 1998. Tensioner failures have been experienced by owners of V8 models through the 2000 model year. Jaguar Cars has instructed their dealer service shops to listen for the telltale rattling sounds during routine service visits. When the cars were under warranty, rattling tensioners, or failed engines due to tensioner breakage, would be replaced with beefed-up second-generation plastic tensioners at no charge to the owner. Jaguar Cars will NOT cover repair of the tensioners, or associated engine failures, on cars that are out of warranty -- and of course all those model years are now past their factory warranty expiration. Some third-party extended warranties cover tensioner replacement and even engine rebuild on tensioner failure. Check with your warranty provider. Continental Imports is certified as a Jaguar repair facility by most third-party warranty providers. If you would like us to do a tensioner replacement under third-party warranty, please supply us with contact information about your warranty provider before we start the job. What you can do if you own a 1997 - 2000 4.0L Jaguar We recommend that if your XJ8/XK8 has passed 35,000 miles, you take preventive action and have the tensioners inspected. If they are cracked, have them replaced before they fail. While many cars make it to higher mileage without failure, a significant number do not. We don't know the exact number because the factory is keeping it confidential, but we are aware of the problem through extensive our service work on Bay Area V8 Jaguars, and from our discussions with parts distributors. Jaguar dealer service departments will not replace the tensioners before failure under warranty without the engine displaying obvious symptoms (e.g., rattling noises). And if you own a 1997-2000 Jaguar, your factory warranty has expired by now. As a preventive maintenance operation, your Jaguar service department, or Continental Imports, can replace your timing gear with improved components. At Continental, we use exactly the same parts the Jaguar dealers do, and having done so many V8 timing gear upgrades, we are highly expert and efficient at this procedure. Our parts and labor are guaranteed for one year. Depending on your needs, we can replace only the secondary tensioners, or as shown above, the primaries, secondaries, chains and guides. At the bottom left are replacement water pump and thermostat, another weak point on early Jaguar V8s. We use the same replacement parts as are used by Jaguar dealership service departments, and we guarantee our parts and labor for one year, unlimited mileage. Tensioner replacement of the Jaguar V8 is a prudent investment because the cost of inspection and replacement (if required) is reasonable, and the car is in almost all other respects exceptionally reliable. (Early XJ8s and XK8s have a few other, less serious, weak points that can be remedied at the same time as the tensioners. See the sidebar at left.) Our shop offers a special tensioner-replacement package: an all-inclusive price for replacement of the secondary tensioners alone, or for the complete replacement of secondaries, primaries, guides, all chains, and seals. We now use Jaguar's third-generation metal tensioners. Should you elect to replace your tensioners, make an appointment and we promise 48-hour turnaround. Our 12-month, unlimited mileage warranty will apply to all parts and labor. If you live outside the San Francisco Bay Area, or want to do the job yourself, see our Mail Order page for parts kits you can order directly from us. Could you experience the problem with the new tensioners after replacement is carried out? Jaguar's third-generation replacement tensioners are far more robust in design (see photos at left) and, though it is too soon to ascertain their longevity with complete certainty, we are confident that they will provide a "one-time" solution to the problem. One thing we are certain of is that all parts and labor we provide are covered under our one-year, unlimited mileage warranty. Precautions you can take If your V8 Jaguar has low mileage and its original tensioners, follow these precautions to maximize original tensioner life: Avoid letting the car sit for several days if possible. (This can cause stretched chains to "sag" and then jump a tooth or two under the torque of engine start-up.) Instead, drive it daily if you can. Avoid driving short distances on a cold engine – let it warm up before shutoff by driving at least 15 minutes if possible. Maintain the car faithfully. We recommend oil and filter changes every 5,000 miles (as opposed to the manual's 10,000 mile recommendation), using 5W30 mineral oil. (You can use synthetic if you like.) Your original tensioners MAY last longer if the above precautions are taken, but due to the nature of their design, we can make no guarantees. When the worst happens: This 1999 XJ8's tensioners both cracked. When the one at the top left broke, its timing chain (shown) snapped and the valves collided with the pistons. Two of the bent valves are shown in this photo. Though such damage requires significant shop time to repair, engine replacement is usually NOT indicated, and the parts required are reasonable in quantity and cost. If you hear a rattle in the front of the engine, stop the car immediately and have it towed to a Jaguar service facility. Similarly, if the engine is running very roughly or refuses to start, have it towed. In either case, DO NOT TRY TO RESTART THE ENGINE. Engine rebuild after tensioner failure is an option If the worst happens and the valves contact the pistons due to tensioner failure, all is not necessarily lost. Whereas some places recommend engine replacement (at a cost of $10,000 or more), we can repair an engine that has suffered tensioner failure and subsequent valve damage on one bank for less than under half that price. Investing in preventive replacement of the tensioners will remedy this excellent engine's only serious flaw. If proper maintenance is carried out and the car is not abused, your V8 Jaguar engine should be as reliable and long-lived as its famously durable 6-cylinder ancestor. |
©2008 Continental Imports Inc. All rights reserved.
Contact Continental.
Phone: (925) 285-0783 |


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APCO's experts have always kept an eye toward what's next when advising clients dealing with issues critical to their business. APCOForum is a gathering of some of those insights. Subscribe today to get the latest on business, government and society from APCO's team around the world.
Yesterday, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in the case of Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission. In simple terms, the case is about who has the authority to control political redistricting in the states – the state legislature or an independent commission.
There are more ways to define thought leadership than there are good examples of it. If you want to see a few, this article in Forbes is littered with them. To sum up the obvious…everyone has a different definition. Regardless of your definition, most agree that thought leadership is important.
Is measuring employee engagement an art or a science? Organizations use different tools, from mood monitors to employee opinions, engagement surveys to focus groups to measure this increasingly important metric in an era of easy job mobility.
India's federal budget for 2015 prescribes a middle path of reforms which strikes a balance between center-state relations, business-friendly policies and strengthening the social security environment for India's citizens
This week, the Italian government celebrated its first anniversary since Prime Minister Matteo Renzi was sworn in. On 22 February 2014 the government started its mandate with strong support among Italian voters. This was confirmed a few months later in May 2014 by the undisputed victory of Renzi's Democratic Party (PD), which won almost the 41 percent of the vote, an unprecedented result for Italy's centre-left.
Regardless of your position on the Affordable Care Act (ACA), a decision in favor of King, in King v. Burwell, scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court March 4, will lead to the loss of insurance for millions of Americans. Both Republicans and Democrats acknowledge this fact.
President Obama took an action yesterday which should remind us all of a lesson we learned in history class. You can agree or disagree with the positions of the President or the GOP-controlled Congress on Keystone. You can also agree or disagree with whether or not the decision on moving forward with the proposed pipeline should be made by the Executive or Legislative Branch. But you cannot disagree with the fact that the President's veto of S. 1, the Keystone XL Pipeline Approval Act, on Tuesday is a clear demonstration of the checks and balances established by our Founding Fathers in our Constitution.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brace for eBay's Revenue Explosion
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Good news seems to be breaking out all over the place. Just the other day I heard that employment in the first quarter improved in 42 of the 50 states.
Then I completed my own investigation and published a report about a high school program in Oregon's state capital that is training students so they can graduate from high school and be ready to be a productive member of the workforce with a decent paying job.
No wonder the stock market averages keep on soaring to new heights. With more people finding jobs and the Fed doing all they can to accommodate increased employment, there's more hope and a greater willingness to spend money than there's been for quite awhile.
Yet, there's an enormous percentage of the Baby Boom population (ages 48 to 67) who are either under-employed or unemployed. Millions in this demographic have stopped looking for full-time employment and are finding other ways to earn money. Plus, they have "things" to sell, some of which they're inheriting from their parents at an ever-increasing rate.
One of the most popular ways for these self-made Internet entrepreneurs to auction off and unload their unwanted "things" is through the e-commerce platform owned and operated by eBay (EBAY - Get Report). Ironically, it isn't eBay's online auction business that's boosting the future prospects for the company's stock. It's the transformation of the company by CEO John Donahoe and his team over the past five years into what Fortune magazine called it in its Feb. 25 edition "... a full-service e-commerce operation that helps big retailers such as Home Depot (HD) ... and hundreds of others navigate the complex world of mobile payments, online comparison shopping and same-day delivery." This jettisons eBay into a much bigger league than ever before so that "eBay is quickly emerging as the shopkeeper's best answer to Amazon (AMZN), which continues to disrupt the retail world with deep discounts and a dizzying array of new businesses," as the magazine article said. Jim Cramer and Stephanie Link actively manage a Real Money portfolio for his charitable trust -- enjoy advance notice of every trade, full access to the portfolio, and deep coverage of the latest economic events and market movements.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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Topic: MacBook Pro
Apple's next MacBook Pro lineup will feature a new case design - report
04/25/2011, 02:04 pm
Though the latest refresh of MacBook Pros are just two months old, rumors of the next update have already begun, with a new report claiming that the next model will feature a newly redesigned case construction.
Insiders believe Thunderbolt from Intel, Apple will 'greatly affect' USB 3.0
04/19/2011, 11:04 am
Though Intel has said it plans to support USB 3.0 with its next-generation chipsets, some in the PC market believe Apple's adoption of Thunderbolt could have a major impact.
New MacBook Pros push Apple's US sales up 47% year over year in March
04/18/2011, 02:04 pm
Driven by strong sales of the new Thunderbolt-equipped MacBook Pro lineup, domestic Mac sales are estimated to have increased 47 percent year over year in the month of March.
Intel to release Thunderbolt developer kit this quarter
04/12/2011, 09:04 pm
Intel revealed on Tuesday that developer kits for its new Thunderbolt high-speed interconnect, which made its debut on Apple's early 2011 MacBook Pros, will be made available later this quarter.
New MacBook Pro Thunderbolt port gets attention at NAB 2011
04/11/2011, 07:04 pm
A variety of vendors are demonstrating new products taking advantage of Apple's Thunderbolt-equipped MacBook Pros at the National Association of Broadcasters convention.
Apple Boot Camp update fixes shutdown issues, causes brightness problems
04/08/2011, 12:04 pm
Apple this week released an update for its Boot Camp software for running Windows on Macs, and addressed an issues with shutdowns on the new 2011 Thunderbolt-equipped MacBook Pro models. But users also say the new update causes problems with adjusting screen brightness.
Owners of Apple's new MacBook Pros report issues with iTunes Home Sharing
03/16/2011, 09:03 pm
Numerous owners of Apple's early 2011 MacBook Pros report being unable to connect devices or maintain connections through iTunes Home Sharing.
NPD data shows Feb. Mac sales slowdown before Apple's MacBook Pro refresh
03/14/2011, 03:03 pm
U.S. Mac sales were on the low end of expectations -- but still up 16 percent year over year -- in the first two months of the March quarter, ahead of Apple's release of the new MacBook Pro lineup.
Review: Apple's early 2011 Thunderbolt MacBook Pros
03/09/2011, 09:03 am
Apple's revised 13, 15 and 17 inch MacBook Pros deliver Intel's blazing fast new Sandy Bridge Core i5 and i7 CPUs, new AMD Radeon HD (formerly ATI) dedicated graphics performance on the high end and a new high speed Thunderbolt port, resulting in the fastest notebooks currently available while inheriting the long battery life, the strong, minimalist unibody construction, and the environmentally friendly design of previous year's models.
Apple's MacBook Pros ship with active SSD TRIM support in Snow Leopard
03/04/2011, 04:03 pm
New MacBook Pro models are shipping with Mac OS X 10.6.6 (build 10J3210), which supplies TRIM support for bundled Apple Solid State Drives, enabling extended performance of the fast new devices via background maintenance.
First Look: Apple's early 2011 13- and 15-inch MacBook Pros with Thunderbolt
03/01/2011, 06:03 pm
Apple's newly revised early 2011 MacBook Pros carry forward the same unibody construction, but offer Intel Core i5 and i7 Sandy Bridge quad core CPUs, faster RAM, more powerful AMD graphics chips, larger drive options, and the new high speed Thunderbolt interconnect. Here's an illustrated first look ahead of our in-depth reviews.
Benchmarks of Apple's new MacBook Pros find speeds 13%-53% faster
02/26/2011, 12:02 pm
The addition of Intel's latest-generation Sandy Bridge processors has boosted the performance of Apple's new line of MacBook Pros by between 13 percent and 53 percent faster than their predecessors.
Apple begins shipping BTO MacBook Pros for delivery by Thursday
02/26/2011, 11:02 am
Apple overnight began shipping the first wave of customer orders for built-to-order versions of its new MacBook Pros, promising delivery by next Thursday.
Apple exploring capacitive touch buttons to control a closed MacBook
02/25/2011, 12:02 pm
Apple could add the ability to control applications like iTunes while a notebook is closed via capacitive touch buttons added to the lid of future MacBooks.
Teardown of Apple's 15-inch MacBook Pro finds large Thunderbolt chip
02/25/2011, 08:02 am
The Thunderbolt port inside Apple's new MacBook Pro lineup has its own prominent integrated circuit controller that is the fourth-largest chip found inside the notebooks, a teardown of the 15-inch model has found.
Intel details Thunderbolt, says Apple has full year head start
02/24/2011, 04:02 pm
At a press conference earlier this morning, Intel offered additional information about its new Thunderbolt interconnect technology being pioneered by Apple in its latest batch of MacBook Pros, noting Apple will have a year long head start in deploying the technology.
First Look: Inside Apple's fast new Thunderbolt port on MacBook Pros
02/24/2011, 12:02 pm
Apple has introduced the first implementation of Intel's new Thunderbolt technology for high speed communications, aimed at providing a very fast new data connection for mobile professionals.
Apple's new 15- and 17-inch MacBook Pros feature quad-core i7 chips, AMD graphics
02/24/2011, 08:02 am
Apple's new high-end 15-inch and 17-inch MacBook Pros feature the latest quad-core Sandy Bridge Core i7 processors from Intel, as well as AMD Radeon HD graphics and the new high-speed Thunderbolt port.
Apple's new 13-inch MacBook Pros sport dual-core Core i5, i7 chips
02/24/2011, 08:02 am
As expected, Apple on Thursday updated its MacBook Pro family with next generation processors and graphics, high-speed Thunderbolt I/O technology and a new FaceTime HD camera.
Apple's 15- and 17-inch MacBook Pros to sport quad-core i7 CPU, AMD graphics
02/24/2011, 06:02 am
New leaked photos reveal the details of Apple's MacBook Pro refresh, with updated notebooks featuring AMD graphics, and high-end 15- and 17-inch models packing quad-core Intel Core i7 processors [updated].


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Ingredients & Description
Ultimate Flora Adult Formula 15 Billion is a daily maintenance probiotic formulated specifically for people aged 15- 49, with the probiotic strains adults need for daily maintenance. Ultimate Flora Adult Formula contains 15 billion live cultures of 10 different strains of bacteria. The 10 different strains were carefully chosen for their proven health-promoting benefits and their prevalence in the healthy digestive tract. Ultimate Flora Adult Formula was formulated to maintain a balance of Bifidobacteria in the colon by providing 9 billion live cultures of Bifidobacteria.Ultimate Flora Super Critical 200 Billion provides maximum support for:
Probiotics, High Bifido Probiotic Supplements, Probiotic Support for Adult Digestion


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"Inside we're defenseless, give us a reason to live!!"
First things first special thanks to *Ayatenshi for being our awesome saikang to put up all the gold cloth and also by trimming my wig. I swear when I wear the wig after AFA again. It became LONGER. It's like it really grows! No kidding. I really think it's strange.
Masako was our awesome Sheryl Black Bunny. But I'm waiting for her to open a DA so she can upload MORE her sexy photos!! Seriously she was sizzling!
Again really had fun working with *zerartul and *raistlin03 Would really loved looking forward to future collaborations with you guys! XD
Yep will probably upload 2 more photos from this set haha XD.
OUR costumes are both selfmade


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In accordance with information existing published by the arresting agency where Calvenia is believed to have been held, local law enforcement near the Jefferson Parish, LA area have incarcerated Calvenia Dott.
Ms. Dott was detained February 26, 2014, after having been levied with criminal allegations. Southern Blotter has been unable to determine the particular release date of this individual.
Dott, DOB 02/25/1986, was described as a woman of 28 years age. Few additional details have been furnished at this time.
Disclaimer: Southernblotter.com makes no claims of guarantee surrounding the accuracy of these alleged facts. We do our best to ensure the integrity of our data is consistent as reported by our sources. All suspects are innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.


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Photo Galleries
< MyNorthwest
Monday in Photos
Teams from Australia, Switzerland and Austria, compete during the first race of the Yngling class sailing World Championships near Brunnen, Switzerland, Broadcaster Natalie Morales, of NBC, broadcasts a live report, across from St. Mary's Hospital exclusive Lindo Wing in London, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, accompanied by his wife Jill, left pays respects at the spot where Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated during a visit to a museum in New Delhi, India.
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People wade through a flood water to retrieve submerged vehicles after a torrential rain hit the metro area in Seoul, South Korea, Monday, July 22, 2013. Heavy rain battered the central part of the Korean Peninsula, including Seoul, Monday, flooding homes and roads, according to police. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Photo by Ahn Young-joon
Photo by Ahn Young-joon
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How do I export Quiz content?
When you export quiz content from Canvas, it is formatted in a QTI .zip file.
Choose Export Type
View Quiz Export
Depending on how much Quiz content you need to export, it may take a while. When the export is complete, click the Click here to download link to download the file and view the Quiz content. This makes it easier to view and share the Quiz content. Remember, it will be in a QTI .zip file format.


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Obama really is the Messiah... Vows to save the Earth.
Our Highness and now revealed Messiah stated that "I have no time for Climate Deniers"... So in a sweeping speech he vowed to SAVE the EARTH
by hobbling America's Energy production. He vowed to place restrictive regulations of emissions on our Energy facilities and to stop the Keystone pipeline.
In other news Al Gore had a "O"gasim. Al Gore said finally someone with a vision has come along so that I can get another $100 Million or so
on the scam.
Our Lord and Savior seems to ignore that we have been in a COOLING Cycle for the last decade and almost all of the data that was used to say we are about to burn has shown to be FALSE
and contradictory evidence was suppressed.
He is determine to screw this Country one way or the other... If he can't wreck us financially he will kill our Energy production. You know that thing that keeps ALL OF US working...
Hey a shout-out to all of those Coal Miner and Oil Unions... How do you like him now?
If obamma-care is so great, why does this inept rogue president disobey the law that he signed and grant yet another waiver to his cronies in big business by delaying the employer mandate.
What about the individual? Doesn't obummah care about the individual?
Why no, he only cares about getting more power and more donations from big business.


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ElderCare Q & A November 2014
Eldercare Q & A - January 2015
October 2014 Q & A SNAP Benefits
June 2014 Q & A: Top 10 Scams Against Seniors
Montachusett Home Care Corporation (MHCC) is a not-for-profit agency established in 1974. Our mission is to assist elders and disabled persons to remain safely in their own homes through the provision of in-home and community based services designed to prevent unnecessary nursing home placement. Our service area includes the 21 communities of northern Worcester County. Funding for the services and programs we provide comes from the federal, state and local governments, as well as private foundations and organizations.
MHCC offers several home care programs to elders and disabled persons who meet financial and programmatic eligibility criteria. Eligibility and service need is determined by an assessment completed by our nursing and case management staff. Elders and disabled persons who have critical unmet needs may receive homemaker and personal care services to assist them with tasks such as bathing, dressing, toileting, grocery shopping, meal preparation, laundry, light housekeeping and transportation to certain medical treatments. Many other services also are available depending on the needs of the individual. We also administer an Elder Protective Services Program, which is responsible for responding to elder abuse reports. Elder abuse includes physical, emotional and sexual abuse, caregiver and self-neglect and financial exploitation.
MHCC's Money Management Program is available to elders and disabled persons are unable to manage their finances without assistance. Companion and Medical Escort services also are available through our Volunteer Program.
MHCC offers several supportive housing and community based residential programs for elders and disabled adults who require regular supervision and other supportive services.
Information and Referral service can link callers to any service they need, whether it is provided by MHCC or another service agency in Worcester County.
For more detailed information on the services we offer, please go to the services page of our website or call us at 978-537-7411.
Ashburnham Ashby Ayer Berlin Bolton Clinton Fitchburg Gardner Groton Hubbardston Lancaster Leominster Lunenburg Pepperell Princeton Shirley Sterling Templeton Townsend Westminster Winchendon
MHCC Main Office 680 Mechanic St. Leominster, MA 01453 Phone: 978-537-7411 Toll-Free: 800-734-7312 Fax : 978-537-9843 TTY: 978-514-8841 Email
Elder Abuse Hotline 1-800-922-2275
800 Ageinfo 1-800-243-4636


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June 3, 2013 at 4:10 pm
Jon Markman writes that recent volatility has been "exacerbated by the waiting game ahead of next Friday's release of the May employment report."
I like to trade VIX and VXX puts to play volatility before major news events, but is there any other way to play the employment report? I can't think of any specific companies or even sectors where you could make a directional bet, but I'd be interested if others have found a strategy.
June 6, 2013 at 4:24 pm
I've wondered about this as well, but on a larger scale. I understand that employment data, news from the Fed, housing starts and all pieces of economic data allow investors to make highly educated guesses about what companies to buy/sell, but how does one report swing the Dow 200 points in a session like today's (6/06 Range: 14,844.22 – 15,040.62).
Additionally, when everyone gets the same information such as an economic report, how is it that wild swings take place during the session, only for the index to end relatively unchanged. At what point during the day did these traders decide to change their minds and bid stocks back up. Or did dip-buyers just come in and buy all the cheap stocks up?
Macroeconomic factors are much more abstract and difficult for me to understand, than say, an earnings report with detailed information on one company.
You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


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- Buy 5 each and save 5%
- Buy 25 each and save 15%
- Description
- Reviews
- Product Q&A
Goldenrod Herb (Solidago virgaurea)
Latin Name: Solidago virgaureaCommon Names: Goldenrod Herb
Starwest is pleased to offer both natural and organic Goldenrod Herb, also known as Solidago virgaurea, as part of our extensive selection of high quality bulk herbs. Goldenrod Herb has aromatic, stimulant and carminative qualities. It is also an astringent and diuretic.
Solidago virgaurea may also help with skin irritations from eczema or soothe sore throats if used as a gargle. (Please note: Anyone who has a chronic kidney disorder should consult a practitioner before using Goldenrod Herb.)
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Mackem Ready To 'Fill His Pants'!
Kader Mangane is already eyeing the prospect of facing international team-mate Papiss Cisse in April's Tyne-Wear derby.
The on-loan centre-half (the Mackems cannot afford to BUY players these days) Mangane has yet to make his Sunderland bow after arriving on loan until the end of the season from Saudi Arabian club Al-Hilal.
So he seems "all wind and piss" ... and I don't think he understands what awaits him.
He had better stock up on Pampers.
Mangane told the Shields Gazette: "I speak a lot with Demba. He's obviously someone I know from being selected together for the national team.
"He's gone now, but if I have the opportunity to play against Newcastle, then facing Cisse would be something I'd be eagerly anticipating."
Source: Newcastle United Mad
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LA '92: The context of a proletarian uprising
Distorted by the bourgeois press, reduced to a mere 'race riot' by many on the left, the L.A. rebellion was the most serious urban uprising this century. This article seeks to grasp the full significance of these events by relating them to their context of class re-composition and capitalist restructuring.
Behind the 21st century intifada
A commune in Chiapas? Mexico and the Zapatista rebellion, 1994-2000
Intakes: Communist Theory - Beyond the Ultra-left
Aufheben present Theorie Communiste's reply and critique of their series of articles on decadence.
Dole autonomy versus the re-imposition of work: analysis of the current tendency to workfare in the UK
Aufheben's 1998 analysis of the tendency towards workfare schemes in the UK.


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Well...it's been a while since i've posted on here so i suppose i ought to go over what's been happening as of late.
James and I ran into a rough patch, he confronted me and told me that he was frustrated. He felt we were at a place where he could only be satisfied by moving onto a deeper level of a relationship and we couldn't do that with our busy lifestyles. We simply wouldn't have enough time in between our class and jobs to keep this up.
We ended it with a kiss and a sorrowful hug goodbye. Such a shame, but it probably is for the best. I'm not down-trotten to the point of despair, but I am hurt. I feel almost empty…but it's the kind of emptiness I think I should wait before trying to fill again.
Other than the whole James thing, work is good. Easter is always a hard weekend to find work since my style isn't exactly very Christian. St. Patty's day was great though. Lots of good drunkards lookin for a cheap laugh. Always a good crowed on the day of green.
I've been losing weight and working out regularly for eight weeks now, and I can see a big difference. My arms are getting solid and my legs seem to take me farther than hey used to without needing a break. Maybe this will help me find love in a new guy when I start looking again.
Anyway, y'all have a nice day. I'll post again real soon.
Oh and, hey Anarchist. I think I read somewhere you missed me. Much appreciated if my recollection is correct.
I could see if you were really busy and he was waiting around all the time, but if you're both busy, I'm unsure how another relationship will be different?!
"You can judge the whole world on the sparkle that you think it lacks" - Dawes, When My Time Comes (http://youtu.be/Z0FrcTX6hWI)
"He felt we were at a place where he could only be satisfied by moving onto a deeper level of a relationship and we couldn't do that with our busy lifestyles."-----???????
That part sounded vauge egough, and like it has been twisted around egough that frankly it seems to me the relationship was lost more to lazyness than anything else :P
I agree with Jeff though, another relationship won't really be any differnt if you are still busy.
You seem exactly like Big McIntosh from My Little Pony. You're both southern-ish-y?, you're both quiet, I think Big McIntosh is gay, since he refused a relationship with a perfectly fine lady-pony (who is probably a lesbian because she refused a relationship with him).
Your post doesn't even make any sense... I mean it doesn't go with anything in the post above, or anything like that... I mean seriously who are you replying to :P
because he seems like Big McIntosh, based on what I've read by him.
in what universe does turning down a date with opposite sex make you gay? that would make most straight women gay
He's the best member of the opposite sex. And the teacher woman Watsername was "perfect for him." So there.
oh and they are not perfect for each other god dammit, Cheerilee is more for a tougher pony that can stand up for himself besides Big Mac is more for a pony like Soaring
is VASTLY superior to his in everyway, shape and form :P
So... revealing my gross ignorance: What's a head canon?
A canyon is a big empty space with nothing in it?
"You can judge the whole world on the sparkle that you think it lacks" - Dawes, When My Time Comes (http://youtu.be/Z0FrcTX6hWI)
Canon: is built around the show, so if the tv show says something about this character, thats the truth about this character unless the tv show says its nit true.
Fan Universes: Fan Universes are where people created several new ponies and new stuff for ponies that get adopted by a large group of people, a great example is Skoons Universe (Datcatwhatdances, Datcatwhatcameback) is very accept among Tumblr people. but also but much rarer is your own personal Fan Universe
Head Canon: is a single fans idea of the show that may be the same as other fans but for the most part are your own, but its usually a mixture of Canon and Fan Universe (Canon being the Base and Fan Universe being the mod and everything else is made by you.
a example of head canon for me is Twilights a Closet Lesbian that often has sex with Cheerilee but none of her close friends know but they are accepting and would have no problem with it
i personally adopted Skoons universe
so if you take:
the TV Show + Whats right on the show + a Fan universe or your own universe + stuff you'd like make the ponies think, do and are = Head Cannon
i could do a whole journal on my head canon and about head cannon if you'd like, hell if i wanted to i could make head canon for this website but i have the decency to not
I've always thought that if any main pony in the show is a lesbian, it would be either Twilight Sparkle or Pinkie Pie. But I personally think they're all asexual, except Rarity.
Twilight: Lesbian
Rainbow: Bi
Pinkie: Omni
Rarity: Straight
Shy: Bi (ps i always imagined her as a MTF)
Applejack: Straight
Big Mac: Bi
Apple Bloom: Questioning
Sweetie Belle: Straight
Scootalo: Questioning
Cheerilee: Bi
Berry Punch: Bi
Pinchy: Lesbian
Celestia: Straight
Luna: Omni
these are the correct Sexualities :P
in your Ponyville. Mine is more like:
Twilight: asexual
Pinkie: asexual
Apple Jack: asexual
Rarity: straight
Rainbow: asexual
Fluttershy: zoophile
Celestia: asexual
Luna: asexual
CMC: don't know; most people aren't sure of their sexuality before puberty
Big Mac: gay, or asexual, maybe dendrophile
In the case of the main 6, their similarities are what draw them together.
Mayor Mare: Straight
Granny Smith: Straight
Diamond Tiarra: Straight
Snips: Straight
Discord: Straight
Almost all of the Royal Guards: Straight
Prince Blueblood: Aromantic Straight
i had Fluttershy down as a zoophile too, but it wasn't her main attraction and shes closeted about it because its still taboo in Ponyville, similarly to my head canon were Twilight's closted because Lesbians were looked down apon in Caterlot
also Fetishes!
Twi: Horns
Dashies: Femininity
Pinkie: Leather
AJ: Bondage
Rarity: Stylish Clothing
Shy: none
hes straight but pretends to be bi just to piss gay ponies off, if thought that ever since i saw him
...for the clarification.
Regrettably, I'm from an alien universe:
Could you provide a URL that might serve as a tour guide for yours?
not written any down yet but i was actually going to do it soon as i have a few requests to do so.
but i can give you links to Skoons Universe:
it mainly Focuses on these ponies:
these 2 are very important in the Universe also but are done by other people
just press next in the bottom of the page and you will be good for the story
Kind Sol, what happened?! You had such a cute relationship and it seemed like it was going so well and then.... what? It just ended? Because of two busy lifestyles? How are you ever supposed to find love if your lifestyle is too busy for it? Seems like you either need to lower the busy level of the lifestyle, or find a way to fit love into it, no? Can't go on being too busy forever!
Sorry; I know it's none of my business. But I was so happy for you two and now I'm kind of upset that you've ended it for reasons completely unclear.


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Selena stopped by 'Good Morning America' on July 26, and she performed songs off her new album 'Stars Dance.' It sure is the summer of Selena and we are loving it!
Selena Gomez completely rocked the Good Morning America stage in New York City July 26. The songstress looked sexier than ever and performed "Come & Get It," "Slow Down," and "Birthday" off her latest album Stars Dance.
The Summer Of Selena Gomez
The GMA show marks Selena's first performance since turning 21 on July 22! She looked and sounded incredible as she took the stage in front a massive crowd of Selenators.
Selena belted out her hit single "Come & Get It." She also rocked out to her new singles "Slow Down" and "Birthday." And just when you thought this small summer concert couldn't get any better, Selena also broke out her old hit "Love You Like A Love Song." It may have been her birthday week, but these performances were a gift to us!
This summer has been huge for Selena. Not only did she celebrate a milestone birthday but her first solo album was released on July 23 and her Stars Dance tour will start in the fall of 2013. Our girl Selena has a very busy schedule for the rest of 2013, but we're not complaining!
Selena Gomez's 'Epic' Birthday Weekend
The day after her GMA performance, Selena is going to be celebrating her 21st birthday New York City style. The singer has planned an "epic" birthday party, a source close to the star tells HollywoodLife.com.
Selena's probably had this planned months in advance because she said on Canada's MuchMusic on May 30 that "I wanna have a great party — I'm gonna invite my friends and my family, and I'm definitely gonna celebrate."
Selena is taking the summer and all of 2013 by storm. New movies, new music, and a world tour? We have been blessed by the Selena gods!
What do YOU think, HollywoodLifers? Did you love Selena's performance on GMA? Let us know!
WATCH: Selena Gomez Talks Justin Bieber On GMA!
WATCH: Selena Gomez Performs On 'Good Morning America'
– Avery Thompson
More Selena Gomez News:
- Selena Gomez Hungover On Jay Leno: Took Shots Of Whiskey On Birthday
- Selena Gomez Reveals Her Celebrity Crush — Not Justin Bieber
- Selena Gomez's 21st Birthday: Best Pictures Of Her Wild Weekend
View Comment
Posted at 9:58 PM on July 26, 2013
ashley danielle
Posted at 5:30 PM on July 26, 2013
Shes a beautiful girl! She really is, and such a sweetheart from what the media has told us (but we all know how accurate that is lol) and when I hear this song on the radio, I love it! but really, this was terrible. I'm not trying to "hate on Selena" but her voice was nothing, and that was no where near dancing..I mean, she almost looked as though she was trying to walk off bad menstrual cramps. What happened to the people who can really sing…Has the music scene really declined THIS badly?? *Very disappointed*
Posted at 5:44 PM on July 26, 2013
Posted at 1:54 PM on July 26, 2013
ashley danielle
Posted at 5:27 PM on July 26, 2013
Posted at 5:42 PM on July 26, 2013
Posted at 10:58 PM on July 28, 2013
Posted at 11:34 AM on July 26, 2013
Posted at 5:40 PM on July 26, 2013
Posted at 9:35 AM on July 26, 2013


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Raymond McGovern (born August 25 1939) is a retired CIA officer turned political activist. McGovern was a Federal employee under seven U.S. presidents over 27 years, presenting the morning intelligence briefings at the White House for many of them.
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McGovern has been an outspoken commentator on intelligence-related issues since the late 1990s.[1] He was heavily critical of the government's handling of the Wen Ho Lee case in 2000.[2] In 2002 he was publicly critical of President George W. Bush's use of government intelligence in the lead-up to the war in Iraq.[3]
In 2003, together with other former CIA employees, McGovern founded the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity or VIPS. The organization is dedicated to analyzing and criticizing the use of intelligence, specifically relating to the War in Iraq. In January 2006, McGovern began speaking out on behalf of the anti-war group Not in Our Name. According to the group's press release, McGovern served symbolic "war crimes indictments" on the Bush White House from a "people's tribunal."
McGovern has been outspoken in rejecting the official story of the 9/11 attacks and has joined the call for a new and independent investigation of 9/11.
In May 2006, McGovern attended a speech by then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and, during the question-and-answer session, accused him of lying about Iraq prewar intelligence. McGovern challenged Rumsfeld on several statements which Rumsfeld was on the record for saying. McGovern asked him;
In a television interview with Tucker Carlson on MSNBC, McGovern said: "I've been using the acronym O.I.L. for many — for two years now: O for oil; I for Israel; and L for logistics, logistics being the permanent — now we say "enduring" — military bases that the U.S. wants to keep in Iraq."[7]
McGovern testified at a Democratic National Headquarters forum in 2005 that had been convened by Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) of the House Judiciary Committee on the Downing Street Memo.
The Washington Post reported that, in his testimony, McGovern "declared that the United States went to war in Iraq for oil, Israel and military bases craved by administration 'neocons' so 'the United States and Israel could dominate that part of the world.' He said that Israel should not be considered an ally and that Bush was doing the bidding of Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. 'Israel is not allowed to be brought up in polite conversation,' McGovern said. Genuine criticism of official Israeli policy is often portrayed as if it were anti-Semite bigotry: 'The last time I did this, the previous director of Central Intelligence called me anti-Semitic.'"[8]
McGovern described the incident with former Director of Central Intelligence James Woolsey in an article in CounterPunch:
During a speech on February 16, 2011, at George Washington University by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton he stood silently with his back turned during her remarks, leading to his arrest.[10] [11]
When asked on TVNZ whether Julian Assange was a hero or villain, he replied "Hero",[12] and has co-written an open letter of support for WikiLeaks and Assange.[13]
When asked whether Julian Assange was a journalist, he replied "Yeah, actually, with all due respect, I think you (the mainstream media) should be following his example.",[14] to the CNN reporter.
McGovern has been married to Rita Kennedy for 50 years. Together they have five children and eight grandchildren.
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012) |


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15th Illinois Infantry
February 1, 1862, the regiment marched to Jefferson City, thence by rail to St. Louis, where it embarked on transports for Fort Donelson, and arrived to take part in the surrender. The Regiment was then assigned to General S. A. Hurlbut's "Fighting Fourth Division", and marched to Fort Henry, then went by boat to Pittsburg Landing, being one of the first regiments that landed on that historic battle ground. At the battle of Shiloh, on the 6th of April, the Regiment was in the first line of battle, formed by Hurlbut's Division, and was in the Brigade commanded by General C. Veatch. Hardly had the Brigade taken positions when a Confederate column, massed three lines deep, deployed from the woods on the left and front, and with rebel yell that echoed through the surrounding forest, charged on in double quick. The Fifteenth was flanked by the Fifty-third Ohio, on the right. At the first fire of the enemy the Buckeyes broke and ran, and the enemy were not only in front of the Fifteenth Regiment, but on both flanks in a very short time. For more than one hour the Regiment held its position, and fought as gallantly as any troops could fight in the terrible struggle, called by the Confederates the "Hornet's Nest", and disputed inch by inch the advance and the incessant attacks of the best troops in the Confederate service. Owing to the want of support, the Regiment was compelled to withdraw and take up a new position. In five minutes after the Regiment formed its first line, the field officers, Lieutenant Colonel E. F. W. Ellis and Major Wm. R. Goddard, Captains Holden Brownell and Harley Wayne, and Lieutenant John W. Peterbaugh were killed, and Captain Adam Nase lost a leg and was taken prisoner. Captain Thos. J. Turner was absent, and the command of the Regiment devolved upon Captains L. D. Kelley and George C. Rogers, assisted by Adjutant Charles F. Barber. As soon as a new line was formed the Fourteenth Illinois on the left of the Fifteenth, when the enemy had approached sufficiently near, these two Regiments, acting as one man, rose and delivered a rapid, well aimed and awfully destructive fire, full into the massed ranks of the enemy. The enemy was soon convinced this was not the way to the landing. At the second attack these two Regiments received the first shock, and for three hours were in that awful gap, without giving ground, where the Confederates sacrificed more than two thousand as brave men as ever trod the battle-field, in the unavailing effort to drive them from their position. This baptism of blood cemented the two Regiments, and they were always afterwards brigaded and served together during the remainder of the war, and discharged at the same time and place. The Fifteenth was in the hottest of the fight both days of the bloody battle, and not a man faltered in his duty or failed to perform all that was required of him. The two Regiments that were in the final charge on the 7th, led by General Grant in person, were the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Illinois, the Fourteenth commanded by Colonel Hall, and the Fifteenth by Captain George C. Rogers. This detachment moved forward, and when within range delivered their fire, and with fixed bayonets charged at double quick. The raking fire, however, had done its work. The Confederate army had fled. The Fifteenth Regiment lost in this engagement 250 men, killed and wounded, and there are more of the "known dead" of this Regiment buried in the National Cemetery at Pittsburg Landing, than of any other Regiment, and many died of wounds in hospitals at home.
Captain George C. Rogers was promoted Lieutenant Colonel by Governor Yates for meritorious conduct on the battle-field of Shiloh, and took command of the Regiment. The Regiment participated in the siege of Corinth, Miss., losing a number of men killed and wounded.
After the evacuation of Corinth the Regiment marched to Grand Junction, thence to Holly Springs, then back to Grand Junction, thence to Lagrange, thence to Memphis, arriving there July 21st, 1862, where it remained till September 6th. After recruiting, drilling, procuring new uniforms and "seeing the sights", the Regiment marched to Boliver, Tenn., and from there the 4th Division was ordered by General Grant to "relieve Rosecrans at Corinth or perish". At the Hatchie river on the morning of October 4th, 1862, the division met the enemy on Matamora Hill; the 15th Regiment was on the extreme left and forced the enemy from their position, and in connection with other troops, charged the enemy, routing and scattering their formation in the wildest confusion, and driving them to the river bank, the 15th capturing one four-gun battery and about three hundred men at this point; many jumped into the river and were drowned. The 15th charged across the Hatchie bridge on a run, and formed the first line on the left of the road; the 14th formed on the right of the 15th. The two regiments charged the enemy in the timber, driving them from their strong position, capturing another battery crowning the crest of the hill, and soon the enemy was in full flight, looking for a new place to retreat across the Hatchie. Torn and bleeding, the 15th laid on the ground that night, covered with new and everlasting honors. The 15th was commanded on that day by Lieutenant Colonel G.C. Rogers, and lost over fifty men in killed and wounded. The Regiment then returned to Bolivar, from thence to Lagrange, thence with General Grant down through Mississippi to Coffeeville, returning to Lagrange and Memphis; thence to Vicksburg, taking an active part in all the movements during the siege of that place, losing many in killed and wounded. After the surrender of Vicksburg, marched with Sherman to Jackson, Miss., then returned to Vicksburg and embarked on a boat for Natchez, marched thence to Kingston, returned to Natchez, then to Harrisonburg, La., capturing Fort Beauregard on the Wachita river; returned to Natchez, remained there until November 10th, 1863, then proceeded by boat to Vicksburg, and went into winter quarters. Here the Regiment re-enlisted as veterans, remaining until February 1st, 1864, when it moved with General Sherman through Mississippi. On Champion Hills had a severe engagement with a body of rebels, charged them several times during the day, and each time drove them from their positions. Marched to Meridian and Enterprise and assisted in destroying about fifty miles of railroad; thence back to Vicksburg.
In March 1864, went home on Veteran furlough. On expiration of furlough joined Seventeenth Army Corps, and proceeded up Tennessee river to Clifton, thence to Huntsville, Ala.; thence to Decatur and Rome, Ga., thence to Kingston, and joined General Sherman�s army, moving on Atlanta. At Allatoona Pass the 15th Regiment was, with the other regiments belonging to the 2d Brigade, 4th Division, 17th Corps, commanded by Colonel Geo. C. Rogers, ordered to fortify that place. The forts at Allatoona, where General Corse, with 2,100 men, defeated Hood�s whole army, were built by this brigade. Here the 15th and 14th Infantry were consolidated, and the gallant and brave McPherson knowing the honorable record of these regiments, and that neither might lose its identity, acceded to the request of Colonel Rogers, and had the organization made and known as "The Veteran Battalion Fourteenth and Fifteenth Infantry Volunteers". The organization numbers 625 men. The organization was stationed at Ackworth, Big Shanty and Marietta for some time. The rebel General Hood struck the organization at Big Shanty and Ackworth, when he moved north, capturing quite a number of the command. The remainder fell back, some to Allatoona, and fought under Gen. Corse, where many were killed and wounded; the balance fell back to Marietta, and were mounted and acted as scouts for General Vandever. They were afterwards transferred to General F.P. Blair, and marched with General Sherman to the sea.
After the capture of Savannah, the Regiment proceed to Beaufort, S.C.; thence to Salkahatchie river, participating in the various skirmishes in that vicinity-Columbia, S.C., Fayetteville, N.C., battle of Bentonville-losing a number wounded; thence to Goldsboro and Raleigh. At Raleigh recruits sufficient to fill up both regiments were received, and the organization of the Veteran Battalion discontinued, and the Fifteenth reorganized. The campaign of General Sherman ended by the surrender of General Johnston. The Regiment then marched with the army to Washington,
D.C., via Richmond and Fredericksburg, and participated in the grand review at Washington, May 24th, 1865; remained there two weeks. Proceeded by rail and steamboat to Louisville, Ky.; remained at Louisville two weeks. The regiment was then detached from the 4th Division, 17th Army Corps, and proceeded by steamer to St. Louis; from thence to Fort Leavenworth, Kas., arriving there July 1st, 1865. Joined the army serving on the plains. Arrived at Fort Kearney August 14th; then ordered to return to Fort Leavenworth, September 1st, 1865, where the Regiment was mustered out of service and placed en-route for Springfield, Ill., for final payment and discharge-having served four years and four months.
Number of miles marched 4,299 Number of miles by rail 2,403 Number of miles by steamer 4,310 Number of men joined from organization 1,963 Number of men at date of muster-out 640


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Importance of Libraries
Man's quest for knowledge has let to the creation and accumulation of tremendous amount of information. This quest for knowledge knows no bounds and limits and is never satisfied. It has continued since the dawn of civilization to the modern age. This hard-earned knowledge and information is valuable for the entire mankind and therefore liable to be preserved. With the invention of paper man has been able to convey this knowledge to others by writing books. Thousands of manuscripts have been written by the wise men of the earlier times bu many of them were destroyed due to the lack of proper means of preservation.
Information for Students Looking for Financial Help for College:
The offices of Federal Student Aid, U.S. Department of Education has some helpful websites to assist you in working with students. These websites can help eligible individuals benefit from federally funded financial assistance for education beyond high school.
Federal Student Aid plays a central and essential role in supporting postsecondary education by providing money for college to eligible students and families. They partner with postsecondary schools, financial institutions, and others to deliver services that help students and families who are paying for college.
Here are the websites that may be able to help you:
City of Lake Alfred Library dedicated website
Funding Education Beyond High School
Federal Student Aid at a Glance
Here are a couple of references for finding your next book:
Library Information:
245 N. Seminole Ave.
Lake Alfred, FL 33850
Phone: (863) 291-5378
Fax: (863) 965-6386
Hours: Monday – Friday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.; Saturday 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.


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Oprah Winfrey's latest effort to lure viewers to OWN involves La Toya Jackson, Variety reports. The Oprah Winfrey Network has ordered "Life With La Toya," a reality series that will focus on La Toya's busy life and famous family.
RELATED: Michael Jackson's Daughter Opens Up to Oprah
La Toya issued a statement saying, "I am so pleased to be working with television legend Oprah Winfrey and to be a part of the OWN family. This will be one of the most exciting adventures of my life."
"Life With La Toya" premieres in 2013.


text:
Register to ensure warranty and service
Sales and pre-sale assistance: 1-800-336-4525
Technical help: 1-800-336-4525
Parts and accessories: 1-800-336-4525
Yurbuds support: 1-888-987-2831
The JBL® GTO Series of high-fidelity automotive speakers features innovative technologies that we've engineered for the environment and conditions in today's cars to help them deliver exceptional sound. Using the Plus One® (U.S. patent no. 7,548,631) woofer-cone technology and rugged construction materials such as carbon-composite frames, butyl-rubber surrounds and fabric tweeter diaphragms, plus UniPivot™ (U.S. patent no. 6,002,780) tweeter positioning on select coaxial models and the I-Mount™ (U.S. patent no. 5,859,917) system for the tweeters in the component separates, the GTO Series of automotive speakers are the ideal upgrade for any car's audio system.
Warranty: 1 Year Warranty
Model: GTO529
The latest owner's manuals, quick start guides, and documents.
Owner's Manual
Spec Sheet
Your model might be eligible for direct factory exchange under our warranty program. If so, and if you purchased your product online or from an authorized local retailer, you may use this form to request an exchange. Purchases made from an unauthorized dealer will not be eligible for exchange.
Products under warranty may qualify for an exchange with a valid receipt.
Products out of warranty need to be serviced by a JBL-approved service center. Please call 1-800-336-4525 to find authorized service centers near you.


text: This race is the fifth and final race of the five day Jackal Trail Marathon series. It will take place at the in Henderson, TN on a beautiful 2.65 mile loop that we will run 10x. Restrooms will be available on every loop as will water/sports drink and some simple ultra like snacks/food.June 21 - The Jackal Trail Marathon: https://ultrasignup.com/register.aspx?did=28039June 22 - Backass Jackal Trail Marathon: https://ultrasignup.com/register.aspx?did=28040June 23 - Asphalt Jackal Trail Marathon: https://ultrasignup.com/register.aspx?did=28041June 24 - Dragonfly Jackal Marathon: https://ultrasignup.com/register.aspx?did=28042June 25 - Native Jackal Marathon: https://ultrasignup.com/register.aspx?did=28093


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Fully Renovated Single Family Home in Laurel
Don't miss this fully Renovated home. Everything is new including: exterior doors, 8' slider, windows, high efficiency heat pump, hot water heater, kitchen cabinets, granite counter tops, stainless steel appliances, ceramic tile floors, light fixtures, door hardware, carpet, bathrooms, beautifully refinished hardwood floors on main level, huge family room, spacious separate laundry room,large storage room. All this on a half acre lot.
view this listingSold-Potomac Club
Award winning Potomac Club community. This Energy Star rated and fully upgraded home includes: Gourmet kitchen with stainless steel appliances, granite counters and breakfast bar. Hardwood floors on main level, upgraded carpet and crown molding. Deluxe master bathroom w/ ceramic tile, granite counter top and double soaking tub. Still under one year builder warranty. Pools, tot lot and more.
view this listingNew Construction AU Park
New single family home to be built in AU Park. Arts and Crafts Style with 4 finished levels. Over 4,000 square feet of finished space. 5 bedroom, 4.5 bathroom.
view this listingQuince Orchard Knolls
Desirable Quince Orchard Knolls Subdivision. Don't miss this single family home on a Cul-de-sac. Featuring 5 finished levels with 4 bedroom and 3 full bathroom. Hardwood floors on main and lower level, granite counter tops and stainless steel appliances with a gas range. Custom composite deck with a fully fenced rear yard. New windows and a high efficiency gas furnace.
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~CALL US FOR A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CAR! WE DO A 150+ POINT CHECK ON EACH VEHICLE AND ARE HAPPY TO SHARE... More
It's no secret that in the days following World War II, automakers could put just about anything on four wheels and it would sell.... More
For sale in our Louisville showroom is this survivor 1948 Chrysler Windsor Coupe. In 1940 the Windsor came in either long or short... More
``RARE`` !!! 1948 Chrysler ``Windsor`` Sedan Ext. * This being the nicest left on the road !!!! ( Briggs body # 548-4256... More
1948 Chrysler Windsor Convertible. The little sister to the "Full Classic" Town and Country. Restored. One Family Ownership for OVER 25 years. Only 11,200 built over the four... More


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Senior Member
Honestly, in any situation i suggest you fire off your Q first (since it takes the shortest while to cool down), followed by R then a few auto attacks and as his R starts to fade,E for slow (trigger blight as well), usually by this time your Q has just finished cooling down and your can fire it off again. This play usually gets you a kill. However, note that your runes and masteries are structured accordingly (AD).
Junior Member
I'm going to shamelessly plug An Upset Zombie's idea for Varus: http://na.leagueoflegends.com/board/...ighlight=varus @ Meddler: The current problem with Varus, aside from his slight lack of strength to balance out his immobility, is that leveling a passive is not fun. It's just boring for a laning phase. I feel like Q was clearly intended to be his laning skill. It allows him to farm safely if there's too much jungle pressure or harass his opponents. So I feel like An Upset Zombie has a fantastic and fairly simple idea: Swap the passive and the W. Let W act as an AS steroid to give him that slight bit of power that he currently lacks, while simultaneously removing the need to level a passive ability in laning phase. (Before you downvote me, please at least read his original post. I cannot support it enough.)
I love Varus, he is easily my favourite champion. Switching the current W for the current passive does seem like a great idea.
varus shouldnt have mana. annd his Q should have a shorter or longer C/D based on how long he's charged it for.
I just realized that i'm the third person to link that...


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Portsmouth unveils parkportsmouth.com website
Wednesday, December 26, 2012
PORTSMOUTH — Residents and visitors alike now have access to the big picture on parking in Portsmouth through a new parkportsmouth.com website unveiled Thursday.
To make it easier for visitors to identify pricing and time limits, the city's parking division has broken down metered parking into four zones, A through D. Meters in those zones will be prominently marked with color-coded stickers to alert drivers to the various rates and time limits. Zone A meters, marked with red stickers, are located in the high occupancy areas of the downtown and represent spaces with a rate of $1.50 per hour and three-hour limit; Zone B meters will be tagged with blue stickers and represent spaces with a rate of $1 per hour and three-hour time limit; Zone C meters will carry green stickers and represent spaces with a rate of $1 per hour and four-hour time limit; Zone D meters that carry red stickers represent spaces with a rate of $1.50 per hour and 15-minute time limit; and Zone D meters that display black stickers represent spaces with a rate of $1 per hour and 15-minute time limit. The zone designations and color codes carry through to the parkportsmouth.com website where it's easy to see the breakdown of the various zones, time limits and rates graphically represented.
Other features of the website include a Twitter space where downtown visitors can find updates on parking garage availability status and snow ban announcements, information on COAST bus and trolley schedules, a local events calendar and other information. |


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A collection of baseball rants and reflections from fourteen years of Zisk zine. Read more
A collection of baseball rants and reflections from fourteen years of Zisk zine.
About this project
Mike Faloon and Steve Reynolds would like to present Fan Interference: A Collection of Baseball Rants and Reflections from the pages of Zisk zine.
This anthology, fourteen years in the making, is filled with some of the funniest and most thought-provoking fan reflections on America's Pastime.
Your contribution will help us produce this new anthology, as well as pay our writers for the words they've already written. We are extemely grateful for your time and support. Play ball!
--Zisk is a zine for those who love baseball for its charm, history and eccentricities and not merely as something to play a fantasy league around. It's for the true fans who populate the upper deck, not the party animals in the bleachers. – Chicago Tribune
--Even though I don't like baseball, this well written baseball zine was strangely appealing. If you thought trekkies were fanatical, try baseball nerds on for size. – Quimbys
--Baseball is the most important thing in the world. It's also completely meaningless in the grand scheme of life. These guys recognize that those two philosophies can co-exist in the human brain, which makes their writing a truly electric, and all too rare, jolt to the synapses. – Deborah Sprague, Variety
What Is Zisk Zine?
From Mike Faloon:
In one sense Zisk started on my mom's back deck in suburban Syracuse. My high school friends and I spent hours there hanging out. We seldom watched or listened to or read about baseball at that point—music and comedy and movies were more likely topics—but baseball references were a given. Whether it was great names (Bake McBride, Joe Zdeb) or distinctive hair (Rollie Fingers, Oscar Gamble), we were constantly mining the minutiae we'd gleaned from the trading cards we'd devoured as kids.
In another sense Zisk began on the lower east side of Manhattan. I'd moved to New York by the mid-'90s. I was playing in bands. Matt Braun and Ethan Cohen were, too. The three of us would hang out before and after shows on the sidewalk outside of the Continental on 3rd Avenue talking about obscure players from the '70s. The setting had changed but the conversations were remarkably similar to those in Syracuse.
Matt, Ethan, and I all wrote in some capacity and one of us proposed starting a baseball zine. It seemed like too strange an idea to me, covering mainstream content with an underground publication, but they pointed out that Johnny Ramone was a rabid Yankees fan and Maximum Rock and Roll editor Tim Yohannan was rumored to be a Giants fan. More importantly, Matt had access to free photocopying. Naming our zine was easy. I went back to those high school conversations and proposed my go-to: Richie Zisk.
Zisk #1 appeared in the fall of 1999. We sent copies of the debut issue to every potentially sympathetic soul we could think of. The coup was an interview with our namesake. I can still recall being at work one day when my uber-authoritarian boss said in her subzero Czech accent, "Michael, there is someone named Richie Zisk for you." I called in sick the next day and conducted Zisk's first interview.
But Zisk didn't really take hold until Steve Reynolds came on board as co-editor. He and I were friends from college. Steve was a contributing writer from the start. By issue #8 he was doing all of the layouts and organizing our production schedule. Zisk would have run aground long ago without him.
Since then we've met up once or twice a year to battle photocopiers, gripe about the Mets, and marvel over the writing we've had the good fortune to publish. Few thrills match that of seeing a new essay from the likes of Rev. Norb (Boris the Sprinkler) or Todd Taylor (Razorcake) waiting in my inbox. Or John Shiffert (The Breaks Even Out and Midnight Comes Quickly for Cinderella). Or Ken Derr (how is it that no one else is publishing this guy?).
What's surprised me the most over the years is how often I hear a comment like this: I don't like baseball, but I love Zisk. Our writers are so good at conveying their passion for the game, exploring ideas not addressed anywhere else. Need a guide to the best baseball statues in Chicago? No, it's not likely that you do, but Jake Austen knew that when he embarked on such a guide. It's his enthusiasm that makes the piece compelling, along with the precision of this thinking and his humor. Likewise for Nancy Golden's "In the Pink" or Brian Cogan's "Rusty Staub: Heroism from Left to Right Field." I could go on for another 90,000+ words, but then what would be the point of the book?
Risks and challenges
The essays for the anthology have been selected; however, we need to secure the rights to publication, as well as potential interior artwork, which may impact our editing schedule. We have accounted for several possible delays in our publishing schedule, but unexpected issues may arise.
Learn about accountability on KickstarterFAQ
The project started several years ago when an editor approached Steve and me about compiling a best of Zisk book. As we were pulling together a first draft that editor left for the world of freelance, so we shopped the book a number of sports publishers. They passed—we like it, we don't know what to do with it.
Cut to last summer. David LaBounty from Blue Cubicle Press was traveling through Chicago. He picked up a copy of Zisk at Quimbys bookstore. We struck up a correspondence and soon the book project was revived. (I think at least some of the credit has to go to David's son who really liked Zisk.)
Share the link with friends. Let us know the names of bookstores that will want to carry Fan Interference. Pass along contact information for blogs that will review the book or podcasts that might interview one of us. Consider hosting a book release party.
Summer 2013.
Our goal is $3,000. The funds will be used to pay contributing writers and our cover designer, as well as offsetting publishing costs.
Such a generous notion—indeed revisit, revise, update!
Yes, great idea, just pass along the recipient's address.
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ZiskTheBook
Twitter: @ziskthebook
Zisk blog: http://ziskmagazine.blogspot.com/
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A thank you on the Zisk website (can be anonymous)
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A past issue of Zisk, and a thank you in the next print issue (can be anonymous)
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A copy of the Zisk anthology: Fan Interference
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A signed copy of the Zisk anthology: Fan Interference
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Signed copy of the Zisk Anthology: Fan Interference, along with a signed copy of Mike's short story collection, The Hanging Gardens of Split Rock
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All gifts at the $45 level and a signed copy of Brian Cogan's Punk Rock Encyclopedia
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2 backers Limited (3 left of 5)
All of the gifts at the $100 level and you'll receive an autographed baseball card by a baseball star from the 70s or early 80s.
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All gifts at the $100 level and you can contribute an essay to the next print issue of Zisk zine
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Steve and Mike take you and a friend to a Mets game at Citi Field (includes tickets, food, drinks, and two signed copies of the Zisk anthology: Fan Interference)
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Steve and Mike fly to your town and treat you and a friend to a game (includes tickets, food, drinks, and two signed copies of the Zisk anthology: Fan Interference)
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Steve and Mike take you and a friend to a Yankees game at Yankee Stadium (includes tickets, food, drinks, and two signed copies of the Zisk anthology: Fan Interference)
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The Women's Leadership Institute (WLI) is a subcommittee of the Provost Advisory Committee on Women's Issues. Its designed for faculty, staff and graduate students who are interested in the advancement and success of women in leadership roles from higher education institutions in South Carolina. The annual workshop occurs each spring.
WLI features workshops, interactive presentations and a networking luncheon centered on promoting greater awareness of the challenges and opportunities women face as they seek to achieve a work/life balance. There is also time for participants to informally network if the workshop tracks do not meet their needs.
Learning outcomes of WLI
- A stronger community of women in the South Carolina higher education institutions
- Personal and professional growth through general and concurrent sessions
- Leadership skills and development
- Empowerment for women at all stages of their career to pursue higher level positions in their respective fields
11th Annual WLI
The 11th annual WLI, Leading the Charge: A Woman of All Trades [pdf], kicked off April 30. More than 300 women from South Carolina's higher education institutions attended the event in the Russell House on the University of South Carolina's campus. The institute featured 20 workshops divided by four different trades: well-being, meeting your needs, career advancement and graduate students. Katherine Swartz, director of the Center for Leadership at Columbia College's Institute for Leadership and Professional Excellence, was the keynote speaker. Twenty-nine other speakers also presented at the event.
A selection of presentations and handouts from the sessions are available below.
Featured Topics and Trades at WLI 2014
Trade: Well Being
Sexual Harassment
Women's Fertility
The Whirlwind: Life Inside of an Abusive Relationship
Social Media for Professional Development
Verbal Judo
SharePoint - Mapping your Course to Collaboration
Trade: Meeting Your Needs
$tart $mart Salary Negotiation [pdf]
What's in Your Pocketbook?
Navigating Workplace Drama
Prioritizing Healthy Eating When You're a Woman on the Move
Network Security [pdf]
Boss or B#tch – Misperception about Women's Leadership
Trade: Career Advancement
Women in Public Speaking – How to Become an Excellent Public Speaker
Leadership Strategies in Development of Multi-Disciplinary Research Centers [pdf]
The Complex Process of Human Communication
Leadership through Strategic Planning
Assessment . . . And Why It Should Matter To You
Trade: Graduate Students
Panel: Promoting Gender Equality in the Workplace


text:
Brine Lacrosse
Brine Lacrosse
Brine started as a small athletic equipment and uniform company selling to private schools and regional camps. The Brine lacrosse name quickly grew into a major manufacturer of lacrosse equipment. Today, Brine lacrosse equipment is one of the most respected lacrosse equipment manufacturers in the world. Shop our selection of Brine lacrosse equipment and apparel today!
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text:
Luxury, elevated. Performance, exhilarated.
More sophisticated. More powerful. And more luxurious than ever before. This is the all-new 2015 C-Class.
ExploreRaised on the racetrack. Unleashed on your street.
It's an achievement of intense passion and beauty for the senses: Introducing the all-new 2016 Mercedes‑AMG GT S.
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The all-new 2015 GLA is here. Experience the true premium compact SUV with responsive handling and dramatic styling.
ExploreThere are many ways to go, but only one way to get there.
The new 2015 E-Class. Powered by gas, hybrid or diesel. Driven by pure innovation.
Learn MoreThe dream car that was just a dream. Until now.
Introducing the all-new 2015 S-Class Coupe, a bold new vision of "The best or nothing" come true.
ExploreALL-NEW C350 PLUG-IN HYBRID
Efficiency you care about. Performance you crave.
Featuring our most advanced hybrid technology yet, the 2016 C350 Plug-In Hybrid allows for local emission-free driving with performance and comfort to boot. Arriving fall 2015.
Learn MoreWhatever it is, it's always "The best or nothing."
Every decade for almost 130 years, Mercedes-Benz has reinvented the automobile. From luxurious sedans preferred by heads of state to legendary off-roaders to winning turbo-hybrid racecars, if it wears our Silver Star, it's the best of whatever it is.
Experience the LegacyFIRST-EVER 2016 GLE COUPE
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Introducing the first-ever GLE Coupe, a stunning expression of style, performance and versatility. Arriving in late summer 2015.
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Find out what it takes to fine-tune the most advanced vehicles on the road.
Watch Video


text:
The Altera® Motor Control Development Framework lets you easily create integrated, high-performance drive-on-a-chip motor control designs for Altera Cyclone® FPGAs and SoCs. The framework comprises reference designs, software libraries, intellectual property (IP) cores, and a portfolio of motor control hardware platforms supporting the development of motor control systems in a single FPGA.
Figure 1: Motor Control Development Framework
The Motor Control Development Framework seamlessly integrates system-level design and software development tools for embedded Nios® II and ARM® processors, allowing you to extend and customize the motor control reference designs to meet your own application needs. Our Cyclone FPGAs, with high-performance fixed- and floating-point DSP functionality and Nios II soft processor support, offer a scalable and flexible platform for integration of cost-effective single- and multiaxis drives on a single FPGA.
Motor Control Reference Designs
Altera provides a suite of single-and multi-axis drive-on-a-chip reference designs that include a complete FOC IP subsystem integrated with key motor control and interface IP, and system software running on the integrated processor.
Motor Control Development Kits
Motor control development kits include:
- A multiaxis motor control system connecting Altera's Cyclone V SoC Development Kit to the quad-axis multiaxis motor control power board. Altera's Cyclone V E Development Kit and Terasic's DE-2115 board are also supported FPGA platforms
- A single axis motor control system that connects the above FPGA development boards to the single axis power board and motor on the devboards.de HSMC-FalconEye board
- The FalconEye-Hunter motor control platforms from EBV Elektronik
Optimized Motor Control Design Flow
Optimizing motor control algorithms and designs requires versatile tools and a practical tool flow. Figure 2 shows how the right tool flow helps model and simulate the system, implement complex algorithms with low latency, integrate the system, and fine-tune the performance to the exact needs of the motor drive.
Figure 2. Optimize Drive Designs with an Integrated, Flexible Design Flow
You can get powerful and easy-to-use development tools, such as Quartus® II design software, and system integration tools, such as Qsys and DSP Builder for DSP optimization. With support for model-based environments such as MATLAB/Simulink to model the algorithm, you can build a motor control system that can be directly and optimally mapped to a HDL implementation by DSP Builder for optimized Altera-based drive designs. You can develop your software using industry-standard software tools and integrated with FPGA DSP and interface IP using the Qsys tool.
The framework supports optimal partitioning decisions between software running on an integrated processor and IP performing portions of the motor control algorithm in the FPGA. For example depending on the performance requirements of your system or the number of axes you need to support, you can implement position, speed, and current control loops entirely in software or accelerate DSP-intensive functions such as the FOC current control loop in the FPGA for ultra-low latency. The development framework gives you the ability to scale performance via processor offload to the FPGA, helping you meet the most demanding requirements.
Flexible SoC Design Entry Methodologies
Use Simulink and Embedded Coder from MathWorks to generate C/C++ code for Altera Cyclone V SoCs. When used in combination with Altera SoC support from HDL Coder, this solution can be utilized in a hardware/software workflow spanning simulation, prototyping, verification, and implementation on Altera SoCs. For more information, visit www.mathworks.com/altera-soc.
Related Links
- Drive-on-a-chip Reference Design application note (PDF)
- Motor Control IP Suite data sheet (PDF)
- Multiaxis Motor Control Board reference manual (PDF)
- White paper: Advantages of Using FPGAs in Precision Inverter Modules (PDF)
- SoC overview
- Cyclone V SoCs
- Motor drive on a single SoC
- Embedded processors for Altera FPGAs


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In the Name of Science
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This show is a joke. They interview people wanting an upgraded "sound system" in their vehicle. When they do the review of the sound system pre digital enhancements it was outside with ambient sound. Post digital enhancements they pull into a closed garage with carpeting.... Sounds like this show has it's own little white lies.


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The Riot at Lystra |
Click here to buy this book Now! |
Acts 14.8-.18 In the city of Lystra, Paul heals a man. This causes a riot, during which the people shout in their native dialect that Paul and Barnabas are gods come to earth. They call Barnabas Zeus and Paul Hermes. Historical evidence reveals that the lower classes of the interior of Asia Minor still spoke in their native tongues as late as the first century. This was in contrast to the more heavily populated areas along the Mediterranean coast, where native languages had largely disappeared in favor of Greek. Thus Lukes reference to a native dialect in this inland city is accurate. (5) It is interesting that the crowd called Barnabas Zeus and Paul Hermes. The populace of every locality in the ancient world worshipped deities that were considered to be the patrons of their area. Archeological evidence reveals that the Zeus-Hermes combination was the local cult of the city of Lystra. |
Nor is it particularly unusual that the local population of Lystra should want to worship Paul and Barnabas as gods. When Apollonius of Tyana, a pagan miracle worker, was tried before the Emperor Domitian at the end of the first century, one of the charges against him was that he had allowed himself to be worshipped as a god. The Greek writer Lucian also tells of an incident, occurring early in the first century, when a provincial town worshipped a wonder worker as a god. Paul is the central figure in Acts, so it may seem strange that the people of Lystra identified Barnabas as Zeus, who was the more important of the two gods. Luke does not tell us why this identification was made. However, historical evidence reveals that it was a common belief in the ancient world that when two gods came to earth, the lesser one did the talking. Since Paul did the preaching, the people probably concluded that Barnabas must be the greater god. This is a small historical point, but it underscores the authenticity of the narrative. (6) Evidence and Paul's Journeys - Home Page Copyright 2001-2003 by Jefferson White |


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The Pierson-Gordon-Barr-Klein-Shaffer Family of Md. and Pa.Updated August 30, 2006 |
This tree includes the following surnames, Gordon, Pierson, Klein, Barr(Barsky), Levy, Wornitz, (P)Flaunlacher, Shaffer. Except for Pierson, Barr(Barsky) and Shaffer which are known to be in Pa. the others are from Baltimore, Md. Barr and Gordon are Russian immigrants and the Levy, Wornitz, & Flaunlacher's should have immedgrated from to Md. from parts unknown. |
Penny Lyn Pierson |
The content shown on this page has been submitted by a Genealogy.com customer, and is not subject to verification by Genealogy.com. Neither Genealogy.com nor its affiliates are responsible for the accuracy of any information contained on this page. The opinions expressed on this page are the author's alone and not the opinions of Genealogy.com.
© 2009 Ancestry.com |


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Can Nerve Fiber Density Testing Facilitate Earlier Treatment Of Diabetic Neuropathy?
Intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing is gaining enthusiastic acceptance for the diagnosis as well as the staging of diabetic neuropathy. Studies have demonstrated reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density in patients with diabetes type 1 and type 2.1 One major advantage of intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing is the ability to detect the presence of evolving peripheral neuropathy in the presence of normal neurophysiologic studies. 2
Electrodiagnostic studies are reflective of large fiber disease, which is frequently preceded by the presence of small fiber neuropathy between 2 and 10 years. 3 In addition, small fiber neuropathy frequently presents with symptoms such as pain or numbness in the absence of any clinically definable signs. Using an epidermal nerve fiber density study enables the clinician to diagnose peripheral neuropathy in its earliest stages prior to otherwise demonstrable objective evidence of disease. This provides the opportunity to employ therapy aimed at the reduction or reversal of evolving peripheral neuropathic disease.
In addition to the diagnostic value of this test, the epidermal nerve fiber density study allows physicians to assess the response to treatment of peripheral neuropathy. 4 One can also use the intraepidermal nerve fiber density study to assess the regeneration of epidermal nerves in the diabetic and non-diabetic patient with neuropathy. 5
Nerve fiber studies have demonstrated the regeneration of small fiber nerve loss associated with entrapment neuropathy following surgical decompression. This suggests that the intraepidermal nerve fiber density study may be of benefit for the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of entrapment neuropathy, and to gauge the response to decompression surgery for the patient with symptomatic diabetic entrapment neuropathy. 6
Intraepidermal nerve fiber studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of progesterone and its derivatives as well as testosterone on peripheral nerves. 7,8 Similarly, the testing has demonstrated enhanced cutaneous nerve regeneration with the utilization of 4-methylcatechol in resiniferatoxin-induced neuropathy. 9
The technique for epidermal nerve fiber density testing consists of obtaining two 3.0-mm punch biopsy specimens from the supramalleolar area. I generally employ marcaine 0.5% with epinephrine 1/200,000 for anesthesia. I administer local anesthesia between the Achilles tendon and the fibular, 4 cm above the tip of the lateral malleolus. I place the specimens in an appropriate preservative and submit the specimens for the epidermal nerve fiber density study.
What The Literature Reveals
In the patient with diabetic neuropathy, one can demonstrate reduced peripheral nerve branch density and reduced peripheral nerve branch length by utilizing intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing. Increasing severity of peripheral neuropathy, progressing from mild to severe neuropathy, is associated with an increasingly demonstrable loss of peripheral nerve branch density and length. 10
DeSousa, et al., demonstrated reduced epidermal nerve fiber in 71 percent of patients with sensory neuropathy. They also noted morphological nerve changes in the presence of a normal epithelial nerve fiber density study in 21 percent of patients. 11 Other demonstrable morphologic features in the presence of peripheral neuropathy are epidermal axon swelling, dermal axon swelling, thinning of the subepidermal nerve plexus, sprouting of nerve terminals, encapsulation of nerve endings and immunoreactive basal cells. 12
Intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing reliably identifies patients with early stage diabetic polyneuropathy prior to any clinical or electrophysiologic evidence of neuropathy. 13 Researchers have demonstrated the sensitivity of the intraepidermal study for the detection of peripheral neuropathy over other available tests such as quantitative sensory testing or electrodiagnostic studies. 14