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Colour constancy and Fregean representationalism
- Boyd Millar
- … show all 1 hide
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All representationalists maintain that there is a necessary connection between an experience's phenomenal character and intentional content; but there is a disagreement amongst representationalists regarding the nature of those intentional contents that are necessarily connected to phenomenal character. Russellian representationalists maintain that the relevant contents are composed of objects and/or properties, while Fregean representationalists maintain that the relevant contents are composed of modes of presentation of objects and properties. According to Fregean representationalists such as David Chalmers and Brad Thompson, the Fregean variety of the view is preferable to the Russellian variety because the former can accommodate purported counterexamples involving spectrum inversion without illusion and colour constancy while the latter cannot. I maintain that colour constancy poses a special problem for the Fregean theory in that the features of the theory that enable it handle spectrum inversion without illusion cannot be extended to handle colour constancy. I consider the two most plausible proposals regarding how the Fregean view might be developed in order to handle colour constancy—one of which has recently been defended by Thompson (Australas J Philos 87:99–117, 2009)—and argue that neither is adequate. I conclude that Fregean representationalism is no more able to accommodate colour constancy than is Russellian representationalism and, as such, ought to be rejected.
- Arend, L., Reeves, A., Schirillo, J., & Goldstein, R. (1991). Simultaneous color constancy: Papers with diverse Munsell values. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 8, 661–672. CrossRef
- Block, N. (1990). Inverted Earth. In J. Tomberlin (Ed.), Philosophical perspectives, 4: Action theory and philosophy of mind (pp. 53–79). Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview.
- Cavanagh, P., & Leclerc, Y. (1989). Shape from shadows. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 3–27. CrossRef
- Chalmers, D. (2004). The representational character of experience. In B. Leiter (Ed.), The future for philosophy (pp. 153–181). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Chalmers, D. (2006). Perception and the fall from Eden. In T. Gendler & J. Hawthorne (Eds.), Perceptual experience (pp. 49–125). Oxford: Clarendon Press. CrossRef
- Gilchrist, A. (1979). The perception of surface blacks and whites. Scientific American, 240, 112–124. CrossRef
- Jacobson, J., & Werner, S. (2004). Why cast shadows are expendable: Insensitivity of human observers and the inherent ambiguity of cast shadows in Pictorial Art. Perception, 33, 1369–1383. CrossRef
- Jagnow, R. (2009). How representationalism can account for the phenomenal significance of illumination. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8, 551–572. CrossRef
- Kaiser, P., & Boynton, R. (1996). Human color vision (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Optical Society of America.
- Millar, B. (2011). Sensory phenomenology and perceptual content. Philosophical Quarterly, 61, 558–576. CrossRef
- Ostrovsky, Y., Cavanagh, P., & Sinha, P. (2005). Perceiving illumination inconsistencies in scenes. Perception, 34, 1301–1314. CrossRef
- Peacocke, C. (1983). Sense and content. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Smithson, H., & Zaidi, Q. (2004). Colour constancy in context: Roles for local adaptation and levels of reference. Journal of Vision, 4, 693–710. CrossRef
- Thompson, B. (2006). Colour constancy and Russellian representationalism. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 84, 75–94. CrossRef
- Thompson, B. (2007). Shoemaker on phenomenal content. Philosophical Studies, 135, 307–334. CrossRef
- Thompson, B. (2008). Representationalism and the conceivability of inverted spectra. Synthese, 160, 203–213. CrossRef
- Thompson, B. (2009). Senses for senses. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 87, 99–117. CrossRef
- Uchikawa, K., Uchikawa, H., & Boynton, R. (1989). Partial color constancy of isolated surface colors examined by a color-naming method. Perception, 18, 83–91. CrossRef
- Title
- Colour constancy and Fregean representationalism
- Journal
Philosophical Studies
Volume 164, Issue 1 , pp 219-231
- Cover Date
- 2013-05-01
- 10.1007/s11098-011-9850-y
- Print ISSN
- 0031-8116
- Online ISSN
- 1573-0883
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Representationalism
- Fregean representationalism
- Russellian representationalism
- Phenomenal consciousness
- Perceptual content
- Authors
- Boyd Millar (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. 170 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5R 2M8, Canada


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I just created a Crews page in an attempt to (1) consolidate some needed detail to the "crews" option of Social Club and (2) a place for crews to host real information about their group. I noticed that Social Club doesn't give each crew their own page to host policies, their purpose, etc.
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With Northern Boulevard, Oldcastle promises a new old-fashioned musical. If you're expecting Berlin, Porter or Gershwin, this show won't quite provide the trip back, but if you'll accept lesser Loesser, it should do quite nicely. ...
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Add "Create Unit Tests" menu option back!
Add "Create Unit Tests" menu option to automatically create unit test skeletons for methods and namespaces as it was in VS 2010!
Thank you for using Visual Studio and for your commitment to improving it. Though the ALM Rangers have released a workaround for this issue, we will change this item's status to "Under Review" while we continue to evaluate the feasibility of including this into the product in a future release.
83 comments
ErikEJ commented
It is coming in VS 2015
Anonymous commented
Unit test cases for alm product
Alan Davis commented
1 year later and still nothing.
Anonymous commented
Writing unit tests is one half of professional development. How do you want to learn new generation of developers, what testing means, if you remove such menu? You should do the oposit, motivate in all places where possible to add missing tests.
Robert. C. Martin, Clean Coder: How much code should be covered? All of it. ALL, OF, IT. -
Girija commented
For this you have to go Tools->Options -> KeyBoard->Show command containng -_ Type Test -> set create test & put Short cut then it will enabled
William M Rawls commented
The workaround is interesting but SO not what the dialog used to be. Please restore full functionality. I liked being able generate several tests with stub code all at once. Now all I get is the function name. PLEASE restore this functionality
Anonymous commented
i support add cut
Dinesh commented
I have vs 2012 ,in that create unit testing option is not enabled, any idea
Anonymous commented
Yep, I was searching for that one too...
GregZ commented
It is not in VS2013 either. These kinds of things turn people of from MS.
Micky Duncan commented
Unbelievable as to why it was removed in the first place
Rajani commented
Yep, add "Create Unit Tests" menu option to automatically create unit test skeletons for methods and namespaces as it was in VS 2010!
Imad Marmoud commented
It has a bug when creating a test class in a C# project from a VB class.
Please, can you solve it ? -
Steve Grattan commented
Re-introduce the 'create unit test' shortcut as a default not something we have to hunt around the web for in order to re-enable it. The lack of this feature as a given has made me less productive.
Dan Waters commented
The ALM Ranger solution, on my PC with VS 2013, does not show up in the menu for Modules, although it does for Classes. I'm still using VS 2010 because of this. The decision to remove this was something like removing the turn signals from the next model year's cars. And yes, why would you do that??
Adil Mughal commented
I would be happy to see if create unit tests is back and can generate unit tests for me such as boundary test, basic stuff etc. may be using T4 templates
Lucas Cullen commented
So bad, I don't upgrade to 201x
Todd Taylor commented
"Create Unit Tests" option is back.... woohoo!
Dawa commented
You may use a painless method to re-enable it.
http://dl.my/2013/enable-create-unit-tests-on-visual-studio-2012/ -
Andy commented
Can't believe this has been removed !!!


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BAGHDAD (AP) — Militants apparently bent on undermining security and confidence in the government set off a series of bombs across Iraq today that killed at least 15 people and wounded another 24.
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Posted July 2, 2007
Northeast Ohio's largest employer is about to implement a new hiring policy: if you smoke or chew tobacco, you need not apply. Cleveland Clinic executives say this just a part of their push toward wellness for all employees. And, since fewer smokers will translate to fewer sick people, the policy will reduce the Clinic's bottom line. But, what about the cost to personal liberty? And how fair is it to exclude a whole class of people from potential employment?
Posted July 3, 2007
The Towpath Trail is well on its way to becoming a top Northeast Ohio attraction. Finishing the last few miles, however, will take a bit more time and a lot more money. The Towpath Trail draws thousands of visitors to the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. And planners say it could do the same for downtown Cleveland, if only the trail extended that far. We'll talk about that dream and what's holding it up, on The Sound of Ideas Tuesday morning at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 4, 2007
Whatever happened to Dirty Kurt Bevacqua? Or Mudcat Grant? Or Joe Azcue? Many of Cleveland's "boys of summer" are faded memories decades after they hung up the spikes. Some were good - the team certainly wasn't - but we loved 'em anyway. Join us on The Sound of Ideas when we bring back stories of some favorite Indians from the bad old days of Cleveland baseball. Veteran sportswriter Russ Schneider joins us to talk about his new book, Whatever Happened to Super Joe? That's Wednesday morning at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 5, 2007
Some of the Democratic Presidential contenders are in town today and tomorrow to speak with the steelworkers union. The question is this: will any of their messages resonate statewide? On our roundtable this week, a discussion about the presidential race and Ohio. We'll talk with veteran political reporters - and you - about candidates, the issues and which stances are likely to win Ohio voters over. It's politics in the Swing State on the Sound of Ideas, Thursday morning at nine on 90.3.
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No more dunking on basketball courts in Bedford, Euclid and Lakewood. The hoops have come down. Some praise the removal as an effort to curb bad behavior. Others call it racism. Basketball courts attract kids and young adults who have nothing to do. Games can turn into shoving and swearing matches. Suburbs are removing basketball hoops to regulate behavior. Some call it a culture clash, since the players are often African American. Are city officials overreacting? Or should they go even further to preserve community standards? Barring basketball in the burbs - join Regina Brett for the discussion Friday morning on The Sound of Ideas.
Posted July 9, 2007
Six months in office and Governor Strickland has lowered taxes, frozen tuition and found approval on a budget. Now, it's time to tackle the 800-pound gorilla - education funding. The governor has already begun a series of conversations with school and civic leaders about how to fix Ohio's education funding. Monday on The Sound of Ideas, we'll have one of our own. We'll hear the latest from the folks pushing a constitutional amendment, and we'll get the view from outside the state. Join us at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 10, 2007
With more than 13,000 residential foreclosures last year, it looked like the picture in Cuyahoga County couldn't get any worse. It did. This year, the county is on track to hit 17,000. Tuesday morning on The Sound of Ideas, we'll get the back story on this bleak real estate picture. We'll hear the perspective of the banking industry and the local politician who is trying to stop the madness. Join the conversation - it starts at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 11, 2007
Lots of folks are talking about going green these days, but it's not just about carbon footprints and hugging trees. In the energy industry, it could mean more jobs. With the annual Solar Energy Conference in town this week, we're turning our attention to the economic impact of renewable energy. It's a trillion dollar a year industry, So, what will it take for Ohio to claim a bigger piece of that pie? Join the conversation, Wednesday morning on The Sound of Ideas.
Posted July 12, 2007
In the news this week: the President comes to town and finds his economic message hijacked by the war; a wave of violence hits the streets of Greater Cleveland; a local attorney is given a new mission - to seal a Medical Mart deal; Case Western's new president begins, with a few missions of her own. We'll talk about those stories and others on The Sound of Ideas regional reporters roundtable. There's a seat for you, too, so don't miss it, Thursday morning at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 13, 2007
Topics: Arts and Culture, Community/Human Interest
Secret societies. Muggles and Hogwarts. Witches and wizards and all manner of dark creatures. And dare we mention, He Who Must Not Be Named. Harry Potter has worked his magic on kids everywhere. The film The Order of the Phoenix came out this week and the final book, Deathly Hallows, comes out next week. Will Harry live or die? More important, what will become of the millions of children who fell in love... with reading? Join Regina Brett for Harry Potter mania Friday morning, on The Sound of Ideas.
Posted July 16, 2007
Topics: Health
A lot of people think of giving in terms of sacrifice. For instance, I give up something so you will be better off. But what if giving made us both better off? According to Dr. Stephen Post of Case Western, it does. In his new book, "Why Good Things Happen to Good People," Post brings together current research that shows why scientifically, it may actually be better to give than receive. Dr. Post joins us on the next Sound of Ideas, Monday morning at nine on 90.3. Plus, we'll visit with Ingenuity Fest artist Marcus Santos. Santos will be leading the "Samba for 1,000 Drums" Friday, July 20 at noon.
Posted July 17, 2007
Topics: Health, Regional Economy/Business - Analysis and Trends
Its supporters say the Medical Mart would capitalize on the region's strengths in health care and bring in more than $330 million a year. But, questions remain - namely these: what's the business plan? How will the facility actually attract 50-plus medical trade shows every year? And the private companies that stand to benefit from the Mart - how much will they invest? We'll find some answers Tuesday morning on The Sound of Ideas.
Posted July 18, 2007
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Tension is growing in Lorain. Facing a $14 million deficit, the school board laid off a third of its teachers. Now, some Lorain teachers want to fire the board. Wednesday morning on The Sound of Ideas, we'll explore both sides of the crisis facing the Lorain City School District. It led to the layoff of 246 teachers, and the education of nearly 9,000 students is at stake. You're invited to join the conversation - it starts at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 19, 2007
This week in campaign news, Dennis Kucinich changes his stance on the importance of debating his political rivals; Presidential candidate John Edwards stalks Kucinich country; state lawmakers seek to get Ohio back in the loop by moving the presidential primary to January... we'll talk about those stories, plus a new museum, marketing strategy and county executive in Akron. Join us Thursday morning at nine for The Sound of Ideas roundtable.
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The city's homicide rate is climbing every week. Cleveland could set a record for murders if it keeps up. Part of the problem is gang violence and the culture of guns and drugs that go with it. The year is only half over and already 71 people in Cleveland have been killed. Gangs of teens have taken over abandoned houses. Mothers are taking out life insurance policies on their children. What attracts boys and young men to join gangs? Regina Brett talks to former gang members and the adults trying to help them Friday morning on The Sound of Ideas. Photo: L to R - Kevin Bell, Deonte Godfrey, Regina Brett, "Mario," Bishop Prince Moultry
Posted July 23, 2007
Topics: Environment, Making Change, Regional Economy/Business - Analysis and Trends, Regional Economy/Business - News
Imagine if you could take all the weeds from your garden, or all the corn stalks on a field at the end of the harvest, and turn them it all into fuel or plastics. That may sound a bit far fetched, but it's at the heart of something called biomass technology. Scientists say the potential for biomass is enormous and Ohio could be a major player. Monday morning on The Sound of Ideas, we'll chat with some of the scientists leading this new revolution in energy and polymer technology. Join us with your questions. It starts at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 24, 2007
Topics: Arts and Culture
All across northeast Ohio, summer camp is in full swing. And we didn't want to be left out. So, this week, we take the show to summer camp. Now, you remember camp - a little bit of boating, some sports, a lot of running around and screaming, and ending every day exhausted. We'll talk about how camp has changed and how it remains the same formative experience for the young - and old - people who attend. We're joined by folks from Camp Christopher, from Hiram House - which serves local disadvantaged youth - and from Highbrook Lodge, the camp of the Cleveland Sight Center. You're invited to join our conversation with your own question and stories about the role summer camp has played in your life Tuesday morning on The Sound of Ideas.
Posted July 25, 2007
Topics: Health, Technology, Regional Economy/Business - Analysis and Trends, Regional Economy/Business - News
What if brain surgery were quick, painless, and could effectively kill an otherwise deadly tumor without a scalpel blade ever touching the skin? In some cases it is. Last week, oncologists at the Cleveland Clinic inaugurated the latest multi-million dollar GammaKnife, and University Hospitals boasts the only CyberKnife in Ohio. These technologies are bloodless, virtually painless yet they can stop a brain tumor in its tracks and have you home for dinner. On the Sound of Ideas, we'll talk about the technology, its costs and its effectiveness. Join the conversation Wednesday morning at nine on 90.3.
Posted July 26, 2007
Topics: Government/Politics, Courts/Crime - Fire/Law Enforcement, Miscellaneous
In the news this week, one Cleveland city councilman catches both flak and praise for his poison pen, and another travels to Washington to spread the bad news about foreclosures. Meanwhile, in Columbus, the investigation into a major data theft leads to resignations and terminations all the way down to a lowly intern. On the Sound of Ideas Roundtable, we'll talk about those stories, the rumblings coming out of the Attorney General's office, and the possibility of a rate hike at Dominion Ohio. That's Thursday morning at nine on 90.3.
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Topics: Education, Environment, Government/Politics, Energy, Ethics/Religion, Housing/Real Estate, Regional Economy/Business - Analysis and Trends
Ohio's Governor is enjoying a 61 percent approval rating, and a Washington Post columnist recently called him Mr. Consensus--the Democrat who leaves no Republican behind. Ohio Governor Ted Strickland is our guest Friday. Everything is on the table--education funding, information security, economic development, his support for labor and his antagonism towards charter schools. You're cordially invited to join us with your questions, as well, Friday morning at 9 on 90.3.
Posted July 30, 2007
Ohio has more than $75 million in federal homeland security money coming its way. Now, we don't want to give away any secrets, but what is it all going to be spent on? Monday morning on The Sound of Ideas, we'll talk to state officials and local emergency management personnel about where the money is going and how past grants have been spent and if all this money is making us safer. We're looking forward to hearing your questions, too, Monday morning at nine on 90.3.
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Topics: Education, Government/Politics, Mental Health, Community/Human Interest, Courts/Crime - Fire/Law Enforcement, Parenting/Child Care
What's the best way to reclaim a neighborhood from crime? Midnight basketball? Better schools? More dads at home? or does the answer lie in hate letters to accused criminals? Cleveland councilman Mike Polensek's recent missive to an alleged drug dealer tapped into a flood of public frustration. According to the vocal majority, the anger is justified, and patience for civility is waning. Tuesday morning at nine, we'll talk with Polensek and others about what works when confronting the forces of crime and disrespect. You're invited to join us.
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Jetta Operating Co., a 24-year-old privately held oil and gas company in Fort Worth, and a related entity plan a 26-story mixed-use tower downtown at Taylor and Fifth streets on a site once owned by the Star-Telegram.
Six candidates have filed for the two open seats on the Tarrant Regional Water Board, setting up a battle that could potentially shift the balance of power on the board and the priorities of one of the largest water districts in Texas.
Fort Worth Near Southsiders and city officials broke ground Monday on the 18-month rebuild of South Main Street between Vickery Boulevard and West Magnolia Avenue.
A trampoline recreation business; an oilfield services company; a longtime aviation maintenance firm; a maker of electrical wiring harnesses. Those were the wide variety of businesses that received the 2015 Small Business of the Year Award from the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce.
IOWA CITY, Iowa (AP) — Taser International, the stun-gun maker emerging as a leading supplier of body cameras for police, has cultivated financial ties to police chiefs whose departments have bought the recording devices, raising a host of conflict-of-interest questions.
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Euro Elections And MP's Expenses
Well, I'm nothing if not topical…
I wanted to write something on this more than a month ago, but my lack of net access pushed it on to the back burner until now. However, this month's Liberator contained several articles on these things, which have brought everything back to mind.
The first thing to say is that the BNP's success in the Euro elections was *very* easily avoidable. The fact is, the only parties that actually treated the Euro election as a serious one were the BNP, racist UKIP, and the Greens. They're the only parties that did *any* campaigning worthy of the name.
Which is not to say that individuals in those parties didn't do anything – they did. But I could probably name every single person in South Manchester who did any campaigning at all for the Lib Dems – I would be *shocked* if it was more than thirty in total – and what was done was remarkably half-hearted.
Now that makes sense in a party with a limited budget – you have to choose your battles – but the fact is that despite what people like Rupert Reed (who complained vociferously that the Lib Dems said in a leaflet that he couldn't win, and then he didn't win) think, the election wasn't a contest between parties, but *should* have been an attempt to get out any voters at all. Something like a third of the country voted, and if the proportions of support are broadly the same throughout the population as they were among voters, any of the big three parties could have had a landslide had they got out *all* their vote (and the smaller ones could have got many more MEPs if they had). The problem was we didn't try hard enough to get out our vote.
But also, one thing I heard time and again when calling people or door-knocking was that people weren't going to vote at all, because of the expenses row.
Now, like a lot of people I was not actually all *that* bothered by the MPs expenses row, because compared to getting us involved in two unwinnable wars for no good reason, destroying rights that have lasted centuries , destroying the welfare state, encouraging racism for political gain, torture, the wholesale funneling of billions of pounds of public money into the hands of incompetent private contractors, mismanagement of the economy on an epic scale and the continued existence of David Blunkett, fiddling the expenses seems such a trivial crime that to complain about it would be like telling the Elephant Man his new haircut didn't suit him.
I also didn't think it really affected the Lib Dems in this election, because Chris Davies, the incumbent Lib Dem MEP, had a cast-iron record on fighting corruption in the European Parliament, while John Leech, the local MP in the area I was canvassing, is in the bottom 10% of MPs on expenses claims (he certainly doesn't have an expensive car or anything like that, as I discovered when he gave a lift to four of us in his tiny car – I nearly pulled a muscle trying to get my large frame out of that confined space).
But the problem is, the expenses row had affected people more than I thought possible. Firstly, because it had been so prominent in the news that people who knew nothing of those other events knew it (and there are a *lot* of people who don't pay any attention at all – one of the people I called thought I was calling for 'the Social Democrats' – a party that disbanded twenty years ago – while another said 'Oh yes, I'll vote for Liberal Democrats – Mr Cameron's lot') – and those people weren't going to distinguish between parties. But more importantly, it knocked the will to care out of a lot of people because it *hit home*. It was something they could relate to.
Time and again I heard the same thing from people – that they didn't begrudge legitimate expenses at all (and most people recognised the need for reasonable expenses) but that what got them was that these people who were gaming the system for all they could were in power and making it almost impossible for people at the bottom end of the income scale to claim what they were entitled to.
One poor woman, a lifelong Lib Dem, said she just couldn't bring herself to vote at all because of the expenses row, because after her husband died, she'd been turned down for benefits. She couldn't work, because she stayed at home to look after her disabled daughter, but the benefits office had insisted that she couldn't get benefits because she had a partner. "I kept telling them, she's not my partner, she's my daughter! But they wouldn't listen!"
People like that see a wall of bureaucracy put in place just to stop them claiming the essentials for survival from a state they've paid taxes to all their life, and see the people at the top able to take what they like without consequence, because pretty much everyone in Parliament comes from the upper-middle or upper classes, and have no real understanding what difference forty quid a week can make to people at the bottom. (Boris Johnson calling a quarter of a million a year "chicken feed" is an example – it'd take me nearly ten years to earn that, and I'm comfortably off). And those people voted the Tories out in 1997 because they were sleaze-ridden, corrupt, and victimising those at the bottom of society. They were told that "Things Can Only Get Better", and are now seeing that Labour are no different at all to the Tories. If your only two options for government are identical, then giving up on voting makes sense.
And that, even more than the unnecessary deaths of millions, even more than the torture, even more than the economic collapse, is the *real* crime of the New Labour 'project' and this government. It's taken away from millions of people the hope that anything could ever be any better.
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Did you see this piece by George Monbiot in The Guardian a while back? I thought it summed things up nicely.
It is with a weird sense of deja vu that I sat through this expenses scandal which, as you say, is almost a complete action replay of the last years of the Tories. I suspect that people focus on the small things they imagine they might be able to change. Government was, is and always will be run for the benefit of big business. But some kind of reform to parliamentary expenses might actually happen. (And in fact, to some degree, it is!)
There's also a strong undertaste of good old British prurience to the whole thing. Privatising hospitals is one thing, but the idea that someone might have been bunged a few quid to do it is another. Let's remember the first of these 'scandals' was Blears' husband watching a couple of blue movies at the combined cost of around a tenner.


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Former 'Game Of Thrones' star Michelle Fairley may have just clinched the fate of Lady Stoneheart in a new interview — and it doesn't sound good.
The internet was abuzz following Game Of Thrones' fourth season finale when Lady Stoneheart didn't show up, as she did in the epilogue of A Storm Of Swords. While director Alex Graves, who directed the final episode, revealed that there were no plans whatsoever to include the pivotal character during that time, it didn't necessarily mean that we wouldn't see Lady Stoneheart in the future. However, in a new interview, former GoT cast member Michelle Fairley – who played Catelyn Stark — may have just sealed the Lady's fate. And it's not good news. SPOILERS are below!
Lady Stoneheart Cut From 'Game Of Thrones', Says Michelle Fairley
"The character's dead," Michelle told EW. "She's dead." The outlet revealed that Michelle was told it would likely never happen, and when asked about a preference — Lady Stoneheart or no Lady Stoneheart — Michelle said, "I knew the arc, and that was it. They can't stick to the books 100 percent. It's impossible— they only have 10 hours per season.
"They have got to keep it dramatic and exciting, and extraneous stuff along the way gets lost in order to maintain the quality of brilliant show."
Who Is Lady Stoneheart? Well, Catelyn Stark's Reanimated Corpse
Extraneous stuff along the– OK, that hurts. For those of you who are not up to speed, Lady Stoneheart is Catelyn Stark's reanimated corpse. There's no nice or normal-sounding way to say it. After her throat was slit at the Red Wedding, she was thrown into a river and left to float there for three days before she was pulled out by Lord Beric Dondarrion, who resurrected her by giving his life for hers.
Catelyn adopted the name Lady Stoneheart as she joined the Brotherhood Without Banners to lead them in mercilessly executing all traitors — especially Lannisters and Freys, and anyone who associates with them.
The Implications Of Lady Stoneheart's Absence Are Kind Of Huge
It was an incredibly chilling, powerful moment when her character was revealed, and just the thought of what could happen if the Starks are ever reunited — broken, bloodied, and changed as they are — is so exciting. The Stark children are each operating on their own little islands, believing that both of their parents are dead. If Arya found out her mother was alive (kind of), would she return to Westeros? Would Sansa go north? Would Bran return from beyond the wall, and would Rickon pull himself out of whatever hidey hole he's chilling out in?
Most importantly, would Lady Stoneheart have accepted them back into her arms, or is she too far bent on revenge for that?
Not only is all of that interesting from a character standpoint, but from a mythological standpoint — it drives home the fact that magic is very alive and very real in Westeros, and its consequences can be dire. If they can resurrect Catelyn, who was once (relatively) harmless and is now a revenge-driven murderer, who could be next?
However, by Michelle's words, it looks like we may never see it play out on screen.
What do you think, HollywoodLifers? Are you disappointed that we may very well never see Lady Stoneheart? Or do you think it's the best choice for the series in favor of other, larger storylines? While the books are the books and the TV show is the TV show, this seems like a pretty huge thing to leave out. Or is it? Let us know your thoughts!
– Amanda Michelle Steiner
Follow @AmandaMichl
More 'Game Of Thrones':
- 'Game Of Thrones': The Faith Will Present A New Challenge For Cersei
- 'Game Of Thrones': Season 5 Will Take Place In Dorne, Showrunners Confirm
- 'Game Of Thrones' Creator George R.R. Martin: I Know The Ending
View Comment
Asher Leong
Posted at 3:20 PM on October 7, 2014
Posted at 2:11 PM on June 26, 2014
Posted at 2:10 PM on June 26, 2014
To cut her out will be the doom of this show. What will now happen with storylines for Brienne, Poddrick,Jaime or Brotherhood without Banners. And i highly doubt GRRM are gonna resurrect cat if she wasn't important to the overall story. If she is cut then it will be the beginning of downfall
Posted at 10:44 PM on June 30, 2014
i agree 100% whos gunna kill brienne and pod if not for lady stoneheart. I will be super dissapointed if we don't get to see her, it doesnt have to be michelle it can be whoever because we dont see her face. She mostly operates in the background of the 4th book and doesn't have her own chapter, so 1 or 2 scenes through the whole season 5 would be just fine. I feel she is a mayjor part of the Stark cause and her revenge is what the people want and deserve!. give us what we want and we want LADY STONEHEART.
Posted at 9:30 AM on June 26, 2014
I am happy she is not going to be in it. IMO she shouldn't be in the book either. It was fantastic to read about at the end of book3 and literally Martin went no where with it. Yes, there is this whole brienne and jamie predictament but that can easily be overted in the show.
Lady Stoneheart has zero point to the central plot in the books and would be pointless in the show.
I haven't read the books yet, but those parts about resurrecting people and black vagina demons killing princes are, in my opinion, really ridiculous parts. The possibility of bringing back someone from the dead only diminishes their death and being able to kill someone miles and miles away is kind of stupid. You can kill anyone like that, anywhere, anytime. I got nothing against magic in a fantasy world, but that is a little over the top.
Posted at 6:06 PM on June 26, 2014
Posted at 6:44 PM on June 26, 2014
You are 100% without a doubt wrong. First and foremost, Lady Stoneheart isn't Catelyn Stark. She has no more humanity left in her. She's the prime example of what the cruel world GRRM has created can do to an honest and honorable person. She may not be seen much in the novels, but she is pivotal to the plot and, frankly, her omission from the show makes me worry about her future in the novels too. If she isn't important enough to be included in the show, her story arc may very well go nowhere, which would be such a waste of a great character. Reading people in the books speaking of the Lightning Lord's woman, who he kissed and brought to life, was so well placed and intriguing. I find her and the talk of Nymeria's wolf pack to be the best aspects of Jaime/Brienne's storyline.
On to why you are wrong about her existence having zero point. Lady Stoneheart is responsible for continuing the fight against Lannisters/Freys/and any other enemies of the Starks. She keeps the fire burning for our northern protagonists to pick up from once they converge back in Westeros. Her omission from the show makes the introduction of Baric/Thoros/Brotherhood all the more pointless. Why even include the Brotherhood if their storyline has now been driven into the dirt? Second, and most important, Brienne was captured by the Brotherhood and given a choice. She chose the sword, which means she will keep her vow to Lady Catelyn and kill Jaime, or at least hold him responsible for his crimes. This is Jaime's story coming around full circle. He's climbing out of the pit of scumbags for a chance to redeem himself truly. The Stoneheart storyline also drives Brienne in yet another direction. First she was set out to return Jaime to Kings Landing, and kind of failed. Then she set out to find the Stark girls, only to be captured by the Brotherhood. Is Brienne going to follow Arya across the narrow sea? That wouldn't make the slightest bit of sense to the story. Then there's always the possibility that some other character could change Brienne's storyline, refocusing her attention on Jaime. But who would fill that role? The Blackfish? The Brotherhood? None have the ability to force Brienne's hand and make her take up arms against Jaime, a man she now admires. Then there's always the possibility that Brienne and Pod go off and wander the 7 kingdoms for no apparent reason. Arya is now missing, again, but definitely alive. But Sansa is nowhere to be found. She could continue looking for her, but that seems rather pointless too. Sansa is Alayne now and entire segments of Brienne walking around with Pod looking for someone she won't find seems a waste of time for a show, as Michelle Fairly put it, that only has a finite amount of time to tell its story. It seems to me that adding Stoneheart would save a butt load of time and allow the story to unfold the way it supposed to. And just one more friendly reminder that this show is based in the fantasy genre, which includes magic and resurrection and mythical beasts. I'm sorry if people saw this show as something different but there are dragons, shadow creatures, warlocks, blood magic spells, and resurrection. If Lady Stoneheart was never meant to be introduced they should have left Beric dead after the Hound put his sword through his heart.


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Judges' Pick
For this logo proposal we decided that instead of symbolizing the diversity of the films we chose to exemplify them. The logos are very dependent on the content of the films at the festival (photography / film stills) and is made to work in conjunction with the film stills on the poster and promotional material.
For the icon we chose a simple framing device (reminiscent of a viewfinder), it references the frame of view that these documentaries provide, a glimpse into these contemporary issues that exist amongst a wider context. These issues extend beyond the frame and as a result so does the wordmark.


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How People Watch TV in Darlington, IN
To learn about viewing trends and cable TV in Darlington, IN, examine habits of Americans at large. Half of the population watches some of their favorite shows online. Even though streamed content is on the rise, 97% of Americans still watch television the old fashioned way, on their TV, and 33% of people have four or more televisions in their home for watching these shows. Well over 72% of people in the U.S. bundle their cable subscriptions to include both TV and high-speed Internet. So what, right? Well, of your fellow 906 Darlington residents, there's:
- 299 owners of at least 4 TV's
- 435 who take the term 'television' show lightly (and stream instead)
- 879 keeping to traditional TV for their favorite shows
- 652 smart folks, a.k.a the cable bundlers
- 752 Darlington residents confined to network air dates and times.


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Today on Newsradio 1070 WKOK:
On The Mark 8:30am: Open phones, 9:06am Cliff Rieders on the PSU scandal, 9:30am Richard Bloomingdale, president Penna AFL-CIO on Right to Work.
Dan Patrick Show 10am: To Be Announced.
Michael Smerconish noon: To Be Announced.
Steve Jones Show 3pm: Reviewing PSU v. Indiana last night, previewing this weekend's college basketball, and looking forward to the Super Bowl.
WKOK News, Weather and Sports 5pm: Codi Jade and Sara Bartlett at the anchor desk.
Shikellamy Sports 7pm: Wrestling…Williamsport vs. Shikellamy. Steve Williams and Phil Lockcuff.
The best of the best and Penna. Wrestling Hall of Fame coach Lockcuff, on WKOK!
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The circus has left town
PUBLISHED: 08 Mar 2011 00:35:00 | UPDATED: 08 Mar 2011 08:11:02PUBLISHED: 08 Mar 2011 PRINT EDITION: 08 Mar 2011Ben Wilmot and Lisa Allen
Competition to buy into Australia's top commercial property markets is driving increases in the value of prime office towers and shopping towers, but the big gains that came after the credit crunch may be over.
IPD Australia & New Zealand managing director Anthony De Francesco expects the rate of growth to moderate after a strong bounce back from the depths of the crisis, when property owners and developers came under most pressure from their lenders.
"We think returns will move up but the speed at which they will rise will start to slow," Dr De Francesco said.
The initial improvement came as capital growth came back into the market, but IPD expects that rise will start to taper off.
Dr De Francesco said trophy assets were still being sought and he expected the capitalisation rates of some of the best assets to firm, but he cautioned that pricing of secondary assets was not yet back.
"Pricing is still soft for secondary assets . . . there's a flight to quality," he said.
Campbell Hanan, group executive of the commercial office division of Investa Property Group, said central business markets were doing well, with Melbourne the hottest city.
Mr Hanan said Investa regularly received approaches for its towers from agents seeking stock for international clients. He said the top end of Sydney and Melbourne was "a nice place to be".
"The market has gone from a buyers' market to probably a sellers' market in Sydney and Melbourne," Mr Hanan said.
Dr David Rees, head of research at Jones Lang LaSalle, cautioned that some of the strongest gains in the property cycle had already been seen.
"We see capital growth continuing to move ahead, we see rent growth, but its more like a straight line, not a ski slope," Dr Rees said. "The big bonanza is often at the early stage of the cycle."
Dr Rees said that in the office market secondary yields had tightened ahead of prime yields as private investors chased smaller assets that came on to the market immediately after the property crunch.
This segment also bounced back strongly from a sharp dip caused by fears of high vacancy levels which did not eventuate.
Dr Rees expects prime yields will move ahead of secondary yields.
"The secondary market has had its run," he said.
Retail centres are also lifting, with players such as Colonial First State Global Asset Management managing director for property Darren Steinberg upbeat about quality sites.
Mr Steinberg said modest sales growth, together with low vacancy in regional and sub-regional centres and relatively few new centres being developed, should keep rental growth positive and cause prime yields to fall between 25 and 50 basis points.
But financiers are running many of the sales at the smaller end of the market and property developer Kevin Seymour said it comes back to the banking system.
"Banks don't have an appetite for the B- and C-grade buildings, and if they do the lending on them is at a much reduced rate. Their lending ratios are much less on the C-grade buildings," Mr Seymour said.
"The real test for the property market is what the banks are lending and the real consideration is their opinion on true asset values."
Mr Seymour said the real problem with B- and C-grade buildings was that banks didn't have an appetite to lend on them at the same margin they are lending on A-grade buildings.
"The smaller investors are having difficulty getting funding," he said.
Calibre Capital managing director Sandy Calder said the pricing of "core style" buildings was already "back to pre-crash kind of levels".
"Once the superior stock is taken up, the market tends to gravitate towards the better quality secondary stock," Mr Calder said.
"That's quite a sweet spot at the moment."
Full coverage of the Commercial Property Conference 2011 in tomorrow's paper.
The Australian Financial Review
Read more
Companies | Investa Property |
People | Kevin Seymour |
Topics | Property - Commercial, Property - Commercial /Commercial Property , Property - Commercial /Retail Property |


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donhornsby's curator insight,
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(From the article): When it comes to learning true leadership, characteristics like servanthood and followership immediately come to mind. But many other aspects also fall into this category. These are like the ability to: Cultivate wisdomDevelop genuine humilityNurture a heart of gratitudeOr even summon courage when it really counts And the reason is fairly simple: these are the highly personal aspects of real leadership that only come through a deliberate and life-long commitment to self-discovery.
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A Community Response to Latino Disparities in Health (PDF) (Binational Health Week, 2011) As part of Binational Health Week in 2011, this paper was released to show the growing population of Latinos in the U.S. and the growing unmet health needs.
A Roadmap and Best Practices for Organizations to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (Chin MH, Clarke AR, Nocon RS, Casey AA, Goddu AP, Keesecker NM and Cook SC, Journal of Internal Medicine, 2012) In 2005, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation began a national program, Finding Answers: Disparities Research for Change, to identify promising interventions to reduce disparities in health care. This article, written by staff of the national program office at the University of Chicago, describes the work of the program to conduct systematic reviews of the literature, evaluate promising practices, provide technical assistance to health care organizations, and disseminate their findings.
Amazing Facts about Health (PDF) (Unnatural Causes, California Newsreel, National Minority Consortia of Public Television, 2008) Unnatural Causes is a four-hour documentary series exploring our socio-economic and racial inequities in health.
Awareness of Racial And Ethnic Health Disparities Has Improved Only Modestly Over A Decade (PDF) (Benz, J.K., et al., American Journal of Medical Quality 2012) Policy makers must increase the availability and quality of data on racial and ethnic health disparities and create multisectoral partnerships to develop targeted educational campaigns to increase awareness of health disparities.
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Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2013 (PDF) (United States Census Bureau) This report presents data on income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States based on information collected in the 2012 and earlier Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Milwaukee Health Report 2012: Health Disparities in Milwaukee by Socioeconomic Status (Center for Urban Population Health, 2012) Many researchers have found that there is a relationship between people's socioeconomic status (SES, commonly measured as a combination of income and education) and their health. This has been documented in studies in the United States as well as in countries around the world. The relationship between SES and health has also been found to exist in the City of Milwaukee. The Center for Urban Population Health and the City of Milwaukee Health Department have prepared the Milwaukee Health Report by analyzing local data in order to update what we already know about the relationship between health and socioeconomic status. The goal of this report is to provide policy makers and community organizations with meaningful information that can be used in addressing Milwaukee's health issues.
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Distance: 73.9 mi
Vertical climb: +6292 ft
Start: Fremont BART
Finish: Fremont BART
Major Climbs: Mt. Hamilton
Rest Stops: Joseph Grant Ranch, Lick Observatory
Route sheet: Mt. Hamilton (A) [52K]
Leaving from Fremont BART, head south to Mt. Hamilton Road and climb to the Lick Observatory. Then turn around descend back to BART.


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Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 489257, 12 pages
An Intelligent Method of Product Scheme Design Based on Product Gene
1School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
2Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
Received 15 March 2013; Accepted 27 June 2013
Academic Editor: Zude Zhou
Copyright © 2013 Qing Song Ai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Nowadays, in order to have some featured products, many customers tend to buy customized products instead of buying common ones in supermarket. The manufacturing enterprises, with the purpose of improving their competitiveness, are focusing on providing customized products with high quality and low cost as well. At present, how to produce customized products rapidly and cheaply has been the key challenge to manufacturing enterprises. In this paper, an intelligent modeling approach applied to supporting the modeling of customized products is proposed, which may improve the efficiency during the product design process. Specifically, the product gene (PG) method, which is an analogy of biological evolution in engineering area, is employed to model products in a new way. Based on product gene, we focus on the intelligent modeling method to generate product schemes rapidly and automatically. The process of our research includes three steps: (1) develop a product gene model for customized products; (2) find the obtainment and storage method for product gene; and (3) propose a specific genetic algorithm used for calculating the solution of customized product and generating new product schemes. Finally, a case study is applied to test the usefulness of our study.
1. Introduction
Satisfying customer requirements is more and more crucial in current manufacturing mode. Most manufacturing enterprises put their customers' satisfaction in the top position to improve their competitiveness. Meanwhile, an increasing number of customers tend to purchase customized products with their personal characteristics, rather than buying those common ones from the market [1]. Due to these requirements, enterprises adopt customer-driven strategy to produce small number but wide-variety products to offer customers maximize satisfaction [2]. The notion of consumer-driven design [3] was firstly rooted in Japan's Kobe shipyard in the 1970s [4]. Now, many new principles and approaches, such as quality function deployment (QFD) [5] and axiomatic design (AD) [6], have been introduced to help designers identify the relationship between customer requirements and design characteristics [7]. Zhou et al. proposed a STEP-compliant knowledgebase to support the customized-product development [8, 9], which has a potential of providing the designers and managers with an online access environment to access the product's design history in an easier and faster way. In addition, this knowledgebase can reduce the amount of rework. However, in the process of designing customized products, evaluation of design alternatives is still heavily reliant on designers' experience and knowledge, which are time consuming as well.
The characteristics of the customized products include: low number and multitype. As most of these products are designed for specific requirements of customers, with a low number, their structure is always more complex than common ones. The customers' requirements are difficult to express. As the specific requirements of customized products are sometimes illustrated by customers with fuzzy natural language, designers have to translate these requirements to standard expression. Low repetitiveness is also one of the characteristics of the customized products. The function and structure of customized products are usually different with common products, so high cost and high risk rate may exist in the design process of customized products. Traditional manufacturing methods, such as product family design [10], adaptive design [11], modular design [12], and variant design [13], cannot effectively satisfy this trend because the talent of experts may be wasted in endless orders. In this paper, we propose a PG method to fulfill the modeling process of customized products rapidly and automatically.
In recent years, many scholars have found that PGs, which are similar to biological genes, exist in manufacturing products, especially in mechanical products. As creatures are created by nature through complex physical and chemical actions, products are produced by manufacturers through physical and chemical actions after they have been designed. Thus, the essences of their origins are very similar. Feng et al. compared biological genetic engineering with the design of product principle scheme [14, 15]. They defined PG as genetic knowledge of product function. Chen et al. raised a genetics-based approach for the conceptual design [16]. In this paper, PG is employed to index product solutions to facilitate the mapping between functions and product solutions. Wang and Ai [17, 18] concluded former PG theory, defining PG as a collection of standard information that controls the growth process of products and regulates each aspect of product attributes. Meanwhile, heredity, variability, self-organization, and self-adaptation must be included in the characteristics of PG that will determine its application. However, these studies are still in the initial stage and can hardly be applied in manufacturing or design activities. More problems are still existing and need to be solved.
In this paper, Section 2 proposes a model of PG to support the customized products modeling. In Section 3, the whole intelligent modeling process of customized products is illustrated. And a case study used for exemplification of the effectiveness of the proposed method is provided in Section 4. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section 5.
2. PG Model and Its Composition
2.1. Definition of PG
Creatures are created by nature through complex physical and chemical actions. Similarly, products are also produced by manufacturers through these actions after they have been designed. Therefore, the essences of their origins are similar, although creatures are created randomly by nature, while products are produced by human beings intentionally.
The corresponding relationship between creature growth and product design is found as follows: , RNA product solutions, protein parts, and living creature human product. As shown in Figure 1, the whole process from PG to entity product is product schemes are obtained via the transcription of PG; parts are captured through the translation of product solutions; parts constitute entity products. In this paper, we mainly focus on the transcription process from PG to product schemes.
In biology, gene is a nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule that possesses some genetic effects. It is the minimum function and structure unit of a genetic material. Similarly, the PG contains function characteristics, principle information, and structure data, which are defined as function gene (FG), principle gene (PCG), and structure gene (SG), respectively. We defined PG and its relative attributes as follows.
PG. A basic unit that controls the growth process of products and regulates each aspect of product attributes. It contains FG, PCG, and SG which determine the product function, principle, and structure, respectively. PG is the minimum unit of design process and fulfills part of the product's function.
FG. A basic information unit that describes the function and characteristics of products.
PCG. A basic information unit that describes the physical effects of products.
SG. A basic information unit that describes the structure and material of products. Since structure information and material information are closely correlative, SG contains both structure information and material information.
Product Genome (PGM). As a product often contains many functions which are enforced by different principles and structures, it usually contains many PGs. A PGM is defined as the collection of all the PGs in a product.
Subgenome (SGM). A SGM is subunit of a PGM. It is composed of more than one PG and can be viewed as a module which fulfills some specific function.
PG Model. The structure of PG. It is used to store the PG information and formal expression of PG content.
2.2. PG Modeling
Based on the definition of PG, we proposed a PG model to express its attributes. As shown in Figure 2, our PG model consists of FG, PCG, SG, and environment constraints.
Information of FG, PCG, and SG contains their representative methods, attributes, constraints, and interfaces with each other. FG includes a verb + noun pair, input/output flow, relative attributes of the function, and its interfaces with other genes. PCG includes the physical effects, relative attributes of the physical, and interfaces with other genes. SG includes the information about physical structure and material, relative attributes of them, and interfaces to other genes. To be more specific, the detailed information of these genes will be discussed in Sections 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6.
The environmental constraints determine the suitable environment of the PG. Each type of products has its own work environments, which can affect the performance and working life of products. Considering these effects, an environmental constraint table is established and shown in Table 1 [19].
2.3. PGM Tree Structure
In order for PGM and PG to correspond to products and components, we built up the PGM tree structure as shown in Figure 3. In this tree structure, the PGM stands for the whole product and contains a set of PGs. Generally, a PGM includes more than one SGM, which consists of more than one PG as well. The formulas of PGM are described as follows:
In (1), PGM stands for a genome, the stands for the ith SGM in this PGM, and stands for the jth belonging to :
The exact meanings of variables in (2) are shown in Table 2. In addition, the specific information of them will be introduced in Sections 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6.
2.4. FG Model
As discussed in Sections 2.1 and 2.2, FG is a unit that is used to represent function information. There is only one FG that exists in each PG and includes the semantic function description based on improved VNP (verb-noun pair) method, power transmission description IOFT (input and output flow transformation), and some relative attributes.
The VNP method is easy to express and is similar to the way of designer thinking, but it lacks precision and objectivity. In order to overcome these disadvantages, we proposed a developed VNP method, which adds a verbmodifier before the verb. In this method, the traditional "verb + noun" pair has been transformed to "verb modifier + verb + noun" group to describe the function more precisely and specifically. In addition, some key attributes of the noun are contained in the FG to describe the object in more details. For instance, we can represent a sports bottle's function as follows: screw + enclose + plastic, and its key attributes are "durable, round."
IOFT is used to represent the transmission of power, and it is a proper complement to the developed VNP. The representation of IOFT includes two types: when the types of input and output power are different, a set of input and output types is adopted to represent the function. For example, the function of electromotor can be represented as . and stand for the electric current and power, respectively. When the function needs power transmission in the same type, a set of vectors of the input and output power is employed to represent the difference between them. As the simply semantic description in the developed VPN still has some weakness, such as low accuracy and unspecificity, we use IOFT as a complement of it.
Other attributes of PG include its fitness, which will be used in PG's selection and recombination in Section 3. In addition, other related constraints and interfaces of the function are contained in FG as well, such as the constraints of verb, noun, input, and output, and interfaces to other genes. The specific content of FG is shown in Table 3.
2.5. PCG Model
The PCG is a unit used to represent the principle effects in products, which are the basis of most product solutions in manufacture. As most mechanical products are realized by physical effects, our PCG mainly represents the physical effects on products. In addition, as a function is sometimes assured by different physical effects, a PG sometimes contains more than one PCG. Meanwhile, the same PCG may exist in different PGs because a physical effect sometimes assures varied functions.
Physical effects can be described by the physical laws and their relative parameters. For example, the coulomb law of friction can be expressed by the following formula: . In addition, the constraint information of the physical effects should be included in the PCG model, such as the range of each parameter and the relationship between different parameters. For instance, the lever principle can be expressed by the formula , where and are relative parameters. Its constraints are , and .
In addition, a physical effect must be matched to its corresponding functions. So, we put the input/output fitness in the PCG model to evaluate input and output type. Meanwhile, as each physical effect has its suitable application environment, we should consider the constraints from external environment, so we adopt the environmental constraints to represent the environmental effects.
In conclusion, the specific content of PCG is shown in Table 4.
2.6. SG Model
The SG is a unit that represents structure information and material information. It includes geometrical characteristics, motion characteristics, material characteristics, and their constraints. Sometimes, as a function is achieved by different structures, a PG sometimes may contain more than one SG. Meanwhile, the same SG may exist in different PGs because a structure is sometimes realized by varied functions.
The geometrical characteristic is adopted to describe the products' basic appearance and shape. So, its content includes the structure's type, shape, location, size, and number, which are shown in Table 5.
Similarly, in order to determine the motion direction and range, we express the motion of structure in similar way to geometrical characteristic. The motion characteristics content includes its motion type, mode, direction, speed, and number. Some common motion characteristics in our database are shown in Figure 4.
After the geometrical and motion characteristics have been determined, the basic structure of a product has been constructed. However, we can hardly get the final function until the product's manufacturing material has been determined. The major characteristics of material information are shown in Table 6.
In addition, SG model still contains its constraints and interfaces. The specific information of SG is shown in Table 7.
2.7. PG Relationship and a Case
As mentioned in Section 2.2, PG consists of FG, PCG, and SG, which express the characteristics of product's function, the physical effects related to this function, and the characteristics of structure and material, respectively. Since a PG contains only one function and a function can be assured by more than one effect and structure, a relationship exists between FG, PCG, and SG, respectively. This relationship is shown in Figure 4. In addition, an example of relationship is shown in Figure 5.
In Figure 6, we can find PGs of 3 types of cup. Specifically, PG of stainless steel insulation cup, which contains the function of heating insulation and enclose, consists of SG1 (double-deck stainless steel body), SG2 (screw stainless steel lid), PCG1 (vacuum insulation), PCG2 (screw effect), FG1 (heat insulating), and FG2 (enclose). The PG of plastic sport bottle, which contains the function of enclose and antithrow, consists of SG3 (plastic screw lid), SG4 (tough plastic body), PCG2 (screw effect), PCG3 (toughness of material), FG2 (enclose), and FG3 (anti-throw). The PG of Ordinary tough plastic cup, which contains the function of anti-throw, consists of FG4 (tough plastic body), PCG4 (toughness of material), and FG3 (anti-throw). In this figure, the multi-to-multi relationship between each type of genes is illustrated and explained.
3. Intelligent Modeling Process of Customized Products
The modeling process of customized products can be implemented via three processes, which are PG obtainment, which extracts PG from existing products and constructs PG database; PG recombination, which modifies PG via the operation of PG selection and crossover based on recombining rules; PG expression, which transforms PG into product schemes. As shown in Figure 7, the main framework of PG modeling consists of PG obtainment, recombination, and expression.
3.1. PG Obtainment
PG obtainment, also called reverse transcription, indicates the method that extracts PG from products. The PG obtainment process includes: extract function, principle, and structure information from product cases; transform the information into genes; and save PG into PG database.
Steps 1 and 2, which extract PG from existing products, are shown in Figure 8. Firstly, the total function is divided into several subfunctions, which can realize parts of the total function, respectively. Secondly, the physical effects and structures which assure these functions can be found in the product cases. Thirdly, the FGs, PCGs, and SGs are obtained via the transmission of function, principle, and structure information. Finally, the PGs are obtained via the combination of FGs, PCGs, and SGs.
After extraction, PG should be saved into the PG database. The major tables of PG database are shown in Figure 9, which includes ProductGene (ID of genome and other genes are stored in), Product (information about a product case of the PG), FunctionGene (VNP + IOFT description and constraints of the FG), PrincipleGene (information about PG), and StructureGene (information about SG).
3.2. PG Recombination
PG recombination is the key of the whole process. In this paper, we try to achieve this process via the genetic algorithm. Here, because of the difficulty in PG mutation, we abandon the mutation operator in the genetic algorithm and leave the selection operator and crossover operator only. Selection operator can select excellent PGM from the PG database, while the crossover operator can exchange PG in two different PGMs to obtain new PGMs. Based on this algorithm, the recombination of PG can be achieved via the crossover operator.
3.2.1. Design of Selection Operators
The selection operator determines the choice of the first generation. In this paper, we use selection operator to find the excellent PGMs in the PG database and put them into the cross PGM collection. Here, according to the fitness in PG model, the fitness proportion method has been applied in the selection operator.
If a population's size is , then the PGM's selective probability is
In (3), is the fitness of , which will be illustrated in Section 3.2.3. After all PGMs' selective probabilities have been determined, we will select n PGMs and put them into the cross PGM collection Sc. The specific operating process is as follows.
Step 1. Calculate the accumulated selective probability :
Step 2. Generate a random number in range .
Step 3. If , we select and put it into the Sc. If , we select which makes , and put it into the .
Step 4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 until PGMs have been put into Sc.
After the selection operating, there will be PGMs in the Sc. The PGMs with high probability will be selected for several times, and some PGMs with low probability will be abandoned.
3.2.2. Design of Crossover Operators
In the crossover operation, two PGMs are randomly selected to exchange part of their PGs and generate two new descendant PGMs. The crossover operation of genomes, as shown in Figure 10, can occur at the nodes of PGM trees.
If the crossover probability is pc, crossover times are , and then the process of crossover is described as follows.
Step 1. Select two PGMs, and , from Sc randomly. For PGM1 and PGM2, if they are the same one, reselect them; otherwise select them as the crossover PGMs and take them out of Sc.
Step 2. Choose a crossover node at a similar location in both and .
Step 3. Exchange the subgenomes and PGs under (including node itself) and generate new genomes and .
Step 4. Compare the fitness of , , , and , select the highest two, and put them into the next cross-generation.
Step 5. Repeat Steps 2 and 4 until all the genomes in Sc are processed.
Step 6. If the new cross-generation is the th generation, stop crossover and output the final result; otherwise replace the Sc by the new cross-generation.
3.2.3. Design of Fitness Function
As discussed in Sections 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6, fitness functions are included in attributes of each gene. As the design of customized product is a multioptimization process, we adopt the weight factor to optimize the multiobjective targets. For different SGMs, we set different weights and different types of fitness, and the sum of these types of fitness is the final fitness of one PGM. The PGM fitness calculating equation is
In (4), is the fitness function of each PG, and the weight shows the importance of each gene, and
If we set as the fitness of the PGM, then the multioptimization process transformed to a single-optimization process. According to the specific design process of customizing products, we defined 3 types of fitness functions, which are FG fitness function, PCG fitness function, and SG fitness function. Before the recombination, designers should decide the weight of each fitness function and then start the select and crossover operation.
FG Fitness. The purpose of product design is satisfying the function requirement of customers. The fitness function of FG, which evaluates the satisfying level of function requirement, is where is the fitness of th subfunction; are constraint variables of the sub-function; , which represents the existing of function, 1: function existing; 0: no function; and is the number of subfunctions in the FG.
Principle Fitness. The choice of physical principles determines the method of function achievement. Generally, we tend to choose those principles which are simple and suitable to the environment. Similar to the FG, the fitness function of PCG, which evaluates the satisfying level of physical principles, is where is the fitness of jth subprinciple; are constraint variables of the subprinciple; is the proportion coefficient of each subprinciple; and is the number of subprinciples.
Structure Fitness. In order to achieve the function and principle requirements, a proper structure should be found. The structure should satisfy two factors: being proper to the functions and principles and low cost. The fitness function of SG is where is the fitness of the kth SG; is the cost of each SG; are constraint variables of the substructure; and are the proportion coefficients of and represents whether the SG is existing; and is the number of SGs.
Generally speaking, we should consider the synthetic effect of function, principle, and structure elements, so the fitness function of a PG is
3.3. PG Expression
After PG recombination, new PGs, which are suitable to function requirements, are obtained. The next process is transforming these PGs into product solution. We need a standard format to express these PGs, to illustrate PG in a formal and easy way. In this paper, we use an example to show how the PGs are expressed.
Now we will discuss the expression of the plastic sports bottle's PGM introduced in Section 2.7. This plastic sports bottle includes two parts: bottle lid and bottle body. In bottle lid, its function description is "screw enclose bottle"; physical effect is "spiral principle," and structure is a cycle with thread inside. The standard format of the PG of bottle lid is shown in Table 8.
In bottle body, its function description is "anti-throw body"; physical effect is "durable material"; and structure is a cylinder. The standard format of the PG of bottle body is shown in Table 9.
4. Case Study
In this section, we will introduce an example of the intelligent modeling process based on PG. First, we proposed a Customized Products Intelligent Modeling System (CPIMS) based on Visual studio 2010 and SQL 2008. And then we suppose an order for a special sport bottle, which requires the bottle can be easily enclosed, anti-general throw and insulating heat (from −10°C to 100°C).
The modeling process is shown as follows.(1)Analyze the customer's requirements: "enclose", "anti-throw," "insulating heat," and "anti skidding" (Considering the practical purpose of bottle, we add this function for the product, although it is not included in customer's requirements.)(2)Retrieve product in current bottle's database: in the database, we cannot find any bottle with all these four functions, so we need to recombine current PGMs.(3)Input the requirements in our modeling system: as shown in Figure 11, we choose the product requirements in CPIMS as "Enclose + insulate heat + anti-skid + anti-throw." The recombination type is "sub-genome type" and recombination families are (sports bottles and thermos families). Then, we can get the initial design scheme in the edit box below, which is "Screw enclose + double layer + finger hollow + Durable material."(4)Retrieval in the PG database:after the initial design scheme is generated, we may retrieve them in the PG database, the final result is shown in Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15.(5)Generate consequence: after the retrieval, we can design the required sports bottle based on the product genes. The design results of the bottle's structure are shown in Figures 16 and 17.
5. Conclusion
Enlightened by biogenetics, this paper presents a genetics-based approach for increasing efficiency in creating designs of customized products. Likened to the role of biogenes in biogenetics, the conception of PG is employed to build the product model and control the design process. The PG model is designed to represent different information of products and to assist the customized products modeling. PG's operations, which include obtainment, recombination, and expression, are illustrated in Section 3. An intelligent modeling approach based on these operations of PG has been proposed to help manufacturing organizations develop customized products rapidly and easily. Finally, a case study of the sports bottle's design is provided to evidence the effectiveness of our approach.
In the future, we may have future research on the following aspects.(1)Our system is a prototype system only, and it lacks the support of design knowledge. We will explore developing a new system that can be used in business design.(2)The main aspect we are currently concerned with is product scheme design. In the next step, we will try to apply this approach in the whole process of product design.(3)Our recombination algorithm is simple, which neglects many details in design. It still needs a more specific algorithm to calculate the fitness of each gene before it can be applied in business use.
This research is funded and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 50905133), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (Grant no. 2009CDB255), and the Wuhan Planning Project of Science and Technology (201171034314).
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Ken Blanchard is the coauthor of The One Minute Manager® and fifty other books, including the New York Times business bestsellers Gung Ho! and Raving Fans. His books have combined sales of more than eighteen million copies in more than twenty-seven languages. He is the chief spiritual officer of The Ken Blanchard Companies, a full-service global management training and development company that he and his wife, Dr. Marjorie Blanchard, founded in 1979.
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