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Friday, March 30, 2012
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Next week on ABC's Dancing with the Stars (4/2 & 4/3)
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Grammy Award ® Winning Artist Seal and Country Vocal Group Rascal Flatts Perform
And The Season's First "Macy's Stars of Dance" and "AT& T Spotlight Performance"
"Episode 1403 & 1403 A" - This week's episode of "Dancing with the Stars," themed "The Most Memorable Year of My Life," challenges the remaining eleven couples to perform a meaningful dance using any style dance of their choice, MONDAY, APRIL 2 (8:00-10:01 p.m., ET) on the ABC Television Network.
On Tuesday, acclaimed singer and songwriter Seal returns to the ballroom performing "Lean On Me" from his latest album "Soul 2." His soulful performance will be accompanied by four members of the Troupe. Also hitting the stage is best-selling country vocal group, Rascal Flatts, with a network TV debut performance of "Changed," the title of their new album due out April 3rd. Their performance is accompanied by pro dancer Tony Dovolani and Troupe member Sharna Burgess on TUESDAY, APRIL 3 (9:00-10:00 p.m., ET) on the ABC Television Network.
Also during Tuesday's show we have the season's first "Macy's Stars of Dance," with an all- star dance number featuring some of Hollywood's most prominent and talented male dancers from film and TV, including Kenny Wormald ("Footloose"), Twitch ("Step Up 3D" and "Step Up 4"), Travis Wall and many others. The exciting performance will be accompanied by one of the worlds most sought after horn trios, Grooveline Horns, who will be performing their composition "Copchase." This spectacular performance is choreographed by Misha Gabriel and Nick Bass who've shared the stage and screen with artists like Michael Jackson, Prince, Britney Spears, Beyonce and many more. Tuesday's show also welcomes the season's first "AT&T Spotlight Performance" which will feature Julia Ivleva's inspirational story. Julia is a world-class professional ballroom dancer who has recently been diagnosed with stage four lung cancer. Her good friends Jonathan Roberts and Anna Trebunskaya will be dancing a powerfully emotional number in a special tribute to Julia and the fight against cancer.
Over the course of a remarkable career that spans more than two decades, Seal has won four Grammy® Awards and sold more than 20 million albums worldwide, enjoying success across numerous genres of music. His emotional, romantic love songs, such as "Prayer For the Dying," the Grammy ® Award winning "Kiss From A Rose," "Don't Cry" and "Love's Divine," delighted fans and earned him critical acclaim. He has also seen great success in the dance/pop music world, beginning with his roots in Britain's house music/rave scene with his debut album in 1991 and returning to those roots with 2007's dancefloor-friendly "System." Most recently Seal released a second set of soul classics, "Soul II" which recaptures the magic of his 2008 international hit album, "Soul." "Soul II" is his eighth studio album produced by Trevor Horn and David Foster on Warner Bros. Records.
Country vocal group, Rascal Flatts, will release their eighth studio album "Changed" Tuesday, April 3rd on Big Machine Records. This album comes after Flatts' first Big Machine Records album release, "Nothing Like This," which debuted at #1 on the Billboard Country Albums chart. Their album "Nothing Like This," featured two #1 hits including "Why Wait" and "I Won't Let Go." Since their musical debut in 2000, the band has sold over 21 million albums, 25 million digital downloads and delivered 13 #1 singles to the top of the charts. Rascal Flatts is the most awarded Country group of the past decade earning over 40 awards. As one of the hottest-selling acts on tour in any genre, they've sold over 6 million concert tickets and counting. On June 15th they will kick off a new summer tour, "The American Band Tour" with Little Big Town, Eli Young Band, and Edens Edge.
Grooveline Horns, comprised of Sosa, Fernando Castillo on trumpet and Reggie Watkins on trombone, are not only a permanent part of Jason Mraz's band, but have also performed and/or recorded with artists like Willie Nelson, Kelly Clarkson, Dave Matthews, Blues Traveler and many more. Grooveline Horns had their genesis more than 15 years ago in Austin, Texas, where they honed their chops bouncing back and forth from club to club every night on the town's famed 6th street. In 2006, after Grooveline Horns had been working for almost 10 years towards their goal of becoming an in-demand horn section, Jason Mraz invited the group to join him on his tour - they have been an integral part of his band ever since. Currently, the group is working on completing their debut album in their Austin recording studio.
By Tuesday evening's end, one couple will be eliminated, as determined by a combination of the judges' scores and viewers' votes on dances performed on Monday's performance show. Who among the eleven couples will be the next to leave the ballroom?
* GAVIN DEGRAW and partner KARINA SMIRNOFF
* DONALD DRIVER and partner PETA MURGATROYD
* ROSHON FEGAN and partner CHELSIE HIGHTOWER
* MELISSA GILBERT and partner MAKSIM CHMERKOVSKIY
* KATHERINE JENKINS and partner MARK BALLAS
* GLADYS KNIGHT and partner TRISTAN MACMANUS
* WILLIAM LEVY and partner CHERYL BURKE
* MARIA MENOUNOS and partner DEREK HOUGH
* SHERRI SHEPHERD and partner VAL CHMERKOVSKIY
* JACK WAGNER and partner ANNA TREBUNSKAYA
* JALEEL WHITE and partner KYM JOHNSON
Hosted by Tom Bergeron ("America's Funniest Home Videos") and Brooke Burke-Charvet ("Dancing with the Stars" Season Seven Champion), the celebrities perform choreographed dance routines which will be judged by renowned Ballroom judge Len Goodman and dancer/choreographers Bruno Tonioli and Carrie Ann Inaba.
Viewers may cast their votes for their favorite teams via phone on Monday night during and up to 60 minutes after the "Dancing with the Stars" performance shows. AT&T customers may also vote by texting the word "VOTE" and entering the number that corresponds to the team they want to support (message and data rates may apply).
About BBC Worldwide Productions
BBC Worldwide Productions, led by Jane Tranter, is based in Los Angeles and develops and produces scripted and non-scripted projects for U.S. cable and broadcast networks, as well as digital platforms. The production company is responsible for the smash hit "Dancing with the Stars" (ABC), "Top Gear" (HISTORY), "What Not to Wear" (TLC), "Torchwood: Miracle Day" (Starz), "Hairy Bikers" (HISTORY) and the upcoming titles "The Week the Women Went" (Lifetime), "The Next Big Thing" (Oxygen),
"Lovetown, USA" (OWN) and "Da Vinci's Demons" (Starz). BBC Worldwide Productions sits within one of six core businesses that form BBC Worldwide, the main commercial arm and wholly-owned subsidiary of British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).
"Dancing with the Stars" is broadcast in 720 Progressive (720P), ABC's selected HDTV format, with 5.1 channel surround sound. This program carries a TV-PG,L parental guideline.
Downloadable HD video clips will be posted to www.abcmedianet.com every Monday and Tuesday at approximately 9:00 p.m. PST. Photography request line 818.460.6611
Follow us on:
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BBC Worldwide Productions:
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Your pocket-sized and online guide to all things Athens.
Athens Blog
Plan ahead and let Heirloom make this Thanksgiving perfect!
Posted on 11/06/2012 by Claire |
If your Thanksgiving has been too hectic to thoroughly enjoy spending time with your loved ones, cut down on the hustle and bustle by letting Heirloom Cafe and Fresh Market cater it for you!
From Monday, November 9th through Wednesday, November 22nd, Heirloom will be taking Thanksgiving catering orders. If you just take care of the turkey, they will cover all your sides and pies needs.
The menu will be available on their website shortly, but last year some of their dishes included:
-Stuffing with apples & pecans made with Luna bread
-Green bean casserole
-Braised Sundance Farms turnips & turnip greens
-Sundance Farms carrot, Healing Path Farm pumpkin, apple, & ginger soup with cran-apple coulis and toasted pumpkin seeds
-McMullan's sweet potato soufflé (made from Mom's famous recipe)
-Beet, carrot & fennel salad
-Housemade cranberry sauce
-Pecan, pumpkin or apple pies
Once the final catering menu is available, pre-orders will be taken by email or phone, and available for pickup (reheating instructions included!) in the days leading up to Thanksgiving.
Let Heirloom make this the perfect Thanksgiving!

subset: commoncrawl


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Wherein we apologize for being so long between updates and talk about interesting stuff.
Learn MoreBob has cut, Bob has threaded a needle. See if he sews his Breeches to his trousers!
Learn MoreWherein Bob (with Robin's supervision) actually... ...wait for it... ...CUTS FABRIC AND SEWS STUFF.
Learn MoreBob is forced to seek collar help from the great and powerful Oz.
Learn More


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Current Time
user posts + reviews
user review | Hotel
Cabo Azul Resort & Spa, San José del Cabo
Perfect vacation get away
Posted on: August 26, 2009 at 9:45PM
We stayed at the Cabo Azul in January 2008 and it was pure bliss. The dark color of the infinity pool bottom matches perfectly with the ocean that it seems to fall into. We spent most of our vacation laying on covered beds while poolside. Our chips and salsa were continually refilled and the staff was attentive enough to make sure our needs were being met without bugging us too much. We stayed on the second floor with a pool and ocean view and we were not bothered by noise from the pool. I highly recommend this resort to anyone considering a trip to Cabo.
See All Member Reviews see more information, plus our editorial review ›


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» Summer Courses- Registration
Begins March 2, 2015
» Spring Evening, Online &
Hybrid Courses
» Accelerated Spring Courses
» Online Professional
Development for Educators
» MTEL Preparation Workshops
» English Language Programs
» Lifelong Learning Lecture Series
» Adventures in Lifelong Learning
University courses for high school juniors and seniors
» Spring 2015 Registration Form
» Program Information
» Course Selection Guide
Admission Requirements
Undergraduate: Applicants applying for an undergraduate certificate program must have earned a minimum of a high school diploma or GED.
Graduate: Applicants applying for a graduate certificate must have earned an undergraduate degree from a regionally accredited college or university, with a minimum undergraduate quality point average (QPA) of 2.7. Students not meeting this requirement may be reconsidered for admission after completing one (1) prescribed course in the certificate program. Other admission standards may apply depending on the certificate program (Please refer to specific certificate program for details.).
Transfer Credit
Students may transfer one course into their certificate program with written approval from the program's advisor.


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I spent a bit of time perusing the Dear Author for the romance category boards over on Amazon. It was hilarious . . . until it wasn't.
I'm in the process of editing one of my earlier manuscripts that I have received my rights back from the publisher. I knew the writing was rough because I was young when I wrote the book and inexperienced as a writer. I had no idea how bad it truly was until I got two sentences into the edit. Sad that it only took two sentences for me to start rolling my eyes. I actually would have been eye-rolling at the first four words except I was too shocked to be capable of the eye-roll.
I made a lot of mistakes in those first books, mistakes that would instigate the words, "Dear author . . . Please don't . . ."
It's important to remember your audience and to read enough in the genre in which you're writing so you understand the cliche's and sand-traps of that genre.
Basically, what I'm saying is . . . learn your craft.
I was so glad to have been published with those first couple of books, so excited to be an "author," that I jumped in before I was ready. Was it a mistake? Maybe. Maybe I never would have published and worked to get better if I hadn't had those first books come out the way they did. Or maybe I would have kept writing until I grew in my craft and had a first book release that would have stunned the world. Who knows?
For now, I am editing and eye-rolling. And paying close attention to notes like, "dear author . . ."
Feel free to peruse the Dear Author board on Amazon for yourself: http://www.amazon.com/forum/romance/ref=cm_cd_dp_rft_tft_tp?_encoding=UTF8&cdForum=FxM42D5QN2YZ1D&cdThread=Tx1U9IFOLVQRGXV
And do you have any memos you wish you could say to authors in general? Things you wish they'd stop doing or do more of?


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FSU Homepage | Office of the Registrar | On-Line Registration | 1997-1999 Graduate Bulletin | Table of Contents |
Department of AEROSPACE STUDIES
The Department of Aerospace Studies provides precommissioning education for qualified male and female students who desire to serve as commissioned officers in the United States Air Force. The department offers both a two-year and a four-year commissioning program, each with its own special advantages. The two-year program allows junior college transfer students and other students with two academic years remaining, either in undergraduate or graduate status, and who have met required qualifications, to obtain an Air Force commission while completing their studies. The four-year program provides on-campus study during the freshman through senior years. Both programs provide the opportunity to compete for full academic scholarships. The aerospace studies curriculum is divided into two phases: 1) the general military course; and 2) the professional officer course. Students are invited to write, visit, or call the Department of Aerospace Studies (850) 644-3461 to obtain additional information.
General Military Course
This program of instruction is open to any student and consists of the first- and second-year courses for students in the four-year Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps (AFROTC) program. These courses deal with the Air Force in the contemporary world and the development of air power. They strengthen interest in becoming a professional Air Force officer, develop knowledge of world military forces, and enable the student to understand how the United States Air Force supports national objectives and policies. Students on scholarship must successfully complete a course in English composition during these two years.
Professional Officer Course
Aerospace studies courses offered during the third and fourth years make up this program of instruction, which must be completed by all students who seek a commission through AFROTC. Course continuity is designed to prepare selected college students to serve as active duty Air Force officers upon graduation and commissioning. The curriculum stresses national security forces in contemporary American society, leadership, management, and professionalism. Special emphasis is placed on developing the cadets communicative skills. Students entering this course must be selected in accordance with the prerequisites listed below.
Prerequisites for Admission to the Professional Officer Course
Leadership Laboratory
Leadership laboratory is open to students who are members of the Reserve Officer Training Corps or who are eligible to pursue a commission as determined by the professor of aerospace studies. Leadership laboratory is the formalized phase of leadership training conducted by the cadets. It is scheduled for 75 minutes each week for both the general military and the professional officer courses. All uniforms and equipment required for cadet activities are furnished.
Monetary Allowances
All students enrolled in the professional officer course or on academic scholarship receive a tax-exempt monetary allowance of $150.00 per month.
AFROTC College Scholarship Programs Financial assistance is available in the form of AFROTC academic scholarships. Under this program, the Air Force pays for full tuition and fees and provides an allowance for books, supplies, and equipment. In addition, the student receives a $150 per month tax-exempt allowance. Scholarships may be awarded for either two, three, or four years. Four-year scholarships must be applied for in the calendar year prior to enrollment as a freshman. Other scholarships may be applied for after enrolling in aerospace studies courses. Scholarships are available for students attending a historically Black college or university if the student has a 2.65 or higher cumulative GPA.
Professional Officer Corps Scholarships: All juniors and seniors who maintain a 2.35 term GPA, regardless of academic major, will receive
$1,000.00 per semester. There are also numerous national scholarships that students may compete for as a member of Air Force ROTC.
Summer Training
Students in the two-year program must complete a six-week field training course before they may formally enroll in the professional officer course. This course includes career training, physical conditioning, and the general military course academics. Academic credit for up to four (4) semester hours may be given for cadets attending a six week Field Training and who have not previously completed AFR 1101, 1102, 2130, and 2140. See the Professor of Aerospace Studies for further information and to apply for the credit.
Cadets enrolled in the four-year AFROTC program are required to attend a four-week field training course before they may formally enroll in the professional officer course. Summer field training provides a better understanding of the United States Air Force mission, increases the cadet's proficiency in junior officer training areas, and stresses the importance of physical conditioning.
All field training courses are conducted at active Air Force bases. Students attending these courses receive pay for the encampment plus travel allowances.
Officer Commissions
Upon graduation from the University, cadets who complete the professional officer course are appointed Second Lieutenants in the United States Air Force. All new lieutenants will be on active duty within sixty (60) days of commissioning. As reserve officers they incur an obligated active duty tour of four years for nonflyers, six years for navigators, and eight years for pilots. They are given the opportunity during this period to obtain a regular commission and to remain on active duty for a full career.
A minor in aerospace studies is offered and may be selected by the student with the approval of the major department and the Department of Aerospace Studies. Requirement for a minor is twelve (12) semester hours.
Special Activities
Special activities provide for the development of teamwork and esprit de corps. Included are the Arnold Air Society, a national AFROTC honorary organization, and the FSU/FAMU AFROTC Silver Eagles Drill Team, an armed precision drill unit. Students who want to fly can participate in a flying program with the Florida Civil Air Patrol, paid for by Air Force ROTC.
Awards and Decorations
Awards and decorations, made available by national organizations, The Florida State University, and local/national military organizations, are presented to both general military course and professional officer course cadets each year. These plaques, trophies, medals, and ribbons symbolize superior achievement in AFROTC and other University academic courses and in outstanding campus and cadet corps leadership.
Definition of Prefix
AFR -- Air Force ROTC
Undergraduate Courses
AFR 1101. USAF Strategic Forces (1). This course deals with the Air Force in the contemporary world through a study of the total force structure, strategic offensive and defensive forces, general purpose forces, and aerospace support forces.
AFR 1102. USAF General Purpose and Support Forces (1). This course is a continuation of AFR 1101.
AFR 2130. Development of Airpower I (1). This course, along with AFR 2140, is a study of airpower from balloons and dirigibles through the jet age, a historical review of airpower employment in military and nonmilitary operations in support of national objectives, and a look at the evolution of airpower concepts and doctrine.
AFR 2140. Development of Airpower II (1). This course is a continuation of AFR 2130.
AFR 2940. Basic Aerospace Internship (4). (S/U grade only.) [AFROTC Field Training (six weeks).] Prerequisites: Selection for the two-year AFROTC program and permission of the professor of aerospace studies.
AFR 3201.Air Force Management (3). Prerequisite: Selection for the professional officer course. This course is the initial semester of a study of leadership and management fundamentals. Material deals with general managerial and leadership concepts and theories and relates them to the Air Force junior officer. A block on communicative skills is included in this course.
AFR 3202. Air Force Junior Officer Leadership (3). Prerequisite: AFR 3201. Continuation of the study of leadership and management begun in AFR 3201.
AFR 4211. U.S. Defense Policy and Strategy Formulation (3). Prerequisite: AFR 3202. This course, along with AFR 4212, includes an examination of the need for national security, analysis of the evolution of the American defense strategy and policy and of the methods for managing conflicts, and a study of the formulation of American defense policy and strategy.
AFR 4212. U.S. Military Professionalism and Military Justice (3). Prerequisite: AFR 4211. Continuation of AFR 4211.
Note: if stated prerequisites are not met, permission of the professor of aerospace studies is prerequisite to all courses.
AFRICAN HISTORY: see Black Studies; History
AFRO-AMERICAN STUDIES: see Black Studies


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Hamas said on Monday the Egyptian-brokered talks, aimed at forging a unity government and healing the schism between politicians in Gaza and the occupied West Bank, had gone badly but had not collapsed.
While Gaza's rulers have been reluctant to criticise Mursi in public, ordinary Gazans are slightly more vocal.
"Egyptian measures against tunnels have worsened since the election of Mursi. Our Hamas brothers thought he would open up Gaza. I guess they were wrong," said a tunnel owner, who identified himself only as Ayed, fearing reprisal.
"Perhaps 150 or 200 tunnels have been shut since the Sinai attack. This is the Mursi era," he added.
The tunnellers fear the water being pumped underground might collapse the passage ways, with possible disastrous consequences.
"Water can cause cracks in the wall and may cause the collapse of the tunnel. It may kill people," said Ahmed Al-Shaer, a tunnel worker whose cousin died a year ago when a tunnel caved in on him.
Six Palestinians died in January in tunnel implosions, raising the death toll amongst workers to 233 since 2007, according to Gazan human rights groups, including an estimated 20 who died in various Israeli air attacks on the border lands.
Israel imposed its blockade for what it called security reasons in 2007. The United Nations has appealed for it to be lifted.
At one stage an estimated 2,500-3,000 tunnels snaked their way under the desert fence but the network has shrunk markedly since 2010, when Israel eased some of the limits they imposed on imports into the coastal enclave.
All goods still have to be screened before entering Gaza and Israel says some restrictions must remain on items that could be used to make or to store weapons.
This ensures the tunnels are still active, particularly to bring in building materials. Hamas also prefers using the tunnels to smuggle in fuel, thereby avoiding custom dues that are payable on oil crossing via Israel.
The Jewish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Jewish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Jewish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason.


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Katy Perry and Justin Bieber Make The List Of Yahoo's Most Searched Musicians of 2012!
2012 saw many new pop stars emerge from out of nowhere to grab our attention but it also saw many of our proven favorites continue to dominate. So which musicians did we find the most fascinating? Yahoo determined which artists were the most searched online throughout the year so we could find out.
Cher Lloyd Performs Acoustic Version of Katy Perry's 'E.T.'
Britney Spears was number five, buoyed by her stint on "The X Factor". Justin Bieber grabbed enough headlines with his new album and romance with Selena Gomez to land at number four, while Katy Perry was the third most searched. Coming in second was Jennifer Lopez who released her greatest hits this year. But the number one most searched artist is a bit bittersweet as the late Whitney Houston, who we lost this year fittingly finished on top.


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JUST IN AND GREAT VALUE! THIS CAR HAS NOT BEEN DETAILED YET READY FOR SALE. LOTS OF PHOTOS COMING SOON. IF YOU WANT US... More
Two-seat Thunderbirds are nice enough cars, but this familiar-looking 1955 Ford Thunderbird packs a high-tech punch that will absolutely blow you away. Someone has... More
1955 Ford Thunderbird- Black/Black leather interior, Black soft top & Black hard top, 312 V8 Thunderbird Engine, 12 Volt, Tach-O-Meter, Engine dress up kit, 3... More
BEAUTIFULLY RESTORED. STUNNING FACTORY COLORS. EASY TO DRIVE WITH POWER STEERING, POWER BRAKES & AUTOMATIC TRANS. INCLUDES RECEIPTS & PHOTOS FROM THE 2009 RESTORATION.... More
The first year of the thunderbird , 1955, brought out to compete with corvette but a more comfortable ride . All original , numbers... More
1957 Raven Black Thunderbird Fresh Restoration per Data Plate Specifications Both Restored Tops Prev. Rebuilt 312-245 H.P. V/8-4BBL Telescopic Steering Rebuilt Ford-O-Matic 3 Speed Automatic Transmission Town & country Signal Seek... More
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Sold new to Owner #1 of Bayonne, New Jersey in August 2005. After three years of ownership, it was sold with about 4,200 miles to... More
Vehicle just arrived - details coming soon!... More
True California Car!!1 Family Owned Since New!Factory Raven Black Exterior and InteriorCompletely Rebuilt 390 EngineNew front Disc Brakes & TiresIconic Sequential Tail LightsFactory Select... More
2002 Ford Thunderbird Hardtop Convertible. 3.9L V8 engine, automatic transmission, 80k miles, loaded with options including hard and soft tops, 6 disc CD player,... More
COLONIAL WHITE WITH TWO-TONE RED AND WHITE INTERIOR, EQUIPPED WITH 312 CID V-8 ENGINE, AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, POWER STEERING, POWER BRAKES, ENGINE DRESS UP KIT,... More
1963 Ford Thunderbird Very cleanAll original inside and out185k milesRuns greatGaraged and coveredReady to goV8Auto transmissionUnit is located in Sacramento CA. Stock Number: C108144L... More
1957 Thunderbird Starmist Blue with two tone Blue Interior RARE Original 3 Speed T-85 Overdrive Transmission Body off the frame restoration per data plate Bottom side of... More
Body off the Frame restoration. Fully Loaded with every power accessory offered by Ford in 1957 Rebuilt 312-245 h.p. Thunderbird Special V/8-D series Rebuilt Ford-O-Matic 3... More
For Sale 1956 Ford Thunderbird, Florida Car, Complete older restoration only 2300 miles ago. This car has been driven to shows and out on... More
All original T-Bird with 41k actual miles. This car was repainted by renowned T-Bird restorer, Frank Stubbs. The car is a beautiful classic that... More
Up for sale in our Houston showroom is a beautiful 1977 Ford Thunderbird. The Ford Motor Company introduced the Thunderbird in 1955 and it... More
Up for sale in the Houston showroom is one awesome bird the 1966 Ford Thunderbird. The Ford Thunderbird is an passenger car manufactured by... More
Up for sale in our Houston showroom is one beautiful 1956 Ford Thunderbird. The Thunderbird was the first 2-seat Ford since 1938 and was... More
This absolutely gorgeous convertible has only 38,509 original miles! It has the 390ci V-8 engine, automatic transmission, air conditioning, power windows and brakes, dual... More
1955 Ford Thunderbird1955 Ford Thunderbird model in mint conditionBlack metallic exterior with a two-tone Black and White vinyl interiorEquipped with an 8-Cylinder gas and... More
1979 Ford ThunderbirdThis single owner 1979 gorgeous Ford thunderbird has been well maintained with low kilometers. Everything works and is all original with matching... More
1955 FORD THUNDERBIRD CONVERTIBLE BEAUTIFUL RESTORATION JUST COMPLETED! GORGEOUS COLOR COMBINATION! FITTED WITH BOTH HARD TOP AND CONVERTIBLE SOFT TOP! FIRST YEAR FOR THIS ICONIC MODEL! DRIVES AND PERFORMS... More
1957 Ford Thunderbird. Please call or email details.... More
9,000 Miles. Previously in the Charles Cawley collection. Powered by a 352 cubic inch V8 factory rated @ 300 hp! Equipped with automatic transmission,... More
Just arrived, this sporty Thunderbird is only the second Coupe of this body style we have had in eight years years. These TBirds were the... More
For sale in our Orlando showroom is a 1962 Ford Thunderbird. The third generation of the Ford Thunderbird brought about much advancement in automotive... More
WOW, WHAT A STRIKING & REFRESHING COLOR COMBINATION. BEAUTIFUL STARMIST BLUE WITH WHITE REMOVABLE PORTHOLE HARDTOP. HAS RICH DARK BLUE GERMAN CLOTH CONVERTIBLE TOP.... More
Beautifull Torch Red T-Bird,excellent trunk material,excellent interior and Hardtop,WWW radials from COKER,rechrome bumpers,awesome ride and drive,detailed chassis,spare and jack. call me lets deal... More
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Vehicle just arrived - details coming soon!... More
1979 Ford Thunderbird. Very serious collector T-Bird, true one owner, little old lady beauty. Many docs including original invoice, built in LA plant then... More
The Ford motor company introduced the Thunderbird in 1955 and continued over the course of eleven-model generation through 2005. It created a market... More
1956 Thunderbird, White with Green & White interior Odometer 69812 miles Sold new in Daly City, California. Late Production built August 8 1956 Prev. Rebuilt 292 V8-4BBL,... More
1959 FORD THUNDERBIRD - SURVIVOR - MOSTLY ORIGINAL: YES, only 37k miles, YES, it has had 1-repaint, YES, the top has been replaced, YES, the seat inserts are... More
1955 Red convertible..Red and white interior Repainted last year needs nothing runs greathas tan soft top and White hard top converted 6 volt to 12 volt charging systemFREE... More
ONLY 2,036 ACTUAL MILES ON THIS PRISTINE SHOWROOM NEW T-BIRD. THE YEAR, COLOR COMBO & MILES MAKE THIS ONE OF THE MOST DESIRABLE LATE... More
1957 Thunderbird, 312 V8 with 4-V carb. Fordomatic transmission, power steering, power brakes, town & country radio, Ford air conditioning, fender skirts with dress... More
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激光 / 鐳射線
激光 LASER 是 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation 的簡寫,是電磁波的一種,是物體的原子粒受外來能量刺激震動時,所產生的輻射,不同能量會產生不同的光譜。例如當原子粒個別隨機震動時,會產生能量較低的散發性光波,不能聚焦,最為人熟識的電磁波是可見光、及紅外線。
激光是屬於高能量光波,要求原子粒必須同步震動,才能釋放出頻率和波長相同的單色光波、它的光束狹窄、分散率低,並可以用透鏡來聚焦和操縱方向角度。 將激光的能量調高,可以用於外科手術切割或切除組織,能量調低時則可刺激生物組織的癒合和修復。
紅激光療法, 也被稱為低能量激光療法、光療、冷激光治療,光生物調整,生物刺激及光線療法,這些療法已在餘千的出版刊物、廣泛流傳、證明了光療能有效地增加細胞的存活,增殖和功能。
紅激光療法是最古老的治療方法之一, 遠在千百年前,古代埃及人己用太陽光治療疾病。在發明首部個激光儀器的數年後的1967年,一位匈牙利 塞梅爾魏斯恩大學 (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary) 的學生,布達佩斯 Endre Mester,決定激光照射白老鼠,來研究測試激光會否引致致癌。他首先把白老鼠背部的毛剃掉,然後把他們分成兩組,其中一組用低能量的紅寶石激光 (波長694納米) 給牠們照射,另一組作對照。結果被激光照射的老鼠沒有患上癌病,反而背部的毛生長得還要被對照組快。 這就是第一個證明激光能刺激生物的實例。自那時起,光醫學治療漸漸發展萌芽,目前,紅激光或低能量激光治療 (也被稱為或光療、冷激光、軟激光、光生物刺激),己被公認為醫學療法或物理治療的一部份。
紅激光療法的光波可由兩種不同的儀器所產生:由激光二極管 Diodes 所產生的同步光波 coherent light 、和由 LED 所產生的非同步光波 noncoherent light ,以前者的聚焦力和功率較適合醫學上的應用。
自20世紀60年代,激光已被應用於加速傷口的癒合,其後有無數實驗室和臨床實驗,研究激光在醫學上的療法。1904年尼爾斯芬森 Nils Finsen 在光療上創新的開發,令他他獲得了諾貝爾獎。而激光二極管和 LED 的出現,更有助於光療技術進一步的發展,現時光療已成為全球成千上萬人每天生活的一部份。
在2002年,MicroLight Corp 公司所出產的 830-nm半導體激光二極管,獲美國藥物管理局 FDA 批準,用以治療腕管綜合症。此外,有多個對照試驗報告客觀地證實低能量激光,能顯著改善痛症。從那時起,低能量激光在治療廣泛性肌肉骨骼疾病的療效,已被公認相當於軟紅外線加熱燈。
紅激光的光波被細胞的線粒體 mitochondria 吸收後,會增加細胞呼吸,並通過活性氧的誘導,激活細胞核的轉錄因子的。臨床對照試驗顯示,在治療中風,促進傷口癒合,骨科疾病和慢性炎症等,有緩解功效。亦有效地而改善脊髓損傷,周圍性神經退化,心臟病,退化性腦部疾病、和創傷性腦損傷等。
光療醫学透過多項的細胞培養研究、動物實驗,及臨床研究,有一重要發現,證實光能量的密度(fluence)是一個雙相劑量反應 biphasic dose response。低能量的激光是最佳的光劑量,能產生最佳的醫療效應,當光劑量低於或大於這個最佳數值,會減少治療效果,甚至出現負面結果。
紅激光與細胞生物學 (原文)
The first law of photobiology states that for low power visible light to have any effect on a living biological system, the photons must be absorbed by electronic absorption bands belonging to some molecular chromophore or photoacceptor [4]. One approach to finding the identity of this chromophore is to carry out action spectra. This is a graph representing biological photoresponse as a function of wavelength, wave number, frequency, or photon energy and should resemble the absorption spectrum of the photoacceptor molecule. The existence of a structured action spectrum is strong evidence that the phenomenon under study is a photobiological one (i.e., cellular photoacceptors and signaling pathways exist).
The second important consideration involves the optical properties of tissue. Both the absorption and scattering of light in tissue are wavelength dependent (both much higher in the blue region of the spectrum than the red) and the principle tissue chromophores (hemoglobin and melanin) have high absorption bands at wavelengths shorter than 600-nm. Water begins to absorb significantly at wavelengths greater than 1150-nm. For these reasons there is a so-called "optical window" in tissue covering the red and near-infrared wavelengths, where the effective tissue penetration of light is maximized (Figure 1). Therefore although blue, green and yellow light may have significant effects on cells growing in optically transparent culture medium, the use of LLLT in animals and patients almost exclusively involves red and near-infrared light (600-950-nm).
It was suggested in 1989 that the mechanism of LLLT at the cellular level was based on the absorption of monochromatic visible and NIR radiation by components of the cellular respiratory chain [5]. Respiration occurs in subcellular organelles called mitochondria. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains 5 complexes of integral membrane proteins: NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II), cytochrome c reductase (Complex III), cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), ATP synthase (Complex V) and two freely-diffusible molecules ubiquinone and cytochrome c that shuttle electrons from one complex to the next. The respiratory chain accomplishes the stepwise transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 (produced in the citric acid or Krebs cycle) to oxygen molecules to form (with the aid of protons) water molecules harnessing the energy released by this transfer to the pumping of protons (H+) from the matrix to the intermembrane space. The gradient of protons formed across the inner membrane by this process of active transport forms a miniature battery. The protons can flow back down this gradient, reentering the matrix, only through another complex of integral proteins in the inner membrane, the ATP synthase complex. In 1995, an analysis of five action spectra suggested that the primary photoacceptor for the red-NIR range in mammalian cells is cytochrome c oxidase [6] (Figure 2). It is remarkable that the action spectra that were analyzed had very close (within the confidence limits) peak positions in spite of the fact that these are seemingly different processes. The enzyme contains two iron centres, haem a and haem a3 (also referred to as cytochromes a and a3), and two copper centres, CuA and CuB [7]. Fully oxidized cytochrome c oxidase has both iron atoms in the Fe(III) oxidation state and both copper atoms in the Cu(II) oxidation state, while fully reduced cytochrome c oxidase has the iron in Fe(II) and copper in Cu(I) oxidation states. There are many intermediate mixed-valence forms of the enzyme and other coordinate ligands such as CO, CN, and formate can be involved. All the many individual oxidation states of the enzyme have different absorption spectra [8], thus probably accounting for slight differences in action spectra of LLLT that have been reported.
A recent paper from Karu's group [9] gave the following wavelength ranges for four peaks in the LLLT action spectrum: 1) 613.5 – 623.5 nm, 2) 667.5 – 683.7 nm, 3) 750.7 – 772.3 nm, 4) 812.5 – 846.0 nm. Absorption of photons by molecules leads to electronically excited states and consequently can lead to acceleration of electron transfer reactions [10]. More electron transport necessarily leads to increased production of ATP [11]. Light induced increase in ATP synthesis and increased proton gradient leads to an increasing activity of the Na+/H+ and Ca2+/Na+ antiporters and of all the ATP driven carriers for ions, such as Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ pumps. ATP is the substrate for adenyl cyclase, and therefore the ATP level controls the level of cAMP. Both Ca2+ and cAMP are very important second messengers. Ca2+ especially regulates almost every process in the human body (muscle contraction, blood coagulation, signal transfer in nerves, gene expression, etc.).
1. Singlet-Oxygen Hypothesis
In addition to cytochrome c oxidase mediated increase in ATP production, other mechanisms may be operating in LLLT. The first of these we will consider is the "singlet-oxygen hypothesis." Certain molecules with visible absorption bands like porphyrins lacking transition metal coordination centers [12] and some flavoproteins [13] can be converted into a long-lived triplet state after photon absorption. This triplet state can interact with ground-state oxygen with energy transfer leading to production of a reactive species, singlet oxygen. This is the same molecule utilized in photodynamic therapy (PDT) to kill cancer cells, destroy blood vessels and kill microbes. Researchers in PDT have proposed that very low doses of PDT can cause cell proliferation and tissue stimulation instead of the killing observed at high doses.
2. Redox Properties Alteration Hypothesis
The next mechanism proposed was the "redox properties alteration hypothesis" [14]. Alteration of mitochondrial metabolism and activation of the respiratory chain by illumination would also increase production of superoxide anions O2 •-. It has been shown that the total cellular production of O2 •- depends primarily on the metabolic state of the mitochondria. Other redox chains in cells can also be activated by LLLT. In phagocytic cells irradiation initiates a nonmitochondrial respiratory burst (production of reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide anion) through activation of NADPHoxidase located in the plasma membrane of these cells [15]. The irradiation effects on phagocytic cells depend on the physiological status of the host organism as well as on radiation parameters.
It is now known that under physiological conditions the activity of cytochrome c oxidase is also regulated by nitric oxide (NO). This regulation occurs via reversible inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. It was hypothesized that laser irradiation and activation of electron flow in the molecule of cytochrome c oxidase could reverse the partial inhibition of the catalytic center by NO and in this way increase the respiration rate ("NO hypothesis") [16]. Recent experimental results on the modification of irradiation effects with donors of NO do not exclude this hypothesis. Note also that under pathological conditions the concentration of NO is increased (mainly due to the activation of macrophages producing NO). This circumstance also increases the probability that the respiration activity of various cells will be inhibited by NO. Under these conditions, light activation of cell respiration may have a beneficial effect.
Several important regulation pathways are mediated through the cellular redox state. This may involve redox-sensitive transcription factors or cellular signaling homeostatic cascades from cytoplasm via cell membrane to nucleus. It is proposed that LLT produces a shift in overall cell redox potential in the direction of greater oxidation.
The overall redox state of a cell represents the net balance between stable and unstable reducing and oxidizing equivalents in dynamic equilibrium and is determined by three couples: NAD/NADH, NADP/NADPH, and GSH/GSSG (GSH = glutathione). It is believed now that extracellular stimuli elicit cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, and even apoptosis through the pathways of cellular signaling.
Modulation of the cellular redox state affects gene expression through cellular signaling (and induction of transcription factors. There are at least two well-defined transcription factors — nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and activator protein (AP)-1 that have been identified as being regulated by the intracellular redox state [17-19].
As a rule, oxidants stimulate cellular signaling systems, and reductants generally suppress the upstream signaling cascades, resulting in suppression of transcription factors. It is believed now that redox-based regulation of gene expression appears to represent a fundamental mechanism in cell biology. It is important to emphasize that in spite of some similar or even identical steps in cellular signaling, the final cellular responses to irradiation can differ due to the existence of different modes of regulation of transcription factors. The magnitudes of the LLLT-effects are likely to be dependent on the initial redox status of a cell. The cellular response is weak or absent when the overall redox potential of a cell is optimal or near optimal for the particular growth conditions. The cellular response is stronger when the redox potential of the target cell is initially shifted to a more reduced state (and intracellular pH is lowered). This explains why the degrees of cellular responses can differ markedly in different experiments and why they are sometimes nonexistent.


text:
Screening for frailty in elderly emergency department patients by using the Identification of Seniors At Risk (ISAR)
- Fabio Salvi,
- V. Morichi,
- A. Grilli,
- L. Lancioni,
- L. Spazzafumo,
- S. Polonara,
- A. M. Abbatecola,
- G. De Tommaso,
- P. Dessi-Fulgheri,
- F. Lattanzio
- … show all 10 hide
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Get AccessAbstract
Frail older adults are at an increased risk for adverse outcomes after an Emergency Department (ED) visit. Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) has been proposed to screen for frailty in the ED, but it is difficult to carry out. We tested whether a CGA-based approach using the Identification of Seniors At Risk (ISAR) screening tool was associated with the brief deficit accumulation index (DAI) of frailty.
Prospective observational study.
Two urban EDs in Italy.
A cohort of 200 elderly (≥65 years) ED patients.
Identifiers, triage, clinical and social data along with the administration of ISAR. CGA was performed using: Charlson Index, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire and Katz's ADL. Follow-up data at 30 and 180 days included: mortality, ED revisit, hospital admission, and.functional decline. Frailty was defined according to a brief DAI. Logistic regression evaluated the consistency of the frailty definition; ROC curves evaluated ISAR ability in identifying frailty.
Frailty was present in 117 (58.5%) subjects and predicted ED revisit and frequent ED return, hospitalization and 6-month mortality. ISAR had an AUC of 0.92 (95%CI 0.88–0.96, p<0.0001) in identifying frail elders in the ED and using a cut-off of 2 showed 94% sensitivity and 63% specificity.
ISAR is a useful screening tool for frailty and identifies elderly patients at risk of adverse outcomes after an ED visit. ISAR can also be used to select high-risk patients more likely to benefit from a geriatric approach or intervention, independently of admission or discharge.
- Rockwood K, Mitniski A, Song X et al. Long-term risks of death and institutionalization of elderly people in relation to deficit accumulation at age 70. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54:975–979 CrossRef
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- Title
- Screening for frailty in elderly emergency department patients by using the Identification of Seniors At Risk (ISAR)
- Journal
The journal of nutrition, health & aging
Volume 16, Issue 4 , pp 313-318
- Cover Date
- 2012-04-01
- 10.1007/s12603-011-0155-9
- Print ISSN
- 1279-7707
- Online ISSN
- 1760-4788
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Frailty
- screening
- emergency department
- outcome
- geriatric assessment
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Fabio Salvi (1) (6)
- V. Morichi (1)
- A. Grilli (1)
- L. Lancioni (4)
- L. Spazzafumo (2)
- S. Polonara (5)
- A. M. Abbatecola (3)
- G. De Tommaso (1)
- P. Dessi-Fulgheri (4)
- F. Lattanzio (3)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Geriatric Emergency Department, National Institute of Health and Research on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Ancona, Italy
- 6. U.O. Punto di Primo Intervento, I.N.R.C.A. — POR Ancona, Via della Montagnola n. 81, 60127, Ancona, Italy
- 4. Department of Internal Medicine, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- 2. Statistic and Biometry Center, National Institute of Health and Research on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Ancona, Italy
- 5. Emergency Department, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
- 3. Scientific Direction, National Institute of Health and Research on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Ancona, Italy


text:
JURASSIC WORLD, Coming In 2015
By Perry Michael Simon on September 11, 2013
It was a very brief message. This:
Universal Pictures will release JURASSIC WORLD in 3D on Friday, June 12, 2015. pic.twitter.com/5Ib0NDr4FM
— Universal Pictures (@UniversalPics) September 11, 2013
And there we have it. The next Jurassic Park sequel has a title — Jurassic World — and a release date — June 12, 2015.
The movie will be directed by Colin Trevorrow of Safety Not Guaranteed renown, and he co-wrote a draft of the screenplay with Derek Connolly. We know Steven Spielberg is, of course, Executive Producer, but plot, cast — you know, those nagging details — well, not yet.
But 2015's plenty of time to get that stuff squared away. In the meantime, how excited are you for the fourth chapter in the dinosaurs-run-amok saga? Express yourself in the comments below.
I am so glad this project didn't got canceled, I missed seeing big dinosaurs on the big screen.
Frankly, I WAS excited but they lost me at "3D". Seriously, can we stop this stupid gimmick now? It's too expensive and it permanently affects the look of the picture and its compositions, all in service of something that's only temporary to begin with! Add to that, I have yet to hear more than a few people claim it was worth it and made their viewing experience so much better.
I'm excited about the director, Safety not Guaranteed was a great movie. I hope they move away from the genetically engineered dino soldiers for this next one though, that concept art for the previous jp4 project looked horrible.
Get your talons off me you damned, dirty velociraptor!


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Interview with Susan Solomon
... Dr Susan Solomon ... is the recipient of the 1999 National Medal of Science. Dr Solomon is a senior scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, based in Boulder, Colorado, and is the first NOAA scientist to be awarded the medal, which is the nation's highest scientific honour. She is also the recipient of many other honours and awards that recognize her important work. In commending her accomplishments, Secretary of Commerce, William Daley, called Dr Solomon "one of the most important and influential researchers in atmospheric science during the past 15 years". Dr Solomon first theorized in the 1980s that the explanation for the Antarctic ozone hole involved reactions on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), not just gas molecule reactions. These reactions release chlorine molecules, which separate and act as catalysts in destroying ozone. Dr Solomon confirmed her theories with solid data observed during two expeditions to the Antarctic in 1986 and 1987, when she found evidence for enhanced reactive chlorine. Because of her discoveries, scientists were able to understand how the ozone hole is linked to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other man-made compounds. Dr Solomon and other leaders in her field provide important role models for today's students as they prepare to meet the demands of tomorrow's technology-based economy. But it is not only the young who can benefit from Dr Solomon's example. She cites as the most important lesson from her research the "need to keep an open mind on environmental issues". Susan was born in Chicago on 19 January 1956. Her mother was a fourth-grade teacher and her father sold insurance. Her brother is also a fourth-grade teacher. Her interest in science, especially the natural world, began when she was less than 10 years old. She was fascinated by the work of Jacques Cousteau and decided to become a marine biologist and study whales. Her discovery of chemistry was a revelation and a fascination. In high school, she won a third-place prize in an international science fair. Interestingly enough, her project was the use of light to determine the percentage of oxygen. She went on to study chemistry at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago and spent her third year in France as part of an exchange programme, before returning to IIT. Susan wanted to become a scientist at the Ph.D. level and do professional research. But she also knew she did not want to spend the rest of her life studying chemistry that was only important in a test tube. In her senior year at IIT, she discovered atmospheric chemistry and this opened her eyes to the fact that one could actually engage in chemistry that actually took place on the planet. Susan chose the University of California at Berkeley for her graduate studies so that she could work with Harold Johnson. Harold was well known for his work in the early 1970s on the detrimental effect of supersonic transport on the ozone layer. So she found the ideal environment where she could do chemistry in the ocean of air. To discover more about Susan's brilliant career, readers are invited to study the following pages. Some of the professional positions she has held are: Research Scientist, Programme Leader and Senior Scientist at the Aeronomy Laboratory of NOAA, Boulder, (1981 to the present); Affiliate Scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder; Adjoint Professor, Department of the Astrophysical University of Colorado, Boulder; and, perhaps most importantly, Head Project Scientist, National Ozone Expedition, McMurdo Station, Antarctic (August-November 1986 and August-November 1987). Susan has to her credit a list of more than 20 scientific honours. These include: James B. MacElmane Award of the American Geophysical Union (1985); Gold medal for exceptional service, US Department of Commerce (1989); Henry G. Houghton Award for excellence in research, American Meteorological Society (1991); Member of the US National Academy of Science (1992); Scientist of the Year, R & D Magazine (1992); Honorary Doctorate, University of Colorado (1993); Arthur S. Flemming Award for excellence in government service (1994); Honorary Doctorate, Tulane University, New Orleans (1994); H.J. Reid Award, NASA Langley Research Centre (1994); Foreign Associate Académie des Sciences de France (1995); Honorary Doctorate, Williams College, Williamston (1996); Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award of the United Nations Environment Programme (1997); Co-recipient, Climate Protection Award of the Environmental Protection Agency (1998); Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, American Meteorological Society (2000) and a Member of the Academia Europea (2000). She is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, the American Meteorological Society, the Royal Meteorological Society and the American Chemical Society. If I have counted correctly, Susan is, or has been, on more than 40 editorial boards, committees and science teams. She is the author or co-author of some 150 scientific papers in journals and other publications, including the article entitled "On the role of the weather in the death of R.F. Scott and his companions" and a forthcoming book called "The coldest march". Some topographical features in the Antarctic carry her name, such as "Solomon Glacier" and "Solomon Saddle". In my opinion, this is the highest honour Susan has received. This interview has a special significance for me. I took up my employment in the WMO Secretariat in October 1960. The year 2000 marks my 40th year of association with WMO. My first WMO Bulletin interview was published in January 1981, that is to say 20 years ago. This is the 80th interview I have conducted and, at 44, Susan is my youngest interviewee. This interview took place in Prague in June 2000, during the annual meeting of the European Academy. H.T. — How did you get to go to NCAR? S.S. — I received a University Cooperation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) graduate fellowship in 1977. The programme included working at NCAR every summer for two years. I was fortunate to work with Paul Crutzen1, who was Director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Division (ACD), and Jack Fishman, who is also a well-known and capable researcher. In those days, data were not digitized. I tried to evaluate as many different stations as possible that had measurements of the vertical profile of ozone in the northern and southern hemispheres and in the tropics in order to establish if there were any differences. The resulting paper was the first scientific paper that I participated in and is still quite widely cited today. I can not really take any credit for this work except as a human calculator! H.T. — When did you receive your Ph.D? S.S. — I spent two years at Berkeley doing the required course work. This included quantum and statistical mechanics and kinetics, which is related to, but far from the heart of, atmospheric chemistry. When I found out about another student programme at NCAR as a graduate assistant, I jumped at the chance. Since Harold Johnson and Paul Crutzen were good friends, I was able to make an arrangement which allowed me to do my thesis work at NCAR rather than at Berkeley. Harold was extremely supportive. I got my doctorate and then a job at the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory. H.T. — Let's talk about your post Ph.D. work. S.S. — The four years after receiving my Ph.D. were busy. A major focus was my work with Rolando García, at the ACD. For some 20 years we have been developing a two-dimensional stratospheric model to look at a broad range of chemical and physical processes that influence ozone. We were the first to implement a framework for realistically describing stratospheric chemical transport in two dimensions. This is important not only for ozone but also for a broad range of other species. Looking at latitudinal gradients of species such as methane, we could see that the transport was much more realistic. We have come a long way since then in further developing and applying the model. We wrote half a dozen papers where we examined things in a way no one had ever done before in stratospheric chemistry. The major credit goes to Rolando in the sense that the circulation was formulated in an innovative way. H.T. — Can we talk about the discovery of the ozone hole? S.S. — The depletion of Antarctic ozone was revealed by a British team in May 1985. I concluded that it had to be right but, whether the depletion was due to chlorine or a natural process such as cosmic rays, was a question requiring a great deal of work. The British had started making measurements in the late 1950s and for about 20 years, the ozone situation was normal. In the late 1970s, however, it began dropping. By 1984, it was some 30 per cent below what it had been during the austral spring in the historical record, way below the natural variability. Shortly after the publication of the British paper, a scientist at NASA suggested the depletion might be due to the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) produced in association with the solar maximum coming down from the thermosphere into the stratosphere. This was ironic, because my Ph.D. thesis had been on that very topic and I had worked with Ray Roble and Paul Crutzen at NCAR trying to quantify the whole issue of transport of NOx from the thermosphere to the stratosphere. I was soon convinced that that could not be the cause of the ozone hole. Instead, I took all the Antarctic ozone-sonde data that had ever been taken and found that the ozone depletion was happening low down, near 20 km. The auroral NOx mechanism would produce greater ozone losses much higher up, near 40 km, so it did not have much potential to change the shape of the profile in the observed way. A third idea was of a systematic change in atmospheric dynamics which reduced the ozone dramatically. H.T. — What did you think was the culprit? S.S. — I think it is fair to say I have done more than anyone else to show how surface chemistry can affect ozone. By surface chemistry, I mean reactions between gas molecules and solid or liquid surfaces. It is akin to the idea of catalysis when processes occur on a surface that do not occur in the gas phase or occur much more slowly. The Antarctic is the coldest place on Earth. That's why clouds can form in the stratosphere there. What I suggested was that the reaction between hydrochloric acid and chlorine nitrate might take place on the surfaces of PSCs, thereby changing chlorine from a form which is not ozone-damaging to other chemical forms which are. This was my suggestion and it has indeed turned out to be the initial key reaction in producing the ozone hole. H.T. — Tell us now about the field programme. S.S. — A close colleague at the Aeronomy Laboratory, John Noxon, had been doing field measurements for many years. He made visual absorption spectroscopy measurements using sunlight or moonlight and looking for the weak absorption due to nitrogen dioxide, ozone and other molecules. He died shortly before the British paper on the ozone hole was published but left behind a rich Aeronomy Laboratory tradition in that kind of measurement. He also left behind an instrument which he and his colleague, Art Schmeltekopf, had been developing for several years, with the intention of measuring nitrogen dioxide and ozone. In March 1986, we had a meeting in Boulder on global ozone issues. We set up a session to discuss the Antarctic and see what we could do. That was the first meeting where the idea of surface chemistry on PSCs was presented. We also talked about the solar theory and dynamic theory. The question was raised as to what could be done in the way of taking measurements that would show what was going on. Many people were still saying that the British measurement was maybe just wrong. So it was important to see if the ozone hole really existed. H.T. — What happened next? S.S. — We knew from the British data that there was an ozone hole in October and not in February: the ozone hole opened between August and October. This meant that the earliest opportunity to go was at the end of August, when the winter flights went in. We then discussed instruments and measuring nitrogen dioxide and ozone using visual absorption spectroscopy, as had been done by the Aeronomy Laboratory. John was dead and Art was committed elsewhere, so I said I would go. At first, everybody laughed, because I was a theoretician, but there was nobody else and the worst that could happen would be that I would get no data. A few months later, 16 of us from four institutions were on our way to the Antarctic. Ours was the first group of scientists allowed to go and that was thanks to the efforts of the National Science Foundation and especially John Lynch. I was chosen as the group leader, probably because I was willing to talk to the media. H.T. — I assume that your field programme was a success and you brought back a great deal of data and observations.
It was exciting, standing on a roof at -40°C and 65 km h-1 winds, holding up a mirror. Like all absorption measurements, we do the measurements relative to a background spectrum. One day in the middle of September, I looked up and saw the Sun for the first time since the end of August. I realized that it would make a perfect background for the moon data. So I ran back to the laboratory and took some data using the direct Sun as a light source. Those data turned out to give a signal three times better when used as the background for the lunar data.. H.T. — What did you do when you returned? S.S. — In November 1986, we left the ice with a lot of data to analyse but convinced that we had seen chlorine dioxide with the moon. We were equally convinced that nitrogen dioxide was not the cause of the ozone hole. We had also measured the ozone depletion. Four different instruments were able to document clearly that the ozone was normal at the end of August and then dropped systematically so that, by the end of September, there was only about two-thirds as much as there had been at the end of August. For several months, I steeped myself in data analysis. I had a small epiphany when I found a way to separate the chlorine dioxide signal from our daytime data. We now had the full diurnal cycle—daytime and night-time—and, in both cases, it was 100 times more than what it should have been based on gas-phase chemistry. Many different things were all pointing to chlorine dioxide. I wrote a paper and submitted it for publication in January 1987. H.T. How were your interactions with the media when you returned home? S.S. — As soon as I got home from the Antarctic, the media pressure was intense. We released one press statement from the Antarctic and when I read it now,10 years later, I think we played it exactly right. We said with confidence that there was not much nitrogen dioxide, that ozone was depleted in a remarkable way between 15 and 20 km. We did not talk about chlorine dioxide or monoxide until our papers were accepted for publication. When you are involved in scientific work in the public eye, it is easy to be carried away under the pressure to be quick. In most cases, a delay of a few months or even a year does not make any societal impact but it does make the work solid and more credible. I was barraged by phone calls. I even got one while I was in the Antarctic from a famous journalist. In order to do that he had to claim that he was a member of my family and that there was an emergency. Fortunately, I did not accept the call. I do not think the world would have been better served by our having made more statements earlier, or by my giving this person a scoop. H.T. — In 1992, some six years after your return from the Antarctic, you were elected to the US National Academy of Sciences and later on to the French Academy of Sciences. How did you feel about it? S.S. — It was unexpected and I was thrilled and honoured. I was so deeply immersed in my scientific work that I had no clue as to what its ultimate impact on my personal career might be. I did not think of myself as "young" or "a woman". When I walk into a meeting, for example, I am not going to notice if I am the only woman in the room or if I am the only person in his or her early 40s. Becoming a foreign associate of the French Academy also has a special significance because of the time I spent in France and my affection for the country. The French Academy is one of the oldest in the world and has a distinguished scientific history. It is a great pleasure to be part of it. H.T. — Crutzen, Rowland and Molina received the first Nobel Prize ever for atmospheric chemistry. What would you like to say about it?
Molina, Rowland and Crutzen were the first to identify the key catalytic processes. The Prize was a tremendous boost to atmospheric chemistry and to atmospheric science in general. H.T. — Have you ever felt that, as a woman scientist, you have been discriminated against? S.S. — I have encountered a handful of men who send out the message that they will never respect or listen to women. On the other hand, dozens of supportive male colleagues have taken pains to send the opposite message that they actually enjoy working with women scientists. Often, women are so hurt by the first kind of experience that they never recover from it and it scars their attitude. I never let those episodes bother me. You also have to keep a sense of humour. When I was in Christchurch, New Zealand, with a group of 16 about ready to go to the Antarctic, a reporter asked me how it felt being a woman working with all those men. That is a terrible question. You can either sound like a misogynist or a a nymphomaniac or a combination of both. So I gave him an honest answer. I looked around and said "Wow! They are all men aren't they!" as if I had not noticed before, and everybody laughed. I had a female student who was bright but, I felt, too quick to compromise. That is perhaps a natural feminine characteristic, but it can be misinterpreted by male colleagues. I told her that it was fine to compromise, but that she must also listen to her inner voice and when she thinks she is right, to say so. That is something most women find difficult and one of the reasons that many women have a hard time in science generally. H.T. — Did you have any supervisors or colleagues who guided you in your early scientific work. What was the impact they had on your career? S.S. — Mentoring can play an important role,especially in science. To emerge as a lead player in science, you have to be able to participate, you have to be invited to the table, you have to begin to move in the circles of the people who are the world leaders—and mentors can bring you to that table to start you off. It is also important because there are many different styles. A mentor can help develop a personal style. A person who has had a major influence in my life in that way is Don Albritton, Director of our laboratory. A number of other senior people at the Aeronomy Laboratory have had a big influence on my thinking, such as Fred Fehsenfeld and George Reid. I feel the same way about David Gutman and Ray Roble. Paul Crutzen taught me how to think about science and atmospheric chemistry. He had decided to leave for Germany and was preparing for his departure, yet he freed himself from his obligations and spent an hour a day with me, which is phenomenal for a graduate student. He has fantastic chemical intuition. H.T. — Do you enjoy being a public figure and a very high profile scientist? S.S. — Much of it has been fun. It is satisfying to make a useful contribution to educating the public. One example is my work with the Smithsonian Institution on the "Science in American Life" exhibit in Washington DC. It includes a computer-driven display where children can learn about different scientists and I am actually one of them. The children find out about me and hear me speaking. I do public radio interviews. I get frequent requests for interviews but I am careful about which ones I accept. H.T. — What about the other aspects of the problem? We make the best researchers sit on committees; we do not let them do research. S.S. — That is a big problem and one I came to grips with early in my career, in the late 1980s. I soon realized that most of what committees do is not very interesting, nor even very useful. I think we have too many advisory committees these days. It is important to learn how to pick the ones that really matter. Scientists must learn to keep their calendars under control and avoid the temptation to squeeze in as much as they can. I see the value of being a spokesperson for the field and a role model; I also see the value of communicating with the public, but I enjoy doing my own science and I reserve time for that. H.T. — Tell us about your one-year appointment as Acting Director for the Atmospheric Chemistry Division. S.S. — It was an honour to go back to NCAR 20 years later in the position that Paul Crutzen had had when I was a student. NCAR is a great place and I had the opportunity to work with some fantastic people. But I knew that management was really not a role that I wanted for more than a year. I was 41 years old and I was receiving inquiries from people about management-level jobs because it is perceived as the "ladder". Management fosters the careers of people in science and certainly people who are good at it make a great contribution. I accepted a one-year stint as an opportunity to experience it first-hand. But it is not my personal ladder. I find the scientific ladder much more rewarding. I am not happy if I am not spending a lot of my time doing science. I love programming. I can spend all day finding a bug in a computer program. Maybe some day I'll change my mind. That will depend on how long I feel able to do work that is on the cutting edge. As scientists we are fortunate, we can evolve and diversify: we can be researchers, professors, mentors, senior statesmen, committee members. As you develop insight and experience, we can contribute on all these different levels. I do not have a set idea about what the long-term future is going to be but, right now, I am enjoying doing science. H.T. — What do you see as kind of true benefit of science and why it should be supported by our society? S.S. — When it comes to atmospheric chemistry, I think we have an important mission. I think of myself as a privileged person. At NOAA, we have a fair amount of flexibility in choosing the problems that we work on and we try hard to serve society. Atmospheric chemistry is my only interest. I have the satisfaction of doing things that are relevant. Having a goal and the idea of public service are absolutely consistent with what I do as a scientist. This planet supports many people and will have many more who will be putting all kinds of chemicals and substances in the atmosphere. The 21st century will have enormous opportunities for people in atmospheric chemistry. I have been to the Antarctic, I have measured the ozone depletion in mid-latitudes, a significant fraction if not all of which is related to CFCs. I think this is a clear and justified scientific statement. Now, what is going to be done about it? That part depends on your world view. H.T. — What was your personal reaction to the Antarctic? S.S. — The trip to the Antarctic is long and uncomfortable: nine hours from New Zealand in a noisy military airplane without proper seats. When you get there, it is –40°C or even colder. I hardly noticed that, however, because it was the most exciting, challenging, fantastic experience of my life. I have never seen such unspoiled, natural beauty. The intense purple and blue of twilight are incredible. The polar stratospheric clouds—those very clouds that facilitate the depletion of ozone—are wonderful. They resemble tiny suspended rainbows or pieces of rainbows. The challenge of working there was tremendous. I have driven in huge snowstorms, where I could barely see the flags marking the road. It was scary, but it was also fantastic and there was a tremendous sense of history. This is a place that has been explored only in the past century. People died in 1911 trying to get to the South Pole on foot, without radios. It is remarkable how far we have come. Nevertheless, on my last trip in 1996, my older back hurt with those uncomfortable plane seats! H.T. — Tell us a little of your work on volcanoes. S.S. — Together with my colleague, Dave Hofmann, I wrote a paper in 1989 in which I said that in the case of a large volcanic eruption, liquid sulphatic aerosols might cause major ozone loss at mid-latitudes via a process analogous to that in the Antarctic. That prediction was confirmed in the aftermath of the Mt Pinatubo eruption, when we saw major ozone loss over mid-latitudes. I've continued to study that chemistry and see how well we can simulate it quantitatively. H.T. — Why does ozone loss occur in the lower stratosphere in middle latitudes? S.S. — It is hard to explain with conventional chemistry why the ozone depletion goes all the way down to the tropopause for the same reasons that the Antarctic ozone was hard to explain. Lower down, there are fewer reactive species and more chlorine should be retained in the reservoirs. I believe that Cirrus clouds near the tropopause can be liquid as well as solid at times and sporadically cold and wet. Their surfaces catalyse a lot of the same chemistry as do Antarctic PSCs, and I think that is why ozone loss occurs down to the tropopause at mid-latitudes. I have started applying what we've learned about visible spectroscopy in the stratosphere to clouds and solar radiation. We can detect chlorine dioxide, for example, which absorbs only a few tenths of 1 per cent of the light in the stratosphere. It makes sense to apply these methods to investigate how light is absorbed in clouds, and by water molecules. That is what I enjoy about science, you work on something, building up and outwards, and always find connections to what you have done before. H.T. — What areas of research have you been pursuing recently? S.S. — In the last five years, I have continued with work on modelling stratospheric ozone, in particular, trying to pull together our measurements from the Arctic and Antarctic on chlorine dioxide. We have an interesting paper showing that those data support the importance, not only of heterogeneous chemistry on PSCs, but also on liquid aerosols. In the last two years, I have become intrigued by using the same kind of techniques that we have been using for 20 years to measure chlorine dioxide and ozone and nitrogen dioxide molecules that absorb visible light very weakly not to stratospheric chemistry but rather to clouds and climate. We are making measurements of elements like water vapour to see how much absorption of visible light there is in clouds. We are also measuring the absorption of sunlight by molecules such as O4 and oxygen. What is nice about it is that these molecules do not change when a cloud comes and goes. The absorption of oxygen increases, not because the oxygen itself is increased, but because the particles in the clouds are acting like tiny mirrors. There is a tremendous amount of amplification of the optical path in the presence of clouds. With those measurements I am trying to verify whether the way that meteorological models parameterize the absorption of radiation by clouds is correct. We have also applied the same kinds of techniques to the clear sky as well, to find out if there is significant absorption from the water vapour dimer. It is a sensitive technique that was developed for chemistry and which we are now applying to meteorology. H.T. — How are you doing this work? S.S. — In the laboratory, we have tried to make measurements looking directly at the rising Sun. This is because, when the Sun is right on the horizon, the path of the photons through the atmosphere is incredibly long. This enabled us to look for the water vapour dimer. However, most of our work has been done from aeroplanes. In May 2000, we flew on the NOAA P3 aeroplane with instruments looking both up and down and I am really excited about that database. We were able to see in some of the clouds we went through that the optical path was enhanced by more than a factor of 10, compared to clear sky, so the photons were passing through the equivalent of 10 atmospheres of absorption. The only way to understanding was to fly around, through, over and under clouds like that. I am doing this with a small team of four colleagues. H.T.— Where do we stand as regards research in the ozone field, concerning generation, regeneration, disappearance or changes in the ozone? Is there still much more to be done? S.S. — As Molina and Roland said, the important aspect of CFCs is their lifetime. It will take 40-50 years before we see the ozone regenerate, the ozone hole decline and mid-latitude ozone return to the levels of the 1970s. Interesting work has been done recently on whether the changes in carbon-dioxide and other greenhouse gases which cool the stratosphere might in fact slow down the reversal of the ozone hole. If the stratosphere gets colder, less chlorine may be needed to produce the ozone hole. By the same token, ozone depletion might occur in the Arctic, even if the chlorine drops. If the Arctic becomes much colder, the ozone depletion there might worsen. If the control measures needed for ozone recovery are now in place, it is a question of waiting to see the changes happen. People are impatient and ask whether the ozone hole is getting bigger or smaller this year. That is the wrong question to ask. If it is bigger or smaller, it is only because it happened to be a cold year or a warm year in the Antarctic. The year-to-year changes do not reflect a systematic recovery or a worsening. They have to be considered on a long time-scale. H.T. — Does the variation in the atmospheric circulation affect the variation of the ozone?
Even in the cold years, i.e. the 1960s, we did not see an ozone hole in the Antarctic; we only began to see it in the 1980s and 1990s as the CFCs climbed to higher and higher values. Cold temperatures do not cause the ozone hole, they modulate it; the volcanoes do not cause mid-latitude ozone depletion, they modulate it. Natural factors affect the damage that chlorine might make to ozone, but they do not cause the chlorine to be there: we are the ones who caused the chlorine to be there in the first place. H.T. — What sort of contact have you had with WMO? S.S. — The most important contact I have had has been through my work since 1985 on the WMO/UNEP international ozone assessments. Together with Sherry Rowland, I co-chaired the first formulation of the common questions about ozone. We put together one-page answers to the kinds of questions that the public asks, i.e. how do the CFCs get to the stratosphere when they are heavier than the air?; how do you know that chlorine is from CFCs?, etc. WMO has been an effective way of getting information to the public. The detailed information in the assessments has been absolutely critical, not only in bringing the international community together to develop a consensus on the state of the ozone layer, but also in helping us to formulate our views. I am also a member of the Joint Scientific Committee for the World Climate Research Programme. H.T. — In March 2000 you were awarded the highest US national award. S.S. — Our work to understand ozone is useful to the public and serves society. The National Medal of Science is a wonderful honour and the recognition of the work I have been doing for 20 years. Twelve scientists from various fields, such as medicine and physics, received the award from the President of the United States of America. I thought the other 11 persons were among the finest people I have ever met. It made me realize how important scientific research is; particularly when your nation appreciates what you have done. H.T. — Tell us about one important and unforgettable event of your professional life? S.S. — One of many was my arrival in the Antarctic. When the door of the aeroplane opened and that incredibly cold air rushed in and hit my face, it felt like being on another planet. Being in the Antarctic for three months was one of the most unforgettable experiences of my life. I particularly remember the colours of the sky and the most stunning twilight I have ever seen. Seeing the aurora for the first time was truly incredible. Many memories of the Antarctic will be with me for ever. H.T. — If a young person asked you for advice as to how to become a successful atmospheric chemist, what would you say? S.S. — My best advice would be that to be successful in science, you have to be focused. You have to be able to think and absorb science exclusively and constantly. It is difficult for young people today, they have so many distractions. They should not try to juggle science with sport and other pursuits. You cannot have a diversity of lifestyle and be successful. Those who come back to the field later tend to be more focused; they know what they want and that is an advantage. If science does not motivate you enough to make you want to centre your life around it, then it is probably not for you. H.T. — Would you like to go back to the Antarctic? S.S. — I would go back to the Antarctic any time. When I first went, I started reading about Scott's expedition. He arrived at the South Pole a month after Amundsen. Amundsen came back but Scott died on the return journey. I have written a little book about what happened to him, and meteorology was an essential factor in his death. In a normal year, Scott would have survived his march back from the Pole, but he was extremely unlucky and hit a period of about three weeks when the temperature was persistently 5-10°C colder than what we now know is normal. This difference is a huge one and affects a person's energy, comfort and ability to move. Scott writes in his diary about the amount of friction that the cold snow generated on the skis when he and his team were trying to drag their supplies. It is relatively easy when it is warm: the motion of the ski across the surface of the snow creates a thin layer of liquid water which makes you glide. When it gets very cold, the liquid layer cannot form and the friction on the surface increases. H.T. — Allow me to congratulate you on a career which has been not only outstandingly successful scientifically but also personally rewarding.