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BrainPOP UK Featured Movie
BrainPOP is the digital educational equivalent of trivial pursuit, and equally as fun! All subject areas have been split into subcategories and for each subcategory BrainPOP have created beautifully animated videos with accompany quiz testing features. BrainPOP is a free educational games portal that will suit the classroom learning environment or will do well to support extended learning at home.
EAS Review
The graphical styling of 'BrainPOP' is truly outstanding, the content of the videos is very amusing whatever your age. The quality of the audio is brilliant and the characters are loveable and easy to relate to.
The content of 'BrainPOP' provides ranges between from Sciences, Maths, English, Humanities, Arts, PSHE, Design Technology and Citizenship. From gravity to famous painters and reading skills to online safety, BrainPOP helps kids learn through videos, games, and quizzes. There are some sensitive topics being addressed, such as war and terrorism, but kids are warned to get a parent or teacher to watch that video with them prior to clicking play. Tim and Moby (the robot) will guide children through the videos using approachable language and comprehensive definitions for more technical language.
The interface of 'BrainPOP' is very simple to use, with a modular magazine style layout. The only thing we found ourselves wanting was the ability to tap on test score results to re-launch the application into that particular test. As previously mentioned the visual styling of 'BrainPOP' is incredible, they have even taken the level of detail right up to the "loading page" Icon. The large high quality icons make the interface very easy to navigate, however due to some of the content being of a more mature nature we would be recommending this app to secondary and late primary school learners.
We did find that one of the bullying quiz questions to be a little misleading- the question asks, "Which of the following is an opinion about bullying?" Options given where:
a) Bullies are terrible people
b) Adults can help kids deal with bullying
c) Bullying can make people feel bad about themselves
d) Bullies often have many friends
The correct answer they are looking for was a) Bullies are terrible people, however the flaw comes in the wording of the question. All of the options given are technically opinions; they may not however be construed as well justified opinions. A simple re-word of the phrasing of the question would clarify this.
All in all we felt this is a great application for kids and adults alike, we certainly enjoyed reviewing this app and perhaps spent a little more time playing the games and enjoying the content then we should have! All though the free content is comprehensive enough to give you a good feel of the application, we definitely recommend users to purchase the subscription plan priced at £4.99 for the first month as there is more than enough content to keep your family busy for months.
From the Developer
BrainPOP Featured Movie topics tie in to current events, historical milestones and figures, holidays, and more! This app is perfect for informal, exploratory learning at home or on the go. Got a BrainPOP UK username through your school? Site subscribers can log in directly from the app to access all of BrainPOP's award-winning content at no additional cost.
For more than a decade, BrainPOP has been a trusted, go-to source of animated, educational content. With more than 11 million visits a month to our sites, we're used by millions of students in thousands of schools, at home, and on mobile devices around the globe.
The more you know, the more you know!®
- Update: 28 Dec 2012
- Version: 1.0
- Platform: Android
- Publisher: BrainPOP
- Category: History, Maths, Science, Primary School (4 to 11 Years of Age), Secondary/High School (11 to 18 Years of Age), Geography, Art,
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Reader comments are listed below. Comments are currently closed and new comments are no longer being accepted.
Chile needs a strong army because of the need to protect their financials interests abroad (in Peru). Chile has invaded Peru once more, but in a financial way. There are a lot of businesses in Peru that are Chilean and they fear that some crazy fellow like Ollanta (who currently does not have a strong support) would come into power and ruin whatever has been built. On the other hand, Peruvian authorities do not believe that to be a problem, as they has practically dismantled the armed forces that Velasco equipped. The maritime problem can be solved with diplomacy and that has been the peruvian attitude.
Furthermore, I don't believe Bolivia to be a problem. Chile destroyed the Bolivian dream of access to the sea, and most of the Bolivians have made peace with that.
@Perguntador: I'm a bit divided. As a Chilean I am not happy about the political legacy of our cold war experience, and nothing makes me angrier than foreign ideologues that treat that global power game was something akin to chess. Allende was after all the first socialist president in history ever elected by irrefutably and legitimate popular vote, and the period that came after him meant the death of many and the torture of some very good friends of mine. Then again I'm with Chomsky on the economy, you have to understand the world of power in order to do something about it, and the Economist is an excellent source of such facts. Too bad they too had their own variant of clueless ideologues in their ranks at some point. That doesn't make their articles less valuable for me now.@Chiledude:"The criminals they were forced to kill" - This is unforgivable. Our current president's father was tortured by the military coup. He was an air force general and his only "criminal" action was his staunch belief in the idea that the army has nothing to do in politics, which is now the army's current line by the way. A good acquaintance of mine is an IT professional, a honest person and a good father. He had his nails and teeth pulled out in the name of public order, and he was no armed criminal. Get some perspective.
Elnica,Maybe "consistently critical" is too much. I remember a former Latin American correspondent writing an excellent farewell article some time ago: she said one of her sorriest recuerdos from her working life at The Economist was a senior editor celebrating Allendes's fall. "We won", he screamed in the corridors, or something like that - I'm quoting from memory.Aside from that, congratulations on your fine files, and saludos.
Elnica: I admit defeat... for now!! :-)
Cornejod: Looking into my old paper files, I was lucky enough to chance on an Economist article on Chile on page 56 of the 14 January 1978 issue, called "One-man junta". It is scathingly critical of Pinochet and his 4 January referendum "in the face of international aggression", which "meant a vote at the UN general assembly in December condemning the disregard of human rights in Chile". The article continues:
"On the official count, 75% voted yes, and a surprisingly hefty 20%, in view of the way the question was loaded, voted no. President Pinochet announced the referendum only on December 20th. Campaigning lasted a fortnight. All that Chileans saw of the opposition campaign were a few street protests by those who dared. Observers at some polling stations complained that the envelopes into which the ballot papers were put were virtually transparent. The final counting was done privately by interior ministry officials. […] When the country's toothless constitutional council proclaimed the referendum decree illegal, since it had not been signed by all members of the junta, the council's chairman was promptly replaced."
Not a good word for the dictator throughout. And here for a chuckle is the concluding sentence:
"But Chile's democrats can draw little comfort from the fact that Latin America's most entrenched personal dictators, Paraguay's General Stroessner and Nicaragua's Somoza family, have lasted a long time."
Well, who thought I'd ever be defending the Economist? But there you are, I think it only fair to say that it has been consistently critical where criticism was due. As far as I can see, it has not put business before honesty.
Chile needs strong armed forces thanks to Argentina and Peru. Although Bolivia is constantly whining about losing access to an ocean due to a war that it started, it's military isn't strong enough to take on our Boy Scouts. Argentina and Peru have a history of insane and unpredictable rulers that have posed serious threats to us in the past. They both have much more man power than Chile and will always be a potential threat regardless of current relations.
The military's role under Pinochet was quite clear. They despised all politicians for their inability to rule the country and for bringing Chile to the verge of a civil war. They killed a bunch of people because Chile didn't have and still doesn't have a decent judicial system. They are not proud of it but it bothers them deeply that the criminals they were forced to kill are now treated as is they had been some kind of pacifist heros. They are not happy about apolagizing for something they don't consider wrong while the other party doesn't admit any wrongdoing whatsoever.
Cornejod: Well, first it was to be instances of the Economist criticizing Pinochet, then while he was still alive. I gave two, in addition to his obituary. Now it's to be while he was still in power. I'll look into that when I have a bit more time, which may not be this week, but I'll get back to you here or elsewhere. You may indeed have more of a point there but my mind is open, as always. Meanwhile let's have a laugh at this elevating cameo of colonial rivalry and greed from the mid-nineteenth century:
A "Note to Viscount Palmerston, Minister of the Foreign Office, sent by Mr Frederic Chatfield, Consul General of Her Britannic Majesty in Central America", Guatemala, 20 December 1847, on the "importance of securing a hold in the Bay of Conchagua or Fonseca", reads:
"My Lord,
If therefore Her Majesty's Government desire the acquisition of the islands Tigre, Zacate Grande and Mianguera, selected by Captain Henderson, I request the favour of such instructions for my guidance as Your Lordship may consider it expedient to give me.
To prepare the way to an arrangement with the Governments of Salvador and Honduras, both of whom, I understand, claim these islands, I will cautiously ascertain how they consider their respective rights to stand, so as to profit, if necessary, by this disagreement, by playing off the claim of one against that of the other: for a cession by either party as regards us, will be valid. In the meanwhile, I shall press both Governments for an early payment of the outstanding British claims, which according to the annexed statement amount to 72,000 pounds sterling for Salvador and 80,000 pounds sterling for Honduras, and which could be compounded to the satisfaction of the claimants, for less than half their amount.
The possession of these islands is of no sort of use to either Salvador or Honduras, for they could not hold them a moment after the Americans have found a pretext for taking them.
But have things really changed that much?
Elnica: I am sure that if you had an individual such as general Pinochet in your power to turn over to a human rights or international court, you would. However in real life you do not have such power. The United kingdom, a leading nation of freedom, representeing and cultivating some of the best and brightest minds humanity has ever known, when it came its chance to put a killer to justice, they blew their chance to put their money where their mouth is, and made up some cockamamie physician's report that suggested Pinochet was feeble and dying, (only to rise as Lazarus from the grave on his return to Chile) and released the Latin Hitler like a dove, back to his country where he'd be powerful and protected like gold in Fort Knox. A 30 minute flight to Spain, where there there would have been a fair trial for crimes against humanity, was avoided, and a loyal arms customer, well pleased. Even baroness thatcher, another great warrior for freedom and human rights, bellicosely pushed for his freedom on account of his help to assassinate worthless subhuman argentinians in the Falklands back in 1982. Therefore, as you can well see, might is right and right is in the eye of the beholder... as long as they are loyal and profitable UK customers. The article you quoted is only whitewashing on the part of The Economist once the general was no longer in power. Seek more articles all the way to 1982 and you will see practically NO condemnatory remarks about this Chilean holocaust.
While it's hard to disagree with you in principle, the execution would seem just a bit far fetched. After all, how many people would support an invasion of Cuba in order to bring Fidel to justice, I think it's a very safe bet that many would see that as yet another example of western imperialism overthrowing a socialist government. And Cuba is just one of many. Can you imagine the backlash in the muslim world if the Un were to go after any number of Muslim groups or nations that routinely practice what would be considered "torture" by those in the west. Hell, look at what happened at Gitmo, where any sort of stress application or insult was viewed internationally as torture. While that may or may not be torture, most of the experiences seen by the prisoners at Gitmo have been common place in frat houses for years, and the SERE training given to high risk military personnel goes well beyond that. As I can personally attest to, it is survivable, if uncomfortable.
In any case, it's unrealistic to think that the UN or NATO or whoever would be able and willing to violate the sovereignty of a nation in order to meet some sort of petty ideological goal, and compared to so many other things, torture is a relatively minor offense.
Cornejod, you're probably thinking that my example of the Economist's criticism of Pinochet was a bit close to his end. So here's something from "Bringing the general to justice" (26 November 1998):
"The Lords were not ruling on whether General Pinochet was innocent or guilty of any of the crimes alleged, only on whether he could be arrested and extradited. In fact, the crimes of his regime were not even in dispute. These have been well documented. In a series of official investigations after General Pinochet stepped down, Chile's own government found that the intelligence service and the army, acting directly under General Pinochet's command, were responsible for 2,095 extrajudicial executions and deaths under torture, and 1,102 "disappearances" of people who have never been found. The actual number of those tortured or murdered is almost certainly higher. During General Pinochet's rule, a number of UN bodies and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights also documented systematic murder, torture and kidnapping."
The article concludes: "Governments have said repeatedly over the past 50 years that murder, torture and arbitrary arrest are not acceptable behaviour for any state, and that those who pursue such policies should be brought to justice. Now the world has to give courts the proper tools, and authority, to do that."
The 1973 military coup in Chile was almost the same that happened in Brazil ten years before. And the Americas had seen what happend in Cuba, twenty years before. So I think the reaction fo the chilean Armed Forces and a part of the politicians was highly influenced by the facts ocurred in the other two countries.
The world was in the middle of the Cold War and there was tension all around in Latin America. On the three cases, the countries had historic familiarity with the US way of living, but a they had revolutionary groups intending to take the power using the force and these groups were supported by the Soviet Union, trying to put more countries behind the Iron Curtain. So, I guess the revolutionary moves and the counter revolutions were all episodes of the dispute of the major potencies.
Now, in 2008, both sides (let s call them left and right) of the conflict have arranged different versions for the same history, which makes the discussion unproductive, as this forum have shown. One tells something and is accused by the other side to be telling a lie. I can t see any progress in this kind of forum.
Thank God, the violation of the human rights is condemned by everybody. It seems that no one would like to see dictatorships, even left or right ones.
And as the countries above were facing civil wars at that time, is sounds a bit unfair to judge the behavior of Pinochet, the politicians and the chilean society in 1973. And even the violence used by both sides.
What is difficult to accept today is that the leftists don t say a word about the choices made by the revolutionary forces in the 60s and 70s. They were fighting to establish a comunist net in Latin America, but were succesful just in Cuba. Today, we still have the model of what they wanted working by the hands of Fidel and Raul. So, the model, today, is very representative of the choices at that moment. The path was wrong and it is until now. But most left ideology supporters still defend Fidel, still defend something very close to what was defended decades ago. Even the path was proved wrong.
We never hear a word about the Castro s behavior, making the cuban people their hostages until today, when everyone condemn human rights violations, and keeping the power even with the economic fiasco of the model.
The honest leftists, today, should say: the soviets were wrong, Fidel was (and is) wrong and the comunist revolution was a big mistake! The socialist (with comunist roots) model was already tested and didn t work!
But the silent remains...
Right, cornejod, I'll take you up on that. When Milton Friedman died, on 16 November 2006, Pinochet was still alive. The Economist obituary did not brand Friedman as a right-wing ideologue beyond redemption but did say that his most controversial listener was neither Ronald Reagan nor Margaret Thatcher, but Augusto Pinochet: "The Chilean dictator combined ruthless repression with a taste for free markets and monetarism. In the latter, he was advised by the 'Chicago boys', economists educated at the university where Mr Friedman was the leading light." ("A heavyweight champ, at five foot two", 23 November 2006.
The question as to whether or not the Chamver of Deputies has the legal right to order the military to intercede is certainly valid, but understand that it was not an impeachment hearing. It was simply a decree supported by very nearly 2/3rds of the CoD stating that the current situation was untenable in the context of constitutional law. Because of Chile's staggered election cycles, it would have been impossible to get more than a 2/3rds majority for at least another year and a half, iirc, when the Popular Unity candidates could have have been replaced electorally. The "Declaration of the Breakdown of Chile's Democracy" was essentially little more than a majority of Chilean Deputies claiming that they belevied military action would be necassary. Was it the constitutional method of removing Allende? Not even close. But I have to assume that was never the intent, and it's tough to criticize the CoD for not adhering to constitutional law when the entire crisis was based on Allende's continuing violations. It's a;so important to note that many of those that signed the declaration were members of the Christian Democratic paerty that had previously supported Allende and been key in getting him confirmed as president. It's not like it was the result of some right wing or CIA sponsored conspiracy. That notion rejects the fact that a majority of Chilean people were supporters of the coup.
Abraxas claims that the GAP was independant of the MIR, and while that may or may not be true, we know that the GAP was trained by the Cuban military, and that Allende hosted thousands of revolutionary militants from all over the world. We also know that after the coup, the army discvoered crates containing thousands of small arms that were to have been used by the MIR, which was headed up by one of Allende's nephews. The MIR never had any intent of achiving socialism by peaceful means, at least not if it meant making consessions with it's enemies. The GAP was loyal to Allende alone, and I doubt that they would have carried out operations that weren't approved by him directly.
Repa had a very interesting comment, implying that the Chilean economy was negatively affected by free-market policies. I guess Repa must not be much of an economist, and he must be completely unaware of the realities of the Chilean economy in the early 1970s. Perhaps he (or she) is one of those that could reconcile economic loss or instability with the creation of a classless society or a dictatorship of the proletariat or whatever, but the simple fact remains that Allende utterly trashed the Chilean economy. Pinochet, for his many fatal flaws, chose to impliment policies that established Chile as the pre-eminent eoconomic power on the contintent. The industries that emerged in the aftermath of the coup created a class of high paid professional workers that didn't exist before; essentially making that country a first world power on a third world contintent. Whatever cyclic problems may present themselves, and they do, you only have to compare Chile with Cuba to see what is and what might have been.
Chile has always been an excellent customer of the UK, unlike Argentina or Peru. Therefore, you will never see any negative or critical articles in The Economist on Chile. Don't get me wrong, I love Chile and its people. I am merely pointing out how different are the articles regarding Chile and Brazil (UK customers) and Argentina and Venzuela (non UK customers). Still doubtful? Read past articles. I challenge you to find any condemnatory articles on Pinochet (while he was alive).
As a measure of how complete the housecleaning has been, the number of soldiers who date to pre-coup times seems pretty irrelevant. Wouldn't the number who joined DURING the Pinochet era and remain be more to the point?
NB12 wrote:
I am just curious if in your opinion to flood the country with hundreds of armed revolutionaries, to tolerate them staging attacks and assassinations on political opponents, members of judiciary and private property; to have them marching through middle class neighborhoods chanting "momios a la pared, momias a la cama" should be considered an instrument of liberation.
I know that this reply wasn't directed to me but I'd like to say a thing or two anyway. The country was in a complete chaos back then and some politicians were murdered, most of them -I might add- were actually supporters of the Democratically elected government who were killed by the utra-nationalist CIA-financed group called "Patria y Libertad" ("Fatherland and Liberty"). Allende also formed it's on armed body called the GAP (Group of Friends of the President) but, as far as I'm concerned, that group's mission was simply to keep the president safe from possible attempts of assasination as the death threats Allende received were considerable at the time. The MIR on the other hand (Movement of Revolutionary Left) was an armed group formed in the mid sixties which promoted the armed struggle in order to obtain their goals of a Marxist society. I think that in some point of Allende's government, the GAP agreed to become a part of the MIR but their members never accepted to be a bastion of armed fights since they were loyal of Allende's ideas in his main principle of getting to socialism by peaceful means.
NB12 wrote:
The point is that you denied that this happened. After you were proved wrong you demagogically switched the discussion into irrelevant technicalities.
Denied that what happened exactly? Were have I ever been proved wrong? It's you, on the contrary, the one who have been proved wrong with your implication that the Chamber of Deputies's accusation on Allende had any real power on its condemnation. Yet, instead of recognizing the disinigenuous content of your remark after I pointed you the basis of your mistake, you keep repeating it and even assert that I was the one who was wrong all the time and that I'm demagogically trying to switch the discussion? Amazing discussion technique! That reasoning (if it's appropriate to use that word in this case) might strictly work within the far-right elites of this part of the world but it evidently doesn't when you let others to critically scrutinize it with logic and, well, plain common sense.
It's kind of funny really, you spent so much time crtitizicing Allende and justyfing the murdering Pinochet-coup and subsequent regime on the basis that Allende violated the Constitution in some parts and yet when I mention to you that the accusation of the Chamber of Deputies didn't fulfill with the recquirements of the Constitution, you simply dismiss them as "irrelevant technicalities". I guess that to you it must be completely irrelevant the fact that that declaration was never approved by the two thirds of the Chamber as it was Constitionally needed in order for it to be effective, right? Nah, that's just an unworthy technicality, isn't? Moreover, the coup itself was against the Constitution in some many ways that I cannot even begin to imagine but I guess that those are just other "irrelevant technicalites" to you for sure. No biggie, it's just a coup d'etat after all and -according to you- the ones who got killed were all "Marxist guerrillas" (was that the term you used?) who probably deserved their fate anyway.
Ahem...the democratic credentials of the Chilean army were never in question as the then necessary western approved assassination of Orlando Letelier made quite clear. The Chilean army only became undemocratic, when it was persuaded too by Mr Milton and his Chicago boys and just look where his free market thinking (if it can be called that?) has brought us to today; Mr Allende must be chuckling in his grave.
AbraxasThe point is that you denied that this happened. After you were proved wrong you demagogically switched the discussion into irrelevant technicalities. The point is that the country as a whole was in desperation with the parliament and the judiciary system reacting to the fact that a takeover of the country has ALREADY happened. The parliament and the court were only responding to the situation that the judiciary system and law enforcement arm stopped functioning as a result of campaign of intimidation and simply physical attacks. Some judges went into hiding or refused to deal with other cases, that's why the Court said that the law of land went up in flames. Incidentally this period has its death toll too and it's not insignificant considering a very short time frame within which the things happened. How about all live sacred and other principles of yours? I challenge you to show me evidence here that your man of peace was doing anything, or even saying something, to deal with this problem.But of course the parliament and the court were instruments of oppression, other Chileans were brain washed by the CIA (of course Chileans dont have volition or opinion of their own), and Chilean economy was always strong and resilient. It's enough to read through these comments to notice how very little have changed since the good old days when Western leftists were coming to Stalinist Russia and then returning back with stories of how they have never heard a child cry in a communist country.
perguntador wrote:September 28, 2008 22:58. . .So, I guess this answers to two objections killremoval has made: the first is that I am dismissive of Allende's inconstitutional moves - no, I am not, but I don't think an appallingly brutal military coup is the legitimate remedy. On the contrary, it is evidently a case of the remedy being far worse than the ill it is supposed to cure.Second, he asks if, like Allende, I see the bodies that called for the military intervention, the Congress and the Supreme Court, as "simple instruments of bourgeoisie oppression and an impediment to social change". Again, no, I don't think so in principle. But in this case, I'd say they seem to have acted exactly like that. Any political or judicial body that appeals for the military to intervene by force to stop social change, particularly in our part of the world, is certainly an instrument of oppression.********************I am just curious if in your opinion to flood the country with hundreds of armed revolutionaries, to tolerate them staging attacks and assassinations on political opponents, members of judiciary and private property; to have them marching through middle class neighborhoods chanting "momios a la pared, momias a la cama" should be considered an instrument of liberation.
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Date: Friday 27th April 2012
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Pharmacovigilance : Indian Scenario
Sponsored Links
Ankush Taneja
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are considered as one among the leading causes
of morbidity and mortality.
According to WHO, Adverse Drug Reaction is any noxious, unintended,
and undesired effect of a drug, which occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis,
diagnosis, or therapy. Pharmacovigilance is an important and integral part of
clinical research. While major advancements of the discipline of pharmacovigilance
have taken place in the West, not much has been achieved in India. However,
with more clinical trials and clinical research activity being conducted in
India, there is an immense need to understand and implement pharmacovigilance.
For this to happen in India, the mind set of people working in regulatory agency
(DCGI ) and the Indian pharmaceutical companies need to change.
The number of
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) reported have also
resulted in an increase in the volume of data handled and to understand
pharmacovigilance a high level of expertise is required to rapidly detect drug
risks as well as to defend the product against an inappropriate removal.
The way drugs are being monitored has changed, both internationally as well as on the
national level. Both clinical trials safety and postmarketing
pharmacovigilance are critical throughout the product life cycle1. Pharmacovigilance
is defined as the pharmacological science relating to the detection,
assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects, particularly
long-term and short-term adverse effects of medicines.2 With a
number of recent high-profile drug withdrawals, the pharmaceutical industry and
regulatory agencies have raised the bar. Early detection of signals from both
clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance
studies have now been adapted by major pharmaceutical companies in order to
identify the risks associated with the medicinal product and effectively
managing the risks by applying robust risk management plans throughout the life
cycle of the product ADR reporting programs encourage ADR surveillance, promote
the reporting of ADRs and stimulate the education of
health professionals regarding potential ADRs.3 Spontaneous reporting program, a common method of drug surveillance is capable of recognizing ADRs in the daily medical practice,
even though underreporting and absence of information on number of people
actually exposed to the drug are its disadvantages. Unfortunately, in spite of
presence of five well organized centres for drug
monitoring in the country, the numbers of reports sent annually are dismal.
ADRs account for 2.1% of hospital admissions, with 39.3% of
them are life threatening.4 Therefore, in order to strengthen the
field of pharmacovigilance various strategies need to be developed and this
should include but should not be limited to; building a robust
pharmacovigilance system, making reporting mandatory, creating a single
nationwide reporting form and a database of all the adverse events.
Need For Pharmacovigilance
Phase IV of the evaluation of a drug starts when the
marketing license is granted and extends over many years. It consists of pharmacoepidemiological studies to evaluate the
effectiveness, safety, and utilization of the drug in large populations, under
real-life conditions. The results confirm or disprove the effectiveness of the
drug in clinical practice (confirmation of the therapeutic effect), determine
whether approved uses should be expanded or restricted, any untoward
interactions (pharmacovigilance) and pharmacoeconomics
of the drugs.
Major aims of pharmacovigilance5-7 are:
1. Early detection of hitherto unknown adverse reactions and interactions
2. Detection of increases in frequency of (known) adverse reactions
3. Identification of risk factors and possible mechanisms underlying adverse reactions
4. Estimation of quantitative aspects of benefit/risk analysis and dissemination of
information needed to improve drug prescribing and regulation.
The ultimate goals of pharmacovigilance are:
- The rational and safe use of medical drugs.
- The assessment and communication of the risks and benefits of drugs on the market.
- Educating and informing of patients.
National Pharmacovigilance Program
Even though pharmacovigilance is still in its infancy, it is
not new to India. It was not until 1986 that a formal adverse drug reaction
(ADR) monitoring system consisting of 12 regional centers, each covering a
population of 50 million, was proposed for India.
However, nothing much happened until a decade later when in
1998, India joined the World Health Organization (WHO) Adverse Drug Reaction
Monitoring Programme based in Uppsala, Sweden.8
The program has three-tier structure- 2 zonal centers 5
regional centers and various peripheral centers. Pharmacovigilance centers
pursue four objectives: to detect ADRs, to evaluate
them, to study them what is the difference between evaluate and study?, and to
inform prescribing physicians.
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
launched the National Pharmacovigilance Program in November 2004 under the
aegis of Directorate General of Health Services, Union Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare. The basic purpose of this program is to collate, analyze and
archive adverse drug reaction data for making regulatory decisions regarding
drugs marketed in India. The National Pharmacovigilance Programme
will have the following goals:
- To foster a culture of notification
- To engage several healthcare professionals and NGOs in the drug monitoring and
information dissemination processes. - To achieve such operational efficiencies that would make Indian National
Pharmacovigilance Programme a benchmark for
global drug monitoring endeavours.
The programme shall be coordinated
by the National Pharmacovigilance Centre at CDSCO, New Delhi. The National
Centre will operate under the supervision of the National Pharmacovigilance
Advisory Committee to recommend procedures and guidelines for regulatory interventions.
Specific objectives of the Programme:
- To create an ADR database for the Indian population
- To create awareness of ADR monitoring among people
- To ensure optimum safety of drug products in Indian market
- To create infrastructure for ongoing regulatory review of PSURs
(periodic safety update reports)
Noteworhty Features And Operation Of NPP
The national pharmacovigilance center at CDSCO will undertake
the following activities:
1)Shall monitor the adverse drug reactions of
medicines in order to identify previously unexpected adverse drug reactions or
indicate that certain reactions occur more commonly than previously believed. This
information will then be keyed into the ADR database for use in aggregate
analysis. These reports shall also be submitted to the WHO International Drug
Monitoring Programme for international collaboration
on drug safety.
2)Shall review Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) submitted by pharmaceutical companies.
3)Shall maintain contacts with international regulatory bodies working in pharmacovigilance and exchange information on drug safety.
4)Shall assess the regulatory information relating
to safety in order to determine what action, if necessary, needs to be taken to
improve safe use. Based on the available data, the Advisory Committee shall
make recommendations on product label amendments, product withdrawals and
The programme recommends mandatory reporting of :
- ALL adverse events suspected to have been caused by new drugs and 'Drugs of current
interest' (List to be published by CDSCO from time to time) - ALL suspected drug interactions
- Reactions to any other drugs which are suspected of significantly affecting a patient's
management, including reactions suspected of causing:
Death, life-threatening (real risk of dying),
hospitalisation (initial or prolonged), disability
(significant, persistent or permanent), congenital anomaly, required
intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage.
The physician, nurses or pharmacists are
responsible for reporting and completing the prescribed adverse drug reaction
reporting form. After completing the form, the same may be forwarded to the
nearest peripheral pharmacovigilance center. The latter, in strict confidence,
forward the report to regional center which then perform the causality analysis
which in turn is submitted to zonal center. The data will be statistically
analyzed and forwarded to the global Pharmacovigilance Database managed by WHO
Uppsala Monitoring Centre in Sweden. The final report based on the analysed data will be periodically reviewed by the National
Pharmacovigilance Advisory Committee constituted by the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare.
The activities with which various centers are endorsed with includes but are not limited to:
· Zonal centers coordinate the nationwide program
and provides for the facilities like a PC with internet facility, access to
fax, telecom, etc. [AIIMS for North and East and KEM-Mumbai for South and
West]. Other activities includes:
a. to collate the data (approx. 1000-1200 forms) received from RPCs.
b. to verify / validate the causality analysis.
c. to prepare MIS reports for NPC in a specified format.
d. to pass on the final data to WHO Uppsala Centre for their global data pool.
e. to publish a periodic newsletter.
· Regional Centers will undertake the following activities:
a. to collate and scrutinize the data received
b. to perform the causality analysis of all 120 to 150 forms received every month.
c. to submit a monthly report – prepared in a specific form to be forwarded to National
Pharmacovigilance Centre (NPC) every month.
d. to report any alarming or critical ADRs to NPC along with supporting evidence.
· Peripheral centers (ideally medical institutions
in each state and Union territory) to record at least 30 events each month
(statistically speaking 30 events in about 1500 patients who visit each month would
be quite easy to record). Completed event forms shall be forwarded to the
concerned regional centers at the end of each month.
Challenges To The Program
A landmark study 1998 described ADRs to be the 4th-6th largest cause of death
in the USA and ADRs are estimated to cause 3-7% of all hospital admissions.
More than half of these ADRs are not recognized by the physicians on admission
and ADRs may be responsible for death of 15 of 1000 patient's admitted.9
Furthermore, the financial cost of ADRs to the healthcare system is also huge.
In recent years, however, the lag between when a drug is placed on the market
and its subsequent availability in India has decreased considerably so that
the much needed longer-term safety data is no longer available. In addition,
India-based drug companies have increased their capacity to develop and launch
new drugs through their own research efforts and this has heightened the importance
of developing adequate internal pharmacovigilance standards to detect adverse
drug events.10 Traditionally, pharmacovigilance was never done in
India in Pharmaceutical companies, be it Indian or MNCs, so there is an immense
shortage of knowledgeable people who will be able to advice the DCGI on this
matter, as pharmacovigilance is a very complex subject, interwined with regulations
and complex systems. India is the fourth largest producer of pharmaceuticals
in the world and is also emerging as a clinical trials hub.11 Many
new drugs are being introduced in the country, so there is an immense need to
improve the pharmacovigilance system to protect the Indian population from potential
harm that may be caused by some of the new drugs. The problem areas which have
identified in India includes:
·Lack of organization and funding of pharmacovigilance systems
· Extreme shortage of qualified trained people to handle pharmacovigilance within the DCGI.
· Information obtained to date in the zonal
centers from various peripheral centers is often poor and not well analyzed
because of insufficient research on ADRs in India.
·Understanding, knowledge and motivation by healthcare professionals is almost negligible.
Recommendations For The Future
Various stakeholders can help the program achieve its objectives comprehensively:
1) Involve professional organizations of healthcare
providers to educate their members about the program and there by sustain their
2) Making pharmacovigilance reporting mandatory and introducing pharmacovigilance
3) Employing trained scientific and medical assessors for pharmacovigilance to strengthen the DCGI office.
4) In addition to the CDSCO website, use newsletters and pamphlets to inform healthcare providers about the
program's activities.
5) Recognize the contribution of notifiers and centers with consistent high
quality performance through citation on the website and in the newsletter to
help motivate everyone to report adverse events.
6)Creating a clinical trial and postmarketing database for serious ADRs and ADRs for signal
detection and access to all relevant data from various stakeholders.
7) Education and training of medical students, pharmacists and nurses in the area of
pharmacovigilance and building a network of pharmacovigilance and pharmacopeidemiologists in India.
India is now considered to be a hub for clinical
research. The DCGI has shown its commitment to ensure safe use of drugs by
establishing the National Pharmacovigilance Program. Though pharmacovigilance is
still in its infancy in India, this is likely to expand in the times to come.
This is because, as the newer and newer drugs hit the market, the need for pharmacovigilance
grows more than ever before. Physicians should report death due to drugs, life
threatening complications, hospitalization (initial or prolonged), disability
if significant, persistent, or permanent, congenital anomalies, a reaction
which requires medical intervention to prevent damage.
For this, students (both undergraduates and postgraduates) need to be trained
in drug safety and a habit of rational drug use should be inculcated in them
from the beginning. Continuing medical education programmes for physicians and
other health professionals should be conducted to make them aware of the methodologies
and other technical aspects of the drug monitoring process. Healthcare professionals,
consumer groups, NGOs and hospitals should appreciate that there is now a system
in place to collect and analyze adverse event data. They should start reporting
adverse events actively and participate in the National Pharmacovigilance Program
to help ensure that people in India receive safe drugs. The only private company,
Symogen Ltd., that deals with all aspects of pharmacovigilance has also started
functioning in India.
1. Montastruca Jean, Agnes S, Lacroixa Isabelle, Oliviera Pascale. Pharmacovigilance
for evaluating adverse drug reactions: value, organization, and methods. Joint
Bone Spine. 2006; 73:629-32.
2. World Health Organization Collaborating Center for International Drug Monitoring.
The importance of pharmacovigilance. Safety monitoring of medicinal products.
Geneva: World Health Organization. 2002.
3. Bavdekar Sandeep B, Karande S. National Pharmacovigilance Program. Indian
Pediatrics. 2006; 43:27-32.
4. Jose Jimmy, Rao Padma. Pattern of adverse drug reactions notified by spontaneous
reporting in an Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. Pharmacological Research.
2006; 54:226-33.
5. LL Leape. Errors in medicine. JAMA. 1994; 272:1851-7.
6. Bates DW, Collen DJ, Laird N et. al. Incidence of adverse drug events
and potential adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. JAMA. 1997; 277:307-11.
7. Bates DW, Spell N, Cullen DJ et al. The costs of adverse drug reactions
in hospitalized patients. JAMA. 1997; 277:301-7.
8. Protocol for National Pharmacovigilance Program CDSCO, Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2004.
9. Lazarou J, Pomeranz B, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in
hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA. 1998; 279:1200-05.
10. MD Nair. Pharmacovigilance: The need for a formal system in India. Available
from: http://www.pharmabiz.com.
11. Biswas Pipasha, Biswas Arun. Setting standards for proactive pharmacovigilance
in India: The way forward. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2007; 39(3):124-6.
12. Dhikav Vikas, Singh Sandhu, Anand KS Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring In
India. Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine. 2004; 5(1):27-33.
About Authors:
Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (DIPSAR), New Delhi,India
Ankush Taneja
4/57, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi-110060, India
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
good work..........
Satyanarayana Juluri
Pharmacovigilance program in India
Another biggest blunder has been committed by our pharmacists in regulatory sector with their poor or ill understood knowledge on the therapeutics and the issues thereon. [The earlier blunder was starting of pharmacy courses away from hospital and community environment with useless and baseless subjects and topics with no relevance to the field reality]
Here are my genuine concern on the pharmacovigilance program:
Weakness in the current pharmacovigilance program:
It was started on a wrong note considering the export volume and potential instead of feasibility study and instances and magnitude of incidences of ADRs as could be seen in the proposal document submitted by the CDSCO to the Govt of India.
CDSCO cannot be an agency to start pharmacovigilance program as:
- ADR is not an offence under D&C Act and Rules.
- ADR monitoring is not a policing system
- CDSCO does not have the required clinical background or experiene to understand ADRs.
- CDSCO has proposed Pharmacovigilance program based not on the feasibility and need analysis but on the basis of the export volumed and potential, a clear indication that CDSCO do not know the subject matter at all.
- The committees and staff structures proposed in the policy / structure document is irrelevant and inconsistent.
Well, how it should done :
- Pharmaco-vigilance should be established under hospital based 'Pharmacare' program.
- Pharmacare program includes logistical pharmacy and Clinical pharmacy.
- Pharmacare department should be established in all the hospitals with 100 beds and above.
- There should be a network of Pharmacy Therapeutic committee with National, Zonal, State level and Hospital level therapeutic committee with a pharmacist as its member secretary.
- Pharmacovigilance program should involve the doctors, nurses and pharmacists in its activities.
- There should be an open channel for the doctors, nurses and patient / his attendant to report the AD events.
- The Pharmacy Therapeutic Committee shall only discuss and analysze the data and make recommendations
- Therapeutic committee shall not involve in any way in tender, tender evaluation and procurement process except in preparation of Essential Drugs List with specification for tender.
- Pharmacy Therapeutic committee should remain as guardian for safe and effective medication.
- The Pharmacy Therapeutic committee will get enriched with abundant data from the Pharmacare department and pharmacovigilance activity to promote competently the National Medication Policy.
Bhagavan PS
Retd Dy Dir Pharmacy
Bhagavan P.S. B Pharm
Similar Entries
PharmD graduates are completely eligible for more than 1000 jobs by Pharmaceutical Industries including PHARMACOVIGILANCE.
Another biggest blunder has been committed by our pharmacists in regulatory sector with their poor or ill understood
One of the study conducted at a 700 bedded multidisciplinary super-speciality hospital in india over a period of 6 months.
What is Pharmacovigilance?
The seminar cum conference on vital aspect of Pharmacovigilance was organised by Indian Drug Manufacturers' Association (IDMA).
Anantha Naik Nagappa and Uday Venkat Mateti


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text: Hehe, I love wardrobe malfunctions. Here is a sexy Brazilian or Portuguese girl on some TV show wearing a sexy dress which obviously couldn't contain those boobs on its own! What's also funny is that they tried to censor the slip with a black bar but did a terrible job!


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November is Native American Heritage Month
Indian Tribes in Minnesota
In Minnesota, there are seven Anishinaabe (Chippewa, Ojibwe) reservations and four Dakota (Sioux) communities. A reservation or community is a segment of land that belongs to one or more groups of American Indians. Find an overview of Indian Tribes in Minnesota on the Minnesota Indian Affairs Council web site.
Web Sites and Resources Related to Native American Heritage Month
- Presidential Proclamation - National Native American Heritage Month, 2012
- Overview of Indian Tribes in Minnesota, Indian Affairs Council
- Links and resources about the Indian Tribes in Minnesota from mn.gov.
- Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian
- Why Treaties Matter Exhibit
- A Day in the Life of Minnesota Tribal Nations: a 14-minute video production by the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian, created in partnership with the Minnesota Indian Affairs Council and the Minnesota Humanities Center.
- Minnesota History Center: US - Dakota War of 1862 Exhibit


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I would like to register for the following AIPPI UK event:
4 March 2013 (6pm) Workshops on Questions for AIPPI ExCo, Helsinki 2013 Venue: Bird & Bird (15 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4A)
AIPPI has now published the Resolutions passed at its 2012 Congress in Seoul, and announced the questions that will be put to the ExCo in Helsinki, 5 - 11 September 2013.
The Questions for this year are as follows:
Q233 Grace Period for Patents (led by Daniel Brook)
Q234 Relevant public for determining the degree of recognition of famous marks, well-known marks and marks with a reputation (led by Trevor Cook)
Q235 Term of Copyright Protection (led by Ashley Roughton and Sara Ashby)
Q236 Relief in IP proceedings other than injunctions or damages (led by Justin Watts and Richard Vary)
The links above take you to the working guidelines for each question. The launch meeting will briefly introduce the questions, before splitting into separate workshops on each question. The workshops will analyse, discuss the main points each question raises for UK practitioners, consider proposals for harmonisation and reform, and plan the further preparation of the UK response.
Please register below via EventBrite under the question on which you wish to participate. If you cannot come on 4 March but would want to participate in the further work on them, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com or the question leader, and let them know.
The launch meeting is free, will carry 1.5hrs CPD points (SRA accredited), and is open to members and non-members. Continued involvement after that will be limited to members, or those with pending applications for membership.
Members (including new members) who were 35 or younger on 1 January 2010 and who participate in the preparation of the Questions may wish to note that they are eligible for consideration for the annual AIPPI UK prize for the best contribution to a Question by an eligible member of the group. The prize is worth up to £3,000 in attendance, travel and accommodation fees for attendance at the AIPPI Congress, and £300 in book tokens.
For information on this event, please email email@example.com. For information on other AIPPI UK events, please click here. For information on how to join AIPPI, please click here.


text:
The bond that we form with animals can be very deep and fulfilling, and the loss of a beloved animal can have an impact on us that is as great, or even greater, than the loss of a family member or friend. This bond is what makes our interactions with animals rich and rewarding, but also what makes the grief process so complicated. The grief can seem to come in waves, may be brought on more intensely by a sight or sound that sparks your memory, and may seem overwhelming at times.
Although everyone experiences the stages of grief, grieving is always a very personal process. Some people take longer than others to come to terms with denial, anger, guilt, and depression, and each loss is different. If you understand that these are normal reactions, you will be better prepared to cope with your feelings and to help others face theirs. Family and friends should be reassured that sorrow and grief are normal and natural responses to death.
Just as everyone may grieve differently, people may choose to honor their pet's life in a number of ways. One person may prefer a memorial service or funeral for their pet, while another may prefer a symbol of remembrance, such as a paw print cast in plaster or stone or a lock of hair from a horse's mane or tail. Whatever you choose to honor your pet and your life together is as personal as your grieving process.
Allow yourself time to grieve and heal, and be thankful that your life was made that much better by sharing it with your beloved pet.


text:
Two of TVB 's new generation "Goddesses," Christine Kuo (苟芸慧) and Eliza Sam (岑麗香) have successfully attracted wide male interest in Hong Kong. The Canadian natives and former Miss Chinese International winners claimed that they did not see each as competitors.
Although Christine possessed a beautiful face and curvaceous figure, her Cantonese was often regarded as her greatest weakness. After Eliza Sam shot to popularity in Divas in Distress <巴不得媽媽>, fans pointed out that Eliza's Cantonese was better than Christine's heavy accent. Christine said, "I do not think that her [Cantonese] is better than mine. We are both from overseas; it's about the same."
Happy for Eliza that she has ascended to "Goddess" status, Christine said that they were friends and will not regard her as a competitor nor replacement. Christine believed that she had her own position and the women possessed different personalities and styles.
Declining to comment what her strengths over Eliza were, Christine praised Eliza for her sweet smile. "She knows how to laugh. I hope I can be like her and think less and laugh more. She is simpler." Asked if she felt she was more complex, Christine said, "Ha ha, I have lived in Hong Kong longer, which gave me a Hong Kong way of thinking and not as cheerful as before."
Asked if Eliza felt that she had replaced former TVB Goddess, Christine's place, she said, "Although I am not a man, I also feel that Christine Kuo is a goddess, ha ha!" Asked who she found to be more beautiful, Eliza said, "You cannot compare these things with other people! I will not compare with myself."
Recent tabloids claimed that Eliza had romantic sparks with Divas in Distress, Chin Ka Lok (錢嘉樂), arousing jealousy in his pregnant fiancee, Angela Tong (湯盈盈). Eliza dismissed the fabricated rumors, revealing that Angela had even called her and asked her to not worry about the reports.
Jayne: Indeed, Christine and Eliza give off very different vibes. Eliza's outgoing personality may give her an added advantage in the long run, allowing her to develop better social relationships with wider range of people.
TVB can cultivate different "Goddesses" for every taste.
Note: This article is written for JayneStars.com. DO NOT re-post this article on any other websites. No part of this article may be copied, reproduced, rearranged, redistributed, modified by any means or in any form whatsoever without prior written permission. You may use the content online and for your non-commercial, personal use only. Copying these materials for anything other than your personal use is a violation of copyright laws.
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JayneStars Media LLC reserves all copyrights. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. By using the JayneStars website, you accept and agree to our Terms and Conditions of Use.Tags: Christine Kuo, Divas in Distress, Eliza Sam
I've watched Ghetto Justice and Divas in Distress, I find Eliza performance is much better than Christine. No doubt both Cantonese are not very good, but still I think Eliza is better. But what I think matter most is their acting skill. Eliza does well in her acting whereby Christine is just so fake and unnatural. I felt Christine shouldn't be given the cast in Ghetto Justice.
eliza really have the potential.
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agree with you,eliza is better than christine.also agree christine should not be act in Ghetto Justice, too fake.
dont know how she can deny eliza's cantonese is better than hers. there isnt that horrible accent at all like christines
Eliza knows how to reply :D. I think she has quite good expressions when she portrays her character but I don't really feel for her beauty.
YOu talked as if you're very much prettier than Eliza????
Lol, I don't think Eliza is pretty, either, and I'm dead ugly xD beauty is in the eye of the beholder, doesn't matter what that person's own physical beauty like
They are both very pretty in their own way. I like both of them but it's just Christine's accent that bothers me.
Never know that her accent is so ANNOYING to you.
Great photo of Christine. When it comes to appearance, there can be no question.
However, Christine needs to develop a bit of a thicker shell still… her answers need to be more "pageant" like. She takes a bit of a dig at Hong Kong, and should have avoided the whole Cantonese accent question I thought Eliza answered he questions better.
Still.. in time I expect Christine's Cantonese will improve – provided she works on it and wants it to.
i prefer eliza above christine because eliza has a more natural facial expresion than christine,i think christine is sentitive and introvert while eliza is attentive and more compasionate and concerned to other people than christine
Christine is obviously much prettier. But the joke is on her if she thinks that their level of Cantonese is the same. Eliza's Cantonese is much better and pleasing to the ear! Her acting skills are also much much better for a newcomer.
After reading her comments here, i'm starting to dislike her.
i can't believe christine said their cantonese level is about the same! eliza's cantonese is not spectacular, but it's quite above christine's.
eliza seems very out-going and comes off better in her interviews and on-screen.
Well I think Eliza is only trying to be polite. Her Cantonese is easier on the ear whereas Christie is really difficult to listen(think she tries too hard!)
Certainly Eliza is more cute with her appearance and her Cantonese
LOL, these days it's so easy to reach the goddess lvl in TVB
By their standard I guess HK can now be called the modern day Olympus, LOL
It is definitely a term thrown loosely around isn't it.
Perhaps it's just that TVB artists have found the source of ambrosia which is located in Korea, LOL
Sounds easy to get but out of the 5 most promoted so called fadans only Fala I heard people called Goddess.
Never heard Fala being called goddess. But even before the five fadans, I've only heard of Gigi Lai being called goddess. Now almost every newcomer is goddess. Sheesh.
Eliza seems much more fun and down to earth..while Christine seems more stuck up (and yes, Christine, your chinese sucks compared to Eliza).
personally I think Eliza is more of a natural beauty than Christine but they both need improving on Canto and acting
Christine does not think Eliza's Cantonese is better than hers. They are on the same level because they are overseas candidates…………..THIS IS ABOUT THE WORST ANSWER YOU CAN HEAR.
Exactly. Some people learn to speak a language faster than others, and Eliza is one of them. Christine moved to live in Hong Kong in 2009 while Eliza Sam moved to live in Hong Kong in 2011. Therefore, Christine Kuo has lived in Hong Kong for two more years. Christine's Cantonese, in fact, should be a lot better than Eliza's. Moreover, Christine should be able to read Chinese which helps. Don't think Eliza can read Chinese. I think she was born in Vancouver.
However, in terms of prettiness, I think Christine looks prettier with bigger and prettier eyes.
Totally Agreed!
I just watched Eliza's interview at our local Chinese TV channel. She looked very pretty, sweet, and lively, and her Cantonese was pretty good. She was very eager to learn good Cantonese. All the best for her in her future acting career.
It the same… haha! You have a hearing problem Christine.
Eliza Sam much better
I like ELiza looks alot more down to earth not a snobby kinda girl….While Chirsitne is more of a drama queen like she wants the spotlight all to herself!!
Christine thinks her cantonese is the same as eliza? Please.. I understand eliza, i dont understand christine!
And by her saying because she has been in hk longer and has a hk way of thinking and thus isnt as cheerful, can lead to alot of backlash and i'm sure alot of pple will tell her to go back to taiwan/ canada since she isnt happy in hk..
I do think christine wins in terms of looks though.
Eliza's answers are much better than Christine who sounds bitter LOL
Both can't act at all, but really like Eliza because she's very cute n sweet. Christine is pretty and all but in an annoying way lolz
Eliza looks sweet and cute. Christine looks dangerously pretty.
If they have a TVB series just for them, I can say Eliza has the goodie girl protagonist making while Christine has the scheming beauty antagonist making LOL. What a coincidence Eliza wears white and Christine wears black above LOLll
Yes, I love that they're wearing contrasting lace dresses. Clearly princess heung heung is angel while 9 Goo leung is devil.
christine is definitely the prettier one, but eliza has a really sweet and charming face. i can imagine older guys (20+) preferring christine, while teenage boys worship eliza. eliza's cantonese has improved much since her pageant days, but perhaps she finds it easier because she didn't know mandarin beforehand and can use english pinyin to learn how to pronounce words more accurately. i personally think it's much harder to learn cantonese (or articulate it clearly) when your first language is mandarin.
I agree with you. That may be why Christine's and King Kong's cantonese is still so bad after so long. Especially King Kong is a host, and his cantonese should be better than Christine's. Mandarin speakers seems to find it harder.
Yea I agree with you too. Didn't know how to explain but yes. Pure ABC's Canto is better than someone who speaks Mando originally.
" i can imagine older guys (20+) preferring christine, while teenage boys worship eliza." best observation of the decade
i don't think christine realizes how bad her cantonese is…on the other hand, is it just me or does eliza look like tavia's older sister (i have no idea what her name is lol) in the above picture?
Griselda Yeung has much bigger eyes.
i still feel that crystal li..if im nt wrong..forgotten the name.. she is much more better than eliza and of course definetly better than christine!!
honestly christine is the worst.. both acting and speaking..
I don't reckon Eliza is that pretty. And for christine she can't speak probably. I reckon that miss Chinese international 2008 oceane zhu is prettier and can act.
After 10-15 years, all of them will emerge into as pork chops. What so special about their beauties?
Not necessarily. Some women age very nicely and gracefully.
Eliza looks prettier in person than in the above photo.
I watched her interview today on a local Chinese TV channel. She was very sweet and pretty, with bigger eyes (than the ones in this photo). Her Cantonese was still accented but understandable.
If one of them do a little bit of porn or blow jobs with the right directors, I'm sure she'll shoot to stardom overnight.
I found Eliza's facebook fans page http://www.facebook.com/Eliza.Sam.L.H
for those who's interested in her updates and photo.
wow she's adorable! i think she looks better with her hair down though.
Goodness Christine looks really good in the pic.
Christine said, "I do not think that her [Cantonese] is better than mine. We are both from overseas; it's about the same."
PLEASE GIRL HAVE YOU HEARD YOURSELF SPEAK?! I cringe every single time I have to hear you speak Cantonese. Hence the ruined Tiger Cubs + Ghetto Justice 2!
Eliza Sam, albeit not being as pretty as Christine speaks not only fluent Cantonese but pretty good English as well. Definitely a better choice.
How does that help? If she thinks she speaks well, hearing herself speak will only confirm that in her mind
It's a real life example of the Dunning–Kruger effect.
Haha she should watch the shows that she has been acting in *cringe*
Hahahaha well maybe that. Or she should get a recording of herself talking and just put it on replay every single day she's home. *Cringe*
Yes, please re-watch your own acting, Christine. You're beautiful, no doubt but you CANNOT act and you CANNOT speak Canto.
Christine is prettier and fairer, but Eliza is better at everything else. Cuter, better Cantonese, better acting and better at responding to reporters!
I found this picture of them. It's quite funny http://220.127.116.11/images/apple-photos/apple/20120913/large/13ec1p9n.jpg
Don't think Eliza is that pretty either but she def. can act better than Christine and speak better too.
agree. I understand Eliza's cantonese. Her emotional scenes are good for a newbie too
I have watched both of their personal interviews lately. I found that Eliza Sam knew how to speak well, casually and lively but politely. Christine was rather serious and stiff in her interview. She did not how to present herself well.
One of the problems (?) with Christine is that she is very honest. I put the (?) there because to some, it will seem refreshing. We've already seen her in tears due to the rumours about her. She always seems to speak her mind, which sometimes leads to less than perfect answers (such as those she gave in this interview).
It is, however, a nice change to receive such answers instead of the usual fluff. To hear her state that she's lost some of the "bubbliness" of a new actress because "living in Hong Kong" has done that to her – very interesting and very honest. Not the best thing to say mind you, but still, it's nice to have an honest answer.
She always seems to speak her mind
I don't quite agree. I would say that Christine did not know how to present herself naturally and postively. If you watched Eliza Sam's interview on Fairchild TV very recently, you would find out that she presented herself very well at the interview. She was very optimistic, natural, positive and eager to improve her Cantonese as well as her acting. She was also a very casual and friendly person, and she got along well with people in Hong Kong.It gave people a good feeling to like her more.
On the other hand, Christine Kuo was a bit negative in her recent interview at "TVB Green Room 2012″. She said that her life was rough in Hong Kong in the first 2 years and she was being "taken advantage" by people in Hong Kong because she could not understand Cantonese. She did not seem to be a very friendly person and had many friends at TVB.
To Kuo, "Lay gor gone dong wah hoo hung bow, gee doe may?" said by a TVB viewer.
Christine has a different kind of appeal, more porn appeal while Eliza is lighthearted and fun. Eliza gets my vote as she seems refreshing and funny. If I wanted to watch porn, Christine gets my vote.
Eliza gets my vote too. She's fresh and naturally looks fun and cute. Now it's up to TVB and her to brush up her acting.