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As summer arrives, covers come off barbecues all around the country. Unfortunately, if you haven't maintained the barbie properly, this can reveal a rather sorry sight — cobwebs, an empty gas bottle, grease, grime and rusty hotplates. If this is your experience, perhaps it's time for a good overhaul, or even a brand-new barbecue. But when you're shopping for one, how can you tell which models will cook your food evenly? Should you choose a stainless steel finish? Is the thermometer on the hood actually accurate? You'll find the answers in this report. We tell you what to look for in a barbecue, how to maintain them, how to cook the perfect steak — and we tell you which models are the best from our test of seven 4-burner gas barbecues with hoods. For our test, our expert home economist, Fiona, cooked steaks and sausages on each barbecue, and also roasted chickens (with the hood closed) to see how well the barbecues cook. This test shows whether the barbecue delivers a good heat uniformly across all the cooking surface rather than getting too hot in one spot and too cool in another. She also assessed how easy the barbecues are to use, inclusing the accuracy of their thermometers. Our test results give you clear, unbiased advice on which models are the best. And our useful tips on maintaining your barbecue will you make sure your barbie will still be sizzling your steaks for several summers to come.
Please note: this information was current as of November 2007 but is still a useful guide to today's market. For more recent information, see our Barbecues review 2011.
# Discontinued.
Video: How we test barbecues
We put our barbecues through a series of meaty challenges.
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Most of the other barbecues scored similarly to the models in the What to buy list for ease of use, but were all let down by uneven cooking in the sausage or steak tests. In the other cooking tests:
Full results for all models are shown in the table below.
Table notes * Dimensions are with the hood closed and include knobs, wheels and handles. The height from the floor to the hotplate is shown in brackets. # Discontinued. (A) With jet/pilot flame.
Overall score: The overall score is a combination of:
Cooking performance: Our home economist rated the performance of each model cooking:
Ease of use Our tester rated the models on the following:
Cooking tests: Our tester cooked steak and sausages with the hood open, and turned them only once while cooking. This fairly severe test is to check how evenly the cooking surface is heated; at home you'd probably compensate for uneven hotter and cooler spots by moving the food around. She cooked the whole chicken with the hood down, on a rack in the centre of the plates, and again turned it only once. Cooking in this way is comparable to cooking in an oven and is also suitable for fish and larger cuts of meat, such as roasts. Ease of use: Ease of cooking is the most important factor, mainly including ease of access when moving and turning the food, and any discomfort, such as smoke blowing into your face. Our tester also looked at moving and cleaning the barbecue, how easy the controls are to use, and how easy it is to fit the gas bottle.
Price: $599 Good points
Bad points
Price: $999 Good points
Price: $399 Good points:
Price: $449 Good points
Price: $899 Good points
Barbecues can be difficult and time-consuming to assemble. Don't buy one on Saturday morning and expect to be using it in the afternoon. The components are heavy and often come in two or more large boxes, so lifting them and getting them home from the shop is hard work before you even start. Make sure all the boxes will fit into your car or borrow a vehicle that can take them. There are usually lots of parts and they don't fit together easily. To put a barbecue together, you need to be pretty handy, and have a second person to help with the lifting and positioning of parts. If none of the above applies to you, it's worth paying extra (around $100 to $150) to have the barbecue delivered and assembled for you.
Ever wondered how to cook the perfect steak on a barbecue? Here's what our experts have to say.
The best cuts for grilling on the barbecue are oyster blade or barbeque steak, rump, t-bone, sirloin or tenderloin.
Preheat the barbecue on medium heat until it is just starting to smoke, this should take about 10 minutes with the hood closed. Be sure to take any excess fat off the steak beforehand to reduce flare ups. If you want to season your steak, be sure to do it just before you cook it as if it is done too early it will dry the meat out and ruin the flavour. You can also brush the steak with some oil.
Start by cooking the steak on one side only until it is brown, and then turn it over. If you continually turn it over it will dry out. The time it takes to cook the steak really depends on the thickness and cut of the steak and how you like it done. Follow the 'rule of thumb' guidelines (below) to check if your steak is cooked to your liking. Don't pierce it with a fork or knife as this will let the juices escape.
Once the steak is cooked to your liking put it in a warm spot close to the barbeque to rest for about 5 to 10 minutes before serving. This helps to maximise the flavour and keep the steak juicy.
This advice will apply to most barbecues, but still read the manufacturer's advice on how to prepare and maintain your particular model.
Before you use the barbecue for the first time, remove any protective plastic coating from the hotplates. Give the hotplate and grill a thorough scrub in warm soapy water, to remove any residues from manufacturing. Then season the hotplate and grill: give them a light coating of cooking oil and turn all the burners on low for about 30 minutes. The oil may smoke, but that's normal. Afterwards, let the hotplates cool and wipe off the excess cooked oil. Add a little fresh oil and you're all set to start cooking.
Scrape off food residue and excess leftover oil, but leave a light coating of oil to protect the plates from rust. If you decide to give the hotplates a thorough clean with soapy water, make sure you season them again afterwards. Some hotplates and grills have a non-stick coating and shouldn't need as much oil for cooking. These usually only need a wash before the first use, but between uses it may still be worth protecting these with a light coating of oil. Non-stick cooking sheets are available for the barbecue hotplate (but not the grill) from Magic Cooking Products and other suppliers. We haven't tested them, but they could be a good way to keep the hotplate clean while cooking.
To clean grease and dirt off the barbecue's exterior, use any all-purpose cleaner or warm soapy water. For stainless steel, use hot water with vinegar or a commercial stainless steel cleaner. Stainless steel can suffer from 'teastaining' — brown discolouring on hot surfaces, such as inside the hood — which can be reduced by regular cleaning with soapy water or a commercial cleaner. Clean out the fat collection tray after each use and line it with fresh foil.
Keep your barbecue under a cover to protect it from the elements. Some models come with a cover. If not, it's worth buying one. Make sure it can be easily secured to the barbecue with cords or Velcro straps, so it won't blow off on a windy day.
To check your gas bottle for leaks, connect it to the barbecue and turn on the gas at the bottle. Brush soapy water over the bottle's joints and connections; leaking gas will create bubbles. Make sure your gas bottle is full enough before you start cooking. Fitting a gauge on the tap connection is the surest way to know how much gas you've got left, but you can also weigh the bottle on your bathroom scales. A '9kg' bottle typically weighs around 10kg when empty and holds around 9kg of gas, so it weighs about 19kg when full. The weight when empty — the 'tare' — will be stamped on the bottle.
It's worth giving the barbecue an annual maintenance check, and the start of summer is probably a good time for this. Check the hotplates are clean, the trolley and hood are in good condition, the fat tray is lined with fresh foil or sand, volcanic rock (if used) is replaced, and the gas bottle is in good condition. Check the supplied instructions for specific maintenance advice. If all this is too much hassle, there are companies who'll come to you and service, clean and repair your barbecue.


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Re: How to unit test mappers reading data from DistributedCache?
Not sure how to do it using MRUnit, but should be possible to do this using a mocking framework like Mockito or EasyMock. In a mapper (or reducer), you'd use the Context classes to get the DistributedCache files. By mocking these to return what you want, you could potentially run a true unit test. Thanks Hemanth On Fri, Jan 18, 2013 at 1:37 AM, Barak Yaish <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Hi, > > I've found MRUnit a very easy to unit test jobs, is it possible as well to > test mappers reading data from DisributedCache? If yes, can you share an > example how the test' setup() should look like? > > Thanks. > |

subset: commoncrawl


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Chountas, Panagiotis and Rogova, Ermir and Mohammed, Sadiq and Atanassov, Krassimir T. (2008) The notion of H-IFS -an approach for enhancing query capabilities in Oracle10g. In: Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Systems IS'08. Varna, Bulgaria, September, 6-8 2008. IEEE, Los Alamitos, USA, pp. 569-574. ISBN 9781424417391
| PDF 901Kb |
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IS.2008.4670519
Query answering requirements for a knowledge based treatment of user requests led us to introduce the concept of closure of an Intuitionistic fuzzy set over a universe that has a hierarchical structure. We introduce the automatic analysis of queries according to concepts defined as part of a knowledge based hierarchy in order to guide the query answering as part of an integrated database environment with the aid of hierarchical Intuitionistic fuzzy sets, H-IFS. In this paper based on the notion of H-IFS we propose an ad-hoc utility build on top of Oracle10g that allows us to enhance the query capabilities of by providing better and knowledgeable answers to user's requests. The theoretical aspects as well the practical issues and achieved results are presented throughout the rest of the paper.
Item Type: | Book Section |
Research Community: | University of Westminster > Electronics and Computer Science, School of |
ID Code: | 5639 |
Deposited On: | 19 Dec 2008 15:45 |
Last Modified: | 11 Aug 2010 15:34 |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Earnings per share amounts in the following table reflect the effect of the two-for-one stock split distributed in June 1998.
Net income for the third quarter of fiscal 1999 includes an after-tax charge of $9.0 million as a loss from discontinued operations relating to lease obligations, primarily for the Company's Hit or Miss stores.
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2000, the Company changed its method of accounting for layaway sales. (See Note A to the financial statements.) Quarterly results for fiscal 2000 in the table above have been restated to reflect the change in accounting. The cumulative effect of this change for periods prior to January 31, 1999 of $5.2 million, net of income taxes of $3.4 million, is included in net income of the first quarter. The year-to-date effect of this change on fiscal 2000 was immaterial. The effect of this change on quarterly net income and related earnings per share in fiscal 2000 follows (in thousands except per share amounts):


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Roy Corrnel Bryant, 76 of Benton, formerly of Tampa, FL, passed away Thursday, Dec. 26, 2013. Roy was born March 2, 1937 in Georgia to the late William and Leona Bryant. Mr. Bryant retired from Tampa General Hospital. Since moving to Benton to live with his daughter, he attended church at Fellowship of the Cross and enjoyed going to the Benton Senior Adult Center. He is also preceded in death by his wife, Joyce Bryant; sister, Eunice Martain Black; and brother, Willy Bryant.
John "Smoothie" Gosvenor, 68, of Traskwood; passed away Saturday, Dec. 28, 2013 at his home. He was born February 2, 1945 in Chidester. John was a truck driver for 48 years and was currently employed by Kenny Adams Trucking of Wynne. He was of the Baptist faith and an avid fisherman. John was preceded in death by his father, A.T. Gosvenor of Haskell; his mother, Thelma Gosvenor of Chidester and a brother, Charlie Gosvenor.
Wesley Ray Smith, 67, of Benton, passed away Saturday, Dec. 28, 2013. He was born August 14, 1946 in Benton. Mr. Smith was a member of Social Hill Missionary Baptist Church and was a carpet layer. He was preceded in death by his grandparents, George A. Smith and Emer Ellen Smith, and Joseph Leonard Chism and Rosie Belle McGhee Chism; parents, Vernon C. and J. Berneice Smith; two brothers, Alvin Ellis Smith and Leonard Allen Smith.


text: So, about two months ago I was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and the doctor prescribed me a new medication (on top of my other one) called Risperdal, an antipsychotic. It works great. I was happy to not be staying up until 3 am and thinking birds and inanimate objects were plotting against me and obsessively trying to prove that the "dx" at the end of an integral is the same thing as zero. But, contrary to the opinion of my therapist and psychiatrist, I'm done with the new meds now.


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The Patriots didn't do too much out of the ordinary from a game-plan perspective, but there was definitely in up-tick in Julian Edelman's role in the offense, which paid dividends. Halftime adjustments on both side of the ball resulted in the Patriots outscoring the Colts 35-7 in the second half. There weren't any obvious errors in clock management or play-calling.
Pass offense
Statistically, Tom Brady had one of his best games of the season, completing 68 percent of his passes for 331 yards and three touchdowns. He didn't throw any interceptions, finishing with a 127.2 QB rating. There were a few plays where he wasn't on the same page with receiver Brandon Lloyd, but that connection improved as the game went on. Pass protection was stellar.
Rush offense
Not the performance you would have expected against the Colts defense. After the game, coach Bill Belichick said the offensive line did a better job pass blocking than run blocking, and he wasn't kidding. Stevan Ridley had a rough game, totaling just 28 yards on 13 carries, a dismal 2.2 yard-per-carry average. Shane Vereen proved more explosive in the early going, but evened out as the game progressed, finishing with 40 yards on 11 carries.
Pass defense
Like a basketball team that thrives on the three-point shot, the Patriots were able to generate 14 points directly out of their pass defense, with two big interception returns for touchdowns, as well as a strip-sack. But for the one big play that Aqib Talib made, he also allowed two touchdown catches, while cornerback Kyle Arrington was flagged for a costly 40-yard pass interference penalty. Overall, there was clear improvement from this unit, but consistency is still lacking.
Rush defense
It won't be talked about much after this game, but the Patriots had another rough game in run defense, allowing 119 yards on 24 carries. They weren't gashed as severely as they were last week against the Buffalo Bills, but a committee of Colts running backs, led by Vic Ballard (4.5 yard-per-carry average) were able to move the ball well.
Special teams
Several weeks after the kick return game got a boost from Devin McCourty's kick return for a touchdown against the New York Jets, the punt return broke through on Sunday. On two punt returns, Julian Edelman averaged 58.5 yards-per-return, including a 68-yard return for a touchdown. Punter Zotan Mesko only punted twice but was effective. Kicker Stephen Gostkowski wasn't quite as strong on his kickoffs, while he missed a 36-yard field goal in the second quarter.


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This exhibit is currently closed for the season. The budgies will be back in the spring!
You won't believe your eyes in the Aussie Aviary, where hundreds of brightly colored budgerigars, affectionately called budgies, flit and flutter through this free-flight, warm-weather exhibit. In the Aussie Aviary feeding the animals is encouraged! Guests can purchase seed sticks and feed the budgies, a variety of small slender parrots with long tapering tails. If you're lucky the birds will land on your seed stick and let you keep them company while they enjoy a little nibble.
Hours (weather permitting):
Weekends and holidays through October 1, 11:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Closed for the season beginning October 1
Cost: $2/stick


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Echidna (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Echidna (/ɪˈkɪdnə/; Greek: Ἔχιδνα, "she viper")[1] was a half-woman, half-snake monster, known as the "Mother of All Monsters" because many of the more famous monsters in Greek myth were mothered by her.
In mythology[edit]
Hesiod's Theogony described Echidna as:
[...] the goddess fierce Echidna who is half a nymph with glancing eyes and fair cheeks, and half again a huge snake,[2] great and awful, with speckled skin, eating raw flesh beneath the secret parts of the holy earth. And there she has a cave deep down under a hollow rock far from the deathless gods and mortal men. There, then, did the gods appoint her a glorious house to dwell in: and she keeps guard in Arima beneath the earth, grim Echidna, a nymph who dies not nor grows old all her days.[3]
According to Apollodorus, Echidna was the daughter of Tartarus and Gaia,[4] while according to Hesiod, either Ceto and Phorcys or Chrysaor and the naiad Callirhoe were her parents.[5] Another account says her parents were Peiras and Styx (according to Pausanias, who did not know who Peiras was aside from her father).[6] Echidna was a drakaina, with the face and torso of a beautiful woman (depicted as winged in archaic vase-paintings) and the body of a serpent, sometimes having two serpent's tails.[7] She is also sometimes described, as Karl Kerenyi noted, in archaic vase-painting, with a pair of echidnas performing sacred rites in a vineyard, while on the opposite side of the vessel, goats were attacking the vines:[8] thus chthonic Echidnae are presented as protectors of the vineyard.
The site of her cave Homer calls "Arima, couch of Typhoeus".[9] When she and her mate attacked the Olympians, Zeus beat them back and punished Typhon by sealing him under Mount Etna. However, Zeus allowed Echidna and her children to live as a challenge to future heroes.
Although to Hesiod, she was an immortal and ageless nymph, according to Apollodorus, Echidna used to "carry off passers-by", until she was finally killed where she slept by Argus Panoptes, the hundred-eyed giant who served Hera.[4]
Echidna was the mother by Typhon of many monstrous offspring, including:
- The Lernaean Hydra - The many-headed serpent which when one of its heads was cut off grew two more.[10][12]
- The Chimera - A fire-breathing beast that was part lion, part goat, and had a snake-headed tail.[10][12][13]
- The Caucasian Eagle — An eagle that every day ate the liver of Prometheus.[14]
- The Crommyonian Sow - Killed by Theseus.[15]
- The Colchian Dragon - A dragon that guarded the Golden Fleece.[12]
- The Teumessian fox - A fox that was destined never to be caught. It was sometimes called the Cadmean vixen.[citation needed]
Also included as the offspring of Echidna by Typhon, by some, are the Sphinx[12][16] and the Nemean lion.[17] However Hesiod's genealogy here is unclear, he says these two were fathered by Orthrus,[10] but he has been read variously as saying that Echidna, the Chimaera, or even Ceto, was their mother.[18]
Ladon, the dragon which guarded the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides, was also born of Echidna by Typhon, according to Apollodorus,[14] and Hyginus,[12] but according to Hesiod, Ladon was the offspring of Ceto and Phorcys.[19]
Echidna is also sometimes identified as the mother by Heracles, of Scythes, an eponymous king of the Scythians, along with his brothers Agathyrsus and Gelonus.[20]
See also[edit]
- Echidna, a monotreme mammal of Australia and New Guinea named after the mythological monster.
- Nāgas, a race of water-dwelling beings of Hindu mythology who are also half-serpent.
- Nüwa, a goddess in ancient Chinese mythology best known for creating mankind and repairing the wall of heaven, often depicted as having the body of a snake, or the lower part of her body being that of a snake.
- ^ Variant of ἔχις, also meaning "viper" from Proto-Indo-European *h1eǵhi- (see R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 489).
- ^ Spenser's Errour in The Faerie Queene resembles Echidna in this hybrid nature, as John M. Steadman notes, in "Sin, Echidna and the Viper's Brood", The Modern Language Review 56.1 (January 1961:62-66) p. 62.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 295-305.
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Library 2.1.2
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 270-305. This passage has been read variously as saying that Ceto (Grimal, p. 143; Caldwell, p. 46) or Callirhoe (Morford, p. 162; Smith "Echidna") was the mother of Echidna. Athanassakis, p. 44, says that Phorcys and Ceto are the "more likely candidates for parents of this hideous creature who proceeded to give birth to a series of monsters and scourges ..." Herbert Jennings Rose says that it is "not clear which parents are meant". However, according to Clay, p. 159, note 32, "the modern scholarly consensus ... assigns the role to Keto".
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.18.2
- ^ Lamia and other drakainas also combine human and serpentlike natures.
- ^ Kerenyi, pp. 51–52
- ^ Homer, Iliad 2.783
- ^ a b c d e Hesiod, Theogony 304
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 2.5.10
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hyginus, Fabulae Preface, 151
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 2.3.1
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Library 2.5.11
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 1
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.5.8
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 2.5.1
- ^ The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in line 326 of the Theogony, see Clay, p.159, note 34
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 333–336
- ^ Grimal, "Scythes" pp. 414–415.
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921
- Athanassakis, Apostolos N, Hesiod, Theogony ; Works and days ; Shield, JHU Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-7984-5.
- Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). ISBN 978-0-941051-00-2.
- Clay, Jenny Strauss, Hesiod's Cosmos, Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-82392-0.
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1. "Echidna" p. 143
- Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Theogony, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.
- Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
- Kerenyi, Karl, The Gods of the Greeks, Thames and Hudson, London, 1951.
- Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1.
- Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.
- Rose, Herbert Jennings, "Echidna" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Hammond and Scullard (editors), Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-869117-3
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Echidna"


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1.) To whom did the president give the first of his "three very clear directives"—that is, "make sure that we are securing our personnel and doing whatever we need to?"
2.) How did he transmit this directive to the military and other agencies?
3.) During the time when Americans were under attack, did the president convene a formal or informal meeting of his national security council? Did the president go to the situation room?
4.) During this time, with which members of the national security team did the president speak directly?
5.) Did Obama speak by phone or teleconference with the combatant commanders who would have sent assistance to the men under attack?
6.) Did he speak with CIA director David Petraeus?
7.) Was the president made aware of the repeated requests for assistance from the men under attack? When and by whom?
8.) Did he issue any directives in response to these requests?
9.) Did the president refuse to authorize an armed drone strike on the attackers?
10.) Did the president refuse to authorize a AC-130 or MC-130 to enter Libyan airspace during the attack? http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/ten ... 57977.html


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There's an old voice in my head
that's holding me back
Well tell her that I miss our little talks.
Soon it will all be over, buried with our past
We used to play outside when we were young
and full of life and full of love.
Some days I feel like I'm wrong when I am right.
Your mind is playing tricks on you my dear.
'Cause though the truth may vary
This ship will carry our bodies safe to shore
Little talks - Of Monsters And Men


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Hey all! I've gotten a few people asking me about advice for drawing backgrounds. So instead of being a true gentleman and writing each person back separately, I figure it's easier to tackle this with an nice, impersonal journal post! Maybe one day I'll shoot a tutorial or something to actually demonstrate what I'm talking about, but for now a quick list will have to do.
*Before I start, a quick disclaimerby no means do I have "it" figured out. My opinions on backgrounds and how to tackle them are always changing. And a lot of what I think is based on the artists on whose shoulders I stand upon. Feel free to disagree with any of this.
Remember those point-and-click adventure games from the 90s? I loved those games! Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, Flashback, Full Throttle, Space Quest, Hero Questadventure games blew me away by how beautiful, imaginative and expansive the background designs were. The point of the designs was to trigger your imagination and give your eyes something to do, because you usually ended up returning to the screen-shots to find missing keys and other things you needed to complete the game. And that's what I advise for background drawing in comics: design it in a way where readers will enjoy coming back. DO NOT just draw backgrounds to get them over with.
Do not draw backgrounds as an afterthought. Plan the designs as carefully as you plan drawing the characters. The two exist within the same panel and should be planned accordingly.
I admire the shit out of artists who thoroughly render ever square inch of a background. But I know that I'm not that artistI prefer to render around the focus of the panel, and then let the detail fade away as you move to the less important parts of the panel. This helps the reader "scope in" on what they should be looking at as you attempt to control their eye. This will also help save your energy. And it saves the reader's energylooking at awesome backgrounds is great but also exhausting. Do yourselves a favor and keep it in your pants until you need it.
Don't draw generic objects, draw specific ones that appropriately fit the characters' environments. A plain, wooden chair might get the job done, but those chairs are boring. By drawing a specific chairlike a creaky, green office chair from the 60syou're more likely to trigger your reader. You want him to go, "I KNOW that chair!" You should be presenting objects that invest the reader.
*Also, try and stay away from EVER having to draw a generic chair. I knowa lot of middle income people live in generic homes and have generic chairs. But no reader wants to spend time in those generic settings. Better to make that chair more specific even if the script isn't calling for itgo for a beat up chair or a slightly nicer one with a stiff, high back. We're going for "hyper" objects, not boring and nondescript ones.
Try and add things like bridges, doors, catwalks, ladders, ramps, and anything else that characters can climb on. Even if the characters don't use them, seeing that those characters COULD use them makes backgrounds more interesting because they're offering the characters AND the readers something to be explored. What's more interesting: a plain room or a room with a spiral staircase leading off panel? What's more interesting: a river or a river with a hug log over itone that you can walk across to reach the other side? Even if you're drawing a dump truck, draw one with a ladder going up the side. I love shit like that.
There's no way around it. My advice is to pick up a book called "Perspective! for Comic Book Artists" by David Chelsea. I had a professor in college who used to illustrate for NASA and he challenged us with a perspective problem that he was never able to figure out. I showed him the answer after class and got an automatic "A" for the semester. He asked me where I learned it, and I told him about that book. BAM.
If you don't like drawing backgrounds, then you need to find a way to approach them where you DO enjoy drawing them. If you're not interested in your art then it will show. From what I understand, Mike Mignola isn't a fan of drawing perspective, but he found a way to approach backgrounds without having to do a whole lot of measuring. And he's a masterhis settings are beautiful and have that "point-and-click" aspect that I love. DO NOT steal from Mikefind your own way of doing things. The goal is for readers to instantly recognize your work by your distinct way of imagining your backgrounds.
If you don't need a background, don't draw one. Zoom in on a face instead. Better to have NO background than a crappy one that you don't need. Or if you find yourself out of energy at the end of the day, re-imagine your panel and find a way to cover up the fact that your tired. Let your design senses work for you.
If you've kick the ass out of a bunch of backgrounds in the previous 3 pagesgive me a page with some space to breath. Either use minimal background or none at all. I try to have at least ONE background per page, but there's no need to overwhelm your reader by slamming him over and over with page after page of amazing backgrounds. We want to show the reader that we know what we're doing, and then we're not afraid to draw backgrounds. Once he gets the idea, give him a break.
I feel like artists should nail at least 5 "wow" backgrounds per book. These are the backgrounds that make people stop reading and that help to set the stage (especially if it's a new setting). They also help with storytelling be adding clarity. By drawing the "wow" background sooner in the scene, you'll also be working out the logistical problems in your own mind. Then it'll be easier to use smart short-cuts later in the scene.
Artists in the past used to work in studios and have a shared catalog of organized magazine clippings. We've got the luxury of Google and Flickr. In other words, there is NO excuse for not researching. If you truly want to earn the respect of the artists of the past, then you'll put your time in. If you're not the type to research a page THE DAY you're drawing it, then research an entire issue on a Saturday.
You know that game The Sims where you control your character's world? And every time they see something they like, a green PLUS sign appears over their head? And every time something bad happens, a red MINUS sign appears over their heads? That's your reader. The more you trigger him with good things, the more invested he is in your story. The more thoughtless you are with your background choices, the more likely year reader will have a MINUS sign over his head. I recommend flipping through your page layouts before getting started. Make sure there's an even smattering of green PLUS sign material in your pages.
Hope that helps. Other things to look up if you're interested: the rule of thirds, the golden spiral (or rectangle), and the 75/25 rule (here's a www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oO2J2… you need to go 5 minutes in to see it) .


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Iannetta gets rare start vs. Pads
Posted By Patrick Saunders On September 24, 2009 @ 2:35 pm In Rockies on Deck | No Comments
Chris Iannetta has been a bystander during crunch time. Tonight he gets to mix it up against the Padres as the Rockies attempt to move close to their wild-card magic number.
With Yorvit Torrealba wielding a scorching bat, Iannetta was a cheerleader and a batting-cage fanatic. Tonight he'll start for just the fourth time in September.
Carlos Gonzalez is out of the starting lineup again as the Rockies play it safe with his tight left hamstring. And with Padres lefty Clayton Richard on the mound, the Rockies are loading their lineup with right-handed bats anyway.
However, Gonzalez was doing running drills in the outfield this afternoon and looked smooth and fast.
The Rockies enter play four games up on San Francisco and Atlanta, and 4 1/2 games ahead of Florida, in the wild-card chase.
Here are tonight's lineups:
SS Everth Cabrera
2B David Eckstein
1B Adrian Gonzalez
3B Chase Headley
RF Will Venable
LF Oscar Salazar
C Nick Hundley
CF Tony Gwynn
LHP Clayton Ricahard
LF Seth Smith
CF Dexter Fowler
1B Todd Helton
SS Troy Tulowitzki
RF Ryan Spilborghs
3B Garrett Atkins
2B Clint Barmes
C Chris Iannetta
RHP Jason Hammel
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