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Topic Contents
- Purpose of This PDQ Summary
- General Information
- Cellular Classification
- Stage Information
- Treatment Option Overview
- Ewing Tumor of Bone: Localized Tumors
- Ewing Sarcoma: Metastatic Tumors
- Ewing Sarcoma: Recurrent Tumors
- Get More Information From NCI
- Changes to This Summary (12 / 04 / 2009)
- More Information
Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER |
Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors Treatment
Purpose of This PDQ Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT). This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board.
In this summary, the ESFT includes:
- Ewing tumor of bone (ETB) — tumor that begins in the bone including:
- Classic Ewing sarcoma.
- Primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
- Askin tumor of the chest wall.
- Ewing sarcoma — tumor that begins at a site other than the bone; referred to as extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (EOE).
Information about the following is included in this summary:
- Cellular classification.
- Stage information.
- Treatment options.
This summary is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians and other health professionals who care for pediatric cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Pediatric and Adult Treatment Editorial Boards use a formal evidence ranking system in developing their level-of-evidence designations. Based on the strength of the available evidence, treatment options are described as either "standard" or "under clinical evaluation." These classifications should not be used as a basis for reimbursement determinations.
This summary is also available in a patient version, which is written in less technical language, and in Spanish.
General Information
The National Cancer Institute provides the PDQ pediatric cancer treatment information summaries as a public service to increase the availability of evidence-based cancer information to health professionals, patients, and the public.
Cancer in children and adolescents is rare. Children and adolescents with cancer should be referred to medical centers that have a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists with experience treating the cancers that occur during childhood and adolescence. This multidisciplinary team approach incorporates the skills of the primary care physician, pediatric surgical subspecialists, radiation oncologists, pediatric oncologists/hematologists, rehabilitation specialists, pediatric nurse specialists, social workers, and others to ensure that children receive treatment, supportive care, and rehabilitation that will achieve optimal survival and quality of life. Refer to the PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care summaries for specific information about supportive care for children and adolescents with cancer.
Guidelines for pediatric cancer centers and their role in the treatment of pediatric patients with cancer have been outlined by the American Academy of Pediatrics.[1] At these pediatric cancer centers, clinical trials are available for most types of cancer that occur in children and adolescents, and the opportunity to participate in these trials is offered to most patients/families. Clinical trials for children and adolescents with cancer are generally designed to compare potentially better therapy with therapy that is currently accepted as standard. Most of the progress made in identifying curative therapies for childhood cancers has been achieved through clinical trials. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
In recent decades, dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Childhood and adolescent cancer survivors require close follow-up because cancer therapy side effects may persist or develop months or years after treatment. Refer to the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for specific information about the incidence, type, and monitoring of late effects in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors.
Origin and Incidence of Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors
Studies using immunohistochemical markers,[2] cytogenetics,[3,4] molecular genetics, and tissue culture [5] indicate that classic Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and Askin tumor (chest wall), as well as extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (EOE) are all derived from the same primordial bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell.[6,7] The incidence of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFTs) is approximately three per 1,000,000 per year and remained unchanged for 30 years.[8] Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries reports an overall incidence of ESFT of one per 1,000,000 in the U.S. population. The incidence in patients aged 10 to 19 years is between nine and ten per 1,000,000. The same analysis suggests that the incidence of Ewing sarcoma is nine times greater in U.S. Caucasians than African Americans.[9]
The median age of patients with ESFT is 15 years, and more than 50% of patients are adolescents. Well-characterized cases of ESFT in neonates and infants have been described.[10,11] Based on data from 1,426 patients entered on European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Studies (EI-CESS), 59% of patients are male and 41% are female. Primary sites of bone disease include:
- lower extremity (41%).
- pelvis (26%).
- chest wall (16%).
- upper extremity (9%).
- spine (6%).
- skull (2%).[12]
For EOE, the most common primary sites of disease are:
- trunk (32%).
- extremity (26%).
- head and neck (18%).
- retroperitoneum (16%).
- other sites (9%).[12]
Approximately 25% of patients will have metastatic disease at diagnosis.[8]
Prognostic Factors for Ewing Sarcoma
There are two major types of prognostic factors for patients with Ewing sarcoma: pretreatment factors and treatment response factors.
Pretreatment factors
- Site: Patients with Ewing sarcoma in the distal extremities have the best prognosis. Patients with Ewing sarcoma in the proximal extremities have an intermediate prognosis, followed by patients with central or pelvic sites.[13,14,15]
- Size: Tumor volume has been shown to be an important prognostic factor in most studies. Cutoffs of either 100 mL or 200 mL are used to define larger tumors. Larger tumors tend to occur in unfavorable sites.[15,16]
- Age: Infants and younger patients (<15 years) have a better prognosis than adolescents aged 15 years or older, young adults, or adults.[11,13,14,15]
- Gender: Girls with Ewing sarcoma have a better prognosis than boys.[9,14]
- Serum lactate dehydrogenase: Increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels prior to treatment are associated with inferior prognosis. Increased LDH levels are also correlated with large primary tumors and metastatic disease.[14]
- Metastases: Any metastatic disease defined by standard imaging techniques or bone marrow aspirate/biopsy by morphology is an adverse prognostic factor. The presence or absence of metastatic disease is the single most powerful predictor of outcome. Patients with metastatic disease confined to lung have a better prognosis than patients with extrapulmonary metastatic sites.[13,15,17] The number of pulmonary lesions does not seem to correlate with outcome, but patients with unilateral lung involvement do better than patients with bilateral lung involvement.[18] Patients with metastasis to bone only seem to have a better outcome than patients with metastases to both bone and lung.[19] Positron emission tomography (PET) scans using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are under investigation as a staging tool that may provide additional information and alter therapy planning.[20] Whole body MRI may provide additional information which could potentially alter therapy planning.[21]
- Standard cytogenetics: Complex karyotype (defined as the presence of 5 or more independent chromosome abnormalities at diagnosis) and modal chromosome numbers lower than 50 appear to have adverse prognostic significance.[22]
- Molecular pathology: The EWS-FL1 translocation associated with ESFT can occur at several potential breakpoints in each of the genes which join to form the novel segment of DNA. Some variants of the novel gene created by the translocation have been associated with a more favorable prognosis.[23]
- Detectable fusion transcripts in morphologically normal marrow: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction can be used to detect fusion transcripts in bone marrow. In a single retrospective study utilizing patients with normal marrow morphology and no other metastatic site, fusion transcript detection in marrow was associated with an increased risk of relapse.[24]
- Other biological factors: Overexpression of the p53 protein [25] and loss of 16q [26] may be adverse prognostic factors. High expression of microsomal glutathione S-transferase, an enzyme associated with resistance to doxorubicin, is associated with inferior outcome for Ewing sarcoma.[27]
The following are NOT considered to be adverse prognostic factors for ESFT:
- Pathologic fracture: Pathologic fractures do not appear to be a prognostic factor for ETB.[28]
- Histopathology: The degree of neural differentiation is not a prognostic factor in Ewing sarcoma.[29,30]
Treatment response factors to preoperative therapy
Multiple studies have shown that patients with minimal or no residual viable tumor after presurgical chemotherapy have a significantly better event-free survival compared with patients with larger amounts of viable tumor.[18,31,32,33] Female gender and younger age predict a good histologic response to preoperative therapy.[34] Patients with poor response to presurgical chemotherapy have an increased risk for local recurrence.[35] For patients who receive preinduction and postinduction chemotherapy PET scans, decreased PET uptake following chemotherapy correlated with good histologic response.[36]
Cellular Classification
Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) belong to the group of neoplasms commonly referred to as small, round, blue-cell tumors of childhood. The MIC2 gene product, CD99, is a surface membrane protein that is expressed in most cases of ESFT and is useful in suggesting diagnosis of these tumors when the results are interpreted in the context of clinical and pathologic parameters.[1]MIC2 positivity is not unique to ESFT, and positivity by immunochemistry is found in several other tumors including synovial sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Concurrent positivity for membrane CD99 and FL-1 strongly suggest the diagnosis of ESFT.[1] The detection of a translocation involving the EWS gene on chromosome 22 band q12 and any one of a number of partner chromosomes is the key feature in the diagnosis of ESFT.[2]
The individual cells of ESFT contain round-to-oval nuclei with fine dispersed chromatin without nucleoli. Occasionally, cells with smaller, more hyperchromatic, and probably degenerative nuclei are present giving a light cell/dark cell pattern. The cytoplasm varies in amount, but in the classic case it is clear and contains glycogen, which can be highlighted with a periodic acid-Schiff stain. The tumor cells are tightly packed and grow in a diffuse pattern without evidence of structural organization. Tumors with the requisite translocation that show neuronal differentiation are not considered a separate entity, but rather, part of a continuum of differentiation.
Cytogenetic Changes in the Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors
Cytogenetic studies of the ESFT have identified a consistent alteration of the EWS locus on chromosome 22 band q12 that may involve other chromosomes, including 11 or 21.[3] Characteristically, the amino terminus of the EWS gene is juxtaposed with the carboxy terminus of another gene. In most cases (90%), the carboxy terminus is provided by FLI1, a member of the Ets family of transcription factor genes located on chromosome 11 band q24. Other Ets family members that may combine with the EWS gene in order of frequency are ERG, located on chromosome 21; ETV1, located on chromosome 7; and E1AF, located on chromosome 17; these result in the following translocations: t(21;22),[4] t(7;22), and t(17;22), respectively. Besides these consistent aberrations involving the EWS gene at 22q12, additional numerical and structural aberrations have been observed in ESFTs, including gains of chromosomes 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 15; the nonreciprocal translocation t(1;16)(q12;q11.2); and deletions on the short arm of chromosome 6. Trisomy 20 may be associated with a more aggressive subset of Ewing sarcoma tumors.[5] A molecular test (i.e., reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] and restriction analysis of PCR products), currently available on a research basis only, now offers the opportunity of markedly simplifying the definition of the ESFT.[6,7] The molecular assay can be performed on relatively small amounts of tissue obtained by minimally invasive biopsies and is capable of providing results faster than cytogenetic analysis.
Stage Information
For patients with confirmed Ewing sarcoma, pretreatment staging studies should include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT) scan of the primary site, depending on the site. Despite the fact that CT and MRI are both equivalent in terms of staging, use of both imaging modalities may help radiation therapy planning.[1] Additional pretreatment staging studies should include bone scan, CT scan of the chest, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Positron emission tomography using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose is an optional staging modality.[2,3] A staging modality under evaluation but not required on current clinical trials is molecular analysis of bone marrow for the presence of fusion transcript. In certain studies, determination of pretreatment tumor volume is an important variable.
For Ewing sarcoma, the tumor is defined as localized when, by clinical and imaging techniques, there is no spread beyond the primary site or regional lymph node involvement. Continuous extension into adjacent soft tissue may occur.
Treatment Option Overview
Patients should be evaluated by specialists from all disciplines (e.g., radiologist, chemotherapist, pathologist, surgical or orthopedic oncologist, and radiation oncologist) as early as possible. Appropriate imaging studies of the site should be obtained prior to biopsy. The surgical or orthopedic oncologist who will perform the definitive surgery should be involved prior to or during the biopsy so that the incision can be placed in an acceptable location. This is especially important if it is thought that the lesion can be totally excised or if a limb salvage procedure may be attempted. Biopsy should be from soft tissue as often as possible to avoid increasing the risk of fracture.[1] The radiation oncologist and pathologist should be consulted prior to biopsy/surgery in order to be sure that the incision will not compromise the radiation port and so that multiple types of tissue samples are obtained. It is important to obtain fresh tissue, whenever possible, for cytogenetics and molecular pathology.
The successful treatment of patients with Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) requires systemic chemotherapy [2,3,4,5,6,7,8] in conjunction with either surgery or radiation therapy or both modalities for local tumor control.[9,10,11,12,13] In general, patients receive preoperative chemotherapy prior to instituting local control measures. In patients who undergo surgery, surgical margins and histologic response are considered in planning postoperative therapy. In the Euro-Ewing study (EURO-EWING-INTERGROUP-EE99), patients who receive radiation alone for local control are stratified by pretreatment tumor volume for postradiation therapy. Most patients with metastatic disease have a good initial response to preoperative chemotherapy; however, in most cases, the disease is only partially controlled or recurs.[14,15,16,17] Patients with lung as the sole metastatic site have a better prognosis than patients with metastases to bone and/or bone marrow. Adequate local control for metastatic sites, particularly bone metastases, may be an important issue.
Chemotherapy for Ewing Sarcoma
Multidrug chemotherapy for ESFT always includes vincristine, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and etoposide. Most protocols use cyclophosphamide as well. Certain protocols incorporate dactinomycin. The mode of administration and dose intensity of cyclophosphamide within courses differs markedly between protocols. A European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma (EICES) trial suggested that 1.2 grams of cyclophosphamide produced a similar event-free survival (EFS) compared with 6 grams of ifosfamide, and identified a trend toward better EFS for patients with localized Ewing sarcoma when treatment included etoposide (GER-GPOH-EICESS-92).[18][Level of evidence: 1iiA] Protocols in the United States generally alternate courses of vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin with courses of ifosfamide/etoposide,[6] while European protocols generally combine vincristine, doxorubicin, and an alkylating agent with or without etoposide in a single treatment cycle.[8] Duration of primary chemotherapy ranges from 6 months to approximately 1 year.
Local control for Ewing tumor of bone
Treatment approaches for ESFT titrate therapeutic aggressiveness with the goal of maximizing local control while minimizing morbidity. While surgery is effective and appropriate for patients who can undergo complete resection with acceptable morbidity, children who have unresectable tumors or who would suffer loss of function are treated with radiation therapy alone. Those who undergo gross resections with microscopic residual disease may benefit from adjuvant radiation therapy. Randomized trials that directly compare both modalities do not exist, and their relative roles remain controversial. Although retrospective institutional series suggest superior local control and survival with surgery rather than radiation therapy, most of these studies are compromised by selection bias.
For patients who undergo gross total resection with microscopic residual disease, the value of adjuvant radiation therapy is controversial. Investigations addressing this issue are retrospective and nonrandomized, limiting their value. Investigators from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital reported 39 patients with localized ESFT who received both surgery and radiation. Local failure for patients with positive and negative margins was 17% and 5%, respectively, and overall survival (OS) was 71% and 94%, respectively.[12] However, in a large retrospective Italian study, 45 Gy adjuvant radiation therapy for patients with inadequate margins did not appear to improve either local control or disease-free survival.[13] It is not known whether higher doses of radiation therapy could improve outcome. These investigators concluded that patients who are anticipated to have suboptimal surgery should be considered for definitive radiation therapy.
Thus, surgery is chosen as definitive local therapy for suitable patients, but radiation therapy is appropriate for patients with unresectable disease or those who would experience functional compromise by definitive surgery. Adjuvant radiation therapy should be considered for patients with residual microscopic disease, inadequate margins, or who have viable tumor in the resected specimen and close margins.
When preoperative assessment has suggested a high probability that surgical margins will be close or positive, preoperative radiation therapy has achieved tumor shrinkage and allowed surgical resection with clear margins.[19]
High-Dose Therapy with Stem Cell Rescue for Ewing Tumor of Bone
For patients with a high risk of relapse with conventional treatments, certain investigators have utilized high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) as consolidation treatment, in an effort to improve outcome.[20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] In a prospective study, patients with bone and/or bone marrow metastases at diagnosis were treated with aggressive chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation and HSCT if a good initial response was achieved. The study showed no benefit for HSCT compared with historical controls.[25] Multiple small studies that report benefit for HSCT have been published but are difficult to interpret because only patients who have a good initial response to standard chemotherapy are considered for HSCT. The role of high-dose therapy followed by stem cell rescue is being investigated in a Euro-Ewing clinical trial for patients that present with pulmonary metastases.
Ewing Tumor of Bone/Specific Sites
Separate journal articles have been written that discuss diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome of patients with bone lesions at the following sites: pelvis,[28,29,30] femur,[31,32] humerus,[33] hand and foot,[34,35] chest wall/rib,[36,37,38,39] head and neck,[40] and spine.[41,42,43]
Extraosseous Ewing Sarcoma
Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (EOE) is biologically similar to Ewing sarcoma arising in bone. Until recently, most children and young adults with EOE were treated on protocols designed for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma. This is important because many of the treatment regimens for rhabdomyosarcoma do not include an anthracycline, which is a critical component of current treatment regimens for Ewing tumor of bone (ETB). Currently, patients with EOE are eligible for studies that include ETB.
From 1987 to 2004, 111 patients with nonmetastatic EOE were enrolled on the RMS-88 and RMS-96 protocols.[44] Patients with initial complete tumor resection received ifosfamide, vincristine, and actinomycin (IVA) while patients with residual tumor received IVA plus doxorubicin (VAIA) or IVA plus carboplatin, epirubicin, and etoposide (CEVAIE). Seventy-six percent of patients received radiation. The 5-year EFS and OS were 59% and 69%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, independent adverse prognostic factors included axial primary, tumor size greater than 10 cm, IRS Group III, and lack of radiation therapy.
Two hundred thirty-six patients with EOE were entered on studies of the German Pediatric Oncology Group.[45] The median age at diagnosis was 15 years and 133 patients were male. Primary tumor site was either extremity (n = 62) or central site (n = 174). Sixty of 236 patients had metastases at diagnosis. Chemotherapy consisted of vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and actinomycin (VACA); CEVAIE or; vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (VIDE). The 5-year EFS and OS were 49% and 60%, respectively. Five-year survival was 70% for patients with localized disease and 33% for patients with metastases at diagnosis. OS in patients with localized disease did not seem related to tumor site or size. In a retrospective French study, patients with EOE were treated using a rhabdomyosarcoma regimen (no anthracyclines) or an ETB regimen (includes anthracyclines). Patients receiving the anthracycline-containing regimen had a significantly better EFS and OS compared with patients receiving no anthracyclines.[46,47]
Superficial Ewing sarcoma is a soft tissue tumor in the skin or subcutaneous tissue. Two small series suggested that superficial Ewing sarcoma had a better prognosis than tumors arising in other sites, but not all cases had molecular confirmation of diagnosis.[48,49] A larger series of molecularly confirmed cases reported that patients with superficial Ewing sarcoma did well when treated with local control and systemic therapy similar to the therapy used for all other Ewing sarcoma patients.[50]
Second Malignant Neoplasms
Patients treated for ESFT have a significantly higher risk of developing second malignancies than patients in the general population. Treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) have generally been reported to occur in 1% to 2% of survivors of ESFT,[51,52,53][Level of evidence: 3iiiDi] although some dose-intensive regimens appear to be associated with a higher risk of hematological malignancy.[54,55,56][Level of evidence: 3ii] Treatment-related AML and MDS arise most commonly at 2 to 5 years following diagnosis. Survivors of ESFTs remain at increased risk of developing a second solid tumor throughout their lifetime. Sarcomas usually occur within the prior radiation field.[57,58] The risk of developing a sarcoma following radiation therapy is dose-dependent, with higher doses associated with an increased risk of sarcoma development.[52,53][Level of evidence: 3iiiDi] The cumulative risk of developing a secondary solid tumor at 10 years after diagnosis appears to be about 1.8%, although this may be higher with longer follow-up.[51,52,53][Level of evidence: 3iiiDi] (Refer to the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for a full discussion of the late effects of cancer treatment in children and adolescents.)
Ewing Tumor of Bone: Localized Tumors
Standard Treatment Options
Because most patients with apparently localized disease at diagnosis have occult metastatic disease, multidrug chemotherapy as well as local disease control with surgery and/or radiation is indicated in the treatment of all patients.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] Current regimens for the treatment of localized Ewing tumor of bone (ETB) achieve event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival of approximately 70% at 5 years after diagnosis.[9]
Current standard chemotherapy in the United States includes vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide, also known as VAdriaC, alternating with ifosfamide and etoposide.[9] The combination of ifosfamide and etoposide has shown activity in ETB, and a large randomized clinical trial and a nonrandomized trial demonstrated that outcome was improved when ifosfamide/etoposide was alternated with VAdriaC.[2,9,10] Dactinomycin is no longer used in the United States but continues to be used in the Euro-Ewing studies. Increased doxorubicin dose intensity during the initial months of therapy was associated with an improved outcome.[11] The use of high-dose VAdriaC has shown promising results in small numbers of patients.[11] Forty-four patients treated with high-dose VAdriaC and ifosfamide/etoposide had an 82% 4-year EFS.[12] However, in a trial of the former Children's Cancer Group, which compared a dose-intensified chemotherapy regimen of vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and etoposide with standard doses of the same regimen, no differences in outcome were observed.[13] This trial did not maintain the dose intensity of alkylating agents for the duration of treatment and did not recapitulate the previously published experience.[12]
In a completed Children's Oncology Group (COG) trial (COG-AEWS0031) 568 patients with newly diagnosed localized extradural Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) were randomized between the same chemotherapy (VAdriaC alternating with ifosfamide and etoposide) given every 2 weeks (interval compression) versus every 3 weeks (standard). Patients randomized to the every 2-week interval of treatment had an improved 3-year EFS (76% vs 65%, P = 0.028). There was no increase in toxicity observed with the every 2-week schedule.[14]
Local control can be achieved by surgery and/or radiation. Surgery is generally the preferred approach if the lesion is resectable.[15,16] The superiority of resection for local control has never been tested in a prospective randomized trial. The apparent superiority may represent selection bias. In past studies, smaller more peripheral tumors were more likely to be treated by surgery, and larger, more central tumors were more likely to be treated by radiation therapy.[17] An Italian retrospective study showed that surgery improved outcome only in extremity tumors, although the number of patients with central axis ETB who achieve adequate margins is small.[8] In a series of 39 patients treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, who received both surgery and radiation, the 8-year local failure rate was 5% for patients with negative surgical margins and 17% for those with positive margins.[5] If a very young child has an ETB, surgery may be a less morbid therapy than radiation therapy because of the retardation of bone growth caused by radiation. Another potential benefit for surgical resection of the primary tumor is information concerning the amount of necrosis in the resected tumor. Patients with residual viable tumor in the resected specimen have a worse outcome compared with those with complete necrosis. In a French Ewing study (EW88), EFS for patients with less than 5% viable tumor, 5% to 30% viable tumor, and more than 30% viable tumor was 75%, 48%, and 20%, respectively.[17] Currently, European investigators are studying whether treatment intensification (i.e., high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue) will improve outcome for patients with a poor histologic response. Radiation therapy should be employed for patients who do not have a surgical option that preserves function and should be used for patients whose tumors have been excised but with inadequate margins. Pathologic fracture at the time of diagnosis does not preclude surgical resection and is not associated with adverse outcome.[18]
Radiation therapy should be delivered in a setting in which stringent planning techniques are applied by those experienced in the treatment of ETB. Such an approach will result in local control of the tumor with acceptable morbidity in most patients.[1,2,19] The radiation dose may be adjusted depending on the extent of residual disease after the initial surgical procedure. Radiation therapy is generally administered in fractionated doses totaling approximately 55.8 Gy to the prechemotherapy tumor volume. A randomized study of 40 patients with ETB using 55.8 Gy to the prechemotherapy tumor extent with a 2 cm margin compared with the same total-tumor dose following 39.6 Gy to the entire bone showed no difference in local control or EFS.[3] Hyperfractionated radiation therapy has not been associated with improved local control or decreased morbidity.[1]
Higher rates of local failure are seen in patients older than 14 years who have tumors more than 8 cm in length.[20] When radiation therapy was utilized for local control, the presence of metastatic disease at initial presentation was associated with higher risk for local failure.[21] A retrospective analysis of patients with ETB of the chest wall compared patients who received hemithorax radiation therapy with those who received radiation therapy to the chest wall only. Patients with pleural invasion, pleural effusion, or intraoperative contamination were assigned to hemithorax radiation therapy. EFS was longer for patients who received hemithorax radiation, but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, most patients with primary vertebral tumors did not receive hemithorax radiation and had a lower probability for EFS.[22]
For patients with residual disease following attempt at surgical resection, the Intergroup Ewing Sarcoma Study (INT-0091 [POG-8850]) recommends 45 Gy to the original disease site plus a 10.8 Gy boost for patients with gross residual disease and 45 Gy plus a 5.4 Gy boost for patients with microscopic residual disease. No radiation therapy is recommended for those who have no evidence of microscopic residual disease following surgical resection.
Radiation therapy is associated with the development of second malignant neoplasms. A retrospective study noted that those patients who received 60 Gy or more had an incidence of second malignancy of 20%. Those who received 48 Gy to 60 Gy had an incidence of 5%, and those who received less than 48 Gy did not develop a second malignancy.[23]
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with localized Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
Ewing Sarcoma: Metastatic Tumors
Prognosis of patients with metastatic disease is poor.[1] Current therapies for patients who present with metastatic disease achieve 6-year event-free survival (EFS) of approximately 28% and overall survival (OS) of approximately 30%.[2] For patients with lung/pleural metastases only, 4-year EFS is approximately 40%. Patients with only bone/bone marrow metastases have a 4-year EFS of approximately 28% and patients with combined lung and bone/bone marrow metastases have a 4-year EFS of approximately 14%.[1] Patients who did not receive lung radiation had a worse outcome than those receiving lung radiation.[3]
Standard Treatment Options
Standard treatment for patients with metastatic Ewing tumor of bone (ETB) utilizing alternating vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and ifosfamide/etoposide combined with adequate local control measures applied to both primary and metastatic sites often results in complete or partial responses; however, the overall cure rate is 20%.[1,2,4,5] In the Intergroup Ewing Sarcoma Study, patients with metastatic disease showed no benefit from the addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to a standard regimen of vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and actinomycin-D.[2] In another Intergroup study, increasing dose intensity of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin did not improve outcome compared with regimens utilizing standard dose intensity.[2] This regimen increased toxicity and risk of second malignancy without improving EFS or OS.[2]
Radiation therapy should be delivered in a setting in which stringent planning techniques are applied by those experienced in the treatment of the ETB. Such an approach will result in local control of tumor with acceptable morbidity in most patients.[6,7,8] Radiation therapy to the primary tumor as well as to the sites of metastatic disease should be considered but may interfere with delivery of chemotherapy if too much bone marrow is included in the field. Metastatic sites of disease in bone and soft tissues should receive fractionated radiation therapy doses totaling between 45 Gy and 56 Gy. All patients with pulmonary metastases should undergo whole-lung radiation, even if complete resolution of overt pulmonary metastatic disease has been achieved with chemotherapy.[1,9,10] Radiation doses are modulated based on the amount of lung to be radiated and on pulmonary function. Doses between 12 Gy and 15 Gy are generally used if whole lungs are treated.
More intensive therapies, many of which incorporate high-dose chemotherapy with or without total-body irradiation in conjunction with stem cell support, have not shown improvement in EFS rates for patients with bone and/or bone marrow metastases.[2,11,12] The impact of high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell support for patients with lung metastases is currently unknown.[11] European investigators use high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell support for patients with extrapulmonary metastatic sites. Use of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell reconstitution for patients with metastases at extrapulmonary sites is an investigator choice in the Euro-Ewing study (EURO-EWING-INTERGROUP-EE99 [COG-AEWS0331]). It is not being studied as a randomized prospective question, but the study will acquire data about the outcome of patients treated with this consolidation. Melphalan, at nonmyeloablative doses, has proved to be an active agent in an upfront window study for patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis, however, the cure rate remained extremely low.[13]
Treatment Options Under Clinical Evaluation
The following are examples of international clinical trials that are currently being conducted. For more information about clinical trials, please see the NCI Web site.
- EURO-EWING-INTERGROUP-EE99 (COG-AEWS0331): A randomized study for patients with pulmonary metastases only, which is evaluating standard chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplant versus standard chemotherapy and bilateral lung radiation, is being conducted in Europe and certain cancer centers in the United States. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) member institutions are participating in a limited way in the Euro-Ewing study. Specifically, the study is open through the COG for patients who present with metastases limited to the lung. They will be enrolled in the Euro-Ewing study and will be randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy or high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell reconstitution following induction chemotherapy and local control.
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with metastatic Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
Ewing Sarcoma: Recurrent Tumors
Standard Treatment Options
Recurrence of Ewing tumor of bone (ETB) is most common within 2 years of initial diagnosis (approximately 80%).[1][Level of evidence: 3iiA] The overall prognosis for patients with recurrent Ewing sarcoma is poor; 5-year survival following recurrence is approximately 10% to 15%.[1,2,3,4][Level of evidence: 3iiA] Time to recurrence is the most important prognostic factor. Patients who recurred greater than 2 years from initial diagnosis had a 5-year survival of 30% versus 7% for patients who recurred within 2 years.[1][Level of evidence: 3iiA] Patients with both local recurrence and distant metastases have a worse outcome than patients with either isolated local recurrence or metastatic recurrence alone.[1,2][Level of evidence: 3iiA] Isolated pulmonary recurrence was not an important prognostic factor.[1][Level of evidence: 3iiA]
The selection of treatment for patients with recurrent disease depends on many factors, including the site of recurrence and prior treatment, as well as individual patient considerations. Combinations of chemotherapy such as cyclophosphamide, topotecan or irinotecan, and temozolomide are active in recurrent Ewing sarcoma family of tumors and can be considered for these patients.[5,6,7,8] High-dose ifosfamide (3 g/M2 /day for 5 days = 15 g/M2) has shown activity in patients who recurred after therapy which included standard ifosfamide (1.8 g/M2 /day for 5 days = 9 g/M2).[9][Level of evidence: 3iiiDiv] Ifosfamide and etoposide may be active in patients who have not previously received these therapies.[10] Aggressive attempts to control the disease, including myeloablative regimens, have been used but there is no evidence at this time to conclude that myeloablative therapy is superior to standard chemotherapy.[11,12][Level of evidence: 3iiiDiii] Surveys of patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for recurrent ETB did not show improved event-free survival when compared with autologous stem cell transplantation and was associated with a higher complication rate.[13,14,15] Radiation therapy to bone lesions may provide palliation, though radical resection may improve outcome.[2] Patients with pulmonary metastases who have not received radiation therapy to the lungs should be considered for whole-lung irradiation.[2] Residual disease in the lung may be surgically removed.
Treatment Options Under Clinical Evaluation
The following are examples of national or international clinical trials that are currently being conducted. For more information about clinical trials, please see the NCI Web site
- COG-ADVL0821: A phase II trial of cixutumumab, an anti-IGF1 receptor monoclonal antibody.
- NO21157: A phase II trial of an anti-IGF1 receptor monoclonal antibody.
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with recurrent Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
Get More Information From NCI
For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.
The NCI's LiveHelp® online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer.
For more information from the NCI, please write to this address:
NCI Public Inquiries Office |
Suite 3036A |
6116 Executive Boulevard, MSC8322 |
Bethesda, MD 20892-8322 |
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each Web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen Web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.
There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.
The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Changes to This Summary (12 / 04 / 2009)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
This section was extensively revised.
Added text to state that trisomy 20 may be associated with a more aggressive subset of Ewing sarcoma tumors (cited Roberts et al. as reference 5).
Added Meyer et al. as reference 1.
Added Fuchs et al. as reference 1.
Added text to state that when preoperative assessment has suggested a high probability that surgical margins will be close or positive, preoperative radiation therapy has achieved tumor shrinkage and allowed surgical resection with clear margins (cited Wagner et al. as reference 19).
Added Dantonello et al. as reference 47.
Added text about superficial Ewing sarcoma and three series that suggested that superficial Ewing sarcoma had a better prognosis and did well when treated as compared to all other Ewing sarcoma patients (cited Hasegawa et al. as reference 48, Ehrig et al. as reference 49, and Terrier-Lacombe et al. as reference 50).
Added Granowetter et al. as reference 13.
Added text about a trial that did not maintain the dose intensity of alkylating agents for the duration of treatment and did not recapitulate the previously published experience.
Added text to state that patients with only bone/bone marrow metastases have a 4-year EFS of approximately 28% and patients with combined lung and bone/bone marrow metastases have a 4-year EFS of approximately 14% (cited Paulussen et al. as reference 3).
Added text to state that high dose ifosfamide has shown activity in patients who recurred after therapy which included standard ifosfamide (cited Ferrari et al. as reference 9 and level of evidence 3iiiDiv).
Added text to state that patients with pulmonary metastases who have not received radiation therapy to the lungs should be considered for whole-lung irradiation.
Added text to state that NO21157 is a phase II trial of an anti-IGF1 receptor monoclonal antibody.
More Information
- PDQ® - NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database.
Full description of the NCI PDQ database.
- PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Adult Treatment
Treatment options for adult cancers. - PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Pediatric Treatment
Treatment options for childhood cancers. - PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Supportive and Palliative Care
Side effects of cancer treatment, management of cancer-related complications and pain, and psychosocial concerns. - PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Screening/Detection (Testing for Cancer)
Tests or procedures that detect specific types of cancer. - PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Prevention
Risk factors and methods to increase chances of preventing specific types of cancer. - PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Genetics
Genetics of specific cancers and inherited cancer syndromes, and ethical, legal, and social concerns. - PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Information about complementary and alternative forms of treatment for patients with cancer.
This information is intended mainly for use by doctors and other health care professionals. If you have questions about this topic, you can ask your doctor, or call the Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Date Last Modified: 2009-12-04


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Chancery Fonts
Originating during the Renaissance, Chancery typefaces have a classic calligraphic appearance. These fonts look like they were hand-drawn with a broad-point or flat-tipped pen and are characterized by sloping, narrow characters. Chancery fonts typically have an elegant personality.
Results 1-20 of 45 | sort by: Popularity or Alphabetically
Tags: script fonts, chancery, calligraphic, calligraphy, hand-drawn, hand-written, renaissance

subset: commoncrawl


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byond comic #7 in Off Topic
Tidy your comics up and make them smaller please. And Im still not getting the joke here...
Tell me, do you engage in recreational usage of any types of psychotropic drugs?
Dear Lase R. Dog, Your comic is very unfunny and honestly, is quite offensive to both mine and the rest of BYOND's intelligence. You are not Andrew Hussie. Please stop. Sincerely, Andrew, member of the Board of Andrews


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Thanks to a tip from a reader, we can help spread the word about a lost purse in the window of Queen Anne Dispatch. This purse is owned by someone named Lily, and includes her digital camera, makeup, and gift cards. If you know Lily, please let her know that Queen Anne Dispatch has her purse. She can contact them at 206.286.1024 or via email.
Help This Lost Purse Find Lily!
December 8th, 2012 by Laura
Comments OffTags: lost


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The D100x140 Navigator hydraulic directional drill has been upgraded with a Tier 4-Final, 275-horsepower Cat diesel.
The D20x22 S3 Navigator hydraulic directional drill has 19,550 pounds of thrust/pullback with 2,200 lb.-ft. of torque.
The S800TX mini skid steer is available with a 40-horsepower Kubota EFI gasoline engine.
Vermeer has added to its RTX line of rubber-track trenchers with the RTX450, powered by a 49-horsepower Tier 4-Final engine.
Vermeer has introduced its first horizontal directional drill with a Tier 4-Final engine, the D9x13 S3 Navigator HDD.


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Assault Commander Ultimate is a traditional turn-based strategy game played on a hexagonal map.
This is a great Assault Commander collection pack, it includes maps from the following editions:
Assault Commander (original) 8+1 maps
Assault Commander Advance 8+1 maps
Assault Commander Bravo 8+1 maps
Assault Commander Ultimate was featured as New & Noteworthy app in Board, Strategy categories.
Universal app: works on iPhone/iPod touch + on iPad device families.
24 single player missions in 3 campaigns with days of gameplay.
20 unit types including infantry, tanks, artillery, ships and other units of modern warfare.
8 building types including factories and resource collectors.
Advanced AI.
No ads.
Three difficulty levels for single player maps.
Realistic sounds and great soundtracks.
Tactical map by pinch and zoom on the screen.
Game Center leaderboards.
3 multiplayer maps to play with a friend on the same device or to play against the computer.
Works in all device orientations.
Save and load games from Main Menu, autosave.
Some user comments from previous editions of Assault Commander series:
Rmattbill: "I really can't recommend this game strongly enough. It's enormously entertaining."
Jayjayjayjaynay: "Great game. Played through whole thing twice, and still entertained."
PatK.: "Overall, I think this is a very impressive strategy game for the iPod touch."
rooterscooter: "If you like turn based hex strategy games, I highly recommend this game."
Thanks for your continuous support and reviews.
Join us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/vtdevapps
Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/vtdevapps


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Letters to the Editor - Oct. 18, 2013
Friday, October 18, 2013 Nothing new?
To the editor: An amazing and disturbing occurrence happened at Monday night's Board of Selectmen Meeting in Newington. For the first time in my memory, and I am a lifelong resident of the town and a voter since 1973, resident's weren't allowed to raise issues under the "New Business" section of the Meeting Agenda.
At the very least the BOS should have announced at the beginning of the meeting there was a policy change regarding New Business, but I think it really shows once again the disconnect between the BOS and the people they allegedly serve. I urge all Newington Residents to start attending the BOS meetings and see for themselves the way the peoples' business is being conducted. An ode


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WIS Visits
Single Visits
The duration of an A type single visit is 120 - 150 minutes and the cost to the school is €100.00, half the writer fee.
Visits can be divided into separate group sessions for example, three 45 minute sessions with different class groups/ age levels.
For budgetary reasons we may not be able to accede to all requests for visits. A limit has been set therefore of one A type visit per school per academic year.
*B type visits are for special projects with multi-school involvement and must be discussed with the WIS Office prior to application.
The B type visit consists of a writer or storyteller spending 300 minutes in a school/ library and the cost to the school is €200.00. The B visit can, if schools wish, take place over a maximum period of two weeks, divided into no more than five dates, and with a local writer.
Applying for a Visit
The school selects a writer or storyteller they would like to invite from the WIS Web-Directory of Writers , contacts them to see if they are available and then arranges a date. Once a date has been agreed between the school and the writer, the school completes the application form (which can be downloaded from this site) and sends it by post/email or fax to the Writers in Schools office at least 3 weeks in advance of the visit.
To be valid for consideration, all applications for visits must be received by the WIS Office at least three weeks in advance of the proposed date / starting date of the visit. However, we recommend that forms are sent as early as possible, as applications are approved on a first-come-first-served basis.
If an application has been approved for funding, the school will receive a confirmation letter and evaluation form in the post. Should we be unable to meet a request due to funding limitations, we will contact the school to this effect.
Rules of application
- In line with the Writers in Schools: Guidelines for the Protection and Welfare of Children and Young People in the Arts Sector, a teacher must be present at all times during the visit. Should an instance arise where a pupil spontaneously discloses an incident, the teacher can act immediately and appropriately, in line with school policy.
- If a date is to be changed, each party must notify the other, and both should inform the Writers in Schools Office. Insurance will also only cover those concerned on the official date.
- Visits cannot be funded retrospectively.
- Visits to adult groups cannot be funded under this Scheme.
- No visit will be funded unless it has been applied for and approved. The school and writer will receive written confirmation and evaluation forms as notification of approval of funding.
- Visits cannot be funded retrospectively.
- The school does not pay the writer directly.
- The cheque for the school portion of the writer's fee should be sent to the WIS Office, with the school evaluation form, within one week of the date / finishing date of the visit.
- Cheques should be made payable to the Writers in Schools NI Scheme. The writer will then be paid their full fee and travel expenses by Writers in Schools.
- Should the school wish the writer to stay longer than the sanctioned visit duration, it is up to the school to cover the extra costs.
Financial Arrangements
Type of session |
A (120-150 mins.) |
B (300 mins.) |
Cost to school |
€100.00 |
€200.00 |
Cost to WIS |
€100.00 |
€200.00 |
Fee to writer |
€200.00 |
€400.00 |
If your school finds it difficult to pay the school portion of the writer's fee, we suggest you contact your County Arts Officer to see if they have funding available. A full list of County Arts Officers is available from the Arts Council/ An Chomhairle Ealaíon.
Travel Expenses
Distance Travelled (Return) |
Expenses payable by Writers in Schools |
0-20 miles |
€12.70 |


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No spittin', no swearin', no instigatin'...
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by jskidder » Sun Jun 12, 2005 4:46 pm
by Surfs up » Sun Jun 12, 2005 11:07 pm
by Mustangs989 » Sun Jun 12, 2005 11:15 pm
Surfs up wrote:I hear he doesn't play third that well and may be moved. Wouldn't that lower his value? Hybrid is the man with that answer.
by jskidder » Mon Jun 13, 2005 2:14 am
by hybrid » Mon Jun 13, 2005 4:53 am
by jskidder » Mon Jun 13, 2005 2:16 pm
hybrid wrote:Well picking him up or not really all depends on who has been taken so far and the odds of him being taken by someone else. I can't say much more about that since I'm not familiar with your situation.
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It will take time to get answers to many of the questions arising from the landslide that buried the small town of Oso, Washington. Appropriately, the top priority of those on scene is to complete recovery efforts while attending to the heart wrenching needs of the survivors. Meanwhile, with the passing of each day, the attention of those of us ... Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: pacific north west
Culture Shock
A chronically-busy east coaster's take on Seattle escalator culture. Read More »


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This is a beautiful little Bed and Breakfast farmhouse, ideal for a starting point for touring the south of Ireland. It is family run and the owner Kathleen was extemely accommodating. It's on a working farm with dairy and beef cattle. It's a little off the beaten track but it was still a gorgeous setting. The house is immaculate ad... More
Ireland >
Province of Munster >
County Waterford
Number of rooms: 3
- Also Known As:
- Glendale Farm House B&B Ireland/County Waterford


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Ok I hate the Bears more than anything. Except the Colts... Unfortunately i won superbowl tickets a few months back.... so of course i am going to see the most horrible matchup possible. But i really do think the Bears can win this. The spread is Colts by 7 last time i checked but that doesn't mean crap. The spread is based off what all the degenerate gamblers are betting off of. They set it so 50% bet on Bears and 50% bet on Colts.. Everyone always thinks the Colts win so this spread should be a surprise to no one. All year, many people (including myself) have said the Bears have no chance against certain teams and are clearly outmatched.... They DOMINATED the saints except for one crazy Reggie Bush play when the D had a brainfart. Manning still hasn't won squat yet and i think it would be wonderful if he choked in the big game... I think it is very possible. If the Bears get the pressure on Manning that they got on Brees, i don't think the Colts have much of a chance.. Peyton will have no clue what to do if he is getting knocked around.. And im going down to Miami to make sure that scumbag does blow it. Da Bears!
dude the nfc sucks ass compared to the afc, the ONLY thing the bears have going for them is peyton's history of being a horrible choker in clutch games
exactly and that's what i am banking on... if manning does what i think he's going to do, choking is enough. The Bears have to do 2 things and they CAN WIN: 1.) Grossman needs to play decent...it doens't have to be great but if it's terrible they don't stand a chance. 2.) The must put pressure on Manning... They chewed up the Saints Oline... I think they can do the same for the Colts. Why can't they? I have been one of those people who have said that the NFC sucks compared to the AFC and the Bears are overrated and this and that... I still do believe that the Bears aren't that great. But this is a team that they can beat.
:rocker: I actually think it could be a great match-up if the Bears D brings their A game and the team stays focused. Coaching-BB found a way around the Bears and so will Dungy,which is a concern. I think Dungy's a smarter coach-we'll see. Both teams are newbies,both can get rattled but I see the Colts being able to gather it together better than the Bears, and they're a smarter team. But nobody can strip a ball better than the Bears,and if they're on this could get interesting. I see the Colts prevailing,but a lot can depend on which Rex shows up.
I'm praying for a monsoon to slow down the track and turn the game into a slugfest. No way the Colts win a game like that. Lovie's D always comes to play. Even in SB 36 they were NOT the reason that the Rams lost. They were pretty much strong throughout. If it weren't for NaPolian, I wouldn't care one way or the other.
And yet we only beat the Bears by 4 pts. I wouldn't dismiss the NFC opponent if it were the Pats playing the Bears and I CERTAINLY wouldn't dismiss them with the Colts playing them.
I hope you are right and I think your post makes a lot of sense. Let's not forget this was the same Colts team that allowed 375 yards rushing in one game earlier in the season. A team which lost to the Texans. Sure, they're playing better now, but they needed all the breaks they could get to get by our thoroughly exhausted and injury-depleted team. At home. I'm not saying it's a done deal that the Bears will win, but this could be a competitive game. However, I will still not be watching it.
well i would if it was just up to me. But my parents are already going to be in Florida that week for business stuff and it was planned way before winning the tickets..pretty weird... even weirder how my father and I hate no 2 sports teams more than the Bears and Colts. I had a strange feeling that i would have to see this matchup since we won tickets. I didn't want to mention it on this board b/c i didn't want to jinx the pats and limit any chances of this matchup from happening. Maybe it's God's way of punishing me and telling me to shut up and quit being such an *****. Or Maybe he's sending me and my Father down to make sure Manning chokes and is treating us to a once in a lifetime live choke show on the biggest of stages. either way, my dad still wants to go and if he does, then i do too. And we will be rooting for the Bears bigtime. Manning still hasn't one a damn thing yet
Dammit my will to not watch is fading, I even turned the NFL Network on tonight and watched two minutes worth of Dwight Freeney before feeling ill and turning it off, I am in football withdrawal!! The next 12 days cannot go by fast enough, the only thing I'm looking forward to is seeing BB coach the stupid Pro Bowl
Bears have no shot to win..........Their offense is just that pathetic. If the Colts lost I would be so happy. I can't imagine Manning getting this far finally and then choke the game away. I just can't see it.
Been thinking about this last night. Bears have very fast linebackers unlike the Pats. Back in Champaign against the Pats, Ulacher was THE fastest player on the field. Their secondardy is also decent. Not great but decent. They did shut down the high powered Saints offense with a very good QB. Don't forget special teams. If the exhausted Pats ST's can return a couple long ones then what do you think Hester will do?? Of course the Bears O is what worries me. Can they get a little running game going to take the pressure off Grossman? I don't know what Colts run D will show up? Usually would root for the AFC. And you should root for the team that beat you BUT.. Wouldn't it be great to see Peyton choke yet again??
Root for the team that beat you? That just doesn't make any sense? Would you root for the Yankees after they beat the Red Sox? Ofcourse not. I wouldn't root for the Chargers, if they beat us either. Well okay maybe but only because they went to Indy. Hating Peyton Manning and that entire franchise is perfectly healthy, I recommend it
The Bears only chance is that their defense can cause 5 turnovers and some how Grossman doesn't commit any.
Is it is just me or have I not heard such a dismissal of a Superbowl team since the Pats were the victim of it in 2001? We of all people should understand.


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Most of us naturally love food, but if you are a person who obsesses over it, you will definitely need to make sure you don't miss a few South Bend events that seem to be designed with you in mind. Food lovers converge on South Bend for these events, so mark the calendar at your Granger apartment now and start working up your appetite. On June 6, … [Read more...]
A Candy-Coated Exhibit at South Bend's Center for History
The South Bend Center for History has some pretty unique exhibits, but one of the most unusual and enjoyable is their "Sweet! The Wonderful World of Chocolate, Candy and Ice Cream." Step out of your luxury, pet-friendly apartment in Granger and step into a world filled with color, confection and cavities! Just kidding! Now through the end of the year, you … [Read more...]
Come Downtown for the Holidays in South Bend
A great way for your whole family to spend an afternoon, evening or weekend day enjoying the holiday sights and sounds in South Bend is by visiting all the great things going on for Downtown for the Holidays. It's a fun and family-friendly way to get everyone into a more merry and festive mood after you've taken care of all the holiday preparations in your … [Read more...]
3 Holiday Events in South Bend for the Whole Family
Finding things to do with your family is easy when you are seeking fun and festive holiday events in South Bend. Don't spend your days cooped up at your three-bedroom apartments in Granger; bundle the family up and head out on the town to enjoy all the holiday happenings. South Bend Parks & Recreation will be hosting Around Town for the Holidays, … [Read more...]
Tour the Stadium at the University of Notre Dame
The iconic Notre Dame Stadium is open for tours. See where the action is on this hour long tour through the Stadium, from the press box, into the locker rooms, and onto the field. The riveting history of Notre Dame will be told by your knowledgeable tour guide. This is an opportunity sports fans will remember forever. University of Notre Dame is … [Read more...]


text: Samsung Galaxy Note Smablet Review Fabrizio Pilato / Monday, April 2, 2012, 4:46 pm / 7 CommentsThe Samsung Galaxy Note, oh what a debate this 5.3-inch Android smablet (smartphone-tablet) has created. Some haters hate it, because, well, they love to hate things. And others love it, mainly because of its beautiful bright display. I'm going to address a few things with this review because in all honesty, we need to evolve the way we use "smart" devices. And there are a lot of underlying issues that people just don't talk about, or have a clue about. If we're not using these devices with any sense, then we're not really going to have the best experience in the long term.more → Posted in: Uncategorized Tagged with: Android, android smablet, galaxy note, galaxy note review, samusung, sgh-i717m, smablet, smartphone, stylus


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Availability: In stock | Usually dispatched within 24 hours
Constructed from ultra-lightweight and durable woven fabric, the Under Armour Escape Shorts are perfect for working out. The shorts feature a slimmer athletic cut that provides a high level of mobility, with no unnecessary fabric. An internal mesh liner aids moisture escape and provides an extra level of breathability.
Anti-odour technology helps to prevent odour causing microbes, so you stay comfortable and fresher while you train. Additional features include 360° reflective graphics for improved visibility, mesh hand pockets, covered elastic waistband with internal drawcord and interior waist pocket. - A.D.
If ordered before 8pm, delivered by courier next working day. Available on orders placed before 8pm (2pm weekends and Bank Holidays) for delivery next business day. Applies to most delivery addresses within mainland UK.
Please check the stock availability notice on your item when placing your order. This item is: In stock | Usually dispatched within 24 hours
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing your account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
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Under Armour Men's No Speed Limit T-Shirt - Black/Hyper Green
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Under Armour Men's Escape 7 Inch Solid Shorts Electric - Blue/Black/Reflective
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The Woodbridge Company
The Woodbridge Company Limited is a Canadian private holding company and the principal and controlling shareholder (55 percent) of Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters was formed in 2008, when The Thomson Corporation acquired Reuters.
The company also owns the largest (85 percent) interest in The Globe and Mail Inc. In late 2010, Woodbridge sold its 40-percent interest in CTVglobemedia, a Canadian multimedia company with ownership of CTV, to BCE Inc.[1]
Woodbridge is the primary investment vehicle for members of the family of the late Roy Thomson, the first Lord Thomson of Fleet. David Thomson and his brother, Peter Thomson, became chairmen of Woodbridge upon the death of their father, Kenneth Thomson in 2006. Woodbridge is based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. David Binet is President and Chief Executive Officer of the company.
See also[edit]
- Torstar
- Quebecor Media
- Postmedia Network - successor to Canwest and Southam Newspapers
- ^ Canada (2010-09-10). "Woodbridge Acquires Direct Ownership of The Globe and Mail". CNW. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
External links[edit]
This article about a Canadian corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


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Results tagged ' Frank Robinson '
Hall Monitor: Thin air, busy days and record books
By Trevor Hayes
Through a quarter of the season, we're starting to stretch our legs. He's what's been historically notable over the last week.
Rockie reaching high: Rarified air is where Rockies pitcher Ubaldo Jimenez spends his time these days. On Thursday, the Colorado hurler threw seven innings, allowing just one hit while blanking the Astros. The first eight-game winner this season, he commands a 0.99 ERA through nine starts. Only Fernando Valenzuela (8-1, 0.91) during Fernandomania in 1981 and Hall of Famer Juan Marichal in 1966 (8-0, 0.69) have won eight of their first nine and posted ERAs below 1.00 since the expansion era began.
Angel all over: An inside-the-parker and the old 8-2-6-3 triple play. Angel Pagan was busy Wednesday in Washington. Playing center field for the Mets, he is only the second player to achieve the rare double feat in the last 55 years. According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Phillies shortstop Ted Kazanski initiated a triple play and hit an inside-the-park homer on Sept. 25, 1955 against the New York Giants. Each of Kazanski's play has a Cooperstown connection. His inside-the-parker was the result of an outfield collision between Hall of Famer Willie Mays and Dusty Rhodes, and the liner he caught to start a 6-4-3 triple play ended the inning, the game, the season and Hall of Famer Leo Durocher's tenure as Giants manager. The Phils-Giants game was also the last time a team pulled a triple play and hit an inside-the-park homer in the same game. Interestingly enough, the game Pagan hit his first career inside-the-park homer also featured a triple play, when Philadelphia's Eric Brunlett converted an unassisted triple play to end the game – a moment preserved by the Hall of Fame with Brunlett's jersey on display in Today's Game.
A-Rod passes Robby in style: Alex Rodriguez is now cruising towards 600 homers after passing Hall of Famer Frank Robinson last Friday. But his 587th blast was a bit unusual, as an intentional walk to load the bases preceded A-Rod's homer. The last time he came to the plate after an intentional walk – in 2009 – he retaliated with a grand slam against the Rays in the season finale. The Twins tried it last Friday night and the result was the same.
Trevor Hayes is editorial production manager at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
Classic dream fulfilled
By Bill Francis
A defensive whiz on par with the game's greatest of all time, longtime center fielder Paul Blair fielded numerous questions pertaining to his distinguished big league career when he recently sat down for an interview with the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
In Cooperstown on March 20 to greet visitors in line to buy tickets for the second annual Hall of Fame Classic, the 66-year-old Blair will trade in his beloved golf clubs for another chance to get out on the field in the June 20 legends game. Tickets for the Classic are on sale at www.baseballhall.org or by calling 1-866-849-7770.
During a 17-year big league career, spent mainly with the great Baltimore Orioles teams of the late 1960s and 1970s, the eight-time Gold Glove Award winner and four-time World Series champion was known for his play in center field. But, surprisingly, Blair was a shortstop until he signed his first professional contract.
"I went to my first spring training the manager said, 'Everybody go to their positions.' Seven guys went to short – I was going to be the eighth shortstop," Blair recalled. "They had two in left, two in center and one in right, and I saw (the player in right field) running and throwing and I knew I could beat him out, so I went to right field and became an outfielder. It just came natural to me for some reason."
Known as the premier center fielder of his era, Blair was renowned for how shallow he played.
"What I tried to do was play where most of the balls were going to be hit. I didn't play guys like Harmon Killebrew and Reggie Jackson or the big home run hitters right behind second base, but most guys can't hit the ball straightaway center field out of the ballpark. If they hit balls to center field they are basically going to be line drives or high pops," Blair said. "The line drives are not going to go out of the ballpark, so what I tried to do was take some of those line drives away. I wanted to be the best center fielder, head and shoulders, over anybody on my team. That way those pitchers would make the manager play me."
Raised in Los Angeles, Blair was a Dodgers fan but Hall of Fame center fielder Willie Mays of the hated San Francisco Giants was his idol.
"Whenever the Giants played the Dodgers, I would hope Mays would get four hits but the Dodgers would win," Blair said. "When I was growing up I used to do the basket catch even though I was at shortstop, but when I became a professional I thought I better do my own thing and not copy Willie because if I ever droped one then it's going to be heck to pay."
A star athlete in high school, Blair's decision to pursue baseball as a profession was influenced by another Hall of Famer.
"I guess that came from Jackie (Robinson)," Blair said. "As long as I can remember, since I was eight years old, I wanted to be a major league baseball player. That was my one desire, my one goal, and I was just fortunate that I had some athletic ability."
Blair became a regular with the O's at the tender age of 21 in 1965 and appeared in the postseason six times with Baltimore over his 13 seasons with the club.
"Our whole thing, and it came from (Hall of Fame manager) Earl (Weaver) and he was the catalyst of those ball clubs, is that you went out there and you played great defense, you pitched well, and you played the whole game," Blair said. "The team came first. You did everything you possibly could to help win a ballgame.
"We already had a very good ball club but then (future Hall of Famer) Frank (Robinson) came in 1966 that really put us over the top. He was that big gun that all the other pitchers had to concentrate on. The rest of us just had to do our thing. When Frank said, 'Let's go,' we just followed him."
Looking back on his baseball career, Blair says that he is proudest of the fact that he got to play in the big leagues for 17 years.
"It's a very big achievement for me because that's something I always wanted to do, and it's the only thing I ever want to do," Blair said. "The bonus was winning the eight Gold Gloves and the four World Series championships.
"I was very fortunate being on the teams that I played on. I played on 10 first place teams. Every time I went to spring training I knew I had a chance to be in a World Series. I wound up getting in eight playoffs, six World Series, and we won four of them. Hopefully I did my part and contributed to us winning. That was very important to me."
Bill Francis is a library associate for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
Ripken artifacts added to Museum timeline
By John Odell
Our second floor timeline exhibition at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum uses baseball's dynasties to tell the history of the game. On Wednesday, we added two items to the 1960s-1980s Orioles case, both related to one of baseball's best-known players, Cal Ripken.
The first artifact is alternate orange jersey worn by Ripken in 1989, a year famous to Bird fans for the "Why Not?" Orioles. That year, Ripken was named to his seventh of 19 All-Star teams and won his fifth of eight Silver Slugger honors as the O's carried an unlikely, exciting run for the division crown into the final games of the season. Hall of Famer Frank Robinson also won Manager of the Year honors in 1989 for his handling of the young squad, which the year before had opened the season with 21 consecutive losses.
The second item is a baseball with the following inscription:
Happy Birthday Dwight
Presidents should be tossing
1st balls, not catching them
Cal Ripken, Jr.
Batting eighth in the lineup and playing third base, Cal Ripken knocked this ball foul, where it was caught by the president of the Orioles booster club, who was attending the game on his birthday. After the game, he had Cal inscribe it.
Of course, it was only years later that the significance of the game became clear: May 30, 1982 was the first game of Ripken's famed consecutive games played streak. While everyone in baseball was aware of the streak once it became news, it is only by the greatest of luck that someone managed to preserve this memento from the start of the famed record. On loan to the Hall from Ripken Baseball, Inc., the ball is being displayed with the inscription turned down, to minimize the damaging effect that light has on the ink.
John Odell is the curator of history and research at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
The grand game
By Freddy Berowski
There are 289 members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Only two of them have hit two grand slams in one game: Tony Lazzeri and Frank Robinson.
But one day after Rickey Henderson, Jim Rice and Joe Gordon took their rightful place in Cooperstown, Senior Circuit batters launched an attack on several grand slam records.
The Washington Nationals' Josh Willingham hit a record-tying two grand slam home runs in back-to-back innings. Willingham's eight RBI on the day matched a franchise high, and it was the third time in National League history that a batter has had two grand slams in a game, the last being Fernando Tatis with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1999.
When Tatis clubbed his two grand slams on April 23, 1999, they both came in the same inning. Even more amazing is that the third inning blasts came off of the same pitcher, the Dodgers' Chan Ho Park. Ironically, Tatis was one of three National Leaguers to hit grand slams Monday when his eighth-inning, pinch-hit shot off recently recalled Franklin Morales propelled the Mets to victory over the wild-card leading Colorado Rockies.
Alfonso Soriano added to the fireworks on Monday when his 13th-inning walk-off grand slam led the surging, first place Chicago Cubs past one of their division rivals, the Houston Astros.
According to David Vincent of the SABR Home Run Log, the National League mark of four grand slams in one day was established on May 21, 2000. On that day Shawn Green and Adrian Beltre of the Los Angeles Dodgers, J.T. Snow of the San Francisco Giants and Brian Hunter of the Philadelphia Phillies connected for bases-loaded round-trippers.
Coincidentally, the only time four grand slams were hit on the same day in the American League was also in 2000, when Ben Grieve, Joe Oliver, Richie Sexson and Jose Macias went deep with the bags full on July 22.
Freddy Berowski is a library associate at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
A second Brooks glove in Cooperstown
By John Odell
Brooks Robinson was known for his work with the leather. His play at the hot corner set a standard to which all third basemen are compared. His uncanny ability to pick up ground balls also led to comparisons to a vacuum cleaner.
We just installed a new acquisition: Robinson's 1966 glove, recently donated by the family of a fan of both Brooks and the Hall of Fame.
1966 was a great year for Orioles named Robinson. While Frank enjoyed his trade to the Birds by winning the Triple Crown and the American League Most Valuable Player Award, Brooks was the All-Star Game MVP, finished second in the season's AL MVP tally and won the seventh of his 16 consecutive Gold Glove Awards. Together they led the O's to the world championship.
This is the second of Robinson's gloves in our collection. The glove he wore while winning the 1970 World Series MVP Award had long been a popular artifact in the Museum, but it only recently returned from a six-year tour of the country as part of Baseball As America, seen by 2.5 million visitors in 15 cities. That glove was then added to the Museum's World Series exhibit, Autumn Glory.
John Odell is the curator of history and research at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.


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Happy Friday Everyone!!
I hope you all are having a wonderful Valentine's Day and are spending your evening doing the things you love with the ones that you love!
I know I am a little late getting this post up today, but I figure better late than never! Let's just say that I had some poor planning in preparing for Valentine's Day & had to spend my Thursday evening shopping last minute for gifts instead of catching up on the blog as originally planned. Oh well, the posts must go on!
So without further ado….here are my "Favorite Things" for this Friday! I hope you enjoy!
I hope you all have a wonderful weekend!!!
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A clinical breast exam (CBE) is a physical examination of the breast by a doctor or healthcare provider. The exam involves checking the look and feel of the breasts and underarms for any changes. The breasts can be checked while a woman is sitting up and/or lying down.
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Links to Other Pages About the Klingon Language
If you know of or maintain a webpage that seem to bee suited for this page, please mail me email@example.com so that that we might add it. Be aware though, we're only interested in pages that relate to the Klingon Language, such as on-line dictionaries, fiction and poems written in tlhIngan Hol, language resources, language courses etc. Anything in Klingon, or about the language – nothing else.
Categories | |
Alph | Alphabet/pIqaD and pronounciation |
Cont | Contacts, adresses to people speaking/learning Klingon |
Dict | Dictionaries |
Link | Links of interest |
Lit | Literature and poetry |
Mus | Music and lyrics |
Teach | Teaching aids and courses |
Ref | Reference works to grammar |
Rev | Reviews and comments on Klingon Material |
Prog | Programs and software |
In English
- The cha'logh vagh Metrical Form.
- [lit] Mark A. Mandel's small, but interesting collection of verses in tlhIngan Hol, and a description of the cha'logh vagh metrical form originally published in jatmey, volume two (Winter 1996). [Added 1998-06-29]
- jI'ojtaH nuqvaD?
- [lit] "What do I thirst for?" a poem translated by Michael Everson. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Earthling meets Earthlings.
- [lit] Another Klingon poem, in pIqaD, romanized Klingon, and English, written by Bruno Moser. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- ja'pu'vawqoy.
- [lit] Second and third verses of the poem "Jabberwocky" from Through The Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll, translated into Klingon by Keith Lim. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- A Klingon–English Lexicon on the Web.
- [dict] A Klingon–English (CGI) lexicon developed by Erik Mats, a friend of mine, using my Canon Klingon Dictionary wordlist. Unfortunately this has not been updated with vocabulary from the KGT. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- [ref] A Klingon JavaScript Dictionary and number converter. [Added 1998-06-28]
- K'Mels Guide to Klingon Cyberspace.
- Star Trek: Klingon reviewed by Steven Mar.
- [rev] A reviewed by Steven Mar of the CD-ROM computer game and its language lab. [Added 1998-06-29]
- The Klingon Language Institute.
- A simple, but useful page. The KLI represents a large part of the Klingon-speaking community, and their quarterly journal, HolQeD, is truly refreshing to read. Their mailing list is also a must for the beginner. [Updated 1998-07-28]
- Khemorex Klinzhai! – tlhIngan Hol.
- [lit, mus] A page maintained by Khemorex Klinzhai containing a lot of texts collected from the KLI's FTP site, ILS and the Itabashi Klingon Museum, they also have a CGI interface for the mu' HaqwI', Klingon word analyser. (But try nenghep.) [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Chrisp's pages – mu' HaqwI' Information.
- [prog] A Klingon language analyzer and dictionary written by Christoph Pfisterer (available for Mac, Windows, UNIX, DOS, OS/2 and a CGI version for UNIX). [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Interstellar Language School – qIb HeHDaq.
- [teach] The Internet edition of the journal of the ILS, a less serious alternative to KLI. Glen F. Proechel (leader of the ILS) and his work has often been criticized by the KLI. But his productivity has yet to be beaten, he has translated the New Testament, Hamlet, and produced many other things. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- The Soon-to-be-Refit "Paramount Hol" Guide.
- [ref] McReynolds' guide to Paramount's useage of "their" Klingon language in the Star Trek. Unfortunately no updates have been done in a long time, but otherwise this is a fanastic site. Wouldn't be suprised if Okrand himself used it when writing the KGT. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Michael's Klingon Pages. (Requires Frames)
- [alph, link] This page features a description of pIqaD and its history and some Klingon artwork. Contains errors but also some unique information about the Klingon alphabet. By Michael Rudolph. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Sami tlhIngan Hol De'.
- [alph, link, lit] This page presents a home-made pIqaD font and some interpretations of the Klingon alphabet as pictures, some Klingon and Star Trek related links, and a somewhat longer text in Klingon. By Sami Laitala. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Proposal to encode Klingon in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2.
- [alph] The Klingon UniCode proposal. [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Teresh's Home Page – Klingon Stuff
- [link, lit, prog, ref] Contains some interesting stuff. Some texts in Klingon, a marvelous "Klingon Grammar Addenda" with notes on grammar now in common use, but adopted after (or for other reasons not described in) TKD, some utility programs (for PC) and DaqtaghwIj vIper. By Teresh. [Updated 1999-07-14]
- toDbaj De'.
- A page with links to KLI's Klingon Shakespeare Restoration Project and Klingon Bible Translation Project and some own material. [Added 1998-06-28]
- Deja News: Browse alt.startrek.klingon.
- A newsgroup I have not had much time looking into. From what I hear though it is worth the effort. [Added 1998-06-28]
- Paramount; Klingon word of the day.
- Formerly only available on the Microsoft Network, now on Paramount's Star Trek site. Okrand once told us to look out for now words here, is that still necessary? [Added 1998-06-28]
- 'eSqIl juH.
- [mus] A page partly in pIqaD, with Klingon translation of several of Die Krupps lyrics ("Fatherland", "To the Hilt", "Isolation" and "The Dawning of Doom"). [Added 1998-06-28]
- Itabashi Klingon Museum.
- A Japanese page with some Kafka short stories in Klingon, a list of classified nouns and a lot of other stuff. [Added 1998-06-28]
- Nick Nicholas Klingon Page.
- Nick Nicholas's page about different Klingon projects, such as the "Klingon Localization Project" (a project to translate the MacOS into Klingon) which unfortunately halted because of copyright problems, and the different KLI translation projects. [Added 1998-06-29]
- tlhIngan Hol, the Klingon Language
- [mus, ref, prog] Jarno Peschier's webpage contains a list of Klingon names, a datafile for use in a word interpretation program and a midi-file of the Klingon Anthem. [Added 1998-07-28]
- North Star Klingon Outpost
- [prog, link] MrKlingon's (or is it JPKlingon?) webpage, containing wa' cha' wa'maH a simple online game in Klingon, the UTA (Universal Translator Project) – a program to maintain a multiple language dictionary and some links. [Added 1998-07-28]
- Teach Klingon
- [prog] A page about Andrew's Mac program (downloadable) to learn Klingon (requires HyperCard 2.0 or later). [Added 1998-07-28]
- Klingon Artwork Page
- [lit] A poem, and a joke in Klingon. Maintained by qumwI' HoD tlho'QaD [Added 1998-07-28]
- Sev Trek: The Klingon Translation!
- [lit] Klingon translations of some strips of John Cook's Star Trek parody Sev Trek. [Added 1998-08-04]
In Swedish
- Klingon reference material at the Uppsala English Bookshop.
- [ref] All the klingonist's most relevant reference books are available locally here in Uppsala, Sweden. Uppsala English Bookshop is also the nicest bookshop I've ever been to – visit it! [Added 1999-05-17]
In German
- Fehler im offiziellen Wörterbuch.
- [rev] A list of errors in Das Offizielle Wörterbuch Klingonisch/Deutsch Deutsch/Klingonisch (the German transation of The Klingon Dictionary), maintained by Lieven L. Litaer. [Added 1998-06-29]
- Jupp's Klingonischseiten.
- [ref] A page in German, which seems very nice. A translation of major parts of the TKD. Created by Josef Schugt [Updated 1998-10-10]
- Der Klingonische Sprachkurs.
- [ref] Another language course for learning Klingon, this time by Roman Franz. Unfortunately I can't say anything about it, since I don't speak German. [Updated 1998-10-10]


text:
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