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Multiple Sclerosis International
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 756564, 9 pages
The Clinical Relevance of Force Platform Measures in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Multiple Sclerosis Centre, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Viale dell'Università, 30-00185 Rome, Italy
Received 29 November 2012; Revised 5 February 2013; Accepted 5 February 2013
Academic Editor: Rob Bermel
Copyright © 2013 Luca Prosperini and Carlo Pozzilli. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Balance impairment and falls are frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and they may occur even at the earliest stage of the disease and in minimally impaired patients. The introduction of computer-based force platform measures (i.e., static and dynamic posturography) has provided an objective and sensitive tool to document both deficits and improvements in balance. By using more challenging test conditions, force platform measures can also reveal subtle balance disorders undetectable by common clinical scales. Furthermore, posturographic techniques may also allow to reliably identify PwMS who are at risk of accidental falls. Although force platform measures offer several theoretical advantages, only few studies extensively investigated their role in better managing PwMS. Standardised procedures, as well as clinical relevance of changes detected by static or dynamic posturography, are still lacking. In this review, we summarized studies which investigated balance deficit by means of force platform measures, focusing on their ability in detecting patients at high risk of falls and in estimating rehabilitation-induced changes, highlighting the pros and the cons with respect to clinical scales.
1. Introduction
Balance can be defined as the ability to maintain the body's centre of gravity (COG) within the base of support with minimal sway [1]. The control of human balance is a complex task which is assured by uninterrupted flow of afferent signals reaching the central nervous system (CNS) from the muscle, tendon and joint proprioceptors, skin exteroceptors, and vestibular and visual inputs [2]. The deficient integration of these pathways, due to the widespread and variable distribution of CNS damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), can affect postural response and the ability to maintain adequate balance [3–5]. Balance impairment is frequently observed in PwMS, and it is among the most disabling symptoms [6]. A wide-base gait with worsening balance when changing direction has been often described in PwMS [7]. Fatigue, muscle weakness, and spasticity further contribute to compromise adequate balance and predispose them to accidental falls [8–11]. Fall tendency may occur early in the course of the disease, even before walking and balance impairment becomes clinically evident [12].
The incidence of accidental falls (i.e., an unexpected contact of any part of the body with the ground) in PwMS has been reported from 30% to 63% in a period variable from 1 to 12 months, according to different studies [13–27]. Recently, a large survey on about 195,000 veterans found a 2-fold increased risk of injurious falls in PwMS compared with sex/age-matched veterans without MS [28].
Studies investigating demographic and clinical characteristics related to a high risk of accidental falls in PwMS are quite heterogeneous in terms of sample size, setting, and design, and for reporting (retrospectively) or collecting (prospectively) the occurrence of falls [29]. Studies relying on retrospectively collected patient report of falls at the inclusion are prone to recall bias [16, 30], although a good correlation () between prospectively and retrospectively collected falls has been demonstrated [16]. In addition, even if prospectively collected, falls resulting in injury are more likely to be reported, and cognitive or memory impairment may further decrease the accuracy of their recall [16, 18].
From a clinical point of view, reliably discriminating fallers between nonfallers is crucial for the development of a program aimed at fall prevention. Potentially, force platform measures may provide an objective, reliable, and accurate tool for this purpose. Moreover, they may be useful for documenting not only deficits but also improvements of balance skills after specific intervention.
In this review, we aimed to summarize studies investigating the role of force platform measures in MS setting, focusing on (i) differences between PwMS and general population; (ii) ability in detecting PwMS at high risk of falls, highlighting also the differences with clinical scales; (iii) evaluation of rehabilitation-induced changes.
1.1. Clinical Scales to Assess Balance
Clinical tests usually rate balance performance on a set of motor tasks. Scoring is based on the sum of ordinal item scores or stopwatch measurements. Ideally, an evaluation of postural balance should include clinical scales that are practical, sensitive selective, reliable, and valid. Although some clinical scales are easy and relatively quick to use, they are hampered by their variable execution and by the room left for evaluator judgment in the scoring system [31, 32]. Table 1 summarizes the most commonly used clinical scales to assess balance in PwMS and their main psychometric properties [33–41].
So far, few studies provided data on diagnostic accuracy of clinical scales in detecting PwMS prone to accidental falls. These studies showed conflicting results, probably due to different cutoffs established (see also Table 1). Cattaneo and colleagues [14] showed that clinical balance scales exhibit good specificity (i.e., performance in detecting nonfallers), but low sensitivity (i.e., performance in detecting fallers). Although other authors found differences between fallers and nonfallers in clinical scale scores of balance and even mobility [20, 22, 23, 25], they did not provide data on sensitivity and specificity. Nilsagård and colleagues [16] suggested a combination of patient variables and selected clinical scales to predict the risk of falls but failed to identify the "best candidate" to apply in the daily setting. More recently, it has been suggested that the BESTest was 92% accurate in identifying fallers and nonfallers among PwMS [35]. Despite this high accuracy, the BESTest is time consuming and requires a lot of tools. The use of a short version (mini-BESTest), having only a 10-minute administration time, could be more useful in clinical practice, but it needs to be validated in PwMS [42]. Lastly, an association between cognitive processing speed and fall frequency has been recently described in PwMS [43]. D'Orio and colleagues [23] also suggested that cognitive impairment, especially impaired verbal memory, predicted an increased risk of recurrent falls.
1.2. Force Platform Measures: Basic Principles
Force platforms are instruments that measure ground reaction forces generated by a body standing on or moving across them, to quantify biomechanical parameters of human balance control. Force platforms are also used for gait analysis.
Posturography is the general term encompassing all the techniques used to quantify postural control in upright stance, in either static or dynamic conditions, by means of a force platform [44]. The term static posturography refers to the characterization of postural sway of the centre of pressure (COP) (i.e., the point of application of the resultant from the vertical force's action) during quiet standing on a fixed support surface (i.e., a relatively unperturbed state). In quiet stance, the COP is estimated as compatible with the centre of gravity at about 97%; this compatibility diminishes in dynamic condition [45]. Variations in the instant positions of the COP during a 30- or 60-second test are used to calculate time-domain measures, including the velocity of the COP on the anteroposterior or mediolateral axes (mm/s), the sum of the displacements (path) of COP (mm), and the 95% confidence ellipse area of COP (mm2). From abiomechanical standpoint, the displacement of the COP represents a marker of energy expenditure to maintain balance [46]. Usually, a posturographic assessment consists in two test conditions (eyes opened and closed) and, sometimes, in dual-task condition [47]. This paradigm allows an evaluation of cognitive processing required to maintain standing balance, simply by applying a concurrent cognitive task (e.g., aloud or silent backward counting, Stroop test, and paced auditory serial addition test).
Static posturography provides linear, objective, and reliable measurements of static balance [44]. In spite of its reliability and accuracy in PwMS [24, 48], the main limitation of static posturography is a lack of standardisation that precludes the possibility to generalize its application for multicentre purposes. This is due to the fact that different force platform equipment and different test procedures are used in clinical practice. Parameters that should be considered are not well defined (e.g., velocity, path, area, etc.), as well as feet position and test duration [49]. Additionally, static posturography evaluates balance control only in the most simplistic condition, thus not reflecting situations occurring in daily-life activities.
Dynamic posturography involves the use of experimentally induced (external or self-generated) balance perturbation, such as shifting the support surface, using an unstable support surface, moving the visual surround, applying stimuli to upper body parts, and performing voluntary weight shift [50]. By manipulating one or more specific inputs (visual, vestibular, or proprioceptive) for postural control, a dynamic posturography assessment may provide important data on the motor and sensory contribution to balance control [51]. Thereby, impairments in sensory reweighing and integrating afferent inputs can be easily detected. Moreover, these data can be combined into composite scores, such as the equilibrium score or the postural stability index [52]. The main advantage of dynamic posturography is the possibility to obtain information on balance control in a variety of conditions simulating situations encountered in daily-life activities [32]. Unfortunately, it requires a long time of administration and an expensive and bulky equipment. Moreover, subjects cannot maintain balance under the more difficult conditions, especially when they are forced to rely only on vestibular input. A fall frequency as high as 22% has been reported while PwMS performed the more challenging conditions of dynamic posturography (i.e., surface moving, eyes opened; surface moving, eyes closed; surface and surround moving, eyes opened) [48].
2. Methods
2.1. Data Sources
PubMed was searched for abstracts using the following medical subject heading (MeSH) terms: "multiple sclerosis" AND "posturography" OR "multiple sclerosis" AND "force platform" OR "multiple sclerosis" AND "postural balance." No limitations or time period restrictions were applied and the latest search was undertaken on January 10th 2013, Both prospective and retrospective studies were encompassed. Published conference abstracts,case reports, meta-analyses and reviews, articles not available in English, and studies including also patients affected by neurological conditions other than MS were excluded. Finally, studies where postural sway was measured by means of tools (e.g., accelerometers or gyroscopes) other than force platforms were also excluded. Abstracts of resulting articles were then hand searched in order to select studies which met eligibility criteria. Attempts to identify further articles were done by searching for the references of the studies.
3. Results
The search initially yielded a total of 178 articles; out of these, 58 studies conducted on PwMS were selected for this narrative review. After removing duplicates, 35 met the inclusion criteria. In 21 studies, force platform measures were used to detect impairments in balance in PwMS with healthy subjects as control group [48, 53–72]. Five studies investigated the role of force platform measures in detecting fall status of PwMS [17, 19–21, 24]. Finally, 9 studies used force platform measures as outcome measures to determine the effectiveness of a rehabilitative intervention [73–81].
3.1. Differentiating Balance Control between Patients with MS and Healthy Subjects
There is a general agreement that PwMS have a postural sway control which is significantly poorer than healthy subjects. PwMS present larger oscillations in the frontal and sagittal planes when compared with healthy controls [17, 19–21, 24, 48, 53–71]. By means of posturography, impaired anticipatory postural adjustments have been also described in PwMS [69].
Furthermore, the sensitivity of force platform measures is such that it can detect balance abnormalities even in minimally impaired PwMS (i.e., scoring as normal in clinical balance test) [57, 63, 68] or in those presenting a first demyelinating event suggestive of MS [64]. This latter study demonstrated that about 40% of CIS patients had poor or very poor scores in COP sway rate (i.e., 2–4 or ≥4 standard deviations higher than the mean value of healthy controls, resp.) [64]. Therefore, posturography demonstrates the existence of subclinical balance disorders that cannot be detected by means of clinical assessment, even in PwMS who did not complain about subjective balance impairment [68].
Another common finding of these studies is that postural stability deficit is increased under more challenging conditions, for example, reducing the base of support, suppressing visual or vestibular input, generating external perturbations, and performing a reach and lean task or a cognitive task [17, 54, 59, 62, 64, 68]. It has also been shown that an abnormal performance in quiet standing can be found in 2/3 of PwMS, even when all sensory inputs (visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive) are available; the alteration of a single input can lead to an increase in abnormal findings by up to 82% [48].
3.2. Predicting the Risk of Future Falls
Up to now, only a few studies investigated the role of force platform measures in predicting the risk of falls in PwMS. Several studies reported fallers as having wider COP sway than nonfallers [19, 20, 24]. Therefore, a gradient of postural disturbance can be hypothesized as follows: PwMS fallers > PwMS nonfallers > healthy subjects (Figure 1) [19, 24]. However, this hypothesis needs to further confirmations.
Sosnoff and colleagues [20] showed that PwMS classified as fallers exhibited increased COP sway velocity in the mediolateral direction under eyes opened condition, wider overall COP sway area, and greater sway velocity in the anteroposterior and medio-lateral directions under eyes closed condition. Other studies provided similar findings, with fallers' COP moving more and faster in either anteroposterior or mediolateral directions than nonfallers, in both eyes opened and closed eye conditions [19, 24].
Kasser and colleagues [17] demonstrated that women with MS who experienced accidental falls were correctly identified by dynamic posturography, which was able to discriminate patients reporting at least one fall over the past 12 months from those reporting more frequent falls. Impaired forward limit of stability, gait asymmetries, and leg flexor-extensor muscle weakness also contributed to detecting recurrent fallers.
Only one recent study supports the notion that the adjunction of posturographic evaluation did not improve the ability to detect PwMS prone to fall [21]. However, as also recognized by authors, there are some limitations to their study: (i) a small sample size (); (ii) the incidence of falls was lower compared to other published papers, probably due to the short observational time-frame considered (2 months); (iii) they did not use traditional force platform measures as outcome, but the derivative virtual time to contact (i.e., the time taken by COP to reach the stability boundaries). Recently, we estimated sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of static standing balance measures in predicting patients who experienced future falls [24]. We examined 100 consecutive PwMS by means of neurological examination (including the Berg scale) and a static posturography assessment. The patients were instructed to report the occurrence of falls over the next 3 months. Balance measures above the mean plus 2 standard deviations of normal values (as provided by a sample of 50 sex-/age-matched healthy volunteers) were considered as abnormal. From static posturography, the COP path under open eye condition was extrapolated, providing a measure not only highly reliable (95%) but also more sensitive (88% versus 37%) and accurate (75% versus 63%), but slightly less specific (67% versus 81%) than a common clinical test (such as the Berg scale) in predicting accidental falls. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that there was an 8%-increased risk of being classified as fallers for each 10-mm increase of COP path value, even after adjusting for other demographic and clinical variables. Finally, a "dose effect" of static posturography was also found; that is the wider the COP path, the greater the number of accidental falls prospectively recorded by PwMS (Figure 2) [24].
3.3. Evaluating Rehabilitation-Induced Changes
Force platform measures ensure an objective, reliable, and linear assessment of balance, avoiding the risk of ceiling effect [32]. Force platform measures demonstrated a high sensitivity in detecting rehabilitation-induced changes and sometimes provided more rewarding results than clinical scales [74–77, 79–81]. Concurrent improvements in postural sway measures, clinical, and/or patient-reported outcomes were always described [74–77, 79–81]. Only two studies did not show any improvement of postural sway measures of PwMS after home-based resistance exercises [73] and balance-based torso weighting [78].
One recent study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of a 12-week home-based balance training using a commercial videogame platform showed also a slight increase in the proportion of nonfallers when compared with the 3-month period prior to study enrolment [81]. However, this latter study was not designed (and not powered to perform a post hoc analysis) to estimate a relationship between force platform measure changes and clinically relevant outcomes.
Unfortunately, there are still no data on the clinimetric property [82] of responsiveness of force platform measures, assessed by minimally important change (MIC) over time (i.e., the change that is relevant for the patient) and smallest real change (SRC) (i.e., the change on a measurement instrument required to overcome the measurement error). Therefore, future research efforts are warranted to establish MIC and SRC for force platform measures.
4. Conclusions
Balance impairment and falls are frequent in PwMS, and they may occur even at the earliest stage of the disease. Reliably identifying subjects who are at risk of accidental falls is a clinical challenge. Asking about the presence of prior falls is unreliable because patients often neglect their falls. Clinical balance scales are hampered by their variable execution and subjective scoring system, thus providing conflicting results about their ability to detect patients prone to falls.
By contrast, within few minutes, computer-based force platform measures of standing and dynamic balance can provide useful information regarding the risk of future falls, as well as intervention-induced changes. Moreover, computerised postural sway measures have been reported as correlated with disability and functional scales [24, 35, 65, 83]. Table 2 summarizes pros and cons pros of force platform measures, contrasted with those of clinical measures.
Although relevant, the differences in postural control between PwMS and healthy subjects cannot definitively elucidate the neuropathological mechanisms leading to balance impairments in MS. Given the widespread and variable distribution of CNS damage, it is generally thought that postural control impairment in PwMS has multifactorial causes that differ from one person to the next [4, 17]. Studies investigating the structure-function relationship by means of force platform measures do not provide comparable results. Jackson and colleagues [55] suggested that postural balance deficit in PwMS resulted from impaired central integration of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory input. Slowed afferent proprioceptive conduction along demyelinated dorsal columns of spinal cord has been proposed as an important cause of impaired postural control [84, 85]. Another hypothesis proposes the damage of cerebellar connections (i.e., cerebellar peduncles) as the primary contributor to the balance impairment [19] or, more extensively, the focal and diffuse involvement of the cerebellum, its connections, and other associative regions [5].
4.1. Future Recommendations
Posturographic systems have become more affordable and potentially useful for both clinical practice and research purposes. Nevertheless, they still represent a significant cost (especially dynamic posturography equipment) need a dedicated space and trained staff to run the tests. This is not always feasible in a clinical practice setting. A possible solution to overcome the main drawbacks of laboratory-grade force platforms could be the implementation of software to interface a commercial Nintendo balance board with a common personal computer [86]. Similarly to laboratory-grade force platform, the balance board contains force sensors which detect subject's COP and weight shifts. This commercial device—that has been recently included in the neurorehabilitation process of PwMS [79–81]—is low expensive, portable, and user friendly. In conclusions, further efforts are warranted to establish (i) which parameters of balance (velocity, path, area, etc.) should be evaluated; (ii) normative values for the force platform measures; (iii) how to standardize the posturographic assessment for multicentre study purposes; (iv) the ecological validity of this tool.
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text:
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Another interview with Nancy Pearl, this one in the Christian Science Monitor. In response to the question asked by her fans: "Why did it take so long for her be named LJ's Librarian of the Year?", Pearl replied: "Once a librarian, always a librarian."
That doesn't make sense! Pearl's quote is actually a response to a different question:
I asked her via email this last week if she still thinks of herself as a librarian. "Once a librarian, always a librarian," she replied.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Recently some questions were raised at the open-ness of ChromeCast device when the co-founder of CyanogenMod Koushik Dutta expressed his suspicion that Google may want to control which content is being streamed through ChromeCast.
We got this statement from Google:
We're excited to bring more content to Chromecast and would like to support all types of apps, including those for local content. It's still early days for the Google Cast SDK, which we just released in developer preview for early development and testing only. We expect that the SDK will continue to change before we launch out of developer preview, and want to provide a great experience for users and developers before making the SDK and additional apps more broadly available.
I believed that Google won't want to 'ban', block or try to control how and what content is streamed via the $35 device. Things look a bit murky.
Dutta was invited to a lunch with Google engineers and there he learned that while engineers 'would like' to support as much content as possible, things may be farther than they appear in the mirror.
It appears that ChromeCast is going to be a tightly controlled device as is Google TV. Dutta says that when he asked about why there is a whitelist for ChromeCast SDK – something that doesn't exist for Android or ChromeBook?
The engineers repeated the same statement that we got from Google that there is a whitelist for ChromeCast so that "they can provide a positive user experience as the SDK changes and matures."
Dutta raised his suspicion "that this behavior is more consistent with the Google TV program, which has been invite-only to date."
Google engineers told him that they "wanted to remove the whitelist, and have a "lightweight approval process" for Chromecast apps."
Which Dutta says sounds awful lot like a whitelist.
Google engineers did not do any concrete timeline on when things may 'improve'. Dutta said, "No real timeline given on when anything would change, besides a "few months".
'Few months is an eternity in Google land. Those Linux users still waiting for the Google Drive may know what it means.
We have already seen negative response from users about the closed ChromeCast device, I wonder why Google is doing it. We ran a poll and more than 90% respondents said that they won't buy a closed hardware.
Personally I am a huge fan of Google hardware due to their mantra 'if you buy a device, you own it and you can do whatever you want to do with it.' I ordered the ChromeCast the day it was announced, but now I wonder if I will be able to do what I want to with the device I bought.
Based on the interaction between Google engineers and Dutta can we conclude that ChromeCast is going to be a closed device?
Dutta said, "Of course, as engineers, we would like to have as many people using our stuff as possible. And I would like a pony for my birthday tomorrow. But engineers do not drive business decisions. And I completely understand why Chromecast would not be an open platform, and that Google needs to posture in such a way to grant themselves the maximum flexibility in the future."
What do you think, share your thought in the comments below.


text:
The Consequences of CO2 Stabilisation for the Impacts of Climate Change
- N. W. Arnell,
- M. G. R. Cannell,
- M. Hulme,
- R. S. Kovats,
- J. F. B. Mitchell,
- R. J. Nicholls,
- M. L. Parry,
- M. T. J. Livermore,
- A. White
- … show all 9 hide
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This paper reports the main results of an assessment of the global-scale implications of the stabilisation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 750 ppm (by 2250) and 550 ppm (by 2150), in relationto a scenario of unmitigated emissions. The climate change scenarios were derived from simulation experiments conducted with the HadCM2 global climate model and forced with the IPCC IS92a, S750 and S550 emissions scenarios. The simulated changes in climate were applied to an observed global baseline climatology, and applied with impacts models to estimate impacts on natural vegetation, water resources, coastal flood risk and wetland loss, crop yield and food security, and malaria. The studies used a single set of population and socio-economic scenarios about the future that are similar to those adopted in the IS92a emissions scenario.An emissions pathway which stabilises CO2 concentrations at 750 ppmby the 2230s delays the 2050 temperature increase under unmitigated emissions by around 50 years. The loss of tropical forest and grassland which occurs by the 2050s under unmitigated emissions is delayed to the 22nd century, and the switch from carbon sink to carbon source is delayed from the 2050s to the 2170s. Coastal wetland loss is slowed. Stabilisation at 750 ppm generally has relatively little effect on the impacts of climate change on water resource stress, and populations at risk of hunger or falciparum malaria until the 2080s.A pathway which stabilises CO2 concentrations at 550 ppm by the 2170s delays the 2050 temperature increase under unmitigated emissions by around 100 years. There is no substantial loss of tropical forest or grassland, even by the 2230s, although the terrestrial carbon store ceases to act as a net carbon sink by around 2170 (this time because the vegetation has reached a new equilibrium with the atmosphere). Coastal wetland loss is slowed considerably, and the increase in coastal flood risk is considerably lower than under unmitigated emissions. CO2 stabilisation at 550 ppm reduces substantially water resource stress, relative to unmitigated emissions, but has relatively little impact on populations at risk of falciparum malaria, and may even cause more people to be at risk of hunger. While this study shows that mitigation avoids many impacts, particularly in the longer-term (beyond the 2080s), stabilisation at 550 ppm appears to be necessary to avoid or significantly reduce most of the projected impacts in the unmitigated case.
- Arnell, N. W.: 1999a, 'Climate Change and Global Water Resources', Global Environ. Change 9, S31–S49.
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- Energy Modeling Forum: 1995, Second Round Study Design for EMF 14: Integrated Assessment of Global Climate Change, Working Paper 14, Energy Modeling Forum, March 1995.
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- Friend, A. D., Stevens, A. K., Knox, R. G., and Cannell, M. G. R.: 1997, 'A Process Based, Terrestrial Biosphere Model of Ecosystem Dynamics (HYBRID v3.0)', Ecol. Modelling 95, 249–287.
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- IPCC 1997, Stabilisation of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: Physical, Biological and Socioeconomic Implications, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Technical Paper III, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
- IPCC 2000, Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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- Mitchell, J. F. B., Johns, T. C., Ingram, W. J., and Lowe, J. A.: 2000, 'The Effect of Stabilising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations on Global and Regional Climate Change', Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2997–3100.
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- Nicholls, R. J., Hoozemans, F. M. J., and Marchand, M.: 1999, 'Increasing Flood Risk and Wetland Losses Due to Global Sea Level Rise: Regional and Global Analyses', Global Environ. Change 9, S69–S87.
- Parry, M. L., Arnell, N. W., Hulme, M., Nicholls, R., and Livermore, M.: 1998, 'Adapting to the Inevitable', Nature 395, p. 741.
- Parry, M. L., Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Fischer, G., and Livermore, M. T. J.: 1999, 'Climate Change and World Food Security: A New Assessment', Global Environ. Change 9, S51–S67.
- Raskin, P., Gleick, P., Kirshen, P., Pontius, G., and Strzepek, K.: 1997, Water Futures: Assessment of Long-range Patterns and Problems, Background Report for the Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, p. 78.
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- White, A., Cannell, M. G. R., and Friend, A. D.: 2000, 'CO2 Stabilisation, Climate Change and the Terrestrial Carbon Sink', Global Change Biology 6, 817–833.
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- Title
- The Consequences of CO2 Stabilisation for the Impacts of Climate Change
- Journal
Climatic Change
Volume 53, Issue 4 , pp 413-446
- Cover Date
- 2002-06-01
- Print ISSN
- 0165-0009
- Online ISSN
- 1573-1480
- Publisher
- Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- N. W. Arnell (1)
- M. G. R. Cannell (2)
- M. Hulme (3)
- R. S. Kovats (4)
- J. F. B. Mitchell (5)
- R. J. Nicholls (6)
- M. L. Parry (7)
- M. T. J. Livermore (8)
- A. White (9)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Geography, University of Southampton, U.K
- 2. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, U.K
- 3. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, U.K
- 4. Centre on Globalisation, Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K
- 5. Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, U.K
- 6. Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University, U.K
- 7. Jackson Environment Institute, University of East Anglia, U.K
- 8. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, U.K
- 9. Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, U.K


text:
Leaping; skipping.
- Etymological and pronouncing dictionary of the English language. By Stormonth, James, Phelp, P. H. Published 1874.
(adjective, noun) (a. / n.) (adjective / noun)
Usage examples:
While the Missing Link was still capering Professor Thunder appeared at the window.
- The Missing Link by
- Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists by
- Sigurd Our Golden Collie and Other Comrades of the Road by


text:
Mechanical Outdoor Timers
Control everything from small pumps, fountains, landscape lights, holiday lights and even motors. Timers are rated at 15 amps and operate on 125 volts. All three models have a 15-minute minimum time setting and a 23 3/4-hour maximum time setting with a manual on/off override. Item No. 211892 has one outlet and an 18" cord. Hangs or attaches to any surface with a loop on top of the timer. Item No. 211893 has two outlets and an 18" cord. A loop on top of the timer hangs or attaches to any surface. Item No. 211894 has one outlet, a 24" cord and a wall mount. Imported. Specify item number from drop down box above.
(based on 1 review)
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(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
By Terrece
from Connecticut
About Me Quality Oriented
Best Uses
Comments about Mechanical Outdoor Timers:
I use this to control a fan on my wood boiler. It is the best.


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Reviewed by 2 customers
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Comments about Miele S6270 Onyx Vacuum Cleaner:
How can you get so excited about a vacuum? When you start using your investment in Miele, you realize how much better it actually is than your previous vacuum(s)! The unit is easy to maneuver around as you clean. It is super quiet, even on the highest suction. I find the attachments and different configurations possible with the wand to be quite clever. Also, the bag indicator hasn't moved yet, even after doing a heavy, heavy clean of a NYC apt with a dog (read: layers of dust, fur/dust bunnies, etc).
Very pleased with my purchase
Comments about Miele S6270 Onyx Vacuum Cleaner:
this i my 2nd miele, the last one expired after 20 years. the operation has improved on this model which is essentially the successor of my previous one. It is quieter, and has an indicator when the bag is full. Only disappointment is the floor cleaning attachment has becoming nothing more than a molded plastic funnel. The prior model is a far more substantial and works better. Otherwise, from all i have read this one should last another twenty years. makes the price reasonable when compared to the competition.
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text:
My Account
Free Tour
Nude Art
Thays Leão
Making Of
Screen Saver
Thays Leão - She is in love with soccer since she was a little girl and won the title of inspiring muse of a Brazilian soccer team last year. Thays has come to extinguish the competition existent among supporters, offering something hot in exchange. The 26 year-old brunette did her High School in the US and got a degree in Trilingual Secretariat. Besides speaking 3 different languages and loving soccer, this babe is also into car races and MMA. Pretty, hot, intelligent and a sports lover – we have found the perfect woman!
Date and place of birth:
December 8th, 1984, in a city called Porto Alegre, in the extreme South of Brazil.
Lives in:
Porto Alegre, Brazil.
In 2011 Thays was crowed as the soccer muse for one of the most famous teams in the South of Brazil – Internacional. Since then she became even more famous in the country - for loving soccer and being pretty, of course!
Being a soccer muse isn´t for everyone. Tell us a little bit more about this experience.
Being the muse of Internacional is one of the biggest joys of my life. I know everything that happens with the team, I have met many nice people in there and I always get lots of love from the public.
So you´re telling us you are in love with soccer since you were a child?
Yes, I have always watched the matches with my father, since I was little... Fanatic family! LOL
Tell us something crazy you´ve done for the team.
If doing some funny stuff while in a reality TV show counts as something crazy, I have done many! LOL
Even before we took the pictures, your fans were already dying to see you on Bella Club. What do you do to be so special to them?
First of all I am very happy with all the love and support I get from them and I believe that keep acting as myself and treating them all with respect rsults in having over 70 thousand people following me on the social networks, for example. That is very gratifying. Then I don´t see them as fans, I see them all as my friends.
What is the feeling of being so hot?
As the majority of women, I like when people compliment me. I feel great because I take great care of myself to look that way.
And what do you do to keep all that into place?
I weight lift three times a week, I do pilates and yoga, I follow the orientations of my beloved nutritionist and I also go through some aesthetic treatments sometimes.
How would you define yourself in three words?
A warrior, loyal and vain.
Besides soccer, is there anything else you love a lot?
There is indeed! When we´re talking about sports I also love car races and MMA.
Do you study?
I finished high school in the US, studied Advertising and have a degree in Trilingual Secretariat (does that even exist there?).
Now a question men are in love with: has any woman ever hit on you before?
LOL Yes, but I always take it as a compliment and move on.
And has any man already try to get to your small area?
No, I never gave them freedom to do it.
How was your first kiss like?
It was cool at the time.
What turns you on?
Kisses on the neck and a firm hand are good for starters.
Have you ever made out in the field?
In the field, the bushes, outside, inside... it is always good!
In what situations do you usually score 10 x 0?
As a very confident person, I believe I do that in every situation LOL
What are the plans for the future?
I have many goals, but the main thing is to keep being happy.
And what other jobs have you done as a model?
As a model I have done several advertising photos, I also work a lot in events, I have recorded a DVD for a band I love, I
have won some beauty contests and I am the muse of some sports teams.
How was it photographing to Bella Club?
I loved photographing to Bella Club, the team was fantastic, the location was beautiful and the weather was perfect!
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Ministri Tickets
Find the Ministri tickets you're looking for on NME ticket exchange, the world's largest ticket marketplace. Select an event to view the range of tickets available or view the Ministri tour on a map to find an event near you. You can also sell your spare Ministri Concert Tickets on NME ticket exchange, and listing tickets is free. All Ministri tickets are covered by the NME ticket exchange Ticket guarantee!
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Buy or sell your Ministri tour tickets at NME ticket exchange. You can also sign up for Ticket Alerts above to stay informed about new and upcoming Ministri tour dates. If you have any questions about using NME ticket exchange, visit our Frequently Asked Questions page.
NME ticket exchange is your online ticket marketplace for concert tickets, sports tickets and theatre tickets.


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Current Time
Berlin nightlife
Berlin is well-known for raging (sometimes illegal) all-night parties at legendary underground techno clubs. But in recent years a throng of more polished, loungelike bars have opened, aiming to attract a somewhat more sophisticated clientele with chic interiors and customized cocktail menus. Nonetheless, traces of the old Berlin remain, and the clubs—mostly legal and well-established now—still put on a good show. (Whispers of a good "Geheimtip," a secret tip for a great underground party, still circulate. But sometimes they're not worth pulling on your Rogans for, since they're just rumors.)
Life is still a cabaret at this legendary venue, where song-and-dance routines, comedies, operettas, and full-scale musicals are performed beneath a beautiful...more
This colossal wee-hours nightspot along an isolated stretch of the Spree River was once a power plant for the city's eastern districts. Now long lines of...more
A prime pickup joint for lonely yet light-on-their-feet Berliners since 1913, Clärchen's Ballhaus reopened in 2005 after a year of closed doors. But it has...more
After Heinz Gindullis established himself with the now-you-see-it, now-you-don't nightclub Cookies, which opens, closes and moves shop with maddening speed, he...more
Berlin's hipsters are hard to please; hotel bars are too sleek and commercial for their D.I.Y. bohemian tastes. But that's changed with the opening of the...more
To many in the art world, Helmut Newton is Berlin's favorite son, and he surely deserves a watering hole named after him. This bar on the...more


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I could show you a picture of a 1400 Bar World Conquest. Doesn't prove anything. 10k is a lot of money for 1462. He has no magistrates whatsoever so presumably he's built no buildings.
How many years of the game has he been big enough to consistantly have a yearly income to amass that amount? That's 20 years @ 500 ducats a year, or 40 years @ 250 ducats a year. And that's surplus to what's being spent.
I'm not saying it didn't happen, I'm just saying there's really not a lot of evidence in OP.


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Police continue to search for armed robbery suspect
LEWISBURG — More information has been released on the armed robbery near Lewisburg Wednesday. According to state police in Milton, the incident took place around 12:40p.m. at the Silvermoon Antique and Consignment Barn in Kelley Township, Union County, when a man entered the store and asked the cashier to unlock a secured case so he could look at an item. Once the case was unlocked, the man presented a gun to the cashier and proceeded to remove property from within the case.
The man then fled the store and got into a silver full-size pickup truck. The robbery suspect is described as a white male between 25-35-years-old and 6-feet tall. He was wearing a green jacket, dark hat, white button down shirt, blue pants and glasses. Police continue to search for him. Anyone with information is asked to call police at 570-524-9391. (Codi Jade)
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Switzerland Cruises, Mini & Dinner Cruises
2 attractions found for cruises, mini & dinner cruises in Switzerland
See the best that Zurich city has to offer in this special package. Discover this unique city, winner of the award "City of Best Quality of life" in a comfortable air-conditioned bus and tour the upcoming, trendy district of Zurich West!
More »$64.70
Duration: 5 hours and 30 minutes
Departs from: Zurich, Switzerland
Type: Tours in Zurich
Available: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday at 13:00
Visit the international part of Geneva then tour the main tourist attractions of the city before getting a taste of Geneva's history in the Old Town. Then take a cruise around the Lake of Geneva.
More »$69.08
Duration: 3 hours
Departs from: Geneva, Switzerland
Type: Tours around Geneva
Available: daily at 10:00; 14:00
Experience an authentic Swiss holiday in the ...
Immerse in the idyllic landscape of Bernese O...
Combine our Mt. Rigi Excursion with a relaxin...
Combine 2 of the most beautiful mountain excu...


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International Association of Rubberists
6.0 Being a Rubberist
> 6.77 Silent Rubber (Obituaries)
View Full Version or post reply :
6.77 Silent Rubber (Obituaries)
Rubberboy Mark
Catsuitguy (Adrian)
Bury you in your rubber?
R.I.P Bob Zak, founder of Gwen Media
Fellow Rubberist dies in tragic accident.
R I P Bob Carlos Clarke
Rubber from the dead?
Sophia - princessl8tex - Terrible news.
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Biological Sciences News 03-2015 The Division of Biological Sciences is now on Twitter! Come visit us at: https://twitter.com/UWB_Biology Three UW Bothell Biologial Science students presented their research at the 2015 Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology (SNVB) Meeting in Portland, OR. Bri McCloskey, Alex Lefort, and Lexi Menth each applied for and were awarded 3 Sigma Institute Registration Awards to attend the meeting. Lexi Menth's poster entitled, "Differences in call number and type between two distinct behavioral contexts of the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)" won the award for the Best Undergraduate Poster at the meeting. Bri McCloskey, Rachel Dejneka, An Le, Alexander Lefort, and Lexi's faculty mentor, Dr. Douglas Wacker were all co-authors on Lexi's poster.
The Division of Biological Sciences congratulates the following students on receipt of 2015 UW Bothell Founders Fellow Awards.
Douglas Henderson, Biology Faculty Mentor: Kristina Hillesland Project Title: Induction, Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages from Desulfovibrio vulgaris co-cultures
Allison Kane, Biology Faculty Mentor: Charlotte Rasmussen Project Title: The influence of fungal endophytes on growth of root crops in stressful environments
Mike Locascio, Chemistry / Biochemistry Faculty Mentor: Cynthia Chang Project Title: Examining biodiversity patterns to understand the resource heterogeneity across a successional gradient
Bri McCloskey, Biology Faculty Mentor: Douglas Wacker Project Title: Differences in Crow Vocalizations in Varying Behavioral Contexts
Lexi Menth, Biology Faculty Mentor: Douglas Wacker Project Title: What does the crow say? Differences in call number and type between two distinct behavioral contexts of the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Welcome to the Division of Biological Sciences at the University of Washington Bothell. The Bachelor of Science in Biology degree provides students with a foundation that will enable them to pursue careers or graduate study in medicine, dentistry, health professions, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, ecology, biology, and biology education.
The curriculum combines theory with hands-on experience that draws on the University of Washington Bothell's strengths: small classes; strong faculty-student mentorship; integrative, problem-based teaching approaches; and research and internship opportunities outside the classroom. Undergraduate research is an essential part of the degree program, utilizing biology lab space designed specifically for research. Feel free to contact us with questions.
60% of current UW Bothell students receive financial aid.


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Some Vietnamese paid so much to get to Prague, it's impossible for them to return home.
PRAGUE — When the global demand for consumer goods tumbled, production and assembly line jobs here evaporated. The consequences for some migrants from the developing world have been catastrophic.
With jobs scarce, the Czech government decided to try to send some of the migrants home. But for some, the way they came here makes it financially impossible to take advantage of the offer.
In one of this city's largest outdoor markets, merchants, many of them from Vietnam, hawk clothes, furniture, food and an assortment of gadgets.
They all speak some Czech, but ask the vendors about the government program to return unemployed foreigners to their homelands and most of them suddenly forget the local language. They said a vendor named Milot was the person to talk to in their community. But without looking up from the case of rings or the collection of handbags he was adjusting, Milot only huffed, "I'm not interested."
More than 1,000 foreigners have signed up to take the government's offer — 500 euros (about $650) and a free plane ticket home, according to Bela Hejna, who manages the Interior Ministry's Project of Voluntary Returns. The vast majority — more than 800 — are Mongolians. About 200 Uzbeks and 100 Vietnamese also have signed up.
The Czech Republic has seen its foreign worker population explode in recent years, more than doubling since 2001. Last year there were nearly 440,000 foreigners in this country of 10.4 million, according to the Czech Statistical Office, a state agency.
The repatriation project was set to run for eight months in the hopes of sending 2,000 unemployed foreigners home. With more than half of the slots already gone, the ministry wants to offer another 3,000 airplane seats, and is seeking another 90 million Czech koruna ($4.5 million) in funding, on top of the 60 million koruna allocated to start of the program.
"I think we can call it a successful project," Hejna said. "We didn't suppose that within two months we would have fewer than 800 spaces left."
But back at the outdoor market, it's clear that many more foreigners have no use for the government program. Speaking amid a cacophony of synthesized bird songs and other carnival-like sounds, one vendor, who gave his name as Tom, explains that taking the government's offer to return home now would mean losing any chance of repaying their debts and bettering their economic situation.


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Tag Archives: Guest Posting
Guest Posting To Increase Traffic To Your Site
So if you've started your own website I'm sure you know the challenges you face when trying to increase genuine traffic. There are many good ways to increase traffic to your site but do you know about all of them? Here I will discuss with you one of the best and most efficient ways to help you attract a bigger audience to your site(s).
Guest Posting – What Is It?
Guest Posting is the act of leaving a comment on another's blog with you link in it, or writing an article for someone else's blog that they will publish on your behalf. This way you control the content of what you write. Since you're writing the content you have the choice to add links to your sites wherever you would like.
The best part about guest posting is that they are one of the strongest backlinks you can form. The information around the link will be unique because you are controlling what you write. Furthermore, you can find people who are willing to exchange guest posts to get that backlink.
Guest Posting – How To Find Sites That Accept It
Guest Posting entails some research to find people or websites that are willing to allow it. The more you research on Google, or through friends and family, you will be surprised at how many people do accept guest posting because they know of the advantage it can give sites in Search Engine Optimization.
Try to e-mail or comment on blogs that you find throughout the Internet and mention Guest Posting. You may get a response from the owner or content writer for that blog which will be happy to exchange postings and links. This is a great way to increase your web presence which will eventually lead to more traffic.
Guest Posting – What Are The Advantages?
There are many advantages for your website if you can find a place to utilize this type of linking. Find niche related sites that are similar to yours is your best bet when it comes to guest posting. Some advantages I think make a huge difference to improve your traffic is…
- Writing unique and useful information that will want people to click your link within your article leading to your website. Having them come to your website which I'm assuming is full of content that will be helpful to your readers.
- Building a trust with other bloggers within your niche is always a plus. Whether they recommend your site to others to help them or that offers them something to there advantage. Building your creditability will make your readers and visitors trust you and your site. Remember to always be honest and share your thoughts and opinion on the topic.
- Linking your social media profiles at the end of the articles can help grow you social media presence. Of course you have to have great content in your guest post to have people even consider to follow you. Growing your social media is a huge factor and is a long term investment for future post you will make and want to share with your social media community.
- Lastly, guest posting Is the most efficient and safest way to building links to your site. Posting on a article on a reputable website will ensure some extra traffic and trust to the readers of your site.


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Metamucil MultiHealth Fiber Powder Supplement Original Coarse
29.0 oz.
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- Treats occasional constipation
- Helps lower cholesterol
- Low glycemic indexmore
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Not sold in stores
The same great psyllium fiber that consumers have trusted for over 75 years!
- 100% natural psyllium
- Helps lower cholesterol to promote heart health*
- Promotes digestive health*
- Low glycemic index*
- Gluten free (less than 20 ppm gluten)*
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
This product has a low glycemic index, a measure of the effect of dietary carbohydrates on blood sugar levels. If you have specific dietary needs, you should consult your doctor before consuming this product.
Adults 12 years and older:
- 1 rounded Teaspoon 3 times daily for daily fiber supplement.
- 1 rounded Teaspoon 3 times daily to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels and for cholesterol lowering to promote heart health.
Under 12 years of age:
- Consult a doctor.
Notice: Mix this product with at least 8 oz (a full glass) of liquid. Taking without enough liquid may cause choking. Do not take if you have difficulty swallowing.
Fiber Therapy for Regularity Direction:
- Fiber laxative
- Effective in treating occasional constipation and restoring regularity
Put one serving into an empty glass. Mix this product (child or adult serving) with at least 8 ounces (a full glass) of water or other fluid. Taking this product without enough liquid may cause choking. See choking warning. Stir briskly and drink promptly. If mixture thickens, add more liquid and stir.
- Adults 12 years and older: 1 rounded Teaspoon in 8 oz of liquid at the first sign of irregularity. Can be taken up to 3 times daily. Generally produces effect in 12 to 72 hours.
- 6-11 years: 1/2 adult serving in 8 oz of liquid, up to 3 times daily.
- Under 6 years: Consult a doctor.
Bulk-forming fibers like psyllium husk may affect how well other medicines work. If you are taking a prescription medicine by mouth, take this product at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after the prescribed medicine. As your body adjusts to increased fiber intake, you may experience changes in bowel habits or minor bloating.
New Users: Start with 1 serving per day; gradually increase to 3 servings per day as necessary.
Other information:
- Each teaspoon contains: Potassium 30 mg; Sodium 5 mg
- Store at room temperature tightly closed to protect from humidity.
- See bottom of canister for expiration date.
- Contains a 100% natural, therapeutic fiber.
©Procter & Gamble
Shipping Weight (in lbs): 2.13 Product in inches (LxWxH): 3.7x 3.7x 7.7
Item Code: 603325
Choking: Taking this product without adequate fluid may cause it to swell and block your throat or esophagus and may cause choking. Do not take this product if you have difficulty swallowing. If you experience chest pain, vomiting, or difficulty in swallowing or breathing after taking this product, seek immediate medical attention.
Allergy alert: This product may cause allergic reaction in people sensitive to inhaled or ingested psyllium.
Ask a doctor before use if you have:
- A sudden change in bowel habits persisting for 2 weeks
- Abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting
Stop use and ask a doctor if:
- Constipation lasts more than 7 days
- Rectal bleeding occurs
These may be signs of a serious condition.
Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
Effective in treating occasional constipation and restoring regularity.
Psyllium Husk Apporximately 3.4 g
Nutrition Facts | ||
Serving Size : 1 Teaspoon, 1 Tsp Serving per Container : 114 |
Amount Per Serving | % Daily value* | |
Sodium 5 mg | <1% | |
Potassium 30 mg | <1% | |
Total Carbohydrate 7 g | 2% | |
Dietary fiber 3 g | 12% | |
Soluble fiber 2 g | ||
Sugars 3 g | ||
Iron 0.4 mg | 2% | |
Calories 25 Calories |


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prevent cyberattacks against U.S. infrastructures
reduce national vulnerability to cyberattacks
minimize damage and recovery time from cyberattacks
This document does direct some government agencies to take specific actions. However, the document recognizes that except for government networks and computers, most of the cyberinfrastructure of the United States is owned and operated by private industry. The federal government does not have the authority to give explicit operational direction to that industry on how to protect the cyber infrastructure that is offered to the public for use and the cyber infrastructure that underpins industry's ability to conduct business. So, much of the strategy in the document encourages, rather than directs, industry to be aware of the problem and to protect itself. This document is publicly available and can be found on the Internet at http://www.whitehouse.gov/pcipb.
In summary, cybersecurity is recognized as a very serious issue in the United States. While a wide variety of education courses are offered, many believe that too few professionals with expertise in information assurance are being graduated from our universities. More graduates are needed at all levels.
Many also believe that (both inside the government and inside private industry) more thought needs to be given to cybersecurity threats to U.S. information systems, as well as threats to other infrastructures that might be amplified using cyberattacks. The strategy for protecting cyber infrastructure requires a public and private partnership between government and the private sector. Many of the actions to be taken to reduce vulnerability and to minimize damage from cyberattacks will be taken by private industry. Other actions can only be taken through international cooperation. All such actions require the involvement of trained professionals with strong knowledge and skills in assuring cybersecurity.


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If you're new to DIYing, but want to add some serious pop to your outfit, appliques might be the way to go! They are easy to use, and each piece packs a lot of personality.
At M&J Trimming we have an applique for every occasion. If you want to rock the hippie chic look, try our Grouse Feather Patch or our Bullion Beaded Applique. Looking for a more elegant approach? Deck out your evening wear with our rhinestone and sequin motifs like the Rhinestone Beaded Butterfly Applique or the Pastel Beaded Sequin Flower Applique. Need some patches to make your backpack or jacket 90's chic? Our Bullion Crest Anchor, Sport Club Crest and Crown Bullion Crest are the picks for you!
From embroidered to beaded, we have an applique to fit your needs and style. Each applique is easily applied with either an iron or needle and thread, so novice DIYers need not be afraid! These pieces are great a number of items. You can add a rhinestone applique to a clutch or a gown. The beaded appliques look great on attire. Check out our Applique Pencil Skirt DIY for an easy way to use the Silver Sun Disc Beaded Appliqués!
6" x 6" beaded applique
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2 3/4" beaded flower applique
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2 7/8"x 3.5" bead motif with chain
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From $6.65/PCS -
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3" x 2" rhinestone beaded applique
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2"x4" multi beads motif
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floral gunmetal beaded sequin applique
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2 1/4" x 1 1/2" beaded rhinestone applique
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2.75" x 2" beaded applique
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faux leather bow with metal embellishments
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rhinestone heart applique
From $10.79/PCS
3.25"x4.75" multi beaded motif
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rhinestone star applique
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2.5"x3.25" beads motif with chain
From $6.98/PCS -
rhinestone flower applique
From $31.63/PCS -
50x55mm hot-fix rhinestone motif
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rhinestone/bead applique
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4" diamond shaped rhinestone applique
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4" rhinestone flower applique
From $15.98 -
4 1/2" abstract flower rhinestone applique
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4 1/2" diamond leaf rhinestone applique
From $11.98 -
3 1/4" x 2 1/2" rhinestone beaded butterfly applique
From $9.99/PCS -
sunflower with pin
From $19.98 -
5" linen blossom flower
From $19.98


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- News tagged "eu"
Monday, 10 Oct 2011
EU Gives Green Light to Microsoft for Skype Buy Over in Europe
Persistence has paid off for Microsoft as the European Commission approves its buy over of Skype, a marked turnaround in their less-than-cordial relation.
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News for Past 12 Months
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Our Goal Is To Have Fans Who Rave About Our Integrity! Service! & Results! Jon & Carolyn Ulrich |
Preferred Partners
As a service to our clients, family, and friends we suggest these preferred partners. We like and support these businesses
Oh, By The Way.... I'm never too busy for your referrals Thanks for visiting our Preferred Partners page. If you are seeking affordable red carpet service for all your Real Estate needs you have come to the right place. We go the extra mile to serve you. Our goal is to have fans that rave about our integrity, service and results. |
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text: CORVALLIS, Ore. — A man's in jail after deputies say he stole almost $20,000 worth of equipment from a Corvallis church. The Benton County Sheriff's Office says Joshua Reith stole audiovisual equipment from the First Presbyterian Church downtown early Friday morning. A deputy says he saw the suspect pushing a cart of equipment down the … Continue reading »


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Magazine: City of Champions
September, 21, 2011
By ESPNBoston.com
For its current issue focused on Boston's sports success, ESPN The Magazine followed around some Bruins players, who take their local neighborhoods to heart. Among the players featured in the video above are Andrew Ference, who talks about living in the North End, Milan Lucic, who takes the Magazine to his barbershop, and Tim Thomas.
Also, check out this photo gallery, with shots of Ference, Lucic, Thomas, Zdeno Chara, Patrice Bergeron, Tyler Seguin and Shawn Thornton around the city.
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Items where Author is "Harper, David"
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Group by: Item Type | No Grouping
Number of items: 1.
Brown, Steven D., Reavey, Paula, Cromby, John, Harper, David and Johnson, K. (2009) On psychology and embodiment: some methodological experiments In: Latimer, Joanna Elizabeth and Schillmeier, Michael W.J., eds. Un/knowing Bodies. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 199-215.


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Christopher & Banks Corporation Reports Results For The Thirteen-Week Period Ended July 28, 2012
Christopher & Banks Corporation (NYSE: CBK), a specialty women's apparel retailer, today reported results for the thirteen-week and twenty-six-week periods ended July 28, 2012. As previously announced, the Company changed its fiscal year-end to the Saturday nearest to the end of January, from the Saturday nearest to the end of February, to better align the Company's financial reporting periods with its operational cycle and with other specialty retail companies. In this release, financial results for the second fiscal quarter are compared to the thirteen-week period ended July 30, 2011.
Results for the Thirteen-Week Period Ended July 28, 2012
- Net sales totaled $103.4 million, as compared to $105.6 million in the comparable period last year. During the quarter the Company operated an average of 113, or 15%, fewer stores than during the comparable period last year.
- Same store sales increased 5.5% in the second quarter of fiscal 2012, as compared to the comparable period last year.
- Operating loss totaled $2.2 million and included a $4.7 million pre-tax, non-cash benefit related to restructuring charges. This compares to an operating loss of $6.3 million for the thirteen weeks ended July 30, 2011.
- Net loss for the quarter totaled $2.2 million, or $0.06 per share, including the $4.5 million after-tax, or $0.13 per share, non-cash benefit related to restructuring charges. Net loss for the thirteen weeks ended July 30, 2011 totaled $6.2 million, or $0.18 per share.
Joel Waller, President and Chief Executive Officer, commented, "Our second quarter performance reflects marked improvement in our business, demonstrating that our strategic initiatives are taking hold. Our comparable store sales, merchandise margin rate and inventory levels all showed significant improvement compared to the prior quarter and exceeded our expectations. We drove positive comparable store sales through the execution of our merchandising and marketing strategies, which also resulted in sequential improvement in our merchandise margins. We have substantially completed our real estate restructuring program and signed a new credit agreement that enhances our financial flexibility. Overall, the second quarter was a pivotal period for Christopher & Banks and we look forward to building continued momentum in the second half of fiscal 2012 and beyond."
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Archive for September, 2011
One Cell One Light — Nanoethics: The Ethical, Social Implications and Legal Aspects of Nanotechnology
9/28/11 — One Cell One Light Radio with Dr. Hildegarde Staninger, RIET-1
Nanoethics: The Ethical, Social Implications and Legal Aspects of Nanotechnology
1st hour — Nanoethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology
Guest: Dr. Daniel F. Moore http://danielfmoore.com
2nd hour — Nanotechnology: Legal Aspects
Guest: Dr. Patrick M. Boucher http://pmboucher.com
In More >
One Cell One Light: Custom Portals with Rick Dubov and Michael Edward
9/21/11 — One Cell One Light Radio with Dr. Hildegarde Staninger, RIET-1
Dr. Hildy: Custom Portals through the Dimensions of Time and Space, A New Ingredient for Nano Vector Pie and the Big Lycan Gene
Guests: Rick Dubov http://rickdubov.blogspot.com and Michael Edward http://worldvisionportal.org
Have you ever wondered where the cover art on More >
The White Owl Reports with Michael Edward: The Illinois Caves Series, Part 1
9/25/11 — The White Owl Reports with Michael Edward The Illinois Caves: Lost Tomb of Alexander the Great Special Guest: Harry Hubbard http://illinoiscaves.com Part One in a multipart radio series!
Audio Archive: http://www.blogtalkradio.com/livinglightnetwork/2011/09/25/the-illinois-caves-lost-tomb-of-alexander-the-great
One Cell One Light: Rosalind Peterson on Weather Modification, Hedge Funds and Derivatives
September 14, 2011: Guest Rosalind Peterson
While controlling the weather is most often presented as fantasy, such as the super powers of Marvel Comics character Storm, modern technology has made it relatively easy to influence certain weather patterns. In fact, there are weather modification programs ongoing in over seventy countries throughout More >