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Alright, so I've been thinking. Latin is everywhere in the game of Europa Universalis. It's even in the title.
People constantly make alt-history mods showing the re-birth or Rome. Doesn't it get tired after awhile? For me it did. And then it got me thinking- Who influenced the Romans the most?
Yes, the Greeks. The Romans derived all their culture and religion from the Greeks, adding new things in all the time, depending on who they conquered. Early on, even their architecture reflected their friendly Greek neighbors to the South and East.
What I'm focusing on is (Partly because I'm too lazy to modify the calendar to put it to B.C, and partly since I simply do not have enough time), An alternate history mod, where, after the death of Alexander, the splinter kingdoms survived, and stemmed the tide of other historical events (i.e the rise of Islam throughout the weakened Byzantine Empire), Many historical things didn't happen. This will, eventually (emphasize eventually), become a total conversion mod of Europa Universalis III: Divine Wind.
I plan to work into effect all of the events that occurred after and during the existence of Alexander's Empire and after. So far I can only give a rough picture of what it would be- I hope to use a map mod, to make it look better as well.
My proposed conversions are as follows:
Under The Hood:
- Most European states are still of barbarian technology, slowly beginning to pull themselves together. They have a 90% Tech Efficiency, and will have their own tech group
- The Greco-Romano Pantheon religions will still exist, in the Mediterranean, and will be especially present in in Selucia and Greece. Places in Rome will be under its influence, but Rome itself will be Catholic
- I will be selecting a map-display mod to use for the map. Any suggestions will be greatly appreciated
Physical Changes:
- Due to a strong Greek and Carthaginian presence in the area of Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and North Africa, Rome never over-extended itself into the Mediterranean, and survived centuries of Barbarian invasion, albeit at the cost of much of it's empire
- Although losing to the Romans initially, the Moors and Carthaginians survived through the harshest of conditions, and the Moors took advantage of the weakened Roman empire, and struck right in North Africa.
- Carthage was never truly defeated. hey handed all of their Spanish and Mediterranean territory over to Rome after the Third Punic War, but Carthage itself survived as a City state, and remains to this day, 1st of January, 1399
- Losing much of their empire to barbarian invasions, Rome had weakened, and tried to negotiate with their Germanic adversaries. Some negotiations were successful, others weren't. However, Rome made a powerful ally when a Roman princess married into the Germanic tribe of the Hathrads- and created a Germanic state with Roman administration in Trans-Italia/Germania (A Germanic Cultured nation without Barbarian penalties)
- The spread of Islam is limited, however still prominent in Arabia, where a small Caliphate exists. Islam is also prominent in Palestine, Southern Egypt, and is present in Asia Minor and North Africa.
- Catholicism is the premier religion across Europe, with the exception of Britannia, which will be predominantly Druidic.
I've drafted a preliminary list of nations I will add into the game. This list will, obviously expand over time.
Country List:
Any contributions would be greatly appreciated in accordance to both modding the game, and actual ideas for the mod. Please keep in mind that


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- Finalin 10in 100KC
2 - Final1WAS
4 - Final2SF
3 - Finalin 13in 133LAA
8 - Final4COL
10 - Final5TOR
5 - Final6HOU
5 - Final7BOS
4 - Final8CLE
4 - Final9SD
7 - Postponed10PIT
0 - Final11CWS
3 - Final12NYY
10 - Final13LA
3 - Final14COL
3 - Final15PHI
Washington won 3-1
Game 1: Thursday, August 13 | ||
Washington | 0 | Final |
Cincinnati | 7 | |
Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 2: Friday, August 14 | ||
Washington | 2 | Final |
Cincinnati | 0 | |
Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 3: Saturday, August 15 | ||
Washington | 10 | Final |
Cincinnati | 6 | |
Recap »Boxscore » |
Game 4: Sunday, August 16 | ||
Washington | 5 | Final |
Cincinnati | 4 | |
Recap »Boxscore » |
1:10 PM ET, August 16, 2009
Great American Ball Park, Cincinnati, Ohio
CINCINNATI -- All Cincinnati manager Dusty Baker can do is hope his reeling Reds learn from their mistakes.
Rookie Drew Sutton's defensive lapse in the eighth inning allowed Josh Willingham to hustle home from third base with the winning run as the Washington Nationals rallied for a 5-4 win over the Reds on Sunday.Sutton -- playing second base in place of the injured Brandon Phillips -- allowed the go-ahead run to score from third when he lobbed a relay throw to first baseman Joey Votto behind the mound on pinch-hitter Ryan Zimmerman's hit."That wasn't a very heads-up play," Baker said. "You hope it doesn't happen again."It was the Reds' third straight loss to the team with baseball's worst record and their 14th in 22 games since the All-Star break.Leading 4-3 with one out in the eighth inning, Arthur Rhodes (0-1) came on to face slugger Adam Dunn. Rhodes brushed Dunn with a pitch, and Willingham followed with a single to right -- his third hit of the day."He barely hit Dunn, and Willingham's hot," Baker pointed out. "I thought we were going to get out of the inning."One out later, Zimmerman pinch hit for Alberto Gonzalez and lofted a bloop single to short right field, just under the glove of a diving Chris Dickerson -- in as a defensive replacement.Dunn scored as the ball rolled free, and Willingham took off from third when Sutton softly tossed a throw to Votto behind the mound. Votto's throw home was high and Willingham ran into leaping catcher Ryan Hanigan as he gave Washington a 5-4 lead."I looked at third, and I thought I saw him break down and stop," Sutton said. "I guess he didn't break down as much as I thought. I didn't lob it, but I didn't throw it, either. That was completely my fault. I've got to make sure the guy stops."Willingham didn't surprise Washington manager Jim Riggleman at all."He's just a ballplayer," Riggleman said. "The winning run was all him. You can't teach that. He saw a chance to do something. With two outs, that's a good situation to try that.""He just lobbed it, and I took off," Willingham said. "It wasn't something I was thinking about."Jorge Sosa (2-1) allowed a hit in 1 2/3 innings of relief to get the win. Mike MacDougal got the last four outs for his 13th save.Washington's comeback cost Cincinnati's Justin Lehr his third win in his last three starts. Lehr allowed six hits and three runs with two strikeouts in six innings. He didn't walk anybody, but he did hit a batter.Nationals starter John Lannan got off the hook after giving up six hits and four runs with three walks and two strikeouts in 5 2/3 innings.Willingham hit a two-run homer 461 feet into the second level of the upper deck bleachers in left field in the fourth to break up a scoreless tie, his 19th homer of the season. But the Reds took a 4-2 lead in the fifth on Votto's RBI single and Jonny Gomes' three-run shot, his fourth home run of the series and 15th of the season.Dunn was 4 for 8 with two doubles, a home run, six walks and five runs in the series against the team he broke into the majors with. He also was hit by two pitches -- both on Sunday."I'm getting more and more excited about managing him," Riggleman said. "He's in his prime. The tendency [when you play a former team] is to try to hit it out of the park, but he didn't. He got a lot of hits and a lot of walks. He stayed in his strike zone.""It was good to just come in and take three out of four," Dunn said. "I wish I could tell you I was nervous, but I was more nervous during batting practice the first day."Game notes
Phillips was scratched from the original starting lineup with a sore left hand. Phillips was hit by a pitch in the sixth inning of Saturday's game. X-rays were negative. Rookie Drew Sutton made his first career start at second base. ... Former Ohio State running back Archie Griffin, college football's only two-time Heisman Trophy winner (1974, 1975), threw out the ceremonial first pitch as part of OSU Alumni Day.
Copyright by STATS LLC and The Associated Press
Regular Season Series
Scoring Summary
4th | J Willingham homered to left, A Dunn scored. | 2 | 0 | |
5th | J Votto singled to left, R Hanigan scored, D Sutton to second. | 2 | 1 | |
5th | J Gomes homered to left, D Sutton and J Votto scored. | 2 | 4 | |
6th | J Willingham doubled to deep left, A Dunn scored. | 3 | 4 | |
8th | R Zimmerman singled to right, A Dunn and J Willingham scored, R Zimmerman to second advancing on throw. | 5 | 4 | |
View complete Play-By-Play |
Game Information
Stadium | Great American Ball Park, Cincinnati, OH |
Attendance | 18,030 (42.6% full) - % is based on regular season capacity |
Game Time | 3:04 |
Weather | 84 degrees, partly cloudy |
Wind | 9 mph |
Umpires | Home Plate - Angel Campos, First Base - Tim Mcclelland, Second Base - Andy Fletcher, Third Base - Greg Gibson |

subset: commoncrawl


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SUMA in El Salvador: Transparent Humanitarian Aid (only in Spanish) FUNDESUMA published a special document devoted to the experience of using SUMA during the earthquakes of El Salvador in January and February 2001. The report includes expert testimony, excellent graphics describing how the system operates, statistics and an explanation of the different procedures in the reception of donations.(1/Apr/2001) In English only in Spanish en español sólo en español
Crónicas de Desastres: Terremoto de Cariaco, Venezuela (only in Spanish) In July 1997, a major earthquake hit the Venezuelan state of Sucre. This report reconstructs the events and describes the impact on and response of local and national health authorities. It is an example of how disaster managers cope in a sudden-onset disaster.(10/Dec/1999) In English only in Spanish en español (2.88k)
Humanitarian Assistance in Disaster Situations: Guide for Effective Aid This book offers recommendations for donors and beneficiaries in making their decisions to maximize the benefits in the short and long terms for the countries affected by natural and complex disasters. This Guide provides strong evidence that humanitarian assistance can considerably benefit a country ravaged by disaster if it responds with real needs. It combines and updates several publications that PAHO has published in the last 15 years. To access the book in full-text visit Humanitarian Assistance in Disaster Situations. If you would like to buy a copy of the book visit the Bookstore . (1/Jul/1999) In English (3.15k) en español (3.54k)
Virtual Disaster Library -Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance This edition of this electronic collection (available on line and on CD-ROM) incorporates the most important works published by the Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, UNHCR, UNICEF, Project SPHERE, the Red International Cross Movement, and several non-governmental organizations. This edition has a new more powerful and improved search engine and all the documents are available in HTML and many in PDF format. With more than 400 scientific and technical documents, this collection is the most important information tool on these topics. (31/Dec/2002) In English (4.31k) en español (4.66k)
SUMA: Humanitarian Supply Management Project This program introduces the Humanitarian Supply Management Project (SUMA), which was created by PAHO/WHO with the cooperation of experts from a variety of countries in the Region of the Americas, and the support of the Netherlands Government. SUMA assists national authorities to identify, classify and distribute humanitarian supplies in emergency situations, ensuring a more organized process that gets needed supplies to beneficiaries quickly. The video emphasizes the importance of developing a national cadre of professionals trained in humanitarian supply management methods before disaster strikes, and addresses the mobilization of international experts.(15/Jan/1995) In English How to Order en español ¿Cómo solicitar este material?
Disaster Management Tools This page illustrates a list on what should be done when disaster strikes.(1/Mar/2002) In English (0.72k) en español (0.73k)
Technical Guidelines for Disaster Situations - Index Practical Public Health Information for disaster situations prepared by PAHO's technical divisions.(11/Feb/2002) In English (11.05k) en español (7.36k)
Disasters: Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas-October 2006, No. 105 Why are post-disaster needs assessments important?. They can make a difference in a disaster-affected country, making sure that urgent needs are addressed. This is the subject of the editorial of this issue. Other articles include methanol poisoning in Nicaragua, disaster preparedness in PAHO/WHO Member States, and preparations for pandemic influenza. HTML(26/Oct/2006) In English (1945.4k) en español (1862.82k)
Disasters: Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas-October 2005, No. 101 In this issue we explore how information management can help humanitarian agencies during and after disasters. The 2005 hurricane season broke all records, and many Member States were affected. SUMA helps in the aftermath of the South Asia earthquake. HTML(8/Dec/2005) In English (644.66k) en español (602.17k)
Disasters: Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas-January 2005, No. 98 The disaster in South East Asia and the handling of dead bodies after disasters are the main topics of this issue. Also included are the results of a survey on PAHO's disaster publications. HTML(25/Feb/2005) In English (501.47k) en español (469.78k)
Floods in Bolivia - February 2006 Torrential rains almost in all of the territory of Bolivia have caused overflowing of important rivers, affecting La Paz and Trinidad cities and several rural communities across the country. Heavy rains triggered landslides and road obstructions causing the isolation of some rural communities. The National Meteorological Service has informed that rain will continue over the next weeks. The government has declared a national emergency and authorities are making an appeal for international assistance.(9/Feb/2006) In English (110.08k) en español (11.91k)
Floods in Central America and Mexico - October 2005 Rains brought on by Hurricane Stan have produced serious flooding and landslides in communities along the Atlantic coast of Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador.(6/Oct/2005) In English (15.17k) en español (15.19k)
Floods in Guyana Guyana has been experiencing an excessive amount of rainfall. By mid-January, 27 inches of rain had fallen. This has caused considerable flooding along the coastal regions which are the most densely populated areas of Guyana. It is estimated that more than 70,000 persons in the Georgetown area are seriously affected by the floods. Along the coastal regions, the number is much higher. The Government of Guyana has several regions of the country as disaster areas.(25/Jan/2005) In English (49.96k)


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James Thomas Garrard Jr.
James Thomas Garrard Jr., age 81, passed away Thursday, April 19, 2012, in Hattiesburg. James Thomas Garrard Jr., was a member of First Baptist Church of Wiggins, and transportation coordinator for Charles Evans Trucking. He was a veteran of the U.S. Army. Mr. Garrard was preceded in death by his parents: James Thomas Garrard Sr., and Dicye Carolyn (Gregg) Garrard; and brother, Gene Lionel Garrard.
Walter Lee Jefferson
Walter Lee Jefferson, age 54, passed away Friday, April 13, 2012, at his home. Funeral services are Tuesday, April 24, 2012, at 11 a.m. from Old St. Peter's M.B. Church, with the Rev. Willie Foard officiating. Burial will follow in Poole's Memorial Gardens Cemetery. Visitation is Monday, April 23, 2012, from 3 – 6 p.m. at Carter's Mortuary Services Chapel. Carter's Mortuary Services is in charge of arrangements.
Vanila Lathan
Vanila Lathan, age 70, passed away Friday, April 13, 2012, at North Mississippi Medical Center. Funeral services are Thursday, April 19, 2012, at 11 a.m. from Hopewell M.B. Church, with the Rev. Carl Perry officiating. Burial will follow in Hopewell M.B. Church Cemetery. Visitation is today, from 3 – 6 p.m. at Carter's Mortuary Services Chapel. Carter's Mortuary Services is in charge of arrangements.
Roye Green
Roye Green, age 84, passed away Saturday, March 31, 2012, at the Emeritus Assisted Living Center, in Biloxi. Roye Green was born April 1, 1927, in Tibbee, to the late Iona Bonds Green and Alexander Stewart Green. Mr. Green was a retired Vice President of Construction/Maintenance and Engineering at Sara Lee/Bryan Foods. He was a member of First Baptist Church in West Point. He was a proud Veteran of the U. S. Marine Corps, having served during WW II.
Michael Brinker
Michael Brinker, age 45, passed away Wednesday, April 11, 2012, at Sanctuary Hospice House in Tupelo. Funeral Services are Wednesday, April 18, 2012, at 1 p.m. from Callahan M.B. Church, with Dr. Charles Davidson officiating. Burial will follow in Callahan Cemetery. Visitation is today, from 3 – 6 p.m. at Carter's Mortuary Services Chapel. Carter's Mortuary Services is in charge of arrangements.
Tommie Otis Henry Darsey
Tommie Otis Henry Darsey, age 91, of Natchez, passed away Saturday, April 14, 2012, in West Point. Funeral services are today, Tuesday, April 17, 2012, at 1 p.m. at Laird Funeral Home Chapel, with the Rev. Jeff Brewer officiating. Burial will follow in Greenlawn Memorial Park Cemetery, under the direction of Laird Funeral Home of Natchez.
Lucille Fields Klutts
Lucille Fields Klutts, age 97, passed away, Monday, April 16, 2012, at West Point Community Living Center, in West Point. Mamie Lucille Klutts was born Nov. 26, 1914, in Millport, Ala., to the late Lee Smith Fields and James Shannon Fields. She was a machine operator at Knickerbocker, MFG for 20 years and was a member of Trinity Baptist Church. Mamie Lucille Fields Klutts married Marshall Roland Klutts Jan. 9, 1935, in Columbus, he preceded her in death Feb. 13, 1999.
John Lucion Poss
Lucion Poss, age 78, passed away, Saturday, April 14, 2012, at his home in the Una Community. John Lucion Poss was born Jan. 13, 1934, in Aberdeen, to late Raine Edna Barnes Poss and Walter Howard Poss.
After almost a seven hour deliberation Saturday in Clay County Circuit Court, 23-year-old Rashawn Ivy was found not guilty of kidnapping his ex-girlfriend Whitney Lenoir, but the jury was hung as to the charge alleging that Ivy tried to kill Lenoir.
Sally Kate Winters Park is the place to be Saturday evening. The event kicks of at 5 p.m. with registration for the Fun Run and 5K. At 5:30 the Kids Fun Run starts with a bang, follow by the 5K Run at 6 p.m. Inflatables will be there for the kids, food and drink vendors and entertainment by the Church Hill Cherubs, Betty Deans Dance Group and the First Baptist Church JAM Praise Team. It promises to be a fun night for the entire family. This is the third year for Light Up the Night, Child Abuse Prevention and Awareness with SKW Family Services.


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State drops murder charges against Victoria woman
Jessica Priest
June 7, 2013 at 1:07 a.m.
Other Co-Defendants
• Erica Nicole McClure, 27, was sentenced to 20 years in prison in April after a jury found her guilty of engaging in organized criminal activity with a deadly weapon. She was also assessed a $10,000 fine.
• Her brother, Joshua Dewight McClure, 21, a former Victoria East High School football player, was sentenced to 10 years in prison after the same jury found him guilty of deadly conduct and 20 years for engaging in organized criminal activity. He was also assessed a $10,000 fine. His prison terms may be served concurrently.
• Marcellus Brown, 22, of Victoria, believed to have been shooting a 9 mm handgun that shot Davila that night, was acquitted of murder in late September but sentenced to 60 years in prison for engaging in organized criminal activity. He had prior convictions.
A Victoria woman who officials say drove the getaway car after a deadly shooting two summers ago will spend two years in prison.
The state dismissed murder and engaging in organized criminal activity charges against Jasmine Nicole Norman, who was part of a group implicated in the shooting July 30, 2011, hours after a fight broke out about beer at a party in the 800 block of Ash Street.
Neighbors found 24-year-old Daniel Davila dead hours later behind a shed in the 900 block of Goldman Street, uninvolved in the initial dispute but apparently caught in the crossfire later.
Norman, 19, pleaded guilty Wednesday to the two lesser counts listed in a August 2011 indictment - deadly conduct discharge of a firearm, a third degree felony.
Police believe Davila bled to death after a gunshot wound to the abdomen, but no weapons were ever recovered. Texas Penal Code sections 7.01 and 7.02 allows Norman to be charged as a party to the discharge of a firearm because she egged on the other shooters and drove everyone to and from the scene in her 1988 yellow Oldsmobile, said Stephen Tyler, the Victoria County Criminal District Attorney.
The offer was the most appropriate for her level of involvement, he said.
"Our contention is that Jasmine Norman knew they were armed," Tyler said. "She is responsible for the other people shooting as if it was her own hands."
Norman's attorney, M.P. "Dexter" Eaves, could not be reached for comment Friday.
Norman's co-defendants Jefferson Hill, 19, and Kia Johnson, 32, are also charged with murder, two counts of engaging in organized criminal activity and two counts of deadly conduct discharge of a firearm. They have plea hearing set for 9 a.m. June 18 before Judge Robert C. Cheshire.


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Thinking of adding to the collection but not sure if I want a light weight alloy 5 shot .38spl revolver (like Taurus) or maybe a one of the new .380s (LCP or P380) It's for carrying.
What say you?...
This is a discussion on The Old .380 vs .38spl within the Defensive Ammunition & Ballistics forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; Thinking of adding to the collection but not sure if I want a light weight alloy 5 shot .38spl revolver (like Taurus) or maybe a ...
Thinking of adding to the collection but not sure if I want a light weight alloy 5 shot .38spl revolver (like Taurus) or maybe a one of the new .380s (LCP or P380) It's for carrying.
What say you?...
NRA Member
Kimber Ultra Carry II, Glock G23 & G36, Kahr PM9, Winchester 1300 Defender 12gauge pump (my favorite but hard to hide)
I say
While both are closed, they still offer good info.
FWIW, I prefer the pocket .380s over my J-frame, it just easier for me to get out of the pocket.
Me, I wouldn't want to get shot by either one.......
It's a lot about personal preference. I prefer revo's for my small back hideaways. Research, and take your best bet. Try if you can before you buy and see what you shoot best.
If you stand up and be counted, from time to time you may get yourself knocked down. But remember this: A man flattened by an opponent can get up again. A man flattened by conformity stays down for good. ~ Thomas J. Watson, Jr.
search the site lots of good info. then i would look at the s&w j-frame and/or the kel tec p3at.
An armed man is a citizen. An unarmed man is a subject.
Red State State of Mind
I've never found a small auto that was as unfailingly reliable as a J-frame sized revolver. Given that experience, I'd always go with .38 Special because of the platform. Even discounting the platform though, I have a lot more respect for the .38 Special as a defensive chambering than the .380ACP. It throws a heavier bullet at an equal or higher velocity and has much better load availability than the .380ACP. Besides, for a handloader like me, its a lot more fun to handload for the .38 Special.
"The Engine could still smile...it seemed to scare them" -Felix
I have owned and carried both, and still have some really small semis that I like. But I just plain shoot my 642 a whole heck of a lot better - just fits my hand and is more accurate at some distance. So it has become my default pocket gun when I need to carry something small.
Jim D.
Ballistics by the inch: "Four guys, two chronographs, and 8,500 rounds of ammo."
Like Science Fiction? Read *or listen to* my novel, Communion of Dreams, for free.
I don't want to get into the actual 38 spl. - 380 debate, but if you don't have S&W J frame 5 shot, well.........that's just wrong. Absolutely can't go wrong there.
I prefer the small revolver. I like the S&W J-Frames though.
I was an LEO for over 32 years (recently retired).. I saw a whole lot of people that were shot dead by 380s and most of it was FMJ. Hornady has the new Critical Defense ammuntion available in 380 and it looks like it works very well. I'd go with that.
It Is Easy To Be Brave From A Distance ~ Aesop
My wife has a S&W airweight .38 and a S&W .357 scandium; she says "5 for sure".
I have a tendency to prefer semi-autos. But 9mm is my thing.
Numberwise the .38 especially +P beats the .380 every time and you can find ammo anywhere in the sticks.
The first rule of a gunfight: "Don't be there !"
The second rule: "Bring enough gun"
jfl (NRA Life Member/Instructor - GOA - IDPA - GSSF - ex-IHMSA)
Like several people in the threads above, I looked at the options and avoided the whole question ... I went with a PM9 shooting +P. Best of all worlds.


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Conditional sentences as a Style of Life
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I entered the university in the Soviet Union and graduated in the Russian Federation. My studies coincided with one of the most painful periods in the history of my country. Conditional sentences were our favourite grammar structure: "If only we had a copier…". Or: "If only we had enough copies of books…". Each cassette, book or film brought from abroad was a treasured possession, and we made the most of every page, leaflet, postcard we could get. Life has changed so much since then, and access to information in foreign languages is no longer a problem.
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NOTICE: When using Newline products pay close attention to the dilutions. You will get more BANG for your BUCK here with Newline products.
Residential & Commercial Carpet Pre-Spray
Super pHlex (Superflex) is a concentrated heavy duty traffic lane cleaner designed to emulsify the toughest soils and greases. It's special blend of solvents, alkaline builders and the latest surfactant technology enable cleaning of dingy traffic lanes and restore them to new life. Super pHlex goes to work immediately when applied to carpet thus helping to eliminate over-wetting heavily soiled areas. It is not designed for use on 5th generation carpet fibers.
Dilutions: 1:16
pH: 12.0
Retail: $19.95/gl
Citrus Slam is the #1 selling Pre-Spray in the Newline family. This unique product is full of power and boosted with d'limonene. It works on water and oil based spots and especially effective on food and protein based soils. Open the bottle and proceed with your cleaning and leave behind a great citrus fragrance.
For added punch add New Energy or pHire to increase your performance.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Look up draconian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Draconian is an adjective meaning great severity, that derives from Draco, an Athenian law scribe under whom small offences had heavy punishments (Draconian laws).
Draconian may also refer to:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |


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Current Time
see + do
Concierge.com's insider take:
High on a mountain with views over the Mediterranean Sea and Mount Etna, Taormina was founded by Greeks in 395 B.C. and quickly became a city-state of major importance. Its surviving theater, the second largest in Sicily after Siracusa's, is still intact today and one of the most dramatically situated ancient Greek theaters in existence. Every year in June, the Taormina International Film Festival takes place here, with movies shown on a giant screen inside the theater (www.taorminafilmfest.it/2007/).
Taormina has some of Sicily's best beaches, including the Lido Mazzarò—a favorite of Hollywood stars in the forties and fifties and still a hot spot today—and nearby Giardini-Naxos, where the beautiful Ionian waterfront is dotted with resort hotels and chic restaurants. Visitors wanting to get farther afield can drive northwest to the adjacent town of Milazzo, the jumping-off point for ferries to the Aeolian Islands. These volcanic islands—all home to extinct volcanoes, save Stromboli—are famous for their charming towns and villages, dramatic topography, and, in the case of Vulcano, therapeutic mud baths.
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The Livescribe digital pen and paper system, which we discussed a bit before, has shown what is probably the production model of their pen. It's hefty, but still pocketable. If they make a nice little Moleskine-like notebook with their special paper, I might even give it a shot.
Livescribe is taking pre-orders for the system now, although it won't be ready until early next year.
Livescribe Smartpen Gets Realer [OhGizmo]


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Office Depot, Inc. Selects Boca Raton For Its Corporate Headquarters
Office Depot, Inc. (NYSE: ODP), a leading global provider of office products, services, and solutions formed by the merger of Office Depot and OfficeMax, today announced that it has chosen Boca Raton, Fla. for its global headquarters.
The decision is the result of a thorough evaluation that took into account a number of important factors, including the cost to operate each headquarters location, lease obligations and sublease considerations, tax implications, government incentives, ability to add associates and incorporate functions in the current space, and people-related costs.
"Selecting the headquarters location is a critical step toward integrating our two companies," said Roland Smith, Chairman and CEO, Office Depot, Inc. "Both Florida and Illinois have many positive attributes, but our analysis concluded that Boca Raton provides the best platform for us to achieve planned synergies, leverage assets to drive improved profitability, and launch a compelling vision for the future.
"We appreciate the significant efforts from legislators in Illinois and the generous support we have received from the State of Florida, Palm Beach County, and City of Boca Raton," Smith added. "We would like to thank Florida Governor Rick Scott, Illinois Governor Pat Quinn and the countless others involved in providing the information necessary for us to make this important decision."
The Company will remain in its current 625,000-square-foot corporate campus located at 6600 North Military Trail in Boca Raton, which has ample space to accommodate associates who will relocate from Illinois. "With the location of our headquarters now decided, we will quickly move forward to build a world class leadership team and organization focused on exceeding the expectations of consumers and businesses, becoming a more appealing partner to our vendors, and driving value for our shareholders," Smith said. "To do that, we will select the best talent available from both locations." Office Depot, Inc. will maintain a presence in Naperville throughout the headquarters transition and accompanying integration activities.Check Out Our Best Services for Investors
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TurboTax is as simple as ever
TurboTax may not be the cheapest option out there, but it is as simple and straightforward as ever, and now it even includes live tax advice from experts, free of charge.
For the past several years, TurboTax has impressed us with its clear language and simple step-by-step tax prep, and Intuit's offering for the 2011 tax year is no exception. Whether you're an experienced taxpayer or you're fairly new to the system, TurboTax can help you file.
The first thing I should point out is that TurboTax comes in four versions--Basic, Deluxe, Premier, and Home & Business--each of which offers both an online prep option or a software download. All of the online apps let you start a single e-file for free, while the downloads cost a bit more but come bundled with more than one e-file.
Features and interface By far the best thing about TurboTax 2011 is its simplicity. From its cleaner interface and more-straightforward language to its addition of a new unemployment section, TurboTax has clearly incorporated user feedback in its design.
If you're new to the program, the first thing you'll notice is that TurboTax doesn't let you interact with the actual tax form--which is good. Rather, it poses questions in plain user-friendly language, then, it populates the proper forms for you, behind the scenes. And if there are any redundant questions between the federal and state forms, TurboTax will automatically duplicate your answers appropriately. This way, no one gets confused by the hypertechnical IRS jargon that's typically found on these forms.
To further minimize human error, TurboTax lets you import your W-2 and 1099 forms directly from your employer or payroll provider, so you don't have to input your wages by hand. It can also grab investment information from banks like Charles Schwab as well as programs like Quickbooks and Mint.com. While other tax software suites also import financial information, the sheer number of institutions supported by TurboTax is certainly impressive.
While TurboTax's interface is just as clean as ever, one noteworthy addition is its new refund monitor, which sits at the top of the screen and keeps a running count of both your federal and state tax refunds. As you answer your interview questions, the figures change, and, of course, the more deductions you list, the higher the figures can potentially move. While I won't say it made doing my taxes "fun," I will say it made me want to plow through my interview questions quickly and accurately.
As for deciding among TurboTax's various levels of tax prep, there are a few features to consider. While the free or Basic version is more than suitable for people with one form of income, minimal investments, and a few interest write-offs, those with more-complicated filing needs may need to upgrade. For instance, the Deluxe version is a better option for those who experienced major life changes (buying a home, getting married, changing jobs) over the past year, since it includes extra tools and functionality for maximizing related deductions. Likewise, Premier is the version to go with if you have a rental property or a wide variety of investments, and Home & Business will provide extra guidance for those who are self-employed.
Help and support One thing I particularly love about TurboTax is its Help Center, which always sits conveniently on the right side of the screen. More than your typical search-based Help Centers, TurboTax's offers an FAQ as well as access to TurboTax's live community of users, many of whom have probably asked or answered questions similar to yours. On top of that, TurboTax now offers live tax advice from experts for free. This is a big change from previous versions, which charged extra fees for live professional help, on top of the price of the program. What's more, live expert hours have been extended to between 5 a.m and 9 p.m. PT, seven days a week.
Finally, TurboTax even conducts an audit risk analysis before you file, in case any sections of your form raise red flags.
Bottom line With only one included federal e-file (five for the download version) and an additional fee for state filing, TurboTax certainly isn't the cheapest tax software out there. However, it does offer the most clearly worded interview and the most comprehensive help and support of all the options I've seen. Plus, you can actually go through the entire Web-based version for free, and pay only if you decide to follow through and file. Overall, I highly recommend TurboTax to all users, especially those who feel less than comfortable with the tax-filing process.
A note on online versus desktop prep: While there's no rule, we tend to think of online tax prep as ideal for those filing individually--it's sometimes less pricey for singletons, and stores your encrypted return on the provider's server. Linux users may also prefer online prep, since most makers of tax software don't program downloads for the Linux platform. Desktop prep may be better suited for families, who can file up to five federal e-files as part of a single software license, or for those who would rather store their data locally on their computers.


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The Friends of Boyland Common celebrate work completed on the site thanks to several grants. The day included a visit from 13th century lord of the manor, Sir Richard de Boyland (AKA Basil Abbott)
By ADAM GRETTON
Monday, April 23, 2012
Members of a community-run conservation group have pledged to continue their efforts at a south Norfolk common after celebrating a restoration scheme.
The Friends of Boyland Common held a launch party at the weekend to mark the work that has been completed at the site in Shelfanger, near Diss.
Wild flowers have already begun to return to the green space after the group received £17,894 from the Big Lottery Fund's Community Spaces programme to reinstate the common's ditches and provide access.
A management plan has also been drawn up by Norfolk Wildlife Trust to ensure it does not deteriorate.
Helen Green, secretary of the friends group, added that they wanted to hold more public events on the common and make it a community space.
"Years ago, people used it to go for picnics, but has not been a very inviting place to go. We want it to be a community space for people to fly a kite or for an art group to have a session there. No one wants it to go backwards again," she said.
The Friends of Boyland Common was formed two and a half years ago because there was concern about the state of the common which had gradually deteriorated over the last 20 years.
The Saffron Community Foundation Trust has also given a small grant which has been used to complete the log seating and for the aeration work to open up the compacted ground. The Waveney Valley Neighbourhood Fund has also contributed to the work for some foot bridges.
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I almost didn't remember it. Probably it's a good thing since I have been caught up with school starting, sports, dog training with Karma and a failed NIC on my PC which has caused my wireless network to cease working. Thank goodness for Peets Coffee and free wifi. Dante looked up at me last night and said, "Mom, isn't tomorrow the 31st? Isn't it Riley's birthday?" Yes. Yes it is. That kid has a memory like an elephant. Details. He's a statistician. Ask him the box scores from last night's A's game and he will not only tell you what all the plays were in the inning, but he will tell you the number order of how the out was made. I have no idea what the numbers are for each spot but he sure does.
So, that's a good thing that I didn't get weepy and depressed this week thinking about Riley's birthday, right? I can write about him now without mascara running down my face each time his name comes up. Don't get me wrong–there's tears in my eyes still–they just haven't spilled all over my laptop. I guess that's called healing.


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24 Quick and Easy Knitting Patterns
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Tie Front Knit Vest
By: Bernat
This knit vest pattern with a cute tie front is a great place to start with knitting garments. Being lighter, the vest is a great piece for transition between seasons. The collar adds a more stylish, structured look.
- Yarn: 4 (5-6-7-8) balls of Bernat Alpaca (100 g/3.5 oz) #93011 (Wheat).
- Knitting Needles: Size 6.5 mm (U.S. 10½) or size needed to obtain gauge.
- 3 st holders.
Gauge: 14 sts and 18 rows = 4 ins 10 cm in stocking st.
Sizes: To fit bust: 28/34 (36/42-44/46-48/54-56/62) ins 71/ 86.5 (91.5/106.5-112/117-122/137-142/157.5) cm.
The instructions are written for smallest size. Changes for larger sizes follow in ( ).
Cast on 63 (77-91-105-119) sts.
1st row: (RS). [(P1. K1) 4 times. K6] 4 (5-6-7-8) times. (P1. K1) 3 times. P1.
2nd row: [(K1. P1) 4 times. P6] 4 (5-6-7-8) times. (K1. P1) 3 times. K1.
Rep last 2 rows for 20" [51 cm], ending with a 2nd row.
Shape shoulders: Cast off 8 (10-13-16-19) sts beg next 4 rows. Leave rem 31 (37-39-41-43) sts on a st holder.
Left Front:
Cast on 32 (36-44-50-58) sts.
1st row: (RS). [K6. (K1. P1) 4 times] 2 (2-3-3-4) times. (K1. P1) 2 (4-1-4-1) time(s).
2nd row: (K1. P1) 2 (4-1-4-1) time(s). [(K1. P1) 4 times. P6] 2 (2-3-3-4) times.
Rep last 2 rows for 20"[51 cm], ending with a 2nd row.
**Shape shoulder: Cast off 8 (10-13-16-19) sts beg next and following alt row. Leave rem 16 (16-18-18-20) sts on a st holder.**
Right Front:
Cast on 32 (36-44-50-58) sts.
1st row: (RS). (P1. K1) 2 (4-1-4-1) time(s). [(P1. K1) 4 times. K6] 2 (2-3-3-4) times.
2nd row: [P6. (P1. K1) 4 times] 2 (2-3-3-4) times. (P1. K1) 2 (4-1-4-1) time(s).
Rep last 2 rows for 20" [51 cm], ending with a 1st row.
Work from ** to ** as given above. Do not break yarn.
Sew shoulder seams. With RS of work facing, work in (P1. K1) ribbing across 16 (16-18-18-20) sts from right front st holder, 31 (37-39-41-43) sts from back st holder and 16 (16-18-18-20) sts from left front st holder. 63 (69-75-77-83) sts.
Cont even in ribbing for 7" [18 cm]. Cast off in ribbing.
Place markers on side edges of Back and Fronts 8 (9-10-10-10)" [20.5 (23-25.5-25.5-25.5) cm] down from shoulder seam. Sew side seams from cast on edge to markers.
Ties (make 2). Cast on 60 sts. Cast off. Sew ties to front edges as shown in picture.
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I don't like the abbreviations they give you for knitting. Kind of hard to follow through the instructions.
Love this vest. I did however put 2 buttons with loops on instead of the tie
I made this vest and was so disappointed with the results that I gave it to Goodwill. Although I checked and rechecked my gauge and was right on, it turned out too small. There is no finishing edge around the armholes so the stockinette stitch curls and looks unfinished. And, the pattern doesn't match at the armholes (back is different from front). I would not recommend this pattern.
I am currently knitting this in brilliant wools for a Canadian spring, and my knit club is anxious with anticipation. Why? Because it is worked with 'hidden' ribs - on one side it appears to be stocking stitch, but on the reverse, the wide ribbing shows quite clearly. This enables the vest to show off your lovely contours a bit, without it being just hanging panels necessitating a ribbed band at the bottom (or a curled edge). So far, so good!
Very disappointed with the end result. Pattern doesn't match at the shoulders, but more importantly, the front sleeve opening doesn't match the back sleeve opening. The front opening is stockinette stitch, which curls and looks unfinished. Followed the pattern closely and carefully checked gauge, but still ended up with a vest that doesn't fit right!
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Winery in Liberty, MO, said to be haunted, draws a national spotlight.
If you like spirits with your wine, there's a place near Kansas City, Missouri that should make you happy.
But the owner warns: if you're a skeptic, prepare to be converted!
Most people who visit here agree there's something odd about this former odd fellows home in liberty.
"Oddfellows are like similar to the masons, they're kind of an offshoot and then what they would do is they create one or two of these homes in each state."
For most of the twentieth century, the buildings on this 170-acres of rolling land served as an orphanage, old folks home, poor home, hospital and school. There's even a cemetery on site. Some of the residents must have really liked it here, because they seem reluctant to leave.
"Lots of voices, lots of footsteps, there's an occasional apparition."
Yes, he's talking about ghosts. When Belvoir Winery opened here almost three years ago, they downplayed the haunted reputation of the place. They wanted people to come here to enjoy the wine tastings and event space.
"We have lots of weddings, birthdays, anniversaries."
But as everyone became more comfortable with the spectral presence, they found the public was interested in the hauntings and the history of the place.
"It's just something that goes with the territory at this point."
In fact, so many of the guests contacted the syfy network's "ghost hunters" program, that they eventually sent a crew to investigate this mostly benevolent haunting.
"They did come out in February for several days and did the investigation over two nights."
But it seems this place will keep its secrets for a while, at least. Leimkuehler knows the results of the ghost hunters investigation, but he can't reveal them until the episode airs.
"I'll be glad after, when tomorrow's done and I can speak openly."


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How do I enter a TBA course in Banner?
Open "How do I enter a TBA course in Banner?" in a full window
Save PDF
If you have classes that are scheduled as TBA like practicum's, internships, etc; follow these steps in Banner to ensure the proper meeting time information is entered. Do not leave it blank!
To Be Arranged Sections (AR)
- Banner on the SSASECT form; enter the CRN and Term
- [Next Block]
- [Next Block] – you should be on the meeting times screen
- Click on Meeting Time pull down arrow
- Search for appropriate Meeting Time Code –AR for To Be Arranged
- Select the AR line to Highlight and double click
- The selected code will populate in leaving the Days blank and filling in 0000 and 0001 for the start and end time
- [Save]
- Now go back and Delete the Start and End time by highlighting 0000 press delete, tab to 0001 and press delete
- [Save]
The course will now be fed to Ad Astra and be a pink color on your section grid. This is another tool to inform you that the section is a TBA and does not need a room assignment but has the correct time code. If in Ad Astra you see a start and end time of 1200am – 1201am you need to go back into Banner and follow the steps above starting with steps 1‐3 (skip steps 4‐8)and 9‐10.


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I met with her 1st grade teacher, Mrs. Gray, and the nurse, before school started to train them how to check her BG and administer insulin using the PDM. The nurse is only there one day a week and our beloved Mrs. Gray who handled Natalie's care last year agreed to do the majority of her care again although she is not in her class this year. Just knowing that everything went so well last year made this meeting quite a breeze. Really, the PDM walks you through everything step by step so everyone was pretty excited about how easy it is to use. After checking BG, it asks you "Do you want to eat now?" and you press yes or no, enter the carbs, and it calculates how much insulin she should get. Mrs. Gray has a now adult daughter with T1D and she uses expired glucagons to practice mixing and drawing it up in a syringe. (Glucagon is used in an emergency if she were to pass out from a low blood sugar.) I thought that was a great idea so I brought one of our expired ones (thankfully we have never had to use that scary red box) and we practiced with it. Everything is more fun with Mrs. Gray (yes, even practicing glucagon!) and I was quite surprised with just how easy it was. I have been scared to death of that thing for 2 years and now feel less intimidated. I have a sheet in the school binder that explains simply how to mix the glucagon and Mrs. Gray said if our girl passes out she is not going to get the binder to read how to do it! Ha ha...she always knows how to put everyone at ease. Natalie's 1st grade teacher has grown up with a knowledge of T1D because her Mother has been living with T1D since the age of 14. When we pulled out the glucagon she said, "Oh yeah, I've had to give that to my Mom a couple times." Now, I don't like that she had to administer it to her Mom because she passed out, but really how great that she has actually done it before! I don't anticipate Natalie needing it but it does give me an extra sense of comfort knowing she is in class all day with someone who is very capable of administering it if necessary. Her teacher also has gestational diabetes so she checks her BG throughout the day too. She will be on maternity leave for 4 weeks, but we will deal with that when the time comes! The other 1st grade teacher will be on maternity leave right before her, so it is quite a year for 1st grade! Isn't it amazing to think how God is using these two people and their different experiences with T1D to now help and care for Natalie? It makes me wonder how God will use this later in Natalie's life to help someone else.
The plan for the school day is that Natalie grabs her backpack (which holds her PDM and daily log) and walks with a buddy across the gym to Mrs. Gray. Mrs. Gray checks her BG and administers insulin for her morning snack. Then at lunch time Mrs. Gray comes to her and checks her BG and gives insulin for lunch. Mrs. Gray still works the lunch room so she is always able to keep an eye on Natalie and make sure she eats everything (which has NEVER been a problem for her). Since the pod is still so new and we are trying to get a good routine down she is also checked in the afternoon before recess. Mrs. Gray checked her the first couple days and then her teacher took it upon herself to check her! I came into the classroom early that day and Natalie and her teacher were huddled together at her desk and she had just checked her BG. I can't tell you how heart warming that was to see her teacher take the time to do that and go above and beyond in caring for my daughter. She said she had just checked and Natalie's BG was 80, and she asked Natalie "So what do we now?" Natalie said "I think I probably need to eat something." (Her teacher knew what to do, she was just confirming.) Her teacher was so excited that she checked Natalie's BG. It was very sweet. She has checked her every day since in the afternoon and handled what type of snack or none at all to give her just perfectly. It brings tears to my eyes to see in action all the details I have been nervous about falling into place perfectly. When will I ever learn that God has a perfect plan for Natalie and He continues to provide a way for her to attend this wonderful school?!
The second day of school I read the book "Taking Diabetes to School" to the class. About half the kids were in her class last year, so it was good to be able to talk about the pod and her new way of managing diabetes to everyone. It was really fun to change the wording in the book yet again and say "Natalie USED to get shots, but now she has a pump!" Natalie got a big smile on her face for that part. I sent a letter home with the parents again as well. I wondered if it was really necessary to send the letter this time, but I am glad that I did. Several Moms new to the class told me how much they appreciated the letter and that it was very informative. So maybe I'll send it every year! It's a great way to educate others and raise awareness. Another Mom told me she had gestational diabetes with her past pregnancies and she would be more than happy to check Natalie's blood sugar if ever needed and to be trained on using her PDM. Another Mom that was helping in the class one morning said she is a nurse and would keep an eye on Natalie and could help her if needed as well. So many in the village willing to come along and help Natalie and the team caring for her!
The first week I only went in twice to oversee the BG check and insulin dosing. It is just SO easy to work the PDM and Mrs. Gray had it down in no time! The first day, Mrs. Gray and I were not quick enough with the BG check and Natalie even huffed at Mrs. Gray and said "this is taking forreeeever." Just another sign of my girl becoming more and more confident, so we'll take her attitude every once in a while.
I was concerned about the timing of fruit break and lunch because we are not used to giving insulin in between meals. She gets her breakfast insulin by 7am, snack at 9:15am and lunch at 11:15am. That is a lot of overlapping insulin (since insulin continues to work for 3 hours). It took a couple days to figure it out, but right now what is working for her is that at snack time she is dosed for her snack at a higher ratio than normal (1/18) and NOT corrected if her BG is high. Then at lunch she is dosed also at a higher than normal ratio (1/18) but this time if her BG is high it is corrected. If her BG is below her target number we let the pdm do the reverse correction and she gets less insulin. The CDE suggested we change her breakfast ratio from 1/15 to 1/12. Changing carb ratios bothers me so much for some reason. Knowing she continues to have to receive more insulin per carb just scares me. I am trying to accept this and realize this is just what her body needs. Anyway, this ratio change has been easier to accept because it has actually worked wonderfully and I think we might have actually striked the dreaded breakfast strike! Most days at school she has been around 150-200 2 hours post breakfast and then still in range at lunch time. We are not seeing any significant low BG with this routine so I am happy with it, actually I am quite thrilled with it.
Natalie still makes me walk her in every day rather than dropping her off in the carpool line. Now that they do the pledges as an entire school (rather than in their individual classes) before going to their classroom, I also have to do all three pledges (American & Christian flag and Bible) before she allows me to tell her goodbye with our ritual of kisses and hugs. Now, don't get me wrong I am very patriotic and thrilled that they do all the pledges at her school every single day. I LOVE seeing her stand with her hand over her heart and hear her sweet little voice recite the pledges. I just would rather sneak out a little earlier and get on with my day! I guess when she is 21, I will remember these precious days! She decided I have to walk her in every day until she is in 8th grade.
She is in the same class as her buddy Cole from last year. I always meant to do a post about the two of them, so will still have to do that! They don't seem to be as interested in each other this year, which is just fine with Eddie! I am glad to see Natalie being independent and speaking up for herself as well. It took a little bit of time last year before she was comfortable and we could really rely on her to tell the teachers when she felt low. This year, she already told her teacher the first week when she felt low and the LIBRARIAN the second week! That is huge that she told one of her extra teachers. Now she also reminds her teacher, "It's 2 o'clock, aren't you going to check me?"
Natalie has been doing a really good job recently of checking her own BG "all by myself". She has always been able to tell anyone how to do it, but she still had some trouble with the "sucking up the blood" part. She would then get frustrated so we didn't force it. The PDM is much easier for her to use especially since it takes a smaller drop of blood. Our goal was that she could check on her own by the end of the school year, so she is ahead of the plan!
I will admit my anxiety has been at an all new level with this pod. I was really feeling anxious the first week of school. I have been so afraid of her pod falling off at school or her going high because the pod isn't working and I just didn't feel ready to send her to school with that pod attached to her body! I was pretty anxious the first couple of days, but when I saw all the people in the village taking care of her and how smoothly it went the first week, I have felt much more relaxed. So if the pod falls off or she is high they will call me and we will deal with it. I feel so confident in the teachers that are taking care of her and it is kind of nice to have a little break knowing she is in such loving and capable hands while at school. I feel a little guilty about enjoying a break. I'm trying to make myself rest a little in the afternoon, because the nights have been pretty rough for me. We are checking her a lot more than when she was on shots. Depending on her BG, we are sometimes checking every 2 hours through the night. Now I am just as worried about the highs not being treated since she has started to develop ketones so quickly a couple times. While on shots, I could always count on the lantus to still bring her BG down some.
Now I'd like to brag on my smarty pants girl about something unrelated to T1D. She was tested on an extensive list of sight words and she was able to read the sight words up to a 4th-5th grade level! So she has tested out of her sight words for the entire year already! Is it weird that I kind of feel disappointed that I am missing out on studying sight words with her??
As for another smarty pants, Mrs. Gray noticed that when she tests Natalie's BG using the PDM it is not asking "use for bolus calcs" per my instructions on the daily log. I could have sworn that it always asked that when checking BG, but we frequently use her old meter and manually enter her BG and it definitely asks at that time. So after calling Insulet they initially told me it will only ask that if her BG is above her target BG, if below it will not. I checked when she was high and it still did not ask so I called Insulet back. This time they told me that it should only ask when going through the Home page and selecting "Bolus". They said my PDM is correct when it gives the option of "Done" or "Next" after checking BG on the PDM. I also posted this question in the Omnipod group on facebook, and I am getting varied responses. Since we do NOT want her BG corrected if high at snack time, we must go back to the home page and bring her BG up that way and THEN it asks "use for bolus calcs". So podders, go check your child's BG using the PDM and tell me if it says "use for bolus calcs" or if it gives the option of "done" or "next". I just want to make sure nothing is wrong with my pdm and I give the appropriate instructions for school...although Mrs. Gray already has it figured out no problem!
1st day of school:
Enjoying her snack at school (her buddy Cole is right across from her):
Natalie's new case that holds her PDM:


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What does a winter weather expert do when there is no winter weather to forecast? I issue an outlook for the upcoming month even though most of the skill in a monthly forecast is found in the first week or two.
Making a monthly forecast or guess is always a tricky proposition. Daniel Kahneman in his thought provoking book "Thinking fast and slow" warns against drawing inferences from limited data sets as they can easily bias your conclusions. He also warns against putting much faith in so called experts when the predictability is relatively low.
Monthly forecasts of temperature and snowfall certainly meet the criteria. With much trepidation, I'm going to rely heavily on statistics from a data set that is too small to have a lot of confidence in. Nevertheless, I'm a winter weather expert who has had little to write about so I'm going to make a prediction about January's temperature and snow prospects. Caveat emptor: such forecasts often are less than stellar.
I am forecasting above average temperatures and below average snowfall, but I do think we'll see accumulating snow. What follows is a fairly detailed discussion of the pattern and my reasoning for this forecast.
January's pattern will again most likely be dictated by La Nina which usually pushes the storm track far enough west to keep us on the warm side of most storms (irrespective of the Arctic Oscillation).
If polar vortex (a pool of cold air over the Arctic) stays strong and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) remains positive (keeping the polar vortex in place well to our north) January will most likely be warmer than normal. Remember that when the AO is positive, the cold air tends to remain locked up in the Arctic whereas it spills southward when it's negative. I describe below why the AO is so likely to remain positive and temperatures warm. The warm temperature are likely to make it tough to reach the 5.6" monthly snowfall average for January.
A third factor to consider is the strength and the placement of the ridge (bulge in the jet stream) that usually is located over the Pacific but sometimes shifts east, strengthens, and directs some Arctic air into the U.S. Most of the global models are now forecasting a cold shot during the first week of January as the ridge shifts east and strengthens. During most La Nina years such eastward shifts in the ridge are usually short-lived. Therefore, despite the early cold shot, I'm guessing the month will average a little warmer than normal and that the snowfall will again be below normal.
A look back December's positive Arctic oscillation, lack of snow and warm temperatures
Last month's call for below average snow in December worked out pretty well as we got just a trace of snow. On the other hand, temperatures were even warmer than I envisioned, about 5 degrees above average. A very positive AO combined with a rather flat ridge in the eastern Pacific and western North America allowing warm Pacific origin air to flood across the country. This flow kept most areas east of the Rocky Mountains warmer than normal with little or no snow.
That the outlook worked out well was probably more luck than skill. Washington's average snowfall during any month is low enough that one storm can easily push the monthly total above the norm, plus making a guess about the state of the AO is pretty risky as it is not very predictable beyond a week or two.
That the AO stayed so consistently positive through the month of December was unusual but not unprecedented. For example, in the winter of 1988-1989 the AO stayed strongly positive through March (see image at the bottom right of the page).
Strongly positive AOs in December typically bring positive AOs in January
Years that have averaged having a strongly positive AO during December have usually had the AO average in positive territory in January. This December's AO averaged above 1.0 suggesting that this January the AO index may be positive more than negative.
Research by weather enthusiast, Bob Hill, found that since 1950 there have been 11 Decembers in which the AO has averaged above 1.0, and all but the one of those winters (1979-1980) had a positive AO in January. When he broadened the data set by looking at 15 Decembers in which the Arctic Oscillation index was above 0.80, the index averaged being positive during the subsequent January in thirteen of the fifteen years. The current forecast of the AO gives some support to the statistics.
Positive AOs in January typically mean warmer than normal conditions
Bob also constructed a temperature composite of those 15 years (when the AO was positive in December). For snow lovers the composite is troubling as the temperatures averaged about 2.5F above normal. While fifteen years is still a rather small sample size, Bob's composite (right hand panel) agrees fairly well with look of the monthly January forecast prepared by the Climate Prediction Center (left hand panel) except that the CPC map puts its highest probability for warmer than normal temperatures across the south (the typical location for warmth during La Nina winters).
Bob's work suggests that in January the AO is more likely to be positive than negative and that the temperatures are more likely to be warmer than normal. However, that does not rule out the potential that a negative AO might develop sometime during the month. Nor does it rule out a few cold or even frigid outbreaks embedded within warmer than normal periods.
What about snow?
A positive AO (and La Nina) in January typically depresses snowfall totals
Recently Jason posted two graphics that displayed how rare above normal snowfall was during La Nina seasons and that above normal snowfall was even more unusual during winters when the AO averaged positive during La Nina winters like we have experienced so far this winter
Don Sutherland, another knowledgeable enthusiast, constructed a graph, shown below, illustrating major snowstorms that produced more than 10 inches of snow for cities according to their ENSO state (whether we were in La Nina, El Nino or neutral states) and whether the AO was positive or negative. Note that there were far fewer major snowstorms during La Nina years (left side of graph) than either neutral (middle of graph) or El Nino (right side of graph) winters. And our odds of getting a major snowstorm without the AO being negative this January would be much lower than normal as historically only one major snowstorm was observed during the positive AO/La Nina combination: January 24-26, 2000.
The average January snowfall during the 15 positive AO Decembers Bob Hill identified was 3.1" compared to the normal of 5.6". However, the average was only 2.1" for the 13 Januaries that had the AO average positive for the month. Above normal January snowfall was observed at D.C. only three times during those 15 years, while less than 2 inches of snow was observed in eight. Less than one inch was recorded in four of those Januaries.
As I've mentioned previously, 2 inch or greater snowstorms are almost 3 times more likely in the Washington-Baltimore area when the AO is strongly negative compared to when it's positive. Therefore, this January I'll be watching closely for signs of a shift in the AO and NAO from positive to negative. Such a shift would promise more high latitude blocking over the northern Atlantic across Greenland into the Baffin Bay area which would increase out chances of getting snow. However, based on La Nina climatology and the 15 strongly positive AO years statistics, snowfall probably will average less than normal for the January with the probability of getting less snowfall than normal being around 70%.
Reasons for uncertainty
Despite the statistics cited above, there are reasons for a lot of uncertainty about snowfall even if the AO averages in the positive ranges for the month as models forecast.
Sometimes the timing of various features converge to produce a major snowstorm during a positive AO period like we had in January of 2000.
As additional examples, to the right are three plots of seasons that began with a very positive AO in January after being strongly positive in December. Note how the three differed with respect to how strongly and how long the AO stayed positive.
In 1952, the pattern switched towards the middle of January when blocking developed. Several other years showed the AO staying mostly positive but with negative periods of a week to 10 days interspersed through the winter. There is no way to know which of these scenarios is the most likely.
It only takes one major snowstorm to boost our average to above normal. Even if the AO averages in the positive range, I'll be watching closely for these possible negative AO periods. These would provide windows of opportunity during January when our probability of getting a snowstorm might be enhanced.
My guess for January is that temperatures average above normal and that we will see accumulating snow but that the snowfall will average below normal. However, I'll be looking for times when the Pacific ridge amplifies and moves eastward into the western U.S. and when blocking develops at high latitudes (and hence a negative AO). If I see any windows of opportunity for snowfall, I'll certainly let everyone know.
(Thanks to Bob Hill and Don Sutherland who contributed to this post)


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