text:
Debt woes hammer equities, $A slides
PUBLISHED: 22 Nov 2011 04:41:00 | UPDATED: 23 Nov 2011 16:50:03PRINT EDITION: 22 Nov 2011Compiled by Joanna Heath, Bianca Hartge-Hazelman, Peter Wells and Philip Baker
Updates to Before the Bell are finished for the day. Follow the day's market action live with our Markets Today blog. Join us again for more Before the Bell from 4am tomorrow.
■ A fresh warning on France's credit rating from Moody's and the pending failure of debt talks in Washington have renewed investor pessimism.
■ An increase in French government borrowing costs, slowing growth and the euro-zone debt crisis threatens the country's top credit rating, Moody's ratings has warned. France is fighting desperately to retain its triple-A credit status and has slashed spending and tightened up on tax revenues in an effort to stabilise its strained public finances but the markets are not convinced.
■ Republicans and Democrats have conceded they've failed to bridge the political divide to resolve the burgeoning US deficit crisis. Failure to reach agreement theoretically triggers automatic cuts in defence spending and welfare and education programs, although not until 2013. About $US600 billion would be lost from both the defence and domestic budgets.
■ Goldman Sachs head of institutional sales Richard Coppleson: "Bulls have been unable to escape the sovereign debt shackles as budget deadlock in the US joins worries about persistent euro-zone fiscal stress to batter sentiment. So clearly, risk appetite took another hit, lifting the $US and yen across the board as investors sought havens from the fallout of the deepening euro-zone debt crisis and burgeoning fiscal problems in the US."
■ Annual general meetings to keep an eye on today include Challenger Financial and iiNet.
■ Today's main economic data comes from offshore, with China receiving the HSBC manufacturing PMI flash survey for November.
In the US tonight, investors will find out whether September quarter economic growth will be revised from the inital reading of 2.5 per cent, the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee's November meeting will be released, and the Richmond Fed's factory index for November is out.
■ The federal government is heading for a stoush with the states as it moves to exert more control over coal seam gas development as part of a deal with independent MPs to win support for the mining tax.
■ BNP Paribas and Banco Santander are the latest European banks to reduce their Australian loan exposures, stirring fears about a shortage of credit and higher borrowing costs.
■ Broker Watch | Centro Retail Trust, Mesoblast.
Today's Company News
■ RCG Corporation, owner of The Athlete's foot and Shoe Superstore, has advised that it expects to maintain its half-year profit and deliver positive full-year earnings per share growth.
Management has also reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its dividend and dividend payout ratio. For the first four months of the 2012 financial year, sales in The Athlete's Foot are down 1.2 per cent in total and 3.3 per cent on a like-for-like basis. The company expects to achieve 35 per cent sales growth in its distribution and wholesale division.
■ Thorn Group, owner of Radio Rentals, has reported 19.8 per cent growth in revenue to $96.2 million for the six months to September 30, and 29.5 per cent growth in profit to $14.3 million. Earnings before interest and tax were up 32.3 per cent to $21.3 million.
■ BlueScope Steel has announced a fully underwritten 4-for-5 accelerated renounceable entitlement offer at $0.40 per share to raise about $600 million. BlueScope Steel's ordinary shares have gone into a trading halt, in which they will remain until 12pm on Thursday 24 November 2011.
■ Super Retail Group has completed the retail component of its 9 for 19 pro-rata renounceable entitlement offer of new ordinary shares. The offer has raised approximately $50.3 million from the issue of 9.4 million new shares.
Market Highlights
■ At 8.58am AEDT, Dow futures were down 28 points at 11497.
■ Shares on Wall Street have closed down about 2 per cent, after hitting a one-month low, with the S&P 500 dropping below 1200 points for the first time since October.
■ The Dow Jones has closed down 248.85 points, or 2.11 per cent, at 11,547.31. The S&P 500 was 22.67 points, or 1.87 per cent, lower at 1192.98. The Nasdaq was down 49.36 points, or 1.92 per cent, at 2523.14.
■ SPI futures have closed down 65 points.
■ The Australian dollar was down more than 1 US cent at 8.19am AEDT, at 98.58 US cents compared to 99.69 US cents at yesterday's local close.
■ An increase in French government borrowing costs, slowing growth and the euro-zone debt crisis threatens the country's top credit rating, Moody's ratings agency has warned.
■ Italian and French 10-year bond yields were steady overnight, at 6.66 per cent and 3.47 per cent respectively, but the Spanish 10-year yield rose 17 basis points to 6.55 per cent. The yield on 10-year German government bonds fell 5 basis points to 1.92 per cent.
United States
■ Shares on Wall Street have closed down about 2 per cent, after hitting a one-month low, with the S&P 500 dropping below 1200 points for the first time since October.
■ The Dow Jones has closed down 248.85 points, or 2.11 per cent, at 11,547.31. The S&P 500 was 22.67 points, or 1.87 per cent, lower at 1192.98. The Nasdaq was down 49.36 points, or 1.92 per cent, at 2523.14.
■ Republicans and Democrats have conceded they've failed to bridge the political divide to resolve the burgeoning US deficit crisis. Failure to reach agreement theoretically triggers automatic cuts in defence spending and welfare and education programs, although not until 2013. About $US600 billion would be lost from both the defence and domestic budgets.
■ A takeover deal provided a bright spot as Pharmasset Inc surged 85 percent to above $134 after Gilead Sciences Inc agreed to buy the company for $11 billion in cash. Gilead tumbled 10 percent to around $35.
■ US existing home sales unexpectedly rose in October as low interest rates for mortgages and rising rents led more homebuyers into the market, the National Association of Realtors said on Monday. Sales climbed 1.4 per cent to an annual rate of 4.97 million units from September's revised rate of 4.90 million, the NAR said. Forecasters in a Reuters poll had expected the annual rate to fall to 4.8 million.
■ An increase in French government borrowing costs, slowing growth and the euro-zone debt crisis threatens the country's top credit rating, Moody's ratings agency has warned. France is fighting desperately to retain its triple A credit status and has slashed spending and tightened up on tax revenues in an effort to stabilise its strained public finances but the markets are not convinced.
■ Spanish prime minister-elect Mariano Rajoy was under pressure to detail his policies to overcome a severe economic crisis after his centre-right party won the country's biggest election victory in 30 years.
■ The debt levels of euro-zone powerhouse Germany will stay elevated for several years to come, its central bank has warned, as Berlin insists its European neighbours cut their own debt piles. Germany is expected to have "a debt level above 60 per cent (of gross domestic product) for many years", even without taking into account the current crisis, the powerful Bundesbank said in its monthly report on Monday. With a rapidly ageing and shrinking population, a "loss of confidence" in the solidity of Germany's public finances could not be ruled out if "further costs" arose, the bank said.
■ Britain's FTSE 100 slid to its lowest close in six weeks, with worries mounting over the health of the global economy as the US and Europe wrestled with their respective debt problems. London's blue chip index fell 140.34 points, or 2.6 per cent to 5222.60 on Monday, its sixth straight day of losses and adding to the previous week's drop of 3.3 per cent, with analysts warning of potential for further downside.
■ The Nikkei average fell on Monday, closing in on key support as newly installed European leaders grappled with sovereign debt woes and as a United States bipartisan committee looked set to miss a deficit reduction deadline.
The Nikkei fell 0.32 per cent to 8348.27, while the broader Topix index lost 0.4 per cent to 717.08.
■ Japan's parliament has passed a ¥12.1 trillion $157.80 billion) extra budget, the third this year, to finance post-quake reconstruction and boost an economy hit by slow global growth and a strong yen.
The package is the latest government effort to revive an economy reeling from the impact of the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, which requires the nation's biggest post-World War II reconstruction effort.
■ Shares of embattled Olympus reversed Friday's 16 per cent drop, ending at 725 yen. The rebound came even as investigators continued to probe whether funds used to cover up losses were funnelled to criminal groups. Scrutiny is set to increase on deals not yet in the spotlight, including an ill-fated $US780 million investment in technology firm ITX.
■ Hong Kong and China shares fell on Monday, dragged lower by weakness in mainland financials and property names after bearish comments by Chinese Vice-Premier Wang Qishan over the global economy further aggravated weak sentiment.
■ Hong Kong was off 1.44 per cent, or 265.38 points, to end at 18,225.85 and Shanghai closed flat, edging 1.43 points lower to 2415.13.
■ Citic Securities says "weakness" in China's stocks may last until the end of the year as the government is unlikely to introduce more "powerful" measures to fine-tune economic policies, according to Bloomberg.
■ The Australian dollar was down more than 1 US cent at 8.19am AEDT, at 98.58 US cents compared to 99.69 US cents at yesterday's local close.
■ The US dollar rose sharply on Monday against higher-yielding currencies as deteriorating fiscal outlooks in the United States and Europe prompted investors to cut exposure to riskier assets. The dollar index hit as high as 78.516, its highest since Oct. 10, and was last up 0.1 per cent at 78.136.
The euro rose 0.1 per cent to $US1.3520, reversing earlier losses. Some traders cited buying from a large hedge fund and gains accelerated after triggering stop losses around $US1.35.
■ Central bank foreign currency reserve accumulation slowed dramatically in the September quarter and appears to have turned outright negative late in the quarter, noted RBC Capital Markets.
As the broad downward pressure on the US dollar reversed and capital flows into emerging markets dried up, a number of central banks either stopped local currency selling intervention, or intervened to support their currencies, running down reserves in the process, said the broker.
Central bank buying had been a major support for the euro, but is now disappearing.
■ Copper has hit its lowest in nearly a month on Monday as investors, already worried over Europe's debt, digested news that US plans to combat debt are in disarray and took in warnings from China about gloomy global growth prospects.
Three-month copper on the London Metal Exchange was $US7332.50 a tonne by 1531 GMT versus $US7525 at the close on Friday. The metal, used in power and construction, earlier hit a near one-month low of $US7320.■
■ Oil prices have fallen on fears that failure to deal with debt problems in Europe and the United States will stunt global economic growth and curb demand for petroleum. US January crude fell $US2.02 to $US95.65 a barrel, having traded as low as $US95.24, testing below the 200-day moving average of $US95.34
■ Precious metals analysts expect the palladium market to finish at a surplus this year, running with the equivalent of about four weeks' global gross demand available. However demand from industrial users and for diesel autocatalysts is likely to pick up again next year and Russian inventory sales, which have been keeping the market supplied, are expected to be significantly curtailed. As a result, the palladium market is forecast to return to a deficit next year and analysts at Royal Bank of Scotland say the current environment is one of the most bullish for palladium prices they have seen. Prices are expected to rise to an average of about $US900 an ounce, up from current prices around $US600 an ounce; the potential for a sustained period of supply deficits makes palladium the brokers' preferred exposure in the precious and base metals.
■ SPI futures have closed down 65 points.
■ Goldman Sachs head of institutional sales Richard Coppleson: "Bulls have been unable to escape the sovereign debt shackles as budget deadlock in the US joins worries about persistent euro-zone fiscal stress to batter sentiment. So clearly, risk appetite took another hit, lifting the $US and yen across the board as investors sought havens from the fallout of the deepening euro-zone debt crisis and burgeoning fiscal problems in the US."
■ The week started on a subdued note yesterday, with the Australian sharemarket losing 0.3 per cent amid light volumes as investors dealt with fears on two fronts – the continuing European sovereign debt crisis and the inability of US lawmakers to reach a deal on deep spending cuts.
■ The US reporting season, which is in the process of wrapping up, was more positive than expected, considering worries about the health of the national economy. September quarter underlying profits were delivered 3.6 per cent ahead of pre-reporting season expectation, with EPS growth of 1.4 per cent quarter-on-quarter and 18.9 per cent year-on-year.
Stocks in Focus
■ Challenger Financial holds its annual general meeting today. Though no further guidance is expected, investors will be looking for bullish commentary on the performance of the annuities division, which has posted impressive growth through a sluggish market that has hurt the company's competitors in the financial services space.
■ Qantas shares fell more than 1 per cent yesterday as talks between the company and unions reached a deadlock. The dispute will now be sent to arbitration, which could take up to six months.
■ Online classifieds company Seek gained more than 1 per cent yesterday as management offered positive commentary on outlook, predicting "significantly greater" earnings from overseas investments for the 2012 financial year.
Street Talk
■ PE Partners clean up with iNova deal: These are trying times for many but it was high fives and chest bumps all round yesterday for the private equity firms who bought into iNova Pharmaceuticals back in 2006.
■ Newman plays QRN card close to his chest: Queensland Liberal National Party leader Campbell Newman threw the cat among the pigeons over the weekend when he said his party would be in no rush to sell the government's 34 per cent stake in QR National and suggested the stock could be rolled into a state-owned sovereign wealth fund.
■ AMP's new broom for 2012: There's talk across the market that fund managers are winding down for an early Christmas but there is a growing list of well-known fundies who have wound down for much longer. The changes come as fundies battle market turbulence and consolidation and have been made for a variety of reasons.
■ Bechtel contract tops off strong month for Skywest: Skywest Airlines has won a long-term charter contract from Bechtel, which is involved in the Chevron Wheatstone project in north-western Western Australia.
■ UBS cuts Automotive forecasts after trading update: Following Friday's trading update by Automotive Holdings Group, analysts at UBS have trimmed their earnings per share forecasts for the company
■ Technology One grows profits in tough conditions: Technology One has reported a 14pc rise in net profit to $20.3m for the year to September 30, 2011, on revenues that rose 15pc to $156m.
Broker Watch
■ Deutsche Bank has initiated coverage on stem-cell therapy company Mesoblast with a "hold" rating. The broker thinks the stock is "something of an all-or-nothing bet" on the stage-3 trials for the company's heart therapy, "the outcome of which won't be known for some years".
"We are wary the news flow will likely slow as the heart trial results are some way off and this may weigh on the price," the broker writes. If all goes well with the trials, however, the broker thinks the "possible payoff is enormous", with solid intellectual property, scalable production methods and an "off the shelf" capability.
A potential positive catalyst in the short term could be the company's diabetes treatment, currently in phase 2, which would provide a large uplift to the broker's valuation if the trials were successful.
The broker's 12-month price target is $7.85, which "applies a probability of success weighting to prospective revenues from each indication targeted by Mesoblast's prospective products".
■ Deutsche Bank has upgraded Centro Retail Trust from "hold" to "buy" after the company secured revised terms for its $7 billion aggregation proposal, which goes to a vote on Tuesday. The proposal would see the merger of Centro Retail Trust and Centro Properties Group into one entity, Centro Retail Australia.
The new terms increase the chances the proposal will be approved according to the broker, and provides better protection to unitholders in potential class action liabilities. Assuming the vote does pass, Deutsche thinks current pricing represents an attractive entry point into Centro Retail on a risk adjusted basis.
Deutsche expects the aggregated entity to trade below valuation in the short term, with remaining class action risk and the likelihood of register rotation. The broker has upped its 12-month price target from 33¢ to 36¢.
Ex Dividends
■ The following stocks will trade ex dividend today:
The Trust Company 17¢, interim
Monday's capital raisings
■ Solar power provider Solco said it would raise up to $4 million through an underwritten rights issue. Shareholders were offered two new shares for every seven already held, at 7¢ a share, underwritten by Investorfirst Securities Limited. Solco said the funds would help capitalise on expansion and acquisition opportunities.
■ Gryphon Minerals and Genesis Minerals were placed in trading halts ahead of capital raisings. Gryphon is seeking to raise $63 million with the help of Euroz Securities and Paradigm Capital, who are placing as many as 45 million shares at $1.40 a piece, Financial Review DealBook revealed. US Masters Holdings announced a one-for-one non-renounceable entitlement offer at 15¢ a share. The offer was expected to raise $1.2 million before costs and was not underwritten. The company said funds raised would help pay administration costs associated with running the company.
■ Cromwell Property Group was placed in a trading halt ahead of a material placement. The property group recently raised $28 million at 68¢ a security in a placement to a South African institutional investor.
■ Amex Resources raised $9 million in a placement to shareholder Mr Kenny Zhang. The company sold 9.5 million shares at 95¢ each. The funds were to be used for completion of a feasibility study and working capital.
■ Site Group International announced a non-renounceable rights issue to raise about $4.2 million. The one-for-four offer was priced at 11¢ a share and was fully underwritten by Claymore Capital.
■ The chief executive of rare earths explorer Arafura Resources, Steve Ward, reminded shareholders that the company's one-for-three non-renounceable rights issue was due to close on Tuesday. Ward said it was a difficult time to raise funds but Arafura's largest shareholder had committed to the offer, along with four directors.
■ Navigator Resources raised $3.2 million through the placement of 126 million shares at 2.5¢ each. The placement was made to existing shareholders Au Mining and Yandal Investments (a company associated with Mark Creasy).
■ TSV Holdings announced a one-for-two underwritten non-renounceable rights issue to raise $2.1 million. The company was looking to sell 63.1 million shares at 3.3¢ each.
Monday's Market Movers
■ No economic data due today in what is a quiet week for releases.
■ While debate continues about the outlook for more rate cuts by the RBA, it's interesting to note that petrol prices have risen recently. That's at odds with a fall in oil prices.
■ Cheaper wholesale fuel prices have not flown through to pump prices to the same extent as we expected. Petrol is the single biggest purchase that most families make each week. And cheaper fuel prices would support activity levels in the lead-up to Christmas.
■ The gross retail margin (difference between the terminal gate price and the pump price) has risen to 9.74¢ over the past week, holding just shy of record highs of 10.2¢ reached in October 2009, according to CommSec.
Security | Yield (%) | Change (basis points) |
US Treasury 2 year | 0.26 | -1.4 |
US Treasury 5 year | 0.91 | -1.1 |
US Treasury 10 year | 1.97 | -4.2 |
US Treasury 30 year | 2.95 | -4.1 |
Australian Government 3 year | 3.19 | -2.4 |
Australian Government 10 year | 3.24 | -2.3 |
■ US Treasuries prices rose on Monday as stocks fell on Wall Street on news a special congressional committee would concede defeat in its efforts to cut the US deficit. Washington's most ambitious effort in years to come to grips with the nation's debt is set to end on Monday as negotiators plan to announce they have failed to reach a deal.
■ The head of the European Commission has defended the idea of joint euro-zone bonds in the face of German opposition, saying they will make sense once the bloc achieves greater fiscal discipline. "We believe that when there are appropriate levels of integration, convergence and discipline, it makes sense to have some kind of stability bonds in Europe," Jose Manuel Barroso, president of the EU's executive arm, said on Monday. "The commission has not only the right but the duty to present options," he said.
■ The European Central Bank says it nearly doubled its weekly purchases of eurozone bonds, as it continues its bid to drive down yields and fight the debt crisis that threatens to tip Europe into recession. The ECB snapped up nearly €8 billion ($10.87 billion) in bonds last week, compared to €4 billion the previous week. The ECB, as usual, did not specify which government bonds it had bought.
■ The Australian government yield curve has steepened sharply with the gap between the three and 10-year Australian government bond yields surging to around 85 basis points, its widest level since March 2007. Strong demand for our government debt with the federal government looking determined to bring the budget back into surplus, and market expectations of at least six 25-basis point interest rate cuts over the next 12 months, is driving the trend. The steep yield curve is generally seen as a positive for our economy as it generally stimulates lending.
■ Mining tax over the line: The federal government is heading for a stoush with the states as it moves to exert more control over coal seam gas development as part of a deal with independent MPs to win support for the mining tax.
■ European banks shrink local loan books: European banks have put large parts of their Australian loan books up for sale as they face escalating funding pressures in their home markets, a move that could reduce the supply of credit to Australian companies and increase borrowing costs.
■ Qantas flies to Fair Work as talks stall: Qantas is pinning its hopes on the arbitration of deadlocked bargaining with three aviation unions to deliver certainty to win back customers and rebuild bookings after the dramatic grounding of its fleet last month.
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The Regent
Paperback, 301 Pages
Ships in 3-5 business days.
"Crackling flames rose in billowing towers of orange in the blackness, rolling, roaring, devouring my brother's flesh. My shaking hand still held the burning torch.
His widow collapsed, sobbing as if her tears would quench the fire's appetite and bring back her lover. Within her belly his legacy still grew.
One of his small sons took my hand. "Art thou my father now?"
I pulled away not wanting to believe that my hand shook more than his, or that he could one day take what was rightfully mine. I did not know their names. They were worthless to me. Should I have them all killed to secure my own wealth and power, or become Regent and mentor to the sniveling lot?"
Wielding ruthless ambition, blood thirsty action, and sex for wealth, THE REGENT's gripping saga is a galloping, graphic, intimate ride through King Henry VIII's England. Power and status reign, and love is forfeit as death and sacrifice climax in a quest that alters our future.
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Product Details
- 9781300608479
- Copyright
- K. Dopita (Standard Copyright License)
- Publisher
- K. Dopita Studio
- Published
- August 27, 2013
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 301
- Binding
- Perfect-bound Paperback
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 1.13 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 6 wide x 9 tall
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Air duct cleaning Benicia is a service that targets various systems in some buildings. These buildings may be individual premises or premises of institutions. The systems targeted are those that are air oriented. These include heaters as well as air conditioners.
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The heaters on the other hand are majorly found in the cold places. Their sole purpose in these places is to provide the heat necessary to make the residents comfortable. Cold is associated with dormancy, hence if not tackled may highly affect the people staying in such places. Some rooms may also contain this facility so as to provide heat for some activities such as drying.
This activity can be done by very many individuals. There are those people who do it privately, while others do it in institutions. When done by institutions, it is considerably cheaper. This is because these institutions are the kinds that are not much after money, but after the welfare of the residents. The people doing it privately are considered very expensive. Given the amounts clients pay for their services, they offer very high quality services.
Some bodies are totally opposed to the clearing of these systems especially frequently. According to them, they can run just normally even without the servicing. Besides, they consider it unnecessarily costly. This therefore has brought controversy between them and the bodies advocating for it, since they still do not understand why it should be done. As such, they are conducting intensive research.
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Air duct cleaning Benicia is an activity that is being adopted by more people with time. This is very beneficial to the people providing the facility, because then, they can generate more income. The bodies opposed to the activity are also conducting research on its necessity.


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Home > Crestwood HS Mantua, OH io Home |
Crestwood High School Mantua, OH Alumni
Dennis Stewart Class of 1979 |
Dolores Ramella Class of 1973 |
The Crestwood High alumni site is made so that students and teachers from the Mantua high school can reconnect with those that they met while attending high school. You can also find out what other graduates are doing now, share memories with other alumn, upload pictures from Crestwood High and find other alumni. If you are an alumn of CHS you should register now in the alumni directory. We also encourage you to interact with the rest of the alumni on this site. You can find old friends, share photos and stay updated on the latest school news.


text:
With a view to explore the versatile lead molecule 4(3H)-quinazolinones, a series of novel 2-methyl-3-(1'3'4'-thiadiazoyl)-4-(3H) quinazolinones
Chemistry of Quinazolinones
Sponsored Links
Quinazoline (1) is a fused bicycle compound earlier known as benzo-1 3-diazine was first prepared in the laboratory by Gabriel1 in 1903, although one of its derivatives was known much earlier2.
The name quinazoline (German : Chinazolin) was first proposed for this compound by Weddige3, on observing that this was isomeric with the compounds cinnoline (2) and quinoxaline (3). Paal and Bush4 suggested the numbering of quinazoline ring system, which is currently used. The other less commonly used names for this ring system are 'phenmiazine' and 5,6-benzopyrimidine. However, the name quinazoline is now universally accepted.
Of the many derivatives of quinazoline system known so far, keto-quinazolines also called as quinazolinones, are the most important compounds. Depending upon the position of the keto or oxo group, these compounds may be classified into two types: 2-(1H) quinazolinones (or) 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo quinazolines (4) and 4(3H)-quinazolines or 3,4-dihydro-oxoquinazolines (5). These systems (4&5) exhibit lactam-lactim tautomerism and undergo hydroxy group replacement reactions. 2-Cyano-4(3H)-quinazolinone was the first quinazolinone derivative to be synthesized5.
2. Brief Account of reactivity of 4(3H)-Quinazolinones:
Reactions associated with tautomeric nature of the quinazolinones are often quite complex and generally unpredictable. The recorded chemical investigation on the subject is voluminous. The amide linkages in quinazolinones should not be looked on as predominantly the keto or the enol form but as true keto-enol tautomers, showing reaction characteristic of both the forms.
Quinazolinones are always high melting crystalline solids, insoluble in water and in most organic solvents but soluble in aqueous alkali. They are generally insoluble in dilute acids but are sometimes soluble in concentrated acids. Simple 4(3H)-quinazolinones, although insoluble in dilute acids, are soluble in 6N hydrochloric acid. 4(3H)-quinazolinones form stable monohydrochlorides, chloroplatinate, chloroaurates and picrates6 and their metal salts of silver, mercury, zinc, copper, sodium and potassium7.
Stability of the ring system:
The ring system in quinazolinone is exceedingly stable in oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis reactions and other treatment designed to break the ring. There is no report of degradation of quinazolinone by simple chemical oxidation.
When a simple and 2-substituted- 4(3H)- quinazolinone is heated with an equivalent amount of phosphorous pentachloride in phosphorous oxychloride, the corresponding 4-chloroquinazoline (6) is obtained. If a methyl group is present at 3-position, prohibiting the usual tautomerism, the methyl group is lost during the chlorination8.
The position of alkylation of quinazolinones is similar to all the aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic systems in which a hydroxyl group is found ortho or para to the nitrogen position. Such compounds exist in tautomeric mixture (7), the two structures being inter-convertible by the shift of one proton and one pair of electrons. In alkaline solution the ions of such compounds exist as resonance hybrids of the two major forms differing only by the position of two pairs of electrons, as shown. Thus in alkylation of such hydroxyl derivatives of pyridine, pyrimidine and similar heterocycles, the entering group may become attached to either the nitrogen atom, thus giving for instance, an N-alkyl-pyridine or to the oxygen atom, giving an alkoxy pyridine. Alkylating agent9 and the conditions of alkylation but not the hetercyclic nucleus, were the factors determining the course of alkylation.
4(3H)-Quinazolinone on boiling with nitric acid undergoes substitution to give 6-nitro-4 (3H)-quinazolinone (8). On further nitration it has been observed that the second nitro group enters the 8-position to give 6,8-dinitro derivatives (9). 2-Substituted-4(3H)-quinazolinones were also found to behave similarly, under such conditions10-13.
2,3-Dihydro-3-methyl- 4(1H)-quinazolinone (10) could be obtained on reduction of 3-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone with Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAIH4) in benzene14.
Reactivity of the 2-methyl group :
The methyl group in 2-position of 4(3H)-quinazolinone system was found to be quite reactive since it is linked to an azomethine carbon and condenses with aldehydes to give the styryl compounds (11)15,16.
These studies, interestingly, revealed that quite a few of such quinazolinone derivatives possess a wide variety of pharmacological activities.
3. The summary of methods of preparation of 4(3H)-Quinazolinones:
Most of the methods employed for the synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones make use of anthranilic acid or one of their functional derivatives as the starting materials. Based on this factor, the general methods of synthesis are:
Condensation of anthranilic acid with acid amides:
When anthranilic acid is heated in a open container with excess of formamide at 120°C, water is expelled and a nearly quantitative (90%) conversion to 4(3H)-quinazolinones (12)17 is achieved.
Condensation of acetanilides with urethanes:
A number of attempts have been made to condense a urethane derivative with aniline to give 4(3H)-quinazolinone, directly. Urethane and acetanilide, heated for 3 hours with phosphorus pentoxide in toluene, give 2-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone (13)18.
Condensation of N-acylanthranilic acids with primary amines:
4(3H)-Quinazolinones may also be synthesized directly from the corresponding N-acylanthranilic acid by heating with ammonia or substituted amines. Bogert and Steiner19 have prepared 2-methyl-3-alkyl-6-nitro- 4(3H)-quinazolinones (14) from N-acyl-5-nitroanthranilic acid and a variety of primary amines.
4. Biological importance of 4(3H)-Quinazolinones :
The quinazolinone skeleton is a frequently encountered heterocycle in medicinal chemistry literature with applications including antibacterial20, analgesic21, anti-inflammatory22,23, antifungal24, antimalarial25, antihypertensive26, CNS depressant27, anticonvulsant28, antihistaminic & local anaesthetic29, antiparkinsonism30, antiviral and cancer activities31. Little number of quinazolinones was reported as potent chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of tuberculosis. For example 3-aryl-6,8-dichloro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3H)-diones and 3-arylquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones32 as antimycobacterial agents, quinazolinone derivatives33 as antitubercular agents.
- Gabriel, Ber., 36, (1903) 800.
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- Monti and Simonetti, Gazzh., 71, (1941) 654; through Chem Abstr., 37, (1943) 130.
- Magidson and Golovchinskaya, J Gen Chem USSR., 8, (1938) 1797.
- Bogert and Gieger, J Am Chem Soc., 34, (1912) 524.
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- Misra, Science and Culture., 17, (1952) 530.
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- Bogert and Steiner, J Am Chem Soc., 27, (1905) 1327; U S Pat., 2, 408, 633 through Chem Abstr., 41, (1947) 1251.
- Berechet Ana and Silvia Boteanu, Farmacia., 19, (1971) 683., through Chem Abstr., 78 (1973) 131903.
- B.C. Lawes and H.C. Sarborough, U.S. 3, 127, 401, through Chem Abstr., 60, (!964) 14525.
- P.N. Bhargava and G.C. Singh, J Indian Chem Soc., 38, (1961) 77.
- CH. Ravishankar, A. Devender Rao, A. Bhaskar Rao, V. Malla Reddy and P.B. Sattur, Curr Sci., 53, (1984) 1069.
- S.N. Sawhney, R.K. Tower, S.P. Singh, Omprakash and Indraprakash, Indian J Chem., 19B, (1980) 415.
- T.A. Martin, A.G. Wheller, R.F. Majewski and J.R. Corrigan, J Med Chem., 7, (1964) 812.
- J.B. Dienei, F. Dowalo, H.V. Hoeven, P. Bender and B. Love, J Med Chem., 16, (1973) 633.
- R.S. Verma, S. Bahadur and A.K. Agnihotri, Arch Pharm., 31, (1981) 97.
- M.L. Gujral, P.N. Saxena, R.P. Kohli, Indian J Med Res., 45, (1957) 201.
- V. Chandrasekhar, A. Raghurama Rao and V. Malla Reddy, Indian Drugs, 3, (1986) 24.
- P. K. Naithani, Gautam Palit, V.K. Srivastava and K. Shankar, Indian J Chem., 28B, (1989) 745.
- R.O. Dempcy and E.B. Skibo, Bioorg and Med Chem Lett., 1 (1993) 39.
- Waisser Karel, Gregor Jii, Dostal Hynek, Kunes Jioi, Kubicova Lenka, Klimesova Vera and Kaustova Jarmila, Il Farmaco, 56(10), (2001) 803.
- Kuneš Jií, Bazant Jaroslav, Pour Milan, Waisser Karel, Šlosárek Milan and Janota, Jií, Il Farmaco, 55(11-12), (2000) 725.
Dr. S.N.Meyyanathan, M.Pharm, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department
of Pharmaceutical analysis, JSS college of pharmacy at Ooty – 643001, Tamilnadu,
India. He has sixteen years of teaching and research experience and has more than
30 publications in National and International journals. He has been nominated
as International Professional of the Year 2005 by International
Biographical centre, Cambridge, UK. His major areas of interest are Drug synthesis
and Pharmaceutical Analysis. He has supervised seventeen M.Pharm theses and is
currently supervising as co guide for many Ph.D. research scholars. Dr S.N.Meyyanathan
has presented papers in many National and International conferences. He is a life
member of member of Indian
Pharmaceutical Association and Association
of pharmaceutical Teachers of India. He is a paper reviewer for International
Journal of Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. His biography has been
published in Marquis
who'swho in the world and Marqius who's who in medicine and healthcare.
He has filed one patent in the field of drug synthesis.
Contact address :
Dr S.N.Meyyanathan
Dept.of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
J.S.S.College of Pharmacy,
P.B.20, Rocklands, Ootacamund 643 001, Tamilnadu, India.
Phone : 0423-2443393 (O)
Fax : 0423-2442937
E-mail: email@example.com
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This bodega nestles along the banks of the Duero not a great distance from the Portuguese border. Established in 1997 they farm just 5 hectares of vines. Vinos de La Tierra is the Spanish equivalent of the French Vin de Pays with the Juan Garcia grape a native or autochthonous variety.
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text: Yo, On Sat, Apr 06, 2002 at 04:46:23PM +0200, Neven Has wrote: > > <mkdir> > > <base>/mnt/lfs</base> > > <name>bin</name> > > <name>sbin</name> > > <name>usr</name> > > <name>usr/local/games</name> > > <option>parents</option> > > </mkdir> > > Although there are much more typing involved here, I think I like > having the element per directory like this. *blinks* Wasn't a similar suggestion done before on this subject? 'cause id way more prefer this way, then what we have been presently using. > If we choose to have more attributes, "base" could be one of them > (which Jesse proposed for <make>, for example). That would give us: Yes, i have been, again, toying with the idea... expect to see a few ideas on this tomorrow. A little warning, i'm going to give a RFC (Request For Comments) when i check in some mods of the syntax in CVS. Hopefully, tomorrow will be the last major discussion we will have on the tags that get put in CVS, at least for 1.0... i'm hoping at least ;) Anyways, expect lots to happen to tomorrow. -- Jesse Tie-Ten-Quee ( highos at linuxfromscratch dot org ) -- Unsubscribe: send email to listar at linuxfromscratch.org and put 'unsubscribe alfs-discuss' in the subject header of the message


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Have you registered yet for the 51st Design Automation Conference (June 1-5 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco)? If not, here's a link: https://dac.com//content/registration-rates
And if you are going, don't miss the Automotive Pavilion. Mentor Graphics has clearly put some effort into a program there that it's calling "Connected Engineering™ for the Automotive Industry."
Mentor offers products and solutions that help engineers overcome design challenges in board and chip design and the company notes that the automotive industry faces similar challenges. Consider for a moment, if you will, the pace at which new electrical/electronic features and systems are being introduced.
Mentor Graphics' technology encompasses EE systems design, in-vehicle infotainment, system modeling, mechanical analysis, and embedded software – and probably more than that by next month. At DAC, they're offering at least three presentations worthwhile for any automotive EE engineer:
Serge Leef, Mentor Graphics VP New Ventures, GM System-Level Engineering Division, will present a seminar on "Applying EDA Techniques to Analysis and Optimization to In-vehicle Distributed Systems."
Serge notes that developing complex automotive hardware/software systems requires building accurate virtual prototypes and simulators for systems design and optimization, and for parallel software development. This session will feature different talks discussing various challenges and solutions in this domain.
Joachim Langenwalter, Mentor's director for Automotive in Europe, will present a seminar, "Connected Engineering for Automotive EE Design." He says that a well-managed process with seamless information flow from concept to design to verification to in-production updating is the "holy grail" for a fully enabled systems engineering process. The seminar will present three different views of systems engineering at various levels.
Finally, Wally Rhines, Mentor Graphics chairman and CEO, will preside at a Fireside Chat, "Automotive Engineers Love Design Automation." Wally will be joined by Ford's leading EE technologist, Jim Buczkowski, and the two will talk about designing cars of the future and the role of EGA. Come with questions.
Will I see you there?


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Power Trio: Three Diverse Embedded Linux SBCs
The world of embedded Linux single board computers (SBCs) has greatly expanded in this past year. We now see complete systems on single boards, which due to higher levels of integration has led to new application areas like independent servers, small networked appliances, networked storage and kiosk terminals.
Reference data on other Linux SBCs is tallied in Table 1. SBCs are also covered in previous issues of ELJ. Doug Stead's article ``Embedded Design with the MZ104'' in the November/December 2000 special issue of ELJ is a complete introduction to embedded systems that emphasizes the PC/104 hardware form factor and the MachZ high-integration microprocessor.
In this article, we see how more recent trends have enabled new applications for embedded Linux and how the influx of Linux has led to some interesting possibilities for interoperability with proprietary systems. Reciprocally, it also is becoming clear that open-source software like Linux has produced profound changes in the system engineering of embedded products, now that higher integration technology has become available. Higher integration technology along with Linux are providing time-to-market advantages necessary to reduce the engineering challenges inherent in integrating new microprocessors into deployable embedded systems. We begin first with a well-known SBC vendor.
Ampro Computers, Inc. is no stranger to embedded computers, having existed since 1983. Ampro, based in San Jose, California, pioneered the embedded PC industry, having created the popular PC/104 and EBX standards. ``Linux has come out of nowhere to huge proportions'', said Paul Rosenfeld, chief technology officer of Ampro. ``It brings in a level of standardization that had not existed before.''
Ampro has three new products called EnCore. Three new SBCs join an older fourth one to provide processor offerings in one pin-compatible form factor. These SBCs are relatively small boards, about 3.5" × 5.0". Each EnCore SBC provides standard peripherals. Included are PS/2 keyboard and mouse interfaces, 10/100Base-T Ethernet, serial, parallel, two USB UHCI ports and AC97 sound. For program storage, 2MB of Flash is provided, Ultra/DMA 33 IDE or floppy can be accommodated. Depending on the model, EnCore boards can hold between 16MB and 512MB of SODIMM DRAM, provided for dynamic storage.
The EnCore M2 is Ampro's first RISC-based SBC. This board is shown in Figure 1, and as you can see, it's fairly small. The RISC processor is a 400MHz Au1000 from Alchemy Semiconductor, Inc. The Au1000 offers high integration, bundling a MIPS32-compatible processor core with an external PCI bus controller and standard peripherals. This Au1000 only requires 500mW of power. The M2 SBC is priced under $300 US in volume.
Ampro's two other new products are the EnCore 400 and EnCore 700 (the EnCore 400 is shown in Figure 2). These are pin-compatible with the EnCore M2 but are intended for PC-compatible binaries. The EnCore 400 is a 133MHz 486-based CPU, based on the ST Microelectronics STPC ATLAS microprocessor. The EnCore 700 uses either a 500MHz Mobile Celeron or a 850MHz Pentium III processor. Both of these SBCs also have a graphics controller for both CRC and TFT flat-panel interfaces. The EnCore 400 is priced under $300 US, and the EnCore 700 is under $500 US in volume.
vendors. We provide them with necessary Board Support Package (BSP) data, so they can help our customers get up and running quickly.'' Ampro's top customers are sophisticated OEM developers in medical electronics, industrial automation and test instrumentation, Rosenfeld indicated:
They typically already have a technical application in mind and want to leverage PC-based development tools for rapid time-to-market. By positioning ourselves as a system-on-a-chip company that happens to use a fiberglass substrate, we are able to fill the need for volumes below that of a semiconductor company but offer SBCs to OEMs at less cost and development time than in-house development would take.
The effects of integration with new products like these can be seen. EnCore modules can be placed onto a reference design board (see Figure 3). This form of connectorization typifies the application board for an OEM, which would contain unique hardware for their system. Such levels of integration are lending credence to Rosenfeld's idea that SBCs today have become a system component. This approach contrasts starkly with mezzanine board solutions like larger PC/104 systems. Fewer connector interfaces are involved, and this results in lower cost and smaller size.
Equipment Monitor and Control, or EMAC, Inc., has been around since 1985 and is based in Carbondale, Illinois. They have offered Linux distributions to the embedded systems market since 1998 and provide turnkey engineering solutions for customers as well as SBC hardware for OEMs constructing their own systems.
EMAC SBCs are used in process-control applications that require fanless operation and extreme reliability. Eric Rossi, chief engineer, described a project where embedded Linux provided 0.1 degree temperature control and 24/7 reliability for hatching some 50,000 chickens or turkeys within a ten-minute window for GSI/Cumberland Hatcheries. ``GSI/Cumberland's old hatchery system required that they fly around the world to the remotest parts of the earth to troubleshoot their hatchery systems'', Rossi said. ``The new system developed by EMAC allows GSI to troubleshoot the system via the Web, or where the Internet is not available, to dial in directly to the system, similar to dialing into an internet provider.''
Figure 4 shows the EMAC PCM-53E30, a compact EBX board with single or dual 10/100Base-T Ethernet. It is based on a 133MHz ZFx86 processor. This SBC is 5.75" × 4.00" and weighs 0.38 lbs. A 144-pin SODIMM socket is provided for up to 256MB of SDRAM. 16MB of RFA StrataFlash is provided, and there is an onboard socket that supports up to 256MB of CompactFlash disk.
The PCM-53E30 provides two RS-232 serial ports, one of which can be optioned for RS-422/485. This is very important in monitoring or control applications, which often work in electrically noisy environments (think huge three-phase AC heaters). There is an FDD port for up to two floppy drives, keyboard/mouse connector and a lithium battery-backed up real-time clock. To provide greater expansion, the PCM-53E30 also provides a PC/104-Plus onboard connector. The PCM-53E30 is priced at $285 US per unit.
To provide a programmable web-enabled control panel for embedded Linux applications, EMAC, Inc. has the PPC-E5 Compact Panel PC, which is shown in Figure 5. This is a 6.18" × 4.4" × 2.0" SBC mated to a 5.5" STN color LCD with resistive touchscreen. It requires no fan. The display has QVGA resolution of 320 × 240 at 256K colors, and the display controller can support CRTs and LCDs concurrently. The processor is a 133MHz AMD 486DX5, with a RadiSys R400EX chipset. The 10Base-T Ethernet controller uses the SMC 91C96, and up to 64MB of 72-pin SIMM EDO DRAM can be provided. Linux is provided ready to run on up to 288MB of Flash. Again, typifying industrial automation use, there are two RS-232 serial ports, one convertible to RS-422/485. Ports for up to two FDDs and a PC/104 connector are provided for expansion. The PPC-E5 is priced at $995 US per unit.
EMAC offers a Linux 2.4 kernel optimized for Flash memory, USB and enhanced networking for PC-compatible SBCs. Bill Hummel, director of marketing at EMAC, explained that ``the Flash footprint is only 6.5MB, leaving more than 1MB free for applications with 8MB Flash.'' This distribution uses glibc 2.3, offering binary compatibility with Red Hat 7.1 and other distributions. It also has ``a GPL-compliant disk-on-chip driver'', Hummel said.
The EMAC hardware typifies an alternative extreme in embedded Linux applications. Larger local Flash storage is provided, and Linux actually runs from there, so the Flash does not necessarily provide only a boot loader for Linux using a network or moving disk. This is because the application must run extremely reliably, with zero moving parts. Local software provides fault tolerance, possibly under conditions of interrupted network services. Rossi explained that ``we have provided modifications to Debian to provide self-bootable Linux applications from Flash, where there is security for read-only portions of Flash that coexist with read/write portions.''
Now for some raw embedded Linux power. Like the other two vendors, Team ASA, Inc. of San Diego, California has been around since the 1980s. They are a manufacturer of high-performance networking products for prepress and digital multimedia. They build products to support people who use very large files all day long in their production work flow.
Mark Murray, president of Team ASA, explained how they got their start:
We started out as a contractor for a famous animation company that really needed a hardware project completed to the end, after it had been abandoned. We did a lot of high-end imaging cards and worked a lot with high-end Macintosh applications. Over time, we began to notice that our clients needed truly high-performance networking, due to the size of their files, so we got into that.
Murray explained that they were the first company to offer FDDI boards for Macs. Later, they began offering 1000Base-T Ethernet peripheral cards. ``We decided to do something with high performance and much wider appeal. That's when we selected Linux for network-attached storage, RAID and personal servers'', said Murray.
The Npwr Linux Engine, shown in Figure 6, has awesome features for a Linux SBC. It uses the Intel XScale RISC-based I/O processor, otherwise known as the Intel 80310. The device is superpipelined; it has a multiply-accumulate coprocessor and a 100MHz I/O bus supporting up to 64 bits, with ECC. The processor has software support for clock frequency control--incredibly it only needs 750mW at 333MHz. Npwr supports three processor versions: 400MHz, 600MHz and 733MHz. The XScale processor is application code-compatible with the StrongARM SA-110 and is ARM version 5TE-compliant.
Npwr comes with ready-to-run Linux on 4-32 MB of Flash, plus a toolkit disk CD-ROM. It is sold stock with 128MB PC1000 SDRAM, with options to 512MB. In addition to a hot processor, this board supports wicked-fast I/O. It comes with Gigabit Ethernet, providing 1000Base-T over copper. It also has 320/160MB/s Wide SCSI. Murray indicated that an option to have a second Gigabit Ethernet port will be available soon. The Npwr board is designed to fit in less than a half-height 5.25" disk drive bay, which is slightly smaller than a 5" × 8" form factor. ``That's not a lot of room'', said Murray. The board can be used as a standalone Linux server, an embedded RAID controller or a multiple-unit cluster. The Npwr is priced at $1,195 US for a 466MHz processor, $1,295 US with a 600MHz processor and $1,395 US with a 733MHz processor.
Team ASA also sells a network-attached server appliance based on the Npwr, called Npwr Server, shown in Figure 7. These high-performance standalone servers are intended for prepress and digital multimedia. They are featured in two versions: the 30GB/600MHz version is priced at $1,495 US, while the 60GB/733MHz version is priced at $1,995 US.
Team ASA uses the Debian Linux distribution with kernel 2.4.9. Murray provided some insight on how small things in a processor can have large impacts:
The XScale processor has many advantages, but it doesn't have a snooping cache, like high-end processors supported by the Linux kernel. This means that kernel routines have to be modified to allow concurrent I/O. This has a host of little subsequent effects, up to the driver level.
In the end, Linux proved itself easily adaptable for changes of this nature.
Michael Baxter has been working in computer technology since he was nine, imprinted by a 1969 viewing of 2001: A Space Odyssey. He is an experienced computer architect, system, board and FPGA logic designer. Michael holds ten United States patents in computer architecture and logic, plus four patents as a co-inventor. His Linux-related interests include open-source Verilog and EDA tools, Python, automated source-code generation, concurrency and hardware issues.
As Linux continues to play an ever increasing role in corporate data centers and institutions, ensuring the integrity and protection of these systems must be a priority. With 60% of the world's websites and an increasing share of organization's mission-critical workloads running on Linux, failing to stop malware and other advanced threats on Linux can increasingly impact an organization's reputation and bottom line.
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Fedora 11 To Default To the Ext4 File System 161
from the better-in-many-dimensions dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Ext4 is not a SAN or distributed filesystem. GPFS/lustre/GFS remain a good choice for that.
It needs specifying. If you had example configuration files and how they would be changed with various operations, examples of what the dialogs should be like, and other details planned out you could probably get someone to program it pretty easily. It doesn't sound like it'd be a lot of code for a CLI app that helped with some of the discovery/etc.
Red Hat ship some web based tools called Luci and Ricci which basically do all of this, with a pointy-clicky interface.
So where can I see some benchmarks showing just how much of a slowdown I can expect after switching from ext2 to ext4? All the benchmarks I see around here compare it to ext3 and to ReiserFS only. Also, is it possible to run ext4 without the journal? Any benchmarks on that? (Oh, and please, don't bother with the reliability lectures. I couldn't care less.)
is it possible to run ext4 without the journal?
Yes, it is [kernel.org]. And, as you can see in the link, ext4 is faster than ext2. Even with journaling.
You may be able to make one:
ext4_noj = {
features = extents,huge_file,flex_bg,uninit_bg,dir_nlink,extra_isize
inode_size = 256
# mke2fs -T ext4_noj ext4image.iso
mke2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)
ext4image.iso is not a block special device.
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
31296 inodes, 125000 blocks
6250 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=130023424
4 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7824 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
But you might not beable to actually use it:
# mount -t ext4 -o loop ext4image.iso
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on
missing codepage or helper program, or other error
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
dmesg | tail or so
# dmesg | tail
ext4: No journal on filesystem on loop0
I use ext4 on my media partition with no problems.
ext4 vs reiserfs & jfs would be particularly interesting tbh, its hard NOT to be faster than ext3/2.
I still haven't seen sensible benchmarks for ext4 with respect to how large directories scale, interleaved small file read and create, and small-file write with one fsync() at the very end (the only real world case.)
At this point, I have to wonder if the emporer has no clothes, or if the people posting benchmarks are just idiots.
For those who are not filesystem wizzes, could you expand or provide a link on why this is important? I'm wanting to improve the performance of my boxes like everyone else but understanding the ins and outs of the filesystems is a weak point of mine. Thanks.
Because disks are buffered, and fsyncing after every call (or forgetting to do so entirely) is silly.
I suppose somebody cares about how well they can expect their 124GB file to stream to disk, but for the rest of us mortals, we care about journalling support (check), a toolset (mostly check), and common-case performance, which in the *nix world involves a lot of reading and writing of small files.
I'd also like to see how these things perform under load, or when multiple benchmarks are running simultaneously.
maybe a silly question, but wouldn't running multiple benchmarks simultaneously cause spurious results?
What he really means is having a new benchmark that has a combination of loads from other benchmarks -- this is closer to a real-world case than any one individual benchmark, which is some kind of extreme case.
I suppose somebody cares about how well they can expect their 124GB file to stream to disk
I know for certain that I care about big-file performance in almost only these ways:
Can I write the file faster than the network sends it to me?
Can I read the file faster than the application (typically mplayer) needs to consume it?
When I know I shouldn't sit and wait for a larger task to continue, I really don't care how long it takes as long as I can do interactive stuff with good performance and the disk won't still be rattling when I go to sleep. Five minutes? An hour?
I'd rather have effort put into usability of disk management tools: four-way on-line resizing (left/right end moving left/right), on-line repacking (defragmentation) and on-disk format conversion, on-line repartitioning [which goes beyond the scope of ext4, of course] and things like that. A versioning file system would be cool, and btrfs snapshots sound like they'd be nice as well .
But that's the desires for my usage pattern, and I acknowledge that there are others.
I know for certain that I care about big-file performance in almost only these ways:
Can I write the file faster than the network sends it to me?
Whether or not that's at all difficult depends on the network in question. You could just about carve the data into stone tablets with a hammer and a chisel at the speed my cable modem delivers it, but when I'm moving files between machines on the LAN (Gig-E), it's a very different story.
Although, 50 Mbps is only a little over 5 MBps, which is an I/O rate even an ancient laptop drive with a lousy file system can handle.
Do they give you a decent upstream with that?
I'd like my filesystem to come with a fast way to backup incrementally without having to read all the metadata. Like a lightweight journal, a changelog only. I know Veritas and Tivoli have had journalling services that poll the filesystem for changes for a while. Would it be so hard to break the journals up into a few parts so I only have to look at changed files when I'm backing up incrementally. Or do they already do this?
You can see some of those benchmarks in this paper [fedoraproject.org] which explains the block allocator improvements that have been done in ext4.
Alright! And NOW I feel somewhat excited about ext4. I just wish for a change
I do not propose offering migration from ext3 by default, at this point, due to bugs in that process, and extra risk involved. Perhaps an "ext4migrate" boot option could be used to expose it for further testing.
Good to know. Personally I'll be happy to use ext4 on new disks or when I'm really doing a complete re-install, but I'm in no hurry to "upgrade", seeing as my current ext3 disks are working just fine. I played with different filesystems once until I got some corruption and realized that one of the advantages of ext3 is that it's been around long enough that there are lots of tools to help with recovery and checking. So I'll probably stick with what I know until I have an opportunity to try out ext4, but I'm not going to go and reformat my disks right away.
So... you upgraded to a brand-new filesystem without first making a backup? Some glitches are to be expected at this point, just as when ext3 first came out. If everyone followed your advice and avoided ext4 "for at least five years," however, those glitches would never be found, much less fixed.
And thanks to the Fedora users, apparently the first large user base that will (hopefully in full knowledge) be testing this thing for the benefit of the rest of the community (nothing against RedHat, somebody have to do the first step.)
There is a saying in Spanish, which translated says:
"They are braver than the first men to try oysters!"
Or extreme starvation: "we dropped our fish in the fireplace, but we'll surely die if we don't eat it anyway!"
According to the natives of many tropical jungle tribes, they watch what the animals eat, and adjust their diets accordingly.
How did the animals learn? Check out these parrots that eat clay so they can eat poisonous nuts and seeds:
http://www.highlightskids.com/Science/Stories/SS1201_parrotseatDirt.asp [highlightskids.com]
Animals learn from watching each other. Perhaps these parrots were able to determine that eating seeds that had fallen in this layer of clay were more edible that seeds from other areas. Then when they went to other areas, they found out that they could eat the seeds there.
Maybe they have a sense of taste/smell that can detect alkaloids and suitable antidotes. Mammals can smell salt/humidity and know instinctively that if they eat something salty, they should drink water.
Thank you Fedora for both the freedom and the constant drive to be on the leading edge of technology.
So that more mainstream distributions like Ubuntu can implement the technologies after they've been bug-tested.
Thank you Fedora for both the freedom and the constant drive to be on the leading edge of technology.
Thank you, Fedora users, for not abandonding Red Hat when they started demanding money for their operating system and only giving away their alpha test version. You truly provide the earliest bug reports and suffer the most damage. The whole team is truly grateful.
... They're the ones with the arrows in their backs! It's changes like this that underscore treating new distro versions as a public beta. Chances are, this or some other new feature will cause someone real pain. It's always a good idea to make sure that that someone is *not* you. Whether it's Fedora or OpenSuse, or Ubuntu, oftentimes features are added that aren't really ready for prime time. Trust no one.
Apparently there is a serious risk of data loss at this time in case of power loss (at least in ubuntu). http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1040199 [ubuntuforums.org]
One of my biggest beefs with ext3 in the data center is the required fsck periodically. Redhat won't support jfs or xfs (which I can get from CentOs) but some vendors won't support anything that isn't on their supported platform list (IBM Clearcase for one).
So is ext4 going to force a fsck at boot, which takes 1/2 a day with ext3 on some of my multi-Tb systems? Will Redhat finally adopt a better server filesystem? These are the questions that some of us doing professional Redhat support are asking.
So turn it off the periodical fsck then:
tune2fs -c 0 -i 0
It's perfectly safe as long as the underlying blockdevice is safe (RAID).
It's perfectly safe as long as the underlying blockdevice is safe (RAID).
I'd rather have a filesystem that's perfectly safe period, thankyouverymuch.
No filesystem in current Linux is going to save you from silent bitflips. The only way to be protected from that is to use checksumming and parity calculation. Either you implement that in the block device (classic RAID) or in the filesystem (ZFS Z-RAID or similar) or you have to live with the possibility of corrupted data.
It's perfectly safe as long as the underlying blockdevice is safe (RAID).
And the filesystem driver is bug-free.
Ext4 is orders of magnitude faster than Ext3 regarding fsck time. Your half-day checks will almost certainly be reduced to minutes. The developers rewrote the algorithm to not require as intensive of a search in phase 1.
If it's really important to get the machines up in minimal time (even at risk of some data loss) then you can turn off the auto checks entirely.
Take LVM snapshots and do periodic background fsck's, if they pass reset the last check time. If they fail set it to some time in the distance past and raise an alert.
However I have to agree, my biggest beef with Redhat is their boneheaded sticking with ext3, and the utter waste of effort that is ext4. It would be far more sensible to have picked either JFS or XFS (I don't care which) and used that instead.
One of my biggest beefs with ext3 in the data center is the required fsck periodically.
The Ext guys need to take a lesson from UFS2 (FreeBSD 5.0, circa 2003) and perform the fsck in the background, at low priority, while the system is up and fully functional.
I hear Btrfs is going to eventually get similar capabilities, so maybe the answer is to just keep waiting.
I've been using a trick since the ext2 days to reduce fsck times by a lot.. Reduce the inode count. I seem to recall EXT3 allocates 1 inode for every 16kb of diskspace by default. This means 20 million inodes on a 300gb partitian. 2.5gb scanned, on every fsck! A lot of the time, this is overkill. I generally run my parititians with 1/5 to 1/20 this number of inodes. I don't have any partitians formatted under the defaults to compare this to, but a mostly full 300gb partitian, with 1M inodes and 50k files, f
This is good news. All those Fedora folks can be beta testers. In five years or so I'll consider going from ext3 to ext4. It's only about a year since I went to ext3. I figured it must be OK by now since there haven't been any scare stories. I used to use Reiser before ext3 was stable.
xfs is really over-rated. I used to work on an "Enterprise" storage appliance that used xfs. It was scary. Don't go there. Also, avoid anything from IBM.
Probably a silly worry. Every SSD out there provides it's own wear-leveling hardware, so the FS you use is fairly immaterial. Heck, most (all?) gear out there doesn't even provide a mechanism for direct access to the underlying storage, so you *can't* do the leveling in software (ie, with something like JFFS, etc) even if you wanted to.
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from a rigged demo.


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10 rounds Fiocchi® Nickel - plated 12 - gauge 2 3/4" 9 - pellet No. 00 Buck Shot
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Top 10 Raptors Games: Kobe Being Kobe
Akil and Jay tee up the replay of a heartbreaker for the Raptors against Kobe and the Lakers in LA back in March of 2013.


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A Few Final Thoughts…
Date posted: November 9, 2009
We saw Russia and the U.S. at the same time and came within 900 miles of the North Pole. We visited Greenland and Alaska in the same summer & on the same boat. We saw the water temp go from 70 degrees to 30.5 We dodged icebergs in two major oceans. We went as far north as 75N, traveled 1/3rd of the way around the world and cruised 8,500 nautical miles through eight different time zones. Bagan sailed three oceans in one summer, traveled further west than Hawaii and last but not least, transited from the east coast to the west cost via The Northwest Passage.
In all of this we also witnessed and enjoyed one of the more amazing creations this world has to offer; The Wagner family's world famous "Dump Cake", an amazing concoction of almost all things sweet and edible and guaranteed to provide you with an extra pound or two! One crew member who I'm glad I didn't have to tell you about (but am very happy to do so now) is Dr. Phil Wagner, the expedition's resident doctor. I met Phil this past winter when I was battling the Little Toe From Hell. During one of my doctor appointments with Phil we got to talking about the trip to The Passage and by the end of that day I was emailing him asking him if he'd consider being our doctor on call. He very graciously accepted the invitation, spent many, many hours assembling our ship's medical kit and gave Dominique a very detailed, one day course on just about any emergency which could pop up. It was a always comfort knowing that Phil was literally a phone call away, a call that I'm very happy to say we never had to make. Thank you Phil and family!!
I also want to take a quick moment to thank all of you who posted comments and kept cheering us on. Even for those of you who didn't post, knowing that you were out there with us in your thoughts, I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart. You were every bit as responsible in helping make this trip the wonderful success that is was.
For the detractors and naysayers about out trip, all I can say is I'm sorry you felt this way. I think had you taken the time to personally reach out and communicate with me rather than simply post discouraging comments and negative words on other chat sites, it would have done wonders for all of us. Please know that as each of the wonderfully supportive emails we received inspired us on, hearing about those who challenged my decisions to do this trip, without actually having the honesty and courage to get in touch with me, was very detrimental to the effort. I simply can not fathom why a person would post and say derogatory things without making the effort to get in touch with me personally. There is and always will be anonymous safety behind a computer screen.
In the end, I simply could not be more proud (prouder?) of my crew, Chauncey, Dominique, Sefton and Greg. They performed above and beyond my wildest expectations. I truly love these people. They are modern day heroes and I will forever regard them as such. The fact that Chaunce and Dom are my stepchildren and Sefton my son is simply icing on the cake! They fulfilled the dream. As for Bagan, we put her through her paces and she brought us home without a scratch.
I would not have done this trip on any other boat or with any other crew!
"This isn't the end, nor is it the beginning of the end.
In fact, it's simply the end of the beginning."
6 Responses to "A Few Final Thoughts…"
Sprague et al,
Congratulations on your completion of this epic voyage! I suppose voyages like this one are never really "complete". You will be journeying about in this world forever more, gathering new insights and realizations.
I look forward to your sharing them with us in film and in person.
All the best,
I was at your send off in Newport and just wanted to congratulate you on journey. As we say in the Air Froce MA (mission acomplished) well done!
Thanks for such kind words. My family and I are overjoyed to have been a part of your amazing adventure. Our dinner table conversation often included "Where's Sprague today?" and a trip to Google Maps.
We are thankful that you made it through safe and sound. Can't wait for more stories and images.
From my medical POV, no news was good news.
Dump Cake recipe available by request.
Standing by…
Welcome home and thank you for sharing your lives and adventures with the world-we will miss it!
Your journey has been so cool to follow. There aren't words to describe. I am in awe of you guys/gals. It was fun to get online and watch the progress. You did an excellent job with photos and telling the tale as it unwound. Thanks. Keep us posted on any other expeditions! Syndra & Steve
Congratulations to all of you for accomplishing a feat few even had the guts to talk about. It is a rare thing, indeed. You probably don't realize what a vicarious thrill it was for this landlocked sailor to ride along on your voyage. Thanks for that. It gives me hope and great pride knowing there are explorers like yourselves out there who still answer the question of why with a humble, because it was there. My hat's off to each of you.
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AMD has announced successful test results of interoperability between an upcoming graphic processor equipped with a native DisplayPort 1.1 transmitter and a Genesis Microchip DisplayPort receiver. In addition, at this moment the company is taking part in the Video and Electronics Standards Associations (VESA) PlugTest in Milpitas, California in order embark on other interoperability tests.You may recall that this interface, whose 1.1 standard was finalized in the beginning of April and which aims to replace current DVI, LVDS and (in the long term) VGA standards, is now compatible with the HDCP 1.3 norm and offers optional audio support. Moreover, it is destined for both PC desktops and laptops.The press release specified that this is the fruit of long time collaboration between AMD and Genesis Microchip. In the current delicate context, this company is right to communicate its successful results and supposed advances in this domain. Well just have to see if it goes as well with other products that most likely did not benefit from such cooperation and if ATI and not Intel or Nvidia will to be the first to offer graphic circuits with such an interface.
We now know a little more on the solution to the problem involving the Radeon HD 2400 in yesterdays news. It cannot be corrected by a simple bios update and it appears component related. More specifically, there is a lack of compatibility with the capacitor and certain power supplies. The production of corrected cards will start as soon as manufacturers are assured that the problem has been remedied.
While testing the Radeon HD 2400 Pro, we came across a strange problem where the screen was corrupted after starting the system. We first thought that we had a defective card and obtained another one, however the same problem occurred. It turned out there is an incompatibility with certain power supplies, notably Enermaxs Galaxy series, which we happen to use. We were able to confirm this by using another power supply, a CoolerMaster, with which the card functioned perfectly.


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