text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
A process called ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the heat energy stored in the Earth's oceans to generate electricity.
Ocean Thermal | Open Energy Information
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Community Login | Sign Up Search Page Edit History Facebook icon Twitter icon Ocean Thermal Jump to: navigation, search TODO: Add description List of Ocean Thermal Incentives...
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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Draft Programmaticof ocean thermal energy conversion technology. U.S. Depart~on Ocean TherUial Energy Conversion, June 18, 1979. Ocean
Sands, M.Dale
Strong wind forcing of the ocean
high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature, 422, 279-283.response of the tropical cyclone and the ocean. Journal ofinteraction theory for tropical cyclones: Part i : steady-
Zedler, Sarah E.
Energy Basics: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Thermal Energy Conversion A process called ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the heat energy stored in the Earth's oceans to generate electricity. OTEC works best when...
Wind Stress Measurements from the Open Ocean
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
An automatic inertial dissipation system was used during three cruises of the RRS Discovery in the Southern Ocean to obtain a large dataset of open ocean wind stress estimates. The wind speed varied from near calm to 26 m s?1, and the sea-air ...
Margaret Yelland; Peter K. Taylor
DOE-EPA Working Group on Ocean TherUial Energy Conversion,Sands, M.D. (editor) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)r:he comnercialization of ocean thermal energy conversion
Statistical Characterization of Zonal and Meridional Ocean Wind Stress
Four years of ocean vector wind data are used to evaluate statistics of wind stress over the ocean. Raw swath wind stresses derived from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) are compared with five different global gridded wind products, including ...
Sarah T. Gille
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Thermal Energy Conversion Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion August 16, 2013 - 4:22pm Addthis A process called ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the heat energy stored in...
The Effect of Salinity on the Wind-Driven Circulation and the Thermal Structure of the Upper Ocean
Studies of the effect of a freshening of the surface waters in high latitudes on the oceanic circulation have thus far focused almost entirely on the deep thermohaline circulation and its poleward heat transport. Here it is demonstrated, by means ...
A. V. Fedorov; R. C. Pacanowski; S. G. Philander; G. Boccaletti
Energy Basics Renewable Energy Printable Version Share this resource Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Ocean Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Tidal Energy Wave Energy...
Global ocean wind power sensitivity to surface layer stability
power distribution over the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 35,of wind speed over the ocean, J. Appl. Meteorol. , 25,and heat flux over the open ocean in gale force winds, J.
Capps, Scott B; Zender, Charles S
Thermal Energy Conversion Conference. Ocean Systems Branch,Thermal Energy Conversion Conference. Ocean Systems Branch,thermal energy conversion, June 18, 1979. Ocean Systems
Sands, M. D.
NREL-Ocean Energy Thermal Conversion | Open Energy Information
Ocean Energy Thermal Conversion Jump to: navigation, search Logo: NREL-Ocean Energy Thermal Conversion Name NREL-Ocean Energy Thermal Conversion AgencyCompany Organization...
M.D. (editor). 1980. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Draft1980 :. i l OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION: ENVIRONMENTALDevelopment Plan. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. U.S. DOE
Near-inertial and thermal to atmospheric forcing in the North Atlantic Ocean
Observational and modeling techniques are employed to investigate the thermal and inertial upper ocean response to wind and buoyancy forcing in the North Atlantic Ocean. First, the seasonal kinetic energy variability of ...
Silverthorne, Katherine E
List of Ocean Thermal Incentives | Open Energy Information
Thermal Incentives Thermal Incentives Jump to: navigation, search The following contains the list of 96 Ocean Thermal Incentives. CSV (rows 1 - 96) Incentive Incentive Type Place Applicable Sector Eligible Technologies Active Business Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC) (Federal) Corporate Tax Credit United States Agricultural Commercial Industrial Utility Anaerobic Digestion Biomass CHP/Cogeneration Fuel Cells Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels Geothermal Direct Use Geothermal Electric Ground Source Heat Pumps Hydroelectric energy Landfill Gas Microturbines Municipal Solid Waste Ocean Thermal Photovoltaics Small Hydroelectric Small Wind Solar Space Heat Solar Thermal Electric Solar Thermal Process Heat Solar Water Heat Tidal Energy Wave Energy Wind energy Yes CCEF - Project 150 Initiative (Connecticut) State Grant Program Connecticut Commercial Solar Thermal Electric
On the Wind Power Input to the Ocean General Circulation
The wind power input to the ocean general circulation is usually calculated from the time-averaged wind products. Here, this wind power input is reexamined using available observations, focusing on the role of the synoptically varying wind. Power ...
Xiaoming Zhai; Helen L. Johnson; David P. Marshall; Carl Wunsch
High wind evaluation in the Southern Ocean Xiaojun Yuan
1 High wind evaluation in the Southern Ocean Xiaojun Yuan Lamont-Doherty of Earth Observatory based scatterometer instruments provide crucial surface wind measurements with high resolution over winds at high wind bands because these regions host the strongest wind fields at the ocean surface
Khatiwala, Samar
Wind Gyres in Circumpolar Oceans
The interaction between a close wind-gyre and a neighboring eastward current is investigated using a hierarchy of increasingly complex analytical models. The method used to determine the vertical structure is that proposed earlier by Rhines and ...
Peter H. Haynes
l OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTOcean Thermal Energy Conversion Draft Programmatic Environ-Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. U.S. DOE Assistant Secre-
The wind power input to the ocean general circulation is usually calculated from the time-averaged wind products. Here, this wind power input is reexamined using available observations, focusing on the role of the synoptically ...
Zhai, Xiaoming
Intraseasonal Variability of the Upper-Ocean Thermal Structure Observed at 0� and 165�E
In response to perturbations in surface wind and energy fluxes associated with the atmospheric Madden�Julian oscillation (MJO), the thermal structure of the upper ocean (surface to 300 m) in the equatorial western Pacific exhibits prominent and ...
Chidong Zhang
Ocean Wave Wind Energy Ltd OWWE | Open Energy Information
Wind Energy Ltd OWWE Jump to: navigation, search Name Ocean Wave Wind Energy Ltd OWWE Sector Marine and Hydrokinetic Website http:www.owwe.net Region Norway LinkedIn Connections...
Intensification of Ocean Fronts by Down-Front Winds
Many ocean fronts experience strong local atmospheric forcing by down-front winds, that is, winds blowing in the direction of the frontal jet. An analytic theory and nonhydrostatic numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the mechanism by ...
Leif N. Thomas; Craig M. Lee
Assessment of ocean thermal energy conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a promising renewable energy technology to generate electricity and has other applications such as production of freshwater, seawater air-conditioning, marine culture and chilled-soil ...
Muralidharan, Shylesh
The Thermal Structure of the Upper Ocean
The salient feature of the oceanic thermal structure is a remarkably shallow thermocline, especially in the Tropics and subtropics. What factors determine its depth? Theories for the deep thermohaline circulation provide an answer that depends on ...
Giulio Boccaletti; Ronald C. Pacanowski; S. George; H. Philander; Alexey V. Fedorov
for the commercialization of ocean thermal energy conversionR. E. Hathaway. Open cycle ocean thermal energy conversion.of sewage effluent in an ocean current. Inst. of Tech. ,
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: An overview
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Ocean thermal energy conversion, or OTEC is a technology that extracts power from the ocean's natural thermal gradient. This technology is being pursued by researchers from many nations; in the United States, OTEC research is funded by the US Department of Energy's Ocean Energy Technology program. The program's goal is to develop the technology so that industry can make a competent assessment of its potential -- either as an alternative or as a supplement to conventional energy sources. Federally funded research in components and systems will help OTEC to the threshold of commercialization. This publication provides an overview of the OTEC technology. 47 refs., 25 figs.
Not Available
Decadal Variability in a Simplified Wind-Driven Ocean Model
The impact of an unsteady wind forcing on oceanic low-frequency variability is conceptually studied using a reduced-gravity shallow-water model. A time-averaged wind forcing and a simple ocean�atmosphere coupling is completed by a stochastic ...
Philip Sura; Frank Lunkeit; Klaus Fraedrich
Model Wind over the Central and Southern California Coastal Ocean
Recent studies have shown the importance of high-resolution wind in coastal ocean modeling. This paper tests the Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) at the 9-, 27-, and 81-km grid resolutions in simulating wind off the ...
Hsiao-ming Hsu; Lie-Yauw Oey; Walter Johnson; Clive Dorman; Richard Hodur
cycle ocean thermal difference power plant. M.S. Thesis,ocean thermal energy conversion power plants. M.S. Thesis.comments on the thermal effects of power plants on fish eggs
for the commercialization of ocean thermal energy conversionOpen cycle ocean thermal energy conversion. A preliminary1978. 'Open cycle thermal energy converS1on. A preliminary
of mesoscale and steady wind driven 1. Introduction 2. Modelparameterization at high wind speeds 1. Introduction 2. DataSupplementary Formulae 1. Wind Stress 2. Rankine Vortex A .
Bartlett's Ocean View Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
Bartlett's Ocean View Wind Farm Bartlett's Ocean View Wind Farm Jump to: navigation, search Name Bartlett's Ocean View Wind Farm Facility Bartlett's Ocean View Wind Farm Sector Wind energy Facility Type Community Wind Facility Status In Service Owner Bartlett's Ocean View Wind Farm Energy Purchaser Bartlett's Ocean View Wind Farm Location Nantucket MA Coordinates 41.259168°, -70.131913° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":41.259168,"lon":-70.131913,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 107 (C2). Vanderbilt, V .in the subtropical pacific ocean. Science, 316, 1017^1021.simulations of the upper ocean's response to hurricane felix
Wind Stress Drag Coefficient over the Global Ocean
Interannual and climatological variations of wind stress drag coefficient (CD) are examined over the global ocean from 1998 to 2004. Here CD is calculated using high temporal resolution (3- and 6-hourly) surface atmospheric variables from two ...
A. Birol Kara; Alan J. Wallcraft; E. Joseph Metzger; Harley E. Hurlburt; Chris W. Fairall
Weibull Statistics of Wind Speed over the Ocean
The probability distribution of wind speed data over the world's oceans is studied using a two-parameter Weibull distribution. The parameters are estimated following a linearized least-squares approach. The seasonal and latitudinal variation are ...
Edgar G. Pavia; James J. O'Brien
Transient Ocean Currents Induced by Wind and Growing Waves
A theoretical nonlinear model for wind- and wave-induced currents in a viscous, rotating ocean is developed. The analysis is based on a Lagrangian description of motion. The nonlinear drift problem is formulated such that the solution depends on ...
Jan Erik Weber; Arne Melsom
Stochastic Analysis of Southern and Pacific Ocean Sea Surface Winds
This paper shows that the synoptic variability of zonal and meridional midlatitude Pacific and Southern Ocean sea surface winds can be well described by a univariate stochastic dynamical system directly derived from data. The method used to ...
Philip Sura
A Statistical Comparison of Methods for Determining Ocean Surface Winds
The performance of various techniques which determine ocean surface winds using information from large-scale analyses and forecast models is discussed. The techniques evaluated are the geostrophic relation, a simple empirical law, National ...
W. H. Gemmill; T. W. Yu; D. M. Feit
A Model of Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Ocean Circulation
A layered model of steady geostrophic ocean circulation driven by wind stress and buoyancy flux at the surface is derived. Potential vorticity, or thickness, of the two near-surface layers is driven by Ekman pumping and buoyancy pumping. The ...
Roland A. De Szoeke
Challenges to Satellite Sensors of Ocean Winds: Addressing Precipitation Effects
Measurements of global ocean surface winds made by orbiting satellite radars have provided valuable information to the oceanographic and meteorological communities since the launch of the Seasat in 1978, by the National Aeronautics and Space ...
D. E. Weissman; B. W. Stiles; S. M. Hristova-Veleva; D. G. Long; D. K. Smith; K. A. Hilburn; W. L. Jones
Statistics on Vertical Wind Shear over Oceans
Statistics on boundary layer vertical wind shear were gathered from rawinsonde soundings taken from three small islands and one weather ship. These soundings show a high correlation between surface and 1829 m altitude wind directions. Wind speeds ...
Donald P. Wylie; Barry B. Hinton; Kellie M. Millett
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Potential Environmental Impacts and Fisheries
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Potential Environmental Impacts and Fisheries Christina M Comfort Institute #12;Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) · Renewable energy ocean thermal gradient · Large, M.Sc. Candidate University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Oceanography Hawaii Natural Energy
Hawai'i at Manoa, University of
Ocean Wind Speed Climatology from Spaceborne SAR Imagery
Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery can make high-resolution (? 500 m) ocean wind speed measurements. We anticipate re-processing the full decade and a half of Radarsat-1 SAR imagery and generating a SAR wind speed archive. These data will ...
Frank M. Monaldo; Xiaofeng Li; William G. Pichel; Christopher R. Jackson
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Basics | Department of Energy
Thermal Energy Conversion Basics Thermal Energy Conversion Basics Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Basics August 16, 2013 - 4:22pm Addthis A process called ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the heat energy stored in the Earth's oceans to generate electricity. OTEC works best when the temperature difference between the warmer, top layer of the ocean and the colder, deep ocean water is about 36°F (20°C). These conditions exist in tropical coastal areas, roughly between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. To bring the cold water to the surface, ocean thermal energy conversion plants require an expensive, large-diameter intake pipe, which is submerged a mile or more into the ocean's depths. Some energy experts believe that if ocean thermal energy conversion can become cost-competitive with conventional power technologies, it could be
The Influence of Bubbles on Ambient Noise in the Ocean at High Wind Speeds
Observations of ambient noise in the ocean at high wind speeds reveal significant departures in spectral shape from previously reported values at lower wind speeds. The observations were made in open ocean conditions in Queen Charlotte Sound, ...
David M. Farmer; David D. Lemon
A Simple Model of the Wind-Driven Tropical Ocean
A simple analytic theory for some aspects of the wind-driven circulation in the tropical oceans is described. The nearly geostrophic subsurface currants and the pressure field are studied by means of a single-layer model. The flow is forced by ...
P. J. Phlips
Secular Change in Reported Surface Wind Speeds over the Ocean
The Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set reveals that mean scalar winds decreased between 1854 and 1920 and increased since World War II. The latter increase is due to a change in estimating procedure and to the growing proportion of ships ...
C. S. Ramage
A Cross-calibrated, Multiplatform Ocean Surface Wind Velocity Product for Meteorological and Oceanographic Applications
The ocean surface wind mediates exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere. These air�sea exchange processes are critical for understanding and predicting atmosphere, ocean, and wave phenomena on many time and space scales. A cross-calibrated ...
Robert Atlas; Ross N. Hoffman; Joseph Ardizzone; S. Mark Leidner; Juan Carlos Jusem; Deborah K. Smith; Daniel Gombos
Open cycle ocean thermal energy conversion system
DOE Patents (OSTI)
An improved open cycle ocean thermal energy conversion system including a flash evaporator for vaporizing relatively warm ocean surface water and an axial flow, elastic fluid turbine having a vertical shaft and axis of rotation. The warm ocean water is transmitted to the evaporator through a first prestressed concrete skirt-conduit structure circumferentially situated about the axis of rotation. The unflashed warm ocean water exits the evaporator through a second prestressed concrete skirt-conduit structure located circumferentially about and radially within the first skirt-conduit structure. The radially inner surface of the second skirt conduit structure constitutes a cylinder which functions as the turbine's outer casing and obviates the need for a conventional outer housing. The turbine includes a radially enlarged disc element attached to the shaft for supporting at least one axial row of radially directed blades through which the steam is expanded. A prestressed concrete inner casing structure of the turbine has upstream and downstream portions respectively situated upstream and downstream from the disc element. The radially outer surfaces of the inner casing portions and radially outer periphery of the axially interposed disc cooperatively form a downwardly radially inwardly tapered surface. An annular steam flowpath of increasing flow area in the downward axial direction is radially bounded by the inner and outer prestressed concrete casing structures. The inner casing portions each include a transversely situated prestressed concrete circular wall for rotatably supporting the turbine shaft and associated structure. The turbine blades are substantially radially coextensive with the steam flowpath and receive steam from the evaporator through an annular array of prestressed concrete stationary vanes which extend between the inner and outer casings to provide structural support therefor and impart a desired flow direction to the steam.
Wittig, J. Michael (West Goshen, PA)
Estimated global ocean wind power potential from QuikSCAT observations, accounting for turbine characteristics and siting
C. S. Zender (2009), Global ocean wind power sensitivity toG. C. Johnson (2001), Ocean currents evident in satellitepower distribution over the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 35,
Dynamical Response of the Oceanic Circulation and Temperature to Interdecadal Variability in the Surface Winds over the Indian Ocean
A global ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is used to investigate the sensitivity of the circulation and temperature fields to observed interdecadal variability in Indian Ocean winds for the austral summer (January, February, March). Focus ...
C. J. C. Reason; R. J. Allan; J. A. Lindesay
An Operational Global-Scale Ocean Thermal Analysis System
The Optimum Thermal Interpolation System (OTIS) is an ocean thermal analysis product developed for real-time operational use at the U.S. Navy's Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. It functions in an analysis-prediction-analysis data assimilation ...
R. Michael Clancy; Patricia A. Phoebus; Kenneth D. Pollak
On Production and Dissipation of Thermal Variance in the Oceans
An integral relationship is derived expressing the total dissipation of thermal variance by oceanic microstructure in terms of the large-scale forcing at the ocean surface by air/sea heat exchange. The net heat gain by the ocean over warm water ...
Terrence M. Joyce
The Effective Drag Coefficient for Evaluating Wind Stress over the Oceans
Computations of the surface wind stress and pseudostress over the global oceans have been made using surface winds from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts for 7 years. The drag coefficient is a function of wind speed and ...
Kevin E. Trenberth; William G. Large; Jerry G. Olson
On the Patterns of Wind-Power Input to the Ocean Circulation
Pathways of wind-power input into the ocean general circulation are analyzed using Ekman theory. Direct rates of wind work can be calculated through the wind stress acting on the surface geostrophic flow. However, because ...
Roquet, Fabien
Pathways of wind-power input into the ocean general circulation are analyzed using Ekman theory. Direct rates of wind work can be calculated through the wind stress acting on the surface geostrophic flow. However, because that energy is ...
Fabien Roquet; Carl Wunsch; Gurvan Madec
Evaluation of ASCAT-Based Daily Gridded Winds in the Tropical Indian Ocean
The quality of daily gridded Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT; DASCAT) blended winds is examined in the tropical Indian Ocean using 3-day running mean gridded Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT; QSCAT) winds and in situ daily winds from the Research ...
S. Sivareddy; M. Ravichandran; M. S. Girishkumar
Impact of the Southern ocean winds on sea-ice - ocean interaction and its associated global ocean circulation in a warming world
This dissertation discusses a linkage between the Southern Ocean (SO) winds and the global ocean circulation in the framework of a coarse-resolution global ocean general circulation model coupled to a sea-ice model. In addition to reexamination of the conventional linkage that begins with northward Ekman transport and extends to the North Atlantic (NA) overturning, the author investigates a new linkage that begins with the Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea-ice � ocean interaction perturbed by the anomalous SO winds and extends to the SH overturning, the response of the NA overturning, and the long-term baroclinic adjustment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). How the above two linkages will interact with each other in a warming world is also investigated. An interactive momentum flux forcing, allowing for the strength of momentum flux between atmosphere and sea ice to vary in response to the simulated sea-ice conditions, enhances wind-driven ice divergence to increase the fraction of leads and polynyas, which increases dense water formation, and thus intensifies convection. Within three experimental frameworks, this increased dense water consistently increases the Antarctic Bottom Water formation, which directly intensifies the SH overturning and indirectly weakens the NA overturning. As a result of the hemispheric change in overturning circulations, the meridional density gradient across the ACC appears to increase, ultimately increasing the baroclinic part of the ACC via an enhanced thermal wind shear. Subsequently, impacts of the poleward shifted and intensified SH subpolar westerly winds (SWWs) on the global ocean circulation are investigated in phases. When the SWWs are only shifted poleward, the effect of the anomalous winds is transmitted to the northern NA, decreasing both the NA overturning and the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) outflow. However, when the SWWs are shifted poleward and intensified, this effect is cut off by the intensified Deacon cell overturning, and is not transmitted to the northern NA, and instead increases the NADW outflow substantially. To sum up, with respect to the SO winds perturbed by the global warming, the SH overturning cell and the NADW outflow increase, leading to an increase in the volume transport of the ACC.
Cheon, Woo Geunn
Error Estimates for Ocean Surface Winds: Applying Desroziers Diagnostics to the Cross-Calibrated, Multiplatform Analysis of Wind Speed
The Desroziers diagnostics (DD) are applied to the cross-calibrated, multi-platform (CCMP) ocean surface wind data sets to estimate wind speed errors of the ECMWF background, the microwave satellite observations and the resulting CCMP analysis. ...
Ross N. Hoffman; Joseph V. Ardizzone; S. Mark Leidner; Deborah K. Smith; Robert Atlas
An Examination of the AGCM Simulated Surface Wind Stress and Low-Level Winds over the Tropical Pacific Ocean
The monthly mean surface wind stress and winds in the lower troposphere for 1986�92 simulated by the Center for Ocean�Land�Atmosphere Studies atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with observed sea surface temperature (SST) is ...
Bohua Huang; J. Shukla
Wind stress measurements from the QuikSCAT-SeaWinds scatterometer tandem mission and the impact on an ocean model
Wind stress measurements from the QuikSCAT-SeaWinds scatterometer tandem mission and the impact by the QuikSCAT-SeaWinds scatterometer tandem mission (AprilOctober 2003) and their impact on ocean model simulation. The diurnal variability captured by twice-daily scatterometer wind from the tandem mission
Talley, Lynne D.
Assessment of Sea Surface Wind from NWP Reanalyses and Satellites in the Southern Ocean
Reanalysis projects and satellite data analysis have provided surface wind over the global ocean. To assess how well one can reconstruct the variations of surface wind in the data-sparse Southern Ocean, sea surface wind speed data from 1) the ...
Ming Li; Jiping Liu; Zhenzhan Wang; Hui Wang; Zhanhai Zhang; Lin Zhang; Qinghua Yang
for Western Gulf of Mexico. Energy Research and Developmentfor central Gulf of Mexico. Energy Research and DevelopmentGulf of Mexico, - IV-34 in Proc. Fourth Ocean Thermal Energy
Southern Ocean Response to Strengthening Winds in an Eddy-Permitting Global Climate Model
A global climate model with horizontal resolutions in the ocean ranging from relatively coarse to eddy permitting is used to investigate the resolution dependence of the Southern Ocean response to poleward intensifying winds through the past and ...
Paul Spence; John C. Fyfe; Alvaro Montenegro; Andrew J. Weaver
Ensemble-Based Estimates of the Predictability of Wind-Driven Coastal Ocean Flow over Topography
The predictability of coastal ocean circulation over the central Oregon shelf, a region of strong wind-driven currents and variable topography, is studied using ensembles of 50-day primitive equation ocean model simulations with realistic ...
Sangil Kim; R. M. Samelson; Chris Snyder
In Situ�Based Pseudo�Wind Stress Products for the Tropical Oceans
Quality wind stress fields are desired for a wide range of oceanographic and atmospheric studies. An overview is presented of the monthly quick-look and research-quality tropical ocean wind (pseudostress) products produced for the Pacific and ...
Shawn R. Smith; Jacques Servain; David M. Legler; James N. Stricherz; Mark A. Bourassa; James J. O'Brien
Real-Time Ocean Wind Vector Retrieval from Marine Radar Image Sequences Acquired at Grazing Angle
This paper proposes a novel algorithm for retrieving the ocean wind vector from marine radar image sequences in real time. It is presented as an alternative to mitigate anemometer problems, such as blockage, shadowing, and turbulence. Since wind ...
Raul Vicen-Bueno; Jochen Horstmann; Eric Terril; Tony de Paolo; Jens Dannenberg
The relation between the statistics of open ocean currents and the temporal correlations of the wind
We study the statistics of wind-driven open ocean currents. Using the Ekman layer model for the integrated currents, we investigate, analytically and numerically, the relation between the wind distribution and its temporal correlations and the statistics of the open ocean currents. We find that temporally long-range correlated wind results in currents whose statistics is proportional to the wind-stress statistics. On the other hand, short-range correlated wind leads to Gaussian distributions of the current components, regardless of the stationary distribution of the winds, and therefore, to a Rayleigh distribution of the current amplitude if the wind stress is isotropic. An interesting result is the existence of an optimum in the amplitude of the ocean currents as a function of the correlation time of the wind stress. The results were validated using an oceanic general circulation model.
Bel, Golan
Accounting for Surface Wave Distortion of the Marine Wind Profile in Low-Level Ocean Storms Wind Measurements
Marine wind measurements at three heights (3.0,4.5, and 5.0 m) from both moored and drifting buoys during the Ocean Storms Experiment are described. These winds are compared with each other, with winds from ships, from subsurface ambient acoustic ...
W. G. Large; J. Morzel; G. B. Crawford
Ocean Thermal Resources off the Hawaiian Islands email@example.com Ocean Thermal Resources off the Hawaiian Islands
information to assist developers of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems in site selection functions required to determine electricity production with specific OTEC systems can be found in the open be satisfied with desalinated water produced with OTEC systems. This renewable ocean resource is vast enough
www.cesos.ntnu.no Author Centre for Ships and Ocean Structures Offshore Wind Turbine Operation
1 www.cesos.ntnu.no Author Centre for Ships and Ocean Structures Offshore Wind Turbine Operation Structures Outline · Introduction · Wind Turbine Operational Conditions · Wind Turbine Operation under Atmospheric Icing · Wind Turbine Operation under Fault Condition · Conclusions www.cesos.ntnu.no M. Etemaddar
Nørvåg, Kjetil
Thermal Expansion in Ocean and Coupled General Circulation Models
More than half of the predicted rise in future sea level caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect is currently thought to be due to the thermal expansion of the oceans. Here methods for quantifying this thermal expansion component of sea level ...
D. R. Jackett; T. J. McDougall; M. H. England; A. C. Hirst
Thermally Driven Circulations in Small Oceanic Basins
A linear, steady model of the circulation of a small (f plane) oceanic basin driven by heating or cooling at the surface is considered in order to examine the partition of upwelling (heating) or downwelling (cooling) between the basin's interior ...
Joseph Pedlosky
Near-Surface Wind over the Global Ocean 1949�1988
Near-surface wind over the ocean is a key variable for studies of climate variability and change. Millions of ship reports of near-surface wind are now held in computerized datasets like the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). These ...
M. Neil Ward; Brian J. Hoskins
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) sites to identify thethermal energy conversion (OTEC) program; preoperationalOCEAN THERHAL _ENERGY _CONVERSION(OTEC) --:siTE IN PUERTO
Ryan, Constance J.
Using Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches to investigate wind-driven changes in the Southern Ocean abyssal circulation
This study uses a global ocean eddy-permitting climate model to explore the export of abyssal water from the Southern Ocean, and its sensitivity to projected 21st century poleward intensifying Southern Ocean wind stress. We investigate the abyssal ...
Paul Spence; Erik van Sebille; Oleg A. Saenko; Matthew H. England
2005), Evaluation of global wind power, J. Geophys. Res. ,Pryor (2003), Can satellite sampling of offshore wind speedsrealistically represent wind speed distributions? , J. Appl.
9437 GOTEC-02 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PRELIMINARYto potential Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) sites inThree Proposed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Sites:
Commins, M.L.
Model-predicted distribution of wind-induced internal wave energy in the world's oceans
Model-predicted distribution of wind-induced internal wave energy in the world's oceans Naoki 9 July 2008; published 30 September 2008. [1] The distribution of wind-induced internal wave energy-scaled kinetic energy are all consistent with the available observations in the regions of significant wind
Miami, University of
Thermal Stability of the World Ocean Thermoclines
Because of the strong variation with temperature of the thermal expansion coefficient of seawater, both horizontal and vertical mixing that perturb the gradients produce changes of volume, usually a decrease, that shift mass relative to the earth'...
N. P. Fofonoff
Microelectronic Thermal Anemometer for the Measurement of Surface Wind
The paper describes the development and first prototype results of a microelectronic thermal anemometer without moving parts, for the measurement of velocity and direction of surface wind. The central part of the instrument is an integrated-...
B. W. Van Oudheusden; J. H. Huijsing
Seawater pump study: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Program. Final report. [For ocean thermal power plants
The pumping power required to move cold seawater and warm seawater through an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plant is a significant portion of the plant power output; therefore, seawater pump performance, sizing, and cost information are very influential inputs into any power plant system design optimizations. The analysis and evaluation of large seawater pumping systems selected specifically for the OTEC application are provided with a view toward judging the impact of pump selection on overall OTEC power plant performance. A self-contained bulb, direct drive, axial flow pump was found to have a distinct advantage in performance and arrangement flexibility. A design of a pump operating at a net total head rise of 3.5 meters and a flow capacity of 100 m/sup 3//s is presented including pump blade geometry (profiles), pump diffuser geometry, and pump/diffuser configuration and performance. Results are presented in terms of the geometric and power requirements of several related pump designs over a range of seawater capacity from 25 m/sup 3//s to 100 m/sup 3//s. Summary analysis and evaluations include pump design weights and cost estimates.
Little, T.E.
Effects of variable wind stress on ocean heat content
Ocean heat content change (ocean heat uptake) has an important role in variability of the Earth's heat balance. The understanding of which methods and physical processes control ocean heat uptake needs improvement in order ...
Klima, Kelly
Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Program PreoperationalOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), U.S. Department ofOregon State University. Conversion Power Plants. Corvallis,
Sullivan, S.M.
Simultaneous Measurement of Ocean Winds and Waves with an Airborne Coherent Real Aperture Radar
A coherent, X-band airborne radar has been developed to measure wind speed and direction simultaneously with directional wave spectra on the ocean. The coherent real aperture radar (CORAR) measures received power, mean Doppler shifts, and mean ...
William J. Plant; William C. Keller; Kenneth Hayes
The Response of Equatorial Oceans to a Relaxation of the Trade Winds
The trade winds over the central Pacific are observed to weaken several months after the appearance of anomalously warm surface waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The following results obtained with a numerical model indicate how ...
S. G. H. Philander
Effects of the Westerly Wind Stress over the Southern Ocean on the Meridional Overturning
Numerical experiments were conducted to clarify the processes through which the Southern Ocean wind affects the meridional overturning (NA cell) associated with North Atlantic Deep Water production. These were based on idealized single- and twin-...
Mikitoshi Hirabara; Hiroshi Ishizaki; Ichiro Ishikawa
Structure of SST and Surface Wind Variability during Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Events: COADS Observations
A study of the detailed spatiotemporal characteristics of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode in SST and surface winds using available observations from 1958 till 1997 is reported. The analysis is used to address several of the controversial ...
N. H. Saji; T. Yamagata
Statistical Downscaling Prediction of Sea Surface Winds over the Global Ocean
The statistical prediction of local sea surface winds from large-scale, free-tropospheric fields is investigated at a number of locations over the global ocean using a statistical downscaling model based on multiple linear regression. The ...
Cangjie Sun; Adam H. Monahan
Development and Implementation of Wind-Generated Ocean Surface Wave Modelsat NCEP
A brief historical overview of numerical wind wave forecast modeling efforts at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is presented, followed by an in-depth discussion of the new operational National Oceanic and Atmospheric ...
Hendrik L. Tolman; Bhavani Balasubramaniyan; Lawrence D. Burroughs; Dmitry V. Chalikov; Yung Y. Chao; Hsuan S. Chen; Vera M. Gerald
A System for Remote Measurements of the Wind Stress over the Ocean
The DISSTRESS system for remote measurements of the surface wind stress over the ocean from ships and buoys is described. It is fully digital, utilizing the inertial dissipation technique. Parallel processing allows anemometer data to be filtered ...
W. G. Large; J. A. Businger
Modeling the Wind-Driven Variability of the South Indian Ocean
This article describes the results of numerical experiments carried out with a general circulation ocean model to investigate the effect of the seasonal cycle of the wind forcing on the Agulhas transport. Two cases are described. The first was ...
R. P. Matano; C. G. Simionato; P. T. Strub
A Non-normal View of the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation
Generalized linear stability theory is applied to the wind-driven ocean circulation in the form of a double gyre described by the barotropic quasigeostrophic vorticity equation. The development of perturbations on this circulation is considered. ...
Andrew M. Moore; Cristina L. Perez; Javier Zavala-Garay
Adjustment of the Southern Ocean to Wind Forcing on Synoptic Time Scales
This study addresses the response of the Southern Ocean to high-frequency wind forcing, focusing on the impact of several barotropic modes on the circumpolar transport. A suite of experiments is performed with an unstratified model of the ...
Wilbert Weijer; Sarah T. Gille
The Development of Antarctic Katabatic Winds and Implications for the Coastal Ocean
The influence of katabatic winds on the Antarctic coastal waters is examined by using simple models of the ocean and atmosphere. A katabatic flow model incorporating Coriolis dynamics is solved analytically and another with nonlinear friction is ...
A. M. J. Davis; R. T. McNider
The Operational Use of QuikSCAT Ocean Surface Vector Winds at the National Hurricane Center
The utility and shortcomings of near-real-time ocean surface vector wind retrievals from the NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) in operational forecast and analysis activities at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) are described. The use of ...
Michael J. Brennan; Christopher C. Hennon; Richard D. Knabb
Surface Wind over Tropical Oceans: Diagnosis of the Momentum Balance, and Modeling the Linear Friction Coefficient
Previous diagnostic studies of surface wind momentum balances over tropical oceans showed that, under a linear friction assumption, the meridional friction coefficient is two to three times larger than the zonal friction coefficient, and that ...
John C. H. Chiang; Stephen E. Zebiak
Transient Evolution of Langmuir Turbulence in Ocean Boundary Layers Driven by Hurricane Winds and Waves
A large-eddy simulation (LES) model, which adopts wave-averaged equations with vortex force, is used to investigate Langmuir turbulence and ocean boundary layer (OBL) dynamics in high-wind hurricane conditions. The temporally evolving spatially ...
Peter P. Sullivan; Leonel Romero; James C. McWilliams; W. Kendall Melville
Comparisons of GCM and Observed Surface Wind Fields over the Tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans
Many of the processes that have important effects on both the climatological distribution and interannual variability of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical oceans are greatly affected by the surface wind field. For this reason ...
Nicholas E. Graham; Tim P. Barnett; Robert M. Chervin; Michael E. Schlesinger; Ulrich Schlese
Interannual and Decadal Changes in Equatorial Wind Stress in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Eastern Ocean Coastal Response
Recently, Clarke and Lebedev showed that ?, the low-frequency eastward equatorial wind stress zonally averaged along the equator, can, in the case of the Pacific Ocean winds, be linearly estimated by ?p, the surface atmospheric pressure ...
Allan J. Clarke; Anna Lebedev
STEP�A Temperature Profiler for Measuring the Oceanic Thermal Boundary Layer at the Ocean�Air Interface
A fast measuring system has been designed and built to determine the oceanic thermal microstructure at the ocean�air interface. The system consists of a profiler sonde, which amends through the uppermost few meters of the ocean with a time of ...
Theodor C. Mammen; Nikolaus von Bosse
Operational Impact of QuikSCAT Winds at the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center
The NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) has revolutionized the analysis and short-term forecasting of winds over the oceans at the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center (OPC). The success of QuikSCAT in OPC operations is due to the wide 1800-km swath ...
Joan M. Von Ahn; Joseph M. Sienkiewicz; Paul S. Chang
The Estimated Global Ocean Wind Power Potential from QuikSCAT Observations, Accounting for Turbine
The Estimated Global Ocean Wind Power Potential from QuikSCAT Observations, Accounting for Turbine offshore turbine characteristics including hub height, usable portion of the wind speed distri- bution hemisphere extratropics, respectively, between hub heights of 10 m and 100 m. A turbine with a cut-out speed
Zender, Charles
The Wind Stress Patterns over the Indian Ocean During the Summer Monsoon of 1979
A detailed analysis of the wind stress patterns over the Indian Ocean was made from 1 May to 31 July 1979. A combination of cloud motion and ship data obtained once per day was used to diagnose the surface-wind patterns to a degree of detail not ...
Donald P. Wylie; Barry B. Hinton
The Work Done by the Wind on the Oceanic General Circulation
A new estimate is made using altimeter data of the rate at which the wind works on the oceanic general circulation. The value of about 1 TW is lower than previously estimated and is dominated by the work done by the mean zonal wind in the ...
Carl Wunsch
An Evaluation of the WOTAN Technique of Inferring Oceanic Winds from Underwater Ambient Sound
The potential of the WOTAN technique to estimate oceanic winds from underwater ambient sound is thoroughly evaluated. Anemometer winds and sound spectrum levels at 11 frequencies in the range 3�25 kHz from the FASINEX Experiment are used to ...
Svein Vagle; William G. Large; David M. Farmer
Ocean Radar Backscatter Relationship with Near-Surface Winds: A Case Study during FASINEX
A case study of ocean radar backscatter dependence on near-surface wind and wind stress is presented using the data obtained on 18 February 1986 during the Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment. Our interest in this case stems from the ...
F. Li; W. Large; W. Shaw; K. Davidson; E. J. Walsh
Comparison of wind stress algorithms, datasets and oceanic power input
If the ocean is in a statistically steady state, energy balance is a strong constraint, suggesting that the energy input into the world ocean is dissipated simultaneously at the same rate. Energy conservation is one of the ...
Yuan, Shaoyu
Environmental programs for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
The environmental research effort in support of the US Department of Energy's Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) program has the goal of providing documented information on the effect of proposed operations on the ocean and the effect of oceanic conditions on the plant. The associated environment program consists of archival studies in potential areas serial oceanographic cruises to sites or regions of interest, studies from various fixed platforms at sites, and compilation of such information for appropriate legal compliance and permit requirements and for use in progressive design of OTEC plants. Site/regions investigated are south of Mobile and west of Tampa, Gulf of Mexico; Punta Tuna, Puerto Rico; St. Croix, Virgin Islands; Kahe Point, Oahu and Keahole Point, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands; and off the Brazilian south Equatorial Coast. Four classes of environmental concerns identified are: redistribution of oceanic properties (ocean water mixing, impingement/entrainment etc.); chemical pollution (biocides, working fluid leaks, etc.); structural effects (artificial reef, aggregation, nesting/migration, etc.); socio-legal-economic (worker safety, enviromaritime law, etc.).
Wilde, P.
QuikSCAT Impacts on Coastal Forecasts and Warnings: Operational Utility of Satellite Ocean Surface Vector Wind Data
This study reports on the operational utility of ocean surface vector wind (SVW) data from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) observations in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast ...
Ralph F. Milliff; Peter A. Stamus
Coastal Atmospheric Circulation around an Idealized Cape during Wind-Driven Upwelling Studied from a Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Model
The study analyzes atmospheric circulation around an idealized coastal cape during summertime upwelling-favorable wind conditions simulated by a mesoscale coupled ocean�atmosphere model. The domain resembles an eastern ocean boundary with a ...
Natalie Perlin; Eric D. Skyllingstad; Roger M. Samelson
Characteristics of Ocean Surface Winds in the Lee of an Isolated Island Observed by Synthetic Aperture Radar
Characteristics of ocean surface winds around an isolated island are examined in relation to atmospheric stability using a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and rawinsonde sounding observations. The SAR-derived winds on 22 May 2009 indicate a low-...
Osamu Isoguchi; Masanobu Shimada; Hiroshi Kawamura
Ocean thermal energy conversion plants : experimental and analytical study of mixing and recirculation
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a method of generating power using the vertical temperature gradient of the tropical ocean as an energy source. Experimental and analytical studies have been carried out to determine ...
Jirka, Gerhard H.
Thermal-Electric Conversion Efficiency of the Dish/AMTEC Solar Thermal Power System in Wind Condition
The dish/AMTEC solar thermal power system is a newly proposed solar energy utilization system that enables the direct thermal-electric conversion. The performance of the solar dish/AMTEC system in wind condition has been theoretically evaluated in addition ... Keywords: dish/AMTEC solar thermal power system, efficiency, thermal-electric conversion, wind condition
Lan Xiao; Shuang-Ying Wu; You-Rong Li
Estimates of wind energy input to the Ekman layer in the Southern Ocean from surface drifter data
Estimates of wind energy input to the Ekman layer in the Southern Ocean from surface drifter data the contribution from the anticyclonic frequencies dominate the wind energy input. The latitudinal and seasonal variations of the wind energy input to the Ekman layer are closely related to the variations of the wind
Gille, Sarah T.
02 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PRELIMINARY DATA REPORTOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) sites in the Gulf ofOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Sites: Puerto Rico,
01 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION ECOLOGICAL DATA REPORTOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Sites: Puerto Rico,Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion plant were in- itiated in
Quinby-Hunt, M.S.
Observations and Simulations of Upper-Ocean Response to Wind Events during the Ocean Storms Experiment
The Ocean Storms dataset is used to compile observations of the oceanic response to midlatitude storms. Of particular interest are episodic mixed layer temperature cooling events whose characteristics are reviewed. The data include subsurface ...
W. G. Large; G. B. Crawford
Carbon dioxide release from ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) cycles
This paper presents the results of recent measurements of CO{sub 2} release from an open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) experiment. Based on these data, the rate of short-term CO{sub 2} release from future open-cycle OTEC plants is projected to be 15 to 25 times smaller than that from fossil-fueled electric power plants. OTEC system that incorporate subsurface mixed discharge are expected to result in no long-term release. OTEC plants can significantly reduce CO{sub 2} emissions when substituted for fossil-fueled power generation. 12 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Green, H.J. (Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA)); Guenther, P.R. (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA (USA))
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Program. Volume 1. Preoperatinal ocean test platform
An environmental impact assessment for the field test of the first preoperational Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, referred to as OTEC-1, is presented. The conceptual design of OTEC-1 is described, and the existing environments at the four OTEC-1 study sites (Punta Tuna, Keahole Point, offshore New Orleans, and offshore Tampa) are discussed. The environmental impacts considered include organism impingement, organism entrainment, ocean water mixing, metallic ion release, chlorine release, ammonia leakage, oil release, and platform attraction. The development of a risk assessment model for credible accidents at OTEC-1 is discussed. Also, the federal and state legal, safety, and health policies pertinent to OTEC-1 are presented. A glossary is included. (WHK)
Directional Response of Ocean Waves to Changing Wind Direction
When analysing wave measurements in turning winds, one usually assumes that the rate of change of mean wave direction is determined by the angle between ?w, the wind direction, and ?o, the mean wave direction; however, it is well known that this ...
Gao Quanduo; Gerbrand Komen
Tropical Oceanic Response to Extratropical Thermal Forcing in a Coupled Climate Model: A Comparison between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
The tropical oceanic response to the extratropical thermal forcing is quantitatively estimated in a coupled climate model. This work focuses on comparison of the responses between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. Under the same extratropical ...
Haijun Yang; Lu Wang
Oceanic Quasi-geostrophic Turbulence Forced by Stochastic Wind Fluctuations
The quasi-geostrophic response to stochastic wind fluctuations is calculated using a doubly periodic nonlinear model, with a vertical resolution of three modes in most cases. The influence of various parameters on the response is investigated: ...
Anne Marie Treguier; Bach Lien Hua
The Dependence of Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning on Wind Stress
An eddy-resolving numerical model of a zonal flow, meant to resemble the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, is described and analyzed using the framework of J. Marshall and T. Radko. In addition to wind and buoyancy forcing ...
Abernathey, Ryan Patrick
Ocean Surface Pressure Fields from Satellite-Sensed Winds
The University of Washington's planetary boundary layer model is inverted to use remotely sensed satellite scatterometer-derived surface winds as input to calculate maritime surface pressure fields. The analysis of three different synoptic storm ...
Robert A. Brown; Gad Levy
Low-Frequency Variability in the Midlatitude Baroclinic Atmosphere Induced by an Oceanic Thermal Front
This study examines the flow induced by an east�west-oriented oceanic thermal front in a highly idealized baroclinic model. Previous work showed that thermal fronts could produce energetic midlatitude jets in an equivalent-barotropic atmosphere ...
Yizhak Feliks; Michael Ghil; Eric Simonnet
The Impact of Rapid Wind Variability upon Air�Sea Thermal Coupling
The basic effect of extratropical atmosphere�ocean thermal coupling is to enhance the variance of both anomalous sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and air temperatures (AIRT) due to a decreased energy flux between the atmosphere and ocean, called ...
Philip Sura; Matthew Newman
The Structure of the Asian Monsoon Surface Wind Field over the Ocean
This paper examines the structure of the summer monsoon over the Indian and western Pacific Oceans by analyzing the surface wind data from marine data sets for the period of 1860 to 1970. It is found that the southern edge of the huge monsoon low ...
Congbin Fu; J. Fletcher; R. Slutz
Quasi-geostrophic Ocean Response to Real Wind Forcing: The Effects of Temporal Smoothing
A one-degree, flat bottom, eight-layer quasi-geostrophic model of the North Pacific Ocean is forced by six different wind stress curl datasets, all derived from seven years of twice daily analyses at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather ...
W. G. Large; W. R. Holland; J. C. Evans
A Simple Model of the Decadal Response of the Ocean to Stochastic Wind Forcing
A simple linear model is used to estimate the decadal response of the extratropical ocean to wind stress forcing, assuming a flat bottom, a mean state at rest, and no dissipation. The barotropic fields are governed by a time-dependent Sverdrup ...
Claude Frankignoul; Peter M�ller; Eduardo Zorita
The Global Characteristics of the Wavenumber Spectrum of Ocean Surface Wind
The wavenumber spectra of wind kinetic energy over the ocean from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) observations have revealed complex spatial variability in the wavelength range of 1000�3000 km, with spectral slopes varying from ?1.6 to ?2.9. Here ...
Yongsheng Xu; Lee-Lueng Fu; Ross Tulloch
Normal Monthly Wind Stress Over the World Ocean with Error Estimates
Over 35 million surface observations covering the world ocean from 1870�1976 have been processed for the purpose of calculating monthly normals and standard errors of the eastward and northward components of the wind stress and work done by the ...
Sol Hellerman; Mel Rosenstein
Decadal Changes of Wind Stress over the Southern Ocean Associated with Antarctic Ozone Depletion
Using 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data and in situ observations, the positive trend of Southern Ocean surface wind stress during two recent decades is detected, and its close linkage with spring Antarctic ozone depletion is established. The ...
Xiao-Yi Yang; Rui Xin Huang; Dong Xiao Wang
Optimal Power-Law Description of Oceanic Whitecap Coverage Dependence on Wind Speed
The optimal power-law expression for the dependence of oceanic whitecap coverage fraction W on 10 m elevation wind speed U as determined by ordinary least squares fitting applied to the combined whitecap data sets of Monahan (1971) and Toba and ...
Edward C. Monahan; Iogn�id� Muircheartaigh
Eddy Heat Flux in the Southern Ocean: Response to Variable Wind Forcing
The authors assess the role of time-dependent eddy variability in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in influencing warming of the Southern Ocean. For this, an eddy-resolving quasigeostrophic model of the wind-driven circulation is used, and ...
Andrew Mc C. Hogg; Michael P. Meredith; Jeffrey R. Blundell; Chris Wilson
Interdecadal Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II: The Role of Equatorial/Off-Equatorial Wind Stresses in a Hybrid Coupled Model
Many modeling studies have been carried out to investigate the role of oceanic Rossby waves linking the off-equatorial and equatorial Pacific Ocean. Although the equatorial ocean response to off-equatorial wind stress forcing alone tends to be ...
Shayne McGregor; Neil J. Holbrook; Scott B. Power
Wind Stress and Heat Flux over the Ocean in Gale Force Winds
An offshore stable platform has been instrumented with wind turbulence, temperature and wave height sensors. Data from this platform have been analyzed by the eddy correlation method to obtain wind stress and heat flux at wind speeds from 6 to 22 ...
Stuart D. Smith
Wind-Driven Mixing below the Oceanic Mixed Layer
This study describes the turbulent processes in the upper ocean boundary layer forced by a constant surface stress in the absence of the Coriolis force using large-eddy simulation. The boundary layer that develops has a two-layer structure, a well-...
Alan L. M. Grant; Stephen E. Belcher
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) A New Secure Renewable Energy Source
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) A New Secure Renewable Energy Source For Defense New Ventures #12;What is OTEC? OTEC B fiOTEC Benefits: Large Renewable Energy Source 3-5 Terawatts Water Temperature Delta 2 A New Clean Renewable 24/7 Energy Source #12;Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Stochastic Forcing of the North Atlantic Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation. Part I: A Diagnostic Analysis of the Ocean Response to Stochastic Forcing
At midlatitudes, the magnitude of stochastic wind stress forcing due to atmospheric weather is comparable to that associated with the seasonal cycle. Stochastic forcing is therefore likely to have a significant influence on the ocean circulation. ...
Kettyah C. Chhak; Andrew M. Moore; Ralph F. Milliff; Grant Branstator; William R. Holland; Michael Fisher
On the Loss of Wind-Induced Near-Inertial Energy to Turbulent Mixing in the Upper Ocean
On the Loss of Wind-Induced Near-Inertial Energy to Turbulent Mixing in the Upper Ocean XIAOMING received 27 March 2009, in final form 23 June 2009) ABSTRACT Wind-induced near-inertial energy has been find that nearly 70% of the wind-induced near-inertial energy at the sea surface is lost to turbulent
An eddy-resolving numerical model of a zonal flow, meant to resemble the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, is described and analyzed using the framework of J. Marshall and T. Radko. In addition to wind and buoyancy forcing at the surface, the model ...
Ryan Abernathey; John Marshall; David Ferreira
Wind-Driven Response of Ocean Surface Infrared Signals
In the course of archiving positions of the edge of the Loop Current from satellite infrared (IR) data, we have found a substantial amount of energy at periods in the �wind-driven band.� Using a technique patterned after that of Price et al., we ...
W. Sturges; S. Welsh
Lockheed Testing the Waters for Ocean Thermal Energy System
The company is working to develop a system to produce electricity using temperature differences in the ocean.
The Effect of Wind�Wave�Current Interaction on Air�Sea Momentum Fluxes and Ocean Response in Tropical Cyclones
In this paper, the wind�wave�current interaction mechanisms in tropical cyclones and their effect on the surface wave and ocean responses are investigated through a set of numerical experiments. The key element of the authors� modeling approach ...
Yalin Fan; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara
On the Influence of Random Wind Stress Errors on the Four-Dimensional, Midlatitude Ocean Inverse Problem
The effects of the parameterized wind stress error covariance function on the a priori error covariance of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) are examined. These effects are diagnosed by computing the projection of the a priori model state ...
Tsuyoshi Wakamatsu; Michael G. G. Foreman; Patrick F. Cummins; Josef Y. Cherniawsky
Universality of the Modeled Small-Scale Response of the Upper Tropical Ocean to Squall Wind Forcing
The upper ocean response to idealized surface wind forcing that is representative of conditions observed during the TOGA-COARE Intensive Observation Period is studied by numerical simulations using a second-moment closure model. A set of ...
R. A. Richardson; G. G. Sutyrin; D. Hebert; L. M. Rothstein
The Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to Surface Wind Stress Produced by an Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Two surface wind stress datasets for 1979�91, one based on observations and the other from an integration of the COLA atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) with prescribed SST, are used to drive the GFDL ocean general circulation model. ...
Bohua Huang; Edwin K. Schneider
Interaction of Additive Noise and Nonlinear Dynamics in the Double-Gyre Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation
In this paper the authors study the interactions of additive noise and nonlinear dynamics in a quasigeostrophic model of the double-gyre wind-driven ocean circulation. The recently developed framework of dynamically orthogonal field theory is used ...
Themistoklis P. Sapsis; Henk A. Dijkstra
Directional Wind�Wave Coupling in Fully Coupled Atmosphere�Wave�Ocean Models: Results from CBLAST-Hurricane
The extreme high winds, intense rainfall, large ocean waves, and copious sea spray in hurricanes push the surface-exchange parameters for temperature, water vapor, and momentum into untested regimes. The Coupled Boundary Layer Air�Sea Transfer (...
Shuyi S. Chen; Wei Zhao; Mark A. Donelan; Hendrik L. Tolman
Relative Roles of Elevated Heating and Surface Temperature Gradients in Driving Anomalous Surface Winds over Tropical Oceans
Elevated heating by cumulus convection and sea surface temperature gradients are both thought to contribute to surface winds over tropical oceans. The relative strength and role of each mechanism is examined by imposing forcing derived from data ...
John C. H. Chiang; Stephen E. Zebiak; Mark A. Cane
Retrieval of Surface Wind Speed and Aerosol Optical Depth over the Oceans from AVHRR Images of Sun Glint
This paper investigates the feasibility of recovering both the tropospheric aerosol loading and the surface wind speed from satellite measurements of the radiance within cloud free regions of sun glint over the ocean surface. The method relies on ...
D. M. O'Brien; R. M. Mitchell
The Structure and Evolution of Seasonal Wind Anomalies over the Near-equatorial Eastern Indian and Western Pacific Oceans
The longitude�height�time evolution of seasonally averaged wind anomalies over the near-equatorial eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans is examined, using multiyear time series derived from a network of eight rawinsonde stations. Data at six ...
David S. Gutzler; D. E. Harrison
Wind-Generated Power Input to the Deep Ocean: An Estimate Using a 1/10� General Circulation Model
Recent studies on the wind-generated power input to the geostrophic and nongeostrophic ocean circulation components have used expressions derived from Ekman dynamics. The present work extends and unifies previous studies by deriving an expression ...
Jin-Song von Storch; Hideharu Sasaki; Jochem Marotzke
Directional Wind-Wave Coupling in Fully Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Models: Results from CBLAST-Hurricane
The extreme high winds, intense rainfall, large ocean waves, and copious sea spray in hurricanes push the surface-exchange parameters for temperature, water vapor, and momentum into untested regimes. The Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (...
Geek-Up[04.01.2011]: Charting Wind, Thermal, Hydro Generation...
Office of Public Affairs Check out Bonneville Power Administration's new near real-time energy monitoring - it displays the output of all wind, thermal and hydro generation in...
Draft environmental assessment: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Pilot Plants
This Environmental Assessment (EA) has been prepared, in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, for the deployment and operation of a commercial 40-Megawatt (MW) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Pilot Plant (hereafter called the Pilot Plant). A description of the proposed action is presented, and a generic environment typical of the candidate Pilot Plant siting regions is described. An assessment of the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed action is given, and the risk of credible accidents and mitigating measures to reduce these risks are considered. The Federal and State plans and policies the proposed action will encompass are described. Alternatives to the proposed action are presented. Appendix A presents the navigation and environmental information contained in the US Coast Pilot for each of the candidate sites; Appendix B provides a brief description of the methods and calculations used in the EA. It is concluded that environmental disturbances associated with Pilot Plant activities could potentially cause significant environmental impacts; however, the magnitude of these potential impacts cannot presently be assessed, due to insufficient engineering and environmental information. A site- and design-specific OTEC Pilot Plant Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is required to resolve the potentially significant environmental effects associated with Pilot Plant deployment and operation. (WHK)
Sullivan, S.M.; Sands, M.D.; Donat, J.R.; Jepsen, P.; Smookler, M.; Villa, J.F.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Programmatic Environmental Analysis--Appendices
SciTech Connect
The programmatic environmental analysis is an initial assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology considering development, demonstration and commercialization. It is concluded that the OTEC development program should continue because the development, demonstration, and commercialization on a single-plant deployment basis should not present significant environmental impacts. However, several areas within the OTEC program require further investigation in order to assess the potential for environmental impacts from OTEC operation, particularly in large-scale deployments and in defining alternatives to closed-cycle biofouling control: (1) Larger-scale deployments of OTEC clusters or parks require further investigations in order to assess optimal platform siting distances necessary to minimize adverse environmental impacts. (2) The deployment and operation of the preoperational platform (OTEC-1) and future demonstration platforms must be carefully monitored to refine environmental assessment predictions, and to provide design modifications which may mitigate or reduce environmental impacts for larger-scale operations. These platforms will provide a valuable opportunity to fully evaluate the intake and discharge configurations, biofouling control methods, and both short-term and long-term environmental effects associated with platform operations. (3) Successful development of OTEC technology to use the maximal resource capabilities and to minimize environmental effects will require a concerted environmental management program, encompassing many different disciplines and environmental specialties. This volume contains these appendices: Appendix A -- Deployment Scenario; Appendix B -- OTEC Regional Characterization; and Appendix C -- Impact and Related Calculations.
Authors, Various
Predictive Understanding of the Oceans' Wind-Driven Circulation on Interdecadal Time Scales
The goal of this project was to obtain a predictive understanding of a major component of the climate system�??s interdecadal variability: the oceans�?? wind-driven circulation. To do so, we developed and applied advanced computational and statistical methods to the problem of climate variability and climate change. The methodology was developed first for models of intermediate complexity, such as the quasi-geostrophic and the primitive equations, which describe the wind-driven, near-surface flow in mid-latitude ocean basins. Our computational work consisted in developing efficient multi-level methods to simulate this flow and study its dependence on physically relevant parameters. Our oceanographic and climate work consisted in applying these methods to study the bifurcations in the wind-driven circulation and their relevance to the flows observed at present and those that might occur in a warmer climate. Both aspects of the work are crucial for the efficient treatment of large-scale, eddy-resolving numerical simulations of the oceans and an increased understanding and better prediction of climate change. Considerable progress has been achieved in understanding ocean-atmosphere interaction in the mid-latitudes. An important by-product of this research is a novel approach to explaining the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Michael Ghil, P.I., Dept. of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences and IGPP, UCLA; Roger Temam, Co-P.I., Dept. of Mathematics, Indiana University; Y. Feliks, IIBR; E. Simonnet, INLN; and T.Tachim-Medjo, FIU, collaborators
Low-Frequency Variability in the Midlatitude Atmosphere Induced by an Oceanic Thermal Front
This study examines the flow induced in a highly idealized atmospheric model by an east�west-oriented oceanic thermal front. The model has a linear marine boundary layer coupled to a quasigeostrophic, equivalent- barotropic free atmosphere. The ...
Gravitational Potential Energy Balance for the Thermal Circulation in a Model Ocean
The gravitational potential energy balance of the thermal circulation in a simple rectangular model basin is diagnosed from numerical experiments based on a mass-conserving oceanic general circulation model. The vertical mixing coefficient is ...
Rui Xin Huang; Xingze Jin
The Relationship between Tibet-Tropical Ocean Thermal Contrast and Interannual Variability of Indian Monsoon Rainfall
During the northern summer the Tibetan Plateau is a heat source for the atmosphere, and the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Cold Tongue is a heat sink, both contributing to the thermal forcing of large-scale quasi-zonal atmospheric circulation.
Congbin Fu; Joseph O. Fletcher
A Study of Wind Stress and Heat Flux over the Open Ocean by the Inertial-Dissipation Method
A bow-mounted propeller anemometer and fast-response temperature sensors were operated during several cruises of CSS Dawson. Spectra of wind speed and temperature fluctuations were measured over the open ocean for a wind speed range of 6 to 21 m ...
R. J. Anderson
Generation of Annual-Period Rossby Waves in the South Atlantic Ocean by the Wind Stress Curl
The properties of first-mode annual-period baroclinic Rossby waves generated by the observed wind stress curl in a numerical model of the South Atlantic and Southwest Indian oceans are presented. The forcing wind field for the area 15��51�S, 45�W�...
Christopher J. C. Reason; Lawrence A. Mysak; Patrick F. Cummins
A Climatological Study of Thermally Driven Wind Systems of the U.S. Intermountain West
This paper investigates the diurnal evolution of thermally driven plain-mountain winds, up- and down-valley winds, up- and downslope winds, and land-lake breezes for summer fair weather conditions in four regions of the Intermountain West where ...
Jebb Q. Stewart; C. David Whiteman; W. James Steenburgh; Xindi Bian
Assimilation of Subsurface Thermal Data into a Simple Ocean Model for the Initialization of an Intermediate Tropical Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Forecast Model
An adjoint variational assimilation technique is used to assimilate observations of both the oceanic state and wind stress data into an intermediate coupled ENSO prediction model. This method of initialization is contrasted with the more usual ...
Richard Kleeman; Andrew M. Moore; Neville R. Smith
Wind Issues in Solar Thermal Performance Ratings: Preprint
We suggest that wind bias against unglazed solar water heaters be mitigated by using a calibrated collector model to derive a wind correction to the measured efficiency curve.
Burch, J.; Casey, R.
Adjustment of Near-Equatorial Wind Stress with Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation in a Model of the Pacific Ocean
A four-dimensional variational scheme is described in which ocean observations are assimilated into an ocean general circulation model using wind stress forcing fields as control variables. Idealized (�twin�) experiments are performed to evaluate ...
Femke C. Vossepoel; Anthony T. Weaver; J�r�me Vialard; Pascale Delecluse
The spatial structure and temporal evolution of sea breeze and the latitudinal distribution of propagation and mixing of sea breeze driven near-inertial ocean response in the Gulf of Mexico are investigated using comprehensive data sets and a non-linear numerical model. Near 30?N, inertial oceanic response is significantly enhanced by a near-resonant condition between inertial and diurnal forcing frequencies. Observational results indicate that sea breeze variability peaks in summer and extends at least 300 km offshore with continuous seaward phase propagation. The maximum near-inertial oceanic response occurs in June when there is a shallow mixed layer, strong stratification, and an approximately 10-day period of continuous sea breeze forcing. Near-inertial current variance decreases in July and August due to the deepening of the mixed layer and a more variable phase relationship between the wind and current. River discharge varies interannually and can significantly alter the oceanic response during summer. During 1993, the ?great flood? of the Mississippi River deepens the summer mixed layer and reduces the sea breeze response. The near-inertial currents can provide considerable vertical mixing on the shelf in summer, as seen by the suppression of bulk Richardson number during strong near-inertial events. Three-dimensional idealized simulations show that the coastal oceanic response to sea breeze is trapped poleward of 30? latitude, however, it can propagate offshore as Poincare waves equatorward of 30? latitude. Near 30? latitude, the maximum oceanic response to sea breeze moves offshore slowly because of the near-zero group speed of Poincare waves at this latitude. The lateral energy flux convergence plus the energy input from the wind is maximum near the critical latitude, leading to increased vertical mixing. This local dissipation is greatly reduced at other latitudes. Simulations with realistic bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico confirm that a basin-wide ocean response to coastal sea breeze forcing is established in the form of Poincare waves. This enhanced vertical mixing is consistent with observations on the Texas-Louisiana Shelf. Comparison of the three-dimensional and one-dimensional models shows some significant limitations of one-dimensional simplified models for sea breeze simulations near the critical latitude.
Zhang, Xiaoqian
The Scientific Beaufort Equivalent Scale: Effects on Wind Statistics and Climatological Air-Sea Flux Estimates in the North Atlantic Ocean
The Beaufort equivalent scale of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), used for decades to transform marine Beaufort estimates to surface wind speeds over the oceans, contains systematic errors that depend nonlinearly on the wind speed. ...
Hans-J�rg Isemer; Lutz Hasse
Wave Breaking and Ocean Surface Layer Thermal Response
The effect of breaking waves on ocean surface temperatures and surface boundary layer deepening is investigated. The modification of the Mellor�Yamada turbulence closure model by Craig and Banner and others to include surface wave breaking ...
George Mellor; Alan Blumberg
Wind-wave stabilization by a foam layer between the atmosphere and the ocean
The study is motivated by recent findings of the decrease in the momentum transfer from strong winds to sea. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) of a three-fluid system of air, foam and water is examined within the range of intermediately short surface waves. The foam layer thickness necessary for effective separation of the atmosphere and the ocean is estimated. Due to high density contrasts in the three-fluid system, even a relatively thin foam layer between the atmosphere and the ocean can provide a significant stabilization of the water surface by the wavelength shift of the instability towards smaller scales. It is conjectured that such stabilization qualitatively explains the observed reduction of roughness and drag.
Shtemler, Yuri M; Mond, Michael
Wind instability of a foam layer sandwiched between the atmosphere and the ocean
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of short gravity waves is examined in order to explain the recent findings of the decrease in momentum transfer from hurricane winds to sea waves. A three-fluid configuration of a foam layer between the atmosphere and the ocean is suggested to provide signifficant stabilization of the system and shifting the marginal critical wavelength to the shortwave part of the spectrum. It is conjectured that such stabilization leads to the observed drag reduction. The high contrasts in three fluid densities provide a universal mechanism for stabilizing surface perturbations.
Ocean Energy Technology Basics | Department of Energy
Ocean Energy Technology Basics Ocean Energy Technology Basics Ocean Energy Technology Basics August 16, 2013 - 4:18pm Addthis Text Version Photo of low waves in the ocean. A dock is visible in the background. Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface. As the world's largest solar collectors, oceans contain thermal energy from the sun and produce mechanical energy from tides and waves. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, the gravitational pull of the moon primarily drives tides, and wind powers ocean waves. Learn more about: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Tidal Energy Wave Energy Ocean Resources Addthis Related Articles Energy Department Releases New Energy 101 Video on Ocean Power A map generated by Georgia Tech's tidal energy resource database shows mean current speed of tidal streams. The East Coast, as shown above, has strong tides that could be tapped to produce energy. | Photo courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology
A Climatology of Diurnal and Semidiurnal Surface Wind Variations over the Tropical Pacific Ocean Based on the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Moored Buoy Array
Hourly measurements from 51 moored buoys in the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array (9�N�8�S, 165�E�95�W) during 1993�2004 are used to document the climatological seasonal and annual mean patterns of diurnal and semidiurnal near-surface wind ...
Rei Ueyama; Clara Deser
The Estimated Global Ocean Wind Power Potential from QuikSCAT Observations, Accounting for Turbine Characteristics and Siting
For the first time, global ocean usable wind power is evaluated for modern offshore turbine characteristics including hub height, usable portion of the wind speed distribution and siting depth. Mean wind power increases by 30%, 69 % and 73 % within the tropics and northern and southern hemisphere extratropics, respectively, between hub heights of 10 m and 100 m. A turbine with a cut-out speed of 25 m s?1 (30 m s?1) within the northern hemisphere storm track harvests between 55 % (82%) and 85% (> 98%) of available power. Within this region, a 2�3m s?1 change in cut-out speed can result in a 5�7 % change in usable power. 80 m wind power accumulates at a rate of 20�45 GW km2 m?2 per meter depth increase from the shore to the shelf break. Beyond the shelf break, wind power accumulates at a slower rate (wind power is assessed for three technology tiers: existing, planned, and future innovations. Usable percent of 80 m available global ocean wind power ranges from 0.40 % for existing to 2.73 % for future envisioned turbine specifications. Offshore wind power production is estimated using typical turbine characteristics including rotor diameter, rated power and siting density. Global offshore wind power is as much as 37 TW (50 % of onshore) and is maximized for the smallest and least powerful of the three turbine specifications evaluated. 1 1
Charles S. Zender
Energy Basics: Wind Turbines
Energy Basics Renewable Energy Printable Version Share this resource Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Ocean Solar Wind Wind Turbines Wind Resources Wind Turbines...
A Numerical Study of the Thermally Driven Plain-to-Basin Wind over Idealized Basin Topographies
Numerical experiments have been carried out with a two-dimensional nonhydrostatic mesoscale model to investigate the diurnal temperature range in a basin and the thermally driven plain-to-basin winds. Under clear-sky conditions, the diurnal ...
Stephan F. J. de Wekker; Shiyuan Zhong; Jerome D. Fast; C. David Whiteman
Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Ocean Energy PAGE 1 Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Ocean Energy PAGE 1 Teacher Guide .......................................................... 2 Related National Science Standards .......................... 3 Introduction to Ocean Energy .................................. 4 Petroleum & Natural Gas ......................................... 5 Natural Oil and Gas Seeps ........................................ 7 Methane Hydrates .................................................... 8 Solar Energy .............................................................. 9 Wind Energy ........................................................... 10 Wave Energy ........................................................... 11 OTEC: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion .............
Thermally Induced Wind Passing from Plain to Basin over a Mountain Range
A new concept of a thermally induced local circulation is presented by numerical and observational studies. This wind system transports a low-level air mass from a plain to a basin, passing over a mountain ridge. The characteristics of the wind ...
Fujio Kimura; Tsuneo Kuwagata
Tellus 000, 000000 (0000) Printed 12 August 2009 (Tellus LATEX style file v2.2) Wind sensitivity of the inter-ocean heat exchange
of the inter-ocean heat exchange By HANNA CORELL1 , JOHAN NILSSON1 , KRISTOFER D¨O¨OS1 , and G¨ORAN BROSTR¨OM2 is used to investigate the impact of the wind field on the heat exchange between the ocean basins-OCEAN HEAT EXCHANGE 3 heat transport, and the meridional overturning by increasing the upwelling of deep
Nilsson, Johan
Mesoscale Wind Signatures along the Carolina Coast
Coastal winds immediately offshore of North and South Carolina often exhibit a mesoscale diffluent�confluent pattern that appears to be governed by the coastal configuration and oceanic thermal field. The stationary pattern roughly parallels the ...
Allen J. Riordan; Yuh-Lang Lin
, accounting for turbine characteristics and siting Scott B. Capps1 and Charles S. Zender1 Received 17 June, global ocean usable wind power is evaluated for modern offshore turbine characteristics including hub, between hub heights of 10 m and 100 m. A turbine with a cutout speed of 25 m s-1 (30 m s-1 ) within
A Simplified General Circulation Model for a Baroclinic Ocean with Topography. Part I: Theory, Waves, and Wind-Driven Circulations
A new type of ocean general circulation model with simplified physics is described and tested for various simple wind-driven circulation problems. The model consists of the vorticity balance of the depth-averaged flow and a hierarchy of equations ...
Dirk Olbers; Carsten Eden
A Comparison of Measured and Wind-derived Ekman Transport at 11�N in the Atlantic Ocean
A comparison of measured and wind-derived ageostrophic transport is presented from a zonal transect spanning the Atlantic Ocean along 11�N. The transport per unit depth shows a striking surface maximum that decays to nearly zero at a depth of ...
T. K. Chereskin; D. Roemmich
Wind-induced near-inertial energy has been believed to be an important source for generating the ocean mixing required to maintain the global meridional overturning circulation. In the present study, the near-inertial energy budget in a realistic ...
Xiaoming Zhai; Richard J. Greatbatch; Carsten Eden; Toshiyuki Hibiya
An Attempt to Estimate the Thermal Resistance of the Upper Ocean to Climatic Change
An attempt is made to estimate the thermal inertia of the upper ocean, relevant to climatic change. This is done by assuming that the annual variation in sea surface temperature (SST) can, to a first-order approximation, be described by a simple ...
H. M. Van Den Dool; J. D. Horel
Heat exchanger cleaning in support of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) - electronics subsystems
Electronics systems supporting the development of biofouling countermeasures for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) are described. Discussed are the thermistor/thermopile amplifiers, heaters, flowmeters, temperature measurement, control systems for chlorination, flow driven brushes, and recirculating sponge rubber balls. The operation and troubleshooting of each electronic subsystem is documented.
Lott, D.F.
Annual Cycle of Subsurface Thermal Structure in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean
The subsurface thermal structure in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (30�N�20�S, East of 80�W) is studied on the basis of an extensive data bank of subsurface soundings. Calendar monthly maps are presented showing mixed layer depth, base of ...
Stefan Hastenrath; Jacques Merle
The Role of Eddies in Determining the Structure and Response of the Wind-Driven Southern Hemisphere Overturning: Results from the Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO) Project
The Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO) project uses numerical sensitivity studies to examine the role played by Southern Ocean winds and eddies in determining the density structure of the global ocean and the magnitude and structure of ...
Robert Hallberg; Anand Gnanadesikan
Open cycle ocean thermal energy conversion system structure
A generally mushroom-shaped, open cycle OTEC system and distilled water producer which has a skirt-conduit structure extending from the enlarged portion of the mushroom to the ocean. The enlarged part of the mushroom houses a toroidal casing flash evaporator which produces steam which expands through a vertical rotor turbine, partially situated in the center of the blossom portion and partially situated in the mushroom's stem portion. Upon expansion through the turbine, the motive steam enters a shell and tube condenser annularly disposed about the rotor axis and axially situated beneath the turbine in the stem portion. Relatively warm ocean water is circulated up through the radially outer skirt-conduit structure entering the evaporator through a radially outer portion thereof, flashing a portion thereof into motive steam, and draining the unflashed portion from the evaporator through a radially inner skirt-conduit structure. Relatively cold cooling water enters the annular condenser through the radially inner edge and travels radially outwardly into a channel situated along the radially outer edge of the condenser. The channel is also included in the radially inner skirt-conduit structure. The cooling water is segregated from the potable, motive steam condensate which can be used for human consumption or other processes requiring high purity water. The expansion energy of the motive steam is partially converted into rotational mechanical energy of the turbine rotor when the steam is expanded through the shaft attached blades. Such mechanical energy drives a generator also included in the enlarged mushroom portion for producing electrical energy. Such power generation equipment arrangement provides a compact power system from which additional benefits may be obtained by fabricating the enclosing equipment, housings and component casings from low density materials, such as prestressed concrete, to permit those casings and housings to also function as a floating support vessel.
A Numerical Investigation of Resonant Inertial Response of the Ocean to Wind Forcing
A one-dimensional model of upper-ocean vertical mixing is used to investigate the ocean's response to idealized atmospheric storms over short (1�2 day) timescales. Initial ocean conditions are based on observations from the northeast Pacific. ...
G. B. Crawford; W. G. Large
An Algorithm for Retrieving Vertical Wind Profiles from Satellite-Observed Winds over the Indian Ocean Using Complex EOF Analysis
With an aim to exploit current satellite observations for determining vertical wind profiles, the authors have carried out a complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis of a large number of radiosonde observations of wind fields over ...
C. M. Kishtawal; Sujit Basu; F. C. Pandey
Deep water pipe, pump, and mooring study: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion program. Final report
The ocean engineering issues affecting the design, construction, deployment, and operation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plants are of key importance. This study addressed the problems associated with the conceptual design of the deep-water pipe, cold-water-pumping, and platform mooring arrangements. These subsystems fall into a natural grouping since the parameters affecting their design are closely related to each other and to the ocean environment. Analysis and evaluations are provided with a view toward judging the impact of the various subsystems on the overall plant concept and to provide an estimate of material and construction cost. Parametric data is provided that describes mooring line configurations, mooring line loads, cold water pipe configurations, and cold water pumping schemes. Selected parameters, issues, and evaluation criteria are used to judge the merits of candidate concepts over a range of OTEC plant size from 100 MWe to 1000 MWe net output power.
Little, T.E.; Marks, J.D.; Wellman, K.H.
Design and cost of near-term OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) plants for the production of desalinated water and electric power. [Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
There currently is an increasing need for both potable water and power for many islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology fills these needs and is a viable option because of the unlimited supply of ocean thermal energy for the production of both desalinated water and electricity. The OTEC plant design must be flexible to meet the product-mix demands that can be very different from site to site. This paper describes different OTEC plants that can supply various mixes of desalinated water and vapor -- the extremes being either all water and no power or no water and all power. The economics for these plants are also presented. The same flow rates and pipe sizes for both the warm and cold seawater streams are used for different plant designs. The OTEC plant designs are characterized as near-term because no major technical issues need to be resolved or demonstrated. The plant concepts are based on DOE-sponsored experiments dealing with power systems, advanced heat exchanger designs, corrosion and fouling of heat exchange surfaces, and flash evaporation and moisture removal from the vapor using multiple spouts. In addition, the mature multistage flash evaporator technology is incorporated into the plant designs were appropriate. For the supply and discharge warm and cold uncertainties do exist because the required pipe sizes are larger than the maximum currently deployed -- 40-inch high-density polyethylene pipe at Keahole Point in Hawaii. 30 refs., 6 figs., 8 tabs.
Rabas, T.; Panchal, C.; Genens, L.
Ocean thermal energy conversion power system development-I. Phase I. Final report
The objective of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power System Development-I (PSD-I), Phase I, study was to develop conceptual and preliminary designs of closed-cycle ammonia power system modules for the 100-MW(e) OTEC Demonstration Plant, the 400-MW(e) Commercial Size Plant, and Heat Exchanger Test Articles representative of the full-size power system module design. Results are presented.
Ocean thermal plantships for production of ammonia as the hydrogen carrier.
Conventional petroleum, natural gas, and coal are the primary sources of energy that have underpinned modern civilization. Their continued availability in the projected quantities required and the impacts of emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the environment are issues at the forefront of world concerns. New primary sources of energy are being sought that would significantly reduce the emissions of GHGs. One such primary source that can help supply energy, water, and fertilizer without GHG emissions is available in the heretofore unexploited thermal gradients of the tropical oceans. The world's oceans are the largest natural collector and reservoir of solar energy. The potential of ocean energy is limitless for producing base-load electric power or ammonia as the hydrogen carrier and fresh water from seawater. However, until now, ocean energy has been virtually untapped. The general perception is that ocean thermal energy is limited to tropical countries. Therefore, the full potential of at-sea production of (1) ammonia as a hydrogen carrier and (2) desalinated water has not been adequately evaluated. Using ocean thermal plantships for the at-sea co-production of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier and desalinated water offer potential energy, environmental, and economic benefits that support the development of the technology. The introduction of a new widespread solution to our projected energy supply requires lead times of a decade or more. Although continuation of the ocean thermal program from the 1970s would likely have put us in a mitigating position in the early 2000s, we still have a window of opportunity to dedicate some of our conventional energy sources to the development of this renewable energy by the time new sources would be critically needed. The primary objective of this project is to evaluate the technical and economic viability of ocean thermal plantships for the production of ammonia as the hydrogen carrier. This objective is achieved by completing project tasks that consist of updating the John Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) pilot plantship design and extrapolating it to commercial plantships, evaluating a new energy-efficient ammonia synthesis process, evaluating the co-production of desalinated water on plantships, and developing a conceptual design of a satellite plantships system for commercial-scale ammonia production. In addition, an industrial workshop was organized to present the results and develop future goals for commercialization of ocean thermal plantships by 2015. The following goals, arranged in chronological order, were examined at the workshop: (1) Global displacement of petroleum-fuel-based (diesel, fuel oil, naphtha) power generation for freeing up these fuels for transportation, chemical feedstock, and other high-valued uses; (2) At-sea production of desalinated water for regions of critical water shortages; (3) Displacement of carbon-based feed stocks and energy for production of ammonia fertilizers; (4) Development of hydrogen supply to allow economic processing of heavy crude oils and upgrading oil sands; (5) Development of ammonia-fueled distributed energy to displace natural-gas fueled power generation to free up natural gas for higher-value uses and the mitigation of issues associated with imported liquefied natural gas (LNG); and (6) Use of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier for transportation.
Panchal, C.B.; Pandolfini, P. P.; Kumm, W. H.; Energy Systems; Johns Hopkins Univ.; Arctic Energies, Ltd.
Low-Frequency Variability in Shallow-Water Models of the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation. Part I: Steady-State Solution
Successive bifurcations�from steady states through periodic to aperiodic solutions�are studied in a shallow-water, reduced-gravity, 2�-layer model of the midlatitude ocean circulation subject to time-independent wind stress. The bifurcation ...
Eric Simonnet; Michael Ghil; Kayo Ide; Roger Temam; Shouhong Wang
A Comparative Assessment of Surface Wind Speed and Sea Surface Temperature over the Indian Ocean by TMI, MSMR, and ERA-40
A 2-yr (June 1999�June 2001) observation of ocean surface wind speed (SWS) and sea surface temperature (SST) derived from microwave radiometer measurements made by a multifrequency scanning microwave radiometer (MSMR) and the Tropical Rainfall ...
Anant Parekh; Rashmi Sharma; Abhijit Sarkar
Energy Basics: Wind Power Animation
Energy Basics Renewable Energy Printable Version Share this resource Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Ocean Solar Wind Wind Turbines Wind Resources Wind Power...
Energy Basics: Wind Energy Resources
Energy Basics Renewable Energy Printable Version Share this resource Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen Hydropower Ocean Solar Wind Wind Turbines Wind Resources Wind Energy...
Energy Basics: Wind Energy Technologies
Baroclinic Adjustment in an Atmosphere�Ocean Thermally Coupled Model: The Role of the Boundary Layer Processes
Baroclinic eddy equilibration and the roles of different boundary layer processes in limiting the baroclinic adjustment are studied using an atmosphere�ocean thermally coupled model. Boundary layer processes not only affect the dynamical ...
Yang Zhang; Peter H. Stone
Near and far field models of external fluid mechanics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plants
The world is facing the challenge of finding new renewable sources of energy - first, in response to fossil fuel reserve depletion, and second, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) can ...
Rodr�guez Bu�o, Mariana
Research on the external fluid mechanics of ocean thermal energy conversion plants : report covering experiments in a current
This report describes a set of experiments in a physical model study to explore plume transport and recirculation potential for a range of generic Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant designs and ambient conditions. ...
Fry, David J.
influence of met-ocean conditions on the loads analysis of a Floating wind turbine.
??Better wind resources far from the shore and in deeper seas have encouraged the offshore wind industry to look into floating platforms. The International Electrotechnical� (more)
Barj, Lucie
Coral Radiocarbon Records of Indian Ocean Water Mass Mixing and Wind-Induced Upwelling Along the Coast of Sumatra, Indonesia
Radiocarbon ({sup 14}C) in the skeletal aragonite of annually banded corals track radiocarbon concentrations in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface seawater. As a result of nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s, oceanic uptake of excess {sup 14}C in the atmosphere has increased the contrast between surface and deep ocean {sup 14}C concentrations. We present accelerator mass spectrometric (AMS) measurements of radiocarbon isotope ({Delta}{sup 14}C) in Porites corals from the Mentawai Islands, Sumatra (0 S, 98 E) and Watamu, Kenya (3 S, 39 E) to document the temporal and spatial evolution of the {sup 14}C gradient in the tropical Indian Ocean. The rise in {Delta}{sup 14}C in the Sumatra coral, in response to the maximum in nuclear weapons testing, is delayed by 2-3 years relative to the rise in coral {Delta}{sup 14}C from the coast of Kenya. Kenya coral {Delta}{sup 14}C values rise quickly because surface waters are in prolonged contact with the atmosphere. In contrast, wind-induced upwelling and rapid mixing along the coast of Sumatra entrains {sup 14}C-depleted water from the subsurface, which dilutes the effect of the uptake of bomb-laden {sup 14}C by the surface-ocean. Bimonthly AMS {Delta}{sup 14}C measurements on the Mentawai coral reveal mainly interannual variability with minor seasonal variability. The interannual signal may be a response to changes in the Walker circulation, the development of easterly wind anomalies, shoaling of the eastern thermocline, and upwelling of {sup 14}C-depleted water along the coast of Sumatra. Singular spectrum analysis of the Sumatra coral {Delta}{sup 14}C record reveals a significant 3-year periodicity. The results lend support to the concept that ocean atmosphere interactions between the Pacific and Indian Oceans operate in concert with the El Ni{tilde n}o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Guilderson, T P; Grumet, N S; Abram, N J; Beck, J W; Dunbar, R B; Gagan, M K; Hantoro, W S; Suwargadi, B W
Low-Frequency Variability, Coherence Resonance, and Phase Selection in a Low-Order Model of the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation
In this paper, a low-order spectral quasigeostrophic (QG) model of the wind-driven ocean circulation is derived and used to analyze the low-order character of the intrinsic low-frequency variability of the midlatitude double-gyre ocean circulation ...
Stefano Pierini
Improved Electrical Load Match In California By Combining Solar Thermal Power Plants with Wind Farms
California with its hydro, geothermal, wind, and solar energy is the second largest producer of renewable electricity in the United States (Washington state is the largest producer of renewable energy electricity due to high level of hydro power). Replacing fossil fuel electrical generation with renewable energy electrical generation will decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which will slow down the rapid increase in global warming (a goal of the California state government). However, in order for a much larger percentage of the total electrical generation in California to be from renewable energies like wind and solar, a better match between renewable energy generation and utility electrical load is required. Using wind farm production data and predicted production from a solar thermal power plant (with and without six hours of storage), a comparison was made between the renewable energy generation and the current utility load in California. On a monthly basis, wind farm generated electricity at the three major wind farm areas in California (Altamont Pass, east of San Francisco Bay area; Tehachapi Pass in the high desert between Tehachapi and Mojave; and San Gorgonio Pass in the low desert near Palm Springs) matches the utility load well during the highest electrical load months (May through September). Prediction of solar thermal power plant output also indicates a good match with utility load during these same high load months. Unfortunately, the hourly wind farm output during the day is not a very good match to the utility electrical load (i.e. in spring and summer the lowest wind speed generally occurs during mid-day when utility load is highest). If parabolic trough solar thermal power plants are installed in the Mojave Desert (similar to the 354 MW of plants that have been operating in Mojave Desert since 1990) then the solar electrical generation will help balance out the wind farm generation since highest solar generated electricity will be during mid-day. Adding six hours of solar thermal storage improved the utility load match significantly in the evening and reliability was also improved. Storage improves reliability because electrical production can remain at a high level even when there are lulls in the wind or clouds decrease the solar energy striking the parabolic trough mirrors. The solar energy from Mojave Desert and wind energy in the major wind farm areas are not a good match to utility load during the winter in California, but if the number of wind farms were increased east of San Diego, then the utility renewable energy match would be improved (this is because the wind energy is highest during the winter in this area). Currently in California, wind electrical generation only contributes 1.8% of total electricity and solar electrical generation only contributes 0.2%. Combining wind farms and solar thermal power plants with storage would allow a large percentage of the electrical load in California to be met by wind and solar energy due to a better match with utility load than by either renewable resource separately.
Vick, B. D.; Clark, R. N.; Mehos, M.
On the Influence of Supernova Remnant Thermal Energy in Powering Galactic Winds
The fundamental tenet of the classical supernovae-driven wind model of elliptical galaxies is that the residual thermal energy of all supernovae remnants (SNRs) provide sufficient energy to overcome the binding energy of the remaining interstellar gas, thereby driving a global galactic wind. We re-examine model predictions of this epoch of wind ejection t_GW, highlighting a heretofore underappreciated sensitivity to the adopted remnant thermal energy formalism, and illustrating cases in which previous work may have substantially overestimated t_GW. Arguments based upon chemical evolution alone, put forth to reject the hypothesis of dark matter distributions similar to the luminous component in spheroids, are shown to be tenuous. Finally, the predicted enrichment of intracluster gas during the wind phase of cluster ellipticals, and its relation to the selected SNR interior thermal energy evolutionary scheme, is addressed. Despite the success of previous wind models, our results still call into question the correctness of the simple analytical approach used thus far, and imply that a more appropriate technique should be adopted in the future.
Brad K. Gibson
Observations of Thermally Driven Wind Jets at the Exit of Weber Canyon, Utah
Thermally driven valley-exit jets were investigated at Utah�s Weber Canyon, a main tributary of the Great Salt Lake basin. An intensive measurement campaign during July�September 2010 supplemented longer-term measurements to characterize the wind ...
Morgan F. Chrust; C. David Whiteman; Sebastian W. Hoch
The Thermally Driven Cross-Basin Circulation in Idealized Basins under Varying Wind Conditions
The Weather Research and Forecasting model is used to perform large-eddy simulations of thermally driven cross-basin winds in idealized, closed basins. A spatially and temporally varying heat flux is prescribed at the surface as a function of ...
Manuela Lehner; C. David Whiteman
A Criterion for Thermal Stratification in a Wind-Mixed System
The onset of thermal stratification in an isohaline, wind-mixed water body is shown, by a simple model and observations, to be determined by the parameter u*3/hB?, where u* is the friction velocity of the air just above the water surface, h the ...
Peter E. Holloway
Measurement of the Equivalent Thermal Resistance of Rooftop Lawns in a Hot-Climate Wind Tunnel
In a very hot summer equivalent to a Guangzhou summer, the reduction of heat coming into rooms is very important with respect to thermal comfort and energy efficiency. The objective of this study is to investigate the evaporation cooling effect on a rooftop lawn. A hot-climate wind tunnel experiment was carried out in order to obtain and analyze the heat and moisture transport in the rooftop lawn. Furthermore, a calculation with the energy conservation equation was carried out using the results of the hot-climate wind tunnel experiment. The calculated equivalent thermal resistance and synthesis exterior surface heat transfer coefficient were in fairly good agreement with that in the design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in the hot summer and warm winter zone, while the average velocity in hot-climate wind tunnel equals the summer average outdoor velocity in Guangzhou.
Meng, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L.
Ocean Surface Roughness Spectrum in High Wind Condition for Microwave Backscatter and Emission Computations
Ocean surface roughness plays an important role in air-sea interaction and ocean remote sensing. Its primary contribution is from surface waves much shorter than the energetic wave components near the peak of the wave energy spectrum. Field ...
Paul A. Hwang; Derek M. Burrage; David W. Wang; Joel C. Wesson
Wind-Driven Cross-Equatorial Flow in the Indian Ocean
Meridional velocity, mass, and heat transport in the equatorial oceans are difficult to estimate because of the nonapplicability of the geostrophic balance. For this purpose a steady-state model is utilized in the equatorial Indian Ocean using ...
M. Dolores P�rez-Hern�ndez; Alonso Hern�ndez-Guerra; Terrence M. Joyce; Pedro V�lez-Belch�
Satellite Estimates of Wind Speed and Latent Heat Flux over the Global Oceans
Surface fluxes of momentum, freshwater, and energy across the air�sea interface determine oceanic circulation and its variability at all timescales. The goal of this paper is to estimate and examine some ocean surface flux variables using ...
Abderrahim Bentamy; Kristina B. Katsaros; Alberto M. Mestas-Nu�ez; William M. Drennan; Evan B. Forde; Herv� Roquet
Ocean surface roughness plays an important role in air�sea interaction and ocean remote sensing. Its primary contribution is from surface waves much shorter than the energetic wave components near the peak of the wave energy spectrum. Field ...
Corrosion and biofouling on the non-heat-exchanger surfaces of an ocean thermal energy conversion power plant: a survey
Of the many foreseeable problems confronting economical ocean thermal energy conversion operation, two major items are the deterioration of the structural and functional components, which prevents efficient operation, and the biofouling of the surfaces, which adds excess weight to the floating ocean platform. The techniques required for effective long-term control of deterioration and corrosion have been investigated actively for many years, and successful solutions for most situations have been developed. For the most part, these solutions can be directly transferred to the ocean thermal energy conversion plant. The majority of problems in these areas are expected to be associated with scale-up and will require some advanced development due to the immensity of the ocean thermal energy conversion platform. Current antifouling control systems are not effective for long-term fouling prevention. Commercially available antifouling coatings are limited to a 3-year service life in temperate waters, and even shorter in tropical waters. However, underwater cleaning techniques and some fouling-control systems presently being used by conventional power plants may find utility on an ocean thermal energy conversion plant. In addition, some recent major advances in long-term antifouling coatings sponsored by the Navy may be applicable to ocean thermal energy conversion. 132 references.
Castelli, V.J. (ed.)
In-situ biofouling of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) evaporator tubes
The Puerto Rico Center for Energy and Environmental Research equipped a LCU facility in 1100 m of water near Punta Tuna, Puerto Rico to measure in situ biofouling of simulated Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion evaporator tubes. The system consisted of two 5052 aluminum alloy and two titanium tubes, through which a continuous flow of ocean water was maintained. The tubes were cleaned three times and the fouling resistance was measured, showing only slight differences between the tubes with respect to heat transfer loss resulting from biofouling. In all units, the average fouling rate after cleaning was greater than before cleaning, and only after the first cleaning did the aluminum units show greater fouling rates than did the titanium. The titanium units showed a progressive increase in the fouling rates with each cleaning. The subsequent average fouling rates for all units after eight months were between 4 and 4.6 x 0.000010 sq m-k/W-day.
Sasscer, D.S. (Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez); Morgan, T. (Argonne National Lab., IL)
Modeling and Analysis of the Wind-Waves Field Variability in the Indian Ocean During 1998-2009 Years
To calculate the wind-waves in the Indian Ocean (IO), the wind field for the period from 1998 to 2009 was used, obtained from the NCEP/NOAA archive, and numerical model WAM (Cycle-4) was applied, modified by the new source function proposed in Polnikov (2005). Based on buoy data for the Indian Ocean, the fitting of the modified model WAM was done, which provides the win in accuracy of calculations on 35%, in comparison with the original model. All the further calculations of the wave fields in IO were made for these model settings. At the first stage, the analysis of the simulation results involves a) mapping the fields of the significant wave height and the wave energy , calculated with different scales of averaging in time T and space R; b) estimating the fields of seasonal, annual and long-term variability; and c) determining the 12-year trend of the annually averaged fields. The analysis was carried out taking into account the previously introduced zoning the ocean area, provided by the spatial inhomogen...
Polnikov, V G; Sannasiraj, S A; Sundar, V
Chaotic mean wind in turbulent thermal convection and long-term correlations in solar activity
It is shown that correlation function of the mean wind velocity in a turbulent thermal convection (Rayleigh number $Ra \\sim 10^{11}$) exhibits exponential decay with a very long correlation time, while corresponding largest Lyapunov exponent is certainly positive. These results together with the reconstructed phase portrait indicate presence of a chaotic component in the examined mean wind. Telegraph approximation is also used to study relative contribution of the chaotic and stochastic components to the mean wind fluctuations and an equilibrium between these components has been studied. Since solar activity is based on the thermal convection processes, it is reasoned that the observed solar activity long-term correlations can be an imprint of the mean wind chaotic properties. In particular, correlation function of the daily sunspots number exhibits exponential decay with a very long correlation time and corresponding largest Lyapunov exponent is certainly positive, also relative contribution of the chaotic and stochastic components follows the same pattern as for the convection mean wind.
A. Bershadskii
On Wind and Ocean-Velocity Correlations in a Coastal-Upwelling System
This note studies the response of a simple linear baroclinic coastal-upwelling model to fluctuating longshore winds. Correlations between wind stress and velocities are computed explicitly. It is shown that these correlations depend primarily ...
Benoit Cushman-Roisin; James J. O'Brien; Robert L. Smith
Wind Stress Curl Forcing of the Coastal Ocean near Point Conception, California
Near Point Conception, California, the atmospheric flow separates from the coast and a large wind stress curl results. Direct spatial wind field observations from 20 aircraft overflights in the spring of 1983 suggest that Ekman pumping of on ...
Andreas M�nchow
GEOTEC (Geothermal-Enhanced Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) engineering concept study
The project was to provide a conceptual design for a modular state-of-the-art geothermal-enhanced ocean thermal energy conversion (GEOTEC) plant for implementation at a Navy site on Adak Island, Alaska. This report includes the following appendices: (1) statement of work; (2) geothermal resource assessment; (3) assessment of environmental issues; (4) design optimization program formulations for GEOTEC; (5) calculation of geofluid temperature drop in brine collection system; (6) pressure losses and pumping requirements for seawater pipeline system; (7) geocost comparison of single and dual binary cycle systems; (8) description of seawater pipeline system; and (9) plant system installed cost estimates. (ACR)
Shear at the Base of the Oceanic Mixed Layer Generated by Wind Shear Alignment
Observations are used to evaluate a simple theoretical model for the generation of near-inertial shear spikes at the base of the open ocean mixed layer when the upper ocean displays a two-layer structure. The model predicts that large changes in ...
Liam Brannigan; Yueng-Djern Lenn; Tom P. Rippeth; Elaine McDonagh; Teresa K. Chereskin; Janet Sprintall
A Theory for the Retrievals of Virtual Temperature from Remote Measurements of Horizontal Winds and Thermal Radiation
This paper develops a theory for the estimation of virtual temperature from remote measurements of (i) emitted thermal radiation by microwave and infrared radiometers and (ii) horizontal winds by Doppler radars (or lidars). The problem of ...
Tzvi Gal-Chen
for off- shore wind turbines in Europe and North America,of wind power and wind turbine characteristics, Renewablea multi?megawatt wind turbine, Renewable Energy, Matthews,
Energy Basics: Wind Power Animation (Text Version)
Sampling Requirements for the Surface Wind Field over the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Moored wind measurements at near-equatorial locations along 110�W, 125�W, 140�W, 170�W, and 165�E are used to investigate the space-time variability of the tropical Pacific wind field. These measurements complement previous studies that relied on ...
L. J. Mangum; S. P. Hayes; L. D. Stratton
Propagation of Wind Energy into the Deep Ocean through a Fully Turbulent Mesoscale Eddy Field
The authors analyze the 3D propagation of wind-forced near-inertial motions in a fully turbulent mesoscale eddy field with a primitive equation numerical model. Although the wind stress is uniform, the near-inertial motion field quickly becomes ...
Eric Danioux; Patrice Klein; Pascal Rivi�re
Evanescent Pressure Gradient Response in the Upper Ocean to Subinertial Wind Stress Forcing of Finite Wavelength
The idea that Ekman transport driven by the mean synoptic wind stress on the f0-plane is a robust result is true only for infinite scale lengths of the wind stress forcing. For finite scale wavelengths [O(100 km)] and for a range of subinertial ...
Warren B. White; Gerard McNally
Variational Estimation of the Wind Stress Drag Coefficient and the Oceanic Eddy Viscosity Profile
A variational optimal control technique is used to assimilate both meteorological and oceanographic observations into an oceanic Ekman layer model. An identical twin experiment is discussed first in which the �observations� are created by the ...
Lisan Yu; James J. O'Brien
Wind-forced Variations in Sea Surface Height in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Sea surface height (SSH) anomalies from the Geosat altimeter for the northeast Pacific Ocean were analysed to determine their annual and interannual fluctuations over a 2.5-year period. The interannual anomalies suggested large-scale changes in ...
Kathryn A. Kelly; Michael J. Caruso; Jay A. Austin
A Multilayer Model of the Thermohaline and Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation
A hybrid, multilayer model for the oceanic general circulation is formulated and tested. The model includes a mixed layer at the surface which is specified by Eulerian coordinates, and three moving layers below which are specified by quasi-...
Rui Xin Huang; Kirk Bryan
Global Variations in Oceanic Evaporation (1958�2005): The Role of the Changing Wind Speed
Global estimates of oceanic evaporation (Evp) from 1958 to 2005 have been recently developed by the Objectively Analyzed Air�Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The nearly 50-yr time series shows that ...
Lisan Yu
Non-thermal high-energy emission from colliding winds of massive stars
Colliding winds of massive star binary systems are considered as potential sites of non-thermal high-energy photon production. This is motivated merely by the detection of synchrotron radio emission from the expected colliding wind location. Here we investigate the properties of high-energy photon production in colliding winds of long-period WR+OB-systems. We found that in the dominating leptonic radiation process anisotropy and Klein-Nishina effects may yield spectral and variability signatures in the gamma-ray domain at or above the sensitivity of current or upcoming gamma-ray telescopes. Analytical formulae for the steady-state particle spectra are derived assuming diffusive particle acceleration out of a pool of thermal wind particles, and taking into account adiabatic and all relevant radiative losses. For the first time we include their advection/convection in the wind collision zone, and distinguish two regions within this extended region: the acceleration region where spatial diffusion is superior to convective/advective motion, and the convection region defined by the convection time shorter than the diffusion time scale. The calculation of the Inverse Compton radiation uses the full Klein-Nishina cross section, and takes into account the anisotropic nature of the scattering process. This leads to orbital flux variations by up to several orders of magnitude which may, however, be blurred by the geometry of the system. The calculations are applied to the typical WR+OB-systems WR 140 and WR 147 to yield predictions of their expected spectral and temporal characteristica and to evaluate chances to detect high-energy emission with the current and upcoming gamma-ray experiments. (abridged)
A. Reimer; M. Pohl; O. Reimer
The Ventilated Ocean
Adiabatic theories of ocean circulation and density structure have a long tradition, from the concept of the ventilated thermocline to the notion that deep ocean ventilation is controlled by westerly winds over the Southern Ocean. This study ...
Patrick Haertel; Alexey Fedorov
On Scatterometer Ocean Stress
Scatterometers estimate the relative atmosphere�ocean motion at spatially high resolution and provide accurate inertial-scale ocean wind forcing information, which is crucial for many ocean, atmosphere, and climate applications. An empirical ...
M. Portabella; A. Stoffelen
Interdecadal Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part I: The Role of Off-Equatorial Wind Stresses and Oceanic Rossby Waves
The Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre CGCM and a linear first baroclinic-mode ocean shallow-water model (SWM) are used to investigate ocean dynamic forcing mechanisms of the equatorial Pacific Ocean interdecadal sea surface ...
Selected legal and institutional issues related to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) development
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), an attractive alternative to traditional energy sources, is still in the early stages of development. To facilitate OTEC commercialization, it is essential that a legal and institutional framework be designed now so as to resolve uncertainties related to OTEC development, primarily involving jurisdictional, regulatory, and environmental issues. The jurisdictional issues raised by OTEC use are dependent upon the site of an OTEC facility and its configuration; i.e., whether the plant is a semipermanent fixture located offshore or a migrating plant ship that provides a source of energy for industry at sea. These issues primarily involve the division of authority between the Federal Government and the individual coastal states. The regulatory issues raised are largely speculative: they involve the adaptation of existing mechanisms to OTEC operation. Finally, the environmental issues raised center around compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) as well as international agreements. 288 references.
Nanda, V. P.
Fallacies of the Enthalpy Transfer Coefficient over the Ocean in High Winds
Mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models use a bulk surface flux algorithm to compute the turbulent flux boundary conditions at the bottom of the atmosphere from modeled mean meteorological quantities such as wind speed, temperature, and ...
Edgar L Andreas
Sensitivity of Tropical West Pacific Oceanic Squall Lines to Tropospheric Wind and Moisture Profiles
Two-dimensional experiments using the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model are performed in order to examine the influence of environmental profiles of wind and humidity on the dynamical and microphysical structure of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs)...
Christopher Lucas; Edward J. Zipser; Brad S. Ferrier
An Operational System for Predicting Hurricane-Generated Wind Waves in the North Atlantic Ocean
A new wind�wave prediction model, referred to as the North Atlantic hurricane (NAH) wave model, has been developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to produce forecasts of hurricane-generated waves during the Atlantic ...
Yung Y. Chao; Jose-Henrique G. M. Alves; Hendrik L. Tolman
Provisionally Corrected Surface Wind Data, Worldwide Ocean-Atmosphere Surface Fields, and Sahellan Rainfall Variability
Worldwide ship datasets of sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure (SLP), and surface vector wind are analyzed for a July-September composite of five Sabelian wet years (1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1958) minus five Sahelian dry years (1972, ...
M. Neil Ward
SST�Wind Interaction in Coastal Upwelling: Oceanic Simulation with Empirical Coupling
Observations, primarily from satellites, have shown a statistical relationship between the surface wind stress and underlying sea surface temperature (SST) on intermediate space and time scales, in many regions inclusive of eastern boundary ...
Xin Jin; Changming Dong; Jaison Kurian; James C. McWilliams; Dudley B. Chelton; Zhijin Li
Impact of Kalpana-1-Derived Water Vapor Winds on Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Forecasts
The water vapor winds from the operational geostationary Indian National Satellite (INSAT) Kalpana-1 have recently become operational at the Space Applications Centre (SAC). A series of experimental forecasts are attempted here to evaluate the ...
S. K. Deb; C. M. Kishtawal; P. K. Pal
Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction
small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, Chelton,of the regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model RCAO. Borealstress dependence on ocean surface velocity: implications
Seo, Hyodae
Mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction
Development of plastic heat exchangers for ocean thermal energy conversion. Final report, August 1976--December 1978
Materials and processes have been selected and design information obtained for plastic ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers as the result of a program comprising five types of laboratory experiments. Tests to evaluate the chemical resistance of seven commercially available thermoplastics to sea water and several possible working fluids were conducted with emphasis placed on compatibility with ammonia. Environmental rupture tests involving exposure of stressed specimens to sea water or liquid ammonia indicated that the high density polyethylene (HDPE) is the best suited candidate and produced an extrapolated 100,000 hour failure stress of 1060 psi for HDPE. Long term durability tests of extruded HDPE plate-tube panel confirmed that plastic heat transfer surface is mechanically reliable in an OTEC environment. Thermal conductivity measurements of acetylene black filled HDPE indicated that conductivity may be increased by 50% with a 35% by weight filler loading. The permeability coefficient measured for liquid ammonia through HDPE was higher than previous estimates. Test showed that the rate can be significantly reduced by sulfonation of HDPE. A review of biofouling mechanisms revealed that the permeable nature of the plastic heat exchanger surface may be used to control primary biofouling form formation by allowing incorporation of non-toxic organic repellents into the plastic. A preliminary design and fabrication development program suggests that construction of an ammonia condenser test unit is feasible using currently available materials and manufacturing techniques.
Hart, G.K.; Lee, C.O.; Latour, S.R.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion power system development. Phase I. Final report
This report covers the conceptual and preliminary design of closed-cycle, ammonia, ocean thermal energy conversion power plants by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Preliminary designs for evaporator and condenser test articles (0.13 MWe size) and a 10 MWe modular experiment power system are described. Conceptual designs for 50 MWe power systems, and 100 MWe power plants are also descirbed. Design and cost algorithms were developed, and an optimized power system design at the 50 MWe size was completed. This design was modeled very closely in the test articles and in the 10 MWe Modular Application. Major component and auxiliary system design, materials, biofouling, control response, availability, safety and cost aspects are developed with the greatest emphasis on the 10 MWe Modular Application Power System. It is concluded that all power plant subsystems are state-of-practice and require design verification only, rather than continued research. A complete test program, which verifies the mechanical reliability as well as thermal performance, is recommended and described.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion power system development. Phase I: preliminary design. Final report
Westinghouse has completed the Preliminary Design Phase for the Power System Development of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Demonstration Plant project. This study included the development of a preliminary design for a Modular Application scaled power system (10MWe) and Heat Exchanger Test Articles, both based on the concept developed in the Conceptual Design Phase. The results of this study were used to improve the baseline design of the 50MWe module for the Commercial Size Power System, which was recommended for the demonstration plant by the conceptual design study. The 50MWe module was selected since it has the lowest cost, and since its size convincingly demonstrates that future economically viable commercial plants, having reliable operation with credible anticipated costs, are possible. Additional optimization studies on the size of the power system plus hull continue to identify 50MWe as the preferred minimum cost configuration. This study was limited to a closed cycle ammonia power system module, using a seawater temperature difference of 40/sup 0/F, and a surface platform/ship reference hull. This volume describes system operation, a complete test program to verify mechanical reliability and thermal performance, fabrication and installation operations, and a cost analysis. (WHK)
Low-Frequency Variability in Shallow-Water Models of the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation. Part II: Time-Dependent Solutions
The time-dependent wind-driven ocean circulation is investigated for both a rectangular and a North Atlantic�shaped basin. Multiple steady states in a 2�-layer shallow-water model and their dependence on various parameters and other model ...
Fitting Dynamic Models to the Geosat Sea Level Observations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Part II: A Linear, Wind-driven Model
The Geosat altimeter sea level observations in the tropical Pacific Ocean are used to evaluate the Performance of a linear wind-driven equatorial wave model. The question posed is the extent to which such a model can describe the observed sea ...
Lee-Lueng Fu; Ichiro Fukumori; Robert N. Miller
A Model for the Influence of Wind and Oceanic Currents on the Size of a Steady-State Latent Heat Coastal Polynya
This paper presents a model for determining the size and shape of a steady-state latent heat coastal polynya in terms of the following free parameters: 1) the frazil ice production rate (F); 2) the wind stress (?); 3) the surface ocean velocity ...
A. J. Willmott; M. A. Morales Maqueda; M. S. Darby
Vertical Reynolds Stress Divergence in the Upper Ocean Associated with Linear Wind-Driven, Near-Inertial Waves of Finite Wavelength
Study of a schematic linear, wind-driven, inertio�gravity wave model in the upper ocean finds resonant, near-inertial waves of finite horizontal wavelength to have both horizontal and vertical motions. The mean product of these horizontal motions ...
Warren B. White
Response of the Separated Western Boundary Current to Harmonic and Stochastic Wind Stress Variations in a 1.5-Layer Ocean Model
A time-dependent version of the Parsons model (geostrophic 1.5-layer model of the ventilated thermocline) has been developed to investigate the response of the midlatitude ocean to wind stress variations in a simple configuration. In this model, ...
J. Sirven
Wave-Turbulence interactions in the Upper Ocean. Part I: The Energy Balance of the Interacting Fields of Surface Wind Waves and Wind-Induced Three-Dimensional Turbulence
We analyze in detail the budget of total and fluctuating energy in the surface layer of the ocean. We suggest a rational scheme for separating the budget of turbulence from that of random wind-generated surface waves, and suggest in particular a ...
S. A. Kitaigorodskii; J. L. Lumley
Baroclinic Response of Sydney Shelf Waters to Local Wind and Deep Ocean Forcing
A study of the forcing processes responsible for upwelling events in the coastal ocean of Sydney, Australia, has been performed using data collected over the summer of 1994 from a shore-normal-aligned mooring array and a numerical model. Analyses ...
Mark T. Gibbs; Jason H. Middleton; Patrick Marchesiello
Northerly surface wind events over the eastern North Pacific Ocean : spatial distribution, seasonality, atmospheric circulation, and forcing
the prospects for offshore wind energy production have2004) demonstrates the offshore wind field is not smooth andand the relatively smooth offshore winds in model generated
Taylor, Stephen V.
the surface wind along and offshore of the California coaststructure of wind offshore of California is characterized bynorthwesterly winds along and offshore of the California
D. (2005), California Wind Resources, CEC publication # CEC-level inversions with surface wind and temperature at PointD. W. Stuart (1986), Mesoscale wind variability near Point
Original article: Lumped-parameter-based thermal analysis of a doubly radial forced-air-cooled direct-driven permanent magnet wind generator
A lumped-parameter-based thermal analysis of a direct-driven permanent magnet wind generator with double radial forced-air cooling is presented. In the proposed thermal model, the thermal conduction and convection as well as the heating of the cooling ... Keywords: Air cooling, Permanent magnet synchronous generator, Thermal analysis, Thermal resistance networks
Janne Nerg, Vesa Ruuskanen
Ocean Thermal Extractable Energy Visualization- Final Technical Report on Award DE-EE0002664. October 28, 2012
The Ocean Thermal Extractable Energy Visualization (OTEEV) project focuses on assessing the Maximum Practicably Extractable Energy (MPEE) from the world's ocean thermal resources. MPEE is defined as being sustainable and technically feasible, given today's state-of-the-art ocean energy technology. Under this project the OTEEV team developed a comprehensive Geospatial Information System (GIS) dataset and software tool, and used the tool to provide a meaningful assessment of MPEE from the global and domestic U.S. ocean thermal resources. The OTEEV project leverages existing NREL renewable energy GIS technologies and integrates extractable energy estimated from quality-controlled data and projected optimal achievable energy conversion rates. Input data are synthesized from a broad range of existing in-situ measurements and ground-truthed numerical models with temporal and spatial resolutions sufficient to reflect the local resource. Energy production rates are calculated for regions based on conversion rates estimated for current technology, local energy density of the resource, and sustainable resource extraction. Plant spacing and maximum production rates are then estimated based on a default plant size and transmission mechanisms. The resulting data are organized, displayed, and accessed using a multi-layered GIS mapping tool, http://maps.nrel.gov/mhk_atlas with a user-friendly graphical user interface.
Ascari, Matthew B.; Hanson, Howard P.; Rauchenstein, Lynn; Van Zwieten, James; Bharathan, Desikan; Heimiller, Donna; Langle, Nicholas; Scott, George N.; Potemra, James; Nagurny, N. John; Jansen, Eugene
Seasonal Prediction of Thermal Stress Accumulation for Coral Bleaching in the Tropical Oceans
Mass coral bleaching, associated with anomalously warm ocean temperatures over large regions, poses a serious threat to the future health of the world coral reef systems. Seasonal forecasts from coupled ocean�atmosphere models can be a valuable ...
C. M. Spillman; O. Alves; D. A. Hudson
Ocean | Open Energy Information
Jump to: navigation, search TODO: Add description Related Links List of Ocean Thermal Incentives Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titleOcean&oldid273467"...
Energy Basics: Ocean Resources
and economic cost?benefit analysis of offshore wind energy,energy sources [Jacobson, 2009]. Onshore wind power costs
1404 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE VOLUME 16 Covariations of Sea Surface Temperature and Wind over the Kuroshio and Its Extension: Evidence for Ocean-to-Atmosphere Feedback*
Satellite microwave measurements are analyzed, revealing robust covariability in sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed over the Kuroshio Extension (KE) east of Japan. Ocean hydrodynamic instabilities cause the KE to meander and result in large SST variations. Increased (reduced) wind speeds are found to be associated with warm (cold) SST anomalies. This positive SST�wind correlation in KE is confirmed by in situ buoy measurements and is consistent with a vertical shear adjustment mechanism. Namely, an increase in SST reduces the static stability of the near-surface atmosphere, intensifying the vertical turbulence mixing and bringing fastmoving air from aloft to the sea surface. South of Japan, the Kuroshio is known to vary between nearshore and offshore paths. These paths are very persistent and can last for months to years. As the Kuroshio shifts its path, coherent wind changes are detected from satellite data. In particular, winds are high south of Tokyo when the Kuroshio takes the nearshore path while they are greatly reduced when this warm current leaves the coast in the offshore path. The positive SST�wind correlation over the strong Kuroshio Current and its extension is opposite to the negative one often observed in regions of weak currents such as south of the Aleutian low. The latter correlation is considered to be indicative of atmosphere-to-ocean forcing. 1.
Masami Nonaka; Shang-ping Xie
Wind and Wave Extremes over the World Oceans From Very Large Forecast Ensembles
Global return value estimates of significant wave height and 10-m neutral wind speed are estimated from very large aggregations of archived ECMWF ensemble forecasts at +240-h lead time from the period 2003-2012. The upper percentiles are found to match ENVISAT wind speed better than ERA-Interim (ERA-I), which tends to be biased low. The return estimates are significantly higher for both wind speed and wave height in the extratropics and the subtropics than what is found from ERA-I, but lower than what is reported by Caires and Sterl (2005) and Vinoth and Young (2011). The highest discrepancies between ERA-I and ENS240 are found in the hurricane-prone areas, suggesting that the ensemble comes closer than ERA-I in capturing the intensity of tropical cyclones. The width of the confidence intervals are typically reduced by 70% due to the size of the data sets. Finally, non-parametric estimates of return values were computed from the tail of the distribution. These direct return estimates compare very well with Ge...
Breivik, �yvind; Abdalla, Saleh; Bidlot, Jean-Raymond
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power system development. Preliminary design report, Appendices, Part 1 (Final)
The objective of this project is the development of a preliminary design for a full-sized, closed cycle, ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. In turn, this demonstration plant is to demonstrate, by 1984, the operation and performance of an Ocean Thermal Power Plant having sufficiently advanced heat exchanger design to project economic viability for commercial utilization in the late 1980's and beyond. Included in this power system development are the preliminary designs for a proof-of-concept pilot plant and test article heat exchangers which are scaled in such a manner as to support a logically sequential, relatively low-cost development of the full-scale power system module. The conceptual designs are presented for the demonstration plant power module, the proof-of-concept pilot plant, and for a pair of test article heat exchangers. Costs associated with the design, development, fabrication, checkout, delivery, installation, and operation are included. The accompanying design and producibilty studies on the full-scale power system module project the performance/economics for the commercial plant. This section of the report contains appendices on the developed computer models, water system dynamic studies, miscellaneous performance analysis, materials and processes, detailed equipment lists, turbine design studies, tube cleaner design, ammonia leak detection, and heat exchanger design supporting data. (WHK)
Concurrent studies of enhanced heat transfer and materials for ocean thermal exchangers. Progress report
Aluminum alloys 1100, 3003, 5052, and 6063 were examined for their compatibility with the proposed working fluids for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), anhydrous ammonia, Freon 22 and propane, and mixtures of these with sea water. Such mixtures would occur if leaks develop in evaporator or condenser heat exchangers. These aluminum alloys are compatible with the anhydrous working fluids. In ammonia-sea water solutions only limited general corrosion is found in 0 to 30 percent ammonia, no corrosion in 30 to 90 percent ammonia, and ''self limiting'' pits in 90 to 100 percent ammonia so rapid deterioration of the exchangers would not occur. No corrosion was observed in sea water saturated with Freon 22 or propane. No differences in alloy performance were evident in any of these tests so selection can be made on the basis of compatibility with sea water. A review of the available literature indicates that 5052 shows the best performance in surface sea water followed by 1100, 3003 and then 6063 alloy. In deep sea water only 5052 and 1100 alloys appear suitable although more data is required. In both surface and deep sea waters, alcladding offers the best protection against tube perforation; few instances of penetration into the core alloy have been observed for the alclad alloys examined in this study.
Bonewitz, R.A.
Westinghouse has completed the Preliminary Desigh Phase for the Power System Development of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Demonstration Plant project. This study included the development of a preliminary design for a Modular Application scaled power system (10MWe) and Heat Exchanger Test Articles, both based on the concept developed in the Conceptual Design Phase. The results of this study were used to improve the baseline design of the 50MWe module for the Commercial Size Power System, which was recommended for the demonstration plant by the conceptual design study. The 50MWe module was selected since it has the lowest cost, and since its size convincingly demonstrates that future economically viable commercial plants, having reliable operation with credible anticipated costs, are possible. Additional optimization studies on the size of the power system plus hull continue to identify 50MWe as the preferred minimum cost configuration. This study was limited to a closed cycle ammonia power system module, using a seawater temperature difference of 40/sup 0/F, and a surface platform/ship reference hull. This volume presents the preliminary design configuration and system optimization. (WHK)
Power system development: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). Preliminary design report: appendices, Part 2 (Final)
The objective of this project is the development of a preliminary design for a full-sized, closed cycle, ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. In turn, this demonstration plant is to demonstrate, by 1984, the operation and performance of an Ocean Thermal Power Plant having sufficiently advanced heat exchanger design to project economic viability for commercial utilization in the late 1980's and beyond. Included in this power system development are the preliminary designs for a proof-of-concept pilot plant and test article heat exchangers which are scaled in such a manner as to support a logically sequential, relatively low-cost development of the full-scale power system module. The conceptual designs are presented for the demonstration plant power module, the proof-of-concept pilot plant, and for a pair of test article heat exchangers. Costs associated with the design, development, fabrication, checkout, delivery, installation, and operation are included. The accompanying design and producibilty studies on the full-scale power system module project the performance/economics for the commercial plant. This section of the report contains appendices on the electrical system, instrumentation and control, ammonia pump evaluation study, ammonia and nitrogen support subsystems, piping and support design calculations, and plant availability. (WHK)
Non-Thermal X-ray Properties of Rotation Powered Pulsars and Their Wind Nebulae
We present a statistical study of the non-thermal X-ray emission of 27 young rotation powered pulsars (RPPs) and 24 pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) by using the Chandra and the XMM-Newton observations, which with the high spatial resolutions enable us to spatially resolve pulsars from their surrounding PWNe. We obtain the X-ray luminosities and spectra separately for RPPs and PWNe, and then investigate their distribution and relation to each other as well as the relation with the pulsar rotational parameters. In the pair-correlation analysis we find that: (1) the X-ray (2-10 keV) luminosities of both pulsar and PWN (L_{psr} and L_{pwn}) display a strong correlation with pulsar spin down power Edot and characteristic age, and the scalings resulting from a simple linear fit to the data are L_{psr} \\propto Edot^{0.92 \\pm 0.04} and L_{pwn} \\propto Edot^{1.45 \\pm 0.08} (68% confidence level), respectively, however, both the fits are not statistically acceptable; (2) L_{psr} also shows a possible weak correlation with pulsar period P and period derivative Pdot, whereas L_{pwn} manifests a similar weak correlation with Pdot only; (3) The PWN photon index Gamma_{pwn} is positively correlated with L_{pwn} and L_{pwn}/Edot. We also found that the PWN X-ray luminosity is typically 1 to 10 times larger than that from the underlying pulsar, and the PWN photon indices span a range of ~1.5 to ~2. The statistic study of PWN spectral properties supports the particle wind model in which the X-ray emitting electrons are accelerated by the termination shock of the wind.
Xiang-Hua Li; Fang-Jun Lu; Zhuo Li
How Much Predictive Skill Is Contained in the Thermal Structure of an Oceanic GCM?
The time history of upper-ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific has been used as a predictor in a statistical prediction scheme to forecast SST anomalies in this region. The temperature variations were taken from the output of an oceanic ...
Mojib Latif; Nicholas E. Graham
A sustained oscillation in a toy-model of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system
Interaction between atmospheric mid-latitude flow and wind-driven ocean circulation is studied coupling two idealized low-order spectral models. The barotropic Charney-DeVore model with three components simulates a bimodal mid-latitude atmospheric circulation in a channel with two stable flow patterns induced by topography. The wind-driven ocean double gyre circulation in a square basin (of half the channel length) is modeled by an equivalent barotropic formulation of the Veronis model with 21 components, which captures Rossby-wave dynamics and nonlinear decadal variability. When coupled, the atmosphere forces the ocean by wind-stress while, simultaneously, the ocean affects the atmosphere by thermal forcing in terms of a vorticity source. Coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations show two stable flow patterns associated with the topographically induced atmospheric bimodality and a sustained oscillation due to interaction between atmospheric bimodality and oceanic Rossby dynamics. The oscillation is of inter-annua...
Bothe, Oliver
On the World-wide Circulation of the Deeper Waters of the World Ocean
circulation of the Pacific Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers,circulation of the Indian Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers, andthe figures. Fig. 1 Pacific Ocean winds Fig. 2 Pacific Ocean
Reid, Joseph L
The Basic Effects of Atmosphere�Ocean Thermal Coupling on Midlatitude Variability
Starting from the assumption that the atmosphere is the primary source of variability internal to the midlatitude atmosphere�ocean system on intraseasonal to interannual timescales, the authors construct a simple stochastically forced, one-...
Joseph J. Barsugli; David S. Battisti
Importance of Thermal Effects and Sea Surface Roughness for Offshore Wind Resource Assessment
The economic feasibility of offshore wind power utilisation depends on the favourable wind conditions offshore as compared to sites on land. The higher wind speeds have to compensate the additional cost of offshore developments. However, not only the mean wind speed is different, but the whole flow regime, as can e.g. be seen in the vertical wind speed profile. The commonly used models to describe this profile have been developed mainly for land sites. Their applicability for wind power prediction at offshore sites is investigated using data from the measurement program Rdsand, located in the Danish Baltic Sea.
Bernhard Lange; S�ren Larsen; J�rgen H�jstrup Rebecca Barthelmie; J�rgen H�jstrup; Rebecca Barthelmie; Bernhard Lange
Diurnal Cycle of Thermally Driven Cross-Basin Winds in Arizona�s Meteor Crater
Cross-basin winds produced by asymmetric insolation of the crater sidewalls occur in Arizona�s Meteor Crater on days with weak background winds. The diurnal cycle of the cross-basin winds is analyzed together with radiation, temperature, and ...
Manuela Lehner; C. David Whiteman; Sebastian W. Hoch
The Influence of Fetch on the Response of Surface Currents to Wind Studied by HF Ocean Surface Radar
The momentum transfer from wind to sea generates surface currents through both the wind shear stress and the Stokes drift induced by waves. This paper addresses issues in the interpretation of HF radar measurements of surface currents and ...
Yadan Mao; Malcolm L. Heron
Evaluating Primary Marine Aerosol Production and Atmospheric Roll Structures in Hawaii�s Natural Oceanic Wind Tunnel
Topography-induced steady-state accelerated wind flow in the Alenuihaha Channel between the islands of Hawaii and Maui provides about 100 km of fetch with winds that can nearly double over trade wind speed. Here ship- and aircraft-based ...
Vladimir N. Kapustin; Antony D. Clarke; Steven G. Howell; Cameron S. McNaughton; Vera L. Brekhovskikh; Jingchuan Zhou
Energy Basics: Ocean Energy Technologies
Upper Ocean Thermal Response to Strong Autumnal Forcing of the Northeast Pacific
CASID free-drifting thermistor chain buoys that utilized Service ARGOS positioning and data collection were deployed in the northeast Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of OWS-P in late autumn in both 1980 and 1981 as part of the Storm Transfer and ...
W. G. Large; J. C. McWilliams; P. P. Niiler
Particle Swarm Optimization and Gradient Descent Methods for Optimization of PI Controller for AGC of Multi-area Thermal-Wind-Hydro Power Plants
The automatic generation control (AGC) of three unequal interconnected Thermal, Wind and Hydro power plant has been designed with PI controller. Further computational intelligent technique Particle Swarm Optimization and conventional Gradient Descent ... Keywords: Automatic generation control, Particle swarm optimization, Gradient Descent method, Generation rate constraint, Area control error, Wind energy conversion system
Naresh Kumari, A N. Jha
Uncertainty analysis routine for the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) biofouling measurement device and data reduction procedure. [HTCOEF code
Biofouling and corrosion of heat exchanger surfaces in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems may be controlling factors in the potential success of the OTEC concept. Very little is known about the nature and behavior of marine fouling films at sites potentially suitable for OTEC power plants. To facilitate the acquisition of needed data, a biofouling measurement device developed by Professor J. G. Fetkovich and his associates at Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU) has been mass produced for use by several organizations in experiments at a variety of ocean sites. The CMU device is designed to detect small changes in thermal resistance associated with the formation of marine microfouling films. An account of the work performed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) to develop a computerized uncertainty analysis for estimating experimental uncertainties of results obtained with the CMU biofouling measurement device and data reduction scheme is presented. The analysis program was written as a subroutine to the CMU data reduction code and provides an alternative to the CMU procedure for estimating experimental errors. The PNL code was used to analyze sample data sets taken at Keahole Point, Hawaii; St. Croix, the Virgin Islands; and at a site in the Gulf of Mexico. The uncertainties of the experimental results were found to vary considerably with the conditions under which the data were taken. For example, uncertainties of fouling factors (where fouling factor is defined as the thermal resistance of the biofouling layer) estimated from data taken on a submerged buoy at Keahole Point, Hawaii were found to be consistently within 0.00006 hr-ft/sup 2/-/sup 0/F/Btu, while corresponding values for data taken on a tugboat in the Gulf of Mexico ranged up to 0.0010 hr-ft/sup 2/-/sup 0/F/Btu. Reasons for these differences are discussed.
Bird, S.P.
non-convective heating and cooling (thermal contrast) at theheating and cooling resulting in a stronger thermal contrastcooling, if formed for any reason, can generate a land-sea thermal
On the Variability of Wind Power Input to the Oceans with a Focus on the Subpolar North Atlantic
Variations in power input to the ocean using a recent global �reanalysis� extending back to 1871 show a strong trend in the net power input since then, a trend dominated by the Southern Ocean region. This trend is interpreted as a spurious result ...
Xiaoming Zhai; Carl Wunsch
EERE: Renewable Electricity Generation - Wind
traditional sources of energy. Photo of a line of offshore wind turbines in the ocean. Solar Geothermal Wind Water Photo of a wind turbine The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)...
Near-Surface Turbulence and Thermal Structure in a Wind-Driven Sea
Ocean surface turbulence at high sea states is evaluated using heat as a naturally occurring passive tracer. A freely drifting instrument with a mechanically driven temperature profiler, fixed depth thermistors, and conductivity cells was used to ...
Johannes R. Gemmrich; David M. Farmer
Black Sea Mixed Layer Sensitivity to Various Wind and Thermal Forcing Products on Climatological Time Scales
This study describes atmospheric forcing parameters constructed from different global climatologies, applied to the Black Sea, and investigates the sensitivity of Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations to these products. Significant ...
A. Birol Kara; Harley E. Hurlburt; Alan J. Wallcraft; Mark A. Bourassa
Field Measurements of Duration-Limited Growth of Wind-Generated Ocean Surface Waves at Young Stage of Development
The issue of duration-limited growth of wind-generated waves is of importance to wave studies. Most analytical solutions for wind waves are given in time rather than fetch domain. Numerical modeling of wave development is also often conducted in ...
Paul A. Hwang; David W. Wang
Ocean thermal energy conversion power system development-I. Phase I. Preliminary design report. Volume 1. Final report
The results of a conceptual and preliminary design study of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) closed loop ammonia power system modules performed by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc. (LMSC) are presented. This design study is the second of 3 tasks in Phase I of the Power System Development-I Project. The Task 2 objectives were to develop: 1) conceptual designs for a 40 to 50-MW(e) closed cycle ammonia commercial plant size power module whose heat exchangers are immersed in seawater and whose ancillary equipments are in a shirt sleeve environment; preliminary designs for a modular application power system sized at 10-MW(e) whose design, construction and material selection is analogous to the 50 MW(e) module, except that titanium tubes are to be used in the heat exchangers; and 3) preliminary designs for heat exchanger test articles (evaporator and condenser) representative of the 50-MW(e) heat exchangers using aluminum alloy, suitable for seawater service, for testing on OTEC-1. The reference ocean platform was specified by DOE as a surface vessel with the heat exchanger immersed in seawater to a design depth of 0 to 20 ft measured from the top of the heat exchanger. For the 50-MW(e) module, the OTEC 400-MW(e) Plant Ship, defined in the Platform Configuration and Integration study, was used as the reference platform. System design, performance, and cost are presented. (WHK)
The effect of biofouling in simulated Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) evaporator tubes at a potential site in Puerto Rico
Since 29 January 1980, continuous flow of ocean surface water has been maintained through simulated Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) evaporator tubes in order to determine in situ, long-term effects of microbiofouling on heat exchanger efficiency. The experimental apparatus consists of two aluminum and two titanium modules mounted on a research platform moored at the potential OTEC site off Punta Tuna, Puerto Rico. The fouling resistance (R /SUB f/ ), a relative measure of heat transfer efficiency, is being monitored regularly, and the units have been cleaned four times. Postcleaning fouling rates (dR /SUB f/ /dt) for the aluminum units have not changed significantly but are considerably higher than the initial fouling rates. At first, post-cleaning fouling rates for the titanium units were less than for the aluminum units, but this value has been progressively increasing and now all units are fouling at approximately the same rate. Cleaning with manually operated M.A.N. brushes did not reduce R /SUB f/ to zero. On four occasions, flow velocity through the units has been increased. Results from these experiments suggest that initially the fouling layer is easily dislodged from the tube surface but that, with time, it becomes more firmly attached.
Sasscer, D.S.; Morgan, T.O.; Tosteson, T.R.
Wind-Driven Variability of the Large-Scale Recirculating Flow in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean
The varying depth-integrated currents in the Nordic seas and Arctic Ocean are modeled using an integral equation derived from the shallow-water equations. This equation assumes that mass divergence in the surface Ekman layer is balanced by ...
P�l E. Isachsen; J. H. LaCasce; C. Mauritzen; S. H�kkinen
How Purely Wind-Driven Long Planetary Geostrophic Waves May Be Energized in the Western Part of Ocean Subtropical Gyres
Satellite observations and idealized numerical studies reveal intensification of long-period (on the order of one cycle per year) waves in the western part of ocean basins. The authors explore the idea that the intensification is associated with ...
Ivana Cerove?ki; Roland de Szoeke
Non-thermal X-ray and Gamma-ray Emission from the Colliding Wind Binary WR140
WR140 is the archetype long-period colliding wind binary (CWB) system, and is well known for dramatic variations in its synchrotron emission during its 7.9-yr, highly eccentric orbit. This emission is thought to arise from relativistic electrons accelerated at the global shocks bounding the wind-collision region (WCR). The presence of non-thermal electrons and ions should also give rise to X-ray and gamma-ray emission from several separate mechanisms, including inverse-Compton cooling, relativistic bremsstrahlung, and pion decay. We describe new calculations of this emission and make some preliminary predictions for the new generation of gamma-ray observatories. We determine that WR140 will likely require several Megaseconds of observation before detection with INTEGRAL, but should be a reasonably strong source for GLAST.
J. M. Pittard; S. M. Dougherty
Ocean Energy Technologies
Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface. As the world's largest solar collectors, oceans contain thermal energy from the sun and produce mechanical energy from tides and waves. Even...
Indian Ocean Intraseasonal Variability in an Ocean General Circulation Model
The impact of atmospheric intraseasonal variability on the tropical Indian Ocean is examined with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). The model is forced by observation-based wind stresses and surface heat fluxes from an atmospheric ...
A. Schiller; J. S. Godfrey
A Model of Sea Level Rise Caused by Ocean Thermal Expansion
Warming of the atmosphere as a result of an increased concentration of greenhouse gases is expected to lead to a significant rise is global sea level. We present estimates of the component of this sea level rise caused by thermal expansion of the ...
John A. Church; J. Stuart Godfrey; David R. Jackett; Trevor J. McDougall
A Two-Level Model of a Thermally Forced Ocean Basin
Some simple solutions (mostly analytic) are presented for the large-scale baroclinic response to thermal forcing on a mid-latitude beta-plane. Surface heat flux is parameterized as (TA�TT)/tau;, with atmospheric temperature TA prescribed as a ...
M. K. Davey
On Haney-Type Surface Thermal Boundary Conditions for Ocean Circulation Models
Haney-type surface thermal boundary conditions linearly connect net downward surface heat flux Q to air�sea temperature difference (gradient-type condition) ?T1 or to climate/synoptic sea temperature difference (restoring-type condition) ?T2 by a ...
Peter C. Chu; Yuchun Chen; Shihua Lu
Phase 1: conceptual design. Ocean thermal energy conversion power system development. Volume 2 of 3. Technical details. Final report
Westinghouse has completed the conceptual design of the Power System for the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Demonstration Plant project. This study included the development of a conceptual design for the following three items: first, a full-size power system module for the 100 MWe Demonstration Plant; second, a scaled proof of concept power system; and third, a heat exchanger test article. The study was limited to a closed cycle ammonia power system module, using a water temperature difference of 40/sup 0/F., and a surface platform/ship reference hull. Two power module of 50 MWe each are recommended for the demonstration plant. The 50 MWe module was selected since it has the lowest cost, and since it is of a size which convincingly demonstrates that future economically viable commercial plants, having reliable operation with credible anticipated costs, are possible. A modular, tube bundle approach to heat exchanger design makes large heat exchangers practical and economical. Other power module elements are considered to be within state-of-practice. Technological assessments of all subsystems indicate requirements for verification only, rather than continued research. A complete test program, which will verify the mechanical reliability as well as thermal performance, is recommended.
Ocean Energy Institute | Open Energy Information
Wind energy Product Ocean Energy Institute is a think tank established to accelerate offshore wind technology development that hopes to build a 5GW wind project off the coast...
Pacific Ocean Contribution to the Asymmetry in Eastern Indian Ocean Variability
Variations in eastern Indian Ocean upper-ocean thermal properties are assessed for the period 1970�2004, with a particular focus on asymmetric features related to opposite phases of Indian Ocean dipole events, using high-resolution ocean model ...
Caroline C. Ummenhofer; Franziska U. Schwarzkopf; Gary Meyers; Erik Behrens; Arne Biastoch; Claus W. B�ning
Upper-Ocean Thermal Structure and the Western North Pacific Category 5 Typhoons. Part II: Dependence on Translation Speed
Using new in situ ocean subsurface observations from the Argo floats, best-track typhoon data from the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center, an ocean mixed layer model, and other supporting datasets, this work systematically explores the ...
I-I. Lin; Iam-Fei Pun; Chun-Chieh Wu
On the Relationship of the Circumpolar Current to Southern Hemisphere Winds in Coarse-Resolution Ocean Models
The response of the Circumpolar Current to changing winds has been the subject of much debate. To date most theories of the current have tried to predict the transport using various forms of momentum balance. This paper argues that it is also ...
Anand Gnanadesikan; Robert W. Hallberg
Free and Forced Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean: Role of the Wind�Evaporation�Sea Surface Temperature Feedback
The role of the wind�evaporation�sea surface temperature (WES) feedback in the low-frequency natural variability of the tropical Atlantic is studied using an atmospheric global climate model�the NCAR Community Climate Model, version 3 (CCM3)�...
Salil Mahajan; R. Saravanan; Ping Chang
Spray-Mediated Enthalpy Flux to the Atmosphere and Salt Flux to the Ocean in High Winds
Forecasts for the intensity and intensity changes of tropical cyclones have not improved as much as track forecasts. In high winds, two routes exist by which air and sea exchange heat and momentum: by spray-mediated processes and by interfacial ...
Edgar L. Andreas
The Effect of Breaking Waves on a Coupled Model of Wind and Ocean Surface Waves. Part I: Mature Seas
This is the first of a two-part investigation of a coupled wind and wave model that includes the enhanced form drag of breaking waves. In Part I here the model is developed and applied to mature seas. Part II explores the solutions in a wide ...
Tobias Kukulka; Tetsu Hara
Results of scoping tests for open-cycle OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) components operating with seawater
This report presents comprehensive documentation of the experimental research conducted on open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC) components operating with seawater as a working fluid. The results of this research are presented in the context of previous analysis and fresh-water testing; they provide a basis for understanding and predicting with confidence the performance of all components of an OC-OTEC system except the turbine. Seawater tests have confirmed the results that were obtained in fresh-water tests and predicted by the analytical models of the components. A sound technical basis has been established for the design of larger systems in which net power will be produced for the first time from OC-OTEC technology. Design and operation of a complete OC-OTEC system that produces power will provide sufficient confidence to warrant complete transfer of OC-OTEC technology to the private sector. Each components performance is described in a separate chapter written by the principal investigator responsible for technical aspects of the specific tests. Chapters have been indexed separately for inclusion on the data base.
Zangrando, F; Bharathan, D; Green, H J; Link, H F; Parsons, B K; Parsons, J M; Pesaran, A A [Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA); Panchal, C B [Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)
Ocean thermal energy conversion gas desorption studies. Volume 1. Design of experiments. [Open-cycle power systems
Seawater deaeration is a process affecting almost all proposed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) open-cycle power systems. If the noncondensable dissolved air is not removed from a power system, it will accumulate in thecondenser, reduce the effectiveness of condensation, and result in deterioration of system performance. A gas desorption study is being conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) with the goal of mitigating these effects; this study is designed to investigate the vacuum deaeration process for low-temperature OTEC conditions where conventional steam stripping deaeration may not be applicable. The first in a series describing the ORNL studies, this report (1) considers the design of experiments and discusses theories of gas desorption, (2) reviews previous relevant studies, (3) describes the design of a gas desorption test loop, and (4) presents the test plan for achieving program objectives. Results of the first series of verification tests and the uncertainties encountered are also discussed. A packed column was employed in these verification tests and test data generally behaved as in previous similar studies. Results expressed as the height of transfer unit (HTU) can be correlated with the liquid flow rate by HTU = 4.93L/sup 0/ /sup 25/. End effects were appreciable for the vacuum deaeration system, and a correlation of them to applied vacuum pressure was derived.
Golshani, A.; Chen, F.C.
Marine pastures: a by-product of large (100 megawatt or larger) floating ocean-thermal power plants. Final report
The potential biological productivity of an open-sea mariculture system utilizing the deep-sea water discharged from an ocean-thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant was investigated. In a series of land-based studies, surface water was used to inoculate deep water and the primary production of the resultant blooms was investigated. Each cubic meter of deep water can produce approximately 2.34 g of phytoplankton protein, and that an OTEC plant discharging deep water at a rate of 4.5 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/ min/sup -1/ could produce 5.3 x 10/sup 7/ kg of phytoplankton protein per 350-day year. A series of land-based shellfish studies indicated that, when fed at a constant rate of 1.83 x 10/sup -3/ g of protein per second per 70-140 g of whole wet weight, the clam, Tapes japonica, could convert the phytoplankton protein-nitrogen into shellfish meat protein-nitrogen with an efficiency of about 33 per cent. Total potential wet meat weight production from an OTEC plant pumping 4.5 x 10/sup 4/ m/sup 3/ min/sup -1/ is approximately 4.14 x 10/sup 8/ kg for a 350-day year. Various factors affecting the feasibility of open-sea mariculture are discussed. It is recommended that future work concentrate on a technical and economic analysis. (WDM)
Laurence, S.; Roels, O.A.
Conceptual design of an open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion net power-producing experiment (OC-OTEC NPPE)
This report describes the conceptual design of an experiment to investigate heat and mass transfer and to assess the viability of open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC). The experiment will be developed in two stages, the Heat- and Mass-Transfer Experimental Apparatus (HMTEA) and the Net Power-Producing Experiment (NPPE). The goal for the HMTEA is to test heat exchangers. The goal for the NPPE is to experimentally verify OC-OTEC's feasibility by installing a turbine and testing the power-generating system. The design effort met the goals of both the HMTEA and the NPPE, and duplication of hardware was minimal. The choices made for the design resource water flow rates are consistent with the availability of cold and warm seawater as a result of the seawater systems upgrade carried out by the US Department of Energy (DOE), the state of Hawaii, and the Pacific International Center for High Technology Research. The choices regarding configuration of the system were made based on projected performance, degree of technical risk, schedule, and cost. The cost for the future phase of the design and the development of the HMTEA/NPPE is consistent with the projected future program funding levels. The HMTEA and NPPE were designed cooperatively by PICHTR, Argonne National Laboratory, and Solar Energy Research Institute under the guidance of DOE. The experiment will be located at the DOE's Seacoast Test Facility at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. 71 refs., 41 figs., 34 tabs.
Bharathan, D.; Green, H.J.; Link, H.F.; Parsons, B.K.; Parsons, J.M.; Zangrando, F.
Study of domestic social and economic impacts of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) commercial development. Volume II. Industry profiles
Econoimc profiles of the industries most affected by the construction, deployment, and operation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) powerplants are presented. Six industries which will contribute materials and/or components to the construction of OTEC plants have been identified and are profiled here. These industries are: steel industry, concrete industry, titanium metal industry, fabricated structural metals industry, fiber glass-reinforced plastics industry, and electrical transmission cable industry. The economic profiles for these industries detail the industry's history, its financial and economic characteristics, its technological and production traits, resource constraints that might impede its operation, and its relation to OTEC. Some of the historical data collected and described in the profile include output, value of shipments, number of firms, prices, employment, imports and exports, and supply-demand forecasts. For most of the profiled industries, data from 1958 through 1980 were examined. In addition, profiles are included on the sectors of the economy which will actualy construct, deploy, and supply the OTEC platforms.
Tropical Ocean Circulation Experiments
A primitive equation model of the equatorial Pacific Ocean was forced by realistic wind stress distributions over decades. Results were presented for a set of two experiments. In the first experiment the model was forced by an objectively ...
Mojib Latif
Wind and tidal response of a semi-enclosed bay, Bah�a Concepci�n, Baja California
Observed response to diurnal winds . . . . . 4.1Thermal wind balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .level response to wind . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Current
Ponte, Aur�lien L. S.
High-Resolution Numerical Modeling of Thermally Driven Slope Winds in a Valley with Strong Capping
The complete day�night cycle of the circulation over a slope under simplified idealized boundary conditions is investigated by means of large-eddy simulations (LES). The thermal forcing is given with a time-varying law for the surface ...
Franco Catalano; Antonio Cenedese
Parametric design of floating wind turbines
As the price of energy increases and wind turbine technology matures, it is evident that cost effective designs for floating wind turbines are needed. The next frontier for wind power is the ocean, yet development in near ...
Tracy, Christopher (Christopher Henry)
Beyond Thermal Interaction between Ocean and Atmosphere: On the Extratropical Climate Variability due to the Wind-Induced SST
Prescribing sea surface temperature (SST) for the atmospheric general circulation models (GCM) may not lead to underestimation of the coupled variability. In this study, a set of SST-driven atmospheric GCM experiments, starting from slightly ...
Dong Eun Lee; Zhengyu Liu; Yun Liu
On the Nature and Causes of Large-Scale Thermal Variability in the Central North Pacific Ocean
Long-range Naval aircraft using AXBT's obtained meridional temperature sections from the central Pacific Ocean along 158 and 170�W between 30 and 50�N at approximately monthly intervals between November 1974 and April 1977 (29 months). Analyses ...
T. P. Barnett
The Response of Quasigeostrophic Oceanic Vortices to Tropical Cyclone Forcing
The response of quasigeostrophic (QG) oceanic vortices to tropical cyclone (TC) forcing is investigated using an isopycnic ocean model. Idealized oceanic currents and wind fields derived from observational data acquired during Hurricane Katrina ...
Benjamin Jaimes; Lynn K. Shay; George R. Halliwell
Maximizing Real-Time Distribution of Wind-Electricity to Electrical Thermal Storage Units for Residential Space Heating.
??Wind-electricity is unpredictable in both intensity and duration. This thesis presents the design and implementation of Client-pull and Server-push architectures for the distribution of wind-electricity� (more)
Barnes, Andrew
Mixed-Layer Shear Generated by Wind Stress in the Central Equatorial Pacific
Sixteen months of wind and current profile observations in the central equatorial Pacific show the response of the upper-ocean shear to local wind forcing. The shear at the ocean surface is significantly correlated with the wind stress in ...
Fernando Santiago-Mandujano; Eric Firing
Ocean thermal energy conversion ecological data report from OSS Researcher in Gulf of Mexico, (GOTEC-01), July 12-23, 1977
Ecological measurements important for environmental assessment of the effect of an operating Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion plant were initiated in July 1977 at the proposed Gulf of Mexico site off the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. The initial cruise of the OSS Researcher, in a joint effort with the Atlantic Oceanic and Meteorological Laboratories (AOML) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) took place from 12 to 23 July 1977. The measurements were taken at 15 oceanographic stations to a maximum depth of 1000 m. Water was analyzed for trace metals, nutrients and chlorophyll a and ATP. Physical data, salinity and dissolved oxygen measurements were supplied by NOAA-AOML. Two bioassays were carried out using indigenous phytoplankton to estimate the effect of deep water on the rates of /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ uptake of photic zone algae. The Deep Scattering Layer (DSL) was monitored at the site by a continuously recording 12 kHz depth sounder at the Mobile site. This report presents data collected during the cruise.
Quinby-Hunt, M.S. (comp.)
Engineering and Economic Evaluation of Offshore Wind Technology
In 2006, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) initiated a new project to conduct engineering and economic evaluations of renewable energy technologies, including wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, hydro, ocean tidal and wave, and others (Program 84). The goal of the evaluations is to develop an objective and consistent assessment of the current and projected future performance of the technologies with regard to thermal efficiency, capital and operations and maintenance costs, resource requirements...
Direct Determination of Wind Shears from the Gradients of Satellite Radiance Observations
To the extent that the stratosphere wind field is close to geostrophic, the thermal wind is a good approximation to the vertical wind shear (vertical variation of the horizontal wind). And since the thermal wind is proportional to the horizontal ...
George Ohring; Binyamin Neeman; Louis D. Duncan
coastal ocean to strong offshore winds: With application toand R. L. Smith, 1995: Offshore wind forcing in the Gulf ofwind stress maximum and CCS SST front located roughly 200 km further offshore
Comparison of API & IEC Standards for Offshore Wind Turbine Applications in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean: Phase II; March 9, 2009 - September 9, 2009
This report compares two design guidelines for offshore wind turbines: Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platform Structures and the International Electrotechnical Commission 61400-3 Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines.
Jha, A.; Dolan, D.; Gur, T.; Soyoz, S.; Alpdogan, C.
Short-Term Climatic Variability in the Thermal Structure of the Pacific Ocean during 1979�82
Short-term climatic variability in both sea surface temperature (SST) and vertically averaged temperature over the upper 400 m of ocean (Tav) is mapped over the Pacific from 20�S to 50�N each bimonth for four years from 1979 to 1982, leading up ...
Warren B. White; Gary A. Meyers; Jean Rene Donguy; Stephen E. Pazan
Warm Bias and Parameterization of Boundary Upwelling in Ocean Models
It has been demonstrated that Eastern Boundary Currents (EBC) are a baroclinic intensification of the interior circulation of the ocean due to the emergence of mesoscale eddies in response to the sharp buoyancy gradients driven by the wind-stress and the thermal surface forcing. The eddies accomplish the heat and salt transport necessary to insure that the subsurface flow is adiabatic, compensating for the heat and salt transport effected by the mean currents. The EBC thus generated occurs on a cross-shore scale of order 20-100 km, and thus this scale needs to be resolved in climate models in order to capture the meridional transport by the EBC. Our result indicate that changes in the near shore currents on the oceanic eastern boundaries are linked not just to local forcing, such as coastal changes in the winds, but depend on the basin-wide circulation as well.
Cessi, Paola; Wolfe, Christopher
The Effects of Mesoscale Ocean�Atmosphere Coupling on the Large-Scale Ocean Circulation
Small-scale variation in wind stress due to ocean�atmosphere interaction within the atmospheric boundary layer alters the temporal and spatial scale of Ekman pumping driving the double-gyre circulation of the ocean. A high-resolution ...
Andrew Mc C. Hogg; William K. Dewar; Pavel Berloff; Sergey Kravtsov; David K. Hutchinson
A Marine Radar Wind Sensor
A new method for retrieving the wind vector from radar-image sequences is presented. This method, called WiRAR, uses a marine X-band radar to analyze the backscatter of the ocean surface in space and time with respect to surface winds. Wind ...
Heiko Dankert; Jochen Horstmann
Detection of Rainfall Events Using Underwater Passive Aquatic Sensors and Air�Sea Temperature Changes in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Several years of long-term high temporal resolution ocean ambient noise data from the tropical Pacific Ocean are analyzed to detect oceanic rainfall. Ocean ambient noise generated by rainfall and wind are identified through an acoustic ...
Barry B. Ma; Jeffrey A. Nystuen
Global Wind Stress and Sverdrup Circulation from the Seasat Scatterometer
Three months of vector wind observations from the Seasat-A satellite scatterometer (SASS) are used to construct gridded fields of monthly average wind stress and wind stress curl over the global ocean. These fields are examined to identify ...
Dudley B. Chelton; Alberto M. Mestas-Nu�ez; Michael H. Freilich
Ocean thermal energy conversion preliminary data report for the November 1977 GOTEC-02 cruise to the Gulf of Mexico Mobile Site
This is the second in a series of preliminary data reports from cruises to potential Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) sites in the Gulf of Mexico. The data are from the GOTEC-02 cruise to a site at approximately 29/sup 0/N, 88/sup 0/W, the Mobile Site. Twelve oceanographic stations were visited. Due to bad weather, the results are scanty. The reader will note that much of the data is questionable. Current meter results are presented elsewhere (Molinari, Hazelworth and Ortman, 1979). Determinations of the biomass indicators - chlorophyll a, phaeophytins and adenosine triphosphate - and zooplankton, are presented. Results were generally those that might have been predicted from previous studies in the area.
NREL: Wind Research - Grid Integration of Offshore Wind
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Photograph of a wind turbine in the ocean. Located about 10 kilometers off the coast of Arklow, Ireland, the Arklow Bank offshore wind park consists of seven GE Wind 3.6-MW wind turbines. Much can be learned from the existing land-based integration research for handling the variability and uncertainty of the wind resource. Integration and Transmission One comprehensive grid integration study is the Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study (EWITS), in which offshore wind scenarios were analyzed. Nearly 80 GW of offshore wind was studied in the highest penetration scenario. Specific offshore grid distribution and transmission solutions were identified, including cost estimates. With the Atlantic coast likely to lead the way in offshore wind power deployment, EWITS is a benchmark for
Wind Wave Growth at Short Fetch
Wave wire data from the large wind wave tank of the Ocean Engineering Laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara, are analyzed, and comparisons are made with published data collected in four other wave tanks. The behavior of wind ...
T. Lamont-Smith; T. Waseda
Comparison of Four ERS-1 Scatterometer Wind Retrieval Algorithms with Buoy Measurements
Wind velocity retrievals from the ERS-1 scatterometer are compared with extensive high-quality hourly buoy winds using four different algorithms in two oceanic regions during 1994. The retrieved winds exhibit significantly different wind velocity ...
Clifford Rufenach
Modeling the Physical and Biochemical Influence of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant Discharges into their Adjacent Waters
This paper describes the modeling work by Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. to simulate the biochemical effects of of the nutrient-enhanced seawater plumes that are discharged by one or several 100 megawatt OTEC plants. The modeling is needed to properly design OTEC plants that can operate sustainably with acceptably low biological impact. In order to quantify the effect of discharge configuration and phytoplankton response, Makai Ocean Engineering implemented a biological and physical model for the waters surrounding O`ahu, Hawai`i, using the EPA-approved Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). Each EFDC grid cell was approximately 1 square kilometer by 20 meters deep, and used a time step of three hours. The biological model was set up to simulate the biochemical response for three classes of organisms: Picoplankton ( 20 um) e.g., diatoms. The dynamic biological phytoplankton model was calibrated using chemical and biological data collected for the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) project. Peer review of the biological modeling was performed. The physical oceanography model uses boundary conditions from a surrounding Hawai'i Regional Ocean Model, (ROM) operated by the University of Hawai`i and the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration. The ROM provided tides, basin scale circulation, mesoscale variability, and atmospheric forcing into the edges of the EFDC computational domain. This model is the most accurate and sophisticated Hawai'ian Regional Ocean Model presently available, assimilating real-time oceanographic observations, as well as model calibration based upon temperature, current and salinity data collected during 2010 near the simulated OTEC site. The ROM program manager peer-reviewed Makai's implementation of the ROM output into our EFDC model. The supporting oceanographic data was collected for a Naval Facilities Engineering Command / Makai project. Results: The model was run for a 100 MW OTEC Plant consisting of four separate ducts, discharging a total combined flow rate of 420 m3/s of warm water and 320 m3/s of cold water in a mixed discharge at 70 meters deep. Each duct was assumed to have a discharge port diameter of 10.5m producing a downward discharge velocity of about 2.18 m/s. The natural system, as measured in the HOTS program, has an average concentration of 10-15 mgC/m3. To calibrate the biological model, we first ran the model with no OTEC plant and varied biological parameters until the simulated data was a good match to the HOTS observations. This modeling showed that phytoplankton concentration were patchy and highly dynamic. The patchiness was a good match with the data variability observed within the HOTS data sets. We then ran the model with simulated OTEC intake and discharge flows and associated nutrients. Directly under the OTEC plant, the near-field plume has an average terminal depth of 172 meters, with a volumetric dilution of 13:1. The average terminal plume temperature was 19.8oC. Nitrate concentrations are 1 to 2 umol/kg above ambient. The advecting plume then further dilutes to less than 1 umol/kg above ambient within a few kilometers downstream, while remaining at depth. Because this terminal near-field plume is well below the 1% light limited depths (~120m), no immediate biological utilization of the nutrients occurs. As the nitrate is advected and dispersed downstream, a fraction of the deep ocean nutrients (< 0.5 umol/kg perturbation) mix upward where they are utilized by the ambient phytoplankton population. This occurs approximately twenty-five kilometers downstream from the plant at 110 - 70 meters depth. For pico-phytoplankton, modeling results indicate that this nutrient perturbation causes a phytoplankton perturbation of approximately 1 mgC/m3 (~10% of average ambient concentrations) that covers an area 10x5 km in size at the 70 to 90m depth. Thus, the perturbations are well within the natural variability of the system, generally corresponding to a 10 to 15% increase above the a
PAT GRANDELLI, P.E.; GREG ROCHELEAU; JOHN HAMRICK, Ph.D.; MATT CHURCH, Ph.D.; BRIAN POWELL, Ph.D.
This paper describes the modeling work by Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. to simulate the biochemical effects of of the nutrient-enhanced seawater plumes that are discharged by one or several 100 megawatt OTEC plants. The modeling is needed to properly design OTEC plants that can operate sustainably with acceptably low biological impact. In order to quantify the effect of discharge configuration and phytoplankton response, Makai Ocean Engineering implemented a biological and physical model for the waters surrounding O`ahu, Hawai`i, using the EPA-approved Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). Each EFDC grid cell was approximately 1 square kilometer by 20 meters deep, and used a time step of three hours. The biological model was set up to simulate the biochemical response for three classes of organisms: Picoplankton (< 2 um) such as prochlorococccus, nanoplankton (2-20 um), and microplankton (> 20 um) e.g., diatoms. The dynamic biological phytoplankton model was calibrated using chemical and biological data collected for the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) project. Peer review of the biological modeling was performed. The physical oceanography model uses boundary conditions from a surrounding Hawai'i Regional Ocean Model, (ROM) operated by the University of Hawai`i and the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration. The ROM provided tides, basin scale circulation, mesoscale variability, and atmospheric forcing into the edges of the EFDC computational domain. This model is the most accurate and sophisticated Hawai'ian Regional Ocean Model presently available, assimilating real-time oceanographic observations, as well as model calibration based upon temperature, current and salinity data collected during 2010 near the simulated OTEC site. The ROM program manager peer-reviewed Makai's implementation of the ROM output into our EFDC model. The supporting oceanographic data was collected for a Naval Facilities Engineering Command / Makai project. Results: The model was run for a 100 MW OTEC Plant consisting of four separate ducts, discharging a total combined flow rate of 420 m3/s of warm water and 320 m3/s of cold water in a mixed discharge at 70 meters deep. Each duct was assumed to have a discharge port diameter of 10.5m producing a downward discharge velocity of about 2.18 m/s. The natural system, as measured in the HOTS program, has an average concentration of 10-15 mgC/m3. To calibrate the biological model, we first ran the model with no OTEC plant and varied biological parameters until the simulated data was a good match to the HOTS observations. This modeling showed that phytoplankton concentration were patchy and highly dynamic. The patchiness was a good match with the data variability observed within the HOTS data sets. We then ran the model with simulated OTEC intake and discharge flows and associated nutrients. Directly under the OTEC plant, the near-field plume has an average terminal depth of 172 meters, with a volumetric dilution of 13:1. The average terminal plume temperature was 19.8oC. Nitrate concentrations are 1 to 2 umol/kg above ambient. The advecting plume then further dilutes to less than 1 umol/kg above ambient within a few kilometers downstream, while remaining at depth. Because this terminal near-field plume is well below the 1% light limited depths (~120m), no immediate biological utilization of the nutrients occurs. As the nitrate is advected and dispersed downstream, a fraction of the deep ocean nutrients (< 0.5 umol/kg perturbation) mix upward where they are utilized by the ambient phytoplankton population. This occurs approximately twenty-five kilometers downstream from the plant at 110 - 70 meters depth. For pico-phytoplankton, modeling results indicate that this nutrient perturbation causes a phytoplankton perturbation of approximately 1 mgC/m3 (~10% of average ambient concentrations) that covers an area 10x5 km in size at the 70 to 90m depth. Thus, the perturbations are well within the natural variability of the system, generally corresponding to a 10 to 15% increase above the a
Dimensionally Consistent Similarity Relation of Ocean Surface Friction Coefficient in Mixed Seas
Applying wavelength scaling, dimensionally consistent expressions of the ocean surface friction coefficient can be developed for both wind sea and mixed sea in the ocean. For a wind sea with a monopeak wave spectrum, the natural choice of the ...
Paul A. Hwang; H�ctor Garc�a-Nava; Francisco J. Ocampo-Torres
Diurnal Cycle of Shallow and Deep Convection for a Tropical Land and an Ocean Environment and Its Relationship to Synoptic Wind Regimes
The characteristics of shallow and deep convection during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Large-Scale Biosphere�Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM/LBA) and the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean�...
L. Gustavo Pereira; Steven A. Rutledge
Preliminary design for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Stationkeeping Subsystem (SKSS). Task IV. Development and testing recommendations
The preliminary designs of Stationkeeping Subsystems (SKSS) for the OTEC Modular Experiment Plant are being prepared for a barge and spar platform. The SKSS selected by NOAA for the barge is a multiple anchor leg mooring with active tensioning (MAL), while that for the spar is a tension anchor leg (TAL) moor. The development and testing program required to provide design data and to validate performance predictions is described. Basic assumptions are made with regard to site characteristics, behavior of the SKSS and platform in the sea state, and characteristics of SKSS components. The test program is intended to provide the data necessary to confirm assumptions or to support design revisions. The testing program for the multiple anchor leg system is considered first, followed by the tension anchor leg program. Development and testing are recommended in the areas of materials, components and procedures which are beyond modest extrapolation of current ocean engineering practice. (WHK)
Wind and Solar Curtailment: Preprint
of Colorado (PSCO), which needs to balance its own load with its own generators (mostly thermal) and long-term contracts with wind power plant owners. At night, when winds are...
NREL: Wind Research - Milestone Cleared for Offshore Wind Energy...
Milestone Cleared for Offshore Wind Energy Research Lease in Virginia March 25, 2013 The U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management announced an important...
Impact of Anomalous Ocean Heat Transport on the North Atlantic Oscillation
Coupled atmosphere�ocean dynamics in the North Atlantic is studied by means of a simple model, featuring a baroclinic three-dimensional atmosphere coupled to a slab ocean. Anomalous oceanic heat transport due to wind-driven circulation is ...
Fabio D�Andrea; Arnaud Czaja; John Marshall
The Annual Cycle of Meridional Heat Flux in the Atlantic Ocean at 26.5�N
Total meridional heat flux through a zonal oceanic section at 26.5�N in the Atlantic Ocean is computed from hydrographic, direct current and surface wind observations. The oceanic current and temperature fields are decomposed into depth-averaged ...
Robert L. Molinari; Elizabeth Johns; John F. Festa
Wind turbine generators having wind assisted cooling systems ...
Geothermal; Hydrogen and Fuel Cell; Hydropower, Wave and Tidal; Industrial Technologies; Solar Photovoltaic; Solar Thermal; Startup America; Vehicles and Fuels; Wind ...
Preliminary designs for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) stationkeeping subsystems (SKSS). Task II. Conceptual design. Final report
The study is presented in five sections: design loads, conceptual designs, trade studies, cost analysis and concept evaluation and ranking. Extensive appendixes provide back up calculations and data to support the results. Environmental forces and yaw moments acting on the barge and spar in the various design sea states are presented including wave, wind and current effects. A parametric analysis illustrates the impact on holding power requirement of varying the return periods for operational and extreme sea state. The conceptual designs are presented for the barge followed by those for the spar, including configuration definition, performance characteristics, interfaces, areas for development, and deployment scenarios for selected concepts. The concept definition is followed by a set of trade studies that were performed to evaluate candidate anchor types and anchor leg materials. Parametric variations in anchor leg characteristics, wire-rope-to-chain length ratio for example, illustrate the influence of the significant design parameters on performance. An extensive cost analysis of the candidate SKSS concepts is presented, including cost estimates, life cycle cost scenarios leading to expected value of life cycle cost, and cost equivalence of operational failures. An evaluation of the eight SKSS concepts is presented, including assessment of performance and rankings based on risk versus cost and technology development. The appendixes include a report on the Electrical Transmission System interface, wave drift force, typical cost disbursement schedule and computer program listing, the IMODCO conceptual design report, and static configuration results.
Preliminary designs for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) stationkeeping subsystems (SKSS). Task I. Design requirements. Final report
The results of Task I, Design Requirements, are presented. Environmental conditions for the Punta Tuna, Puerto Rico site are reviewed and synthesized to provide definition of current, wind and wave severity, direction, and occurrence for service, operational, and extreme sea states. SKSS performance requirements, including design life and watch circle, are followed by interface considerations particularly for the electrical transmission riser cable, and design criteria including safety and load factors. The SKSS concepts will be analyzed to evaluate performance, reliability, and cost. Performance analysis conducted included catenary anchor leg static calculations to size components, as well as drag due to environmental loads in the operational and extreme sea states for both ship and spar platforms. Dynamic analyses and trade studies to be conducted in Task II are presented. A reliability and risk assessment analysis of the three basic SKSS types - single-, multiple-, and tension-anchor-leg moors - was completed, indicating that the multiple-anchor-leg/multiple-point rotary or turret moor has the lowest risk-criticality for the ship, while that for the spar is the multiple-anchor-leg/multiple-point moor. The catenary single-anchor-leg/single-point moor has insufficient reliability for both platforms. The life cycle cost analysis methodology, including work breakdown structure, cost estimating, and cost minimization define the approach to costing to be followed throughout the study. The results of these design trades and analyses will first be applied to concept ranking required for recommendation of a SKSS concept for each platform.
Evolution Dynamics of Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Annual Cycle Variability
The structure of ocean-atmosphere annual cycle variability is extracted from the revised Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set SSTs, surface winds, and the latent heat (LH) and net shortwave (SW) surface fluxes using the covariance-based ...
Sumant Nigam; Yi Chao
Simulation of the Seasonal Cycle of the Tropical Pacific Ocean
In a general circulation model of the tropical Pacific Ocean forced with climatological seasonally varying winds, equatorial upwelling and downwelling in adjacent latitudes play central roles in closing the oceanic circulation. The transport of ...
S. G. H. Philander; W. J. Hurlin; A. D. Seigel
Poleward Heat Transport in a Barotropic Ocean Model
A barotropic ocean circulation model coupled to a mixed-layer temperature equation is used to study the poleward heat transport by the horizontal wind-driven ocean currents. Through scaling analyses, two different regimes of the heat transport ...
Xiaoli Wang; Peter H. Stone; Jochem Marotzke
Dynamics of Biweekly Oscillations in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Variability of the wind field over the equatorial Indian Ocean is spread throughout the intraseasonal (10�60 day) band. In contrast, variability of the near-surface ? field in the eastern, equatorial ocean is concentrated at biweekly frequencies ...
Toru Miyama; Julian P. McCreary Jr.; Debasis Sengupta; Retish Senan
The Effects of Marine Winds from Scatterometer Data on Weather Analysis and Forecasting
Satellite scatterometer observations of the ocean surface wind speed and direction improve the depiction of storms at sea. Over the ocean, scatterometer surface winds are deduced from multiple measurements of reflected radar power made from ...
R. Atlas; R. N. Hoffman; S. M. Leidner; J. Sienkiewicz; T-W. Yu; S. C. Bloom; E. Brin; J. Ardizzone; J. Terry; D. Bungato; J. C. Jusem
Dynamic Role of a Westerly Wind Burst in Triggering an Equatorial Pacific Warm Event
Dynamical impacts of a strong westerly wind burst (WWB) are studied using an ocean�atmosphere coupled simulation in which an intense westerly wind burst is introduced. The ocean response includes local and remote components with the development ...
Sophie Belamari; Jean-Luc Redelsperger; Marc Pontaud
Wind resources and wind farm wake effects offshore observed from satellite
Wind resources and wind farm wake effects offshore observed from satellite Charlotte Bay Hasager, Wind Energy Department, Roskilde, Denmark firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com Abstract: Satellite observations of ocean wind speed
Wind Stress Curl and Wind Stress Divergence Biases from Rain Effects on QSCAT Surface Wind Retrievals
Surface vector wind datasets from scatterometers provide essential high-resolution surface forcing information for analyses and models of global atmosphere�ocean processes affecting weather and climate. The importance of realistic amplitude, high-...
Ralph F. Milliff; Jan Morzel; Dudley B. Chelton; Michael H. Freilich
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power system development (PSD) II. Preliminary design report. Appendix II: supporting data
The trade studies, calculations, and reports which provide the rationale for design conclusions for the 10 MWe OTEC power system are presented in this volume. These appendices include: (1) system design and optimization model; (2) system off-design performance computer model; (3) seawater system dynamics; (4) system mechanical design studies; (5) electrical design studies; (6) structural design studies; (7) tube cleaner design report and proposed brush test program; (8) heat exchangers: mechanical design; (9) heat exchangers: thermal hydraulic computer model; (10) heat exchangers: manufacturing flow plan; (11) heat exchangers: installation and removal procedures; (12) heat exchangers: stainless steel conceptual design; (13) heat exchangers: cost studies; (14)heat exchangers: materials selection and corrosion; and (15) heat exchangers: quality assurance. (WHK)
Deep Ocean Response to Hurricanes as Revealed by an Ocean Model with Free Surface. Part I: Axisymmetric Case
An axisymmetric, hydrostatic ocean model containing a rigid bottom and a free surface is constructed to study the barotropic and baroclinic response in the upper and deep ocean to a wind stress corresponding to a stationary tropical cyclone. The ...
Simon W. Chang
Annual Cycle and Depth Penetration of Wind-Generated Near-Inertial Internal Waves at Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific
The downward propagation of near-inertial internal waves following winter storms is examined in the context of a 2-yr record of velocity in the upper 800 m at Ocean Station Papa. The long time series allow accurate estimation of wave frequency, ...
Matthew H. Alford; Meghan F. Cronin; Jody M. Klymak
Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12
The compilation has 1702 thermal spring locations in 23 of the 50 States, arranged alphabetically by State (Postal Service abbreviation) and degrees of latitude and longitude within the State. It shows spring name, surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius; USGS Professional Paper 492 number, USGS Circular 790 number, NOAA number, north to south on each degree of latitude and longitude of the listed. USGS 1:250,000-scale (AMS) map; and the USGS topographic map coverage, 1:63360- or 1:62500-scale (15-minute) or 1:24000-scale (7.5-minute) quadrangle also included is an alphabetized list showing only the spring name and the State in which it is located. Unnamed springs are omitted. The list includes natural surface hydrothermal features: springs, pools, mud pots, mud volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles, and steam vents at temperature of 20{sup 0}C (68[sup 0}F) or greater. It does not include wells or mines, except at sites where they supplement or replace natural vents presently or recently active, or, in some places, where orifices are not distinguishable as natural or artificial. The listed springs are located on the USGS 1:250,000 (AMS) topographic maps. (MHR)
Berry, G.W.; Grim, P.J.; Ikelman, J.A. (comps.)
High Range Resolution Radar Measurements of the Speed Distribution of Breaking Events in Wind-Generated Ocean Waves: Surface Impulse and Wave Energy Dissipation Rates
A set of X-band radar measurements, backscattered from the sea surface at near grazing incidence with very high spatial and temporal resolution (30 cm in range and 2000-Hz pulse repetition frequency) in moderate wind conditions, are dominated by ...
O. M. Phillips; F. L. Posner; J. P. Hansen
NREL: Wind Research - National Wind Technology Center
Center Center The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC), located at the base of the foothills just south of Boulder, Colorado, is the nation's premier wind energy technology research facility. Built in 1993, the center provides an ideal environment for the development of advanced wind energy technologies. The goal of the research conducted at the center is to help industry reduce the cost of energy so that wind can compete with traditional energy sources, providing a clean, renewable alternative for our nation's energy needs. Research at the NWTC is organized under two main categories, Wind Technology Development and Testing and Operations. Illustration of the National Wind Technology Center's organization chart. Fort Felker is listed as the Center Director, with Mike Robinson, Deputy Center Director; Paul Veers, Chief Engineer, and Laura Davis and Dorothy Haldeman beneath him. The Associate Director position is empty. Beneath them is the Wind Technology Research and Development Group Manager, Mike Robinson; the Testing and Operations Group Manager, Dave Simms; and the Offshore Wind and Ocean Power Systems Acting Supervisor, Fort Felker.
Wind: wind speed and wind power density GIS data at 10m and 50m above
10m and 50m above 10m and 50m above surface and 0.25 degree resolution for global oceans from NREL Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Raster GIS ASCII data files of wind speed and wind power density at 10 and 50 m heights. Global data of offshore wind resource as generated by NASA's QuikScat SeaWinds scatterometer. (Purpose): To provide information on the wind resource potential of offshore areas. Source NREL Date Released December 31st, 2005 (9 years ago) Date Updated November 01st, 2007 (7 years ago) Keywords GEF GIS NASA NREL ocean offshore QuikScat SWERA UNEP wind Data application/msword icon Download Documentation (doc, 53.8 KiB) application/zip icon Download Data (zip, 41 MiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Time Period 01/01/2000 - 12/31/2004
Estimates of Cabbeling in the Global Ocean
Owing to the larger thermal expansion coefficient at higher temperatures, more buoyancy is put into the ocean by heating than is removed by cooling at low temperatures. The authors show that, even with globally balanced thermal and haline surface ...
Julian J. Schanze; Raymond W. Schmitt
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power system development utilizing advanced, high-performance heat transfer techniques. Volume 1. Conceptual design report
The objective of this project is the development of a preliminary design for a full-sized, closed cycle, ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC Demonstration Plant. In turn, this Demonstration Plant is to demonstrate, by 1984, the operation and performance of an ocean thermal power plant having sufficiently advanced heat exchanger design to project economic viability for commercial utilization in the late 1980's and beyond. Included in this power system development are the preliminary designs for a proof-of-concept pilot plant and test article heat exchangers which are scaled in such a manner as to support a logically sequential, relatively low-cost development of the full-scale power system module. The conceptual designs are presented for the Demonstration Plant power module, the proof-of-concept pilot plant, and for a pair of test article heat exchangers. Costs associated with the design, development, fabrication, checkout, delivery, installation, and operation are included. The accompanying design and producibility studies on the full-scale power system module project the performance/economics for the commercial plant. This section of the report describes the full-size power system module, and summarizes the design parameters and associated costs for the Demonstration Plant module (prototype) and projects costs for commercial plants in production. The material presented is directed primarily toward the surface platform/ship basic reference hull designated for use during conceptual design; however, other containment vessels were considered during the design effort so that the optimum power system would not be unduly influenced or restricted. (WHK)
A 50 year comparison of ambient ocean noise near San Clemente Island: A bathymetrically complex coastal region off Southern California.
?1993?. �Wind dependence of deep ocean ambient noise at lowS. M. ?2006?. �Increases in deep ocean ambient noise in theResearch Council ?2003?. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals ?Na-
McDonald, Mark A; Hildebrand, John A; Wiggins, Sean M; Ross, Donald
Two-Way Feedback Interaction between the Thermohaline and Wind-Driven Circulations
The thermohaline circulation (THC) affects the meridional atmospheric temperature gradient and therefore the atmospheric wind and the wind-driven ocean circulation. The wind-driven circulation (WDC), in turn, affects the THC by the advection of ...
Douglas G. MacMynowski; Eli Tziperman
Impact of offshore winds on a buoyant river plume system
Idealized numerical simulations utilizing the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) are carried out to examine the response of buoyant river plume systems to offshore directed wind stresses. It is found that after a few inertial periods of wind ...
Joseph T. Jurisa; Robert J. Chant
On the Influence of Buoyancy Fluxes on Wind Drift Currents
Data from a moored buoy in the Baltic proper have been analyzed to study the ageostrophic wind-driven (Ekman) transport accounting for buoyancy fluxes in a stratified ocean. A model considering different dynamical regimes governed by wind stress ...
Signild Nerheim; Anders Stigebrandt
Climatic Comparisons of Estimated and Measured Winds from Ships
Wind speed records from twelve Ocean Weather Stations (OWS's) are compared to estimates from transient ships in the general vicinity of the on-station OWS position. Measured and estimated winds from transient ships within specified areas are also ...
Robert G. Quayle
Buoy-Calibrated Winds over the Gulf of Mexico
The large variability of the Gulf of Mexico wind field indicates that high-resolution wind data will be required to represent the weather systems affecting ocean circulation. This report presents methods and results of the calculation of a ...
Robert C. Rhodes; J. Dana Thompson; Alan J. Wallcraft
A Seasonally Forced Ocean�Atmosphere Model for Paleoclimate Studies
Seasonal forcing is applied to an idealized model of the ocean�atmosphere system by prescribing monthly values of solar insolation at the top of the atmosphere and wind stress at the ocean surface. In addition, meridional near-surface wind ...
Andreas Schmittner; Thomas F. Stocker
Influence of Wind Stress, Wind Stress Curl, and Bottom Friction on the Transport of a Model Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Eddy-permitting simulations of a wind-driven quasigeostrophic model in an idealized Southern Ocean setting are used to attempt to describe what sets the wind-driven circumpolar transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). For weak forcing,...
Louis-Philippe Nadeau; David N. Straub
The Prediction of Nearshore Wind-induced Surface Currents from Wind Velocities Measured at Nearby Land Stations
This paper aims to find a fast and efficient way to predict the wind-induced components of surface currents in a nearshore coastal area of several hundred square kilometers from wind velocities measured at nearby land stations. Ocean Surface ...
Betty Ng
U.S. West Coast Surface Heat Fluxes, Wind Stress, and Wind Stress Curl from a Mesoscale Model
Monthly averages of numerical model fields are beneficial for depicting patterns in surface forcing such as sensible and latent heat fluxes, wind stress, and wind stress curl over data-sparse ocean regions. Grid resolutions less than 10 km ...
T. Haack; S. D. Burk; R. M. Hodur
Thermoelectric Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
A novel thermoelectric OTEC concept is proposed and compared with the ammonia closed-cycle designs. The thermoelectric OTEC is a much simpler system which uses no working fluid and therefore requires no pressure vessel, working fluid pumps, or turbogenerator. These components are replaced by power modules which are heat exchangers integrated with thermoelectric generators. The thermoelectric OTEC offers several potential advantages including: simpler and more easily mass-produced components; higher reliability system performance through the use of a high level of redundancy and long-lived, solid-state thermoelectric generators; greater safety for crew and environment by elimination of the pressurized working fluid; and the possibility of lower system costs. These comparisons are discussed and plans for future work are presented.
Jayadev, T.S.; Benson, D.K.; Bohn, M.S.
Retrieving Horizontal Temperature Gradients and Advections from Single-Station Wind Profiler Observations
Vertical wind shears measured by the Plattevilie, Colorado wind profiler were used in conjunction with the geostrophic thermal wind equation to retrieve the horizontal thermal gradients and associated advections for a case involving an upper-...
Paul J. Neiman; M. A. Shapiro
Ocean Terracing
Artworks can improve humanity ability to apply macro-engineering principles which skirt or correct oceanographic problems impairing the economic usefulness of coastal land, the overhead airshed, and seawater temperature and salinity stability. A new form of Art, Ocean Art, is here proposed which centers on deliberate terracing of appropriate regions of our world ocean; a proposed example of macro-engineered useful Ocean Art is the technically possible 21-st Century terracing of the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Art is applicable worldwide to places that might be practically improved by its judicious employment. Such Ocean Art may constitute an entirely unique category of solutions to coastal disaster prevention planning.
Richard Cathcart; Alexander Bolonkin
Flexible ocean upwelling pipe
In an ocean thermal energy conversion facility, a cold water riser pipe is releasably supported at its upper end by the hull of the floating facility. The pipe is substantially vertical and has its lower end far below the hull above the ocean floor. The pipe is defined essentially entirely of a material which has a modulus of elasticity substantially less than that of steel, e.g., high density polyethylene, so that the pipe is flexible and compliant to rather than resistant to applied bending moments. The position of the lower end of the pipe relative to the hull is stabilized by a weight suspended below the lower end of the pipe on a flexible line. The pipe, apart from the weight, is positively buoyant. If support of the upper end of the pipe is released, the pipe sinks to the ocean floor, but is not damaged as the length of the line between the pipe and the weight is sufficient to allow the buoyant pipe to come to a stop within the line length after the weight contacts the ocean floor, and thereafter to float submerged above the ocean floor while moored to the ocean floor by the weight. The upper end of the pipe, while supported by the hull, communicates to a sump in the hull in which the water level is maintained below the ambient water level. The sump volume is sufficient to keep the pipe full during heaving of the hull, thereby preventing collapse of the pipe.
Person, Abraham (Los Alamitos, CA)
Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan (Massachusetts) | Department of Energy
Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan (Massachusetts) Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan (Massachusetts) Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan (Massachusetts) < Back Eligibility Construction Industrial Installer/Contractor Investor-Owned Utility Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative Utility Savings Category Water Buying & Making Electricity Wind Program Info State Massachusetts Program Type Siting and Permitting Provider Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs The Massachusetts Ocean Act of 2008 required the state's Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs to develop a comprehensive ocean management plan for the state by the end of 2009. That plan identified certain state waters that are eligible for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy development and other state waters where such development is
Importance of Ocean Dynamics for the Skewness of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode
Interannual anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST), wind, and cloudiness in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SE-TIO) show negative skewness. In this research, asymmetry between warm and cold episodes in the SE-TIO and the importance of ...
Tomomichi Ogata; Shang-Ping Xie; Jian Lan; Xiaotong Zheng
Ekman Volume Fluxes for the World Ocean and Individual Ocean Basins
Monthly climatological estimates of wind stress have been used to compute Ekman volume fluxes in the world ocean. Specifically, meridional and zonal Ekman volume fluxes have been computed and from the divergence of these horizontal components, ...
Sydney Levitus
Extreme Winds and Wind Effects on Structures
Extreme Winds and Wind Effects on Structures. The Engineering ... section. I. Extreme Winds: ... II. Wind Effects on Buildings. Database ...
Remote sensing of total integrated water vapor, wind speed, and cloud liquid water over the ocean using the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)
A modified D-matrix retrieval method is the basis of the refined total integrated water vapor (TIWV), total integrated cloud liquid water (CLW), and surface wind speed (WS) retrieval methods that are developed. The 85 GHZ polarization difference is used to restrict the application of the geophysical retrieval algorithms which are developed to handle specific atmospheric absorptive situations. An improved semi-empirical sea surface emissivity model is integrated into this refined D-matrix procedure that is being developed for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer (AMSR). The purpose of this work is to test the refined geophysical parameter retrieval methods using data from the Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I). When comparing the statistical performance of the TIWV, WS, and CLW retrieval methods presented to the statistical performance of published retrieval methods for each geophysical parameter, the retrieval methods developed for this study perform only slightly better. However, it is demonstrated that the new retrieval methods are more physically valid than the comparison retrieval methods. The utilization of the polarization difference of the 85 GHZ channels to restrict the application of specifically-derived retrieval algorithms proves to be a valuable and reliable geophysical parameter retrieval tool.
Manning, Norman Willis William
An Improved System for Tropical Ocean Subsurface Temperature Analyses
This study demonstrates techniques that lead to improved use of ocean thermal information and more useful and informative products for monitoring variability in the tropical oceans. The method is based on statistical interpolation and is ...
Neville R. Smith
On Thermal Expansion over the Last Hundred Years
Estimates of sea level rise during the period 1856�1991 due to thermal expansion are presented. The estimates are based on an ocean model that consists of three zonally averaged ocean basins representing the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. ...
J. R. de Wolde; R. Bintanja; J. Oerlemans
Long-Wave Dynamics of Sea Level Variations during Indian Ocean Dipole Events
Long-wave dynamics of the interannual variations of the equatorial Indian Ocean circulation are studied using an ocean general circulation model forced by the assimilated surface winds and heat flux of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ...
Dongliang Yuan; Hailong Liu
Seasonal Heat Transport in a Primitive Equations Model of the Tropical Indian Ocean
This work analyses seasonal heat transport in an ocean-only numerical simulation of the Indian Ocean forced by realistic seasonal winds and surface heat fluxes north of 15�S, assuming no Indonesian Throughflow. The seasonal changes in the model ...
S. Wacongne; R. Pacanowski
Impact of the latitudinal distribution of tropical cyclones on ocean heat transport
The heavy winds associated with tropical cyclones generate strong upper ocean mixing. Recent studies suggest that this enhanced mixing significantly contributes to the ocean poleward heat transport, mainly due to a ...
Jansen, Malte Friedrich
Wind: wind speed and wind power density maps at 10m and 50m above surface
maps at 10m and 50m above surface maps at 10m and 50m above surface and 0.25 degree resolution for global oceans from NREL Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Raster GIS ASCII data files of wind speed and wind power density at 10 and 50 m heights. Global data of offshore wind resource as generated by NASA's QuikSCAT SeaWinds scatterometer. (Purpose): To provide information on the wind resource potential of offshore areas. Source NREL Date Released December 31st, 2005 (9 years ago) Date Updated November 01st, 2007 (7 years ago) Keywords GEF GIS NASA NREL SWERA UNEP wind Data application/zip icon Download Maps (zip, 36.3 MiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Time Period 2000 - 2004 License License Other or unspecified, see optional comment below
EERE: Wind
EERE: Buildings The U.S. Department of Energy funds R&D to develop wind energy. Learn about the DOE Wind Program, how to use wind energy and get financial incentives, and access...
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. (2012)
WIND ENERGY Wind Energ. (2012) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary since energy production depends non-linearly on wind speed (U ), and wind speed observa- tions for the assessment of future long-term wind supply A. M. R. Bakker1 , B. J. J. M. Van den Hurk1 and J. P. Coelingh2 1
Haak, Hein
Wind Energy Input to the Surface Waves
Wind energy input into the ocean is primarily produced through surface waves. The total rate of this energy source, integrated over the World Ocean, is estimated at 60 TW, based on empirical formulas and results from a numerical model of surface ...
Wei Wang; Rui Xin Huang
Tropical Ocean Decadal Variability and Resonance of Planetary Wave Basin Modes. Part II: Numerical Study
Oceanic response to stochastic wind forcing is studied in a tropical�extratropical basin using two shallow water models: a periodically forced model and a time-forward model. Consistent with theory, extratropical stochastic wind forces a decadal ...
Haijun Yang; Zhengyu Liu; Qiong Zhang
Forcing and Sampling of Ocean General Circulation Models: Impact of High-Frequency Motions
Significant inertial oscillations are present in all primitive equation ocean general circulation models when they are forced with high-frequency (period order of days) wind stress fields. At specific latitudes the energy of the wind stress ...
Steven R. Jayne; Robin Tokmakian
The Partitioning of the Poleward Energy Transport between the Tropical Ocean and Atmosphere
The mass transport in the shallow, wind-driven, overturning cells in the tropical oceans is constrained to be close to the mass transport in the atmospheric Hadley cell, assuming that zonally integrated wind stresses on land are relatively small. ...
Isaac M. Held
Marine pastures: a by-product of large (100 megawatt or larger) floating ocean thermal power plants. Progress report, February 1, 1976--April 30, 1976
Computer programs have been developed to define the temperature increase which would be needed to bring deep-ocean water into density equilibrium with surface water for locations where data are available. A series of continuous-flow studies on phytoplankton blooms resulting from mixtures of 80 percent deep and 20 percent surface water in 2000-liter concrete culturing vessels (''reactors'') has been completed. A quantitative determination of nutrient utilization and flow through a combined primary and secondary trophic level system has been completed. This study utilized the clam Tapes semidecussata, fed from phytoplankton grown in 80 percent deep and 20 percent surface water. An analysis of the fate of the deep water discharged from a floating OTEC plant indicates that horizontal containment of the resulting deep water: surface water mixture is necessary if conditions optimal for open-sea mariculture are to obtain. The design of a small open-ocean ''pool'' is in the final stages of completion. A combined mussel/oyster/clam system is in the final stages of design and will be placed in the ocean during April 1976. (WDM)
Roels, O.A.
Can Satellite Sampling of Offshore Wind Speeds Realistically Represent Wind Speed Distributions?
Wind speeds over the oceans are required for a range of applications but are difficult to obtain through in situ methods. Hence, remote sensing tools, which also offer the possibility of describing spatial variability, represent an attractive ...
R. J. Barthelmie; S. C. Pryor
Modeling wind forcing in phase resolving simulation of nonlinear wind waves
Wind waves in the ocean are a product of complex interaction of turbulent air flow with gravity driven water surface. The coupling is strong and the waves are non-stationary, irregular and highly nonlinear, which restricts ...
Kalmikov, Alexander G
Development and Analysis of the Systematically Merged Atlantic Regional Temperature and Salinity Climatology For Oceanic Heat Content Estimates
An oceanic climatology to calculate upper ocean thermal structure was developed for application year-round in the North Atlantic Ocean basin. The Systematically Merged Atlantic Regional Temperature and Salinity (SMARTS) Climatology is used in a ...
P. C. Meyers; L. K. Shay; J. K. Brewster
Wave Dependence of Sea-Surface Wind Stress
Distribution of the wind stress over the oceans is usually estimated by using a bulk formula. It contains the squared 10-m wind speed multiplied by the drag coefficient, which has been assumed in many cases to be a weak function of the 10-m wind ...
Yoshiaki Toba; Noriko Iida; Hiroshi Kawamura; Naoto Ebuchi; Ian S. F. Jones
Statistical Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii Prediction Using Climatology and Persistence
An operational model used to predict tropical cyclone wind structure in terms of significant wind radii (i.e., 34-, 50-, and 64-kt wind radii, where 1 kt = 0.52 m s?1) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Hurricane ...
John A. Knaff; Charles R. Sampson; Mark DeMaria; Timothy P. Marchok; James M. Gross; Colin J. McAdie
Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System
Satellite observations of wind stress and sea surface temperature (SST) are analyzed to investigate ocean�atmosphere interaction in the California Current System (CCS). As in regions of strong SST fronts elsewhere in the World Ocean, SST in the ...
Dudley B. Chelton; Michael G. Schlax; Roger M. Samelson
Wave-Driven Wind Jets in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
The interaction between ocean surface waves and the overlying wind leads to a transfer of momentum across the air�sea interface. Atmospheric and oceanic models typically allow for momentum transfer to be directed only downward, from the ...
Kirsty E. Hanley; Stephen E. Belcher
Precipitation Characteristics of Trade Wind Clouds during RICO Derived from Radar, Satellite, and Aircraft Measurements
Precipitation characteristics of trade wind clouds over the Atlantic Ocean near Barbuda are derived from radar and aircraft data and are compared with satellite-observed cloud fields collected during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) ...
Eric R. Snodgrass; Larry Di Girolamo; Robert M. Rauber
Estimating Contemporary and Future Wind-Damage Losses from Hurricanes Affecting Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
The strongest hurricanes over the North Atlantic Ocean are getting stronger, with the increase related to rising ocean temperature. Here, the authors develop a procedure for estimating future wind losses from hurricanes and apply it to Eglin Air ...
James B. Elsner; Shawn W. Lewers; Jill C. Malmstadt; Thomas H. Jagger
A nonlinear wave load model for extreme and fatigue responses of offshore floating wind turbines
Ocean energy is one of the most important sources of alternative energy and offshore floating wind turbines are considered viable and economical means of harnessing ocean energy. The accurate prediction of nonlinear ...
Lee, Sungho, Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
First State Marine Wind | Open Energy Information
State Marine Wind State Marine Wind Jump to: navigation, search Name First State Marine Wind Facility First State Marine Wind Sector Wind energy Facility Type Offshore Wind Facility Status Proposed Owner Gamesa / Blue Hen Wind Inc Developer First State Marine Wind LLC Location Atlantic Ocean DE Coordinates 38.836°, -75.154° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":38.836,"lon":-75.154,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Wind Energy
FUPWG Meeting FUPWG Meeting NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Robi Robichaud November 18, 2009 Topics Introduction Review of the Current Wind Market Drivers for Wind Development Siting g Issues Wind Resource Assessment Wind Characteristics Wind Power Potential Basic Wind Turbine Theory Basic Wind Turbine Theory Types of Wind Turbines Facts About Wind Siting Facts About Wind Siting Wind Performance 1. United States: MW 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 Current Status of the Wind Industry Total Global Installed Wind Capacity Total Global Installed Wind Capacity Total Global Installed Wind Capacity
Ocean Datasets | Data.gov
Ocean Datasets Ocean Data Tools Technical Guide Map Gallery Regional Planning Feedback Ocean You are here Data.gov Communities Ocean Ocean, Coast, and Great Lakes Planning...
An Assessment of Wave Observations from Ships in Southern Oceans
Observations of wind waves and swell from ship reports are investigated. Comparisons are made between estimates of wave parameters made from ships in southern oceans by calculating correlations as a function of ship separation, and analyzing the ...
A. K. Laing
Interior Communication from the Subtropical to the Tropical Oceans
The communication from the subtropical gyre interior to the Tropics is examined using wind stress datasets and results from an ocean data assimilation system. It is shown that the interior communication can be clarified by a simple interior mass ...
Rui Xin Huang; Qi Wang
Observations of Ekman Currents in the Southern Ocean
Largely zonal winds in the Southern Ocean drive an equatorward Ekman transport that constitutes the shallowest limb of the meridional overturning circulation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Despite its importance, there have been no ...
Yueng-Djern Lenn; Teresa K. Chereskin
An Analysis of Tropical Ocean Diurnal Warm Layers
During periods of light surface wind, a warm stable layer forms at the ocean surface with a maximum sea surface temperature (SST) in the early afternoon. The diurnal SST amplitude (DSA) associated with these diurnal warm layers (DWLs) can reach ...
Hugo Bellenger; Jean-Philippe Duvel
Stochastic Forcing of Ocean Variability by the North Atlantic Oscillation
At middle and high latitudes, the magnitude of stochastic wind stress forcing of the ocean by atmospheric variability on synoptic time scales (i.e., �weather� related variability) is comparable to that of the seasonal cycle. Stochastic forcing ...
Kettyah C. Chhak; Andrew M. Moore; Ralph F. Milliff
Steady, Free Circulation in a Stratified Quasi-Geostrophic Ocean
Steady solutions in which quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity is constant along a streamline of the flow are derived for a baroclinic ocean. Friction, transfer by geostrophic eddies, and wind forcing are treated as high-order effects that serve ...
John Marshall; George Nurser
Intraseasonal Variability Of The Equatorial Indian Ocean Circulation.
??Climatological winds over the equatorial Indian Ocean (EqlO) are westerly most of the year. Twice a year, in April-May ("spring") and October-December ("fall"), strong, sustained� (more)
Senan, Retish
On the Relationship between Southern Ocean Overturning and ACC Transport
The eddy field in the Southern Ocean offsets the impact of strengthening winds on the meridional overturning circulation and Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport. There is widespread belief that the sensitivities of the overturning and ...
Adele K. Morrison; Andrew McC. Hogg
Katabatic Winds on Ice Sheets: A Refinement of the Prandtl Model
Katabatic winds on ice sheets and glaciers are buoyancy-driven flows, much like turbidity currents in the ocean. These winds are driven by radiative cooling of the ice surface and are not resolved by the typical horizontal and vertical ...
R. J. Zammett; A. C. Fowler
On the Existence of a Fully Developed Wind-Sea Spectrum
We consider the energy transfer equation for well-developed ocean waves under the influence of wind, and study the conditions for the existence of an equilibrium solution in which wind input, wave-wave interaction and dissipation balance each ...
G. J. Komen; K. Hasselmann; K. Hasselmann
A Real-Time Hurricane Surface Wind Forecasting Model: Formulation and Verification
A real-time hurricane wind forecast model is developed by 1) incorporating an asymmetric effect into the Holland hurricane wind model; 2) using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Hurricane Center�s (NHC) hurricane ...
Lian Xie; Shaowu Bao; Leonard J. Pietrafesa; Kristen Foley; Montserrat Fuentes
Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Properties Affecting Wind Forecasting in Coastal Regions
Atmospheric boundary-layer properties and processes in gulf and coastal regions have special characteristics that are important in forecasting winds and ocean forcing. Accurate coastal-wind predictions require knowledge of local responses to a ...
Kenneth L. Davidson; Patricia J. Boyle; Peter S. Guest
Comparison of Mean Wind Speeds and Turbulence at a Coastal Site and Offshore Location
Observations of mean wind speed and longitudinal turbulence at a height of 8 m over the Atlantic ocean, 5 km off Long Island, New York, were compared with simultaneous observations at the beach. Results were grouped into wind direction classes ...
S. SethuRaman; G. S. Raynor
Rectified Wind Forcing and Latent Heat Flux Produced by the Madden�Julian Oscillation
Rectification of (Madden�Julian oscillation) MJO-induced wind speed and latent heat flux variations across the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans is estimated using 51 yr of NCEP�NCAR reanalysis. The rectified wind speed anomaly is ...
Toshiaki Shinoda; Harry H. Hendon
Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis of Wind Vectors over the Tropical Pacific Region
The method of empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to wind stress vectors over the tropical Pacific Ocean from 1961 through 1978. It is determined that this vector analysis enables a more thorough analysis of wind components than do ...
David M. Legler
Experimental Study on Wind-Wave Momentum Flux in Strongly Forced Conditions
A quantitative description of wind-wave momentum transfer in high wind conditions is necessary for accurate wave models, storm and hurricane forecasting, and models that require atmosphere�ocean coupling such as circulation and mixed layer models. ...
Ivan B. Savelyev; Brian K. Haus; Mark A. Donelan
Decadal Oceanic Response to Stochastic Wind Forcing
The low-frequency linear eigenmodes of the reduced-gravity shallow-water equations with weak friction are calculated numerically and using an analytic approximation. For basins with a large variation of the Coriolis parameter, large-scale ...
Paola Cessi; St�phanie Louazel
The Wind-driven Circulation: Quasi-geostrophic Simulations and Theory for Nonsymmetric Winds
Simulations of the wind-driven Ocean circulation, carded out with an eddy-resolving quasi-geostrophic numerical model, and symmetric, idealized wind forcing have a large-scale structure that is predicted wen by the steady nonlinear theory of ...
Peter B. Rhines; Richard Schopp
Interannual-to-Decadal Variations of Tropical�Subtropical Exchange in the Pacific Ocean: Boundary versus Interior Pycnocline Transports
Interannual-to-decadal variations of tropical�subtropical mass exchange in the Pacific Ocean are investigated using a near-global ocean general circulation model along with satellite observations of sea level and wind and a data assimilation ...
Tong Lee; Ichiro Fukumori
Dynamical Ocean Forcing of the Madden�Julian Oscillation at Lead Times of up to Five Months
The authors show that a simple three-dimensional ocean model linearized about a resting basic state can accurately simulate the dynamical ocean response to wind forcing by the Madden�Julian oscillation (MJO). This includes the propagation of ...
Benjamin G. M. Webber; David P. Stevens; Adrian J. Matthews; Karen J. Heywood
Variations in the Flow of the Global Atmosphere Associated with a Composite Convectively Coupled Oceanic Kelvin Wave
Kelvin waves in the Pacific Ocean occasionally develop and propagate eastward together with anomalies of deep convection and low-level westerly wind. This pattern suggests coupling between the oceanic waves and atmospheric convection. A simple ...
Paul E. Roundy; Lynn M. Gribble-Verhagen
How Much Energy Is Transferred from the Winds to the Thermocline on ENSO Time Scales?
How Much Energy Is Transferred from the Winds to the Thermocline on ENSO Time Scales? JACLYN N the winds (via wind power) and changes in the storage of available potential energy in the tropical ocean~o is characterized by a decrease in wind power that leads to a decrease in available potential energy, and hence
Wind load reduction for heliostats
This report presents the results of wind-tunnel tests supported through the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) by the Office of Solar Thermal Technology of the US Department of Energy as part of the SERI research effort on innovative concentrators. As gravity loads on drive mechanisms are reduced through stretched-membrane technology, the wind-load contribution of the required drive capacity increases in percentage. Reduction of wind loads can provide economy in support structure and heliostat drive. Wind-tunnel tests have been directed at finding methods to reduce wind loads on heliostats. The tests investigated primarily the mean forces, moments, and the possibility of measuring fluctuating forces in anticipation of reducing those forces. A significant increase in ability to predict heliostat wind loads and their reduction within a heliostat field was achieved.
Peterka, J.A.; Hosoya, N.; Bienkiewicz, B.; Cermak, J.E.
EIA: Wind
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Technical information and data on the wind energy industry from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
A Simple Ice�Ocean Model for the Greenland Sea
A steady, coupled model of the upper ocean circulation and ice cover in a meridional channel is presented and applied to the Greenland Sea. The main ocean gyre is driven by wind stress; however a nonzero boundary condition on meridional velocity ...
Rosemary G. Wood; Lawrence A. Mysak
Choked Flows from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean
The author considers two oceanic basins separated by a meridional wall. The wall contains a gap that is initially blocked by a gate; westward winds are allowed to blow over the two-layered oceans creating western boundary currents and a sea level ...
Doron Nof
Interactive Feedback between ENSO and the Indian Ocean
A feedback process of the Indian Ocean SST on ENSO is investigated by using observed data and atmospheric GCM. It is suggested that warming in the Indian Ocean produces an easterly wind stress anomaly over Indonesia and the western edge of the ...
Jong-Seong Kug; In-Sik Kang
Deepwater Wind Farm | Open Energy Information
Deepwater Wind Farm Deepwater Wind Farm Jump to: navigation, search Name Deepwater Wind Farm Facility Deepwater Wind Farm Sector Wind energy Facility Type Offshore Wind Facility Status Proposed Owner PSEG Renewable Generation / Deepwater Wind LLC Developer Garden State Offshore Energy Location Atlantic Ocean NJ Coordinates 39.091°, -74.306° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":39.091,"lon":-74.306,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Deposition of Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas Turbine ...
Wind Energy Industrial Technologies Advanced Materials Deposition of Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas Turbine Blades Sandia National ...
Review and summary of Solar Thermal Conversion Program planning assistance
The Solar Thermal Conversion Program comprises a major part of the national solar energy program which must be continuously reviewed and modified where necessary. Modifications are typically required to reflect technical achievements and uncertainties which arise from within the program or from other technical programs, changes in budgets available for supporting the program as well as internal program funding priorities, changing goals such as through acceleration or stretch-out of the program schedule, significant organizational changes involving responsible governmental agencies, the introduction of new project management support contractors, and required budget or schedule changes occurring within individual projects that make up the Solar Thermal Conversion Program. The Aerospace Corporation has provided data to assist in planning, review, coordination, and documentation of the overall Solar Thermal Conversion Program. The Solar Thermal Conversion Program Plan is described in detail. Sections 2.0 through 5.0 cover the discussion and detail planning covering the objectives, justification, basic and alternative plans, budgets, and schedules for the Solar Thermal sub-unit portion of the Solar Electric Applications effort. Appendices B1, B2, and B3 include the March 21, March 28, and April 5, 1975, Program Plan submissions of the complete Solar Electric Applications effort. In Appendix B the Solar Thermal, Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Energy, and Ocean Thermal sub-unit texts have been condensed and formatted for integration in the overall ERDA budget package. (WHK)
Wind Blog
wind-blog Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable wind-blog Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585 en Two Facilities, One Goal: Advancing America's Wind Industry http://energy.gov/eere/articles/two-facilities-one-goal-advancing-america-s-wind-industry wind-industry" class="title-link">Two Facilities, One Goal: Advancing America's Wind Industry Two state-of-the-art wind turbine drivetrain test facilities are now
Analysis and Prediction of Ocean Swell Using Instrumented Buoys
During the period 20�23 September 1990, the remnants of Supertyphoon Flo moved into the central North Pacific Ocean with sustained wind speeds of 28 m s?1. The strong wind and large fetch area associated with this storm generated long-period ...
Theodore Mettlach; David Wang; Paul Wittmann
Oceanic shipping soundscapes.
Shipping and wind are key sources in the oceanic soundscape that affects marine mammal habitats. A new method of forming such soundscapes is presented. Frequency and range dependent transmission losses are precomputed from a grid of virtual sources using fast ray computations (BELLHOP) on a specified number of radial lines. Each radial line samples the bathymetry along its bearing out to a given maximum range. A shipping soundscape is then estimated by assigning a source spectral density level (dB re 1 ? Pa2/Hz) and a shipping density (number of ships per unit area per unit time) to the various grid nodes. Such density values are obtained directly from ships carrying an automatic identification system (AIS) that transmit information such as ship type
Christian de Moustier; Michael Porter
Scott Wilson Oceans | Open Energy Information
Oceans Oceans Jump to: navigation, search Name Scott Wilson Oceans Place Chesterfield, United Kingdom Zip S30 1JF Sector Wind energy Product Specialist in the engineering of onshore and offshore wind farm technology. Coordinates 37.376844°, -77.508252° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":37.376844,"lon":-77.508252,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Observations of Directional Relaxation of Wind Sea Spectra
Two-dimensional wave spectra were acquired through a NOAA Experimental Research Buoy in 34 m of water off the North Carolina coast (Atlantic Ocean). These are analyzed in ideal wave-growth situations and under rapidly turning winds. The ...
J. H. Allender; J. Albrecht; G. Hamilton
A Global Climatology of Wind�Wave Interaction
Generally, ocean waves are thought to act as a drag on the surface wind so that momentum is transferred downward, from the atmosphere into the waves. Recent observations have suggested that when long wavelength waves�which are characteristic of ...
Kirsty E. Hanley; Stephen E. Belcher; Peter P. Sullivan
Analyses of MTI Imagery of Power Plant Thermal Discharge
MTI images of thermal discharge from three power plants are analyzed in this paper with the aid of a 3-D hydrodynamic code. The power plants use different methods to dissipate waste heat in the environment: a cooling lake at Comanche Peak, ocean discharge at Pilgrim and cooling canals at Turkey Point. This paper shows that it is possible to reproduce the temperature distributions captured in MTI imagery with accurate code inputs, but the key parameters change from site to site. Wind direction and speed are the most important parameters at Pilgrim, whereas air temperatures and dewpoint temperatures are most important at Comanche Peak and Turkey Point. This paper also shows how the combination of high-resolution thermal imagery and hydrodynamic simulation lead to better understanding of the mechanisms by which waste heat is dissipated in the environment.
Garrett, A.J.
Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow on the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) on the circulation and thermal structure of the Pacific and Indian Oceans are studied by comparing solutions of a near-global ocean general circulation model with open and closed Indonesian passages ...
Tong Lee; Ichiro Fukumori; Dimitris Menemenlis; Zhangfan Xing; Lee-Lueng Fu
Scales of Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Inferred form Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Buoy Array
The highly temporally resolved time series from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean moored buoy array are used to evaluate the scales of thermal variability in the upper equatorial Pacific. The TAO array consists of nearly 70 deep-ocean moorings ...
William S. Kessler; M. C. Spillane; Michael J. McPhaden; D. E. Harrison
Variations in Ocean Surface Temperature due to Near-Surface Flow: Straining the Cool Skin Layer
The aqueous thermal boundary layer near to the ocean surface, or skin layer, has thickness O(1 mm) and plays an important role in controlling the exchange of heat between the atmosphere and the ocean. Theoretical arguments and experimental ...
Andrew J. Wells; Claudia Cenedese; J. Thomas Farrar; Christopher J. Zappa
Ocean Map | Data.gov
Map Ocean Data Tools Technical Guide Map Gallery Regional Planning Feedback Ocean You are here Data.gov Communities Ocean Map Gallery Planning for ocean, coastal, and Great...
Standards for Municipal Small Wind Regulations and Small Wind...
Standards for Municipal Small Wind Regulations and Small Wind Model Wind Ordinance Standards for Municipal Small Wind Regulations and Small Wind Model Wind Ordinance Eligibility...
Wind Turbines
Although all wind turbines operate on similar principles, several varieties are in use today. These include horizontal axis turbines and vertical axis turbines.
Systems Performance Analyses of Alaska Wind-Diesel Projects; Toksook Bay, Alaska (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet summarizes a systems performance analysis of the wind-diesel project in Toksook Bay, Alaska. Data provided for this project include community load data, average wind turbine output, average diesel plant output, thermal load data, average net capacity factor, optimal net capacity factor based on Alaska Energy Authority wind data, average net wind penetration, estimated fuel savings, and wind system availability.
Baring-Gould, I.
Systems Performance Analyses of Alaska Wind-Diesel Projects; Selawik, Alaska (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet summarizes a systems performance analysis of the wind-diesel project in Selawik, Alaska. Data provided for this project include community load data, wind turbine output, diesel plant output, thermal load data, average wind speed, average net capacity factor, optimal net capacity factor based on Alaska Energy Authority wind data, average net wind penetration, and estimated fuel savings.
The Solar Wind and Its Interaction with the Interstellar Medium
to the solar wind speed and have an initial temperature equal to the solar wind energy, about 1 keV. Figure 7 and their subsequent acceleration to the solar wind speed at the expense of the flow energy in the thermal solar wind that the slowdown is about 17% near the TS (Richardson et al. 2008a), so roughly 30% of the solar wind flow energy
Richardson, John
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) - Bangladesh...
made over the globe for production of electrical and thermal energy. Success of wind and solar energy projects require detailed and precise information on the resources. For most...
Large Scale, Low Frequency Variability of the 1979 FGGE Surface Buoy Drifts and Winds over the Southern Hemisphere
The surface response of the Southern Hemisphere's oceans to the large spatial scale, interseasonal changes in wind forcing during the FGGE year of 1979 is investigated. The primary data are the analyzed daily wind fields, and the trajectories of ...
W. G. Large; H. Van Loon
The response of the Red Sea to a strong wind jet near the Tokar Gap in summer
Remote sensing and in situ observations are used to investigate the ocean response to the Tokar Wind Jet in the Red Sea. The wind jet blows down the pressure gradient through the Tokar Gap on the Sudanese coast, at about ...
Zhai, Ping, S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bayesian Inference for Wind Field Retrieval
In many problems in spatial statistics it is necessary to infer a global problem solution by combining local models. A principled approach to this problem is to develop a global probabilistic model for the relationships between local variables and to use this as the prior in a Bayesian inference procedure. We show how a Gaussian process with hyper-parameters estimated from Numerical Weather Prediction Models yields meteorologically convincing wind fields. We use neural networks to make local estimates of wind vector probabilities. The resulting inference problem cannot be solved analytically, but Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods allow us to retrieve accurate wind fields. Keywords: Bayesian inference; surface winds; spatial priors; Gaussian Processes 2 Bayesian Inference for Wind Field Retrieval 1 Introduction Satellite borne scatterometers are designed to retrieve surface winds over the oceans. These observations enhance the initial conditions supplied to Numerical Weather Predictio...
Dan Cornford And; Dan Cornford; Ian T. Nabney; Christopher K. I. Williams
Bluewater Wind Rhode Island | Open Energy Information
Rhode Island Rhode Island Jump to: navigation, search Name Bluewater Wind Rhode Island Facility Bluewater Wind Rhode Island Sector Wind energy Facility Type Offshore Wind Facility Status Proposed Owner NRG Bluewater Wind Developer NRG Bluewater Wind Location Atlantic Ocean RI Coordinates 41.357°, -71.152° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":41.357,"lon":-71.152,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Palmetto Wind Research Project | Open Energy Information
Wind Research Project Wind Research Project Jump to: navigation, search Name Palmetto Wind Research Project Facility Palmetto Wind Research Project Sector Wind energy Facility Type Offshore Wind Facility Status Proposed Owner Santee Cooper Developer South Carolina Energy Office / Santee Cooper / Coastal Carolina University Location Atlantic Ocean SC Coordinates 33.534°, -78.59° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":33.534,"lon":-78.59,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
NREL: Wind Research - Large Wind Turbine Research
Wind Research Search More Search Options Site Map Printable Version Large Wind Turbine Research NREL's utility scale wind system research addresses performance and...
Wind Powering America: Wind Events
Wind Powering America (EERE)
calendar.asp Lists upcoming wind calendar.asp Lists upcoming wind power-related events. en-us email@example.com (Julie Jones) http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/wpa_logo_sm.jpg Wind Powering America: Wind Events http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/calendar.asp Pennsylvania Wind for Schools Educator Workshop https://www.regonline.com/builder/site/Default.aspx?EventID=1352684 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4068 Wed, 4 Dec 2013 00:00:00 MST 2014 Joint Action Workshop http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=3996 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=3996 Mon, 21 Oct 2013 00:00:00 MST AWEA Wind Project Operations and Maintenance and Safety Seminar http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4009 http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/filter_detail.asp?itemid=4009 Mon, 21
Winds over the World Sea: Maury and K�ppen
In response to the needs of the ocean traders and military shipping during the nineteenth century, Matthew Maury (1806�73) and Wiadimir K�ppen (1846�1940) worked in tandem to create wind charts for the World Ocean. In the early part of the ...
J. M. Lewis
NREL Computer Models Integrate Wind Turbines with Floating Platforms (Fact Sheet)
Far off the shores of energy-hungry coastal cities, powerful winds blow over the open ocean, where the water is too deep for today's seabed-mounted offshore wind turbines. For the United States to tap into these vast offshore wind energy resources, wind turbines must be mounted on floating platforms to be cost effective. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are supporting that development with computer models that allow detailed analyses of such floating wind turbines.
Wind Bias from Sub-optimal Estimation Due to Geophysical Modeling Error Paul E. Johnson and David G . Long
Wind Bias from Sub-optimal Estimation Due to Geophysical Modeling Error -Wind I Paul E. Johnson (which relates the wind to the normalized radar cross section, NRCS, of the ocean surface) is uncertainty in the NRCS for given wind conditions. When the estimated variability is in- cluded in the maximum likelihood
Long, David G.
Extreme Winds and Wind Effects on Structures. Description/Summary: The Building and Fire Research Laboratory has an ...
Ocean Model Diagnosis of Interannual Coevolving SST Variability in the South Indian and South Atlantic Oceans
A global ocean model (ORCA2) forced with 50 yr of NCEP�NCAR reanalysis winds and heat fluxes has been used to investigate the evolution and forcing of interannual dipolelike sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the South Indian and South ...
J. C. Hermes; C. J. C. Reason
Wind Energy Leasing Handbook
Wind Energy Leasing Handbook Wind Energy Leasing Handbook E-1033 Oklahoma Cooperative Extension?..................................................................................................................... 31 What do wind developers consider in locating wind energy projects?............................................................................................ 37 How do companies and individuals invest in wind energy projects?....................................................................
Balasundaram, Balabhaskar "Baski"
Wind Powering America: New England Wind Forum
About the New England Wind Forum About the New England Wind Forum New England Wind Energy Education Project Historic Wind Development in New England State Activities Projects in New England Building Wind Energy in New England Wind Resource Wind Power Technology Economics Markets Siting Policy Technical Challenges Issues Small Wind Large Wind Newsletter Perspectives Events Quick Links to States CT MA ME NH RI VT Bookmark and Share The New England Wind Forum was conceived in 2005 as a platform to provide a single, comprehensive and objective source of up-to-date, Web-based information on a broad array of wind-energy-related issues pertaining to New England. The New England Wind Forum provides information to wind energy stakeholders through Web site features, periodic newsletters, and outreach activities. The New England Wind Forum covers the most frequently discussed wind energy topics.
File:QuikSCAT - Annual Wind Speed at 10 m.pdf | Open Energy Information
QuikSCAT - Annual Wind Speed at 10 m.pdf QuikSCAT - Annual Wind Speed at 10 m.pdf Jump to: navigation, search File File history File usage QuikSCAT - Annual Wind Speed at 10 m Size of this preview: 463 × 599 pixels. Other resolution: 464 × 600 pixels. Full resolution (1,275 × 1,650 pixels, file size: 1.19 MB, MIME type: application/pdf) Title Annual Wind Speed at 10 m Description QuikSCAT - Annual Wind Speed at 10 m Sources NREL, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Extent International Coordinates 0°, 0° Scatterometer measurements of the state of the ocean surface are used to estimate 10-m ocean winds in the QuikSCAT satellite data set. The QuikSCAT data are produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ocean Vector Winds Science
Wind Power
Power As the accompanying map of New Mexico shows, the best wind power generation potential near WIPP is along the Delaware Mountain ridge line of the southern Guadalupe Mountains,...
Wind News
news Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable news Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585 en New Report Shows Trend Toward Larger Offshore Wind Systems, with 11 Advanced Stage Projects Proposed in U.S. Waters http://energy.gov/eere/articles/new-report-shows-trend-toward-larger-offshore-wind-systems-11-advanced-stage-projects wind-systems-11-advanced-stage-projects" class="title-link">New Report Shows Trend Toward Larger Offshore Wind Systems, with 11 Advanced Stage Projects Proposed in U.S. Waters
Wind Forcing over the Southwest Atlantic: Comparison between Observations and ECMWF Analyses
Oceanic variability in the southwest Atlantic is dominated by temporal scales at the annual, semiannual, and few-month periods. It is now examined if the timescales present in the local wind forcing (wind vector and wind stress curl) match the ...
Christelle Escoffier; Christine Provost
A Lagrangian Description of the Western Equatorial Pacific Response to the Wind Burst of December 1992: Heat Advection in the Warm Pool
During the Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) intensive observing period (IOP), sustained westerly winds were observed between 20 December 1992 and 10 January 1993 in the area between 155�...
Elise A. Ralph; Kenong Bi; Pearn P. Niiler; Yves du Penhoat
ocean | OpenEI
ocean ocean Dataset Summary Description This shapefile represents the seasonal winter depth profile to reach water at a temperature of 20ºC. Source NREL Date Released October 28th, 2012 (2 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords depth profile hydrokinetic ocean ocean energy ocean thermal energy conversion OTEC seawater cooling thermal Data application/zip icon OTEC Seawater Cooling 20ºC Depth Profile - Winter Average (zip, 1.1 MiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Peer Reviewed Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Time Period March 2009 - February 2011 License License Other or unspecified, see optional comment below Comment This GIS data was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ("NREL"), which is operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE"). The user is granted the right, without any fee or cost, to use, copy, modify, alter, enhance and distribute this data for any purpose whatsoever, provided that this entire notice appears in all copies of the data. Further, the user of this data agrees to credit NREL in any publications or software that incorporate or use the data. Access to and use of the GIS data shall further impose the following obligations on the User. The names DOE/NREL may not be used in any advertising or publicity to endorse or promote any product or commercial entity using or incorporating the GIS data unless specific written authorization is obtained from DOE/NREL. The User also understands that DOE/NREL shall not be obligated to provide updates, support, consulting, training or assistance of any kind whatsoever with regard to the use of the GIS data. THE GIS DATA IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DOE/NREL BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM AN ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE ACCESS OR USE OF THE GIS DATA. The User acknowledges that access to the GIS data is subject to U.S. Export laws and regulations and any use or transfer of the GIS data must be authorized under those regulations. The User shall not use, distribute, transfer, or transmit GIS data or any products incorporating the GIS data except in compliance with U.S. export regulations. If requested by DOE/NREL, the User agrees to sign written assurances and other export-related documentation as may be required to comply with U.S. export regulations.
Mixing and Energetics of the Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation
Using an idealized tube model and scaling analysis, the physics supporting the oceanic thermohaline circulation is examined. Thermal circulation in the tube model can be classified into two categories. When the cooling source is at a level higher ...
Rui Xin Huang
Data Assimilation Tests with an Oceanic Mixed-Layer Model
A data assimilation technique using a one-dimensional, ocean mixed-layer model to advance the thermal structure observations to the analysis time is tested. The effects of insertions of erroneous temperature profiles in such a model are studied ...
Russell L. Elsberry; Larry L. Warrenfelt
A Laboratory Model of Vertical Ocean Circulation Driven by Mixing
A model of deep ocean circulation driven by turbulent mixing is produced in a long, rectangular laboratory tank. The salinity difference is substituted for the thermal difference between tropical and polar regions. Freshwater gently flows in at ...
J. A. Whitehead; Wei Wang
The Effect of the Ocean Eddy on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
The rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina followed by the devastation of the U.S. Gulf States highlights the critical role played by an upper-oceanic thermal structure (such as the ocean eddy or Loop Current) in affecting the development of ...
Chun-Chieh Wu; Chia-Ying Lee; I-I. Lin
Hydropower and Ocean Energy Resources and Technologies | Department of
Hydropower and Ocean Energy Resources and Technologies Hydropower and Ocean Energy Resources and Technologies Hydropower and Ocean Energy Resources and Technologies October 7, 2013 - 9:29am Addthis Photo of water flowing from several openings in a hydropower dam. Hydropower produces 10% of the nation's energy, including power from the Ice Harbor Dam in Burbank, Washington. This page provides a brief overview of hydropower and ocean energy resources and technologies supplemented by specific information to apply these technologies within the Federal sector. Overview Hydropower has been used for centuries to power machinery, but the application most commonly associated with hydropower is electricity production through dams. Ocean energy refers to various forms of renewable energy harnessed from the ocean. There are two primary types of ocean energy: mechanical and thermal.
NREL: Wind Research - Wind Resource Assessment
Wind Resource Assessment Wind Resource Assessment A map of the United States is color-coded to indicate the high winds at 80 meters. This map shows the wind resource at 80 meters for both land-based and offshore wind resources in the United States. Correct estimation of the energy available in the wind can make or break the economics of wind plant development. Wind mapping and validation techniques developed at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) along with collaborations with U.S. companies have produced high-resolution maps of the United States that provide wind plant developers with accurate estimates of the wind resource potential. State Wind Maps International Wind Resource Maps Dynamic Maps, GIS Data, and Analysis Tools Due to the existence of special use airspace (SUA) (i.e., military airspace
New England Wind Forum: Wind Power Technology
Wind Power Technology Wind Power Technology Modern wind turbines have become sophisticated power plants while the concept of converting wind energy to electrical energy remains quite simple. Follow these links to learn more about the science behind wind turbine technology. Wind Power Animation An image of a scene from the wind power animation. The animation shows how moving air rotates a wind turbine's blades and describes how the internal components work to produce electricity. It shows small and large wind turbines and the differences between how they are used, as stand alone or connected to the utility grid. How Wind Turbines Work Learn how wind turbines make electricity; what are the types, sizes, and applications of wind turbines; and see an illustration of the components inside a wind turbine.
Balancing of Wind Power.
?? In the future, renewable energy share, especially wind power share, in electricity generation is expected to increase. Due to nature of the wind, wind� (more)
�lker, Muhammed Akif
Wind-Stress Coefficients at Light Winds
The increase of the wind-stress coefficient with wind velocity was found to start with winds as light as 3 m s?1, below which, following the formula for aerodynamically smooth flows, the wind-stress coefficient decreases as the wind velocity ...
Jin Wu
The Dynamics of an Upper-Level Trough in the Baroclinic Westerlies: Analysis Based upon Data from a Wind Profiler Network
Hourly wind data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's demonstration network of 404-MHz profilers in the central United States and hourly wind data from the standard National Weather Service surface network are used to ...
Howard B. Bluestein; Douglas A. Speheger
About Ocean Community | Data.gov
About Ocean Community Ocean Data Tools Technical Guide Map Gallery Regional Planning Feedback Ocean You are here Data.gov Communities Ocean About Ocean Community This...
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion LUIS A. VEGA
demand due to emerging economies like China, India, and Brazil. Coal and natural gas resources 7296 O. It seems sensible toconsider OTEC as one of the renewable energy technologies of the future. Introduction