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Welcome to the ZEGG Community!
Communal Living as an Alternative to Profit and Consumer Mentality
The ZEGG community comprises 100 people living and working cooperatively. Our deepest inspiration is bringing two aspects of change together - a sustainable way of living and space for inner growth. ZEGG is a living experiment and a place for transformation. Our festivals and seminars offer you an insight into this. They can touch you deeply and open new worlds of connectedness, responsibility and heartfelt communication. Welcome!
We Refuse to be Enemies – Continuation of the Vision Camp for Peace in Israel-Palestine
As an immediate response to the war in Israel-Palestine, Sabine Lichtenfels initiated a Vision Camp in the West-bank, July 23rd – 29th, which hosted around 50 participants from Israel, Palestine and beyond.
Summer Camp Photo-Reportage
The Summer Camp 2014 was a 10-day living experiment on the way to a Society for the Common Good. Watch our fotoblog in several parts: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3
The fotographers Ingo and Susanne hope you enjoy it.
415 Participants from 37 Countries Gave New Impulses to the Ecovillage Movement
The conference of GEN Europe from June 9-14 took this year place in ZEGG. It showed a record and a milestone: never before did so many people from the European ecovillage movement meet in such a fruitful and joyous atmosphere.
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08.05.2015 - 10.05.2015
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15.05.2015 - 17.05.2015
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Arab Spring, Shoots, and Leaves: What made the uprisings, and where might they go?Date: 28 November 2011 Time: 4.00pm-6.00 pm Venue: FASS Building, Meeting Room 3 The Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion is hosting a seminar on: >Arab Spring, Shoots, and Leaves: what made the uprisings, and where might they go? With Nicholas Coombs, UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Visiting Research Fellow, PPR, Lancaster University Monday 28 November 4-6pm FASS Building, Meeting Room 3 > This seminar is free and open to all. In his wide ranging talk Nicholas Coombs will be exploring a range of questions surrounding the 'Arab Spring' including:> · What were the similarities and differences in the Arab Spring(s)? > · What was the role of mass communication and where was the 'state'> · Where does this leave the al-qa'ida 'narrative'?> · Is democracy incompatible with Islam? > · Western, and regional, diplomatic reactions.Where does it leave the old relationships, current expectations, and credibility?> · Syria and the struggle for the meaning of the word revolution (al-thawra)> · The importance of docility andthe fear of something worse> Nic Coombswent to Cambridge in 1981 to read English. He joined the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1984. He then went to SOAS, in London, to study Arabic and then further language study in Cairo. Thereafter his working life has been principally working in, on or connected with the Middle East and Islam. He is currently a Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion at Lancaster University. >> Contact: Who can attend: Anyone Further informationOrganising departments and research centres: Politics, Philosophy and Religion PPR |
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In a letter to congressional leaders, the National Community Pharmacists Association gave its take on how pharmacy compounding safety and oversight could be improved without impacting patient access to compounded medications.
Retail News Breaks
ALEXANDRIA, Va. – In a letter to congressional leaders, the National Community Pharmacists Association gave its take on how pharmacy compounding safety and oversight could be improved without impacting patient access to compounded medications.
NCPA said Thursday that chief executive officer B. Douglas Hoey wrote a letter to Reps. Fred Upton (R., Mich.) and Henry Waxman (D., Calif.), respectively chairman and ranking member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, to reiterate the views of community pharmacists on how to help prevent a recurrence of the 2012 meningitis tragedy. At the same time, he noted that measures cannot impeding patients' ability to get customized medications, which are prescribed by doctors and prepared pharmacists when off-the-shelf manufactured drugs aren't an option.
"Compounding is the backbone of pharmacy practice and, for many decades, independent community pharmacists have provided millions of adults, children and animals with access to safe, effective and affordable medications through compounding services," Hoey explained in the letter. "Compounding can help bridge the gaps during times of drug shortages. Drug shortages have nearly tripled, according to the FDA, and their impact can be devastating."
The House committee has conducted an investigation and held hearings on how the meningitis outbreak was handled by the Food and Drug Administration and state regulators. According to NCPA, as Congress returns from its August recess, the panel is actively considering policy or legislative changes to prevent a similar public health crisis from reoccurring.
In the letter, NCPA commended the work done by the House panel to review the meningitis outbreak and noted that, going forward, lawmakers should avoid acting or legislating "in a manner that interferes with the triad relationship of patient-physician-pharmacist, and prevents patients from obtaining their necessary compounded medications."
The association indicated that it can't support a Senate proposal (S. 959) as currently written because it would inadvertently "create unnecessary federal regulatory burdens, hamper independent community pharmacies from providing medications to patients with unique health needs, and far exceeds a targeted approach to prevent another tragedy such as NECC." S. 959 would require community pharmacies to report directly to the FDA when compounding medications to alleviate a drug shortage.
In addition, NCPA pointed out in the letter, S. 959 would jeopardize patient access to vital medications by directing FDA to maintain a "do not compound" list, which could potentially be used by the agency to prevent compounding in response to a doctor's prescription for medications such as hormone medications, thyroid preparations, promethazine gels and medications to treat autism.
NCPA said that it supports the efforts of Rep. Morgan Griffith (R., Va.) to craft bipartisan House legislation based on the "discussion draft" legislation posted on the committee's Website. The proposal "rightfully maintains state board of pharmacy oversight of traditional compounding pharmacies while strengthening badly needed two-way communications between the FDA and state boards of pharmacy," the letter said.
Other provisions in the legislation would safeguard patient access to key medications from pharmacies at hospitals and doctor's offices and clarify the authority of FDA and other regulators to go after any "bad actors," such as the New England Compounding Center (NECC), according to NCPA.
"NCPA looks forward to working with Congress to preserve access to vital compounded medications while best addressing the practices surrounding the NECC tragedy," Hoey stated.


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Feature Request #4035
Nested validation objects
Status: | New | Start date: | 06/03/2011 | |
Priority: | Normal | Due date: | ||
Assignee: | - | % Done: | 0% | |
Category: | Core | |||
Target version: | Unscheduled | |||
Resolution: | Points: |
I would like the ability to validate multi-dimensional arrays and I think allowing the validation objects to be nested is the right solution.
Here is a quick example of the possible syntax. Will be working on a proof of concept soon.
$data = array( 'one' => 'Hello, World!', 'two' => array( 'a' => 'foo', 'b' => 'bar', ), ); Validation::factory($data) ->rule('one', 'not_empty') ->rule('two', 'is_array')// You can still validate the entire array as one rule ->rule('two', Validation::factory($data['two'])// Any validation object ->rule('a', 'not_empty') ->rule('b', 'not_empty') );
Adding the functionality is as simple as checking if the rule callback is an instanceof Validation instead of a callback and running check() on it... managing the errors is a little harder but we can figure that out. We could also make it a different method instead of adapting rule() but those are specifics.
Thoughts? :)
Related issues
#1 Updated by Jeremy Bush almost 4 years ago
- Target version changed from v3.2.0 to v3.3.0
#2 Updated by Kiall Mac Innes almost 4 years ago
Not sure I like the syntax for consistency reasons, we use dot notation in other areas of Kohana, why not continue to? (Even if internally, it generates a new validation object etc as your example does)
Validation::factory($data) ->rule('one', 'not_empty') ->rule('two', 'is_array') ->rule('two.a', 'not_empty') ->rule('two.b', 'not_empty');
#3 Updated by Lorenzo Pisani almost 4 years ago
- Target version changed from v3.3.0 to v3.2.0
Me and zombor kind of dislike dot notation because it's valid for array keys. It also actually makes the class more complicated (at least how I was trying to do it). I had initially tried doing something like that but was having issues with the storage of errors. Also, `Arr::path` is quite slow (not sure if that matters too much). What exactly don't you like? Would you be more likely to use something like this?
Validation::factory($data) ->rule('a', 'not_empty') ->validation(Validation::factory(...) ->rule('b', 'not_empty'));
My main issue is with the setting of data to the inner validation object so maybe it is best to do that automatically inside Validation.
#4 Updated by Kiall Mac Innes almost 4 years ago
As I said, I'm simply going for consistency throughout here .. The originally suggested syntax is fine, I'm simply saying it's not consistent with how we handle nested arrays elsewhere... (which is basically .. umm .. just config off the top of my head .. so maybe just ignore me!)
#5 Updated by Isaiah DeRose-Wilson almost 4 years ago
I dislike the dot notation syntax too. I think being able to inject a validation object in for a field rule would be very handy. It would also make reusing validation objects easier.
Unfortunately, as much as I would like to have this included in 3.2, I think it's probably best if we wait until 3.3 to add this change. However, this change would be backwards compatibility and not too much work to add... I'm open to including it in 3.2 if the other devs agree. We are pretty much at (or should be) our feature-freeze deadline though.
#6 Updated by Jeremy Bush almost 4 years ago
- Target version changed from v3.2.0 to v3.3.0
#7 Updated by Raitis Stengrevics over 3 years ago
I prefer dot notation, but do what's the best.
P.S. Sorry for duplicate, didn't saw this.
#8 Updated by Jeremy Bush about 3 years ago
- Target version changed from v3.3.0 to Unscheduled


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Avon • Be Spontaneous • Fragrances
(8 reviews)
Average Rating. | 3.8 |
Would buy this product again. | 50% |
Ingredients |
AnnM27 on 2/6/2009 12:59:00 AM more reviews by AnnM27
Age: 25-29 Skin: Acne-prone, Fair Hair: Brown Eyes: Blue
Light notes yes, but too many floral ones. I felt like a walking bouquet.
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
kindergirl on 3/20/2007 10:35:00 PM more reviews by kindergirl
Age: 30-35 Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Neutral Hair: Blond, Straight, Medium Eyes: Blue
I have finally figured out what this perfume smells like! It smells EXACTLY the same as BBW White Cherry Blossom products! I love WCB, which explains why I am so fond of this perfume from Avon - the staying power is weak, but I actually like that about it - I hate strong perfumes that will not dissapate and choke me all day, and this definitly does not do that! Wont' repurchase though, because White Cherry Blossom is more readily available in a variety of products, and at my local mall.
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
*TOP REVIEWER* atomic_girl on 12/17/2006 3:31:00 PM more reviews by atomic_girl
Age: 25-29 Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Neutral Hair: Brown, Curly, Medium Eyes: Hazel
The scent of Be Spontaneous is fresh and floral, with hints of fruit and greens. It's generic, but pretty, and would work well for teens (that's not to say that adults can't wear it, though!) Unfortunately, the staying power is very weak. It's strong when it first goes on, but fades way too quickly.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
*TOP REVIEWER* Justina17 on 7/30/2006 8:13:00 PM more reviews by Justina17
Age: 25-29 Skin: Combination Hair: Brunette Eyes: Hazel
Although I would not buy this again I have to say it pleasantly surprised me. I bought it as a gift for my niece (came with the free powder) and decided to check it out first. It was very nice. Flowery but in a young girl kind of way. It was super cheap. The bottle looks cute from a distance but up close you can tell it's cheap.
I don't regret having bought this for her but I would never get it for myself. Definitely for teen and 20's crowd.
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*TOP REVIEWER* missamerica32 on 7/27/2006 4:57:00 PM more reviews by missamerica32
Age: 19-24 Skin: Acne-prone Hair: Brown Eyes: Brown
Smells so much like DKNY Be Delicious to me! It's a nice clean scent, too bad Avon can't seem to improve their staying power with the perfumes. :o( That's why I only gave it 4 lippies...
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*TOP REVIEWER* AndreaMCA on 7/20/2006 12:52:00 PM more reviews by AndreaMCA
Age: 30-35 Skin: Oily, Medium Hair: Brown Eyes: Brown
My new favorite scent. I was looking for a new perfume after I ran out of my beloved Happy(Clinique). I bought one by Tommy Hilfiger and used it a few times that is until I purchased this one. Its a light semi sweet floral scen. It smells so nice and clean. It smells especially nice with the body powder and body creme. Can't wait to get the body mist.
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Sandie58 on 7/20/2006 12:14:00 PM more reviews by Sandie58
Age: 44-55 Skin: Combination Hair: Blond Eyes: Hazel
I'm usually not much for floral fragrances. But this one is nice. It's a soft floral that isn't over-the-top sweet smelling. It does have nice staying power. I bought the fragrance first, and liked it so much; I purchased the shower gel (very nice!) and the body cream (which I absolutely love!). For the price, under $20 for all three pieces, it's a keeper!
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
*TOP REVIEWER* siamesekiss on 7/19/2006 7:14:00 PM more reviews by siamesekiss
Age: 30-35 Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium Hair: Brunette Eyes: Brown
I have to say it's pretty true to scent as far as the little scratch and sniff page in the catalog. I would describe this as a crisp floral It reminds me of another scent but I can't quite think of it right now. I'll update if I do remember it. I'm really liking the scent, it's not cloying at all, very fresh and just slightly sweet but a definite floral. As for lasting power, I've only had it on for about 2 and 1/2 hours and I can still smell it. I'll update again once I've worn it an entire day.
Top Rated Fragrances
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100 reviews


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Surface trade up in December
Trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico rose increased 11.6 percent from a year earlier.
Trade with Canada, Mexico rose in Nov.
U.S.-Canada trade rose 12.2 percent to $44.3 billion, and U.S.-Mexico trade gained 13.3 percent to $32.4 billion.
NAFTA trade rises in October
U.S.-Canada trade increased 14.1 percent year-over-year to $46.4 billion, while U.S.-Mexico gained 9.1 percent to $32.6 billion.
Trade with Canada, Mexico up
Surface transportation trade among the three countries increased 13.8 percent in September over September 2010.
NAFTA surface trade surges
U.S. trade with Canada and Mexico in August was 18.3 percent higher than a year earlier.
NAFTA trade up in July
Surface transportation trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico increased 18.1 percent in July.
NAFTA trade up in May
Trade with Canada and Mexico was 15.7 percent higher in May than in May 2010.
NAFTA trade rose in March
Surface transportation trade increased 15.6 percent over March 2010 to $80.8 billion.


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"Where Fillmore County News Comes First"
Online Edition
Friday, March 6th, 2015
Volume ∞ Issue ∞
- 2:20:23, Mar 5th 2015 - doc - Excellent article. Now if the brainless idiots would do it. ... [Read More]
- 11:29:56, Mar 4th 2015 - SV 78 - OK fine we live by natural law. How does that apply to homosexuality? ... [Read More]
- 6:39:18, Mar 4th 2015 - disappointed - DOC.....WHY DO U THINK I WORK AT MAYO? BELIEVE ME WHEN MY CHILD GRADUAT ... [Read More]
- 11:11:29, Mar 3rd 2015 - doc - Apparently Harmony Telephone doesn't have billions in cash to spend on internet ... [Read More]
- 7:56:16, Mar 3rd 2015 - Bear - Why does the Journal even print this garbage? I would like to know the drugs t ... [Read More]
- 4:37:50, Mar 3rd 2015 - next - Now let's talk about the idiots who push there snow into the street. Even a 5th ... [Read More]
- 7:24:02, Mar 2nd 2015 - disappointed - I could work from home. But internet is not secure enough ... [Read More]
- 3:43:36, Mar 2nd 2015 - agreed - The cable and internet here is absolutely ridiculous. Harmony residents pay ... [Read More]
- 2:30:46, Mar 2nd 2015 - Be honest - Wood- That is true, but most people won't even spend that. Hopefully, th ... [Read More]
- 10:14:18, Mar 2nd 2015 - Wood - Be Honest, you can ask the Minnesota Information Policy Analysis Division (IPA ... [Read More]
Do you feel we should give up on observing Punxsutawney Phil to predict the remaining length of winter?
Rushford City and Village cooperate on police and sewer
Fri, Mar 28th, 2003
Posted in Features
Posted in Features
At the March 24th Rushford City Council meeting, the council approved a contract for police service to the city of Rushford Village pending approval by the Village. The contract states that the city police will respond to "911 calls related to an emergency."
Although the council had a tough time defining what did indeed constitute an emergency, and were concerned that Fillmore County might misuse the plan and dispatch the Rushford Police whenever the sheriff�s department didn�t have an officer in the area, the council approved the contract. Council member Ron Miearu stressed that he didn�t want the city to get into "dog catching" for the village, but agreed that "we don�t know how it will go until we try it."
Council member Norris Kinneberg called it a "step in the right direction." The contract provides for the village of Rushford to pay a flat $1,000 per year fee for such service. Council member Nancy Benson stressed the public needs to know the police are allowed (and need) to be in the village as part of this contract.
The recommended sewer rates for the city and village were next on the council�s agenda. The council agreed the village needed to be consulted before any decisions were made on rates since both the city and village are affected. The current recommendation from the engineering company SEH is $19.40 per month per residence. The date of the public hearing on the sewer rates was set for May 12.
Tony Heiden appeared before the council with a complaint about a frozen sewer line. Heiden said the problem started when the sewer froze in the street; the sewer then backed up into his business office. Pointing to the fact that there is only six inches of soil between the sewer line and the storm drain, Heiden questioned the engineering of the system. Jeff Copley, Public Works Department, had mentioned the little snow cover this winter as a possible factor, but Heiden pointed out that the street is plowed clean regardless of snow so it shouldn�t be an issue. The council decided to submit the claim to the city insurance company before taking any further action.
The Board of Zoning recommended a variance to Carl and Sue Holger for a garage replacement and a variance to Steve and Tracey Mlynczak to construct a deck with less than the required backyard setback. While the council approved both variances, Council member Nancy Benson questioned the Mlynczak deck variance. This was the second variance for a deck in the new Pine Meadows development. Benson asked why this was occurring� Were the yards too small? Why weren�t the decks included on the original plans submitted? Mayor T.S. Roberton assured the council that Roger Colbenson, head of zoning, "has a good handle on it" and this would not be happening any more.
Other issues
�Former Mayor Alton Morken addressed the council on two topics. Morken asked and received permission to paint the lettering on the new Rushford signs so it would be readable from a distance. Morken�s plan is to get two bids on white reflective paint and to cover the expense if the bids were reasonable.
�Morken, as a Rushford Historical Society representative, then asked for city contributions to help pay weekend help at the depot. Green Thumbers cover the job during the week, but the weekends had to be a paid position. In the past the city has contributed from the campground fees and lodging tax revenue. With the bridge construction and no facilities at the campground, little revenue is expected. Since this expense was not budgeted for, the council was reluctant to contribute. Mayor Roberton suggested the city give the Historical Society $300 and he would try to "find a business downtown to give the difference."
�The Municipal Liquor Store came under scrutiny as the reduction of profits in recent years was discussed. With profits down about $14,000 this year and a decrease expected for next year, the council felt the need to monitor the budget on a monthly basis and to find a way to offset the increase in wages and benefits. Possible solutions may include cutting unprofitable hours and overtime.
�The Council then moved on to summer recreation. In an attempt to balance the budget, City Administrator Larry Bartelson suggested increasing swimming lesson fees by 5%, season pool passes by 10% and keeping the same daily use pool fee. Mayor Roberton recommended leasing the summer recreation program to the Booster Club.
�The Council heard the response from Central Cable concerning the tennis and basketball court repairs. Central Cable told their insurance company to "back off" and told the city of Rushford they would not ask the city to sign off until they were satisfied with the repairs. The council accepted this and asked that repairs be completed by May 15.
In other business the council:
� renewed a lease with Mediacom for $600/year for the tower property;
� approved an exemption permit for gambling for the American Legion;
� agreed to pay half ($150) of a service contract for fuel pump credit card machine at the airport; and
� discussed ways to show support for the U.S. troops.
Wanda Hanson can be reached at news@fillmorecountyjournal-.com.


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This week marked the first official day of spring. And for those of us in the Midwest and the East Coast and every other place that's been hit with a particularly hard winter, just knowing the spring is really on its way – even though my patio is still an iceberg and my yard is mostly dingy white and the temperatures hovered in the mid-30s for much of the day – is a huge relief.
Because let's be real here, people: unless you're, like, Sarah and live in the land where the sun always shines, this winter has been a doozy. My kids had eight "snow days", and probably a few school days that really should have been snow days except that administrators realized partway through the season that they were probably going to have to tighten the criteria by which a snow day gets declared, or the kids would be in school until July.
There are cars in my alley still completely buried in snow, only just starting to emerge. Our front yard is made up of varying levels of frozen dog poop, marking one blizzard to the next, like a geologic record of the season's precipitation. After all, for two months there was never a single melt. It all just kept piling on, storm after storm.
But can I admit something here? As cold and snowy and occasionally pain-in-the-butt-ish this winter has been, I have to say I kept a surprisingly good attitude about it for the last three-plus months (we got our first huge snowstorm and snow day in early November, yo.)
Sure, I'm relieved that we're moving into spring, and am practically salivating over the idea of summer. But I never experienced that sense of lingering disappointment this year that I usually get in mid-February, when the temps usually slide up above freezing for a day or two, then drop down again, then rise, then fall.
This year, it was all just…cold. And snowy. So every day, I knew exactly what to expect: more cold, and likely more snow. And because I never expected anything else, I was never disappointed when it didn't come. In fact, I came to rather enjoy the drama of yet another plunging thermometer, the cozy chaos of all of us getting stuck in the house together, all day, again.
The other day I realized that the difference between my attitude about this winter as compared to previous winters is not unlike the difference between the way I embraced the babyhoods of my younger children as compared to the babyhoods of my oldest.
When I was a newer mom, I was like I usually am in February: irrationally hopeful. [click to continue…]


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It was Latin night on 'Dancing with The Stars,' and while some stars sizzled, others fizzled. The competition is getting hotter!
It was Latin week on the April 29 episode of Dancing With the Stars, and it was HOT! Jacoby Jones climbed way up the leader board, Kellie Pickler won immunity, and Sean Lowe channeled his sexy side with the help of his fiancée Catherine Giudici. So sweet! Meanwhile the immunity challenge left certain dancers in serious danger.
'Dancing With The Stars': The Scores
Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff: (27/30) Jacoby's salsa was HOT! When Len Goodman told him there was too many lifts, Jacoby's mom totally sassed him! Carrie Ann Inaba told him it was so good he "could fart Salsa" and that "he had the right flavor." Latin suits Jacoby!
Ingo Rademacher & Kym Johnson: (22/30) Dancing the Rumba to "Maria Maria," Ingo was passionate but it was not as clean as it should have been. Len said there was "content" and his "lines were good," but overall their response was not great. He and Kim are going to need a lot of votes to make it through to tomorrow.
Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough: (29/30) Does Derek ever wear a shirt? Kellie didn't have as much rehearsal time as she needed, but it didn't show! Carrie Ann said she had "perfection" in every move, but she said she concentrates too much and loses "emotion." Len said it was "crisp, clean, and spicy" and Bruno Tonioli also loved it! Kellie got two tens!
Andy Dick & Sharma Burgess: (17/30) Andy trying to be sexy was like a pig trying to fly: it was not going to happen! However he was his usual comical self, and it was fun. Len said it was "erratic" not "erotic." I couldn't agree more! I think Andy's days are really numbered.
Aly Raisman & Mark Ballas: (29/30) Mark injured his neck during rehearsal, which nearly put him out of commission, but he made it back in time to dance a really cheesy Samba with Aly. She spiced up Bruno's life, and the judge's loved it! Len said it was a "Tequila Sunrise" — sharp and sunny. They got a rave!
Sean Lowe & Peta Murgatroyd: (24/30) Sean found it hard to get sexy during his Rumba rehearsals with Peta, so she had Catherine come in to help him, and things got sexy! While dancing with Peta, Carrie Ann said Sean was sexy, while Len called him wooden! Bruno said he was "50 Shades of Sexy," and told him not to stick out him bum! Sean then wished Catherine a "Happy Birthday." So sweet!
Zendaya & Val Chmerkovskiy: (27/30) Zendaya is amazing! Len chastised her for putting her chin down (lighten up Len!), but Bruno called her magnificent. Zendaya should have gotten 30! She was amazing — the judges need a reality check.
Immunity Challenge
Kellie and Derek had the highest score overall this season, so they are safe from tomorrow nights elimination. The others got to pick who they would dance against, so Aly picked Andy, Zendaya picked Jacoby, and Ingo was left with Sean.
Aly Raisman Versus Andy Dick — Cha Cha
There was no challenge here — Aly was miles better than Andy. Aly won three extra points which means her total score is now 32.
Zendaya Versus Jacoby Jones — Jive
Zendaya and Val are so mature! They decided to "pick on someone their own size," so instead of picking an easy target like Sean or Ingo, they took on Jacoby who is a much better dancer. Dancing the jive, both pairs were excellant, but Jacoby stole the show when he jumped over Karina's head again! However, Zendaya triumphed making her score 30.
Ingo Rademacher Versus Sean Lowe — Rumba
Sean is lucky he is good at the Rumba! Any other dance and Ingo would have beat him flat. Bruno called it "battle of the hunks," and while he voted for Sean, the others picked Ingo. Ingo's score is now 25.
It looks like Sean and Andy will really need votes to make it through tomorrow.
What do YOU think HollywoodLifers? Who was the best of the night?
WATCH: Brooke Burke Talks 'Dancing With the Stars'
– Eleanore Hutch
More 'DWTS' News:
- 'DWTS' Recap: Sean Lowe's Romantic Dance For Catherine Giudici
- 'DWTS' Recap: Zendaya Gets First 10s & Highest Score This Season
- 'DWTS' Recap: Jacoby Jones Gets Sexy & Shirtless To Rihanna's 'Stay'
View Comment
Posted at 10:11 PM on April 29, 2013
The judges are really screwing Zendaya over. There was a point, near the end of the competition, where Len tore into Sean, said he didn't get it and that there were issues with the dance, then Len gave the same 8 as Bruno and Carrie Anne, who had both liked the dance far more then Len had. That 8 by Len was clearly done as a "slotting" maneuver; because it was close enough to the finish that they could pick where Sean was going to slot on the leader board. A lot of what is going on here is obviously bogus. You cannot tell me that Jacoby matched Zendaya in the first round of dances, because now you are just insulting my intelligence.
Posted at 3:58 AM on May 1, 2013
This year Len Goodman seems to be tearing into many of the dancers. Apparently he has already decided who will win and the other non-dancers might as well be disregarded. Maybe he has special favoritism for Derek & his partners. He can be shirtless, but never criticized as he does to the other male dancers. His manner of judging is more of criticism with personal expression of disappointment with inexperienced dancers. Why have the show, he might as well award the trophy to his favorite. Len has become rude even the audience is disappointed.


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Latest News
PAHO, PAHEF, and The George Washington University launch the Malaria Champions of the Americas Award |
Washington, D. C., 16 June 2009 (PAHO)—As countries of the Americas move forward in the effort to decrease the burden of malaria in the Region, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Pan American Health and Education Foundation (PAHEF), The George Washington University Center for Global Health (CGH), and other partners seek to identify, celebrate, and provide avenues to emulate best practices and success stories in malaria prevention and control. Nurse Marly Panduro visits a home in Peru to administer antimalarial medication (Photo by Sonia Mey-Schmidt - PAHO/WHO) Conceived on November 6, 2008 during the 2nd annual commemoration of Malaria Day in the Americas, the Malaria Champions of the Americas Award honors innovative efforts that have significantly contributed towards overcoming the challenges of malaria in communities, countries, or the Region. The recognition is conferred to implementers, and provides them and their respective projects and institutions opportunities for capacity building, an expanded network for technical collaboration, and the distinction of being role models and inspirations for the global battle against malaria.
As a result of strengthened control efforts the burden of malaria in the Americas has greatly been reduced, leading to a 32% reduction in malaria morbidity since 2000. Of twenty-one malaria endemic countries in the Americas, more than half have met the Roll Back Malaria Goal of reducing cases by 50% in 2010 while six countries have already met the Millennium Development Goal of reducing cases by 75% in 2015. Continuing challenges in meeting these goals throughout the Region include: need for stronger and enduring engagement of countries (endemic and non-endemic), continuous and strengthened monitoring and evaluation efforts, need to increase investments of all stakeholders and need to build upon the momentum of Malaria Day in the Americas so that peoples of the region become strong and involved advocates against the disease.


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I suspect that there are a lot of folks who are in a position similar to mine: using Unix at school or work on a minicomputer or mainframe, and running Linux on our PCs at home. If this is the case, it is quite likely that your Internet connection is via a dial-up connection, PPP, CSLIP, or SLIP. If this is the case, your options for getting mail into and out of your Linux box have almost invariably included having to set up sendmail, sendmail+IDA, or smail. Setting any of these up is not a trivial task. If you are fortunate, your choices also include popmail, in which your mail is left on a popmail server in your own mailbox, waiting for you to retrieve it at your leisure. But to retrieve it, you need a mail program installed on your Linux box which can talk to the popmail server.
XF-Mail To the Rescue.
What I'd like to do is take an in-depth look at compiling and configuring XF-Mail. Let me offer one caveat at this point: this is not meant to insult anyone's intelligence. I'm writing this primarily for the benefit of those DOS-converts, like myself, who may initially view the notion of compiling programs as a task for wizards. It's not that bad. Honest! However, until you get the hang of this, getting Linux programs working may well be a formidable task. If you're pretty adept at compiling programs, you may want to skip to the next section, on configuration, although even that is admittedly pretty straightforward.
Just a word for those of you who are left. If you are an absolute Linux newbie and the thought of compiling anything sorta gives you the heebie-jeebies, stick with me. This will be fun. Really!
The philosophy behind Linux, and much of Unix, is vastly different from that of DOS. While you can often find pre-compiled binaries that work simply by dropping them into a directory in your path, there are MANY instances in which this is simply not the case. You'll get an archive with the .tar.gz suffix and un-archive it, only to discover that it's all source code and needs to be compiled. Eventually, you'll want to be able to do this. It's often not as hard as it first seems, although admittedly, not everything compiles cleanly "out of the box".
I'm going to take you through each step needed to compile XF-Mail. I think this is extremely important, for a couple reasons:
This will be good practice in compiling and setting up a couple programs that are quite well behaved and need little modification to get working.
If you're using Linux on a home PC and have a dial-up connection, you really need to have an easy-to-use e-mail client. You need to be connected. Seriously. You're quite handicapped and cut off if you don't.
If you've never compiled anything under Linux, this is your golden opportunity to do so and feel pretty good about yourself!
Let's begin. You'll need to have a few things set up in order to do this:
You need to have X-Windows up and running.
You need to have installed the development applications—for those of you using Slackware, that's the stuff in the D disk sets. Other distributions will use different designations. You should have the GCC (GNU C Compiler) installed, as well as the include files and so forth.
You need to ftp some files.
You need to be able to use at least one of the Linux text editors such as vi, Emacs, xedit (if you're running X-Windows), pico, joe, jed, or one of the many others.
You need to get the following files (use a web browser):
xfmail-0.3.tar.gz (Burka.NetVision.net.il/xfmail/xfmail.html)
bxform-075.tgz (http://bragg.phys.uwm.edu/xforms/)
libXpm-3.4f.tar.gz (ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/libs/)
The first two links—those for xfmail-0.3.tar.gz and bxform-075.tgz—will take you to the home pages of these impressive programs. Read the info and follow the directions for getting the Linux version of these programs. The last link—for the libXpm stuff—will drop you off at one of the sunsite mirrors (that's GA Tech, if you're curious about this). Because versions of programs can change fairly quickly, I'll leave it up to you to get the most recent version. I'm currently using the libXpm-3.4f.tar.gz sources. Note that you may already have libXpm installed, in which case you don't need to install it again.
$ ls -l /usr/X11R6/lib/libXpm.so*
will tell you whether you have the library available.
In case you are curious, those files you got contain:
The source code for the XF-Mail client version 0.3.
The binaries for the XForm toolkit libraries.
The source code and precompiled libraries for the libXpm libraries.
XF-Mail needs those last two libraries in order to be compiled. As an additional benefit, there are lots of programs that require the libXpm libraries, and a growing number of programs use the XForm libraries. Having set these up once, you'll be all set when it comes time to compile other programs that require them.
Since I'm using Slackware 2.2.0 at the moment, my descriptions of where things will go may be just a bit different from yours, if you are using a different distribution. Not to fret... I'll try to be as broad as I can in terms of describing how to proceed.
Let's begin by setting up the libXpm libraries. If you already have them, skip this section. If you use one of the new ELF-based distributions, you probably already have them, but if you don't, you will have to get ELF versions instead of the a.out ones documented here. The procedure is the same.
Since the libXpm-3.4f.tar.gz archive contains precompiled libraries and the necessary header files, let's use these. On my system, I have created a /usr/local/src directory in which I store and compile all new programs. You don't have to do this yourself, but it does help keep things organized. Now, let me quickly take you through the steps to set this stuff up:
$ mv libXpm-3.4f.tar.gz /usr/local/src/ $ cd /usr/local/src $ tar -xvzf libXpm-3.4f.tar.gz $ cd xpm-3.4f/ $ ls -l
look for libXpm.a, libXpm.sa, and libXpm.so.4.6. Now become root, and install the files:
$ su (type your root password)
# cp libXpm.* /usr/X11R6/lib/
# cp lib/xpm*.h /usr/X11R6/include/X11/
# ldconfig
# exit
bni:Congrats! The libXpm libraries should now be installed.
Make sure you go back to being a normal user again by pressing
Ctrl-D. No point is doing something dumb as root and making
a mess of things, right?
Next, let's deal with bxform-075.tgz. This archive contains the binaries (actually, the static libraries) for the XForm libs. It's almost as easy to set up as the libXpm libs, except you'll need to do a little bit of editing to put things where they belong. Note that if you have an ELF-based distribution, you will need to get the ELF version of the library, rather than the a.out version.
We'll start the same way we did the last time:
$ mv bxform-075.tgz /usr/local/src $ cd /usr/local/src $ tar -xvzf bxform-075.tgz $ cd xforms/ $ ls -l
One of the files you will notice is a README file. It's always a good idea to read through the README files for anything, and this is no exception. It'll inform you that the file you need to edit in order to make any modifications is the mkconfig.h file. It's another good idea to always make a backup copy of any file you modify before you modify it. If things get screwed up, you should have a "clean" copy to fall back on. I've called my backup copy mkconfig.h.dist since it came with the distribution. cp mkconfig.h mkconfig.h.dist does the trick.
There are two modifications you may want to make. When you load up the file, you should see lines a bit down the page that look like this:
LIB_DIR=/usr/lib LIBMODE=644 HEADER_DIR=/usr/include HEADERMODE=644
You might want to consider installing the libforms.a library into the /usr/X11R6/lib directory, and the header file, form.h into the /usr/X11R6/include/Xf directory, because that is where XF-Mail will be looking for these files. If you do this now, it'll be a bit easier during the next step. So, change the LIB_DIR= and the HEADER_DIR= lines to read:
LIB_DIR=/usr/X11R6/lib LIBMODE=644 HEADER_DIR=/usr/X11R6/include/Xf HEADERMODE=644
This should put everything where it belongs.
Now, all that remains to finish the installation, after you've saved the modifications, is to become root again, and type in make install.
You are now ready to compile XF-Mail. At this point you merely un-archive the file, copy a file, optionally edit the Makefile (which orchestrates the process of compiling), and compile the program.
$ mv xfmail-0.3.tar.gz /usr/local/src
$ cd /usr/local/src
$ tar -xvzf xfmail-0.3.tar.gz
$ cd xfmail/ui
$ cp Makefile.Linux Makefile
At this point, there's really nothing much left to do but
compile the program. I'll add here that you can optionally
change the directories in which the program and the manual
pages are installed. Why? Well, there are a couple of schools
of thought regarding the installation of new programs. The one
that I ascribe to suggests putting all user-added programs into
the /usr/local directory.
You don't need to do this following step, but to change
the default location of the program installation from
/usr/X11R6 to /usr/local, let's take a look at the Makefile.
When you edit the Makefile you've just created, you'll see a section
near the top that looks like:
BINDIR = /usr/X11R6/bin MANDIR = /usr/X11R6/man/man1
You'll notice that the section delimited by the # change the following... statement at the top and the # end of user configurable settings statement at the bottom is the only section of the file that you should edit. Also notice the lines that define the XForm include directory (XFINC) and the line for the XForm library directory (XFLIB). Now you'll see why we edited the Makefile above for XForms: /usr/X11R6/include/Xf is where XF-Mail will look for the form.h header file, and /usr/X11R6/lib is where it will look for the libforms.a file.
To install the xfmail program into your /usr/local/bin directory, and the manual pages into the /usr/local/man/man1 directory, simply edit the BINDIR and the MANDIR entries:
BINDIR = /usr/local/bin MANDIR = /usr/local/man/man1
At this point, all that's left to do is compile and install the program. Simply enter:
$ make $ su # make install # exit
The first step will take a while, especially if you don't have very much memory, but if the compilation has gone well you should see no error messages. After the make install step, the program will be completely installed.
The hardest part is done.
If you have troubles of any sort compiling XF-Mail, you can take the easy way out. The author has Linux binaries available for ftp at burka.netvision.net.il in /pub/xfmail/.
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text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Redback spider | |
Adult female | |
Adult male (considerably smaller than female) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Araneae |
Family: | Theridiidae |
Genus: | Latrodectus |
Species: | L. hasseltii |
Binomial name | |
Latrodectus hasseltii Thorell, 1870 | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Redback spider | |
Adult female | |
Adult male (considerably smaller than female) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Araneae |
Family: | Theridiidae |
Genus: | Latrodectus |
Species: | L. hasseltii |
Binomial name | |
Latrodectus hasseltii Thorell, 1870 | |
Synonyms[1] | |
The redback spider (Latrodectus hasseltii) is a species of venomous spider indigenous to Australia. It is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Latrodectus, the widow spiders. The adult female is easily recognised by her spherical black body with a prominent red stripe on the upper side of her abdomen and an hourglass-shaped red/orange streak on the underside. Females have a body length of about 10 millimetres (0.4 in), while the male is much smaller, being only 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long.
Mainly nocturnal, the female redback lives in an untidy web in a warm sheltered location, commonly near or inside human residences. It preys on insects, spiders and small vertebrates that become ensnared in its web. It kills its prey by injecting a complex venom through its two fangs when it bites, before wrapping them in silk and sucking out the liquefied insides. Male spiders and spiderlings often live on the periphery of the female spiders' web and steal leftovers. Other species of spider and parasitoid wasps prey on this species. The redback is one of few arachnids which usually displays sexual cannibalism while mating. The sperm is then stored in the spermathecae, organs of the female reproductive tract, and can be used up to two years later to fertilise several clutches of eggs. Each clutch averages 250 eggs and is housed in a round white silken egg sac. The redback spider has a widespread distribution in Australia, and inadvertent introductions have led to established colonies in New Zealand, Japan, and in greenhouses in Belgium.
The redback is one of the few spider species that can be seriously harmful to humans, and its preferred habitat has led it to being responsible for the large majority of serious spider bites in Australia. Predominantly neurotoxic to vertebrates, the venom gives rise to the syndrome of latrodectism in humans; this starts with pain around the bite site, which typically becomes severe and progresses up the bitten limb and persists for over 24 hours. Sweating in localised patches of skin occasionally occurs and is highly indicative of latrodectism. Generalised symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headache, and agitation may also occur and indicate severe poisoning. An antivenom has been available since 1956, and there have been no deaths directly due to redback bites since its introduction.
The common name "redback" is derived from the distinctive red stripe along the dorsal aspect of its abdomen. Other common names include red-striped spider,[2] red-spot spider, jockey spider,[3] Murra-ngura spider, Kapara spider and the Kanna-jeri spider.[4]
Before DNA analysis, the taxonomy of the widow spider genus Latrodectus had been unclear—changes in the number of species reflect the difficulty of using morphology to determine subdivisions within the genus.[5] Substantial interest in their systematics was most likely prompted by the medical importance of these venomous spiders.[5] Swedish arachnologist Tamerlan Thorell described the redback spider in 1870[6] from specimens collected in Rockhampton and Bowen in central Queensland.[7] He named it Latrodectus hasseltii in honour of colleague A.W.M. van Hasselt.[8] In the same paper, he named a female from Cape York with an all-black abdomen L. scelio,[6][7] now regarded as the same species. These specimens are in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm.[9]
German arachnologist Friedrich Dahl revised the genus in 1902 and named L. ancorifer from New Guinea,[10] which was later regarded as a subspecies of the redback. Another subspecies, L. h. aruensis, was described by Norwegian entomologist Embrik Strand in 1911. Subspecies indica (of L. scelio) had been described by Eugène Simon in 1897, but its origin is unclear.[9] Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge questioned Dahl's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details but Dahl dismissed Pickard-Cambridge as an "ignoramus".[9] Pickard-Cambridge was unsure whether L. hasseltii warranted species status, though he confirmed scelio and hasseltii as a single species,[7] other researchers such as Ludwig Carl Christian Koch noting the differences to be inconsistent.[2] The redback was also considered by some to be conspecific with the katipo (L. katipo), which is native to New Zealand,[11] though Koch regarded them as distinct.[2]
Reviewing the genus Lactrodectus in 1959, arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi concluded that the colour variations were largely continuous across the world and were not suitable for distinguishing the individual species. Instead, he focussed on differences in the morphology of the female sexual organs, and revised the number of recognised species from 22 to 6. This included reclassifying the redback and several other species as subspecies of the best-known member of the group, the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans), found in North America and other regions.[5] He did not consider the subspecies L. h. ancorifer, L. h. aruensis and L. h. indicus distinct enough to warrant recognition.[9] Subsequently, more reliable genetic studies have split the genus into about 30 species, and the redback has no recognised subspecies in modern classifications.[5][12]
A member of the genus Latrodectus in the family Theridiidae, the redback belongs in a clade with the black widow spider,[5] with the katipo as its closest relative.[13] A 2004 molecular study supports the redback's status as a distinct species, as does the unique abdomen-presenting behaviour of the male during mating.[5] The close relationship between the two species is shown when mating: the male redback is able to successfully mate with a female katipo producing hybrid offspring. However, the male katipo is too heavy to mate with the female redback, as it triggers a predatory response in the female when it approaches the web, causing the female to eat it.[14] There is evidence of interbreeding between katipo and redbacks in the wild.[13]
The adult female redback has a body around 1 centimetre (0.4 in) long, with slender legs, the first pair of which are longer than the rest.[15] The round abdomen is a deep black (occasionally brownish), with a red (sometimes orange) longitudinal stripe on the upper surface and an hourglass-shaped red/orange streak on the underside.[16] Females with incomplete markings or all-black abdomens occasionally occur.[17] The cephalothorax is much smaller than the abdomen, and is black.[15] Redback spiderlings are grey with dark spots,[2] and become darker with each moult.[18] Juvenile females have additional white markings on the abdomen.[16] The bright red colours may serve as a warning to potential predators.[19] Each spider has a pair of venom glands each attached to each of its chelicerae[20] with very small fangs.[21] Small compared to the female,[22] the male redback is 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long and is light brown, with white markings on the upper side of the abdomen and a pale hourglass marking on the underside.[16]
Another species in Australia with a similar physique, Steatoda capensis, has been termed the "false redback spider", but it is uniformly black (or plum), and does not display the red stripe.[23]
The redback is mainly nocturnal;[24] the female remains concealed during the day, and spins her web during the night,[2] usually remaining in the same location for most of her adult life.[25] Classified as a gum-footed tangle web, the web is an irregular-looking tangle of fine but strong silk. Although the threads seem random, they are strategically placed for support and entrapment of prey.[26] The rear portion of the web forms a funnel-like retreat area where the spider and egg sacs are found. This area has vertical, sticky catching threads that run to ground attachments.[16] The vertical strands act as trip wires to initially alert the spider to the presence of prey or threats. They also snare and haul prey into the air when weaker horizontal strands that hold them down, known as guy lines, break when prey thrash around.[27] These webs are usually placed between two flat surfaces, one beneath the other.[28] The female spends more time in the funnel and less time moving around during cooler weather.[29]
Redbacks usually prey on insects, but can capture larger animals that become entangled in the web, including trapdoor spiders and small lizards.[16][30] The woodlouse (Porcellio scaber) is a particularly common food item,[31] and one web was recorded as containing a dead mouse.[32] Developing spiderlings need size-appropriate prey, and laboratory studies show that they are willing to consume common fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor), muscoid flies and early nymphs of cockroaches.[33] Food scraps and lighting attract insect prey to areas of human activity, which brings the redbacks.[17] Once alerted to a creature becoming ensnared in a trap line, the redback advances to around a leg's length from its target, touching it and squirting a superglue-like material[clarification needed] over it to immobilise it. It then bites its victim repeatedly on the head, body and leg joints and wraps it in sticky and dry silk. Unlike other spiders, it does not rotate its prey while wrapping in silk, but like other spiders, it then injects a venom that liquefies its victim's innards. Once it has trussed the prey, the redback takes it to its retreat and begins sucking out the liquefied insides, generally 5 to 20 minutes after first attacking it.[29] Redback spiders do not usually drink, except when starved.[19]
Commonly, prey-stealing occurs where larger females take food items stored in other spiders' webs.[16] When they encounter other spiders of the same species, often including those of the opposite sex, they engage in battle, and the defeated spider is eaten.[2] If a male redback is accepted by a female, it is permitted to feed on the victims snared in the female's web.[2] Baby spiders also steal food from their mother, which she tries to prevent. They also consume sticky silk as well as small midges and flies. Spiderlings are cannibalistic, more active ones sometimes eating their less active siblings.[29]
Spiderlings hatch from their eggs after about 8 days and can emerge from the egg sac as early as 11 days after being laid, although cooler temperatures can significantly slow their development so that emergence does not occur for months.[33] After hatching they spend about a week inside the egg sac, feeding on the yolk and molting once.[34] Baby spiders appear from September to January (spring to early summer).[24] Male spiders mature through five instars in about 45–90 days.[25][35] Females mature through seven–eight instars in about 75–120 days.[25][35] Males live for up to six or seven months, while females may live between two and three years.[16] Laboratory tests have shown that redbacks may survive for an average of 100 days, and sometimes over 300 days without any food, those starved at 10 °C faring better than those kept without food at 25 °C. Spiders are known to reduce their metabolic rates in response to starvation, and can distend their abdomens to store large amounts of food.[19] Redbacks can survive temperatures from below freezing point to 40 °C, though they do need relatively warm summers, with temperatures of 15 to 25 °C for two to three months, to survive and breed.[36]
Redback spiderlings cohabit on the maternal web for several days to a week, during which time sibling cannibalism is often observed.[34] They then leave by being carried on the wind. They follow light and climb to the top of nearby logs or rocks before extending their abdomens high in the air and producing a droplet of silk.[29] The liquid silk is drawn out into a long gossamer thread that, when long enough, carries the spider away. This behaviour is known as ballooning or kiting. Eventually, the silken thread will adhere to an object where the young spider will establish its own web.[16] They sometimes work cooperatively, climbing, releasing silk and being carried off in clusters.[29] Juvenile spiders build webs,[24] sometimes with other spiders.[29]
Before a juvenile male leaves its mother's web, it builds a small sperm web on which it deposits its sperm from its gonads and then collects it back into each of its two palps (copulatory organs), because the gonads and palps are not internally connected.[25] After it moults into its last instar, it sets off wandering to seek a female. The male spider does not eat during this period.[35] How males find females is unclear, and it is possible they may balloon like juveniles.[29] A Western Australian field study found that most males took 6 to 8 weeks to travel around 3 to 3.5 metres (10–11.5 ft) with occasional journeys of over 8 m (25 ft), but that only around 11–13% successfully found a mate.[35] They are attracted by pheromones, which are secreted by unmated sexually-mature female redback spiders onto their webs and include a serine derivative (N-3-methylbutyryl-O-(S)-2-methylbutyryl-L-serine).[37] This is thought to be the sole method by which males assess a female's reproductive status, and their courtship dismantles much of the pheremone-marked web.[38]
During mating, the male redback attempts to copulate by inserting one of its palps into the one of the female's two spermathecae (sperm storage organs), each of which has its own insemination orifice. It then tries and often succeeds in inserting the other palp into the female's second orifice.[25] The redback spider is one of only two animals known where the male has been found to actively assist the female in sexual cannibalism. In the process of mating, the much smaller male somersaults to place his abdomen over the female's mouthparts. In about two of three cases, the female fully consumes the male while mating continues. Males which are not eaten die of their injuries soon after mating.[39] Sacrifice during mating is thought to confer two advantages to the males. The first is the eating process allows for a longer period of copulation and thus fertilisation of more eggs. The second is females which have eaten a male are more likely to reject subsequent males.[40] Although this prohibits future mating for the males, this is not a serious disadvantage, because the spiders are sufficiently sparse that less than 20% of males ever find a potential mate during their lifetimes, and in any case, the male is functionally sterile if he has used the contents of both of his palps in the first mating.[25]
Some redback males have been observed using an alternative tactic that also ensures more of their genetic material is passed on. Juvenile female redbacks nearing their final moulting and adulthood have fully formed reproductive organs, but lack openings in the exoskeleton that allow access to the organs. Males will bite through the exoskeleton and deliver sperm without performing the somersault seen in males mating with adult females. The females then moult within a few days and deliver a clutch of fertilised eggs.[41][42]
Once the female has mated, the sperm is stored in one or both of her spermathecae.[43] The sperm can be used to fertilise several batches of eggs, over a period of up to two years (estimated from observations of closely related species),[25][44] but typically restarts the female's pheromone production advertising her sexual availability about three months after mating.[45] A female spider may lay four to ten egg sacs,[8] each of which is around 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter and contains on average around 250 eggs,[16] though can be as few as 40 or as many as 500.[8] She prepares a shallow concave disc around 3 mm (1/8 in) in diameter before laying eggs into it over a period of around five minutes before laying more silk to complete the sac, which becomes spherical, the whole process taking around one and a quarter hours.[46] She can produce a new egg sac as early as one to three weeks after her last.[16]
The redback spider is probably native to Australia; however, it has been suggested that it may have been spread to Australia by human activities, because it was first found at seaports.[5] Queensland researchers Robert Raven and Julie-Ann Gallon also argued its preference for habitats altered by humans to be further evidence of this. Spider expert Barbara York Main queried that were it indeed introduced, it would be odd that Australia was missing from the worldwide distribution of Latrodectus species. The redback's close relationship with the New Zealand katipo also supports the native status of both in their respective countries.[29]
The species was known by 1850 in South Australia, only 14 years after European settlement there, but had not been reported in early spider collections in other colonies.[36] Outside urban areas, the redback is more often found in drier habitats ranging from sclerophyll forest to desert, even as harsh as the Simpson Desert.[17] It became much more common in urban areas in the early decades of the 20th century,[47] and is now found in all but the most inhospitable environments in Australia and its cities.[17] It is particularly common in Brisbane, Perth and Alice Springs.[48] The redback spider is commonly found in close proximity to human residences. Webs are usually built in dry, dark, sheltered sites, such as among rocks, in logs, tree hollows, shrubs, old tyres, sheds, outhouses, empty tins and boxes, children's toys or under rubbish or litter.[2][16][49] Letterboxes and the undersurface of toilet seats are common sites.[17] Populations can be controlled by clearing these habitats,[50] squashing the spiders and their egg sacs,[23] and using pesticide in outhouses.[50] The CSIRO Division of Entomology recommends against the use of spider pesticides due to their toxicity, and because redbacks are rapid recolonists anyway.[23]
Spiders in the French territory of New Caledonia in the Pacific were identified as L. hasselti in 1920, based on morphology. Their behaviour differs from Australian redbacks, as they do not engage in sexual cannibalism and are less prone to biting humans. The first recorded envenomation in New Caledonia was in 2007.[51]
The redback spider's affinity for human-modified habitat has enabled it to spread to several countries via international shipping and trade. Furthermore, its tolerance to cold means that it has the ability to colonise many temperate countries with a winter climate cooler than Australia. This is concerning due to the risks to people being bitten who are unaware of its venomous nature, and also to the conservation of local threatened insect species that the redback might prey upon.[36]
Redback spiders are also found in small colonies in areas of New Zealand. They are frequently intercepted by quarantine authorities, often among steel or car shipments.[36] They were introduced into New Zealand in the early 1980s and now are found around Central Otago (including Alexandra, Bannockburn and near Wanaka) in the South Island and New Plymouth in the North Island.[36][52][53] Authorities in the United Arab Emirates warn residents and visitors of redback spiders, which have been present since 1990.[54] Colonies have also been established in greenhouses in Belgium, and isolated observations indicate possible presence in New Guinea, the Philippines, and India.[36] Some redbacks were found in Preston, Lancashire, England, after a container of parts arrived from Australia; some may have escaped into the countryside before pest controllers could destroy them.[55] One redback was recently found in a back garden in Dartford in Kent.[56] Two females were discovered in the Iranian port city of Bandar Abbas in 2010.[57]
There is an established population of redback spiders in Osaka, Japan,[36][58][59] thought to have arrived in cargoes of wood chips.[60] In 2008, redback spiders were found in Fukuoka, Japan. Over 700 have been found near the container terminal in Hakata Bay, Fukuoka City.[61] Dispersal mechanisms within Japan are unclear, but redbacks are thought to have spread by walking or by being carried on vehicles.[59] In September 2012, a woman was hospitalised after being bitten in the Higashi Ward of Fukuoka City.[62] Signs warning about redback spiders have been posted in parks around the city, as Japan previously had no dangerous spiders.[61]
The black house spider (Badumna insignis), daddy-long-legs spider (Pholcus phalangioides) and the giant daddy-long-legs spider (Artema atlanta) are known to prey on the redback spider,[63] and redbacks are often absent if these species are present in significant numbers.[64] Agenioideus nigricornis, a spider wasp, is a parasitoid of the adult redback.[65] Other wasps of the families Eurytomidae and Ichneumonidae parasitise redback eggs, and mantid lacewings (Neuroptera and Mantispidae) prey on redback eggs.[65]
The redback spider is responsible for far more envenomations requiring antivenom than any other creature in Australia.[66] Estimates of the number of people thought to be bitten by redback spiders each year across Australia range from 2,000 to 10,000.[67][68] The larger female spider is responsible for almost all cases of redback spider bites. The smaller male was thought to be unable to envenomate a human, although some cases have been reported; their rarity is probably due to the male's smaller size and proportionally smaller fangs, rather than the male being incapable of biting or lacking potent venom.[69] The bite from both juvenile and mature females appear to have similar potency. The male bite usually only produces short-lived, mild pain.[69] Most bites occur in the warmer months between December and April, in the afternoon or evening.[69][70] As the female redback is slow-moving and rarely leaves her web, bites generally occur as a result of placing a hand or other body part too close to the web, such as when reaching into dark holes or wall cavities. Bites often also occur when a hidden spider is disturbed in objects such as clothes, shoes, gloves, building materials or garden tools.[71][72]
A 2004 review reported 46% of bites occurring on distal extremities of the limbs, 25% on proximal areas of limbs (upper arms and thighs), 21% on the trunk, and 7% on the head or neck.[72] In some cases the same spider bites a victim multiple times.[73][74] Historically, victims were often bitten on the genitalia, though this phenomenon disappeared as outhouses were superseded by plumbed indoor toilets.[75][76] Conversely, bites on the head and neck have increased with use of safety helmets and ear muffs.[71] Precautions to avoid being bitten include wearing gloves and shoes while gardening, not leaving clothes on the floor, and shaking out gloves or shoes before putting them on. Also, children can be educated not to touch spiders.[77][78]
The redback and its relatives in the genus Lactrodectus are among the most dangerous spider genera, alongside funnel-web spiders (Atrax and Hadronyche), mouse spiders (Missulena), banana spiders (Phoneutria) and recluse spiders (Loxosceles).[79][80] Venom is produced by holocrine glands in the spider's chelicerae (mouth parts).[81] Venom accumulates in the lumen of the glands and passes through paired ducts into the spider's two hollow fangs.[81][82] The venom of the redback spider is thought to be similar to that of the other Latrodectus spiders. It contains a complex mixture of cellular constituents, enzymes and number of high-molecular-weight toxins, including insect toxins and a vertebrate neurotoxin called alpha-latrotoxin, which is active in humans.[81][82]
In vertebrates, alpha-latrotoxin produces its effect through destabilisation of cell membranes and degranulation of nerve terminals, resulting in excessive release of neurotransmitters, namely acetylcholine, norepinephrine and GABA. Excess neurotransmitter activity leads to the clinical manifestations of envenomation,[83] although the precise mechanisms are not well-understood.[48] Female redbacks have an average of around 0.08–0.10 mg of venom, and experiments indicate that the median lethal dose (LD50) for mice at room temperature is 10–20% of this quantity (0.27–0.91 mg/kg based on the mass of the mice used), but that it is considerably more deadly for mice kept at lower or higher temperatures.[84] Pure alpha-latrotoxin has an LD50 in mice of 20–40 µg/kg.[85]
The specific variant of the vertebrate toxin found in the redback was cloned and sequenced in 2012, and was found to be a sequence of 1180 amino acids,[86] with a strong similarity to the equivalent molecule across the Latrodectus mactans clade.[87] The syndromes caused by bites from any spiders of the Latrodectus genus have similarities;[88] there is some evidence there is a higher incidence of sweating, and local and radiating pain with the redback, while black widow envenomation results in more back and abdominal pain,[75] and abdominal rigidity is a feature common with bites from the west coast button spider (Latrodectus indistinctus) of South Africa.[89]
One crustacean-specific and two insect-specific neurotoxins have been recovered from the Mediterranean black widow (L. tredecimguttatus), as have small peptides that inhibit angiotensin-1-converting enzyme;[a] the venom of the redback, although little-studied, likely has similar agents.[86][92]
Redback antivenom was developed by Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, then a government body involved with discovering antivenoms for many venomous Australian creatures. Production involves the milking of venom from thousands of redbacks and repeatedly inoculating horses with non-lethal doses of it. The horses' immune systems make polyclonal antibodies.[94] Blood plasma, containing the antibodies, is extracted by plasmapheresis.[95] The plasma is treated with pepsin, and the active F(ab')2 fragments are separated and purified.[96] Each vial contains 500 units of redback antivenom in approximately 1.5 ml,[97] which is enough to inactivate 5 mg redback spider venom.[98] The antivenom has been safely administered to women in various stages of pregnancy.[97]
Redback antivenom has been widely used in Australia for decades, although evidence from controlled studies for its effectiveness has been lacking. Further studies are needed to confirm or refute its effectiveness.[89] It appears clinically active against arachnidism caused by Steatoda spiders;[67][99][100][101] however, as these cases are often mild and the evidence of its effectiveness is limited, this treatment is not recommended.[89] Similarly, the antivenom has been effective with those of L. katipo, and L. tredecimguttatus.[67] Animal studies also support its use against envenomation from other widow spiders, having successfully been tested against venom from L. mactans, L. hesperus, and L. lugubris.[67][102][103]
Envenomation from a redback spider bite produces a syndrome known as latrodectism; a half to two-thirds of people bitten develop significant pain or systemic symptoms.[104] The diagnosis is made from the clinical condition, often based on the victim being aware of a bite and ideally with identification of the spider. Laboratory tests are rarely needed and there is no specific test for the venom or latrodectism.[89]
The redback's small size means that swelling or puncture marks at the bite site are uncommon. The bite may be painful from the start, but more often only feels like a pinprick or mild burning sensation.[72] Within an hour, a more severe local pain may develop with local sweating and sometimes piloerection (goosebumps)—these three symptoms together are a classic presentation of redback spider envenomation.[105] Pain, swelling and redness can spread proximally up a limb or away from the bite site[52][72][89] and regional lymph nodes may become painful.[75] Some subjects with delayed symptoms may present with a characteristic sweating and pain in the lower limbs,[105] generally below the knees,[89] or a burning sensation in the soles of the feet. This may eventuate even if the person was bitten somewhere else on their body.[105]
Around one in three subjects develops systemic envenomation;[89] this may occur after a number of hours, or rarely, be delayed for more than 24 hours;[70][106] symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting, abdominal or chest pain, agitation, headache, generalised sweating and hypertension.[89][105] Severe pain usually persists for over 24 hours after being bitten, and symptoms of envenomation may linger for weeks or even months.[48] Rare complications include seizure, coma, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure or localised skin infection.[70] Children, the elderly, or those with serious medical conditions are at much higher risk of severe effects and death resulting from a bite.[83] Infants have died within hours of a bite, but adult fatalities have taken up to 30 days.[107]
Children and infants may be unable to report being bitten, making it difficult to associate their symptoms with a spider bite.[104] Symptoms seen in infants include inconsolable crying, refusing to feed and a general erythematous rash.[108][b] Muscle aches and pains, and neck spasm are often seen in children over four years of age.[48]
Unlike those of some other Australian spiders, redback bites do not necrose.[111] Latrodectism has been misdiagnosed as various medical conditions including acute hepatitis, sepsis, testicular torsion or an acute abdomen.[48]
Treatment is based on the severity of poisoning from the bite; the majority of cases do not require medical care, and patients with localised pain, swelling and redness usually only require local application of ice and simple oral analgesia such as paracetamol. Pressure immobilisation of the wound site is not recommended, as the venom spreads very slowly and is not affected. Keeping the victim still to reduce the spread of the venom is beneficial.[52][112]
Hospital assessment is recommended if simple pain relief does not resolve local pain, or clinical features of systemic envenoming occur.[113][114] Opioid analgesics may be necessary to relieve pain.[89] Antivenom is generally given for adults suffering severe local pain or symptoms of systemic envenomation consistent with latrodectism, which include pain and swelling spreading proximally from site, distressing local or systemic pain refractory to simple analgesia, chest pain, abdominal pain, or excessive sweating (diaphoresis).[115] A significant proportion of bites will not result in envenomation or any symptoms developing; around 2–20% of bite victims require treatment with the antivenom.[c][68] In an Australian study of 750 emergency hospital admissions for spider bites where the spider was definitively identified, 56 were from redbacks. Of these, 37 had significant pain lasting over 24 hours, but only six were treated with the antivenom.[117]
The antivenom manufacturer's product information recommends one vial, although this is often insufficient.[98] Hence current guidelines indicate two vials, with a further two vials recommended if symptoms do not resolve within two hours.[115] The antivenom can be given by injection intramuscularly (IM) or intravenously (IV). The manufacturer recommends IM use, with IV administration reserved for life-threatening cases.[118] However, toxicologist Geoffrey Isbister has suggested IM antivenom is not as effective as IV antivenom,[69][119] after finding that IM antivenom takes longer to reach the blood serum.[120] These concerns have led two handbooks to recommend IV in preference to IM administration in Australian practice.[121][114][d] Despite a long history of usage and anecdotal evidence of effectiveness, there is a lack of data from controlled studies confirming the antivenom's benefits.[89] Before the introduction of antivenom, benzodiazepines and intravenous calcium gluconate were used to relieve symptoms of pain and distress,[18][123] although calcium is not recommended as its benefit has not been shown in clinical trials.[124]
Studies support the safety of antivenom, with around a 5% chance of an acute reaction, 1–2% of anaphylaxis and 10% chance of a delayed reaction due to serum sickness.[89] Nevertheless, it is recommended that an injection of adrenaline is ready and available in case it is needed to treat a severe anaphylactic reaction,[118] and also that the antivenom from the vial is administered diluted in a 100 ml bag of intravenous solution for infusion over 30 minutes.[125] While it is rare that patients report symptoms of envenomation lasting weeks or month following a bite,[69] there are case reports from the 1990s in which antivenom was reported to be effective in the relief of chronic symptoms when administered weeks or months after a bite,[126][127] however, in the vast majority of cases, it is administered within 24 hours.[70]
In almost all cases, symptoms resolve within a week.[104] Fatalities are very unlikely;[128] no deaths have been reported since the introduction of antivenom in 1956,[e][129] but before this, redback spider bites had resulted in at least 14 deaths in Australia.[116][130]
Redback spider bites are difficult to diagnose in pets unless witnessed. Dogs appear to have some resistance. They are at serious risk only if bitten many times, and rarely need antivenom. Cats are likely to be more susceptible and require antivenom, which can reverse symptoms very quickly. Guinea pigs, horses and camels are very susceptible. As with humans, the symptoms are predominantly autonomic in nature alongside pain at the bite site. Dogs may also suffer vomiting and diarrhoea, muscle tremors or clonic contractions, and abdominal wall rigidity, while cats may display salivate excessively, protrude their tongue or be overexcitable.[131]
Most traditional or historical first-aid treatments for redback spider bites are either useless or dangerous.[132] These include making incisions and promoting bleeding, using ligatures, applying alkaline solutions,[133] providing warmth,[134] and sucking the venom out.[49] In modern first aid, incising, sucking, applying bandages and tourniqueting are strongly discouraged.[135] In 1893, the Camperdown Chronicle reported that a doctor noticed that a severely ill benumbed victim got much better overnight following treatment using injections of strychnine and cocaine;[11] strychnine had been popular as a snake bite antidote, but it was not effective.[136] As of 2011, administration of magnesium sulphate was reported to have had some benefit though evidence of effectiveness is weak.[89]
Indigenous Australians in New South Wales mixed the venom with that of snakes and pine tree gum to form a broth used to coat spear tips.[137] Slim Newton drew popular attention to redbacks with his song "The Redback on the Toilet Seat", which won the Golden Guitar at the first Country Music Awards of Australia in 1973.[138][139] Newton recalled an occasion when a friend used his outside toilet where the light globe had blown and reported he was lucky there was not a redback spider on the toilet seat. The phrase inspired him to write the song.[140] A sculpture of an impossibly large redback, one of Australia's big things, was built in 1996 at Eight Mile Plains, Queensland.[141] The Angels 1991 album Red Back Fever takes its name from the spider.[142][143] Matilda Bay Brewing Company produces a wheat beer called Redback,[144] with the distinctive red stripe as the logo.[145] The redback appears in the name and emblem of the South Australia cricket team.[146][147] The Airborne Redback, an Australian ultralight trike, was also named after the spider.[148] Redback Boots is an Australian workboot manufacturing company,[149] which uses the spider in its name and logo.[150] In 2006 a redback spider stamp was designed as part of a "Dangerous Australians" stamp series, but was withheld from general circulation by Australia Post due to concerns that the realistic depiction would scare people opening their letter boxes.[151]
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I can't believe it! My little baby girl started Kindergarten today. Everyone says it, but IT'S TRUE – IT GOES BY SO FAST!!! I truly feel like we just brought her home yesterday. She was so excited, so ready, feeling like such a big kid. I, on the other hand, was a total mess. Had to wear dark sunglasses to the bus stop and avoid her all morning so she wouldn't see my tears. I wasn't sad, I really am excited for her. I just feel like I can't figure out where the time went and scared at how fast it will go before she's 18. She's my baby. My first baby. This summer, for her 5th birthday this summer I ended up looking through all our old pictures from the time she was born. It was really fun to see how she has grown.
From our sweet little newborn, that slept like a champ from day 1.
To the happiest one year old.
Turning Three and becoming the best big sister Lola could ever have. They love each other so much, and I know Lola will miss her everyday at daycare. As evidenced today, when the bus drove away and Lola was crying "I want my sister, I want my sister".
And playing in the yard with Mom.
And now she's 5 and ready for school. I wanted to start a tradition of taking a picture on the first day of school in the same place, so we decided on the dock steps down.
I was nervous all day. Wondering how her day was going. And when she got off the bus, and we saw this smile, we knew she had the best day.


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(English) EU states lagging in aid transparency: watchdog – Reuters (October 1st 2012)
By: Ethan Bilby
European Union member states France, Germany and Italy should be more open about their financing of aid and development projects, a survey of international aid donors, published on Monday, said.
To read this article visit the site http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/01/us-eu-aid-transparency-idUSBRE89017L20121001
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From the imagination of bestselling author John Saul comes Blackstone Asylum. Dr. Malcolm Metcalf's sadistic legacy. Madhouse. Torture chamber. As the town of Blackstone plans its demolition, a dark stranger is determined to keep the evils of the past alive. Can writer Oliver Metcalf prevent the curse of his father's asylum before it consumes him?
Preview: John Saul's Blackstone Chronicles #1
Fri, September 2nd, 2011 at 5:01pm PDT
- Story by
- John Saul, Patrick McCray
- Art by
- Valentin Ramon
- Cover by
- Valentin Ramon
- Publisher
- Blue Water Comics
- Cover Price:
- $3.99
- Release Date
- November, 2011
- Browse for similar previews
<< Spawn #211 | Previews Archive | Orbit: John Lennon #1 >>


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1985 Honda ATC250R Missile Engineering Big Wheel: eBay Motors (item 280514163099 end time Jun-05-10 1822 PDT)
Missile Eng. Conversion Kit retails at $1200.00; took me one year to receive
Original Owner
All original parts included with this sale
Engine has Factory Compression, Stock Bore and hasn't been split apart
Powdercoated frame and other misc. components
Brand new build a few months ago with new tires installed, chain, Boyesen Reeds and misc. bearing and seals
Has a twist throttle kit
This bike is very fast, in great condition and ready to be ridden
I'm selling for a friend of mine. This thing is awesome
Will take $4000.00
Thanks for looking !


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Dead Space 3's "Take Down the Terror" trailer leaves Isaac contemplating life as he listens to some Phil Collins.
Let's be honest though, Isaac doesn't have time for some tasteful music. With only about a week to go until release, this trailer treats you to some winsome CGI and segments of expeditious gameplay. Oh, and you'll also get to see Isaac's live-action, robust face.
If that didn't satisfy you, at least the glorified Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight" remix smacked a shit-eating grin on your face ... at least it did for me.
Release dates:
February 5 (North America)
February 7 (Australia)
February 8 (Europe)
Thoughts? Discuss below!