text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Improving Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Modeling
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Improving Air-Conditioner Improving Air-Conditioner and Heat Pump Modeling Building America Stakeholders Meeting Jon Winkler March 2, 2012 2 * How do you recommend the most cost-effective A/C? Simple Question 3 Solution Whole-House Simulation Tool A/C Information * SEER 13 * SEER 14 * SEER 15 * SEER 16 * SEER 17 * SEER 18 * SEER 21 Annualized Cooling Cost (Energy + Equipment) 4 Background * Power, capacity and SHR vary with: o Outdoor temperature o Entering wetbulb o Air mass flow rate o Part load ratio Power Sensible Capacity Latent Capacity * How to accurately and easily model A/C performance? 5 Background: Model Development * A/C modeling utilizes two types of input o Rated values (capacity, efficiency, etc.) o Performance curves Capacity 1 / Efficiency 6 Background: Manufacturer's Data
Air Conditioner Compressor Performance Model
SciTech Connect
During the past three years, the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Load Modeling Task Force (LMTF) has led the effort to develop the new modeling approach. As part of this effort, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Southern California Edison (SCE), and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Solutions tested 27 residential air-conditioning units to assess their response to delayed voltage recovery transients. After completing these tests, different modeling approaches were proposed, among them a performance modeling approach that proved to be one of the three favored for its simplicity and ability to recreate different SVR events satisfactorily. Funded by the California Energy Commission (CEC) under its load modeling project, researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) led the follow-on task to analyze the motor testing data to derive the parameters needed to develop a performance models for the single-phase air-conditioning (SPAC) unit. To derive the performance model, PNNL researchers first used the motor voltage and frequency ramping test data to obtain the real (P) and reactive (Q) power versus voltage (V) and frequency (f) curves. Then, curve fitting was used to develop the P-V, Q-V, P-f, and Q-f relationships for motor running and stalling states. The resulting performance model ignores the dynamic response of the air-conditioning motor. Because the inertia of the air-conditioning motor is very small (H<0.05), the motor reaches from one steady state to another in a few cycles. So, the performance model is a fair representation of the motor behaviors in both running and stalling states.
Lu, Ning; Xie, YuLong; Huang, Zhenyu
Improving Air-Conditioner and Heat Pump Modeling (Presentation)
A new approach to modeling residential air conditioners and heat pumps allows users to model systems by specifying only the more readily-available SEER/EER/HSPF-type metrics. Manufacturer data was used to generate full sets of model inputs for over 450 heat pumps and air conditioners. A sensitivity analysis identified which inputs can be safely defaulted 'behind-the-scenes' without negatively impacting the reliability of energy simulations.
Winkler, J.
DOE Takes Action to Stop the Sales of Air-Con Air Conditioner Models Shown
Takes Action to Stop the Sales of Air-Con Air Conditioner Takes Action to Stop the Sales of Air-Con Air Conditioner Models Shown to Violate Federal Energy Efficiency Appliance Standards DOE Takes Action to Stop the Sales of Air-Con Air Conditioner Models Shown to Violate Federal Energy Efficiency Appliance Standards September 23, 2010 - 12:00am Addthis Washington, DC - The Department of Energy announced today that it has taken action against Air-Con, International, requiring the company to stop selling certain air conditioning systems in the U.S. that have been shown to violate minimum energy efficiency appliance standards. DOE is proposing a civil penalty of more than $230,000 for importing and distributing these inefficient cooling products. This action and the proposed penalties are part of the Department's continued commitment to act aggressively to remove
Adsorption air conditioner
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A solar powered air conditioner using the adsorption process is constructed with its components in a nested cylindrical array for compactness and ease of operation.
Rousseau, Jean L. I. (Redondo Beach, CA)
Room Air Conditioners
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
of Superefficient Room Air Conditioners year month keywords appliance energy efficiency energy efficiency incentives Market Transformation standards url https isswprod lbl gov...
Improved Modeling of Residential Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps for Energy Calculations
This report presents improved air conditioner and heat pump modeling methods in the context of whole-building simulation tools, with the goal of enabling more accurate evaluation of cost effective equipment upgrade opportunities and efficiency improvements in residential buildings.
Cutler, D.; Winkler, J.; Kruis, N.; Christensen, C.; Brendemuehl, M.
Central Air conditioners | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Page Edit History Facebook icon Twitter icon Central Air conditioners Jump to: navigation, search TODO: Add description List of Central Air conditioners Incentives Retrieved...
air conditioner | OpenEI
air conditioner air conditioner Dataset Summary Description View 2010 energy efficiency data from AeroSys Inc, Coaire, Cold Point, First Operations, LG Electronics, Nordyne, and Quietside manufacturers. Data includes cooling capacity, cooling performance, heating capacity, and heating performance. Spreadsheet was created by combining the tables in pdf files that are included in the zip file. Source Energy Applicance Data - United States Federal Trade Commission, www.ftc.gov Date Released Unknown Date Updated Unknown Keywords air conditioner central air conditioner efficiency efficient energy heat pump Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon 2010_CentralAC_All.xls (xls, 82.4 KiB) application/zip icon 2010CentralAirConditioner.zip (zip, 398.2 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review
Room Air Conditioners | Department of Energy
Room Air Conditioners Room Air Conditioners Room Air Conditioners July 1, 2012 - 5:35pm Addthis A window air conditioner is one solution to cooling part of a house. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/kschulze. A window air conditioner is one solution to cooling part of a house. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/kschulze. What does this mean for me? Room air conditioners are less expensive and disruptive to install than central air conditioning systems. Room air conditioners can be a cost-effective alternative to central air conditioning systems. How does it work? Room air conditioners work by cooling one part of your home. Room or window air conditioners cool rooms rather than the entire home or business. If they provide cooling only where they're needed, room air conditioners are less expensive to operate than central units, even though
DOE Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner...
Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Models Shown to Violate Minimum Efficiency Standards DOE Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump...
Maintaining Your Air Conditioner | Department of Energy
Maintaining Your Air Conditioner Maintaining Your Air Conditioner Maintaining Your Air Conditioner June 18, 2013 - 6:20pm Addthis Replacing or cleaning air conditioner filters is a critical maintenance task. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/firemanYU. Replacing or cleaning air conditioner filters is a critical maintenance task. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/firemanYU. What does this mean for me? Regular maintenance keeps your air conditioner running as efficiently as possible. Maintaining your air conditioner will save you money by extending the unit's life. An air conditioner's filters, coils, and fins require regular maintenance for the unit to function effectively and efficiently throughout its years of service. Neglecting necessary maintenance ensures a steady decline in air conditioning performance while energy use steadily increases.
Common Air Conditioner Problems | Department of Energy
Common Air Conditioner Problems Common Air Conditioner Problems Common Air Conditioner Problems May 30, 2012 - 6:41pm Addthis A refrigerant leak is one common air conditioning problem. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/BanksPhotos. A refrigerant leak is one common air conditioning problem. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/BanksPhotos. What does this mean for me? You can eliminate the most common air conditioner problems before hiring an air conditioning technician. You can do some air conditioner maintenance and repair tasks yourself. One of the most common air conditioning problems is improper operation. If your air conditioner is on, be sure to close your home's windows and outside doors. For room air conditioners, isolate the room or a group of connected rooms as much as possible from the rest of your home.
Covered Product Category: Residential Central Air Conditioners | Department
Central Air Conditioners Central Air Conditioners Covered Product Category: Residential Central Air Conditioners October 7, 2013 - 10:38am Addthis ENERGY STAR Qualified Products FEMP provides acquisition guidance across a variety of product categories, including residential central air conditioners (CACs), which are an ENERGY STAR®-qualified product category. Federal laws and executive orders mandate that agencies meet these efficiency requirements in all procurement and acquisition actions that are not specifically exempted by law. Most manufacturers display the ENERGY STAR label on complying models. For a model not displaying this label, check the manufacturer's literature to determine if it meets the efficiency requirements outlined by ENERGY STAR. Performance Requirements for Federal Purchases
Tips: Air Conditioners | Department of Energy
Tips: Air Conditioners Tips: Air Conditioners Tips: Air Conditioners June 24, 2013 - 6:31pm Addthis Bigger isn't always better for an air conditioner. Learn effective ways to stay cool while saving energy. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/galinast. Bigger isn't always better for an air conditioner. Learn effective ways to stay cool while saving energy. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/galinast. Buying a bigger room air conditioner won't necessarily make you feel more comfortable during the hot summer months. In fact, a room air conditioner that's too big for the area it is supposed to cool will perform less efficiently and less effectively than a smaller, properly sized unit. The reason: an oversized unit will cool the room(s) to the thermostat set-point before proper dehumidification occurs, making the area feel "clammy"
Four Central Air Conditioners Determined Noncompliant With Energy
Four Central Air Conditioners Determined Noncompliant With Energy Four Central Air Conditioners Determined Noncompliant With Energy Efficiency Standard Four Central Air Conditioners Determined Noncompliant With Energy Efficiency Standard October 3, 2011 - 9:21am Addthis The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Enforcement issued a Notice of Noncompliance Determination (Notice) on September 27, 2011, to AeroSys, Inc. (AeroSys) regarding four models of central (through-the-wall) air conditioners that fail to meet Federal energy efficiency requirements. DOE tests revealed that AeroSys through-the-wall air conditioner models THDC-18S, THDC-18T, THDC-24S, and THDC-24T do not meet the minimum energy efficiency requirements set forth in DOE regulations. The Notice provides that AeroSys must inform those to whom it has sold the models that they do
Modeling of a second-generation solar-driven Rankine air conditioner. Final report
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Ten configurations of a second-generation (2G), solar-powered, Rankine-driven air conditioner were simulated and the data presented for use in companion studies. The results of the analysis show that the boiling-in-collector (BIC) configuration generates more power per collector area than the other configurations. The models used to simulate the configuration are presented in this report. The generated data are also presented. Experimental work was done under this study to both improve a novel refrigerant and oil lubrication system for the centrifugal compressor and investigate the aerodynamic unloading characteristics of the centrifugal compressor. The information generated was used to define possible turbo-gearbox configurations for use in the second generation computer simulation.
Denius, M.W.; Batton, W.D.
Building Energy Software Tools Directory: Room Air Conditioner Cost
Room Air Conditioner Cost Estimator Room Air Conditioner Cost Estimator Screen capture of Room Air Conditioner Cost Estimator The cost estimator compares high-efficiency room air conditioners to standard equipment in terms of life cycle cost. It provides an alternative to complicated building simulation models, while offering more precision than simplified estimating tools that are commonly available. The cost estimator assists decision-making regarding the purchase or replacement of room air conditioning equipment, by estimating a product�s lifetime energy cost savings at various efficiency levels. Screen Shots Keywords air conditioner, life-cycle cost, energy performance, residential buildings, energy savings Validation/Testing Internal reviews at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Modeling the effects of Refrigerant Charging on Air Conditioner Performance Characteristics For Three Expansion Devices
E-Print Network (OSTI)
An experimental and analytical study concerned with the off-design refrigerant charging of air conditioners is presented. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of refrigerant charge and type of expansion device on the system performance (capacity, EER, SEER, etc.) of an air conditioner. All experiments were performed according to the ASHRAE Standard [1983]. The effects of off-design refrigerant charge in the system, type of expansion device (capillary tube, TXV, and short-tube orifice), and outdoor dry-bulb temperature (82� to l00�F) on the wet and dry steady state and cyclic tests are addressed in this study. The fully charged condition was established as a base case for all the expansion device systems. A full charge was obtained by charging the unit to the superheat or subcooled condition specified by the manufacturer charging chan. Once the full charge was determined, refrigerant was then added in 5% increments from -20% of full charge to +20% of full charge to cover the full range of charging conditions for a particular expansion device being tested. The investigation of off-design charging indicated that the system performance variables (total capacity, EER, and SEER) of the unit with capillary tube were more sensitive to off-design charging than the systems with TXV and short-tube orifice. From -20% to +20% charging, the capacity and EER showed a strong dependence on the outdoor temperature, but varied little with charge for the TXV and short-tube orifice expansion systems. A -20% charging resulted in a 21% reduction in SEER while a +20% charging produced an 11% reduction in SEER for the unit with capillary tube. For the TXV, SEER dropped 2% and 8% for -20% and +20% refrigerant charging, respectively. The SEER was constant at 9.4 for all the charging condition except for -5% charging where it peaked to 9.9 for the short-tube orifice expansion system. This trend would suggest that the range of sensitivity of a short-tube orifice system is confined within a small refrigerant charge. A new heat exchanger model based on tube-by-tube simulation was developed and integrated into the ORNL heat pump model. The model was capable of simulating the steady state response of a vapor compression air-to-air heat pump and air conditioner commonly used in residential applications. The simulated results were compared with laboratory tests at two outdoor temperatures. It was found that the ORNL model estimates were within an average of 3% of the experimental results from - 10% to +10% charging conditions. The model predicted the system performance up to 8% higher than measured results at +/-20% and +/-15% charging conditions. Among the eight void fraction models studied, the Hughmark model showed the best agreement between superheat and subcooled temperatures, refrigerant flow rate and capacity and the measured results.
Farzad, Mohsen
Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Models DOE Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Models...
ENERGY STAR Qualified Room Air Conditioners | Data.gov
Room Air Conditioners Room Air Conditioners Consumer Data Apps Challenges Resources About Blogs Let's Talk Feedback Consumer You are here Data.gov » Communities » Consumer » Data ENERGY STAR Qualified Room Air Conditioners Dataset Summary Description Room Air Conditioners that have earned the ENERGY STAR are more efficient than standard models. ENERGY STAR is the trusted symbol for energy efficiency helping consumers save money and protect the environment through energy-efficient products and practices. More information on ENERGY STAR is available at www.energystar.gov. Tags {"Room Air Conditioners","Energy Star",products,"energy efficiency",efficient,"greenhouse gas emissions",climate,utility,utilities,household,savings,labels,partners,certification}
The Beeping Air Conditioner : EnergySmart School Inventors
The Beeping Air Conditioner icon. The Beeping Air Conditioner Work in Progress Sketches Team Picture Miniature Hydroelectric Power Plant icon The Plugger icon. The Light Searcher...
Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer...
Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE Energy Star Testing Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE Energy Star Testing...
central air conditioner | OpenEI
central air conditioner central air conditioner Dataset Summary Description View 2010 energy efficiency data from AeroSys Inc, Coaire, Cold Point, First Operations, LG Electronics, Nordyne, and Quietside manufacturers. Data includes cooling capacity, cooling performance, heating capacity, and heating performance. Spreadsheet was created by combining the tables in pdf files that are included in the zip file. Source Energy Applicance Data - United States Federal Trade Commission, www.ftc.gov Date Released Unknown Date Updated Unknown Keywords air conditioner central air conditioner efficiency efficient energy heat pump Data application/vnd.ms-excel icon 2010_CentralAC_All.xls (xls, 82.4 KiB) application/zip icon 2010CentralAirConditioner.zip (zip, 398.2 KiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review
you need to mount the air conditioner at the narrow end of a long room, then look for a fan control known as "Power Thrust" or "Super Thrust" that sends the cooled air farther...
Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE
Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE Energy Star Testing Electrolux Gibson Air Conditioner and Equator Clothes Washer Fail DOE Energy Star Testing October 6, 2010 - 10:08am Addthis DOE testing in support of the ENERGY STAR program has revealed that an Electrolux Gibson air conditioner (model GAH105Q2T1) and an Equator clothes washer (model EZ 3720 CEE), both of which claimed ENERGY STAR ratings, do not meet the ENERGY STAR requirements. Specifically, the test results for the Electrolux Gibson model show that, when tested in accordance with DOE's test procedures, it consumed 6.1 percent more energy than the Energy Star requirement. Test results for the Equator model show that it exceeds Energy Star's water factor requirements by 12.3 percent.
APPROVED ICE STORAGE AIR CONDITIONERS Revised as of 06-18-2008
APPROVED ICE STORAGE AIR CONDITIONERS Revised as of 06-18-2008 The following vendors and their ice storage air conditioners models can be used in the ice storage air conditioner compliance option. Input details are listed below for the approved equipment. Manufacturer Ice Energy, Inc 9351 Eastman Park Drive
Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners | Department of Energy
Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners August 9, 2012 - 4:05pm Addthis A ductless mini-split air conditioner is one solution to cooling part of a house. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/LUke1138. A ductless mini-split air conditioner is one solution to cooling part of a house. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/LUke1138. What does this mean for me? A ductless mini-split air conditioner is easier to install than a central air conditioning system. A ductless mini-split air conditioner provides zoned air conditioning without ducting. A ductless mini-split air conditioner is relatively easy to install and does not provide an entry point for intruders as some room air conditioners do. Ductless, mini split-system air-conditioners (mini splits) have numerous
Modeled and measured effects of compressor downsizing in an existing air conditioner/heat pump in the cooling mode
It is not uncommon to find oversized central air conditioners in residences. HVAC contractors sometimes oversize central air conditioners for one reason or another--some to the point that they may be 100% larger than needed to meet the load. Retrofit measures done to improve house envelope and distribution system efficiency also contribute to HVAC oversizing, as they reduce house heating and cooling loads. Proper sizing of an air conditioner or heat pump allows more efficient operation and provides a more comfortable environment than a highly oversized unit. Another factor that lowers operating efficiency is an improper refrigerant charge. Field inspections have revealed that about half of the units checked were not properly charged. An option available to homeowners with oversized air conditioners is to replace the existing compressor with a smaller, more efficient compressor, rather than purchasing a new, smaller unit. Such a retrofit may be economically justified, especially during a compressor failure, provided the oversizing of the existing unit is not too great. A used, 15-year old, single-package heat pump with a capillary tube expansion device on the indoor coil was purchased and tested in a set of environmental chambers to determine its cooling performance at various conditions. The system was also modeled to estimate its existing performance, and that with two different types of retrofitted state-of-the-art (SOA) efficient compressors with about 30% less capacity than the original compressor. This reduced the overall system cooling capacity by about 25%. Modeling estimated that the retrofit would increase system EER at 95 F by 30%, SEER by 34%, and reduce power demand by 39% compared to the existing unit. Reduced cycling losses account for the higher increase in SEER.
Levins, W.P.; Rice, C.K.; Baxter, V.D.
Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners | Department of Energy
Room Air Conditioners Room Air Conditioners Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners October 7, 2013 - 10:40am Addthis ENERGY STAR Qualified Products FEMP provides acquisition guidance across a variety of product categories, including room air conditioners, which are an ENERGY STAR®-qualified product category. Federal laws and executive orders mandate that agencies meet these efficiency requirements in all procurement and acquisition actions that are not specifically exempted by law. Most manufacturers display the ENERGY STAR label on complying models. For a model not displaying this label, check the manufacturer's literature to determine if it meets the efficiency requirements outlined by ENERGY STAR. Performance Requirements for Federal Purchases For the most up-to-date efficiency levels required by ENERGY STAR, look for
Building Technologies Office: Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner
Energy-Efficient Window Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner Ratings Research Project to someone by E-mail Share Building Technologies Office: Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner Ratings Research Project on Facebook Tweet about Building Technologies Office: Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner Ratings Research Project on Twitter Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner Ratings Research Project on Google Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner Ratings Research Project on Delicious Rank Building Technologies Office: Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner Ratings Research Project on Digg Find More places to share Building Technologies Office: Energy-Efficient Window Air Conditioner Ratings Research Project on
DOE Investigates Possible Air Conditioner Efficiency Violations |
Investigates Possible Air Conditioner Efficiency Violations Investigates Possible Air Conditioner Efficiency Violations DOE Investigates Possible Air Conditioner Efficiency Violations February 15, 2012 - 5:13pm Addthis The Department of Energy's Office of Enforcement is committed to its compliance enforcement responsibilities with regard to federal energy conservation standards and ensuring that all those subject to the requirements are treated fairly and equally. Today, the Office of Enforcement issued a series of subpoenas as part of an investigation to determine whether manufacturers of split-system air conditioners are making and distributing in the U.S. condensing units that do not meet the current 13 SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) federal energy conservation standard, which has been the standard since 2006.
China Energy Efficiency Round Robin Testing Results for Room Air Conditioners
will result in rising sales prices. VRF Air Conditioner Themain users of VRF air conditioners are commercial usersand large-scale households, and VRF air conditioners usually
Zhou, Nan
Stirling Air Conditioner for Compact Cooling
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
BEETIT Project: Infinia is developing a compact air conditioner that uses an unconventional high efficient Stirling cycle system (vs. conventional vapor compression systems) to produce cool air that is energy efficient and does not rely on polluting refrigerants. The Stirling cycle system is a type of air conditioning system that uses a motor with a piston to remove heat to the outside atmosphere using a gas refrigerant. To date, Stirling systems have been expensive and have not had the right kind of heat exchanger to help cool air efficiently. Infinia is using chip cooling technology from the computer industry to make improvements to the heat exchanger and improve system performance. Infinia�s air conditioner uses helium gas as refrigerant, an environmentally benign gas that does not react with other chemicals and does not burn. Infinia�s improvements to the Stirling cycle system will enable the cost-effective mass production of high-efficiency air conditioners that use no polluting refrigerants.
Four Central Air Conditioners Determined Noncompliant With Energy...
Action Against AeroSys, Inc. for Failure to Certify Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps DOE Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump...
Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners...
Energy-Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners in the US Title Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners in the US Publication Type Journal Article...
YMGI Through-the-Wall Air Conditioner Determined Noncompliant With Energy
YMGI Through-the-Wall Air Conditioner Determined Noncompliant With YMGI Through-the-Wall Air Conditioner Determined Noncompliant With Energy Efficiency Standard YMGI Through-the-Wall Air Conditioner Determined Noncompliant With Energy Efficiency Standard October 11, 2012 - 4:10pm Addthis The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Enforcement issued a Notice of Noncompliance Determination (Notice) on October 11, 2012, to YMGI Group, LLC (YMGI) regarding through-the-wall split system central air conditioner basic model TTWC-18K-31B. DOE enforcement testing revealed that this model operates at a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) of 8.3. The current federal standard requires that through-the-wall split system central air conditioners operate at a SEER of 12 or greater. Addthis Related Articles Four Central Air Conditioners Determined Noncompliant With Energy
Product Standards for Air Conditioners (Japan) | Open Energy Information
Air Conditioners (Japan) Air Conditioners (Japan) Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary LAUNCH TOOL Name: Product Standards for Air Conditioners (Japan) Focus Area: Appliances & Equipment Topics: Policy Impacts Website: www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/pdf/tr_air_conditioners_apr.2008.pdf Equivalent URI: cleanenergysolutions.org/content/product-standards-air-conditioners-ja Language: English Policies: "Deployment Programs,Regulations" is not in the list of possible values (Deployment Programs, Financial Incentives, Regulations) for this property. DeploymentPrograms: Industry Codes & Standards Regulations: Appliance & Equipment Standards and Required Labeling This Energy Conservation Center Japan (ECCJ) document was created as a guide in response to its newly established set of standards and labelling
Analysis of Efficiency Standards for Air Conditioners, Air ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Federal agencies to select ENERGY STAR and ... analyze the proposed air conditioner and heat pump standards, a new baseline ... square foot office building 0.4 to 0.8 ...
New and Underutilized Technology: Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioner |
Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioner Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioner New and Underutilized Technology: Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioner October 4, 2013 - 4:40pm Addthis The following information outlines key deployment considerations for liquid desiccant air conditioners (LDACs) within the Federal sector. Benefits Liquid desiccant air conditioners deeply dry air using natural gas, solar energy, waste heat, bio-fuel, or other fossil fuels to drive the system. By providing mostly latent cooling, the LDAC controls indoor humidity without overcooling and reheating. This unit is supplemented by an electric chiller or DX air conditioner that sensibly cools the building's recirculation air. The liquid desiccant is a concentrated salt solution that directly absorbs moisture. Application LDACs are applicable in hospital, office, prison, school, and service
Life-cycle cost and payback period analysis for commercial unitary air conditioners
ground water source), electrically operated, unitary central air conditioners and central air conditioning heat pumps
Rosenquist, Greg; Coughlin, Katie; Dale, Larry; McMahon, James; Meyers, Steve
List of Room Air Conditioners Incentives | Open Energy Information
Conditioners Incentives Conditioners Incentives Jump to: navigation, search The following contains the list of 112 Room Air Conditioners Incentives. CSV (rows 1 - 112) Incentive Incentive Type Place Applicable Sector Eligible Technologies Active AEP Ohio - Commercial New Construction Energy Efficiency Rebate Program (Ohio) Utility Rebate Program Ohio Commercial Industrial Local Government Municipal Utility Nonprofit Schools State Government Central Air conditioners Chillers Comprehensive Measures/Whole Building Custom/Others pending approval Energy Mgmt. Systems/Building Controls Heat pumps Lighting Lighting Controls/Sensors Motor VFDs Motors Water Heaters Commercial Cooking Equipment Commercial Refrigeration Equipment Room Air Conditioners Yes Alexandria Light and Power - Residential Energy Efficiency Rebate Program (Minnesota) Utility Rebate Program Minnesota Residential Central Air conditioners
Development and Analysis of Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioner Prototype
This report documents the design of a desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVAP AC) prototype and the testing to prove its performance. Previous numerical modeling and building energy simulations indicate a DEVAP AC can save significant energy compared to a conventional vapor compression AC (Kozubal et al. 2011). The purposes of this research were to build DEVAP prototypes, test them to validate the numerical model, and identify potential commercialization barriers.
Kozubal, E.; Woods, J.; Judkoff, R.
Rating of Mixed Split Residential Air Conditioners
A methodology is presented for rating the performance of mixed, split residential air conditioners. The method accounts for the impact on system performance of the indoor evaporator, expansion device and fan; three major components that are likely to be substituted for the matched components in a mixed system. The method allows calculation of capacity at 95�F rating point and seasonal energy efficiency ratio, SEER, without performing laboratory test of the complete system. Limitations of the procedure, present work, and anticipated improvements are also discussed.
Domanski, P. A.
Inverter control systems in the residential heat pump air conditioner
A compressor capacity control with an inverter has been considered from the viewpoint of high energy saving in a refrigerating cycle. However, the system has not been put into practical use because of high initial cost, technical problems of electronic parts, and complexity of system control. In this connection, we developed the new inverter-controlled heat-pump air conditioner by using the latest electronics and refrigeration technology. This paper discusses the trend of energy saving in air conditioners in Japan and the objectives of developing the inverter controlled air conditioner. It also discusses the following items with respect to the inverter controlled air conditioner and the effects of employing an inverter: 1. Inverter for air conditioning; 2. Refrigeration cycle; 3. Air conditioner control with inverter.
Shimma, Y.; Tateuchi, T.; Suglura, H.
Study on Water-Cooled Solar Semiconductor Air Conditioner
Water-cooled solar semiconductor air conditioner was designed. Relevant calculation was made to determine the room's cooling load, which export the solar panels and battery capacity, followed by selection of CNC matcher. Development work also involves ... Keywords: solar energy, peltier effect, semiconductor air conditioner
Dong Zhi-Ming; Chang Ji-Bin; Xiang Li-Juan; Zhou Xue-Bin
Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for
allow users to look up the demand reduction per device based on the daily maximum temperatureLBNL-5330E Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and Settlement-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and Settlement Josh Bode, Michael J. Sullivan Freeman
Commercial Central Air Conditioners, Purchasing Specifications for Energy-Efficient Products (Fact Sheet)
Energy efficiency purchasing specifications for federal procurements of commercial central air conditioners.
Not Available
Five ENERGY STAR Room Air Conditioners Fail Testing
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Enforcement announced today that DOE testing has identified five Friedrich room air conditioners that do not meet the ENERGY STAR Program�s energy...
Variable Speed Fan Retrofits for Computer Room Air Conditioners
Variable-Speed Fan Retrofits for Computer-Room Air Conditioners Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program Technology Case Study Bulletin By...
List of Central Air conditioners Incentives | Open Energy Information
Central Air conditioners Incentives Central Air conditioners Incentives Jump to: navigation, search The following contains the list of 1032 Central Air conditioners Incentives. CSV (rows 1-500) CSV (rows 501-1000) CSV (rows 1001-1032) Incentive Incentive Type Place Applicable Sector Eligible Technologies Active AEP (Central and North) - CitySmart Program (Texas) Utility Rebate Program Texas Commercial Industrial Institutional Local Government Schools Boilers Central Air conditioners Chillers Comprehensive Measures/Whole Building Custom/Others pending approval Energy Mgmt. Systems/Building Controls Furnaces Heat pumps Lighting Lighting Controls/Sensors Motor VFDs Motors Roofs Windows Yes AEP (Central and SWEPCO) - Coolsaver A/C Tune Up (Texas) Utility Rebate Program Texas Commercial Installer/Contractor
Adsorption air conditioner for electric vehicle applications. Revision 1
This paper shows an analysis of the applicability of an adsorption system for electric vehicle (EV) air conditioning. Adsorption systems are designed and optimized to provide the required cooling for four combinations of vehicle characteristics and driving cycles. The resulting adsorption systems are compared with vapor compression air conditioners that can satisfy the cooling load. The objective function is the overall system weight, which includes the cooling system weight and the weight of the battery necessary to provide energy for air conditioner operation. The system with the minimum overall weight is considered to be the best, because a lower weight results in an increased vehicle range. The results indicate that, for the conditions analyzed in this paper, vapor compression air conditioners are superior to adsorption systems not only because they are lighter, but also because they have a higher COP and are more compact.
Aceves, S.M.
Bridging the Efficiency Gap: Commercial Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners
Bridging the Efficiency Gap: Commercial Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners Bridging the Efficiency Gap: Commercial Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners Title Bridging the Efficiency Gap: Commercial Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners Publication Type Conference Proceedings Year of Publication 2000 Authors Shugars, John, Philip Coleman, Christopher T. Payne, and Laura Van Wie McGrory Conference Name Proceedings from the 2000 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings Volume 10 Pagination 217-226 Date Published 01/2000 Abstract The energy efficiency ofmany products has increased markedly over the past decade. A conspicuous exception to this trend is commercialpackaged rooftop air conditioners, which have experiencedlittle to no efficiency improvement since 1992 when the Energy Policy Act of 1992 imposed federal minimum standards. Packaged rooftop units have been estimated to use on the order of76 billion kWh annually in the US, at a cost ofroughly $5.6 billion. Sales of these units are growing, and the majority of units sold have energy efficiency ratios (EERs) at orjust above the current national minimum efficiency standards. In this paper we document the static efficiencies ofcommercialpackaged air conditioners, explore the reasons behindthis efficiency gap, and assess opportunities for overcoming the barriers to efficiency improvements in these products.
DOE Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and
Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Models Shown to Violate Minimum Efficiency Standards DOE Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Models Shown to Violate Minimum Efficiency Standards March 30, 2010 - 12:00am Addthis WASHINGTON, DC - Today, the Department of Energy announced that it is requiring AeroSys, Inc. to stop distributing two product models - one air conditioner and one heat pump - that DOE testing found to consume more energy than allowed under federal efficiency standards. This is the latest step in the Department's investigation into whether AeroSys has been selling products in the U.S. that violate minimum appliance efficiency standards. This is the first time that the Department of Energy has told a
DOE Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners
Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners Violating Minimum Appliance Standards DOE Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners Violating Minimum Appliance Standards June 3, 2010 - 12:00am Addthis Washington, DC - Today, the Department of Energy announced that three manufacturers -- Aspen Manufacturing, Inc., Summit Manufacturing, and Advanced Distributor Products -- must stop distributing 61 heat pump models and 1 air conditioner model that DOE has determined do not comply with federal energy conservation standards. The manufacturers also must notify all of their customers that have been sold noncompliant units. The Department determined that these models were noncompliant based on certification information submitted to DOE for these manufacturers.
Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Models DOE Orders AeroSys to Halt Distribution of Inefficient Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Models March 30, 2010 - 10:05am Addthis Today, the Department of Energy announced that it is requiring AeroSys, Inc. to stop distributing two product models - one air conditioner and one heat pump - that DOE testing found to consume more energy than allowed under federal efficiency standards. This is the latest step in the Department's investigation into whether AeroSys has been selling products in the U.S. that violate minimum appliance efficiency standards. This is the first time that the Department of Energy has told a company or manufacturer that it must halt the distribution of products that fail to
Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners Violating Minimum Appliance Standards DOE Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners Violating Minimum Appliance Standards June 3, 2010 - 2:17pm Addthis Today, the Department of Energy announced that three manufacturers -- Aspen Manufacturing, Inc., Summit Manufacturing, and Advanced Distributor Products -- must stop distributing 61 heat pump models and 1 air conditioner model that DOE has determined do not comply with federal energy conservation standards. The manufacturers also must notify all of their customers that have been sold noncompliant units. The Department determined that these models were noncompliant based on certification information submitted to DOE for these manufacturers.
Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners Violating Minimum Appliance Standards DOE Requires Manufacturers to Halt Sales of Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners Violating Minimum Appliance Standards June 3, 2010 - 2:17pm Addthis Today, the Department of Energy announced that three manufacturers -- Aspen Manufacturing, Inc., Summit Manufacturing, and Advanced Distributor Products -- must stop distributing 61 heat pump models and 1 air conditioner model that DOE has determined do not comply with federal energy conservation standards. The manufacturers also must notify all of their customers that have been sold noncompliant units. The Department determined that these models were noncompliant based on certification information submitted to DOE for these manufacturers.
Rooftop Unitary Air Conditioner with Integral Dedicated Outdoor Air System
Energy use of rooftop and other unitary air-conditioners in commercial applications accounts for about 1 quad (10{sup 15} Btu) of primary energy use annually in the U.S. [Reference 7]. The realization that this cooling equipment accounts for the majority of commercial building cooled floorspace and the majority also of commercial building energy use has spurred development of improved-efficiency equipment as well as development of stricter standards addressing efficiency levels. Another key market driver affecting design of rooftop air-conditioning equipment has been concern regarding comfort and the control of humidity. Trends for increases in outdoor air ventilation rates in certain applications, and the increasing concern about indoor air quality problems associated with humidity levels and moisture in buildings points to a need for improved dehumidification capability in air-conditioning equipment of all types. In many cases addressing this issue exacerbates energy efficiency, and vice versa. The integrated dedicated outdoor air system configuration developed in this project addresses both energy and comfort/humidity issues.
Tiax Llc
Laboratory Performance Testing of Residential Window Air Conditioners
Window air conditioners are the dominant cooling product for residences, in terms of annual unit sales. They are inexpensive, portable and can be installed by the owner. For this reason, they are an attractive solution for supplemental cooling, for retrofitting air conditioning into a home which lacks ductwork, and for renters. Window air conditioners for sale in the United States are required to meet very modest minimum efficiency standards. Four window air conditioners' performance were tested in the Advanced HVAC Systems Laboratory on NREL's campus in Golden, CO. In order to separate and study the refrigerant system's performance, the unit's internal leakage pathways, the unit's fanforced ventilation, and the leakage around the unit resulting from installation in a window, a series of tests were devised that focused on each aspect of the unit's performance. These tests were designed to develop a detailed performance map to determine whole-house performance in different climates. Even though the test regimen deviated thoroughly from the industry-standard ratings test, the results permit simple calculation of an estimated rating for both capacity and efficiency that would result from a standard ratings test. Using this calculation method, it was found that the three new air conditioners' measured performance was consistent with their ratings. This method also permits calculation of equivalent SEER for the test articles. Performance datasets were developed across a broad range of indoor and outdoor operating conditions, and used them to generate performance maps.
Winkler, J.; Booten, C.; Christensen, D.; Tomerlin, J.
Laboratory Performance Testing of Residential Window Mounted Air Conditioners
Laboratory Performance Testing of Residential Window Mounted Air Conditioners Jon Winkler Chuck Booten Dane Christensen Jeff Tomerlin April 29, 2012 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Why should we care? * Window AC unit sales dominate US market o 7.5 million units sold in 2011 - 36% more than ducted systems - Approx. 30% of installed capacity o Inexpensive relative to central units o Easy installation o Attractive for retrofits * Need accurate models in whole-building tools o Costs/savings relative to other solutions can be quantified o Spot cooling can reduce energy use, but when, where and by
Development of vehicle magnetic air conditioner (VMAC) technology. Final report
The objective of Phase I was to explore the feasibility of the development of a new solid state refrigeration technology - magnetic refrigeration - in order to reduce power consumption of a vehicle air conditioner by 30%. The feasibility study was performed at Iowa State University (ISU) together with Astronautics Corporation of America Technology Center (ACATC), Madison, WI, through a subcontract with ISU.
Gschneidner, Karl A., Jr.; Pecharsky, V.K.; Jiles, David; Zimm, Carl B.
Monitoring and evaluation of replacing low-efficiency air conditioners with high-efficiency air conditioners in single-family detached houses in Austin, Texas
The US DOE initiated this project to evaluate the performance of an air conditioner retrofit program in Austin, Texas. The City's Austin's Resource Management Department pursued this project to quantify the retrofit effect of replacing low-efficiency air conditioners with high-efficiency air conditioners in single-family detached homes. If successfully implemented, this retrofit program could help defer construction of a new power plant which is a major goal of this department. The project compares data collected from 12 houses during two cooling seasons under pre-retrofit and then post-retrofit air conditioner units. The existing low-efficiency air conditioners were monitored during the 1987 cooling season, replaced during the 1987--88 heating season with new, smaller sized, high-efficiency units, and then monitored again during the 1988 cooling season. Results indicated that the air conditioner retrofits reduce the annual air conditioner electric consumption and peak electric demand by an average of 38%. When normalized to the nominal capacity of the air conditioner, average demand savings were 1.12 W/ft{sup 2} and estimated annual energy savings were 1.419 kWh/ft{sup 2}. Individual air conditioner power requirements were found to be a well defined function of outdoor temperature as expected. In the absence of detailed data, estimates of the peak demand reductions of new air conditioners can be made from the manufacturer's specifications. Air conditioner energy consumption proved to be strongly linear as a function of the outdoor temperature as expected when taken as an aggregate. No noticeable differences in the diversity factor of the air conditioner usage were found. Analysis of the retrofit effect using PRISM yields estimates of the reduction in normalized annual consumption (NAC) and annual cooling consumption of 12% and 30%. 2 refs., 11 figs., 17 tabs.
Burns, R.; Hough, R.E. (Fleming (W.S.) and Associates, Inc., Syracuse, NY (United States))
Bridging Bridging the Efficiency Gap: Commercial Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners John Shugars, Consultant Philip Coleman, Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory ChristopherPayne, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Laura Van Wie McGrory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ABSTRACT The energy efficiency ofmany products has increased markedly over the past decade. A conspicuous exception to this trend is commercial packaged rooftop air conditioners, which have experiencedlittle to no efficiency improvement since 1992 when the Energy Policy Act of 1992 imposed federal minimum standards. Packaged rooftop units have been estimated to use on the order of76 billion kWh annually in the US, at a cost ofroughly $5.6 billion. Sales of these units are growing, and the majority of units sold have energy efficiency ratios (EERs) at orjust above the current national minimum efficiency
Determining benefits and costs of improved central air conditioner efficiencies
Economic impacts on individual consumers from possible revisions to U.S. residential-type central air conditioner energy-efficiency standards are examined using a life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis. LCC is the consumer's cost of purchasing and installing a central air conditioner and operating it over its lifetime. This approach makes it possible to evaluate the economic impacts on individual consumers from the revised standards. The methodology allows an examination of groups of the population which benefit or lose from suggested efficiency standards. The results show that the economic benefits to consumers due to modest increases in efficiency are significant. For an efficiency increase of 20percent over the existing minimum standard (i.e., 12 SEER), 35percent of households with central air conditioners experience significant LCC savings, with an average savings of $453, while 25percent show significant LCC losses, with an average loss of $158 compared to apre-standard LCC average of $5,170. The remainder of the population (40percent) are largely unaffected.
Rosenquist, G.; Levok, A.; Chan, P.; McMahon, J.
Air Conditioner "Evolves" in Novel NIST Study
... A new NIST tool combining principles of engineering with those of natural evolution yielded the design for a more energy-efficient roof-top air ...
The effects of galvanic corrosion on air conditioner performance
Corrosion of air conditioner outdoor heat exchangers (condensers) poses a significant problem for consumers living in coastal regions. This research sought to experimentally determine effects of galvanic corrosion on air conditioner condenser coils when subjected to high salt environments such as those found along the Gulf coast of the southern United States. The particular coil configuration investigated was comprised of copper tubing and aluminum fins, which form a galvanic couple in the presence of an electrolyte (salt water). Corrosion at the tube/fin junction results in a decrease of contact area through which heat is transferred. As a result, degradation of air conditioner performance occurs. An experimental plan was developed to operate two air conditioners for a period of approximately one year at a testing site in Galveston, Texas. Psychrometric evaluation of these units was conducted prior to exposure, at the midpoint of exposure, and at the conclusion of exposure. In addition, samples of copper and aluminum coils and coupons were subjected to the same coastal environment and investigated for corrosion attack. An accelerated corrosion test was also conducted to determine the effects of increased temperature, relative humidity, and salt concentrations on these samples. Air conditioner performance was measured during steady state cooling tests at outdoor conditions of 75?F (23.9?C), 82?F (27.8?C), 95?F (35.0?C), and 105?F (40.6?C) with an indoor temperature of 80?F (26.7?C) dry-bulb and 67?F (19.4?C) wet-bulb. Results of this testing showed that both units demonstrated average decreases in both cooling capacity and system EER. Sensible and latent capacity degradation for both package units showed decreases of approximately 4.6% and 20.9% respectively. System EER dropped over the course of the field investigation by 11.5% for one of the units and 8.3% for the other. An average corrosion rate for sample coupons subjected to the Galveston environment was calculated to be 0.13 MPY. Microscopic evaluation of aluminum from these galvanic couples after approximately one year of exposure showed an average pit depth approximately 19% of the aluminum thickness at the material interface. In comparison, aluminum fin collars at the material interface had an average pit about 22% of the thickness. Accelerated corrosion testing revealed some pitting, but not to the extent exhibited by field samples. A detailed description of the experimental setup, procedure, and results are provided.
Grisham, Phillip Ryan
Conservation for window air conditioners: a guide for homeowners and weatherization crews
Recommendations are made on the maintenance, operation, and shading of existing window air conditioners for the purpose of helping home owners conserve energy. (LCL)
Riley, J.T.; Haumberger, H. Jr.; Riley, K.L.
Measured Impacts of Air Conditioner Condenser Shading
A study has been conducted by the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) to examine if space cooling energy savings can be achieved from shading of residential air conditioning (AC) condenser units. The investigation consisted of before-and-after experiments conducted on three homes over a two year period. A recent EPA study recommends shading of exterior AC condensers, using landscaping or other means, as a method to reduce space cooling energy use (Akbari et al., 1992).
Parker, D. S.; Barkaszi, S. F.; Sonne, J. K.
De-icing thermostat for air conditioners
This patent describes an electronic thermostat adapted to be connected to an air-cooling apparatus to control the operative state of the apparatus. The thermostat includes a means for generating a digital electrical signal representative of a desired temperature setpoint and means for generating a digital electrical signal representative of the ambient temperature at the thermostat. The improvement described here comprises: means for generating control signals for the aircooling apparatus in order to inhibit the accumulation of ice on the cooling element of the air-cooling apparatus when the ambient temperature is above the temperature setpoint; means, responsive to the control signals, for deenergizing the compressor in the air-cooling apparatus for a first preselected period of time whenever the compressor is determined to have run continuously for a second preselected period of time; and means for adaptively adjusting the length of at least one of the first or second preselected periods of time as a function of the change in the rate of change of the ambient temperature.
Levine, M.R.
Zero Carryover Liquid-Desiccant Air Conditioner for Solar Applications: Preprint
A novel liquid-desiccant air conditioner that dries and cools building supply air will transform the use of direct-contact liquid-desiccant systems in HVAC applications, improving comfort, air quality, and providing energy-efficient humidity control.
Lowenstein, A.; Slayzak, S.; Kozubal, E.
The Impact of Energy Recovery on Window Air-conditioner Efficiency
An experimental energy recovering air-conditioner can produce fresh air exchange heat with exhaust air in the heat exchanger, which has no additional moving parts. The EER of the experimental air-conditioner (EAC) is increased by 17.4~37.3 percent over that of an ordinary window type air-conditioner (OAC), which is very significant for energy efficiency. On the other hand, the fresh air proportion of the EAC is increased by ~20 percent over that of the OAC, and the indoor noise of the EAC is decreased by ~3.8 dB. Therefore, indoor environment quality can be greatly improved with the EAC.
Luo, Q.; Tang, C.; Liao, K.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Indian Draft Standard Levels for RoomAir Conditioners
The Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) finalized its first set of efficiency standards and labels for room air conditioners in July of 2006. These regulations followed soon after the publication of levels for frost-free refrigerators in the same year. As in the case of refrigerators, the air conditioner program introduces Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards (MEPS) and comparative labels simultaneously, with levels for one to five stars. Also like the refrigerator program, BEE defined several successive program phases of increasing stringency. In support of BEE's refrigerator program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) produced an analysis of national impacts of standards in collaboration with the Collaborative Labeling and Standards Program (CLASP). That analysis drew on LBNL's experience with standards programs in the United States, as well as many other countries. Subsequently, as part of the process for setting optimal levels for air conditioner regulations, CLASP commissioned LBNL to provide support to BEE in the form of a techno-economic evaluation of air conditioner efficiency technologies. This report describes the methodology and results of this techno-economic evaluation. The analysis consists of three components: (1) Cost effectiveness to consumers of efficiency technologies relative to current baseline. (2) Impacts on the current market from efficiency regulations. (3) National energy and financial impacts. The analysis relied on detailed and up-to-date technical data made available by BEE and industry representatives. Technical parameters were used in conjunction with knowledge about air conditioner use patterns in the residential and commercial sectors, and prevailing marginal electricity prices, in order to give an estimate of per-unit financial impacts. In addition, the overall impact of the program was evaluated by combining unit savings with market forecasts in order to yield national impacts. LBNL presented preliminary results of these analyses in May 2006, at a meeting of BEEs Technical Committee for Air Conditioners. This meeting was attended by a wide array of stakeholder, including industry representatives, engineers and consumer advocates. Comments made by stakeholders at this meeting are incorporated into the final analysis presented in this report. The current analysis begins with the Rating Plan drafted by BEE in 2006, along with an evaluation of the market baseline according to test data submitted by manufacturers. MEPS, label rating levels, and baseline efficiencies are presented in Section 2. First, we compare Indian MEPS with current standards in other countries, and assess their relative stringency. Baseline efficiencies are then used to estimate the fraction of models likely to remain on the market at each phase of the program, and the impact on market-weighted efficiency levels. Section 3 deals with cost-effectiveness of higher efficiency design options. The cost-benefit analysis is grounded in technical parameters provided by industry representatives in India. This data allows for an assessment of financial costs and benefits to consumers as a result of the standards and labeling program. A Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) calculation is used to evaluate the impacts of the program at the unit level, thus providing some insight into the appropriateness of the levels chosen, and additional opportunities for further ratcheting. In addition to LCC, we also calculate payback periods, cost of conserved energy (CCE), and return on investment (ROI). Finally, Section 4 covers national impacts. This is an extension of unit level estimates in the two previous sections. Extrapolation to the national level depends on a forecast of air conditioner purchases (shipments), which we describe here. Following the cost-benefit analysis, we construct several efficiency scenarios including the BEE plan, but also considering further potential for efficiency improvement. These are combined with shipments through a stock accounting model in order to forecast air conditioner energy consumption
McNeil, Michael A.; Iyer, Maithili
Development of solar driven absorption air conditioners and heat pumps
The objective of this project is the development of absorption refrigeration systems for solar active heating and cooling applications. The approaches being investigated are those using air-cooled condenser-absorbers and those leading to coefficient of performances (COP) that increase continuously with heat source temperature. This is primarily an experimental project, with the emphasis on designing, fabricating and testing absorption chillers in operating regimes that are particularly suited for solar energy applications. The first phase of this project has been concluded and has experimentally demonstrated that the conventional single-effect ammonia-water absorption cycle can be used (with minor modifications) for solar cooling. The second phase of this project explores the commercial potential of the single-effect (SE) NH/sub 3//H/sub 2/O absorption air conditioner. (WHK)
Dao, K.; Wahlig, M.; Wali, E.; Rasson, J.; Molishever, E.
Variable-Speed Fan Variable-Speed Fan Retrofits for Computer-Room Air Conditioners Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program Technology Case Study Bulletin By Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Steve Greenberg September 2013 2 Contacts Steve Greenberg Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory One Cyclotron Road, 90R3111 Berkeley, California 94720 (510) 486-6971 firstname.lastname@example.com For more information on FEMP, please contact: Will Lintner, P.E., CEM Federal Energy Management Program U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Ave. S.W. Washington, D. C. 20585-0121 (202) 586-3120 email@example.com 3 Acknowledgements EPRI: Dennis Symanski, Brian Fortenbery Synapsense: Garret Smith, Patricia Nealon Vigilent: Corinne Vita
Influence of Air Conditioner Operation on Electricity Use and Peak Demand
Electricity demand due to occupant controlled room air conditioners in a large mater-metered apartment building is analyzed. Hourly data on the electric demand of the building and of individual air conditioners are used in analyses of annual and time-of-day peaks. Effects of occupant schedules and behavior are examined. We conclude that room air conditioners cause a sharp annual peak demand because occupants have strongly varying thresholds with respect to toleration of high indoor temperatures. However, time-or-day peaking is smoothed by air conditioning in this building due to significant off-peak operation of air conditioners by some occupants. If occupants were billed directly for electricity, off-peak use would probably diminish making the peaks more pronounced and exacerbating the utility company's load management problems. Future studies of this type in individually metered apartment buildings are recommended.
McGarity, A. E.; Feuermann, D.; Kempton, W.; Norford, L. K.
Cromer Cycle Air Conditioner: A Unique Air-Conditioner Desiccant Cycle to Enhance Dehumidification and Save Energy
The Cromer cycle uses a desiccant to move moisture from the saturated air leaving an air conditioning (AC) cooling coil to the air returning to the AC unit from the conditioned space. This has the thermodynamic effect of reducing the overall energy consumption of the AC unit and also has the side benefit of dramatically increasing the moisture removal capacity of the AC coil. Simulations, engineering analysis and laboratory tests have confirmed the technical feasibility of the thermodynamics of the cycle. This work reports on a test at ARI conditions (95 deg. F outside, 80 deg F, 51% RH inside). The test unit (10 year old, 5 ton Bryant Air Conditioner) without the Cromer cycle, averaged an EER of 7.93 at a latent ratio of 26.2 % (SHR = 0.738). With the Cromer cycle added, the same unit averaged a total cooling EER of 11.82 with a water removal latent ratio of 53.4% (SHR= 0.466). The measured 16.4% reduction in energy use and 47.9 improvement in EER is significant for the tests at the 95% confidence level. This technology represents a major improvement in energy performance for the control of humidity conditions.
Cromer, C. J.
An Evaluation of Steady-State Dehumidification Characteristics of Residential Central Air Conditioners, Final Report
This report is the first of two reports on the project "Determination of the Transient Response Characteristics of High Efficiency Commercial Air Conditioners" funded by Houston Lighting and Power Company. The purpose of this report is to present the results from an investigation of the possible relationship between residential central air conditioner efficiency and dehumidification performance. The method used was that of a survey of air conditioners currently manufactured and on the market as of late 1986. Chapter 2 outlines the basic terminology used in evaluating the dehumidification performance of central air conditioners. Chapter 3 provides background to the survey data. Chapter 4 presents results from the survey. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in Chapter 5.
O'Neal, D. L.; Chan, N.; Somasundaram, S.; Katipamula, S.
Effect of Return Air Leakage on Air Conditioner Performance in Hot/Humid Climates
An experimental study was conducted to quantify the effect of return air leakage from hot/humid attic spaces on the performance of a residential air conditioner. Tests were conducted in psychrometric facilities where temperatures and humidities could be controlled closely. Return air leakage from hot attic spaces was simulated by assuming adiabatic mixing of the indoor air at normal conditions with the attic air at high temperatures. Effective capacity and Energy Efficiency Ratio both decreased with increased return air leakage. However, power consumption was relatively constant for all variables except outdoor temperature, which meant that for the same power consumption, the unit delivered much lower performance when there was return air leakage. The increase in sensible heat ratio (SHR) with increasing leakage showed one of the most detrimental effects of return air leakage on performance.
O'Neal, D. L.; Rodriguez, A.; Davis, M.; Kondepudi, S.
Building America Top Innovations 2013 Profile High-Efficiency Window Air Conditioners
an inexpensive, portable form of spot cooling, an inexpensive, portable form of spot cooling, making them a good solution for supplemental cooling, for air conditioning in homes that lack ductwork, and for renters. As a result, 7.5 million window air conditioners are purchased each year in the United States-more than all other home cooling equipment combined. However, window air conditioners have low minimum efficiency standards, and their installation typically results in air leakage, which significantly reduces the equipment's performance. To measure the impact these products have on home energy use, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) studied the performance of one 10-year-old and three new window air conditioners in a range of climates and conditions at NREL's Advanced Heating, Ventilation, and
inexpensive, portable, and can be installed by inexpensive, portable, and can be installed by home occupants, making them a good solution for supplemental cooling, for installing air conditioning in homes that lack ductwork, and for renters. As a result, 7.5 million window air conditioners are purchased each year in the United States-more than all other home cooling equipment combined. However, a window air conditioner is required to meet only modest minimum efficiency standards, and its typical installation in a window causes air leakage, which significantly reduces the equipment's performance. To measure the impact these products have on home energy use, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) studied the performance of one 10-year-old and three new window air conditioners in a range of
NREL Solves Residential Window Air Conditioner Performance Limitations (Fact Sheet), Highlights in Research & Development, NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
13 Denver West Parkway 13 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 | www.nrel.gov Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste. NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Comprehensive performance tests lead to enhanced modeling capability and affordable methods to increase energy efficiency. Window air conditioners are inexpensive, portable, and can be installed by home occupants, making them a good solution for supplemental cooling, for installing air conditioning into homes that lack ductwork, and for renters. As a result, 7.5 million window air conditioners are purchased each year in the United States-more than all other home cooling equipment
Analysis and optimization of an adsorption air conditioner for electric vehicle applications
This paper shows an analysis of the applicability of an adsorption system for electric vehicle (EV) air conditioning. Adsorption systems are designed and optimized to provide the required cooling for four combinations of vehicle characteristics and driving cycles. The resulting adsorption systems are compared with vapor compression air conditioners that can satisfy the cooling load. The objective function is the overall system weight, which includes the cooling system weight and the weight of the battery necessary to provide energy for air conditioner operation. The system with the minimum overall weight is considered to be the best. The results show the optimum values of all the variables, as well as temperatures and amounts adsorbed, for the adsorption and desorption processes. The results indicate that, for the conditions analyzed in this paper, vapor compression air conditioners are superior to adsorption systems, not only because they are lighter, but also because they have a higher COP and are more compact.
The Effect of Reduced Evaporator Air Flow on the Performance of a Residential Central Air Conditioner
This paper discusses the measured degradation in performance of a residential air conditioning system operating under reduced evaporator air flow. Experiments were conducted using a R-22 three-ton split-type cooling system with a short-tube orifice expansion device. Results are presented here for a series of tests in which the evaporator air flow was reduced from 25 to 90% below what is normally recommended for this air conditioner. At present, very little information is available which quantifies the performance of a residential cooling system operating under degraded conditions such as reduced evaporator air flow. Degraded performance measurements can provide information which could help electric utilities evaluate the potential impact of system-wide maintenance programs.
Palani, M.; O'Neal, D.; Haberl, J.
Swozzle based burner tube premixer including inlet air conditioner for low emissions combustion
A burner for use in a combustion system of a heavy-duty industrial gas turbine includes a fuel/air premixer having an air inlet, a fuel inlet, and an annular mixing passage. The fuel/air premixer mixes fuel and air into a uniform mixture for injection into a combustor reaction zone. The burner also includes an inlet flow conditioner disposed at the air inlet of the fuel/air premixer for controlling a radial and circumferential distribution of incoming air. The pattern of perforations in the inlet flow conditioner is designed such that a uniform air flow distribution is produced at the swirler inlet annulus in both the radial and circumference directions. The premixer includes a swozzle assembly having a series of preferably air foil shaped turning vanes that impart swirl to the airflow entering via the inlet flow conditioner. Each air foil contains internal fuel flow passages that introduce natural gas fuel into the air stream via fuel metering holes that pass through the walls of the air foil shaped turning vanes. By injecting fuel in this manner, an aerodynamically clean flow field is maintained throughout the premixer. By injecting fuel via two separate passages, the fuel/air mixture strength distribution can be controlled in the radial direction to obtain optimum radial concentration profiles for control of emissions, lean blow outs, and combustion driven dynamic pressure activity as machine and combustor load are varied.
Tuthill, Richard Sterling (Bolton, CT); Bechtel, II, William Theodore (Scotia, NY); Benoit, Jeffrey Arthur (Scotia, NY); Black, Stephen Hugh (Duanesburg, NY); Bland, Robert James (Clifton Park, NY); DeLeonardo, Guy Wayne (Scotia, NY); Meyer, Stefan Martin (Troy, NY); Taura, Joseph Charles (Clifton Park, NY); Battaglioli, John Luigi (Glenville, NY)
With the upcoming ban on the production of R-22 in 2010, residential air-conditioning equipment will need to be redesigned with a more environmentally benign working fluid. R-410a is a strong candidate for replacing R-22. A model of an air-conditioning system with a focus on the finned-tube condenser design details using R-410a as the working fluid is developed. An optimization algorithm is implemented to find the optimal condenser design with various constraints for an efficiency figure of merit. The software developed is appropriate for engineering design use in the air-conditioning industry.
Susan W. Stewart; Kristinn A. Aspelund; Monifa F. Wright; Emma M. Sadler; Sam V. Shelton, Ph.D.
NREL: Vehicle Ancillary Loads Reduction - Air Conditioner Reduction Project
Conditioner Reduction Project to Reduce Vehicle Fuel Use by 30% Conditioner Reduction Project to Reduce Vehicle Fuel Use by 30% United States map depicting number of millions of gallons of cooling and dehumidification by state: Alabama 167, Alaska 1, Arizona 43, Arkansas 86, California 730, Colorado 76, Connecticut 61, Delaware 19, Florida 753, Georgia 251, Hawaii 68, Idaho 26, Illinois 242, Indiana 142, Iowa 68, Kansas 75, Kentucky 95, Louisiana 176, Maine 21, Maryland 118, Massachusetts 86, Michigan 186, Minnesota 86, Mississippi 85, Missouri 144, Montana 12, Nebraska 40, Nevada 61, New Hampshire 90, New Jersey 167, New Mexico 52, New York 273, North Carolina 187, North Dakota 12, Ohio 229, Oklahoma 109, Oregon 66, Pennsylvania 238, Rhode Island 15, South Carolina 127, South Dakota 17, Tennessee 179, Texas 735, Utah 43, Vermont 9, Virginia 187, Washington 64, West Virginia 37, Wisconsin 167, and Wyoming 7
Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and
Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and Settlement Title Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and Settlement Publication Type Report LBNL Report Number LBNL-5330E Year of Publication 2012 Authors Bode, Josh, Michael J. Sullivan, and Joseph H. Eto Pagination 120 Date Published 01/2012 Publisher LBNL City Berkeley Keywords consortium for electric reliability technology solutions (certs), electricity markets and policy group, energy analysis and environmental impacts department Abstract Several recent demonstrations and pilots have shown that air conditioner (AC) electric loads can be controlled during the summer cooling season to provide ancillary services and improve the stability and reliability of the electricity grid. A key issue for integration of air conditioner load control into grid operations is how to accurately measure shorter-term (e.g., ten's of minutes to a couple of hours) demand reductions from AC load curtailments for operations and settlement. This report presents a framework for assessing the accuracy of shorter-term AC load control demand reduction measurements. It also compares the accuracy of various alternatives for measuring AC reductions - including methods that rely on regression analysis, load matching and control groups - using feeder data, household data and AC end-use data. A practical approach is recommended for settlement that relies on set of tables, updated annually, with pre-calculated load reduction estimates. The tables allow users to look up the demand reduction per device based on the daily maximum temperature, geographic region and hour of day and simplify the settlement process.
Save Money and Stay Cool with an Efficient, Well-Maintained Air Conditioner
Save Money and Stay Cool with an Efficient, Well-Maintained Air Save Money and Stay Cool with an Efficient, Well-Maintained Air Conditioner Save Money and Stay Cool with an Efficient, Well-Maintained Air Conditioner June 29, 2010 - 7:30am Addthis Eric Barendsen Energy Technology Program Specialist, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy OK. It's officially summer here in Washington, D.C. I'm seeking the coolest, shadiest places possible as I get ready for the hottest few months of the year. It's already been a hot June in much of the country, and it may end up being one of the hottest Junes on record in DC. Naturally, I'm starting to think about how I'm going to stay cool this summer, while trying to minimize my energy use. Drew provided some excellent tips on summertime energy savings in his blog post two weeks ago,
The Impact of Residential Air Conditioner Charging and Sizing on Peak Electrical Demand
Electric utilities have had a number of air conditioner rebate and maintenance programs for many years. The purpose of these programs was to improve the efficiency of the stock of air conditioning equipment and provide better demand-side management. This paper examines the effect of refrigerant charging (proper servicing of the equipment), system sizing, and efficiency on the steady-state, coincident peak utility demand of a residential central air conditioning system. The study is based on the results of laboratory tests of a three-ton, capillary tube expansion, split-system air conditioner, system capacity and efficiency data available from manufacturer's literature, and assumptions about relative sizing of the equipment to cooling load on a residence. A qualitative discussion is provided concerning the possible impacts of transient operation and total energy use on utility program decisions. The analysis indicates that proper sizing of the unit is the largest factor affecting energy demand of the three factors (sizing, charging, and efficiency) studied in this paper. For typical oversizing of units to cooling loads in houses, both overcharging and undercharging showed significant negative impact on peak demand. The impacts of SEER changes in utility peak demand were found to be virtually independent of oversizing. For properly sized units, there was a small peak benefit to higher efficiency air conditioners.
Neal, L.; O'Neal, D. L.
Issue and Improvement Measure of Multi-split Air Conditioner
Existing problems of traditional air source variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air-conditioning system are analyzed. The disadvantages of traditional VRF air-conditioning system are described in detail: 1) its properties are seriously affected by outdoor ... Keywords: energy saving, simulation, variable refrigerant flow air conditioning, water loop
Sun Tingting; Ni Long; Yao Yang; Ma Zuiliang; Yi Lingli
The Oklahoma Field Test: Air-conditioning electricity savings from standard energy conservation measures, radiant barriers, and high-efficiency window air conditioners
A field test Involving 104 houses was performed in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to measure the air-conditioning electricity consumption of low-income houses equipped with window air conditioners, the reduction in this electricity consumption attributed to the installation of energy conservation measures (ECMS) as typically installed under the Oklahoma Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP), and the reduction achieved by the replacement of low-efficiency window air conditioners with high-efficiency units and the installation of attic radiant barriers. Air-conditioning electricity consumption and indoor temperature were monitored weekly during the pre-weatherization period (June to September 1988) and post-weatherization period (May to September 1989). House energy consumption models and regression analyses were used to normalize the air-conditioning electricity savings to average outdoor temperature conditions and the pre-weatherization indoor temperature of each house. The following conclusions were drawn from the study: (1) programs directed at reducing air-conditioning electricity consumption should be targeted at clients with high consumption to improve cost effectiveness; (2) replacing low-efficiency air conditioners with high-efficiency units should be considered an option in a weatherization program directed at reducing air-conditioning electricity consumption; (3) ECMs currently being installed under the Oklahoma WAP (chosen based on effectiveness at reducing space-heating energy consumption) should continue to be justified based on their space-heating energy savings potential only; and (4) attic radiant barriers should not be included in the Oklahoma WAP if alternatives with verified savings are available or until further testing demonstrates energy savings or other benefits in this typo of housing.
Ternes, M.P.; Levins, W.P.
13 SEER Standard for Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (released in AEO2005)
Reports and Publications (EIA)
In January 2004, after years of litigation in a case that pitted environmental groups and Attorneys General from 10 States against the U.S. Secretary of Energy, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reestablished the central air conditioner and heat pump standard originally set in January 2001 [3]. The Courts ruling, which struck down a May 2002 rollback of the 2001 standard to a 12 SEER, mandates that all new central air conditioners and heat pumps meet a 13 SEER standard by January 2006, requiring a 30-percent increase in efficiency relative to current law. The AEO2005 reference case incorporates the 13 SEER standard as mandated by the Courts ruling.
Information Center
LBNL-54244 Life-cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis for Commercial Unitary Air Conditioners
44 44 Life-cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis for Commercial Unitary Air Conditioners Greg Rosenquist, Katie Coughlin, Larry Dale, James McMahon, Steve Meyers Energy Analysis Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 March 2004 This work was supported by the Office of Building Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. ii iii ABSTRACT This report describes an analysis of the economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for commercial unitary air conditioners and heat pumps on individual customers in terms of two metrics: life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP). For each of the two equipment classes considered, the 11.5 EER provides the largest mean LCC savings. The results
Estimating Air Conditioner Loads Using Available Billing and Weather Data: An Exploratory Analysis
In limited testing, an innovative statistical technique for estimating the effects of residential air conditioners on system loads under various weather conditions produced encouraging results. The simple technique, which uses standard utility billing records and readily available weather data, could offer an inexpensive alternative to household monitoring. This report is available only to funders of Program 101A or 101.001. Funders may download this report at http://my.primen.com/Applications/DE/Commun...
Flicker Reduction Technology for Electric Heat Pumps and Central Air Conditioners
Electric heat pumps and air conditioners move thermal energy into and/or out of conditioned spaces. During startup, the compressor motor temporarily draws high current (inrush) from the power distribution system to accelerate the compressor from standstill to its nominal operating speed. The inrush current causes a voltage drop in the power distribution system between the compressor motor and the utility service transformer. Although very brief in durationjust fractions of a secondthe voltage drop can ca...
Determination of the Transient Dehumidification Characteristics of High Efficiency Central Air Conditioners
A series of tests were performed to assesses the dehumidifying performance of residential central air conditioners (CACs). The performance studies were based on factors such as: (i) dynamic performance (ii) the ASHRAE comfort zone, (iii) control strategy and (iv) published performance characteristic of the units. The units were evaluated on their ability to maintain conditions in the ASHRAE comfort zone in a typical residence and typical summer days in Houston, Texas.
Katipamula, S.; O'Neal, D. L.; Somasundaram, S.
Thermal Energy Storage: Assessment of Ice Bear 30 Hybrid Air Conditioner
This report describes and documents the construction, performance, and application of a thermal energy storage system that uses ice as the storage medium. The system, Ice Bear 30 manufactured by Ice Energy Inc. located in Windsor, Colorado, is designed to provide cooling to interior spaces by circulating refrigerant within an additional evaporator coil added to a standard roof-top air conditioner. Ice storage systems exist, but what makes the Ice Bear 30 unique is its relatively small size (5 ton) for us...
Energy Consumption Estimation for Room Air-conditioners Using Room Temperature Simulation with One-Minute Intervals
For the purpose of developing optimized control algorithm for room air-conditioners to ensure their energy efficiency, a short time interval (i.e., one minute) simulation of building thermal performance is necessary because the sampling time interval for room air-conditioner control is one minute in general. This paper studies the short-time interval room air temperature simulation method using the response factor method. Using the simulated room air temperature, an air-conditioner's running time can be known so that its energy consumption can be estimated accurately. In order to verify the simulation accuracy, an actual room equipped with a gas-engine heat pump (GHP) air-conditioning system is studied by both simulation and measurement. The cooling amount produced by the GHP is calculated using measured refrigerant pressure and temperature at condenser and evaporator respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between measured cooling amount and simulated cooling load is 18.9 percent of the average measured value. The profile of simulated room air temperature in both air-conditioned daytime and nighttime without air-conditioning can match the measured room air temperature. With respect to the estimated energy consumption, the profile of simulated energy consumption can match the measured data. The simulation accuracy of room air temperature and energy consumption during the air-conditioner start-up period is not good and needs to be improved in future research. But in general, the verification shows that this energy consumption simulation method is acceptable for evaluating the energy performance of a room air-conditioner, and can also be a useful tool for commissioning room air-conditioners.
Wang, F.; Yoshida, H.; Matsumoto, K.
Analysis and design of a solar-powered liquid-desiccant air conditioner for use in hot and humid climates
An experimental and theoretical investigation of the feasibility of a solar-powered liquid-desiccant air conditioner, for use in hot and humid climates, was carried out at the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Florida. The proposed liquid desiccant system used nonadiabatic contactors, packed with finned-tube coils, for both moist air dehumidification and liquid-desiccant regeneration. A theoretical model was developed to analyze the complex phenomena of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in nonadiabatic contactors, as well as the continuous interaction between the dehumidification and regeneration processes. A computer code was written to assist in the analysis of the dehumidification and regeneration processes separately and coupled, for continuous operation. It was used to investigate the interaction between the different controlling parameters and their effects on the overall performance of the desiccant system. A fully solar-powered liquid-desiccant air-conditioner, with three tons of capacity was designed and optimized including economical criteria. The overall coefficient of performance (COP) of the optimized system was determined to be 0.312.
Chebbah, A.
A Preliminary Evaluation of Alternative Liquid Desiccants for a Hybrid Desiccant Air Conditioner
This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation at The University of Texas at Austin of alternative liquid desiccants for use in a hybrid desiccant air-conditioning system in which a desiccant is circulated between the evaporator and the condenser of a vapor-compression air conditioner. The liquid desiccants studied were lithium chloride, lithium bromide, calcium chloride, and triethylene glycol. Each candidate desiccant was subjected to a screening process which weighed the merits of the desiccant in terms of selected characteristics. The best liquid desiccant for the anticipated application was found to be calcium chloride.
Studak, J. W.; Peterson, J. L.
A liquid over-feeding military air conditioner
A 3-ton military air conditioning unit has been experimentally studied for baseline and liquid over-feeding operation (LOF). The test results indicate that LOF outperforms the baseline case over a wide ambient temperature range in terms of cooling capacity, power consumption, and system coefficient of performance (COP). At 95 F test point, the COP improvement for LOF is 19.8% over that of the baseline case. However, optimal refrigerant charge is essential for LOF to work properly.
Mei, V.C.; Chen, F.C. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Bolton, C. [Army CECOM Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Fort Belvoir, VA (United States)
Passive features for a liquid desiccant air conditioner
A conceptual development program with the ultimate objective of substantially reducing or eliminating the parasitic power requirement for liquid sorbent air conditioning systems is described. Operational tests conducted on small prototypes have shown that some of the pumps can be replaced with other apparatus requiring no electrical energy. Experimental work has also shown that some electric utility dependent pumps might be replaced by solar powered pumps thus making the system more passive in nature.
Francis, C.E.; Beavers, D.R.
Measure Guideline: Air Conditioner Diagnostics, Maintenance, and Replacement
This guideline responds to the need for an efficient means of identifying, diagnosing, and repairing faults in air conditioning systems in existing homes that are undergoing energy upgrades. Inadequate airflow due to constricted ducts or undersized filters, improper refrigerant charge, and other system defects can be corrected at a fraction of the cost of equipment replacement and can yield significant savings. The guideline presents a two-step approach to diagnostics and repair.
Springer, D.; Dakin, B.
NREL Solves Residential Window Air Conditioner Performance Limitations (Fact Sheet)
Comprehensive performance tests lead to enhanced modeling capability and affordable methods to increase energy efficiency.
A 3.3-ton military air conditioning unit has been studied experimentally in both baseline (as received) and as modified for liquid over-feeding (LOF) operation. Tne baseline test, using a proper refrigerant charge, showed the measured cooling capacity to be less than 1% off the rated capacity at 95{degrees}F ambient temperature. The test results indicate that LOF operation outperforms the baseline case over a wide ambient temperature range in terms of cooling capacity, power consumption, and system coefficient of performance (COP). At a 95{degrees}F test point, LOF operation has a cooling capacity of 51,100 BTU per hour, which is a 28.9% improvement over the baseline operation capacity of 39,600 BTU per hour. The COP for LOF at 95{degrees}F is 2.62, which is 29% better than the baseline COP of 2.03. However, an optimal refrigerant charge is essential for LOF to work properly.
Mei, V.C.; Chen, F.C.
YMGI Through-the-Wall Air Conditioner Determined Noncompliant...
testing revealed that this model operates at a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) of 8.3. The current federal standard requires that through-the-wall split system...
Effects of Air Conditioner Use on Real-World Fuel Economy
Vehicle data were acquired on-road and on a chassis dynamometer to assess fuel consumption under several steady cruise conditions and at idle. Data were gathered for various air conditioner (A/C) settings and with the A/C off and the windows open. Two vehicles were used in the comparisonstudy: a 2009 Ford Explorer and a 2009 Toyota Corolla. At steady speeds between 64.4 and 112.7 kph (40 and 70 mph), both vehicles consumed more fuel with the A/C on at maximum cooling load (compressor at 100% duty cycle) than when driving with the windows down. The Explorer maintained this trend beyond 112.7 kph (70 mph), while the Corolla fuel consumption with the windows down matched that of running the A/C at 120.7 kph (75 mph), and exceeded it at 128.7 kph (80 mph). The largest incremental fuel consumption rate penalty due to air conditioner use occurred was nearly constant with a weakslight trend of increasing consumption with increasing compressor (and vehicle) speed. Lower consumption is seenobserved at idle for both vehicles, likely due to the low compressor speed at this operating point
Huff, Shean P [ORNL; West, Brian H [ORNL; Thomas, John F [ORNL
Techno-Economic Analysis of Indian Draft Standard Levels for Room Air Conditioners
National Energy Consumption conditioner. National Energy Consumption When regulationsThe total energy consumption (NEC) of the national stock of
Energy savings and economics of advanced control strategies for packaged air conditioners with gas heat
This paper presents an evaluation of the potential energy savings from adding advanced control to existing packaged air conditioners. Advanced control options include air-side economizer, multi-speed fan control, demand control ventilation and staged cooling. The energy and cost savings from the different control strategies individually and in combination are estimated using the EnergyPlus detailed energy simulation program for four building types, namely, a small office building, a stand-alone retail building, a strip mall building and a supermarket building. For each of the four building types, the simulation was run for 16 locations covering all 15 climate zones in the U.S. The maximum installed cost of a replacement controller that provides acceptable payback periods to owners is estimated.
Wang, Weimin; Katipamula, Srinivas; Huang, Yunzhi; Brambley, Michael R.
Investigations on Vapour Compression Air Conditioner with Direct Contact Desiccant Loop over Condenser and Evaporator
Perceived air quality increases when relative humidity is decreased till about 30% in the range of comfort temperature. In the present scenario, humidity is considered as a pollutant. Hence, a controlled environment not only at low temperature but also at low humidity is desired for many applications such as archives, data centers, etc. Either a separate dehumidifier or a precision air conditioning (AC) system needs to be employed for such an application. In fact, the latter forms a reheat AC system which happens to be energy inefficient. In view of this, a vapor compression window air conditioner is investigated with a superimposed liquid desiccant loop harnessing the advantages of both the compression system (high COP) and desiccant system (low humidity). Operation of such a novel system is explained, elucidating the operational feasibility. The results presented consider the characteristics of such a system with respect to changes in the evaporator inlet air temperature and humidity. The change in the specific humidity of air is compared for vapor compression system and the direct contact hybrid system for different values of inlet air temperature.
Maiya, M. P.; Ravi, J.; Tiwari, S.
This report describes an analysis of the economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for commercial unitary air conditioners and heat pumps on individual customers in terms of two metrics: life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP). For each of the two equipment classes considered, the 11.5 EER provides the largest mean LCC savings. The results show how the savings vary among customers facing different electricity prices and other conditions. At 11.5 EER, at least 80% of the users achieve a positive LCC savings. At 12.0 EER, the maximum efficiency analyzed, mean LCC savings are lower but still positive. For the {ge} $65,000 Btu/h to <135,000 Btu/h equipment class, 59% of users achieve a positive LCC savings. For the $135,000 Btu/h to <240,000 Btu/h equipment class, 91% of users achieve a positive LCC savings.
Procuring High-Efficiency Air Conditioners: Harnessing Competition to Achieve Advances in Technology
The Departments of Energy and Defense have joined forces to devise an innovative approach to acquiring more efficient unitary air conditioners that minimize life-cycle cost through improved technology. The resulting procurement solicitation challenges manufacturers to offer products with reduced life-cycle cost, taking into account both the initial prices of their units and the costs of their ongoing electric consumption. Competing products are evaluated according to a formula that reflects both full- and part-load efficiencies under a simulated set of time-varying climate conditions. The authors will report on the progress of the procurement, including the choice of target product based on market prospects and technology readiness, development of the technical specifications and electric consumption simulator, approaches to administrative and procedural challenges, responses from manufacturers, and plans for product promotion in the future.
Hollomon, J Bradford; Gordon, Kelly L.
A Zero Carryover A Zero Carryover Liquid-Desiccant Air Conditioner for Solar Applications Preprint A. Lowenstein AIL Research, Inc. S. Slayzak and E. Kozubal National Renewable Energy Laboratory To be presented at ASME International Solar Energy Conference (ISEC2006) Denver, Colorado July 8-13, 2006 Conference Paper NREL/CP-550-39798 July 2006 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.
Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and Settlement
330E 330E Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations and Settlement Josh Bode, Michael Sullivan, Joseph H. Eto January 2012 The work described in this report was funded by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02- 05CH11231. ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
Central Air Conditioners","Heat Pumps","Individual Air Conditioners","District Chilled Water","Central Chillers","Packaged
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
5. Cooling Equipment, Floorspace, 1999" 5. Cooling Equipment, Floorspace, 1999" ,"Total Floorspace (million square feet)" ,"All Buildings","All Cooled Buildings","Cooling Equipment (more than one may apply)" ,,,"Residential-Type Central Air Conditioners","Heat Pumps","Individual Air Conditioners","District Chilled Water","Central Chillers","Packaged Air Conditioning Units","Swamp Coolers","Other" "All Buildings ................",67338,58474,8329,9147,14276,2750,12909,36527,2219,1312 "Building Floorspace" "(Square Feet)" "1,001 to 5,000 ...............",6774,4879,890,700,962,"Q","Q",2613,253,"Q" "5,001 to 10,000 ..............",8238,6212,1606,707,1396,"Q","Q",3197,181,"Q"
Consumer life-cycle cost impacts of energy-efficiency standards for residential-type central air conditioners and heat pumps
In support of the federal government's efforts to raise the minimum energy-efficiency standards for residential-type central air conditioners and heat pumps, a consumer life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis was conducted to demonstrate the economic impacts on individual consumers from revisions to the standards. LCC is the consumer's cost of purchasing and installing an air conditioner or heat pump and operating the unit over its lifetime. The LCC analysis is conducted on a nationally representative sample of air conditioner and heat pump consumers resulting in a distribution of LCC impacts showing the percentage of consumers that are either benefiting or being burdened by increased standards. Relative to the existing minimum efficiency standard of 10 SEER, the results show that a majority of split system air conditioner and heat pump consumers will either benefit or be insignificantly impacted by increased efficiency standards of up to 13 SEER.
Rosenquist, Gregory; Chan, Peter; Lekov, Alex; McMahon, James; Van Buskirk, Robert
DSP-Based Sensor-less Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Driver With Quasi-Sine PWM for Air-Conditioner Rotary Compressor.
??This thesis presented a sensor-less permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) driver for controlling air-conditioner rotary compressor speed. In this thesis, a quasi-sine pulse-width modulation (PWM)� (more)
Liu, Li-hsiang
The Impact of Codes, Regulations, and Standards on Split-Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, 65,000 Btu/hr and Under
This document establishes a framework for understanding the technology and regulation of split-unitary air conditioners and heat pumps 65,000 Btu/hr and under. The reporting framework is structured so that it can be added to in the future. This study is broken into six chapters:The basic components, refrigeration cycle, operation, and efficiency ratings of split-unitary air conditioners and heat pumps are covered for background information.Equipment efficiency ...
Progress towards Managing Residential Electricity Demand: Impacts of Standards and Labeling for Refrigerators and Air Conditioners in India
The development of Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling (EES&L) began in earnest in India in 2001 with the Energy Conservation Act and the establishment of the Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). The first main residential appliance to be targeted was refrigerators, soon to be followed by room air conditioners. Both of these appliances are of critical importance to India's residential electricity demand. About 15percent of Indian households own a refrigerator, and sales total about 4 million per year, but are growing. At the same time, the Indian refrigerator market has seen a strong trend towards larger and more consumptive frost-free units. Room air conditioners in India have traditionally been sold to commercial sector customers, but an increasing number are going to the residential sector. Room air conditioner sales growth in India peaked in the last few years at 20percent per year. In this paper, we perform an engineering-based analysis using data specific to Indian appliances. We evaluate costs and benefits to residential and commercial sector consumers from increased equipment costs and utility bill savings. The analysis finds that, while the BEE scheme presents net benefits to consumers, there remain opportunities for efficiency improvement that would optimize consumer benefits, according to Life Cycle Cost analysis. Due to the large and growing market for refrigerators and air conditioners in India, we forecast large impacts from the standards and labeling program as scheduled. By 2030, this program, if fully implemented would reduce Indian residential electricity consumption by 55 TWh. Overall savings through 2030 totals 385 TWh. Finally, while efficiency levels have been set for several years for refrigerators, labels and MEPS for these products remain voluntary. We therefore consider the negative impact of this delay of implementation to energy and financial savings achievable by 2030.
Properties and Cycle Performance of Refrigerant Blends Operating Near and Above the Refrigerant Critical Point, Task 2: Air Conditioner System Study
The main goal of this project was to investigate and compare the performance of an R410A air conditioner to that of an R22 air conditioner, with specific interest in performance at high ambient temperatures at which the condenser of the R410A system may be operating above the refrigerant's critical point. Part 1 of this project consisted of conducting comprehensive measurements of thermophysical for refrigerant R125 and refrigerant blends R410A and R507A and developing new equation of state formulations and mixture models for predicting thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerant blends. Part 2 of this project conducted performance measurements of split-system, 3-ton R22 and R410A residential air conditioners in the 80 to 135 F (27.8 to 57.2 C) outdoor temperature range and development of a system performance model. The performance data was used in preparing a beta version of EVAP-COND, a windows-based simulation package for predicting performance of finned-tube evaporators and condensers. The modeling portion of this project also included the formulation of a model for an air-conditioner equipped with a thermal expansion valve (TXV). Capacity and energy efficiency ratio (EER) were measured and compared. The R22 system's performance was measured over the outdoor ambient temperature range of 80 to 135 F (27.8 to 57.2 C). The same test range was planned for the R410A system. However, the compressor's safety system cut off the compressor at the 135.0 F (57.2 C) test temperature. The highest measurement on this system was at 130.0 F (54.4 C). Subsequently, a custom-manufactured R410A compressor with a disabled safety system and a more powerful motor was installed and performance was measured at outdoor temperatures up to 155.0 F (68.3 C). Both systems had similar capacity and EER performance at 82.0 F (27.8 C). The capacity and EER degradation of both systems were nearly linearly dependent with rising ambient outdoor ambient test temperatures. The performance degradation of R410A at higher temperatures was greater than R22. However, the R22 and R410A systems both operated normally during all tests. Visual observations of the R410A system provided no indication of vibrations or TXV hunting at high ambient outdoor test conditions with the compressor operating in the transcritical regime.
Piotr A. Domanski; W. Vance Payne
DOE Takes Action to Stop the Sales of Air-Con Air Conditioner...
action against Air-Con, International, requiring the company to stop selling certain air conditioning systems in the U.S. that have been shown to violate minimum energy...
The System Impact of Air-Conditioner Under-voltage Protection Schemes
This paper presents simulation results of evaluating an under-voltage protection scheme designed to take stalled air-conditioner (a/c) units offline such that the slow voltage recovery phenomena can be solved on areas heavily loaded with a/c motors during summer peak periods. A three feeder test-bed has been first used to quantify the effectiveness of the protection scheme and the sensitivity of the under-voltage relay settings. Then two real system events of the Western US power grid have been studied to evaluate the area impact of the protection scheme proposed by Southern California Edison. The study demonstrates that by taking all or most of the stalled a/c unit offline, the feeder voltage will recover in a few seconds, much quicker than the tens of seconds that the standard thermal relays imbedded in the motors need to trip the units. The drawback of the control scheme is that after the voltage recover, it settled at a higher voltage than before the faults because a large chuck of load has been shed.
Lu, Ning; Yang, Bo; Huang, Zhenyu; Bravo, Richard
Performance of an air-cooled ammonia-water absorption air conditioner at low generator temperatures
An ammonia--water absorption air conditioning system has been tested to investigate the stability of operation near the cut-off conditions. Circulation ratios were from 8 to 30. Relations for the estimation of the coefficient of performance and for the prediction of operating temperatures were derived and verified experimentally. Possible operating conditions for an air-cooled ammonia--water air conditioning system were concluded.
Dao, K.; Simmons, M.; Wolgast, R.; Wahlig, M.
Performance of an experimental solar-driven absorption air conditioner. Annual report, July 1975--September 1976
An important pathway for the use of solar energy for space conditioning of buildings is the development of a heat-actuated air conditioner that can operate with the temperatures available from flat-plate solar collectors and use air cooling for disposal of the waste heat. The solar heating and cooling program of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is exploring the use of the ammonia-water absorption cycle for this purpose. Results of the initial tests of an experimental system that has been fabricated to provide basic engineering data on the operation of the ammonia-water absorption cycle under such conditions are presented. A nominal three-ton, continuous operation, heat-actuated water chiller has been fabricated by drastic modification of a commercial gas-fired unit. The major modifications included designing a new water-heated generator, adding a preheater to the solution circuit, and increasing the flow rate of solution by a factor of about three. The unit was instrumented for measurement of temperatures, pressures, and solution concentrations at points in the circuit. Twenty-two experimental runs have been made and the results analyzed. An analysis of the thermodynamic cycle which includes the finite effectiveness of heat transfer at various points in the cycle is shown to predict with good accuracy the measured values of COP. The measured coefficient of performance agreed with the calculated values over the range 0.4 to 0.75 as the conditions of individual runs were varied. The agreement with the calculated values was within about 5 percent.
Simulation of Dehumidification Characteristics of High Efficiency Residential Central Air-Conditioners in Hot and Humid Climates
This study assesses the dehumidifying performance of the high efficiency residential central air conditioners (CAC) in hot/humid climates typified by that of Houston and Galveston. The performance study is based on such factors as: (i) weather (ii) thermostat set point and dead band, and (ill) sizing of unit relative to the design load of the residence. The units are evaluated on their ability to maintain conditions in the ASHRAE comfort zone in a typical residence in Houston area. The units, the thermostat, and the residence are simulated on a minute-by-minute basis using a commercial software (TRNSYS) after making certain modifications to it.
Katipamula, S.; O'Neal, D.; Somasundram, S.
Experimental analysis of a window air conditioner with a R-22 and R32/R125/R134a mixture
Much experimental and theoretical analysis of potential R-22 replacements has been accomplished. However, published information about the experimental analysis of any off-the-shelf air conditioner with a potential R-22 replacement at realistic, operating conditions is still rare. This type of work could be useful because it provides baseline data for comparing the performance of R-22 and its potential replacement at drop-in conditions. In this study, an off-the-shelf window air conditioner was tested at Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI)-rated indoor conditions and at different ambient temperatures, including the ARI-rated outdoor condition, with R-22 and with its potential replacement, a ternary mixture of R-32(30%)/R-125(10%)/R-134a(60%) (the ternary mixture). A test rig was built that provided for baseline operation and for the option of operating the system with a flooded evaporator by means of liquid over-feeding (LOF). The test results indicated the cooling capacity of the ternary mixture was 7.7% less than that of R-22 at 95{degrees}F ambient for baseline operation. The cooling capacity for both refrigerants improved when a flooded evaporator, or LOF, was used. For LOF operation, the cooling capacity of the ternary mixture was only 1.1% less than that of R-22. The ternary mixture had slightly higher compressor discharge pressure, a lower compressor discharge temperature, slightly lower compressor power consumption, and a higher compressor high/low pressure ratio.
Mei, V.C.; Chen, F.C.; Chen, D.T. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); HuangFu, E.P. [USDOE, Washington, DC (United States)
DOE/EA-1352: Environmental Assessment for Proposed Energy Conservation Standards for Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (12/00)
52 52 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS December 2000 U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Office of Building Research and Standards Washington, DC 20585 EA-i ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EA-1 2.0 PURPOSE AND NEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EA-1 3.0 ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EA-2 3.1 No Action Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EA-2 3.2 Proposed Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EA-3 3.3 Alternative Standards
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association Junein the context of the air conditioning industry, the profileand improvement of the air conditioning industry and the
Prices Computed from Air Conditioning Load Reductions UsingRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE)/Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE),
Finding of No Significant Impact for Energy Conservation Standards for Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (01/01)
01 01 Federal Register / Vol. 66, No. 14 / Monday, January 22, 2001 / Notices DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Finding of No Significant Impact Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products AGENCY: Department of Energy. ACTION: Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for Energy Conservation Standard for Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps. SUMMARY: The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act and the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act, and the National Appliance Energy Conservation Amendments, prescribes energy conservation standards for certain major household appliances, and requires the Department of Energy (DOE) to administer an energy conservation program for these products. Based on an
Retrofitting an automotive air conditioner with HFC-134a, additive, and mineral oil. Final report, October 1992-May 1994
The paper gives results of an evaluation of a lubricant additive developed for use in retrofitting motor vehicle air conditioners. The additive was designed to enable HFC-134a to be used as a retrofit refrigerant with the existing mineral oil in CFC-12 systems. The goal of the project was to provide preliminary feasibility testing of the additive. The cooling effect of the test system retrofitted with HFC-134a and the oil additive was nearly the same as that of the original system with CFC 12 refrigerant. If lubricant additives prove to be successful, miscible lubricants may not be needed for retrofitting some automotive systems. The retrofitting procedure might be simplified and the cost to consumers might be reduced. It has not been determined if retrofitting systems with HFC-134a and oil additives is feasible for a wider range of operating conditions and types of equipment, including the applicability of orifice tube/suction accumulator systems.
Jetter, J.J.; Delafield, F.R.
A cost-effective and fuel-conserving nonelectric air conditioner that combines engine-driven compression and absorption cycles
A natural-gas-fueled electricity-producing condensing furnace with the potential of being mass produced at a cost of less than $1000 and providing a cost-effective and highly fuel-conserving alternative to virtually every residential gas furnace in the world has been developed. While this is a new system, it completely consists of existing mass-produced components including single-cylinder air-cooled engines, induction motors/generators, and control devices. Thus, timely commercialization can be expected and an important new energy technology and industry can result. However, all the benefits of this electricity-producing furnace occur during the winter. This has stimulated the search for a new system that can provide comparable benefits in terms of fuel conservation, the environment, and electric utility peak reduction during the summer, along with the prospects of a new and efficient new use for the natural gas surpluses that occur during the summer. The resulting system, which can use existing component equipment, is a commercial-size nonelectric air conditioner that consists of an automobile-type engine converted to natural gas, or possibly a diesel or combustion turbine, driving a Freon compression cycle, with virtually all of the engine reject heat from the exhaust and from the engine cooling system driving a conventional absorption air conditioning cycle.
Wicks, F.
The Influence of Operating Modes, Room Temperature Set Point and Curtain Styles on Energy Consumption of Room Air Conditioner
A field investigation was carried out in an office building of Changsha city in winter and summer, the influence of different running modes, curtain styles and room temperature set point on energy consumption of room air conditioner (RAC) was studied. The results show that: In summer automatic speed mode consumes the least refrigerating energy in different running modes, compared with low speed and high speed modes, it can conserve energy for 27.3% and 15.8%, respectively. In the same running mode, setting outer curtain can conserve energy for 40.9% and 20.4% compared with no curtain and inner curtain states, respectively. In winter high speed mode is the most efficient for saving energy which can decrease 40.3% and 30.9% compared with low speed and automatic speed modes. In the same running mode, setting inner curtain state makes the least heating energy consumption in cloudy day, about 10.8% and 2.7% less than no curtain and outer curtain states. However, it is not obvious when the day is fine. The heating energy consumption decreases as room temperature set point falls, compared with the energy consumption at 20.5 C and 19.5 C, it is decreases for 34.1% and17.0 % at 18.5 C, respectively. All the results will be the reference of environment design and control for air conditioning room.
Yu, J.; Yang, C.; Guo, R.; Wu, D.; Chen, H.
Comparison of the performance of open cycle air conditioners utilizing rotary desiccant dehumidifiers
This paper presents the results of an investigation of open cycle cooling systems using rotary desiccant dehumidifiers. Three systems, the ventilation, recirculation, and Dunkle cycles have been modeled. The performance of these systems coupled with an air-based solar system has been determined using TRNSYS simulations of system operation in four representative US climates. The system COP, fraction of the total cooling load met by the desiccant system, and fraction of the thermal energy provided by solar energy are compared. An assessment of the effect of climate and system parameters on the relative performance of the three system configurations is made. It is shown that in order to meet residential loads of 7 to 11 kW with a COP on the order of unity, systems with high effectiveness must be employed. These systems were also found to perform well when operated solely with a solar thermal input.
Jurinak, J.J.; Beckman, W.A.
An Evaluation of Improper Refrigerant Charge on the Performance of a Split System Air Conditioner with a Thermal Expansion Valve
The effect of the improper charging on steady state and cyclic performance (capacity, EER, power consumption, SEER, and coefficient of degradation) of a residential air conditioner which utilized a thermal expansion valve was investigated. This study was the continuation of ESL/CON/88-1 performed by Mohsen Farzad and Dennis O'Neal. A fully charged condition was established as a base case. The full charge was obtained by charging the unit to the subcooling specified by the manufacturer for a specific indoor and outdoor temperatures. Once the full charge was determined, the unit was subjected to 40%, 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, and 5% undercharging and 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% overcharging of refrigerant by mass. The fully charged tests were compared to those for under and overcharging. The performance of the unit was evaluated as a function of charge as well as at four outdoor room temperatures (82�F, 90�F, 95�F, and 100�F). As the outdoor temperature increased, the total capacity and EER dropped. The maximum total capacity, EER, and SEER were found at 10% undercharging (12 6 oz). The capacity and efficiency (EER and SEER) of the unit were found to be less sensitive to under/overcharging than the unit with a capillary tube expansion previously studied. Other data such as refrigerant flow rate, sensible heat ratio, superheat and subcooling were also presented.
Farzad, M.; O'Neal, D. L.
An Evaluation of Improper Refrigerant Charge on the Performance of a Split System Air Conditioner with Capillary Tube Expansion
The effect of the improper charging on the performance (capacity, EER, power consumption, SEER, and coefficient of degradation) of a residential air conditioner during the steady state (wet and dry coils) and cycling operation was investigated. The fully charged condition was established as a base case. A full charge was obtained charging the unit to the superheat specified by the manufacturer's charging chart for specific set of indoor and outdoor temperatures. Once the full charge was determined, the unit was subjected to 20%, 15%, 10%, and 5% under and overcharging of refrigerant (by mass). The fully charged tests were compared to under and overcharging. The performance of the unit was evaluated as a function of charge as well as at four outdoor room temperatures (82�F, 90�F, 95�F, and 100�F). As the outdoor temperature increased, the total capacity and EER dropped. The investigation of improper charging showed that the total capacity, EER, and SEER were more sensitive to undercharging than overcharging conditions. A 20% undercharge resulted in a 21% reduction in SEER while a 20% overcharge produced a 11% reduction in SEER. Other data such as refrigerant flow rate, sensible heat ratio, superheat and subcooling are also presented.
Effects of system cycling, evaporator airflow, and condenser coil fouling on the performance of residential split-system air conditioners
Three experimental studies were conducted to quantify the effects of system cycling, evaporator airflow, and condenser coil fouling on the performance of residential air conditioners. For all studies, the indoor dry-bulb (db) temperature was 80�F (26.7�C) db. The cycling study consisted of twelve transient tests conducted with an outdoor temperature of 95�F (35�C) db for cycle times of 6, 10, 15, and 24 minutes. Indoor relative humidities of 40%, 50%, and 60% were also considered. The evaporator airflow study consisted of twenty-four steady-state tests conducted with an indoor condition of 67�F (19.4�C) wet-bulb (wb) for evaporator airflows ranging from 50% below to 37.5% above rated airflow. Outdoor temperatures of 85�F (29.4�C) db, 95�F (35�C) db, and 105�F (40.6�C) db were also considered. The coil fouling study used a total of six condensers that were exposed to an outdoor environment for predetermined amounts of time and tested periodically. Three of the condensers were cleaned and retested during the periodic testing cycles. Testing consisted of thirty-three steady-state tests conducted with an indoor condition of 67�F (19.4�C) wb for outdoor exposure times of 0, 2000, 4000, and 8000 hours. Outdoor temperatures of 82�F (27.8�C) db and 95�F (35�C) db were also considered.
Dooley, Jeffrey Brandon
Fault detection methods for vapor-compression air conditioners using electrical measurements
(cont.) This method was experimentally tested and validated on a commercially available air handler and duct system. In the second class of faults studied, liquid refrigerant, rather than vapor, enters the cylinder of a ...
Laughman, Christopher Reed.
avoid bias in the electricity bill calculations, we assignedarrive at an annual electricity bill. The difference betweenbill and multiplied it by the ratio of the total air conditioning energy use to the total building electricity
Preliminary design package for residential heating/cooling system--Rankine air conditioner redesign
This report contains a summary of the preliminary redesign and development of a marketable single-family heating and cooling system. The objectives discussed are the interim design and schedule status of the Residential (3-ton) redesign, problem areas and solutions, and the definition of plans for future design and development activities. The proposed system for a single-family residential heating and cooling system is a single-loop, solar-assisted, hydronic-to-warm-air heating subsystem with solar-assisted domestic water heating and a Rankine-driven expansion air-conditioning subsystem.
DOE Refers Four ENERGY STAR Models to EPA for Potential De-Listing...
Avanti Products ("Avanti") refrigerator basic model BCA4560W-2 and three Friedrich Air Conditioning Company ("Friedrich") room air conditioner basic models (WS12C10,...
Monitoring the Performance of a Residential Central Air Conditioner under Degraded Conditions on a Test Bench
This report presents the measured degradation in performance of a residential air conditioning system operating under degraded conditions. Experiments were conducted using a R-22 threeton split-type cooling system with a short-tube orifice expansion device. Results are presented here for a series of tests in which the various commonly occurring degraded conditions were simulated on a test bench. At present, very little information is available which quantifies the performance of a residential cooling system operating under degraded conditions. Degraded performance measurements can provide information which could help electric utilities evaluate the potential impact of systemwide maintenance programs. This report also discuss the development of a diagnostic procedure based on measurement of refrigerant and air side temperatures.
Palani, M.; O'Neal, D. L.; Haberl, J. S.
Effect of refrigerant charge, duct leakage, and evaporator air flow on the high temerature performance of air conditioners and heat pumps
An experimental study was conducted to quantify the effect of several installation items on the high outdoor ambient temperature performance of air conditioners. These installation items were: improper amount of refrigerant charge, reduced evaporator airflow, and return air leakage from hot attic spaces. There were five sets of tests used for this research: two of them for the charging tests, two for the reduced evaporator airflow, and one for the return air leakage tests. For the charging tests, the indoor room conditions were 80'F (27.8'C) dry-bulb and 50% relative humidity. The outdoor conditions ranged from 95'F (350C) all the way up to 120'F (48.9'C). Charge levels ranged from 30% undercharged to 40% overcharged for the short-tube orifice unit. For the thermal expansion valve (TXV) unit, charge levels ranged from-36% charging to +27% charging. Performance was quantified with the following variables: total capacity, energy efficiency ratio (EER), and power. The performance of the orifice unit was more sensitive to charge than it was for the TXV unit. For the TXV unit on the -27% to +27% charging range, the capacity and EER changed little with charge. A TXV unit and a short-tube orifice unit were also tested for reduced evaporator airflow. As evaporator airflow decreased, the capacity and EER both decreased as expected. However, the drop was not as significant as with the charging tests. For the extreme case of 50% reduced evaporator airflow, neither unit's capacity or EER dropped more than 25%. Return air leakage from hot attic spaces was simulated by assuming adiabatic mixing of the indoor air at normal conditions with the attic air at high temperatures. Effective capacity and EER both decreased with increased return air leakage. However, power consumption was relatively constant for all variables except outdoor temperature, which meant that for the same power consumption, the unit delivered much lower performance when there was return air leakage. The increase in sensible heat ratio (SHR) with increasing leakage showed perhaps the most detrimental effect of return air leakage on performance, which was the inability of the unit to absorb moisture from the environment.
Rodriguez, Angel Gerardo
Effect of Refrigerant Charge, Duct Leakage, and Evaporator Air Flow on the High Temperature Performance of Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
An experimental study was conducted to quantify the effect of several installation items on the high outdoor ambient temperature performance of air conditioners. These installation items were: improper amount of refrigerant charge, reduced evaporator airflow, and return air leakage from hot attic spaces. There were five sets of tests used for this research: two of them for the charging tests, two for the reduced evaporator airflow, and one for the return air leakage tests. For the charging tests, the indoor room conditions were 80�F (27.8�C) dry-bulb and 50% relative humidity. The outdoor conditions ranged from 95�F (35�C) all the way up to 120�F (48.9�C). Charge levels ranged from 30% undercharged to 40% overcharged for the short-tube orifice unit. For the thermal expansion valve (TXV) unit, charge levels ranged from -36% charging to +27% charging. Performance was quantified with the following variables: total capacity, energy efficiency ratio (EER), and power. The performance of the orifice unit was more sensitive to charge than it was for the TXV unit. For the TXV unit on the -27% to +27% charging range, the capacity and EER changed little with charge. A TXV unit and a short-tube orifice unit were also tested for reduced evaporator airflow. As evaporator airflow decreased, the capacity and EER both decreased as expected. However, the drop was not as significant as with the charging tests. For the extreme case of 50% reduced evaporator airflow, neither unit's capacity or EER dropped more than 25%. Return air leakage from hot attic spaces was simulated by assuming adiabatic mixing of the indoor air at normal conditions with the attic air at high temperatures. Effective capacity and EER both decreased with increased return air leakage. However, power consumption was relatively constant for all variables except outdoor temperature, which meant that for the same power consumption, the unit delivered much lower performance when there was return air leakage. The increase in sensible heat ratio (SHR) with increasing leakage showed perhaps the most detrimental effect of return air leakage on performance, which was the inability of the unit to absorb moisture from the environment.
Seasonal efficiencies of residential heat pump air conditioners with inverter-driven compressors
This paper describes a study to experimentally determine the steady-state characteristics, cyclic effect, and frosting/defrosting effect of a inverter heat pump currently available on the Japanese market and compute its seasonal efficiency based on the local outdoor air temperature data. It has been found that the APF of this heat pump is higher by 15% than that of the conventional fixed-speed heat pump. If cyclic and frosting/defrosting losses are eliminated, the APF of the inverter heat pump will be further improved by 2% to 6%. For the evaluation of an inverter heat pump, APF alone is not sufficient, and an additional parameter such as an annual comfort factor (ACF) is needed.
Hori, M.; Akamine, I.; Sakai, T.
37 RESULTS USING TARIFF-BASED ELECTRICITYHourly-based Electricity Price Models Tariff-based HourlyRESULTS USING TARIFF-BASED ELECTRICITY PRICES LCC Results
An Investigation of Alternative Methods for Measuring Static Pressure of Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
This project was created to address an important issue currently faced by test facilities measuring static pressure for air-conditioning and heat pumps. Specifically, ASHRAE Standard 37, the industry standard for test setup, requires an outlet duct of a certain length, based on the unit outlet geometry, and this ducting added to the unit height may result in a test apparatus height that exceeds psychometric test room dimensions. This project attempted to alter the outlet duct in a way that reduces the test apparatus height while maintaining the reliability of the ASHRAE Standard 37 testing setup. The investigation was done in two scenarios, the first, which altered the direction of the flow after the unit with an elbow and measured static pressure downstream of the elbow, and the second which inserted a passive resistive piece in the flow to decrease the required distance between the unit and the static pressure measurement. Three air handling units were used in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 testing, with the two smallest units additionally being tested in Scenario 1 with an over-sized duct. The scenario tests were required to be within 5% power and 2.5% airflow of a baseline test following ASHRAE Standard 37. he results for Scenario 1 have shown that ASHRAE Standard 37 can be modified to reduce testing height restrictions by using a square elbow with turning vanes, provided it is oriented in a specific way in relation to the blower. Furthermore, additional Scenario 1 testing on the over-sized outlet duct shows that possibilities exist for using a single over-sized duct to successfully meet ASHRAE Standard 37 testing conditions when testing a variety of units. Finally, the results of Scenario 2 have shown that the height constraints of the outlet duct can be reduced by installing a passive resistive device consisting of a mesh at the outlet; however, this approach applies only to those units with the heat exchanger located downstream of the blower. As a result of specific issues or problems that were encountered during the project that were beyond the scope, eleven case studies were presented and recommended for future work.
Wheeler, Grant Benson
High-Efficiency Variable Dehumidification for Air Conditioners: ClimaStat
Advantek has successfully developed the first low-cost technology offering significant improvement in both Seasonal Energy Efficiency (SEER) and comfort & humidity control. A production prototype was constructed based on a commercial roof top package unit. The prototype was operated under a wide range of psychrometric conditions. Test data was analyzed to identify refinements, which were implemented to further improve performance in an iterative procedure that resulted in a fully optimized technology. The latest results show an increase in dehumidification capacity of 56% with ClimaStat� in full dehumidify mode vs. with ClimaStat� off. Dehumidification improved by a factor of 1.7 to 1.9 � meaning that the unit can provide nearly twice the water removal per unit of sensible cooling load. Performance testing results have been consistent, verifiable and repeatable. . ClimaStat� cost-effectively controls humidity on-demand and improves indoor air quality while reducing annual energy costs. Test data clearly shows that ClimaStat� costs 20% to 60% less to operate. ClimaStat� is ready for market.
West, Michael K., Ph.D. P.E.
Technical support document: Energy efficiency standards for consumer products: Room air conditioners, water heaters, direct heating equipment, mobile home furnaces, kitchen ranges and ovens, pool heaters, fluorescent lamp ballasts and television sets. Volume 1, Methodology
The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), as amended, establishes energy conservation standards for 12 of the 13 types of consumer products specifically covered by the Act. The legislation requires the Department of Energy (DOE) to consider new or amended standards for these and other types of products at specified times. DOE is currently considering amending standards for seven types of products: water heaters, direct heating equipment, mobile home furnaces, pool heaters, room air conditioners, kitchen ranges and ovens (including microwave ovens), and fluorescent light ballasts and is considering establishing standards for television sets. This Technical Support Document presents the methodology, data, and results from the analysis of the energy and economic impacts of the proposed standards. This volume presents a general description of the analytic approach, including the structure of the major models.
NREL Demonstrates Game-Changing Air Conditioner Technology (Fact Sheet), Highlights in Research & Development, NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Testing of DEVAP prototype validates modeled Testing of DEVAP prototype validates modeled predictions of 40% to 85% energy savings. Researchers in the NREL Buildings group are moving the award-winning desiccant enhanced evaporative (DEVAP) air conditioning technol- ogy further toward commercialization by demonstrating that its energy-saving perfor- mance matches closely with thermodynamic model predictions. Industry partners Synapse Product Development and AIL Research built two prototypes of DEVAP based on NREL's design and modeling, which were tested in NREL's Advanced HVAC Systems Laboratory. Experiments added confidence to the predicted energy savings of 40% in humid climates and 85% in dry climates, empowering the model as a tool for developing marketable designs, and illustrating the potential of DEVAP to transform
Experimental study of a R-407C drop-in test on an off-the-shelf air conditioner with a counter-cross-flow evaporator
An off-the-shelf 2-ton window air conditioner having an energy efficiency ratio of 10 was used to perform a drop-in test with R-407C. Laboratory tests were performed using a parallel-cross-flow (PCF) evaporator and a counter-cross-flow (CCF) evaporator. The CCF configuration is designed to take advantage of the temperature glide of R-407C so that the warm evaporator inlet air will be in contact with the higher temperature part of the evaporator coils first. The test results indicated that, at the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute-rated indoor and outdoor conditions, the cooling capacity was 8% higher and system coefficient of performance about 3.8% higher for the CCF evaporator than for the PCF evaporator. The test results also showed that the latent load for CCF was 30.6% higher than for PCF. The far better dehumidification effect provided by the CCF evaporator design is desirable for areas where the latent load is high. The experimental findings should be useful for future efforts to design a dehumidifier that uses a zeotropic refrigerant that provides a significant temperature glide. R-22 test data from a previous project are included as a reference.
Mei, V.C.; Domitrovic, R.; Chen, F.C.
�F for removing heat from the condenser and absorber coils.temperature. Air-cooled condensers and absorbers are limitedfor water- cooling the condenser was an overriding concern
Dao, K.
Solar-Powered, Liquid-Desiccant Air Conditioner for Low-Electricity Humidity Control: Report and Summary Report
The primary objective of this project was to demonstrate the capabilities of a new high-performance, liquid-desiccant dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) to enhance cooling efficiency and comfort in humid climates while substantially reducing electric peak demand at Tyndall Air Force Base (AFB), which is 12 miles east of Panama City, Florida.
Dean, J.; Kozubal, E.; Herrmann, L.; Miller, J.; Lowenstein, A.; Barker, G.; Slayzak, S.
Size and Type of the Heat Exchangers Air Cooled Condensora packed-tower counterflow heat exchanger for the generator.to strong solution heat exchanger) was added. iv. The
Central Air Conditioners","Heat Pumps","Individual Air Conditioners...
4,89,294,9,26,327,47,4 "District Heat ...",96,77,3,4,16,39,15,35,"Q","Q" "Boilers ...",581,474,58,39,211,3,96,223,18,14 "Packaged Heating Units...
Judging Air Quality Model Performance
Under the direction of the AMS Steering Committee for the EPA Cooperative Agreement on air quality modeling, a small group of scientists was convened to review and recommend procedures to evaluate the performance of air quality models. Particular ...
Douglas G. Fox
Uncertainty in Air Quality Modeling
Under the direction of the AMS Steering Committee for the EPA Cooperative Agreement on Air Quality Modeling, a small group of scientists convened to consider the question of uncertainty in air quality modeling. Because the group was particularly ...
Candidate chemical systems for air cooled, solar powered, absorption air conditioner design. Part III. Lithium salts with anti-freeze additives
The two most promising anti-solidification additives which have been identified are ethanolamine and ethylene glycol. Considerations of viscosity, corrosion, crystallization temperature and vapor pressure have led to a selection of lithium bromide - ethylene glycol - water as the basis of a prototype air-cooled machine, with the lithium bromide; ethylene glycol ratio being 4.5. Using what appear to be reasonable heat exchanger approach temperatures, cycle thermal COP's of 0.7/sup +/ appear possible at the specified design point, based on solution properties which were determined with qualification accuracy. The prototype, delivering 10,000 watts of cooling, has a calculated parasitical electrical load of about 175 watts (theoretical) to drive the internal fans and pumps, equivalent to about a 0.5 horsepower motor.
Biermann, W.J.
Air Conditioning Stall Phenomenon Testing, Model Development, and Simulation
Electric distribution systems are experiencing power quality issues of extended reduced voltage due to fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR). FIDVR occurs in part because modern air conditioner (A/C) and heat pump compressor motors are much more susceptible to stalling during a voltage sag or dip such as a sub-transmission fault. They are more susceptible than older A/C compressor motors due to the low inertia of these newer and more energy efficient motors. There is a concern that these local reduced voltage events on the distribution system will become more frequent and prevalent and will combine over larger areas and challenge transmission system voltage and ultimately power grid reliability. The Distributed Energy Communications and Controls (DECC) Laboratory at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been employed to (1) test, (2) characterize and (3) model the A/C stall phenomenon.
Irminger, Philip [ORNL; Rizy, D Tom [ORNL; Li, Huijuan [ORNL; Smith, Travis [ORNL; Rice, C Keith [ORNL; Li, Fangxing [ORNL; Adhikari, Sarina [ORNL
Stalled�Air�Conditioner�Compressors,��IEEE�Transactions�on�Stalled� Air�Conditioner�Compressors,��IEEE�Transactions�on�suggested� that�the�compressor�torque�may�not�be�constant.
Lesieutre, Bernard
A Homeowners Guide to Window Air Conditioner Installation for Efficiency and Comfort (Fact Sheet), Building America Case Study: Technology Solutions for Existing Homes, Building Technologies Office (BTO)
Homeowners in the United States spend Homeowners in the United States spend one out of every eight dollars of utility costs on cooling their living space. Window air conditioners (A/Cs) are an inexpensive alternative to central systems, and are sold in greater numbers each year than all other residential cooling systems. They are purchased to cool a specific room and are easy for anyone to install. In contrast to these benefits, window A/Cs come at a cost-they operate less efficiently (using more energy to do the same cooling) than most other residential A/C systems. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) studied window A/Cs on behalf of the U.S.
Air Conditioning | Department of Energy
Conditioning Conditioning Air Conditioning July 1, 2012 - 6:28pm Addthis Air conditioners cost U.S. homeowners more than $11 billion each year, and regular maintenance can keep your air conditioner running efficiently. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/JaniceRichard Air conditioners cost U.S. homeowners more than $11 billion each year, and regular maintenance can keep your air conditioner running efficiently. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/JaniceRichard How does it work? An air conditioner uses energy -- usually electricity -- to transfer heat from the interior of your home to the relatively warm outside environment. Two-thirds of all homes in the United States have air conditioners. Air conditioners use about 5% of all the electricity produced in the United States, at an annual cost of more than $11 billion to homeowners. As a
Homeowner's Guide to Window Air Conditioner Installation for Efficiency and Comfort (Fact Sheet), Building America Case Study: Technology Solutions for Existing Homes, Building Technologies Office (BTO)
This fact sheet offers a step-by-step guide to proper installation of window air conditioning units, in order to improve efficiency and comfort for homeowners.
Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Room Air
Room Air Conditioners to someone by E-mail Room Air Conditioners to someone by E-mail Share Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners on Facebook Tweet about Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners on Twitter Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners on Google Bookmark Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners on Delicious Rank Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners on Digg Find More places to share Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product Category: Room Air Conditioners on AddThis.com... Energy-Efficient Products Federal Requirements Covered Product Categories Product Designation Process
Hybrid regional air pollution models
This discussion deals with a family of air quality models for predicting and analyzing the fine particulate loading in the atmosphere, for assessing the extent and degree of visibility impairment, and for determining the potential of pollutants for increasing the acidity of soils and water. The major horizontal scales of interest are from 400km to 2000km; and the time scales may vary from several hours, to days, weeks, and a few months or years, depending on the EPA regulations being addressed. First the role air quality models play in the general family of atmospheric simulation models is described. Then, the characteristics of a well-designed, comprehensive air quality model are discussed. Following this, the specific objectives of this workshop are outlined, and their modeling implications are summarized. There are significant modeling differences produced by the choice of the coordinate system, whether it be the fixed Eulerian system, the moving Lagrangian system, or some hybrid of the two. These three systems are briefly discussed, and a list of hybrid models that are currently in use are given. Finally, the PNL regional transport model is outlined and a number of research needs are listed.
Drake, R.L.
environment. An air conditioner uses a cold indoor coil called the evaporator. The condenser, a hot outdoor coil, releases the collected heat outside. The evaporator and...
Air-Con Agrees to Pay Civil Penalty to Resolve Enforcement Action |
Air-Con Agrees to Pay Civil Penalty to Resolve Enforcement Action Air-Con Agrees to Pay Civil Penalty to Resolve Enforcement Action Air-Con Agrees to Pay Civil Penalty to Resolve Enforcement Action November 23, 2010 - 6:34pm Addthis The Department of Energy has settled the civil penalty action it initiated against Air-Con International for Air-Con's sale of air conditioners in the United States that used more energy than allowed by federal law. On September 20, 2010, based on Air-Con's responses to a DOE subpoena, DOE ordered Air-Con to stop selling noncompliant air conditioners in the United States and proposed civil penalties for the noncompliant units sold by the company. Air-Con promptly ceased U.S. sales of the noncompliant models. In the settlement announced today, DOE agreed to accept a civil penalty of $10,000, after considering factors set forth in DOE's penalty guidance,
List of Compressed air Incentives | Open Energy Information
Energy Efficiency Incentive Program (Texas) Local Grant Program Texas Commercial Ceiling Fan Central Air conditioners Chillers Comprehensive MeasuresWhole Building Compressed air...
and unnecessary expense. Set the fan speed on high, except on very humid days. When humidity is high, set the fan speed on low for more comfort. The low speed on humid days will...
with Dennis Hughes, FNBO, 2010. 9. U.S. EPA, eGrid 2007 Version 1.1, Year 2005 Summary Tables, Region MRO West (fossil fuel output). http://www. epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/ egrid/index.html (accessed
Model Representation of Local Air Quality Characteristics
Daily (24 h) and hourly air quality data at several sites are used to examine the performance of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)�Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) system over a 3-month ...
Stephen F. Mueller
Simulation model air-to-air plate heat exchanger
A simple simulation model of an air-to-air plate heat exchanger is presented. The model belongs to a collection of simulation models that allows the eflcient computer simulation of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The main emphasis of the models is to shorten computation time and to use only input data that are known in the design process of an HVAC system. The target of the models is to describe the behavior of HVAC components in the part-load operation mode, which is becoming increasingly important in energy eficient HVAC systems. The models are intended to be used for yearly energy calculations or load calculations with time steps of about 10 minutes or larger. Short- time dynamic effects, which are of interest for different aspects of control theory, are neglected. The part-load behavior is expressed in terms of the nominal condition and the dimensionless variation of the heat transfer with change of mass flow and temperature. The effectiveness- NTU relations are used to parametrize the convective heat transfer at nominal conditions and to compute the part-load condition. If the heat transfer coefficients on the two exchanger sides are not equal (i. e. due to partial bypassing of air), their ratio can be easily calculated and set as a parameter. The model is static and uses explicit equations only. The explicit model formulation ensures short computation time and numerical stability, which allows using the model with sophisticated engineering methods like automatic system optimization. This paper fully outlines the algorithm description and its simplifications. It is not tailored for any particular simulation program to ensure easy implementation in any simulation program.
Wetter, Michael
Low-noise pulse conditioner
A low-noise pulse conditioner is provided for driving electronic digital processing circuitry directly from differentially induced input pulses. The circuit uses a unique differential-to-peak detector circuit to generate a dynamic reference signal proportional to the input peak voltage. The input pulses are compared with the reference signal in an input network which operates in full differential mode with only a passive input filter. This reduces the introduction of circuit-induced noise, or jitter, generated in ground referenced input elements normally used in pulse conditioning circuits, especially speed transducer processing circuits. This circuit may be used for conditioning the sensor signal from the Fidler coil in a gas centrifuge for separation of isotopic gaseous mixtures.
Bird, D.A.
Air Temperature Model Evaluation in the North Mediterranean Belt Area
A comparative assessment of air temperature models, using hourly and daily air temperature measurements in 34 different stations in the north Mediterranean belt, is presented. Four air temperature models were used to estimate hourly and daily ...
Julia Bilbao; Argimiro H. de Miguel; Harry D. Kambezidis
Air-Con International: Noncompliance Determination and Proposed...
to Air-Con International finding that a variety of central air conditioners and air conditioning heat pumps distributed under the Air-Con private label do not comport...
OE Framework Document and Stakeholder Meeting regarding the Enforcement of the updated Energy Conservation Standards for Air Conditioners, Furnaces and Heat Pumps.
Livermore Regional Air Quality model (LIRAQ-1)
The Livermore Regional Air Quality (LIRAQ) model is an Eulerian grid model developed for use in assessing the regional air quality of a region with temporally and spatially varying meteorology in complex terrain. The first implementation of this approach is embodied in the LIRAQ-1 model and is intended for use with either simple chemical systems or relatively inert pollutants. The basic model formulation is based on the conservation of mass equation integrated vertically from the surface to the base of an inversion layer, thereby creating a single layer model with a grid structure established in the two horizontal dimensions. Surface pollutant concentrations are related to vertical average concentrations using a logarithmic profile. Atmospheric transport, inversion height, source emissions, and topography are all prescribed. Data for the San Francisco Bay Area obtained during 1973 have been used in validation studies. (auth)
MacCracken, M.C.; Grant, K.E.
Air-Conditioning Basics | Department of Energy
Air-Conditioning Basics Air-Conditioning Basics Air-Conditioning Basics August 16, 2013 - 1:59pm Addthis Air conditioning is one of the most common ways to cool homes and buildings. How Air Conditioners Work Air conditioners employ the same operating principles and basic components as refrigerators. Refrigerators use energy (usually electricity) to transfer heat from the cool interior of the refrigerator to the relatively warm surroundings; likewise, an air conditioner uses energy to transfer heat from the interior space to the relatively warm outside environment. An air conditioner uses a cold indoor coil called the evaporator. The condenser, a hot outdoor coil, releases the collected heat outside. The evaporator and condenser coils are serpentine tubing surrounded by aluminum fins. This tubing is usually made of copper.
Simple Interactive Models for better air quality (SIM-air) | Open Energy
Simple Interactive Models for better air quality (SIM-air) Simple Interactive Models for better air quality (SIM-air) Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary Name: Simple Interactive Models (SIM-air) Agency/Company /Organization: UrbanEmissions.info Sector: Climate, Energy User Interface: Desktop Application Complexity/Ease of Use: Moderate Website: urbanemissions.info/model-tools/sim-air.html Cost: Free Related Tools Tool for Selecting CDM Methods & Technologies ProForm Environmental Impact and Sustainability Applied General Equilibrium Model (ENVISAGE) ... further results Find Another Tool FIND DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS ASSESSMENT TOOLS A set of software-based integrated air pollution analysis tools that illustrate how cities in developing countries, despite the informational, institutional and infrastructural limitations they face, can begin to
Central Air Conditioning | Department of Energy
Central Air Conditioning Central Air Conditioning Central Air Conditioning May 30, 2012 - 8:01pm Addthis Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/DonNichols. Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/DonNichols. What does this mean for me? Central air conditioning systems are thermostatically controlled and convenient to use. Central air conditioning systems must be installed properly to operate efficiently. Central air conditioning systems can share ductwork with your heating system. Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts. Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls,
Meteorological Data Needs for Modeling Air Quality Uncertainties
A probabilistic framework for incorporating uncertainty in air quality models is described. The quantitative dependence of the uncertainty in calculated air quality concentrations on the uncertainty in the input meteorological data is illustrated ...
W. S. Lewellen; R. I. Sykes
Distributed GIS for Monitoring and Modeling Urban Air Quality
The progress of technology has made the measurement of air quality and the simulation of complex air pollution models both feasible and cost-effective. However, there is a long way to go in terms of facilitating widespread ...
Yeang, Chen-Hsiang, 1969-
Unified power quality conditioner for grid integration of wind generators.
?? A Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is relatively a new member of the custom power device family. It is a comprehensive custom power device,� (more)
Ganesh, Jayanti Navilgone, (Thesis)
Modeling Ambient Air Quality In The Detroit-Windsor Airshed.
??The spatial variability of airborne contaminants in an international airshed was investigated using geostatistics and air dispersion modeling. Analyses were conducted on contaminant species measured� (more)
Molaroni, Shannon Marie
Using Modelica for Physical Modeling of Air-Conditioning Systems
and ready-to-use models for all relevant components of automotive air conditioning systems like condenser, evaporator, compressor, expansion devices and accumulatorreceiver...
Characterizing Air Toxics Exposure and Risk and Evaluating EPA Modeling
Characterizing Air Toxics Exposure and Risk and Evaluating EPA Modeling Characterizing Air Toxics Exposure and Risk and Evaluating EPA Modeling Tools for Policy Making Speaker(s): Jennifer Logue Date: October 27, 2009 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines air toxics as pollutants that are known or suspected to cause serious health effects. Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act established 189 chemicals as air toxics or hazardous air pollutants. Large uncertainties still exist regarding exposure, risks, and sources and there has been a heavy reliance on inventories and modeling to determine sources and risks. In January 2002, Carnegie Mellon University in collaboration with the Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD) embarked on a project to investigate air toxics in Allegheny County. This
Techno-Economic Analysis of Indian Draft Standard Levels for Room Air
Techno-Economic Analysis of Indian Draft Standard Levels for Room Air Techno-Economic Analysis of Indian Draft Standard Levels for Room Air Conditioners Title Techno-Economic Analysis of Indian Draft Standard Levels for Room Air Conditioners Publication Type Report LBNL Report Number LBNL-63204 Year of Publication 2007 Authors McNeil, Michael A., and Maithili Iyer Date Published 03/2007 Keywords India Air Conditioner Efficiency Standards Abstract The Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) finalized its first set of efficiency standards and labels for room air conditioners in July of 2006. These regulations followed soon after the publication of levels for frost-free refrigerators in the same year. As in the case of refrigerators, the air conditioner program introduces Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards (MEPS) and comparative labels simultaneously, with levels for one to five stars. Also like the refrigerator program, BEE defined several successive program phases of increasing stringency.
NCAQ Panel Examines Uses and Limitations of Air Quality Models
The results of a 22-member expert panel On dispersion modeling, which was convened by the National Commission on Air Quality in 1979, are reviewed. The panel affirmed the validity of using models in support of air quality regulations. It also ...
Douglas G. Fox; James E. Fairobent
Computational challenges in large-scale air pollution modelling
Many difficulties must be overcome when large-scale air pollution models are treated numerically, because the physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere are very fast. This is why it is necessary to use a large space domain in order ... Keywords: air pollution models, finite elements, ordinary differential equations, parallel computational, partial differential equations, quasi-steady-state-approximation
Tzvetan Ostromsky; Wojciech Owczarz; Zahari Zlatev
Evaluating Air-Quality Models: Review and Outlook
Over the past decade, much attention has been devoted to the evaluation of air-quality models with emphasis on model performance in predicting the high concentrations that are important in air-quality regulations. This paper stems from our belief ...
J. C. Weil; R. I. Sykes; A. Venkatram
An integrated multi-model approach for air quality assessment: Development and evaluation of the OSCAR Air Quality Assessment System
This paper reports on the development and evaluation of a new modelling system for studying air quality on local scales. A multi-model approach has been adopted to develop the OSCAR Air Quality Modelling System to conduct assessments at different levels ... Keywords: Air quality, Model evaluation, Modelling system, Nitrogen oxides, OSCAR, Particulate matter
Ranjeet S. Sokhi; Hongjun Mao; Srinivas T. G. Srimath; Shiyuan Fan; Nutthida Kitwiroon; Lakhumal Luhana; Jaakko Kukkonen; Mervi Haakana; Ari Karppinen; K. Dick van den Hout; Paul Boulter; Ian S. McCrae; Steinar Larssen; Karl I. Gjerstad; Roberto San Jos�; John Bartzis; Panagiotis Neofytou; Peter van den Breemer; Steve Neville; Anu Kousa; Blanca M. Cortes; Ingrid Myrtveit
Using Modelica for Physical Modeling of Air-Conditioning Systems Using Modelica for Physical Modeling of Air-Conditioning Systems Speaker(s): Jonas Eborn Date: August 23, 2007 - 12:00pm Location: 90-4133 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Michael Wetter The Air Conditioning library is a commercial Modelica library for the steady-state and transient simulation of air conditioning systems using both compact micro-channel heat exchangers as well as fin-and-tube type heat exchangers. Currently it is mostly used by automotive OEMs and suppliers that need high-accuracy system level models to evaluate energy efficiency of systems developed under the pressure of reduced design cycle times. The library also has applications in other areas, including aircraft cooling systems and residential air-conditioning. The Air Conditioning library contains published correlations for heat and mass transfer and
DOE Hydrogen Analysis Repository: AirCRED Model
AirCRED Model AirCRED Model Project Summary Full Title: AirCRED Model Project ID: 119 Principal Investigator: Andy Burnham Brief Description: The AirCRED model calculates the emissions reductions achieved through deployment of alternative fuel vehicles. Purpose To assist the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Clean Cities coalitions in estimating the ozone precursor and winter season carbon monoxide (CO) emission reduction credits earned by acquiring original equipment manufacturer (OEM) alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), Argonne National Laboratory has developed a graphical user interface (GUI)-based calculation model called AirCRED. Performer Principal Investigator: Andy Burnham Organization: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Address: 9700 S. Cass Ave. Argonne, IL 60439
stability� analysis�of�transmission�and�distribution�Voltage�Recovery,�NERC�Transmission�Issues� Subcommitte�Air�Conditioner�Response�to�Transmission�Faults. ��,��IEEE�
Modeling of a Signal Processing System for Aircraft Air Data...
Modeling of a Signal Processing System for Aircraft Air Data Instrumentation Speaker(s): Thomas John Rohloff Date: September 21, 1998 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3148 Seminar HostPoint...
An Air-Sea Interaction Model for Cold-Air Outbreaks
A two-dimensional dry model for the atmosphere is coupled with a two-dimensional primitive equation model for the ocean to investigate how cold fronts interact with the Gulf Stream and its adjacent waters during cold-air outbreaks. The ...
Shenn-Yu Chao
Technical Update: Load Modeling in Power System Studies
EPRI has been engaged in load modeling research since the 1980�s.�In the past, EPRI conducted significant research in the area of load modeling and worked together with the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Load Modeling Task Force in the development of the new composite load model developed and currently to be deployed in WECC. This work included extensive testing of various load components, such as residential air-conditioners, in the EPRI laboratories in Knoxville, TN. In ...
Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Air-Conditioners and Heat ...
... Calculation of the �energetic� metric will include weather data to weight the ... and rooftop units and will promote market implementation of FDD tools. ...
of Energy, DRAFT Marginal Energy Prices Report, July, 1999.energy use by the energy price paid by the household.energy consumption, energy price, discount rate, and central
Rosenquist, G.
NREL: Technology Transfer - NREL Tests Advanced Air Conditioner ...
The Coolerado H-80 easily surpassed the challenge's objective of exceeding DOE 2010 efficiency standards by 40%.
the Annual DOE Active Solar Heating and Cooling Contractors'and Annual DOE Active Solar Heating and Cooling Contractors'refrigeration systems for solar active heating and cooling
Air Conditioner Efficiency Under Hot Dry and Hot Humid Conditions
The seasonal energy efficiency ratio (or SEER) has been the subject of extensive research, development, use, and revision for over 30 years. This report gives a review of the past, present, and future of SEER. This review is needed to provide a common background and perspective in response to a move away from one national standard to three standards. Recommendations are made for what electric utilities can do in response to the challenges and opportunities presented by regional climate-sensitive SEERs.
for major household appliances. Any new or amended standardcosts), lifetime of the appliance, and a discount rate. LCCconsumers use in purchasing appliances. Consumers purchase
Measuring Short-term Air Conditioner Demand Reductions for Operations...
frequently without affecting customer comfort. A key issue for grid operations and electricity market settlement is how to accurately measure shorter-term (e.g., ten's of...
This presentation was delivered at the U.S. Department of Energy Building America Technical Update meeting on April 29-30, 2013, in Denver, Colorado.
Distribution substation load impacts of residential air conditioner load control
An ongoing experiment to monitor the substation level load impacts of end-use load control is described. An overview of the data acquisition system, experimental procedures and analysis techniques are provided. Results of the 1983 and 1984 experiments demonstrate the value of aggregate load impact monitoring as a means of verifying load research results, calculating the diversity of end-use loads, and predicting the impacts of load management on the transmission and distribution systems.
Heffner, G.C.; Kaufman, D.A.
Richland, WA. Report No. PNNL- 7. U.S. Department of Energy,National Laboratory (PNNL) using the Building Loads andADL), and David Winiarski (PNNL). This work was supported by
Case study describes various concepts for more cost-effective cooling solutions in data centers, while keeping in mind that the reliability of computing systems and their respective cooling systems is always a key criterion.
of the University of California, nor any of their employees,of the University of California. The views and opinions ofof the University of California. DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR DRIVEN
Building Technologies Office: Central Air Conditioner and Heat...
Energy Use to Save Money. Learn More. News DOE Issues Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment Energy Conservation Standard August 29, 2013 DOE Issues...
Air Leakage of U.S. Homes: Model Prediction
Air tightness is an important property of building envelopes. It is a key factor in determining infiltration and related wall-performance properties such as indoor air quality, maintainability and moisture balance. Air leakage in U.S. houses consumes roughly 1/3 of the HVAC energy but provides most of the ventilation used to control IAQ. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been gathering residential air leakage data from many sources and now has a database of more than 100,000 raw measurements. This paper uses a model developed from that database in conjunction with US Census Bureau data for estimating air leakage as a function of location throughout the US.
Sherman, Max H.; McWilliams, Jennifer A.
Future Air Conditioning Energy Consumption in Developing Countriesand what can be done about it: The Potential of Efficiency in theResidential Sector
The dynamics of air conditioning are of particular interestto energy analysts, both because of the high energy consumption of thisproduct, but also its disproportionate impact on peak load. This paperaddresses the special role of this end use as a driver of residentialelectricity consumption in rapidly developing economies. Recent historyhas shown that air conditioner ownership can grow grows more rapidly thaneconomic growth in warm-climate countries. In 1990, less than a percentof urban Chinese households owned an air conditioner; by 2003 this numberrose to 62 percent. The evidence suggests a similar explosion of airconditioner use in many other countries is not far behind. Room airconditioner purchases in India are currently growing at 20 percent peryear, with about half of these purchases attributed to the residentialsector. This paper draws on two distinct methodological elements toassess future residential air conditioner 'business as usual' electricityconsumption by country/region and to consider specific alternative 'highefficiency' scenarios. The first component is an econometric ownershipand use model based on household income, climate and demographicparameters. The second combines ownership forecasts and stock accountingwith geographically specific efficiency scenarios within a uniqueanalysis framework (BUENAS) developed by LBNL. The efficiency scenariomodule considers current efficiency baselines, available technologies,and achievable timelines for development of market transformationprograms, such as minimum efficiency performance standards (MEPS) andlabeling programs. The result is a detailed set of consumption andemissions scenarios for residential air conditioning.
McNeil, Michael A.; Letschert, Virginie E.
Evaluation of the NCEP Mesoscale Eta Model Convective Boundary Layer for Air Quality Applications
Atmospheric models are a basic tool for understanding the processes that produce poor air quality, for predicting air quality problems, and for evaluating proposed solutions. At the base of many air quality models is a mesoscale meteorological ...
Wayne M. Angevine; Kenneth Mitchell
Building Air Quality & Ventilation Models: Review - Evaluation - Proposals
Building Air Quality & Ventilation Models: Review - Evaluation - Proposals Building Air Quality & Ventilation Models: Review - Evaluation - Proposals Speaker(s): James Axley Date: March 12, 1999 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Richard Sextro Developments in mathematical models for building air quality and ventilation analysis have changed the way we idealize buildings for purposes of analysis, the way we form system equations to effect the analysis, and the way we solve these equations to realize the analysis. While much has been achieved more is possible. This presentation will review the current state of the art - the building idealizations used, the system equations formed, and the solution methods applied - critically evaluate the completeness, complexity and utility of the most advanced models, and present proposals for future development
Coupling Air Flow Models to Load/Energy Models and Implications for
Coupling Air Flow Models to Load/Energy Models and Implications for Coupling Air Flow Models to Load/Energy Models and Implications for Envelope Component Testing and Modeling Speaker(s): Brent Griffith Date: July 30, 2002 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Dariush Arasteh Air models allow accounting for air temperature variations within a thermal zone or along the surface of an envelope component. A recently completed ASHRAE research project (RP-1222) produced a source code toolkit focused on coupling airflow models to load routines typical of whole building energy simulation. The two modeling domains are computed separately (and iteratively) with relevant temperature boundary conditions passed back and forth. One of the air models in the toolkit is a new contribution to crude/fast airflow modeling that is based on solving the Euler equation
Seminar 14 - Desiccant Enhanced Air Conditioning: Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning (Presentation)
This presentation explains how liquid desiccant based coupled with an indirect evaporative cooler can efficiently produce cool, dry air, and how a liquid desiccant membrane air conditioner can efficiently provide cooling and dehumidification without the carryover problems of previous generations of liquid desiccant systems. It provides an overview to a liquid desiccant DX air conditioner that can efficiently provide cooling and dehumidification to high latent loads without the need for reheat, explains how liquid desiccant cooling and dehumidification systems can outperform vapor compression based air conditioning systems in hot and humid climates, explains how liquid desiccant cooling and dehumidification systems work, and describes a refrigerant free liquid desiccant based cooling system.
Kozubal, E.
Automobile air-conditioning unit. Final report
In this study the refrigerant in the automobile air-conditioner is compressed by thermal energy in a unique compression system rather than by work in a standard compressor. The compression uses an intermittent compression process with a solid absorbent. The vapor is absorbed by an absorbent at relatively low temperature and ejected as the absorbent temperature is raised. A set of one way valves limits flow to one direction. Major contributions are heat transfer requirements, molecular sieve-refrigerant matching, minimizing non-producing mass, solving thermal fatigue and shock problems, and applying this to automobile air-conditioning. The performance study shows energy savings up to fifty percent are possible, depending on engine load. A twenty percent energy savings with the vehicle tested with the air-conditioner in operation is average. The study also showed that less fuel is used with the windows open than with the air-conditioner operating.
Schaetzle, W.J.
Impacts of Contaminant Storage on Indoor Air Quality: Model Development
Impacts of Contaminant Storage on Indoor Air Impacts of Contaminant Storage on Indoor Air Quality: Model Development Max H. Sherman and Erin L. Hult Environmental Energy Technologies Division January 2013 In Press as Sherman, M.H., Hult, E.L. 2013. Impacts of contaminant storage on indoor air quality: Model development. Atmospheric Environment. LBNL-6114E 2 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any
Modeling of a Signal Processing System for Aircraft Air Data
Modeling of a Signal Processing System for Aircraft Air Data Modeling of a Signal Processing System for Aircraft Air Data Instrumentation Speaker(s): Thomas John Rohloff Date: September 21, 1998 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3148 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Joan M. Daisey The velocity, attitude and altitude of flight vehicles have typically been measured with booms that extend from the vehicle surface out into the flow field. However, this arrangement was found to be unacceptable for certain flight applications. Instrumentation was therefore developed by other researchers to measure the flight parameters using an array of pressure measurements located on the surface of the vehicle. The relationship between these pressure measurements and the air data is a complex non-linear function that is not easily described with simple aerodynamic
An Analytic Model of Cold Air Damming and Its Applications
It is shown that the geometric shape of the cold dome in the two-layer model of cold air damming of Xu can be described approximately by a cubic polynomial and thus a set of coupled algebraic equations can be derived to quantify the scale and ...
Qin Xu; Shouting Gao
Influence of air quality model resolution on uncertainty associated with health impacts
We use regional air quality modeling to evaluate the impact of model resolution on uncertainty associated with the human health benefits resulting from proposed air quality regulations. Using a regional photochemical model ...
Thompson, Tammy M.
Modeling Air�Land�Sea Interactions Using the Integrated Regional Model System in Monterey Bay, California
The air�land�sea interaction in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California, is simulated and investigated using a new Integrated Regional Model System (I-RMS). This new model realistically resolves coastal processes and submesoscale features that ...
Yu-Heng Tseng; Shou-Hung Chien; Jiming Jin; Norman L. Miller
Evaluation of a Data Assimilation Technique for a Mesoscale Meteorological Model Used for Air Quality Modeling
An observational data assimilation (ODA) technique was evaluated based on both its direct effect on meteorological model fields and its indirect effect on the results of two air quality models that input these meteorological fields: a Lagrangian ...
Takato Umeda; Philip T. Martien
Troubleshooting the residential air conditioning system
In order to effectively diagnose problems in a residential air conditioning system, the technician should develop and follow a logical step-by-step troubleshooting procedure. A list of problems, along with possible causes and solutions, that a technician may encounter when servicing a residential air conditioner is presented.
Puzio, H. [Sussex County Vocational Technical School, Sparta, NJ (United States)
Vehicle Transient Air Conditioning Analysis: Model Development& System Optimization Investigations
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed a transient air conditioning (A/C) system model using SINDA/FLUINT analysis software. It captures all the relevant physics of transient A/C system performance, including two-phase flow effects in the evaporator and condenser, system mass effects, air side heat transfer on the condenser/evaporator, vehicle speed effects, temperature-dependent properties, and integration with a simplified cabin thermal model. It has demonstrated robust and powerful system design optimization capabilities. Single-variable and multiple variable design optimizations have been performed and are presented. Various system performance parameters can be optimized, including system COP, cabin cool-down time, and system heat load capacity. This work presents this new transient A/C system analysis and optimization tool and shows some high-level system design conclusions reached to date. The work focuses on R-134a A/C systems, but future efforts will modify the model to investigate the transient performance of alternative refrigerant systems such as carbon dioxide systems. NREL is integrating its transient air conditioning model into NRELs ADVISOR vehicle system analysis software, with the objective of simultaneously optimizing A/C system designs within the overall vehicle design optimization.
Hendricks, T. J.
Modeling System Development for the Evaluation of Dynamic Air Quality
Modeling System Development for the Evaluation of Dynamic Air Quality Modeling System Development for the Evaluation of Dynamic Air Quality Impacts of DER Speaker(s): Robert Van Buskirk Date: January 30, 2003 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Kristina LaCommare A critical challenge for the atmospheric sciences is to understand the anthropogenic impacts on atmospheric chemistry over spatial scales ranging from the urban to the regional, and ultimately to the global, and over corresponding time scales ranging from minutes to weeks and ultimately annual trends. A similar challenge for energy policymakers is to integrate an understanding of impact dynamics into the economic dynamics of energy supply and demand. The challenges of dynamic analysis of emissions impacts from the energy sector have substantially increased with a new
Impacts of contaminant storage on indoor air quality: Model development
of of contaminant storage on indoor air quality: Model development Max H. Sherman, Erin L. Hult * Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS 90R3083, Berkeley, CA 94720-8133, USA h i g h l i g h t s < A lumped parameter model is applied to describe emission and storage buffering of contaminants. < Model is used to assess impact of ventilation on indoor formaldehyde exposure. < Observations of depletion of stored contaminants can be described by model. a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 8 November 2012 Received in revised form 7 February 2013 Accepted 11 February 2013 Keywords: Buffering capacity Formaldehyde Moisture a b s t r a c t A first-order, lumped capacitance model is used to describe the buffering of airborne chemical species by building materials and furnishings in the indoor environment. The model is applied to describe the interaction between formaldehyde
DOE Requires Air-Con International to Cease Sales of Inefficient Air
Requires Air-Con International to Cease Sales of Inefficient Requires Air-Con International to Cease Sales of Inefficient Air Conditioners and Proposes Penalties DOE Requires Air-Con International to Cease Sales of Inefficient Air Conditioners and Proposes Penalties September 21, 2010 - 6:43pm Addthis The Department has issued a Notice of Noncompliance Determination and Proposed Civil Penalty to Air-Con, International, requiring Air-Con to cease the sale of certain air-conditioning systems in the United States and proposing a civil penalty of $231,090 for sales of these products in violation of the applicable energy efficiency standards. This action reflects the Department's continued commitment to act aggressively to remove unlawful products from the market. In March, 2010, the Department issued a subpoena requiring Air-Con to
Simulation model finned water-air-coil withoutcondensation
A simple simulation model of a finned water-to- air coil without condensation is presented. The model belongs to a collection of simulation models that allows eficient computer simulation of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The main emphasis of the models is short computation time and use of input data that are known in the design process of an HVAC system. The target of the models is to describe the behavior of HVAC components in the part load operation mode, which is becoming increasingly important for energy efficient HVAC systems. The models are intended to be used for yearly energy calculation or load calculation with time steps of about 10 minutes or larger. Short-time dynamic effects, which are of interest for different aspects of control performance, are neglected. The part load behavior of the coil is expressed in terms of the nominal condition and the dimensionless variation of the heat transfer with change of mass flow and temperature on the water side and the air side. The effectiveness- NTU relations are used to parametrize the convective heat transfer at nominal conditions and to compute the part load conditions. Geometrical data for the coil are not required, The calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficients at nominal conditions is based on the ratio of the air side heat transfer coefficients multiplied by the fin eficiency and divided by the water side heat transfer coefficient. In this approach, the only geometrical information required are the cross section areas, which are needed to calculate the~uid velocities. The formulas for estimating this ratio are presented. For simplicity the model ignores condensation. The model is static and uses only explicit equations. The explicit formulation ensures short computation time and numerical stability. This allows using the model with sophisticated engineering methods such as automatic system optimization. The paper fully outlines the algorithm description and its simplifications. It is not tailored for a particular simulation program to ensure easy implementation in any simulation program.
The Idaho National Laboratory (INL), under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, is performing research and development that focuses on key phenomena important during potential scenarios that may occur in very high temperature reactors (VHTRs). Phenomena Identification and Ranking Studies to date have ranked an air ingress event, following on the heels of a VHTR depressurization, as important with regard to core safety. Consequently, the development of advanced air ingress-related models and verification and validation data are a very high priority. Following a loss of coolant and system depressurization incident, air will enter the core of the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor through the break, possibly causing oxidation of the in-the core and reflector graphite structure. Simple core and plant models indicate that, under certain circumstances, the oxidation may proceed at an elevated rate with additional heat generated from the oxidation reaction itself. Under postulated conditions of fluid flow and temperature, excessive degradation of the lower plenum graphite can lead to a loss of structural support. Excessive oxidation of core graphite can also lead to the release of fission products into the confinement, which could be detrimental to a reactor safety. Computational fluid dynamic model developed in this study will improve our understanding of this phenomenon. This paper presents two-dimensional and three-dimensional CFD results for the quantitative assessment of the air ingress phenomena. A portion of results of the density-driven stratified flow in the inlet pipe will be compared with results of the experimental results.
Chang H. Oh; Eung S. Kim; Richard Schultz; Hans Gougar; David Petti; Hyung S. Kang
Case Study 12 - Airflow and Indoor Air Quality Models of DOE ...
... Air Quality Models of DOE Reference Commercial Buildings. ... are intended to simultaneously reduce building energy consumption while maintaining ...
Influence of Air-Conditioning Waste Heat on Air Temperature in Tokyo during Summer: Numerical Experiments Using an Urban Canopy Model Coupled with a Building Energy Model
A coupled model consisting of a multilayer urban canopy model and a building energy analysis model has been developed to investigate the diurnal variations of outdoor air temperature in the office areas of Tokyo, Japan. Observations and numerical ...
Yukitaka Ohashi; Yutaka Genchi; Hiroaki Kondo; Yukihiro Kikegawa; Hiroshi Yoshikado; Yujiro Hirano
Magnetic Refrigeration Technology for High Efficiency Air Conditioning
Magnetic refrigeration was investigated as an efficient, environmentally friendly, flexible alternative to conventional residential vapor compression central air conditioning systems. Finite element analysis (FEA) models of advanced geometry active magnetic regenerator (AMR) beds were developed to minimize bed size and thus magnet mass by optimizing geometry for fluid flow and heat transfer and other losses. Conventional and magnetocaloric material (MCM) regenerator fabrication and assembly techniques were developed and advanced geometry passive regenerators were built and tested. A subscale engineering prototype (SEP) magnetic air conditioner was designed, constructed and tested. A model of the AMR cycle, combined with knowledge from passive regenerator experiments and FEA results, was used to design the regenerator beds. A 1.5 Tesla permanent magnet assembly was designed using FEA and the bed structure and plenum design was extensively optimized using FEA. The SEP is a flexible magnetic refrigeration platform, with individually instrumented beds and high flow rate and high frequency capability, although the current advanced regenerator geometry beds do not meet performance expectations, probably due to manufacturing and assembly tolerances. A model of the AMR cycle was used to optimize the design of a 3 ton capacity magnetic air conditioner, and the system design was iterated to minimize external parasitic losses such as heat exchanger pressure drop and fan power. The manufacturing cost for the entire air conditioning system was estimated, and while the estimated SEER efficiency is high, the magnetic air conditioning system is not cost competitive as currently configured. The 3 ton study results indicate that there are other applications where magnetic refrigeration is anticipated to have cost advantages over conventional systems, especially applications where magnetic refrigeration, through the use of its aqueous heat transfer fluid, could eliminate intermediate heat exchangers or oil distribution issues found in traditional vapor compression systems.
Boeder, A; Zimm, C
A Coupled Air�Sea Mesoscale Model: Experiments in Atmospheric Sensitivity to Marine Roughness
A coupled air�sea numerical model comprising a mesoscale atmospheric model, a marine circulation model, and a surface wave model is presented. The coupled model is tested through simulations of an event of frontal passage through the Lake Erie ...
Jordan G. Powers; Mark T. Stoelinga
An air pollution trajectory model for Southeast Texas
Amounts of ozone for the Houston area are the second-highest within the United States. As a result of Houston's high ozone problem a task of finding new ways to control the ozone concentration was necessary for the Southeast Texas area (Lambeth et al. 1994). A hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian model was optimized to examine the southeast Texas coastal region for high ozone development. Verification of the optinuzed air pollution model was performed by a case study for a day with high ozone concentration and a day with low ozone concentration having similar meteorological setup for the Houston area. The model chosen for study was the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangiank Model (HY-SPLIT). The verification used enhanced meteorological data sources for researching the phenomena which developed the ozone concentration problem. The meteorology of these case studies generated trajectories to observe the ozone distribution trends for the Texas coastal area.The analysis of the trajectories generated suggested that either the Nested Grid Model (NGM) or gridded rawinsonde data could be used for the HY-SPLIT model input. However for mesoscale features, the gridded rawinsonde data produced moreinput. However for mesoscale features, the gridded rawinsonde data produced more accurate trajectory tracings for study of ozone concentrations. As a result of this case study, mesoscale flow was determined to be a key factor in origination and distribution of source pollutants. The development of the sea breeze and its air content was crucial in determining the ozone content for the Southeast Texas region. Mixing associated with strong sea breeze and land breeze flows found low ozone concentrations in the region of interest. This strong sea breeze flow produced large parcel movement associated with the trajectories computed for this study. However with light winds, stable conditions, wann temperatures and high photochemical activity high ozone and shorter trajectories were seen for the Houston area.
Walters, Tamera Ann
Modeling the Air Traffic Controller's Cognitive Projection Process
Cognitive projection enables the operator of a supervisory control system, such as air traffic control, to
Davison Reynolds, Hayley J
Stronger Manufacturers' Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential Air
Stronger Manufacturers' Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential Stronger Manufacturers' Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential Air Conditioners Go Into Effect Today Stronger Manufacturers' Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential Air Conditioners Go Into Effect Today January 23, 2006 - 11:09am Addthis WASHINGTON, DC -- To increase the energy efficiency of residential air conditioners, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has issued new manufacturing standards that go into effect today, January 23, 2006, for products manufactured in, or imported into, the United States. "Homeowners who choose to buy more energy-efficient air conditioning systems after today will realize significant savings in their energy bills and greatly reduce their energy use," said Secretary of Energy Samuel W. Bodman. "These new energy efficiency standards are the first of several
Linking the Eta Model with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System to Build a National Air Quality Forecasting System
NOAA and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have developed a national air quality forecasting (AQF) system that is based on numerical models for meteorology, emissions, and chemistry. The AQF system generates gridded model forecasts ...
Tanya L. Otte; George Pouliot; Jonathan E. Pleim; Jeffrey O. Young; Kenneth L. Schere; David C. Wong; Pius C. S. Lee; Marina Tsidulko; Jeffery T. McQueen; Paula Davidson; Rohit Mathur; Hui-Ya Chuang; Geoff DiMego; Nelson L. Seaman
Building Energy Software Tools Directory: Heat Pump Design Model
Heat Pump Design Model Heat Pump Design Model Heat Pump Design Model logo. Research tool for use in the steady-state simulation and design analysis of air-to-air heat pumps and air conditioners. The program can be used with most of the newer HFC refrigerants as well as with HCFCs and CFCs. The standard vapor-compression cycle is modeled with empirical representations for compressor performance and first-principle region-by-region modeling of the heat exchangers. An online Web version is available that can be used with default configurations or with user-specified component and operating parameters for analyzing the performance of single-speed, air-to-air equipment. User configurations can be saved for later use. Parametric analyses can be made and performance trends plotted online.
A Proposed Method of Developing Air Quality Models for a Limited Wind Fetch
A method is proposed for developing air quality models of a limited wind fetch. The basic model equation is a transient solution to a diffusion equation. This basic model equation is compared to those of the existing models, straightline airflow ...
Edward Y. T. Kuo
BEETIT: Building Cooling and Air Conditioning
BEETIT Project: The 14 projects that comprise ARPA-E�s BEETIT Project, short for �Building Energy Efficiency Through Innovative Thermodevices,� are developing new approaches and technologies for building cooling equipment and air conditioners. These projects aim to drastically improve building energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2) at a cost comparable to current technologies.
Fuel Cell Systems Sensors Air Management Benchmarking Modeling
Systems Systems F u e l P r o c e s s o r Sensors Air Management Benchmarking Modeling Patrick Davis Patrick Davis Targets and Status 50 kWe (net) Integrated Fuel Cell Power System 5000 2000 1000 Hours Durability 45 125 275 $/kW Cost (including H2 storage) 650 500 400 W/L Power density (w/o H2 stor) Operating on direct hydrogen 5000 2000 1000 Hours Durability 45 125 325 $/kW Cost 325 250 140 W/L Power density Operating on Tier 2 gasoline containing 30 ppm sulfur, average 2010 2005 2003 status Units Characteristics Projects Fuel Cell Power Systems Analysis ANL NREL TIAX Directed Technologies, Inc. TIAX TIAX * Fuel Cell Systems Analysis * Fuel Cell Vehicle Systems Analysis * Cost Analyses of Fuel Cell Stacks/ Systems * DFMA Cost Estimates of Fuel Cell/ Reformer Systems at Low, Medium, & High Production Rates * Assessment of Fuel Cell Auxiliary
A Review of Procedures for Updating Air Quality Modeling Techniques for Regulatory Programs
Air quality models are a key component in determining pollution control requirements. To ensure that the best techniques are used, modeling guidance must be flexible and include better techniques as they become available. Revisions to modeling ...
Jawad S. Touma; John S. Irwin; Joseph A. Tikvart; C. Thomas Coulter
Pattern-Based Evaluation of Coupled Meteorological and Air Quality Models
A novel pattern-based model evaluation technique is proposed and demonstrated for air quality models (AQMs) driven by meteorological model (MM) output. The evaluation technique is applied directly to the MM output; however, it is ultimately used ...
Scott Beaver; Saffet Tanrikulu; Ahmet Palazoglu; Angadh Singh; Su-Tzai Soong; Yiqin Jia; Cuong Tran; Bruce Ainslie; Douw G. Steyn
Modeling Air-Pollution Damages from Fossil Fuel Use in Urban...
important indoor pollution sources. We have taken one such model, prepared by the World Bank, and modified it to incorporate damages estimates from human exposure to air...
Residential Sector Demand Module 1997, Model Documentation
This is the third edition of the Model Documentation Report: Residential Sector DemandModule of the National Energy Modeling System. It reflects changes made to the moduleover the past year for the Annual Energy Outlook 1997. Since last year, a subroutinewas added to the model which allows technology and fuel switching when space heaters,heat pump air conditioners, water heaters, stoves, and clothes dryers are retired in bothpre-1994 and post-1993 single-family homes. Also, a time-dependant function forcomputing the installed capital cost of equipment in new construction and the retail costof replacement equipment in existing housing was added.
John H. Cymbalsky
Development of an isothermal 2D zonal air volume model with impulse
Development of an isothermal 2D zonal air volume model with impulse Development of an isothermal 2D zonal air volume model with impulse conservation Title Development of an isothermal 2D zonal air volume model with impulse conservation Publication Type Conference Paper Year of Publication 2010 Authors Victor, Norrefeldt, Thierry Stephane Nouidui, and Gunnar Gruen Conference Name Clima 2010, 10th Rehva World Congress "Sustainable Energy Use in Buildings" Conference Location Antalya, Turkey Abstract This paper presents a new approach to model air flows with a zonal model. The aim of zonal models is to perform quick simulations of the air distribution in rooms. Therefore an air volume is subdivided into several discrete zones, typically 10 to 100. The zones are connected with flow elements computing the amount of air exchanged between them. In terms of complexity and needed computational time zonal models are a compromise between CFDcalculations and the approximation of perfect mixing. In our approach the air flow velocity is used as property of the zones. Thus the distinction between normal zones and jet or plume influenced zones becomes obsolete. The model is implemented in the object oriented and equation based language Modelica. A drawback of the new formulation is that the calculated flow pattern depends on the discretization. Nevertheless, the results show that the new zonal model performs well and is a useful extension to existing models.
Modeling and construction of a computer controlled air conditioning system.
??As energy efficient devices become more necessary, it is desired to increase the efficiency of air conditioning systems. Current systems use on/off control, where the� (more)
Frink, Brandon S.
Residential Humidity Control: Exciting New Opportunities with Air Flow Modulation
This paper reviews psychrometric principles and shows how to formulate a psychrometric chart from a single equation. The chart is used to demonstrate the manner in which a conventional single-speed air conditioner adjusts its operating point in an attempt to control humidity over a range of conditions. The system performance with an electronically commutated motor (ECM) driving the blower is then presented. With ECM blower speed control, it is possible to raise the sensible capacity, reduce the sensible capacity, and boost the efficiency of an otherwise conventional air conditioner. This makes such systems ideal to respond to the changing loads in a hot and humid climate.
Crawford, J. G.
Air Conditioning with Magnetic Refrigeration : An Efficient, Green Compact Cooling System Using Magnetic Refrigeration
BEETIT Project: Astronautics is developing an air conditioning system that relies on magnetic fields. Typical air conditioners use vapor compression to cool air. Vapor compression uses a liquid refrigerant to circulate within the air conditioner, absorb the heat, and pump the heat out into the external environment. Astronautics� design uses a novel property of certain materials, called �magnetocaloric materials�, to achieve the same result as liquid refrigerants. These magnetocaloric materials essentially heat up when placed within a magnetic field and cool down when removed, effectively pumping heat out from a cooler to warmer environment. In addition, magnetic refrigeration uses no ozone-depleting gases and is safer to use than conventional air conditioners which are prone to leaks.
Enhanced model and fuzzy strategy of air to fuel ratio control for spark ignition engines
Various mathematical models for the air to fuel ratio and control for spark ignition (SI) engines have been proposed to satisfy technical specifications. This paper reveals an improvement of the mean value model (MVEM) and a simple yet effective nonlinear ... Keywords: Air-fuel ratio, FOPDDT, Fuzzy control, Internal combustion, Nonlinear control
Anurak Jansri; Pitikhate Sooraksa
Seasonal Surface Air Temperature and Precipitation in the FSU Climate Model Coupled to the CLM2
The current Florida State University (FSU) climate model is upgraded by coupling the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model Version 2 (CLM2) as its land component in order to make a better simulation of surface air ...
D. W. Shin; S. Cocke; T. E. LaRow; James J. O�Brien
A Diagnostic Analysis of a Long-Term Regional Air Pollutant Transport Model
Predicted concentrations from the Regional Air Pollutant Transport (RAPT) model are compared with the corresponding observed values of sulfate, and the results used to define strengths and weaknesses in the model formulation.
Daniel J. McNaughton; Carl M. Berkowitz; Robert C. Williams
The Representation of Atmospheric Motion in Models of Regional-Scale Air Pollution
A method is developed for generating ensembles of wind fields for use in regional scale (1000 km) models of transport and diffusion. The underlying objective is a methodology for representing atmospheric motion in applied air pollution models ...
Robert G. Lamb; Saroj K. Hati
Twentieth-Century Surface Air Temperature over China and the Globe Simulated by Coupled Climate Models
This paper examines variations of the surface air temperature (SAT) over China and the globe in the twentieth century simulated by 19 coupled climate models driven by historical natural and anthropogenic forcings. Most models perform well in ...
Tianjun Zhou; Rucong Yu
The Impact of Nudging in the Meteorological Model for Retrospective Air Quality Simulations. Part II: Evaluating Collocated Meteorological and Air Quality Observations
For air quality modeling, it is important that the meteorological fields that are derived from meteorological models reflect the best characterization of the atmosphere. It is well known that the accuracy and overall representation of the modeled ...
Tanya L. Otte
Modeling the air traffic controller's cognitive projection process
Cognitive projection enables the operator of a supervisory control system, such as air traffic control, to use predicted future behavior of the system to make decisions about if and how to control the system. New procedures ...
Reynolds, Hayley J. Davison (Hayley Jaye Davison)
A Nonlinear Statistical Model of Turbulent Air�Sea Fluxes
Most of the bulk algorithms used to calculate turbulent air�sea fluxes of momentum and heat are iterative algorithms whose convergence is slow and not always achieved. To avoid these drawbacks that are critical when large datasets must be ...
Denis Bourras; Gilles Reverdin; Guy Caniaux; Sophie Belamari
Regional air quality in the four corners studys region: modeling approach
A two-dimensional Eulerian air pollutant transport model was used in an air quality study of the Four Corners region conducted for the National Commission on Air Quality. The regional modeling methodology and some sample results from the regional air quality analysis are presented. One major advantage of the regional transport model that was employed is that its solution involves the calculation of transfer coefficients that relate emissions to ambient concentrations and deposition and which can be used repeatedly to evaluate alternative scenarios and regulatory policies which represent different emission source configurations. The regional transport model was used in the calculation of the concentration and deposition of SO/sub 2/, SO/sub 4/, and primary fine particulates; and these estimates were used as inputs to regional atmospheric visibility and mass budget calculations. Previous studies have shown that the methods used in the regional air quality analysis give good agreement when comparing observed and estimated values.
Nochumson, D.
Macroscopic Model of Geomagnetic-Radiation from Air Showers
We have developed a macroscopic description of coherent electro-magnetic radiation from air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays in the presence of the geo-magnetic field. This description offers a simple and direct insight in the relation between the properties of the air shower and the time-structure of the radio pulse. As we show the structure of the pulse is a direct reflection of the important length scales in the shower.
Scholten, Olaf
Olaf Scholten; Klaus Werner
Nellis Air Force Base solar array provides model for renewable projects |
Nellis Air Force Base solar array provides model for renewable Nellis Air Force Base solar array provides model for renewable projects Nellis Air Force Base solar array provides model for renewable projects March 24, 2010 - 4:58pm Addthis The solar array at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada consists of 70,000 panels. | Photo by Larry E. Reid Jr./U.S. Air Force The solar array at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada consists of 70,000 panels. | Photo by Larry E. Reid Jr./U.S. Air Force A public-private partnership has helped one Air Force base reduce its energy costs and convert to 25 percent renewable energy. Nellis Air Force Base, just north of Las Vegas, took a big step in 2007 when it installed a 14.2-megawatt, 70,000-panel photovoltaic solar array that reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 24,000 tons a year. Built partly on a landfill, the
Demonstration and Testing of ClimaStat for Improved Rooftop Air-Conditioning Efficeincy
Demonstration and Testing of ClimaStat® for Improved Rooftop Air-Conditioning Efficiency Presented at IA Technology Deployment Working Group Meeting March 15, 2012 By Dan Howett, PE Oak Ridge National Laboratory Demonstration/Testing of ClimaStat ® for Improved Efficiency of RTU Air Conditioners * Technology from Advantek Consulting - Patented by Dr. Michael West in 2003. (US Patent #6427454) - Originally demonstrated under DOE's Inventions & Innovations program. * Current demonstration sponsored by DOD's ESTCP program * Uses off-the-shelf components to either... - Modify existing packaged air conditioners, or - Incorporate changes into new RTU equipment before installation * Initial tests show 15% improvement in HVAC efficiency.
Tips: Air Ducts | Department of Energy
Air Ducts Air Ducts Tips: Air Ducts June 24, 2013 - 7:23pm Addthis Air Ducts: Out of Sight, Out of Mind. The unsealed ducts in your attic and crawlspaces lose air, and uninsulated ducts lose heat -- wasting energy and money. Air Ducts: Out of Sight, Out of Mind. The unsealed ducts in your attic and crawlspaces lose air, and uninsulated ducts lose heat -- wasting energy and money. Your air ducts are one of the most important systems in your home, and if the ducts are poorly sealed or insulated they are likely contributing to higher energy bills. Your home's duct system is a branching network of tubes in the walls, floors, and ceilings; it carries the air from your home's furnace and central air conditioner to each room. Ducts are made of sheet metal, fiberglass, or other materials.
TEE-0062 - In the Matter of United CoolAir Corp. | Department of Energy
TEE-0062 - In the Matter of United CoolAir Corp. TEE-0062 - In the Matter of United CoolAir Corp. TEE-0062 - In the Matter of United CoolAir Corp. This Decision and Order considers an Application for Exception filed by United CoolAir Corporation (United CoolAir) seeking exception relief from the provisions of 10 C.F.R. Part 431, Subpart F, Energy Conservation Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards (Commercial Air Conditioner Standards).1 In its Application, United CoolAir asserts that the firm would suffer serious hardship, inequity, or unfair distribution of burdens if required to comply with the 13 SEER energy efficiency standard effective January 1, 2010, 10 C.F.R. § 431.97(b). If United CoolAir's Application for Exception were granted, the firm would
2 - In the Matter of United CoolAir Corp. 2 - In the Matter of United CoolAir Corp. TEE-0062 - In the Matter of United CoolAir Corp. This Decision and Order considers an Application for Exception filed by United CoolAir Corporation (United CoolAir) seeking exception relief from the provisions of 10 C.F.R. Part 431, Subpart F, Energy Conservation Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Commercial Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards (Commercial Air Conditioner Standards).1 In its Application, United CoolAir asserts that the firm would suffer serious hardship, inequity, or unfair distribution of burdens if required to comply with the 13 SEER energy efficiency standard effective January 1, 2010, 10 C.F.R. § 431.97(b). If United CoolAir's Application for Exception were granted, the firm would
Sensitivity of a Complex Urban Air Quality Model to Input Data
In recent years, urban-scale photochemical simulation models have been developed that are of practical value for predicting air quality and analyzing the impacts of alternative emission control strategies. Although the performance of some urban-...
Christian Seigneur; Thomas W. Tesche; Philip M. Roth; Larry E. Reid
Estimation of Meteorological Parameters for Air Quality Management: Coupling of Sodar Data with Simple Numerical Models
In this paper an attempt is made to couple sodar data and simple numerical models to calculate the wind field and the boundary layer parameters that are relevant to air quality monitoring and studies. For this purpose, a diagnostic, mass-...
Dimitrios Melas; Giulia Abbate; Dias Haralampopoulos; Alexandros Kelesidis
Evaluation of Urban Air Quality Models for Regulatory Use: Refinement of an Approach
Statistical measures for evaluating the performance of urban air quality models have recently been strongly recommended by several investigators. Problems that were encountered in the use of recommended performance measures in an evaluation of ...
Mary W. Downton; Robin L. Dennis
New Categorical Metrics for Air Quality Model Evaluation
Traditional categorical metrics used in model evaluations are �clear cut� measures in that the model�s ability to predict an �exceedance� is defined by a fixed threshold concentration and the metrics are defined by observation�forecast sets that ...
Daiwen Kang; Rohit Mathur; Kenneth Schere; Shaocai Yu; Brian Eder
Analytical modeling of a hydraulically-compensated compressed-air energy-storage system
A computer program was developed to calculate the dynamic response of a hydraulically-compensated compressed air energy storage (CAES) system, including the compressor, air pipe, cavern, and hydraulic compensation pipe. The model is theoretically based on the two-fluid model in which the dynamics of each phase are presented by its set of conservation equations for mass and momentum. The conservation equations define the space and time distribution of pressure, void fraction, air saturation, and phase velocities. The phases are coupled by two interface equations. The first defines the rate of generation (or dissolution) of gaseous air in water and can include the effects of supersaturation. The second defines the frictional shear coupling (drag) between the gaseous air and water as they move relative to each other. The relative motion of the air and water is, therefore, calculated and not specified by a slip or drift-velocity correlation. The total CASE system is represented by a nodal arrangement. The conservation equations are written for each nodal volume and are solved numerically. System boundary conditions include the air flow rate, atmospheric pressure at the top of the compensation pipe, and air saturation in the reservoir. Initial conditions are selected for velocity and air saturation. Uniform and constant temperature (60/sup 0/F) is assumed. The analytical model was used to investigate the dynamic response of a proposed system.Investigative calculations considered high and low water levels, and a variety of charging and operating conditions. For all cases investigated, the cavern response to air-charging, was a damped oscillation of pressure and flow. Detailed results are presented. These calculations indicate that the Champagne Effect is unlikely to cause blowout for a properly designed CAES system.
McMonagle, C.A.; Rowe, D.S.
Improving Boiler Efficiency Modeling Based on Ambient Air Temperature
Optimum economic operation in a large power plant can cut operating costs substantially. Individual plant equipment should be operated under conditions that are most favorable for maximizing its efficiency. It is widely accepted that boiler load significantly effects boiler efficiency. In the study reported here, the measured performance of a 300,000 lb/h steam boiler was found to show more dependence on ambient air temperature than on boiler load. It also showed an unexplained dependence on the month of the year that is comparable to the load dependence.
Zhou, J.; Deng, S.; Claridge, D. E.; Haberl, J. S.; Turner, W. D.
Improving Boiler Efficiency Modeling Based On Ambient Air Temperature
Zhou, J.; Deng, S.; Turner, W. D.; Claridge, D. E.; Haberl, J. S.
Improving Concentration Measures Used for Evaluating Air Quality Models
An unfortunate difficulty in model evaluation is that the concentration measure that most models predict, namely the ensemble mean concentration under the plume centerline (or at some location relative to the plume centerline), cannot be measured ...
Russell F. Lee; John S. Irwin
Meteorological and Air Pollution Modeling for an Urban Airport
Preliminary results are presented for numerical experiments modeling meteorology, multiple pollutant sources and nonlinear photochemical reactions for the case of an airport in a large urban area with complex terrain. The meteorological model ...
Paul R. Swan; In Young Lee
Program on Technology Innovation: Cumulative Risk Assessment of Urban Air Toxics: Pilot Modeling Study
Cumulative risk modeling for estimating the burden of exposure to urban air toxics requires consideration of a range of factors influencing population health. These factors include multiple toxic compounds, a variety of pollutant sources, background levels of air pollutants, and non-chemical stressors not historically considered in regulatory risk assessments. To date, quantitative methods to account for all these factors remain sporadic and relatively untested. However, the United States ...
Laboratory Testing of the Heating Capacity of Air-Source Heat Pumps at Low Outdoor Temperature Conditions
Air-source heat pump systems offer an alternative to the common heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) configuration of single split unitary air conditioners with gas heating. In simple terms, heat pumps are traditional air conditioning units with the added capability of running in reverse as required by the building load. Thus, where the traditional air conditioning unit has an indoor evaporator to remove heat from the space and an outdoor condenser to reject heat to the ambient environment, ...
NETL: IEP - Air Quality Research: Predictive Modeling and Evaluation
Predictive Modeling and Evaluation Predictive Modeling and Evaluation Predictive Modeling and Evaluation Map Click on a Project Name to Get More Information It is likely that most or all State Implementation Plans pertaining to PM2.5 will be developed with the aid of some type of atmospheric modeling to predict the reductions in PM2.5 attainable via reductions in power plant emissions. The accuracy of such predictions depends on how accurately the models represent the actual emissions and atmospheric chemistry/transport phenomena. Modeling studies supported by the NETL fine PM program include: (1) receptor-based (source apportionment) modeling pertinent to electric power sources; (2) model evaluation using ambient PM mass measurements; (3) methods for estimating the lifetime and transport distances of primary and secondary PM; (4) quantifying the relationships between PM (nitric acid and sulfate) and NOx and SO2 emissions in the modeling domain; and (5) quantifying the contribution of primary and secondary organic aerosol emissions from power sources to observed organic PM.
Impacts of Contaminan t Storage on Indoor Air Quality: Model Development
Impacts of Contaminan t Storage on Indoor Air Quality: Model Development Impacts of Contaminan t Storage on Indoor Air Quality: Model Development Title Impacts of Contaminan t Storage on Indoor Air Quality: Model Development Publication Type Journal Article LBNL Report Number LBNL-6114E Year of Publication 2013 Authors Sherman, Max H., and Erin L. Hult Journal Atmospheric Environment Volume 72 Start Page 41 Pagination 41-49 Date Published 01/2013 Keywords Buffering capacity, formaldehyde, moisture Abstract A first-order, lumped capacitance model is used to describe the buffering of airborne chemical species by building materials and furnishings in the indoor environment. The model is applied to describe the interaction between formaldehyde in building materials and the concentration of the species in the indoor air. Storage buffering can decrease the effect of ventilation on the indoor concentration, compared to the inverse dependence of indoor concentration on the air exchange rate that is consistent with a constant emission rate source. If the exposure time of an occupant is long relative to the time scale of depletion of the compound from the storage medium, however, the total exposure will depend inversely on the air exchange rate. This lumped capacitance model is also applied to moisture buffering in the indoor environment, which occurs over much shorter depletion timescales of the order of days. This model provides a framework to interpret the impact of storage buffering on time-varying concentrations of chemical species and resulting occupant exposure. Pseudo-steady state behavior is validated using field measurements. Model behavior over longer times is consistent with formaldehyde and moisture concentration measurements in previous studies.
A Simplified Quasi-Linear Model for Wave Generation and Air�Sea Momentum Flux
A simplified model is described for wave generation and air�sea momentum flux. The model is based upon the quasilinear theory employed by Fabrikant and Janssen, in which the mean flow is approximated to second order in the wave amplitude and ...
Alastair D. Jenkins
A High-Resolution Air Pollution Model Suitable for Dispersion Studies in Complex Terrain
The development of an air pollution transport model that uses an expanding terrain-following coordinate with high resolution in analytic form near the surface and a high-order accurate transport algorithm is described. The model is designed to be ...
Ming Liu; John J. Carroll
Flow conditioner for fuel injector for combustor and method for low-NO.sub.x combustor
An injector for a gas turbine combustor including a catalyst coated surface forming a passage for feed gas flow and a channel for oxidant gas flow establishing an axial gas flow through a flow conditioner disposed at least partially within an inner wall of the injector. The flow conditioner includes a length with an interior passage opening into upstream and downstream ends for passage of the axial gas flow. An interior diameter of the interior passage smoothly reduces and then increases from upstream to downstream ends.
Dutta, Partha; Smith, Kenneth O.; Ritz, Frank J.
Efficiency of appliance models on the market before and after DOE standards
Energy efficiency standards for appliances mandate that appliance manufacturers not manufacture or import models that have a test energy efficiency below a specified level after the standard effective date. Thus, appliance standards set a floor for energy efficiency. But do they also induce more significant changes in the efficiencies that manufacturers offer after the standard becomes effective? To address this question, we undertook an examination of before-standard and after-standard efficiency of models on the market for three products: (1) Refrigerators (1990, 1993, and 2001 standards); (2) Room air conditioners (1990 and 2000 standards); and (3) Gas furnaces (1992 standard).
Meyers, Stephen
Local Air�Sea Relationship in Observations and Model Simulations
The present study compares the local simultaneous correlation between rainfall�evaporation and sea surface temperature (SST)�SST tendency among observations, coupled general circulation model (CGCM) simulations, and stand-alone atmospheric ...
Renguang Wu; Ben P. Kirtman; Kathy Pegion
EIA - AEO2010 - Clean Air Interstate Rule: Changes and modeling in AEO2010
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
Clean Air Interstate Rule: Changes and modeling in AEO2010 Clean Air Interstate Rule: Changes and modeling in AEO2010 Annual Energy Outlook 2010 with Projections to 2035 Clean Air Interstate Rule: Changes and modeling in AEO2010 On December 23, 2008, the D.C. Circuit Court remanded but did not vacate CAIR [17], overriding its previous decision on February 8, 2008, to remand and vacate CAIR. The December decision, which is reflected in AEO2010, allows CAIR to remain in effect, providing time for the EPA to modify the rule in order to address objections raised by the Court in its earlier decision. A similar rule, referred to as the CAMR, which was to set up a cap-and-trade system for reducing mercury emissions by approximately 70 percent, is not represented in the AEO2010 projections, because it was vacated by the D.C. Circuit Court in February 2008.
Room Air Conditioning Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Potential
Room or window air conditioners are a common appliance in parts of the United States residential sector for providing summertime cooling. The technology is based on the same vapor compression cycle common in central air conditioning and refrigeration applications, but with all system components in one enclosure, which is generally small and comparatively inexpensive. The systems are simple and modular enough to be installed by the homeowner, and can be installed in windows without major modification, or ...
The Use of Photochemical Air Quality Models for Evaluating Emission Control Strategies: A Synthesis Report
This report outlines conditions under which gridded photochemical air quality models are legitimate tools for determining the types of emission controls (VOC, NOx, or both) that would be most effective for reducing ozone concentration. In doing so, it emphasizes that models should not be used indiscriminately by pointing out their limitations and the resulting consequences. It also suggests ways to make models made more suitable for regulatory purposes by formulating results probabilistically.
Numerical Simulations of Air�Sea Interaction under High Wind Conditions Using a Coupled Model: A Study of Hurricane Development
In this study, a coupled atmosphere�ocean wave modeling system is used to simulate air�sea interaction under high wind conditions. This coupled modeling system is made of three well-tested model components: The Pennsylvania State University�...
J-W. Bao; J. M. Wilczak; J-K. Choi; L. H. Kantha
Driving Demand for Home Energy Improvements: Motivating residential customers to invest in comprehensive upgrades that eliminate energy waste, avoid high utility bills, and spur the economy
water heater replacement, air conditioner replacement, solarwater heater replacement, air conditioner replacement, solar
Fuller, Merrian C.
Indoor Air Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Health Modeling and Assessment System
Indoor air quality effects on human health are of increasing concern to public health agencies and building owners. The prevention and treatment of 'sick building' syndrome and the spread of air-borne diseases in hospitals, for example, are well known priorities. However, increasing attention is being directed to the vulnerability of our public buildings/places, public security and national defense facilities to terrorist attack or the accidental release of air-borne biological pathogens, harmful chemicals, or radioactive contaminants. The Indoor Air Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Health Modeling and Assessment System (IA-NBC-HMAS) was developed to serve as a health impact analysis tool for use in addressing these concerns. The overall goal was to develop a user-friendly fully functional prototype Health Modeling and Assessment system, which will operate under the PNNL FRAMES system for ease of use and to maximize its integration with other modeling and assessment capabilities accessible within the FRAMES system (e.g., ambient air fate and transport models, water borne fate and transport models, Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic models, etc.). The prototype IA-NBC-HMAS is designed to serve as a functional Health Modeling and Assessment system that can be easily tailored to meet specific building analysis needs of a customer. The prototype system was developed and tested using an actual building (i.e., the Churchville Building located at the Aberdeen Proving Ground) and release scenario (i.e., the release and measurement of tracer materials within the building) to ensure realism and practicality in the design and development of the prototype system. A user-friendly "demo" accompanies this report to allow the reader the opportunity for a "hands on" review of the prototype system's capability.
Stenner, Robert D.; Hadley, Donald L.; Armstrong, Peter R.; Buck, John W.; Hoopes, Bonnie L.; Janus, Michael C.
A review of polymer-based water conditioners for reduction of handling-related injury
Fish are coated with an external layer of protective mucus. This layer serves as the primary barrier against infection or injury, reduces friction, and plays a role in ionic and osmotic regulation. However, the mucus layer is easily disturbed when fish are netted, handled, transported, stressed, or subjected to adverse water conditions. Water additives containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or proprietary polymers have been used to prevent the deleterious effects of mucus layer disturbances in the commercial tropical fish industry, aquaculture, and for other fisheries management purposes. This paper reviews research on the effectiveness of water conditioners, and examines the contents and uses of a wide variety of commercially available water conditioners. Water conditioners containing polymers may reduce external damage to fish held in containers during scientific experimentation, including surgical implantation of electronic tags. However, there is a need to empirically test the effectiveness of water conditioners at preventing damage to and promoting healing of the mucus layer. A research agenda is provided to advance the science related to the use of water conditions to improve the condition of fish during handling and tagging.
Harnish, Ryan A.; Colotelo, Alison HA; Brown, Richard S.
Coupling Air Flow Models to Load/Energy Models and Implications...
For loadenergy calculation, coupling allows for air system control based on a "thermostat" and produces more realistic interior surface temperatures. Examples of applying the...
A Description of the Air Force Real-Time Nephanalysis Model
The Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC) Real-Time Nephanalysis (RTNEPH) is an automated cloud model that produces a 48-km gridded analysis of cloud amount, cloud type, and cloud height. Its primary input is imagery from polar-orbiting ...
Thomas M. Hamill; Robert P. D'Entremont; James T. Buntin
Empirical Modeling of a Rolling-Piston Compressor Heat Pump for Predictive Control in Low-Lift Cooling
Inverter-driven variable-capacity air conditioners, heat pumps, and chillers can provide energy-efficient cooling, particularly at part-load capacity. Varying the capacity of vapor compression systems enables operation at ...
Gayeski, Nicholas
18 2.3.1 Electricity Price19 2.3.2 Electricity PriceELECTRICITY PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
noted that reform of electricity tariff structures is a longin the residential electricity tariff structures. Each ofcosts, and prevailing electricity tariffs may have changed.
2004. Working Group 2 Demand Response Program Evaluation �A. Barat, D. Watson. 2007. Demand Response Spinning Reserveand E. Parker (2009). Demand Response Spinning Reserve
Bode, Josh
and Industrial Facilities to Dynamic Electricity Prices.and Industrial Facilities to Dynamic Electricity Prices.
average. Rates collected by most State Electricity Boards inState Electricity Boards and Electricity Departments 2002- Discount Rates
because of the higher electricity rates, higher hours ofin use patterns and electricity rates between commercial andUEC), marginal electricity rates, and discount rates.
2030. Estimating future electricity rates is very difficult,payback, the required electricity rate is only for the yearcase, the year 2008. The electricity rate used in the PBP
Electricity Prices Residential electricity rates are muchrates in India. Residential electricity rates are subsidizedand electricity rates between commercial and residential
Table 5 Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency � Commercial6 Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency � ResidentialTable 5 Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency � Commercial
017F.PDF KEMA, Inc. 2011. PJM Empirical Analysis of DemandMethods. Prepared for the PJM Markets Implementation~/media/markets-ops/dsr/pjm-analysis-of-dr-baseline-methods-
the current cost of production of 3.5 Rs per kWh. It isthe average cost of production to be 3.50 Rs. per kWh, or $the cost of production significantly at 4.80 Rs. per kWh. As
costs is adequately compensated by lower electricity bills.Electricity bill savings are in turn dependent on the hoursmargin, residential electricity bills do not cover utility
Ground Source Heat Pump Air Conditioner Monitoring Control System Design Based on CAN Bus
Based on CAN bus technology, chooses ST's ARM Cortex-M3 core, new generation STM32 embedded enhanced processor STM32F103 as main control chip, designs the overall structure of system, CAN functional block diagram, CAN communication software and so on. ... Keywords: CAN bus embedded STM32F103
Tong Gang; Li Ping
labeling program (�Energy Guide�). In order to ensure thethe yellow label titled �Energy Guide� and has clearly sti-
where the static pressure (ESP) is measured. The length oftaps used to measure the ESP may be in the same duct or inand the measurement of the ESP is performed in 4 points at
Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 1 filings. http://Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) website through Form 714annual data submitted to FERC from regulated utilities and
Technical and economic analysis of energy efficiency of Chinese room air conditioners
the impact on national energy consumption by adoption of thecase forecast of national energy consumption assumes thatcase forecast of national energy consumption assumes the
Fridley, David G.; Rosenquist, Gregory; Jiang, Lin; Li, Aixian; Xin, Dingguo; Cheng, Jianhong
L ABORATORY China Energy Efficiency Round Robin TestingNeed to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Energy Consumingfor Implementing the China Energy Efficiency Label System (
In other words, we had the answer key and could grade whichwere simulated, the answer key was available and we could
Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps for Commercial Buildings
Multi-split heat pumps have evolved from a technology suitable for residential and light commercial buildings to variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems that can provide efficient space conditioning for large commercial buildings. VRF systems are enhanced versions of ductless multi-split systems, permitting more indoor units to be connected to each outdoor unit and providing additional features such as simultaneous heating and cooling and heat recovery. VRF systems are very popular in Asia and Europe and...
the market trend is increasingly towards energy efficiency.trend of trans- formation to an energy-efficient products market.
energy expenses based upon electricity prices that customers may pay if electricity markets become deregulated. Electricity price trends:
Commissioning Tools for Heating/Cooling System in Residence - Verification of Floor Heating System and Room Air Conditioning System Performance
Tools of evaluating the performance of floor heating and room air conditioner are examined as a commissioning tool. Simple method is needed to check these performance while in use by residents, because evaluation currently requires significant time and effort. Therefore, this paper proposes a) two methods of evaluating the floor heating efficiency from the room / crawl space temperature and the energy consumption and b) method of evaluating COP of the room air conditioner from the data measured at the external unit. Case studies in which these tools were applied to actual residences are presented to demonstrate their effectiveness.
Miura, H.; Hokoi, S.; Iwamae, A.; Umeno, T.; Kondo, S.
Uncertainties in Air Toxics Calculated by the Dispersion Models AERMOD and ISCST3 in the Houston Ship Channel Area
The uncertainties in simulations of annually averaged concentrations of two air toxics (benzene and 1,3-butadiene) are estimated for two widely used U.S. air quality models, the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term, version 3, (ISCST3) model and ...
Steven R. Hanna; Robert Paine; David Heinold; Elizabeth Kintigh; Dan Baker
Lab Breakthrough: Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning |
Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning Lab Breakthrough: Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning May 29, 2012 - 5:22pm Addthis This breakthrough combines desiccant materials, which remove moisture from the air using heat, and advanced evaporative technologies to develop a cooling unit that uses 90 percent less electricity and up to 80 percent less total energy than traditional air conditioning. This solution, called the desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVAP), also controls humidity more effectively to improve the comfort of people in buildings. View the entire Lab Breakthrough playlist. What are the key facts? Recent materials advances and liquid desiccant advances to design the compact and cost-effective DEVAP system. DEVAP uses 90 percent less electricity and up to 80 percent less
Lab Breakthrough: Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning Lab Breakthrough: Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning Lab Breakthrough: Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning May 29, 2012 - 5:22pm Addthis This breakthrough combines desiccant materials, which remove moisture from the air using heat, and advanced evaporative technologies to develop a cooling unit that uses 90 percent less electricity and up to 80 percent less total energy than traditional air conditioning. This solution, called the desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVAP), also controls humidity more effectively to improve the comfort of people in buildings. View the entire Lab Breakthrough playlist. What are the key facts? Recent materials advances and liquid desiccant advances to design the compact and cost-effective DEVAP system.
The Impact of GEM and MM5 Modeled Meteorological Conditions on CMAQ Air Quality Modeling Results in Eastern Canada and the Northeastern United States
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) is currently the meteorological model most widely used as input into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. In ...
Steven C. Smyth; Dazhong Yin; Helmut Roth; Weimin Jiang; Michael D. Moran; Louis-Philippe Crevier
Regional Climate Model Simulations of U.S. Precipitation and Surface Air Temperature during 1982�2002: Interannual Variation
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)-based regional climate model (CMM5) capability in simulating the interannual variations of U.S. precipitation and surface air temperature during 1982�2002 is evaluated ...
Jinhong Zhu; Xin-Zhong Liang
The Impact of Nudging in the Meteorological Model for Retrospective Air Quality Simulations. Part I: Evaluation against National Observation Networks
It is common practice to use Newtonian relaxation, or nudging, throughout meteorological model simulations to create �dynamic analyses� that provide the characterization of the meteorological conditions for retrospective air quality model ...
Dynamically Consistent Formulations in Meteorological and Air Quality Models for Multiscale Atmospheric Studies. Part II: Mass Conservation Issues
Eulerian air quality models that require gridded meteorological inputs have to adapt to recent advances in meteorological models for fully compressible atmosphere. When the input meteorological data are recast with a robust fully compressible ...
Daewon W. Byun
Modeling of an adiabatic packed bed brine-air contactor for use in a solar energy driven food processing system
A mathematical model was developed for a packed bed brine-air contacting system which has applications in a solar energy driven food processing system. The model considers mass transfer resistances of both phases, but neglects the heat transfer resistance of the liquid phase. It takes into account the large heat effects associated with water absorption into and desorption from the brine. A computational method was also developed to calculate the minimum air flow rate which would prevent a pinch. A packed bed brine-air contactor was built, and experiments were conducted for a range of brine and air conditions. Good agreement between the computed and experimental results warrants use of the model to design and optimize the packed bed water stripping process. A periodic-flow packed bed heat regenerator was built to recover heat from the exit air of the contactor so as to improve the energy efficiency of the system. It was possible to preheat the inlet air to a temperature close to that of the exit air. The inlet air, however, during its passage through the regenerator picked up the condensate deposited from the exit air. This led to a decrease in the driving potential to mass transfer in the contactor. Optimization studies show that using a combined solar driven boiler and air assisted packed bed water stripper would be more economical than using a solar driven boiler alone or using flat plate solar collectors to drive the water stripper.
Biswal, R.N.
A smart GUI based air-conditioning and lighting controller for energy saving in building
This paper will concentrate on the algorithm and control strategies where the air-conditioners and lighting system can be controlled using microcontroller; a microcontroller is chosen due to its low cost and high flexibility. Conceptually, the controller ... Keywords: energy saving control system, graphic LCD, graphical user interface (GUI), microcontroller
M. F. Abas; N. MD. Saad; N. L. Ramli
A thermal comfort levels investigation of a naturally ventilated and air-conditioned office
The purpose of this study is to investigate thermal comfort levels of a naturally ventilated and air-conditioner office. Field experiments conducted in an office room in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) used survey questionnaires and physical measurements. ... Keywords: PMV, mechanically ventilation, naturally ventilated, neutral temperature, objective study, subjective approach, thermal comfort
R. Daghigh; N. M. Adam; K. Sopian; A. Zaharim; B. B. Sahari
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Air Blast Propagation from the Humble Redwood Chemical High Explosive Detonations Using GEODYN
Two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamic models were developed using GEODYN to simulate the propagation of air blasts resulting from a series of high explosive detonations conducted at Kirtland Air Force Base in August and September of 2007. Dubbed Humble Redwood I (HR-1), these near-surface chemical high explosive detonations consisted of seven shots of varying height or depth of burst. Each shot was simulated numerically using GEODYN. An adaptive mesh refinement scheme based on air pressure gradients was employed such that the mesh refinement tracked the advancing shock front where sharp discontinuities existed in the state variables, but allowed the mesh to sufficiently relax behind the shock front for runtime efficiency. Comparisons of overpressure, sound speed, and positive phase impulse from the GEODYN simulations were made to the recorded data taken from each HR-1 shot. Where the detonations occurred above ground or were shallowly buried (no deeper than 1 m), the GEODYN model was able to simulate the sound speeds, peak overpressures, and positive phase impulses to within approximately 1%, 23%, and 6%, respectively, of the actual recorded data, supporting the use of numerical simulation of the air blast as a forensic tool in determining the yield of an otherwise unknown explosion.
Chipman, V D
Source- and Age-Resolved Mechanistic Air Quality Models: Model Development and Application in Southeast Texas
Ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) existing in the atmosphere have adverse effects to human and environment. Southeast Texas experiences high O3 and PM events due to special meteorological conditions and high emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Quantitative knowledge of the contributions of different emissions sources to O3 and PM is helpful to better understand their formation mechanisms and develop effective control strategies. Tagged reactive tracer techniques are developed and coupled into two chemical transport models (UCD/CIT model and CMAQ) to conduct source apportionment of O3, primary PM, secondary inorganic PM, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and aging distribution of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) existing in the atmosphere have adverse effects to human and environment. Southeast Texas experiences high O3 and PM events due to special meteorological conditions and high emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Quantitative knowledge of the contributions of different emissions sources to O3 and PM is helpful to better understand their formation mechanisms and develop effective control strategies. Tagged reactive tracer techniques are developed and coupled into two chemical transport models (UCD/CIT model and CMAQ) to conduct source apportionment of O3, primary PM, secondary inorganic PM, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and aging distribution of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Models successfully reproduce the concentrations of gas phase and PM phase species. Vehicles, natural gas, industries, and coal combustion are important O3 sources. Upwind sources have non-negligible influences (20-50%) on daytime O3, indicating that regional NOx emission controls are necessary to reduce O3 in Southeast Texas. EC is mainly from diesel engines while majority of primary OC is from internal combustion engines and industrial sources. Open burning, road dust, internal combustion engines and industries are the major sources of primary PM2.5. Wildfire dominates primary PM near fire locations. Over 80% of sulfate is produced in upwind areas and coal combustion contributes most. Ammonium ion is mainly from agriculture sources. The SOA peak values can be better predicted when the emissions are adjusted by a factor of 2. 20% of the total SOA is due to anthropogenic sources. Solvent and gasoline engines are the major sources. Oligomers from biogenic SOA account for 30-58% of the total SOA, indicating that long range transport is important. PAHs from anthropogenic sources can produce 4% of total anthropogenic SOA. Wild fire, vehicles, solvent and industries are the major sources. EC and OC emitted within 0-3 hours contribute approximately 70-90% in urban Houston and about 20-40% in rural areas. Significant diurnal variations in the relative contributions to EC are predicted. Fresh particles concentrations are high at morning and early evening. The concentrations of EC and OC that spend more than 9 hours in the air are low over land but almost accounts for 100% of the total EC and OC over the ocean.
Zhang, Hongliang
Ozone Modeling for Compliance Planning: A Synopsis of "The Use of Photochemical Air Quality Models for Evaluating Emission Control Strategies--A Synthesis Report"
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require that many nonattainment areas use gridded, photochemical air quality models to develop compliance plans for meeting the ambient ozone standard. This report reviews the status of photochemical air models--the computer simulation programs that will be used to set emission control programs to meet ground level (tropospheric) ozone standards currently in use for regulatory planning. Regulatory application guidelines are discussed, as are the limitations and reliabili...
A model for residual stress evolution in air-plasma-sprayed zirconia thermal barrier coatings
Ruby fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that residual stress in air-plasma-sprayed zirconia thermal barrier coatings is a function of the local interface geometry. The stress profile of a simulated rough interface characterized by ``peaks'' and ``valleys'' was modeled with a finite-element approach that accounted for thermal mismatch, oxide scale growth, and top coat sintering. Dependence of the stress profile on interface geometry and microstructure was investigated, and the results were compared with measured stresses.
Nair, B. G.; Singh, J. P.; Grimsditch, M.
Research on Ammonium Bisulfate Formation in Air Preheaters - Experimental Investigation and CFD Modeling
Ammonium bisulfate (ABS) formation and deposition is the most common operating problem affecting air preheaters (APHs) in fossil power plants with post combustion NOx controls that use selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) or selective catalytic reduction (SCR). This report describes pilot-scale experiments conducted to better understand ABS chemistry and efforts to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of an APH to identify the key phenomena that may affect ABS formation and deposition.
Development of a model to calculate mechanical specific energy for air hammer drilling systems
Drilling for hydrocarbons is an expensive operation; consequently operators try to save costs by reducing the number of days spent during this operation. Drilling efficiently with the highest attainable rate of penetration is one of the ways drilling time could be reduced. Real-time monitoring of Mechanical Specific Energy will enable drilling engineers to detect when the optimum drilling rate for a given set of drilling parameters is not being achieved. Numerous works have been done on air hammers and rock Mechanical Specific Energy. Previous research has shown that Mechanical Specific Energy, which is a ratio that quantifies the input energy and Rate of Penetration (ROP) of a drilling system, is directly proportional to the rock compressive strength being drilled. The Mechanical Specific Energy model utilizes drilling parameters such as ROP, Weight on bit (WOB), RPM, torque, flow-rate, bottom-hole pressure, and bottom-hole temperature to show how effectively energy being put into the drill string is being converted to ROP at the bit. This research effort proposes a new model to calculate the Mechanical Specific Energy for air hammer drilling systems. A thermodynamic model for the air hammer from which the piston impact velocity and kinetic energy is obtained is presented. To be able to estimate the effective energy delivered to the rock by the hammer, the stress wave propagation model is used and factored into the Mechanical Specific Energy model. The Mechanical Specific Energy values obtained from the application of this model provide a qualitative indicator of formation pressure changes and a means for drilling engineers to detect when optimum drilling rate is not being achieved. It can be deduced from the model that the impact energy of the hammer is greatly affected by the pressure drop across the hammer and since the hammer accounts for about sixty percent of the energy required for destroying the rock, the ROP can be varied by varying the pressure drop across the hammer.
Okuchaba, Boma Jeremiah
Technology Assessment and Application Guide for an Active Voltage Conditioner with Storage Option (AVC-Store)
This report describes and documents the construction, performance, and application of an active voltage conditioner (AVC) with energy storage. The system8211called the AVC-Store8211is manufactured by Vectek in Napier, New Zealand. Composed of a novel power electronics module, the system is organized to mitigate voltage sags, phase shift, and outages. This report describes the various subsystems within the AVC-Store, its operation, results of characterization tests, and issues related to its application a...
Candidate chemical systems for air cooled solar powered, absorption air conditioner design. Part I. Organic absorbent systems
All the available experimental evidence suggests that the optimum ''organic'' absorbent/refrigerant combination would be a methane derivative with a single hydrogen atom with chlorine and fluorine atoms in the other sites, as refrigerant. This would be hydrogen bonded to an absorbent molecule containing the group =NC/sup -/O, with the substituent groups being such that no steric hindrance took place. Cycle analyses showed that the ratio of internal heat transfer to cooling would be large, probably impractically so in view of the high coefficient of performance needed for solar driven cooling and the additional handicap of heat rejection to the atmosphere. A more promising approach would be to reduce the internal heat transfer per unit of space cooling by selecting a refrigerant with a high latent heat of vaporization and selecting an absorbent with suitable properties.
Candidate chemical systems for air cooled, solar powered, absorption air conditioner design. Part II. Solid absorbents, high latent heat refrigerants
Work done in attempting to qualify absorption refrigeration systems based on refrigerants with intermediate latent heats of vaporization is summarized. In practice, these comprise methanol, ammonia, and methylamine. A wide variety of organic substances, salts, and mixtures were evaluated in as systematic a manner as possible. Several systems of interest are described. The system, LiClO/sub 3/--LiBr--H/sub 2/O, is a good back up system to our first choice of an antifreeze additive system, and thermodynamically promising but subject to some inconvenient materials limitations. The system, LiBr/ZnBr/sub 2/--methanol, is thermodynamically promising but requires additional kinetic qualification. Chemical stability of the system, LiCNS--ammonia/methylamine with various other third components, does not appear to be adequate for a long-lived system.
Biermann, W. J.
Reducing air conditioning waste by signalling it is cool outside
This experiment looked at the effects on residential energy consumption of providing homeowners with (1) a signalling device that indicated a conservation opportunity and (2) information feedback about their rate of energy use. The signalling device operated when the outside temperature was below 68F and the air conditioner was on. Homeowners were told that the signalling device indicated when they could cool their house effectively by opening the windows and turning off their air conditioner. Forty households were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: signalling device only, feedback only, both, neither. The results showed a significant 15.7% decrease in energy use for those households with the signalling devices. Neither the feedback nor interaction effect was significant. The advantages and disadvantages of having people in the control cycle were discussed. 4 references, 1 table.
Becker, L.J.; Seligman, C.
Evaluating Water Vapor in the NCAR CAM3 Climate Model with RRTMG/McICA using Modeled and Observed AIRS Spectral Radiances
Water Vapor in the NCAR CAM3 Climate Model with Water Vapor in the NCAR CAM3 Climate Model with RRTMG/McICA using Modeled and Observed AIRS Spectral Radiances Michael J. Iacono, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 131 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421 USA 1. Overview Objectives: * Evaluate water vapor and temperature simulation in two versions of CAM3 by comparing modeled and observed cloud-cleared AIRS spectral radiances. * Use spectral differences to verify comparisons between modeled water vapor and temperature and observed fields retrieved from AIRS radiances. Models: OSS: Optimal Spectral Sampling model developed at AER was used to simulate clear sky AIRS radiance spectra in CAM3. RRTMG/McICA: ARM-supported LW and SW radiative transfer model developed at AER for application to GCMs. RRTMG has been fully
Modeling Safety Case Evolution - Examples from the Air Traffic Management Domain
In order realistically and cost-e#ectively to realize the ATM (Air Tra#c Management) 2000+ Strategy, systems from di#erent suppliers will be interconnected to form a complete functional and operational environment, covering ground segments and aerospace. Industry will be involved as early as possible in the lifecycle of ATM projects. EUROCONTROL manages the processes that involve the definition and validation of new ATM solutions using Industry capabilities (e.g., SMEs). In practice, safety analyses adapt and reuse system design models (produced by third parties). Technical, organisational and cost-related reasons often determine this choice, although design models are unfit for safety analysis.
Massimo Felici
Exploring the concept of compressed air energy storage (CAES) in lined rock caverns at shallow depth: A modeling study of air tightness and energy balance
This paper presents a numerical modeling study of coupled thermodynamic, multiphase fluid flow and heat transport associated with underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in lined rock caverns. Specifically, we explored the concept of using concrete lined caverns at a relatively shallow depth for which constructing and operational costs may be reduced if air tightness and stability can be assured. Our analysis showed that the key parameter to assure long-term air tightness in such a system was the permeability of both the concrete lining and the surrounding rock. The analysis also indicated that a concrete lining with a permeability of less than 1�10{sup -18} m{sup 2} would result in an acceptable air leakage rate of less than 1%, with the operational pressure range between 5 and 8 MPa at a depth of 100 m. It was further noted that capillary retention properties and the initial liquid saturation of the lining were very important. Indeed, air leakage could be effectively prevented when the air-entry pressure of the concrete lining is higher than the operational air pressure and when the lining is kept moist at a relatively high liquid saturation. Our subsequent energy-balance analysis demonstrated that the energy loss for a daily compression and decompression cycle is governed by the air-pressure loss, as well as heat loss by conduction to the concrete liner and surrounding rock. For a sufficiently tight system, i.e., for a concrete permeability off less than 1�10{sup -18} m{sup 2}, heat loss by heat conduction tends to become proportionally more important. However, the energy loss by heat conduction can be minimized by keeping the air-injection temperature of compressed air closer to the ambient temperature of the underground storage cavern. In such a case, almost all the heat loss during compression is gained back during subsequent decompression. Finally, our numerical simulation study showed that CAES in shallow rock caverns is feasible from a leakage and energy efficiency viewpoint. Our numerical approach and energy analysis will next be applied in designing and evaluating the performance of a planned full-scale pilot test of the proposed underground CAES concept.
Kim, H.-M.; Rutqvist, J.; Ryu, D.-W.; Choi, B.-H.; Sunwoo, C.; Song, W.-K.
Model for determining modular heat recovery incinerator feasibility on air force installations. Master's thesis
This study constructed a model to determine the feasibility of building municipal solid waste (MSW) fired modular heat recovery incinerators (HRIs) on Air Force installations. The model consisted of three gates. Gate one identified current federal regulatory air emission requirements for various HRI pollutants. It also specified two air pollution control configurations with emission reduction efficiencies capable of achieving these requirements. Gate two presented a life-cycle cost (LCC) economic analysis methodology. Operational and cost data for existing modular HRIs located in the United States facilitated the development of regression equations that estimate capital and annual operating costs for a modular HRI. Actual cost and operational information from a central heating plant at Wright-Patterson AFB, along with cost data from the regression equations, provided the basis for an example LCC analysis involving modular HRIs Results of this hypothetical evaluation showed that the LCC for the modular HRI alternatives were both less than the LCC of replacing the existing boiler. Gate three presented a Likert-scale survey to evaluate the sociopolitical acceptability of the proposed HRI. The survey results indicate the level of effort to process the HRI proposal in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act. Heat recovery, Incinerators, Waste management, Waste treatment.
Anderson, A.H.; Munnell, P.R.
Application of an SVM-based regression model to the air quality study at local scale in the Avil�s urban area (Spain)
The objective of this study is to build a regression model of air quality by using the support vector machine (SVM) technique in the Aviles urban area (Spain) at local scale. Hazardous air pollutants or toxic air contaminants refer to any substance that ... Keywords: Air quality, Machine learning, Pollutant substances, Support vector regression
A. Su�Rez S�Nchez; P. J. Garc�A Nieto; P. Riesgo Fern�Ndez; J. J. Del Coz D�Az; F. J. Iglesias-Rodr�Guez
An Integrated Computer Modeling Environment For Regional Land Use, Air Quality, And Transportation Planning
The Land Use, Air Quality, and Transportation Integrated Modeling Environment (LATIME) represents an integrated approach to computer modeling and simulation of land use allocation, travel demand, and mobile source emissions for the Albuquerque, New Mexico, area. This environment provides predictive capability combined with a graphical and geographical interface. The graphical interface shows the causal relationships between data and policy scenarios and supports alternative model formulations. Scenarios are launched from within a Geographic Information System (GIS), and data produced by each model component at each time step within a simulation is stored in the GIS. A menudriven query system is utilized to review link-based results and regional and areawide results. These results can also be compared across time or between alternative land use scenarios. Using this environment, policies can be developed and implemented based on comparative analysis, rather than on single-step future pr...
Charles Hanley Renewable; Norman L. Marshall; Charles J. Hanley; Charles J. Hanley
Evolution of Water Vapor Concentrations and Stratospheric Age of Air in Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model Simulations
Stratospheric water vapor concentrations and age of air are investigated in an ensemble of coupled chemistry-climate model simulations covering the period from 1960 to 2005. Observed greenhouse gas concentrations, halogen concentrations, aerosol ...
John Austin; John Wilson; Feng Li; Holger V�mel
An Air�Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary Study Using a Nonhydrostatic Axisymmetric Numerical Model
In Part I of this study an analytical model for a steady-state tropical cyclone is constructed on the assumption that boundary-layer air parcels are conditionally neutral to displacements along the angular momentum surfaces of the hurricane ...
Richard Rotunno; Kerry A. Emanuel
Turbulent Transfer Coefficients and Calculation of Air Temperature inside Tall Grass Canopies in Land�Atmosphere Schemes for Environmental Modeling
A method for estimating profiles of turbulent transfer coefficients inside a vegetation canopy and their use in calculating the air temperature inside tall grass canopies in land surface schemes for environmental modeling is presented. The ...
D. T. Mihailovic; K. Alapaty; B. Lalic; I. Arsenic; B. Rajkovic; S. Malinovic
Mitigating the Impacts of Uncontrolled Air Flow on Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Demand in Non-Residential Buildings
This multi-faceted study evaluated several aspects of uncontrolled air flows in commercial buildings in both Northern and Southern climates. Field data were collected from 25 small commercial buildings in New York State to understand baseline conditions for Northern buildings. Laboratory wall assembly testing was completed at Syracuse University to understand the impact of typical air leakage pathways on heat and moisture transport within wall assemblies for both Northern and Southern building applications. The experimental data from the laboratory tests were used to verify detailed heat and moisture (HAM) simulation models that could be used to evaluate a wider array of building applications and situations. Whole building testing at FSEC's Building Science Laboratory (BSL) systematically evaluated the energy and IAQ impacts of duct leakage with various attic and ceiling configurations. This systematic test carefully controlled all aspects of building performance to quantify the impact of duct leakage and unbalanced flow. The newest features of the EnergyPlus building simulation tool were used to model the combined impacts of duct leakage, ceiling leakage, unbalanced flows, and air conditioner performance. The experimental data provided the basis to validate the simulation model so it could be used to study the impact of duct leakage over a wide range of climates and applications. The overall objective of this project was to transfer work and knowledge that has been done on uncontrolled air flow in non-residential buildings in Florida to a national basis. This objective was implemented by means of four tasks: (1) Field testing and monitoring of uncontrolled air flow in a sample of New York buildings; (2) Detailed wall assembly laboratory measurements and modeling; (3) Whole building experiments and simulation of uncontrolled air flows; and (4) Develop and implement training on uncontrolled air flows for Practitioners in New York State.
Hugh I. Henderson; Jensen Zhang; James B. Cummings; Terry Brennan
Analysis of historical residential air-conditioning equipment sizing using monitored data
Monitored data were analyzed to determine whether residential air conditioners in the Pacific Northwest historically have been sized properly to meet or slightly exceed actual cooling requirements. Oversizing air-conditioning equipment results in a loss of efficiency because of increased cycling and also lowers humidity control. On the other hand, the penalty of undersizing air-conditioning equipment may be some loss of comfort during extremely hot weather. The monitored data consist of hourly space-conditioning electrical energy use and internal air temperature data collected during the past 7 years from 75 residences in the Pacific Northwest. These residences are equipped with central air conditioners or heat pumps. The periods with the highest cooling energy use were analyzed for each site. A standard industry sizing methodology was used for each site to determine a sizing estimate. Both the sizing recommendation based on Manual J and peak monitored loads are compared to the capacity of the installed equipment for each site to study how the actual capacity differed from both the estimate of proper sizing and from actual demands. Characteristics of the maximum cooling loads are analyzed here to determine which conditions put the highest demand on the air conditioner. Specifically, internal air temperature data are used to determine when the highest cooling loads occur, at constant thermostat settings or when the thermostat was set down. This analysis of monitored data also provides insight into the extent that occupant comfort may be affected by undersizing air conditioners. The findings of this research indicate that cooling equipment historically has often but not always been oversized beyond industry-recommended levels. However, some occupants in homes with undersized, properly sized, and, in rare occasions, even oversized cooling equipment appear to suffer because the cooling equipment cannot always provide adequate cooling. Key findings are summarized.
Lucas, R.G.
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) Investigation for Residential and Small Commercial Air-Source Heat Pumps
Electric utilities frequently use the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) in air conditioning�based incentive programs to categorize energy efficiency and to quantify financial value. For residential and small commercial unitary air conditioners and heat pumps, SEER is determined by the procedures outlined in ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240. Within Standard 210/240, SEER is calculated based on laboratory test results and equations that follow specific assumptions regarding indoor temperature, ...
Experimental investigation and modeling of a direct-coupled PV/T air collector
Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems refer to the integration of photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies into one single system, in that both useful heat energy and electricity are produced. The impetus of this paper is to model a direct-coupled PV/T air collector which is designed, built, and tested at a geographic location of Kerman, Iran. In this system, a thin aluminum sheet suspended at the middle of air channel is used to increase the heat exchange surface and consequently improve heat extraction from PV panels. This PV/T system is tested in natural convection and forced convection (with two, four and eight fans operating) and its unsteady results are presented in with and without glass cover cases. A theoretical model is developed and validated against experimental data, where good agreement between the measured values and those calculated by the simulation model were achieved. Comparisons are made between electrical performance of the different modes of operation, and it is concluded that there is an optimum number of fans for achieving maximum electrical efficiency. Also, results show that setting glass cover on photovoltaic panels leads to an increase in thermal efficiency and decrease in electrical efficiency of the system. (author)
Shahsavar, A.; Ameri, M. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
A Field Study on Residential Air Conditioning Peak Loads During Summer in College Station, Texas
Severe capacity problems are experienced by electric utilities during hot summer afternoons. Several studies have found that, in large part, electric peak loads can be attributed to residential airconditioning use. This air-conditioning peak depends primarily on two factors: (i) the manner in which the homeowner operates his air-conditioner during the hot summer afternoons, and (ii) the amount by which the air-conditioner has been over-designed. Whole-house and air-conditioner electricity use data at 15 minute time intervals have been gathered and analyzed for 8 residences during the summer of 1991, six of which had passed the College Station Good Cents tests. Indoor air temperatures were measured by a mechanical chart recorder, while a weather station located on the main campus of Texas A&M university provided the necessary climatic data, especially ambient temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The data were analysed to determine the extent to which air-conditioning over-sizing and homeowner intervention contributes to peak electricity use for newer houses in College Station, Texas.
Reddy, T. A.; Vaidya, S.; Griffith, L.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Claridge, D. E.
Overview: Home Cooling Systems | Department of Energy
than earlier models. Dehumidifying heat pipes can help an air conditioner remove humidity and more efficiently cool the air. Radiant Cooling Radiant cooling cools a floor or...
Urban airshed modeling of air quality impacts of alternative transportation fuel use in Los Angeles and Atlanta
The main objective of NREL in supporting this study is to determine the relative air quality impact of the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative transportation fuel when compared to low Reid vapor pressure (RVP) gasoline and reformulated gasoline (RFG). A table lists the criteria, air toxic, and greenhouse gas pollutants for which emissions were estimated for the alternative fuel scenarios. Air quality impacts were then estimated by performing photochemical modeling of the alternative fuel scenarios using the Urban Airshed Model Version 6.21 and the Carbon Bond Mechanism Version IV (CBM-IV) (Geary et al., 1988) Using this model, the authors examined the formation and transport of ozone under alternative fuel strategies for motor vehicle transportation sources for the year 2007. Photochemical modeling was performed for modeling domains in Los Angeles, California, and Atlanta, Georgia.
Development and Application of a Three-Dimensional Taylor�Galerkin Numerical Model for Air Quality Simulation near Roadway Tunnel Portals
Since highway traffic has become one of the major emission sources of air pollution, air pollution prediction near roadway tunnel portals is a very important subject. Although many models have been suggested to predict pollutant concentrations ...
Shin�ichi Okamoto; Kazuhiro Sakai; Koichi Matsumoto; Kenji Horiuchi; Keizo Kobayashi
Introducing a Partitioning Mechanism for PAHs into the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System and Its Application to Simulating the Transport of Benzo(a)pyrene over Europe
Into the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) that is widely used for simulating the transport and fate of air pollutants, a new module was inserted that accounts for the partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds�in ...
Armin Aulinger; Volker Matthias; Markus Quante
Hierarchical set of models for estimating the effects of air pollution on vegetation
Three models have been developed to estimate the effects of air pollutants on vegetation at the photosynthetic process (PHOTO), plant (GROWl), and community (SILVA) levels of resolution. PHOTO simulates the enhancement of photosynthesis at low H/sub 2/S levels, depression of photosynthesis at high H/sub 2/S levels, and the threshold effects for sulfur pollutants. GROWl simulates the growth and development of a plant during a growing season. GROWl has been used to assess the effects on sugar beets of geothermal energy development in the Imperial Valley, California. SILVA is a community-level model simulating the effects of SO/sub 2/ on growth, species composition, and succession, for the mixed conifer forest types of the Sierra Nevada, California.
Kercher, J.R.; Axelrod, M.C.; Bingham, G.E.
Research on Thermal Properties in a Phase Change Wallboard Room Based on Air Conditioning Cold Storage
After comparing the thermal performance parameters of an ordinary wall room to a phase change wall (PCW) room, we learn that phase change wallboard affects the fluctuation of temperature in air-conditioning room in the summer. We built a PCW room and an ordinary wall room, which are cooled by an air-conditioner. We used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to test the temperature field and heat flow fluctuation in these rooms. Through analyzing the data tested, we found that the mean temperature of PCW is lower than that of ordinary wall room by 1 to 2?, and PCW can lower the heat flow by 4.6W/m2. Combining phase change material with the building envelope can lower the indoor temperature, make the room thermally comfortable, and cut down the turn-on-and-off frequency of the air-conditioner and the primary investment and operating costs. It alleviates the urgent need for electricity.
Feng, G.; Li, W.; Chen, X.
Chemical-Specific Representation of Air-Soil Exchange and Soil Penetration in Regional Multimedia Models
In multimedia mass-balance models, the soil compartment is an important sink as well as a conduit for transfers to vegetation and shallow groundwater. Here a novel approach for constructing soil transport algorithms for multimedia fate models is developed and evaluated. The resulting algorithms account for diffusion in gas and liquid components; advection in gas, liquid, or solid phases; and multiple transformation processes. They also provide an explicit quantification of the characteristic soil penetration depth. We construct a compartment model using three and four soil layers to replicate with high reliability the flux and mass distribution obtained from the exact analytical solution describing the transient dispersion, advection, and transformation of chemicals in soil with fixed properties and boundary conditions. Unlike the analytical solution, which requires fixed boundary conditions, the soil compartment algorithms can be dynamically linked to other compartments (air, vegetation, ground water, surface water) in multimedia fate models. We demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the algorithms in a model with applications to benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, MTBE, TCDD, and tritium.
McKone, T.E.; Bennett, D.H.
Improving air handler efficiency in houses
Although furnaces, air conditioners and heat pumps have become significantly more efficient over the last couple of decades, residential air handlers have typical efficiencies of only 10% to 15% due to poor electric motor performance and aerodynamically poor fans and fan housings. Substantial increases in performance could be obtained through improved air handler design and construction. A prototype residential air handler intended to address these issues has recently been developed. The prototype and a standard production fan were tested in a full-scale duct system and test chamber at LBNL specifically designed for testing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The laboratory tests compared efficiency, total airflow, sensitivity to duct system flow resistance, and the effects of installation in a smaller cabinet. The test results showed that the prototype air handler had about twice the efficiency of the standard air handler (averaged over a wide range of operating conditions) and was less sensitive to duct system flow resistance changes. The performance of both air handlers was significantly reduced by reducing the clearance between the air handler and cabinet it was placed in. These test results showed that in addition to the large scope for performance improvement, air handler fans need to be tested in the cabinets they operate in.
Walker, Iain S.
Addressing Water Consumption of Evaporative Coolers with Greywater
efficiency compared to vapor compression air conditioners,with conventional vapor compression air conditioners.that the efficiency of vapor compression air conditioners
Sahai, Rashmi
Modeling and Implementation of a 1 kW, Air Cooled HTPEM Fuel Cell in a Hybrid Electrical Vehicle
Modeling and Implementation of a 1 kW, Air Cooled HTPEM Fuel Cell in a Hybrid Electrical Vehicle engine vehicles (1). Hybrid systems of many kinds, combining a primary energy source having a high energy://www.ecsdl.org/terms_use.jsp #12;article, a model of a hybrid vehicle, including a HTPEM with lead acid batteries, is de- veloped
Nielsen, Mads Pagh
List of Duct/Air sealing Incentives | Open Energy Information
Duct/Air sealing Incentives Duct/Air sealing Incentives Jump to: navigation, search The following contains the list of 580 Duct/Air sealing Incentives. CSV (rows 1-500) CSV (rows 501-580) Incentive Incentive Type Place Applicable Sector Eligible Technologies Active AEP (Central and North) - Residential Energy Efficiency Programs (Texas) Utility Rebate Program Texas Construction Installer/Contractor Multi-Family Residential Building Insulation Caulking/Weather-stripping Comprehensive Measures/Whole Building Custom/Others pending approval Duct/Air sealing Unspecified technologies Yes AEP (Central and SWEPCO) - Coolsaver A/C Tune Up (Texas) Utility Rebate Program Texas Commercial Installer/Contractor Residential Central Air conditioners Custom/Others pending approval Duct/Air sealing
Air-Con International: Noncompliance Determination and Proposed Penalty
Con International: Noncompliance Determination and Proposed Con International: Noncompliance Determination and Proposed Penalty (2010-SE-0301) Air-Con International: Noncompliance Determination and Proposed Penalty (2010-SE-0301) September 20, 2010 DOE issued a Notice of Noncompliance Determination to Air-Con International finding that a variety of central air conditioners and air conditioning heat pumps distributed under the Air-Con private label do not comport with the energy conservation standards. DOE also alleged in a Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty that Air-Con imported and distributed the noncompliant products in the U.S. Federal law subjects manufacturers and private labelers to civil penalties if those parties distribute in the U.S. products that do not meet applicable energy conservation standards. This
Modeling the Transport and Chemical Evolution of Onshore and Offshore Emissions and their Impact on Local and Regional Air Quality Using a Variable-Grid-Resolution Air Quality Model
This research project has two primary objectives: (1) to further develop and refine the Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform-Variable Grid Resolution (MAQSIP-VGR) model, an advanced variable-grid-resolution air quality model, to provide detailed, accurate representation of the dynamical and chemical processes governing the fate of anthropogenic emissions in coastal environments; and (2) to improve current understanding of the potential impact of onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) emissions on O{sub 3} and particulate matter nonattainment in the Gulf of Mexico and surrounding states.
Kiran Alapaty; Adel Hanna
The Long Lifetime of the Dispersion Methods of Pasquill in U.S. Regulatory Air Modeling
The suggestions of Pasquill as set forth in his landmark 1961 Meteorological Magazine paper are briefly reviewed. These methods are viewed from the perspective of the requirements placed upon air agencies after the passage of the Clean Air Act in ...
D. Bruce Turner
The Electrochemical Surface Potential Due to Classical Point Charge Models Drives Anion Adsorption to the Air-Water Interface
We demonstrate that the driving forces for ion adsorption to the air-water interface for point charge models results from both cavitation and a term that is of the form of a negative electrochemical surface potential. We carefully characterize the role of the free energy due to the electrochemical surface potential computed from simple empirical models and its role in ionic adsorption within the context of dielectric continuum theory. Our research suggests that the electrochemical surface potential due to point charge models provides anions with a significant driving force to the air-water interface. This is contrary to the results of ab initio simulations that indicate that the average electrostatic surface potential should favor the desorption of anions at the air-water interface. The results have profound implications for the studies of ionic distributions in the vicinity of hydrophobic surfaces and proteins.
Marcel D. Baer; Abraham C. Stern; Yan Levin; Douglas J. Tobias; Christopher J. Mundy
Innovative Evaporative and Thermally Activated Technologies Improve Air Conditioning, The Spectrum of Clean Energy Innovation (Fact Sheet)
Innovative Evaporative and Innovative Evaporative and Thermally Activated Technologies Improve Air Conditioning Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) invented a breakthrough technology that improves air conditioning in a novel way-with heat. NREL combined desiccant materials, which remove moisture from the air using heat, and advanced evaporative technologies to develop a cooling unit that uses 90% less electricity and up to 80% less total energy than traditional air conditioning (AC). This solution, called the desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVap), also controls humidity more effectively to improve the comfort of people in buildings. Desiccants are an example of a thermally activated technology (TAT) that relies on heat instead
Regression analysis of residential air-conditioning energy consumption at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
The energy consumption of a house air conditioner located at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, is modeled as a function of weather parameters and total (global) solar radiation on a horizontal surface. The selection of effective parameters that significantly influence energy consumption is carried out using general stepping regression methods. The problem of collinearity between the regressors is also investigated. The final model involves parameters of total solar radiation on a horizontal surface, wind speed, and temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor condition. However, the model coefficients are functions of relative humidity and/or temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor condition. Model adequacy is examined by the residual analysis technique. Model validation is carried out by the data-splitting technique. The sensitivity of the model indicates that relative humidity and temperature difference strongly influence the cooling energy consumption. It was found that an increase in relative humidity from 20% to 100% can cause a 100% increase in cooling energy consumption during the high cooling season.
Abdel-Nabi, D.Y.; Zubair, S.M.; Abdelrahman, M.A.; Bahel, V. (Energy Systems Group, Div. of Energy Resources, Research Inst., King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran (SA))
Engineering study - alternatives for SHMS high temperature/moisture gas sample conditioners for the aging waste facility
The Standard Hydrogen Monitoring Systems have been experiencing high temperature/moisture problems with gas samples from the Aging Waste Tanks. These moist hot gas samples have stopped the operation of the SHMS units on tanks AZ-101, AZ-102, and AY-102. This study looks at alternatives for gas sample conditioners for the Aging Waste Facility.
Validation of the RVACS (Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System)/RACS (Reactor Air Cooling System) model in SASSYS-1
The SASSYS-1 LMR systems analysis code contains a model for transient analysis of heat removal by a RVACS (Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System) or a RACS (Reactor Air Cooling System) in an LMR (Liquid Metal Reactor). This model has been validated by comparisons of model predictions with experimental data from a large scale RVACS/RACS simulation experiment performed at Argonne National Laboratory. 4 refs., 1 fig.
Dunn, F.E.
Plume-in-Grid Modeling in Central California Using CMAQ-APT (Comprehensive Multiscale Air Quality Model with Advanced Plume Treatmen t)
CMAQ-APT, a state-of-the-science plume-in-grid (PiG) air quality model, has been updated and applied to the ten largest nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitting facilities in central California. This report discusses the results of that modeling study.
Operational use of air-pollution models at the space and missile ranges. Final report
The Space Shuttle exhaust ground and cloud results from the exhaust plume from the Space Shuttle Main Engines and the Solid Rocket Boosters initially impinging on the launch complex and flame trench. The initial ground cloud is formed from high-temperature combustion products and vaporized flame trench water. The exhaust cloud rises to an altitude at which buoyant equilibrium with the ambient atmosphere is established. This occurs at an altitude of 1 to 2 km in a period of 5 to 10 min after launch. At this point, the kinematic transport phase commences. At stabilization, the exhaust cloud typically contains approximately 99% ambient air entrained during the cloud rise portion of its transport. The major rocket exhaust constituents are hydrogen chloride (HCL),carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/), water vapor (H/sub 2/0), and aluminum oxide (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/). The REEDM (Rocket Exhaust Effluent Diffusion Model) computer code is currently used to provide a real-time dispersion prediction during each launch of the Space Shuttle at the Eastern Test Range (ETR). It has also been used to assess the environmental impact fof future Shuttle launches at the Western Test Range. The REEDM includes basic mathematical expressions for atmospheric dispersion models, and cloud-rise models for calculating the gravitational deposition of acid drops. Inputs are vehicle and other source parameters, meteorological parameters defining the state of the planetary boundary layer including turbulence parameters, and physical properties of the rocket exhaust cloud. This paper describes the model and discusses recent improvements in detail.
Boyd, B.F.; Bowman, C.R.
A hybrid source apportionment model integrating measured data and air quality model results - article no. D07301
The Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility (BRAVO) study was an intensive air quality study designed to understand the causes of haze in Big Bend National Park. Daily speciated fine aerosols were measured from July through October 1999 at 37 sites located mostly in Texas. In support of BRAVO, two chemical transport models (CTMs) were used to apportion particulate sulfate at Big Bend and other sites in Texas to sources in the eastern and western United States, Texas, Mexico, and the Carbon I and II coal-fired power plants, located 225 km southeast of Big Bend in Mexico. Analysis of the CTM source attribution results and comparison to results from receptor models revealed systematic biases. To reduce the multiplicative biases, a hybrid source apportionment model, based on inverse modeling, was developed that adjusted the initial CTM source contributions so the modeled sulfate concentrations optimally fit the measured data, resulting in refined daily source contributions. The method was tested using synthetic data and successfully reduced source attribution biases. The refined sulfate source attribution results reduced the initial eastern U.S. contribution to Big Bend, averaged over the BRAVO study period, from about 40% to about 30%, while Mexico's contribution increased from 24 - 32% about 40%. The contribution from the Carbon facility increased from similar to 14% to over 20%. The increase in Mexico's contribution is consistent with more recent SO{sub 2} emissions estimates that indicate that the BRAVO Mexican SO{sub 2} emissions were underestimated. Source attribution results for other monitoring sites in west Texas were similar to results at Big Bend.
Schichtel, B.A.; Malm, W.C.; Gebhart, K.A.; Barna, M.G.; Knipping, E.M. [Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO (United States)
A Model of the Air�Sea Momentum Flux and Breaking-Wave Distribution for Strongly Forced Wind Waves
Under high-wind conditions, breaking surface waves likely play an important role in the air�sea momentum flux. A coupled wind�wave model is developed based on the assumption that in the equilibrium range of surface wave spectra the wind stress is ...
Tobias Kukulka; Tetsu Hara; Stephen E. Belcher
Predictive clothing insulation model based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures
ASHRAE. (2010) ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2010: Thermal environmentaland Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta. ASHRAE. (1981) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1981: Thermal environmental
Schiavon, Stefano; Lee, Kwang Ho
Dynamic modeling and global optimal operation of multizone variable air volume HVAC systems.
??Energy conservation and indoor environment concerns have motivated extensive research on various aspects of control of Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) and building systems. The� (more)
Zheng, Guo Rong
A Sensitivity Study of a Theoretical Model Of SO2 Scavenging by Water Drops in Air
The rate at which SO2 is removed from air by a water drop has been investigated by solving numerically the convective diffusion equation for SO2 diffusing through air into a water drop where the species SO2�H2O, HSO3?, SO3? and SO4? were assumed ...
L. B. Baboolal; H. R. Pruppacher; J. H. Topalian
caverns for the storage of natural gas, crude oil and compressed air: Geomechanical aspects of construction, operation and abandonment,caverns involved in CAES include stability, air tightness, acceptable surface subsidence, and (later on) an environmentally safe decommissioning and abandonment [
Kim, H.-M.
Modeling of coupled thermodynamic and geomechanical performance of underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in lined rock caverns
We applied coupled nonisothermal, multiphase fluid flow and geomechanical numerical modeling to study the coupled thermodynamic and geomechanical performance of underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in concrete-lined rock caverns. The paper focuses on CAES in lined caverns at relatively shallow depth (e.g., 100 m depth) in which a typical CAES operational pressure of 5 to 8 MPa is significantly higher than both ambient fluid pressure and in situ stress. We simulated a storage operation that included cyclic compression and decompression of air in the cavern, and investigated how pressure, temperature and stress evolve over several months of operation. We analyzed two different lining options, both with a 50 cm thick low permeability concrete lining, but in one case with an internal synthetic seal such as steel or rubber. For our simulated CAES system, the thermodynamic analysis showed that 96.7% of the energy injected during compression could be recovered during subsequent decompression, while 3.3% of the energy was lost by heat conduction to the surrounding media. Our geomechanical analysis showed that tensile effective stresses as high as 8 MPa could develop in the lining as a result of the air pressure exerted on the inner surface of the lining, whereas thermal stresses were relatively smaller and compressive. With the option of an internal synthetic seal, the maximum effective tensile stress was reduced from 8 to 5 MPa, but was still in substantial tension. We performed one simulation in which the tensile tangential stresses resulted in radial cracks and air leakage though the lining. This air leakage, however, was minor (about 0.16% of the air mass loss from one daily compression) in terms of CAES operational efficiency, and did not significantly impact the overall energy balance of the system. However, despite being minor in terms of energy balance, the air leakage resulted in a distinct pressure increase in the surrounding rock that could be quickly detected using pressure monitoring outside the concrete lining.
Rutqvist, J.; Kim, H. -M.; Ryu, D. -W.; Synn, J. -H.; Song, W. -K.
Williams, Compressed air energy storage: Theory, resources,for the compressed air energy storage technology by thefor compressed air energy storage power generation, Japan
Rutqvist, J.
2005 Status Report Savings Estimates for the ENERGY STAR(R) Voluntary Labeling Program
Exit Signs����������� Dishwashers���������� Room Airclothes washers, dishwashers, room air conditioners (RACs),clothes washers, dishwashers, and room air conditioners (
Webber, Carrie A.; Brown, Richard E.; Sanchez, Marla
2004 status report: Savings estimates for the Energy Star(R) voluntarylabeling program
air conditioners and dishwashers. Because energy efficiencyWashers�����������. Y Dishwashers������������� Y Room Airclothes washers, dishwashers, room air conditioners (RACs),
Webber, Carrie A.; Brown, Richard E.; McWhinney, Marla
2007 Status Report: Savings Estimates for the ENERGY STAR(R) VoluntaryLabeling Program
Telephony�����������.. 2002 Dishwashers���������� 1996 a Hotclothes washers, dishwashers, room air conditioners (RACs),clothes washers, dishwashers, and room air conditioners (
Sanchez, Marla; Webber, Carrie A.; Brown, Richard E.; Homan, Gregory K.
An Analytical Model of Heating Errors in Marine Air Temperatures from Ships
Marine air temperature reports from ships can contain significant biases due to the solar heating of the instruments and their surroundings. However, there have been very few attempts to derive corrections. The biases can reverse the sign of the ...
David I. Berry; Elizabeth C. Kent; Peter K. Taylor
Modeling safety case evolution � examples from the air traffic management domain
In order realistically and cost-effectively to realize the ATM (Air Traffic Management) 2000+ Strategy, systems from different suppliers will be interconnected to form a complete functional and operational environment, covering ground segments and aerospace. ...
Some Perspectives on Recent In Situ Air Temperature Observations: Modeling the Microclimate inside the Radiation Shields
Air temperature measurement has inherent biases associated with the particular radiation shield and sensor deployed. The replacement of the Cotton Region Shelter (CRS) with the Maximum�Minimum Temperature System (MMTS) and the introduction of ...
X. Lin; K. G. Hubbard; E. A. Walter-Shea; J. R. Brandle; G. E. Meyer
Proposal for a Vehicle Level Test Procedure to Measure Air Conditioning Fuel Use
The air-conditioning (A/C) compressor load significantly impacts the fuel economy of conventional vehicles and the fuel use/range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). A National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) vehicle performance analysis shows the operation of the air conditioner reduces the charge depletion range of a 40-mile range PHEV from 18% to 30% in a worst case hot environment. Designing for air conditioning electrical loads impacts PHEV and electric vehicle (EV) energy storage system size and cost. While automobile manufacturers have climate control procedures to assess A/C performance, and the U.S. EPA has the SCO3 drive cycle to measure indirect A/C emissions, there is no automotive industry consensus on a vehicle level A/C fuel use test procedure. With increasing attention on A/C fuel use due to increased regulatory activities and the development of PHEVs and EVs, a test procedure is needed to accurately assess the impact of climate control loads. A vehicle thermal soak period is recommended, with solar lamps that meet the SCO3 requirements or an alternative heating method such as portable electric heaters. After soaking, the vehicle is operated over repeated drive cycles or at a constant speed until steady-state cabin air temperature is attained. With this method, the cooldown and steady-state A/C fuel use are measured. This method can be run at either different ambient temperatures to provide data for the GREEN-MAC-LCCP model temperature bins or at a single representative ambient temperature. Vehicles with automatic climate systems are allowed to control as designed, while vehicles with manual climate systems are adjusted to approximate expected climate control settings. An A/C off test is also run for all drive profiles. This procedure measures approximate real-world A/C fuel use and assess the impact of thermal load reduction strategies.
Rugh, J. P.
Progress in electrical energy storage system: a criticalcurrent and future energy storage technologies for electricwind- diesel-compressed air energy storage system for remote
prevailing marginal electricity prices, in order to give anCCE with prevailing electricity prices. In order to estimateusers. Marginal Electricity Prices and Discount Rates
McNeil, Michael A.
program as scheduled. By 2030, this program, if fullyTWh. Overall savings through 2030 totals 385 TWh. Finally,savings achievable by 2030. Introduction The Indian Bureau
in use patterns and electricity rates between commercial andRates Residential electricity rates are much lower thanin India. Residential electricity rates are subsidized to a
Discount Rates Residential electricity rates are much lowerrates in India. Residential electricity rates are subsidizedand electricity rates between commercial and residential
Assessing the Impact of Measurement Policy on the Accuracy of Certified Energy Efficiency Ratio for Split-System Air Conditioners
2009). ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals. ASHRAE, 1791 Tulliethe 2009 ANSI/ASHRAE Handbook�Fundamentals Equation 38 [9],
Yu, Bingyi
of the waste heat. The solar heating and cooling program ofheating. The heat source can be either a back-up system, or the solar
Estimation - Indian Standards and Labeling Program. USEPA,and Energy Efficiency Standards in India. Indian Bureau ofof Energy-Efficiency Standards for Indian Refrigerators.
Avoiding 100 new power plants by increasing efficiency of room air conditioners in India: opportunities and challenges
Electricity demand for room ACs is growing very rapidly in emerging economies such as India. We estimate the electricity demand from room ACs in 2030 in India considering factors such as weather and income growth using market data on penetration of ACs in different income classes and climatic regions. We discuss the status of the current standards, labels, and incentive programs to improve the efficiency of room ACs in these markets and assess the potential for further large improvements in efficiency and find that efficiency can be improved by over 40% cost effectively. The total potential energy savings from Room AC efficiency improvement in India using the best available technology will reach over 118 TWh in 2030; potential peak demand saving is found to be 60 GW by 2030. This is equivalent to avoiding 120 new coal fired power plants of 500 MW each. We discuss policy options to complement, expand and improve the ongoing programs to capture this large potential.
Phadke, Amol; Abhyankar, Nikit; Shah, Nihar; [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., CA (United States). Environmental Energy Technology Division
and Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia-Water Mixtures",thermodynamic properties of the ammonia-water solution wereof saturated properties of the ammonia-water. This slope can
DOE Institutes Enforcement Action Against AeroSys, Inc. for Failure to Certify Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Washington, DC - The Department of Energy�s Office of General Counsel has issued a Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty to AeroSys, Inc. for failing to file certification reports or filing data that...
2000-2050 National Energy Consumption When regulations takeThe total energy consumption (NEC) of the national stock ofenergy consumption and associated emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants at the national
cooled, ammonia-water absorption chiller as a starting pointabsorption cycle under such conJitions. A nominal three-ton,continuous operation, heat-actuated water chiller
Cash for Coolers
appliance replacement program in Mexico that since 2009 has helped 1.5 million households replace their old refrigerators and air-conditioners with energy-efficient models....
NETL F 451.1-1/1 Categorical Exclusion (CX) Designation Form
in EnergyPlus UCF will perform laboratory testing of variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioners to formulate a computer model for this equipment type. 07 29 2010...
CX-004168: Categorical Exclusion Determination | Department of...
of Central Florida will perform laboratory testing of variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioners to formulate a computer model for this equipment type. DOCUMENT(S)...
Source Contributions to VOC's to Ozone Formation in Southeast Texas Using a Source-oriented Air Quality Model
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria area is in severe non-attainment status for ozone compliance. Source-oriented mechanistic modeling was used to determine the major sources of VOCs that contributes to ozone formation during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) from August 16, 2000 to September 7, 2000. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?s Community Scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) version 4.6 was used as a host model to include a revised Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC99) photochemical mechanism with source-oriented extensions to track the contributions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emissions from diesel engines, biogenic sources, highway gasoline vehicles, fuel combustion, off-highway gasoline engines, solvent utilization and petrochemical industries to ozone formation in the atmosphere. Source-oriented emissions needed to drive the model were generated using a revised Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model version 2.4. VOC/NOx ratios are found to be a critical factor in the formation of ozone. Highest ozone formation rates were observed for ratios from 5-15. The contributions of VOC to ozone formation were estimated based on the linear relationship between the rate of NO to NO2 conversion due to radicals generated from VOC oxidation and the rate of net ozone formation. Petroleum and other industrial sources are the largest anthropogenic sources in the urban Houston region and contribute to 45% of the ozone formation in the HGB area. Highway gasoline vehicles make contributions of approximately 28% to ozone formation. Wildfires contribute to as much 11% of ozone formation on days of high wildfire activity. The model results show that biogenic emissions account for a significant amount of ozone formation in the rural areas. Both highway and off-highway vehicles contribute significantly to ozone formation especially in the downwind region. Diesel vehicles do not contribute significantly to ozone formation due to their low VOC emissions.
Krishnan, Anupama
Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air-Conditioning (DEVap): Evaluation of a New Concept in Ultra Efficient Air Conditioning
NREL has developed the novel concept of a desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVap) with the objective of combining the benefits of liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling technologies into an innovative 'cooling core.' Liquid desiccant technologies have extraordinary dehumidification potential, but require an efficient cooling sink. DEVap's thermodynamic potential overcomes many shortcomings of standard refrigeration-based direct expansion cooling. DEVap decouples cooling and dehumidification performance, which results in independent temperature and humidity control. The energy input is largely switched away from electricity to low-grade thermal energy that can be sourced from fuels such as natural gas, waste heat, solar, or biofuels.
Kozubal, E.; Woods, J.; Burch, J.; Boranian, A.; Merrigan, T.
2012) Predictive clothing insulation model based on outdoorPredictive clothing insulation model based on outdoor airpredictive models of clothing insulation have been developed
Model Based Sensor System for Temperature Measurement in R744 Air Conditioning Systems
The goal is the development of a novel principle for the temperature acquisition of refrigerants in CO2 air conditioning systems. The new approach is based on measuring the temperature inside a pressure sensor, which is also needed in the system. On the basis of simulative investigations of different mounting conditions functional relations between measured and medium temperature will be derived.
Reitz, Sven; Schneider, Peter
Modeling the residential demand for energy
Demand for energy is derived from the demand for services that appliances and energy together provide. This raises a number of serious econometric issues when estimating energy-demand functions: delineation of short-run and long-run household responses, specification of the price variable and in particular, the assumption that the model is recursive, or in other words, that the appliance choice equation and the energy consumption equation are uncorrelated. The dissertation utilizes a structural model of energy use whose theoretical underpinnings derive from the conditional logit model and an extension of that model to the joint-discrete/continuous case by Dubin and McFadden (1980). It uses the 1978 to 1979 National Interim Energy Comsumption Survey. Three appliance portfolio choices are analyzed; choice of water and space heating and central air-conditioning; choice of room air conditioners; and choice of clothes dryers, either as multinomial logit or binary probit choices. Results varied widely across the appliance choice considered; use of Hausman's test led to acceptance of the null hypothesis of orthogonality in some cases but not in others. Demand for electricity and natural gas tended to be price inelastic; however, estimated own-price effects differed considerably when disaggregated by appliance categories and across methods of estimation.
Kirby, S.N.
Air�Sea Interaction in the Ligurian Sea: Assessment of a Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Model Using In Situ Data from LASIE07
In situ experimental data and numerical model results are presented for the Ligurian Sea in the northwestern Mediterranean. The Ligurian Sea Air�Sea Interaction Experiment (LASIE07) and LIGURE2007 experiments took place in June 2007. The LASIE07 ...
R. J. Small; T. Campbell; J. Teixeira; S. Carniel; T. A. Smith; J. Dykes; S. Chen; R. Allard
GATE Air-Sea Interactions II: Numerical-Model Calculation of Regional Sea-Surface Temperature Fields Using the GATE Version III Gridded Global Data Set
The numerical model of air-sea interaction previously described in Brown et al. (1982), Pandolfo and Jacobs (1972) and Pandolfo (1969) is applied over a limited horizontal portion of the GATE III Gridded Global Data set (including continental ...
P. S. Brown Jr.; J. P. Pandolfo; G. D. Robinson
Parameterization of the Cool Skin of the Ocean and of the Air-Ocean Gas Transfer on the Basis of Modeling Surface Renewal
Heat and gas transport in molecular sublayers at the air-sea interface is governed by similar laws. A model of renewal type based on the physics of molecular sublayers allows the derivation of a parameterization of the temperature difference ...
Alexander V. Soloviev; Peter Schl�ssel
Seasonal Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone over the Midwestern and Northeastern United States: An Application of a Coupled Regional Climate and Air Quality Modeling System
The impacts of air pollution on the environment and human health could increase as a result of potential climate change. To assess such possible changes, model simulations of pollutant concentrations need to be performed at climatic (seasonal) ...
Ho-Chun Huang; Xin-Zhong Liang; Kenneth E. Kunkel; Michael Caughey; Allen Williams
Sensitivity of Urban Airshed Model (UAM-IV) Calculated Air Pollutant Concentrations to the Vertical Diffusion Parameterization during Convective Meteorological Situations
It is shown that Urban Airshed Model (UAM-IV) calculated air pollutant concentrations during photochemical smog episodes in Atlanta, Georgia, depend strongly on the numerical parameterization of the daytime vertical diffusivity. Results found ...
Peter Nowacki; Perry J. Samson; Sanford Sillman
A Modeling Study of Atmospheric Transport and Photochemistry in the Mixed Layer during Anticyclonic Episodes in Europe. Part II. Calculations of Photo-Oxidant Levels along Air Trajectories
A computer model for photochemical oxidant formation in the atmospheric boundary layer has been used to calculate trends in ozone formation in air masses traveling across Europe. Ozone calculations were made for some actual summertime ...
K. Selby
CAirTOX: A compartment model for assessing the fate of and human exposure to toxic-chemical emissions to air
CAirTOX has been developed as a spreadsheet model to assist in making a risk assessment of toxic air emissions. With CAirTOX, one can address how contaminants released to an air basin can lead to contamination of soil, food, surface water, and sediments. The modeling effort includes a multimedia transport and transformation model, exposure scenario models, and efforts to quantify uncertainty in multimedia, multiple-pathway exposure assessments. The multimedia transport and transformation model is a steady-state, but non-equilibrium model that can be used to assess concentrations of contaminants released continuously to air. In Part 1, the authors describe the multimedia transport and transformation model used to determine the fate of air emissions. In Part 2, they describe inputs and data needs for CAirTOX and the development of a set of landscape factors, which can be used to represent regional air basin/water-shed systems in California. In Part 3, they describe the multiple-pathway exposure scenarios and exposure algorithms. In Part 4, they compare the HRA approach and results and the CAirTOX exposure equations. In Part 5, they consider model sensitivity and uncertainty to determine how variability and uncertainty in model inputs affects the precision, accuracy, and credibility of the model output.
McKone, T.E.
Design and implementation of a sector-based airspace model for the MIT Extensible Air Network Simulation
The MIT Extensible Air Network Simulation (MEANS) is a tool that has been designed to assist airline schedulers and air traffic managers in predicting flight delays for given air traffic scenarios. One aspect of the ...
Whittaker, Colin J
Study of the test method for prediction of air conditioning equipment seasonal performance
The test procedure, Method of Testing, Rating and Estimating the Seasonal Performance of Central Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps Operating in the Cooling Mode, has been analyzed. The analysis of the test procedure incorporated two main functions: (1) to determine the validity of the test procedure; and (2) to determine if there are other alternate methods of obtaining the same results with less testing burden. Data were collected from industry and analyzed for any significant trends. Certain conclusions are drawn about the energy efficiency ratios, degradation coefficients and seasonal energy efficiency ratios. An error analysis was performed on the test procedure to determine the approximate amount of error when using this procedure. A semi-empirical model assuming a first order system response was developed to determine the factors that affect the part-load and cooling-load factors. The corresponding transient characteristics are then determined in terms of a single time constant. A thermostat demand cycle is used to determine the relationship between on-time and cycle-time. Recommendations are made regarding an alternate method being used to determine the seasonal energy efficiency ratio.
Thomas, S.B.
Interpretation of AIRS Data in Thin Cirrus Atmospheres Based on a Fast Radiative Transfer Model
A thin cirrus cloud thermal infrared radiative transfer model has been developed for application to cloudy satellite data assimilation. This radiation model was constructed by combining the Optical Path Transmittance (OPTRAN) model, developed for ...
Qing Yue; K. N. Liou; S. C. Ou; B. H. Kahn; P. Yang; G. G. Mace
Estimation of a semi-physical GLBE model using dual EnKF learning algorithm coupled with a sensor network design strategy: Application to air field monitoring
In this paper, we present the fusion of two complementary approaches for modeling and monitoring the spatio-temporal behavior of a fluid flow system. We also propose a mobile sensor deployment strategy to produce the most accurate estimate of the true ... Keywords: Air field monitoring, Grey-box modeling, Model fusion, Sensor network design
Gilles Roussel, Laurent Bourgois, Mohammed Benjelloun, Gilles Delmaire
Prediction of autoignition in a lifted methane/air flame using an unsteady flamelet/progress variable model
An unsteady flamelet/progress variable (UFPV) model has been developed for the prediction of autoignition in turbulent lifted flames. The model is a consistent extension to the steady flamelet/progress variable (SFPV) approach, and employs an unsteady flamelet formulation to describe the transient evolution of all thermochemical quantities during the flame ignition process. In this UFPV model, all thermochemical quantities are parameterized by mixture fraction, reaction progress parameter, and stoichiometric scalar dissipation rate, eliminating the explicit dependence on a flamelet time scale. An a priori study is performed to analyze critical modeling assumptions that are associated with the population of the flamelet state space. For application to LES, the UFPV model is combined with a presumed PDF closure to account for subgrid contributions of mixture fraction and reaction progress variable. The model was applied in LES of a lifted methane/air flame. Additional calculations were performed to quantify the interaction between turbulence and chemistry a posteriori. Simulation results obtained from these calculations are compared with experimental data. Compared to the SFPV results, the unsteady flamelet/progress variable model captures the autoignition process, and good agreement with measurements is obtained for mixture fraction, temperature, and species mass fractions. From the analysis of scatter data and mixture fraction-conditional results it is shown that the turbulence/chemistry interaction delays the ignition process towards lower values of scalar dissipation rate, and a significantly larger region in the flamelet state space is occupied during the ignition process. (author)
Ihme, Matthias; See, Yee Chee [Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States)
Air Monitoring Modeling of Radioactive Releases During Proposed PFP Complex Demolition Activities
This report is part of the planning process for the demolition of the 234-5Z, 236-Z, 242-Z, and 291-Z-1 structures at the Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) facilities on the Hanford Site. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) supports the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC) demolition planning effort by making engineering estimates of potential releases for various potential demolition alternatives. This report documents an analysis considering open-air demolition using standard techniques. It does not document any decisions about the decommissioning approaches; it is expected that this report will be revisited as demolition plans are finalized.
Napier, Bruce A.; Droppo, James G.; Rishel, Jeremy P.
Calendar Year 2007 Program Benefits for U.S. EPA Energy Star Labeled Products: Expanded Methodology
Gas or Oil) Central Air Conditioner Air-Source Heat PumpGas or Oil) - Central Air Conditioner - Air-Source HeatGas or Oil) - Central Air Conditioner - Air-Source Heat
Sanchez, Marla
Review of air quality modeling techniques. Volume 8. [Assessment of environmental effects of nuclear, geothermal, and fossil-fuel power plants
Air transport and diffusion models which are applicable to the assessment of the environmental effects of nuclear, geothermal, and fossil-fuel electric generation are reviewed. The general classification of models and model inputs are discussed. A detailed examination of the statistical, Gaussian plume, Gaussian puff, one-box and species-conservation-of-mass models is given. Representative models are discussed with attention given to the assumptions, input data requirement, advantages, disadvantages and applicability of each.
Rosen, L.C.
Air Handling Unit Supply Air Temperature Optimization During Economizer Cycles
Most air handling units (AHUs) in commercial buildings have an air economizer cycle for free cooling under certain outside air conditions. During the economizer cycle, the outside air and return air dampers are modulated to seek mixing air temperature at supply air temperature setpoint. Mechanical cooling is always required when outside air temperature is higher than the supply air temperature setpoint. Generally the supply air temperature setpoint is set at 55�F for space humidity control. Actually the dehumidification is not necessary when outside air dew point is less than 55�F. Meanwhile the space may have less cooling load due to envelope heat loss and/or occupant schedule. These provide an opportunity to use higher supply air temperature to reduce or eliminate mechanical cooling and terminal box reheat. On the other hand the higher supply air temperature will require higher air flow as well as higher fan power. Therefore the supply air temperature has to be optimized to minimize the combined energy for fan, cooling and heating energy. In this paper a simple energy consumption model is established for AHU systems during the economizer and then a optimal supply air temperature control is developed to minimize the total cost of the mechanical cooling and the fan motor power. This paper presents AHU system energy modeling, supply air temperature optimization, and simulated energy savings.
Xu, K.; Liu, M.; Wang, G.; Wang, Z.
Dynamic predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures
Clothing Insulation Models on Building Energy Use, HVACinsulation for mechanically conditioned buildings andclothing insulation calculated for each building). Figure 8
EquationFree System-Level Dynamic Modeling and Analysis in Energy Processing
by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No in this report was funded by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability of the U.S. Department have shown that air conditioner (AC) electric loads can be controlled during the summer cooling season
Stankoviæ, Aleksandar
An air cooled tube-fin evaporator model for an expansion valve control law
For control purposes, a mathematical model of a tube-fin evaporator of a vapour compression plant running with R22 is analyzed. The refrigerant behavior in an evaporating region is described by a homogeneous model. The balance equations, together with ... Keywords: Control devices, Evaporator models, Heat transfer, Nonlinear differential systems, Numerical methods, Phase transition
C. Aprea; C. Renno
Air Dispersion Modeling of Radioactive Releases During Proposed PFP Complex Demolition Activities
This report is part of the planning process for the demolition of the 234-5Z, 236-Z, 242-Z, and 291-Z-1 structures at the Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) on the Hanford Site. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) supports the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC) demolition planning effort by making engineering estimates of potential releases for various potential demolition alternatives. This report documents an analysis considering open-air demolition using standard techniques. It does not document any decisions about the decommissioning approaches; it is expected that this report will be revisited as the final details of the demolition are developed.
Microsoft Word - Evaluation of an Incremental Ventilation Energy Model for Estimating Impacts of Air Sealing and Mechanical Ventilation_Final2.docx
XXXXX | Logue et al., Evaluation of an Incremental Ventilation Energy Model for Estimating XXXXX | Logue et al., Evaluation of an Incremental Ventilation Energy Model for Estimating Impacts of Air Sealing and Mechanical Ventilation 1 Evaluation of an Incremental Ventilation Energy Model for Estimating Impacts of Air Sealing and Mechanical Ventilation Jennifer M. Logue, William J. N. Turner, Iain S. Walker, and Brett C. Singer Environmental Energy Technologies Division June 2012 LBNL-5796E LBNL-XXXXX | Logue et al., Evaluation of an Incremental Ventilation Energy Model for Estimating Impacts of Air Sealing and Mechanical Ventilation 2 Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor
The application of new combustion and turbulence models to H[sub 2]-air nonpremixed supersonic combustion
Finite reaction rate effects and dilatation effects are explored using an extended laminar flamelet model and turbulence models including dilatation processes. For the H[sub 2]-air nonpremixed turbulent combustion experiment conducted by Evans et al. in a high-speed shear flow, the flamesheet model can reasonably predict the combustion region but fails to predict the profiles of mass fractions, especially for H[sub 2] near the jet axis and O[sub 2] close to the jet edge. The inclusion of both dilatation dissipation and pressure dilatation leads to no significant improvement of the simulation results in this relatively low Mach number test case. The results predicted by the laminar flamelet model dramatically improve the profiles of species mass fractions. This indicates that the high turbulent strain rate usually observed in high-speed flow has a significant influence on the turbulent combustion. The widely used assumptions, such as fast chemical reaction rate, and unity Prandtl and Lewis numbers, are not suitable for this high-speed turbulent flow. It is necessary to include effects of kinetic energy changes in the calculations. Numerical results also show that this supersonic nonpremixed turbulent combustion flow satisfies the criteria of the laminar flamelet model.
Zheng, L.L.; Bray, K.N.C. (Cambridge Univ. (United Kingdom). Dept. of Engineering)
Modelling vehicle emissions from an urban air-quality perspective:testing vehicle emissions interdependencies.
??Abstract This thesis employs a statistical regression method to estimate models for testing the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. The thesis at� (more)
Dabbas, Wafa M
predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor airrange of the clothing insulation calculated for eachbuilding). Figure 8 Clothing insulation versus dress code [
GATE Air-Sea Interaction. I: Numerical Model Calculation of Local Sea-Surface Temperatures on Diurnal Time Scales Using the GATE Version III Gridded Global Data Set
The numerical model of air-sea interaction previously described in Jacobs (1978), Pandolfo and Jacobs (1972) and Pandolfo (1969) is inserted at one horizontal grid point in the GATE III Gridded Global Data Set to calculate a model-generated, ...
P. S. Brown Jr.; J. P. Pandolfo; S. J. Thoren
A Study of Cold-Air Modification over the Gulf of Mexico Using In Situ Data and Mixed-Layer Modeling
The evolution of the mean characteristics of the marine boundary layer during cold-air outbreaks can be described with an integrated or slab model. In order to assess the practical applicability of this-type of model to flows over the Gulf of ...
Qingfu Liu; John M. Lewis; Jeanne M. Schneider
Application of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model for Air Quality Modeling in the San Francisco Bay Area
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is evaluated by conducting various sensitivity experiments over central California (CA) including the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA), with the goal of establishing a WRF model configuration to be ...
Raphael E. Rogers; Aijun Deng; David R. Stauffer; Brian J. Gaudet; Yiqin Jia; Su-Tzai Soong; Saffet Tanrikulu
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is evaluated by conducting various sensitivity experiments over central California including the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA), with the goal of establishing a WRF model configuration to be used by ...
caverns for the storage of natural gas, crude oil and compressed air: Geomechanical aspects of construction, operation and abandonment
Climatology of Sr-90 in Surface Air: A Simple Model using Diffusion and Scavenging
The evolution of Sr-90 distribution following an instantaneous stratospheric or tropospheric source in an annulus defined by latitude walls is investigated by means of a very simple model that uses 12 stratospheric and 12 tropospheric annular ...
D. O. Staley
A Stochastic Model of Gravity-Wave-Induced Clear-Air Turbulence
We examine the consequences of using a vertical wavenumber spectral model to describe variations of vertical profiles of atmospheric variables (horizontal and vertical wind, temperature, and other scalars) about a mean profile. At high ...
C. W. Fairall; A. B. White; Dennis W. Thomson
An air-sea coupled skeleton model for the Madden-Julian oscillation
This work is an extension and improvement of the minimal Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) �skeleton� model developed by Majda and Stechmann, which can capture some important features of the MJO: slow eastward propagation, quadrupole-vortex ...
Fei Liu; Bin Wang
Regional Climates in the GISS General Circulation Model: Surface Air Temperature
One of the more viable research techniques into global climate change for the purpose of understanding the consequent environmental impacts is based on the use of general circulation models (GCMs). However, GCMs are currently unable to reliably ...
Bruce Hewitson
Transferability of a Three-Dimensional Air Quality Model between Two Different Sites in Complex Terrain
The three-dimensional, diagnostic, particle-in-cell transport and diffusion model MATHEW/ADPIC is used to test its transferability from one site in complex terrain to another with different characteristics, under stable nighttime drainage flow ...
Rolf Lange
Modeling and Control of Aggregated Air Conditioning Loads Under Realistic Conditions
Demand-side control is playing an increasingly important role in smart grid control strategies. Modeling the dynamical behavior of a large population of appliances is especially important to evaluate the effectiveness of various load control strategies. In this paper, a high accuracy aggregated model is first developed for a population of HVAC units. The model efficiently includes statistical information of the population, systematically deals with heterogeneity, and accounts for a second-order effect necessary to accurately capture the transient dynamics in the collective response. Furthermore, the model takes into account the lockout effect of the compressor in order to represent the dynamics of the system under control more accurately. Then, a novel closed loop load control strategy is designed to track a desired demand curve and to ensure a stable and smooth response.
Chang, Chin-Yao; Zhang, Wei; Lian, Jianming; Kalsi, Karanjit
Evaluation of Urban Surface Energy Fluxes Using an Open-Air Scale Model
The thermal behavior of an urban surface is crucial to understand, but it is difficult to predict using conventional measurement or modeling approaches. In this study, an integrated method is proposed for evaluating urban energy exchanges with an ...
D. Pearlmutter; P. Berliner; E. Shaviv
An Air�Sea Coupled Skeleton Model for the Madden�Julian Oscillation
This work is an extension and improvement of the minimal Madden�Julian oscillation (MJO) �skeleton� model developed by Majda and Stechmann, which can capture some important features of the MJO�slow eastward propagation, quadrupole-vortex structure,...
Air Quality
What We Monitor & Why » What We Monitor & Why » Air Quality Air Quality To preserve our existing wilderness-area air quality, LANL implements a conscientious program of air monitoring. April 12, 2012 Real-time data monitoring for particulate matter An air monitoring field team member tests one of LANL's tapered element oscillating microbalance samplers, which collects real-time particulate matter data. Contact Environmental Communication & Public Involvement P.O. Box 1663 MS M996 Los Alamos, NM 87545 (505) 667-0216 Email LANL monitors air quality 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Why we monitor air LANL monitors many different pathways in order to assess their impact on workers, the public, animals, and plants. We monitor the air around the Laboratory to ensure our operations are not affecting the air of nearby
Air pollution forecasting by coupled atmosphere-fire model WRF and SFIRE with WRF-Chem
Atmospheric pollution regulations have emerged as a dominant obstacle to prescribed burns. Thus, forecasting the pollution caused by wildland fires has acquired high importance. WRF and SFIRE model wildland fire spread in a two-way interaction with the atmosphere. The surface heat flux from the fire causes strong updrafts, which in turn change the winds and affect the fire spread. Fire emissions, estimated from the burning organic matter, are inserted in every time step into WRF-Chem tracers at the lowest atmospheric layer. The buoyancy caused by the fire then naturally simulates plume dynamics, and the chemical transport in WRF-Chem provides a forecast of the pollution spread. We discuss the choice of wood burning models and compatible chemical transport models in WRF-Chem, and demonstrate the results on case studies.
Kochanski, Adam K; Mandel, Jan; Clements, Craig B
Ga Air Compressor, Ga Air Compressor Products, Ga Air ...
Ga Air Compressor, You Can Buy Various High Quality Ga Air Compressor Products from Global Ga Air Compressor Suppliers and Ga Air Compressor ...
Expansion of high pressure gas into air - A more realistic blast wave model
In this paper, we consider a more realistic model of a spherical blast wave of moderate strength. An arbitrary number of terms for the series solution in each of the regions behind the main shock-the expansion region, the nearly uniform region outside ... Keywords: Blast wave, Compressible flow, Explosion, Gas dynamics, Shock wave
Ejanul Haque; Philip Broadbridge; P. L. Sachdev
Improved Formulations for Air-Surface Exchanges Related to National Security Needs: Dry Deposition Models
The Department of Homeland Security and others rely on results from atmospheric dispersion models for threat evaluation, event management, and post-event analyses. The ability to simulate dry deposition rates is a crucial part of our emergency preparedness capabilities. Deposited materials pose potential hazards from radioactive shine, inhalation, and ingestion pathways. A reliable characterization of these potential exposures is critical for management and mitigation of these hazards. A review of the current status of dry deposition formulations used in these atmospheric dispersion models was conducted. The formulations for dry deposition of particulate materials from am event such as a radiological attack involving a Radiological Detonation Device (RDD) is considered. The results of this effort are applicable to current emergency preparedness capabilities such as are deployed in the Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center (IMAAC), other similar national/regional emergency response systems, and standalone emergency response models. The review concludes that dry deposition formulations need to consider the full range of particle sizes including: 1) the accumulation mode range (0.1 to 1 micron diameter) and its minimum in deposition velocity, 2) smaller particles (less than .01 micron diameter) deposited mainly by molecular diffusion, 3) 10 to 50 micron diameter particles deposited mainly by impaction and gravitational settling, and 4) larger particles (greater than 100 micron diameter) deposited mainly by gravitational settling. The effects of the local turbulence intensity, particle characteristics, and surface element properties must also be addressed in the formulations. Specific areas for improvements in the dry deposition formulations are 1) capability of simulating near-field dry deposition patterns, 2) capability of addressing the full range of potential particle properties, 3) incorporation of particle surface retention/rebound processes, and. 4) development of dry deposition formulations applicable to urban areas. Also to improve dry deposition modeling capabilities, atmospheric dispersion models in which the dry deposition formulations are imbedded need better source-term plume initialization and improved in-plume treatment of particle growth processes. Dry deposition formulations used in current models are largely inapplicable to the complex urban environment. An improved capability is urgently needed to provide surface-specific information to assess local exposure hazard levels in both urban and non-urban areas on roads, buildings, crops, rivers, etc. A model improvement plan is developed with a near-term and far-term component. Despite some conceptual limitations, the current formulations for particle deposition based on a resistance approach have proven to provide reasonable dry deposition simulations. For many models with inadequate dry deposition formulations, adding or improving a resistance approach will be the desirable near-term update. Resistance models however are inapplicable aerodynamically very rough surfaces such as urban areas. In the longer term an improved parameterization of dry deposition needs to be developed that will be applicable to all surfaces, and in particular urban surfaces.
Droppo, James G.
The Use of Nested Models for Air Pollution Studies: An Application of the EURAD Model to a SANA Episode
A multiple-nesting version of the European Acid Deposition Model (EURAD) has been developed in order to increase the horizontal resolution in a region of enhanced pollution, namely the former German Democratic Republic. This new technique allows ...
Hermann J. Jakobs; Hendrik Feldmann; Heinz Hass; Michael Memmesheimer
DOE/ORNL heat pump design model, overview and application to R-22 alternatives
This computer program is a public-domain system design tool for application to air-to-air heat pumps. The main aspects of the program are reviewed with emphasis on the newest features of the current fifth-generation version (Mark V) and an upcoming more fully HFC-capable release (Mark VI). Current model predictions are compared to test data for a leading HFC alternative to HCFC-22 in heat pumps. Examples are shown of some user interfaces that have been recently developed for the program. To demonstrate the design capabilities of the model for R-22 alternatives, a refrigerant-side optimization was conducted to find the best balance of heat transfer versus pressure drop for HCFC R-22, HFCs R-134a and R-410A, and the natural refrigerant propane. COP was maximized while refrigerant charge and tube size were minimized. Independent design parameters were fraction of total area in the outdoor coil, tube diameter and number of circuits for each heat exchanger, and condenser subcooling. Heat exchanger design tradeoffs are discussed for a heat pump relative to air conditioners and heating-only units. A design optimized for heating-only operation is presented.
Rice, C.K.
Air Shower Simulations
Air shower simulations are a vital part of the design of air shower experiments and the analysis of their data. We describe the basic features of air showers and explain why numerical simulations are the appropriate approach to model the shower simulation. The CORSIKA program, the standard simulation program in this field, is introduced and its features, performance and limitations are discussed. The basic principles of hadronic interaction models and some gerneral simulation techniques are explained. Also a brief introduction to the installation and use of CORSIKA is given.
Alania, Marco; Gomez, Adolfo V. Chamorro [Centro de Tecnologias de Informacion y Comunicaciones, Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Lima (Peru); Araya, Ignacio J. [Departamento de Astronomia y Astrofisica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Santiago (Chile); Huerta, Humberto Martinez; Flores, Alejandra Parra [Facultad de Ciencias Fisico Matematicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla (Mexico); Knapp, Johannes [School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT (United Kingdom)
Air pollutant emissions prediction by process modelling - Application in the iron and steel industry in the case of a re-heating furnace
Monitoring air pollutant emissions of large industrial installations is necessary to ensure compliance with environmental legislation. Most of the available measurement techniques are expensive, and measurement conditions such as high-temperature emissions, ... Keywords: Artificial neural networks, CO2, Correlation method, Fume emissions, Multiple linear regression, NO2, Steelworks process modelling
Anda Ionescu; Yves Candau
A Numerical Model for Chemical and Meteorological Processes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part II: A Case Study of the Air Quality Situation in Athens, Greece
A three-dimensional coupled mesoscale meteorological and photochemical model has been applied to the Athens basin in Greece. The Athens area experiences episodes of very high air pollution levels a few times every year. A severe episode on 25 May ...
Gunilla Svensson
Modelin the Transport and Chemical Evolution of Onshore and Offshore Emissions and Their Impact on Local and Regional Air Quality Using a Variable-Grid-Resolution Air Quality Model
The overall objective of this research project was to develop an innovative modeling technique to adequately model the offshore/onshore transport of pollutants. The variable-grid modeling approach that was developed alleviates many of the shortcomings of the traditionally used nested regular-grid modeling approach, in particular related to biases near boundaries and the excessive computational requirements when using nested grids. The Gulf of Mexico region contiguous to the Houston-Galveston area and southern Louisiana was chosen as a test bed for the variable-grid modeling approach. In addition to the onshore high pollution emissions from various sources in those areas, emissions from on-shore and off-shore oil and gas exploration and production are additional sources of air pollution. We identified case studies for which to perform meteorological and air quality model simulations. Our approach included developing and evaluating the meteorological, emissions, and chemistry-transport modeling components for the variable-grid applications, with special focus on the geographic areas where the finest grid resolution was used. We evaluated the performance of two atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) schemes, and identified the best-performing scheme for simulating mesoscale circulations for different grid resolutions. Use of a newly developed surface data assimilation scheme resulted in improved meteorological model simulations. We also successfully ingested satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs) into the meteorological model simulations, leading to further improvements in simulated wind, temperature, and moisture fields. These improved meteorological fields were important for variable-grid simulations, especially related to capturing the land-sea breeze circulations that are critical for modeling offshore/onshore transport of pollutants in the Gulf region. We developed SMOKE-VGR, the variable-grid version of the SMOKE emissions processing model, and tested and evaluated this new system. We completed the development of our variable-grid-resolution air quality model (MAQSIP-VGR) and performed various diagnostic tests related to an enhanced cloud parameterization scheme. We also developed an important tool for variable-grid graphics using Google Earth. We ran the MAQSIP-VGR for the Houston-Galveston and southern Louisiana domains for an August 23 to September 2, 2002, episode. Results of the modeling simulations highlighted the usefulness of the variable-grid modeling approach when simulating complex terrain processes related to land and sea close to an urban area. Our results showed that realistic SST patterns based on remote sensing are critical to capturing the land-sea breeze, in particular the inland intrusion of the reversed mesoscale circulation that is critical for simulating air pollution over urban areas near coastal regions. Besides capturing the correct horizontal gradient between land and sea surface temperatures, it is important to use an adequate ABL scheme in order to quantify correctly the vertical profiles of various parameters. The ABL scheme should capture the dynamics of the marine boundary layer, which is not often considered in a typical simulation over land. Our results further showed the effect of using satellite-derived SSTs on the horizontal and vertical extent of the modeled pollution pattern, and the increase in hourly ozone concentrations associated with changes in ABL characteristics resulting from the enhanced mesoscale circulation in the lower troposphere.
Adel Hanna
Observations and Modeling of Long Negative Laboratory Discharges: Identifying the Physics Important to an Electrical Spark in Air
There are relatively few reports in the literature focusing on negative laboratory leaders. Most of the reports focus exclusively on the simpler positive laboratory leader that is more commonly encountered in high voltage engineering [Gorin et al., 1976; Les Renardieres Group, 1977; Gallimberti, 1979; Domens et al., 1994; Bazelyan and Raizer 1998]. The physics of the long, negative leader and its positive counterpart are similar; the two differ primarily in their extension mechanisms [Bazelyan and Raizer, 1998]. Long negative sparks extend primarily by an intermittent process termed a 'step' that requires the development of secondary leader channels separated in space from the primary leader channel. Long positive sparks typically extend continuously, although, under proper conditions, their extension can be temporarily halted and begun again, and this is sometimes viewed as a stepping process. However, it is emphasized that the nature of positive leader stepping is not like that of negative leader stepping. There are several key observational studies of the propagation of long, negative-polarity laboratory sparks in air that have aided in the understanding of the stepping mechanisms exhibited by such sparks [e.g., Gorin et al., 1976; Les Renardieres Group, 1981; Ortega et al., 1994; Reess et al., 1995; Bazelyan and Raizer, 1998; Gallimberti et al., 2002]. These reports are reviewed below in Section 2, with emphasis placed on the stepping mechanism (the space stem, pilot, and space leader). Then, in Section 3, reports pertaining to modeling of long negative leaders are summarized.
Biagi, C J; Uman, M A
Duke Energy - Residential and Builder Energy Efficiency Rebate...
Heat Pump: 300 (builder) New Home Air Conditioner: 300 (builder) Attic Insulation and Air Sealing: 250 Duct Sealing: 100 Heat Pump and Air Conditioner Tune Up: 50 AC...
Urban and Regional Air Quality
equipment equipment Urban and Regional Air Quality Research in this area is concerned with regional air quality issues such as: Controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds, to manage tropospheric ozone pollution. Hazardous air pollutants: using science to base standards on rigorously studied risks. Air quality and climate: how does climate influence air quality at a regional or local level? Current modeling practices often do not capture variations in pollutants such as ozone-they represent a limited sample of the diverse meteorology and human behavior that affect air pollution. Improved modeling of regional air quality will help understand variability, reveal patterns of behavior, and pollutant transport issues. Controlled experiments in lab and field can help validate improved models.
Impacts of Static Pressure Reset on VAV System Air Leakage, Fan Power and Thermal Energy - Part I: Theoretical Model and Simulation
As for a variable air volume (VAV) system, the air duct static pressure is a typical control variable maintained by modulating supply fan speed. The static pressure equals to the summation of the duct pressure loss downstream of the sensor to the terminal box and box inlet static pressure. Typically, the air duct static pressure is set as a constant set point based on the system design information and sensor location. However, under partial load conditions, the terminal box dampers have to be closed more since either required airflow is less than the design airflow which directly leads to much less pressure loss. Thus the static pressure set point should be reset lower in order to reduce fan power, avoid noise at terminal box dampers and box damper malfunction due to excessive pressure. Different static pressure reset schedules are reviewed and compared, considering the influence of outside air temperature on the building load, availability of the VAV box damper positions, the airflow ratio based static pressure reset has also applicable advantages over the existing constant static pressure set point and two typical reset methods. This paper present the theoretical models to express the impacts of static pressure reset on fan airflow, fan head, air leakage, fan power and thermal energy for both pressure independent and pressure dependent boxes. The impacts are also demonstrated using the parametric analysis and numerical results to show the benefits of the static pressure reset including reducing fan power, cooling energy and heating energy.
Liu, M.; Feng, J.; Wang, Z.; Wu, L.; Zheng, K.; Pang, W.
On-line Chemistry within WRF: Description and Evaluation of a State-of-the-Art Multiscale Air Quality and Weather Prediction Model
This is a conference proceeding that is now being put together as a book. This is chapter 2 of the book: "INTEGRATED SYSTEMS OF MESO-METEOROLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELS" published by Springer. The chapter title is "On-line Chemistry within WRF: Description and Evaluation of a State-of-the-Art Multiscale Air Quality and Weather Prediction Model." The original conference was the COST-728/NetFAM workshop on Integrated systems of meso-meteorological and chemical transport models, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, May 21-23, 2007.
Grell, Georg; Fast, Jerome D.; Gu