text:
Plant Secondary Metabolites in some Medicinal Plants of Mongolia Used for Enhancing Animal Health and Production
ABSTRACT The levels and activities of a number of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are known to increase in response to increase in stress. The Mongolian plants considered to possess medicinal properties may contain novel compounds since they are exposed to severe conditions; such plants could become good candidates for modern drug discovery programmes. Information on distribution, palatability to livestock and opinion of local people on their nutritive and medicinal values was compiled for 15 plant materials from 14 plant species considered important for medicinal purposes. These plants were evaluated for nutritive value and PSMs: tannins, saponins, lectins, alkaloids and cyanogens. High levels of tannins were found in roots of Bergenia crassifolia and in leaves of B. crassifolia, Vaccinium vitisidaea and Rheum undulatum. High lectin activity (haemagglutination) was present in B. crassifolia roots, and leaves of R. undulatum, Iris lacteal and Thymus gobicus contained weak lectin activity. Tanacetum vulgare, Serratula centauroids, Taraxacum officinale and Delphinum elatum leaves contained saponin activity (haemolysis). Alkaloids and cyanogens were not present in any of the samples. The paper discusses the known medicinal uses of these plants in light of the PSMs levels, and identifies plant samples for future applications in human and livestock health, welfare and safety.
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ABSTRACT: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the extracts of Laurus nobilis against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Staphylococcus epidermidis CIP 444) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). Also, the antibiofilm activity has been investigated against the biofilm produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis CIP 444.Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 09/2014; 7S1:S546-52. · 0.93 Impact Factor - SourceAvailable from: Cieslak Adam
Article: Effects of tannins source (Vaccinium vitis idaea L.) on rumen microbial fermentation in vivo
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ABSTRACT: Four rumen cannulated Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were used in a crossover study to determine effects of source of tannins on rumen microbial fermentation. Cows were in their 4th month of lactation at the initiation of the study and were fed 20kg/d of DM of a 600:400 forage:concentrate diet. Treatments were either no supplemental tannin or supplemental Vaccinium vitis idaea (VVI). The dose of VVI was 140g of extract containing the equivalent of 2g of tannins/kg dietary DM. The VVI reduced rumen CH4 production (P=0.006), ammonia concentration (P<0.001) and protozoa microbial populations (P<0.001) (protozoa and methanogens), respectively by 8, 46, and 35 and 21%, while tending (P<0.001) to reduce the acetate to propionate ratio although the proportion of total VFA was not affected. The tannin sources used demonstrated antimicrobial activity by decreasing protozoal numbers thereby reducing rumen CH4 production and ammonia concentration. Results suggest that Vaccinium vitis idaea, as a source of tannins, has the potential to reduce rumen CH4 production and ammonia concentration.Animal Feed Science and Technology 09/2012; 176(1-4):102-106. · 2.09 Impact Factor
Page 1
The levels and activities of a number of plant secondary
metabolites (PSMs) are known to increase in response
to increase in stress. The Mongolian plants considered
to possess medicinal properties may contain novel
compounds since they are exposed to severe
conditions; such plants could become good candidates
for modern drug discovery programmes. Information
on distribution, palatability to livestock and opinion of
local people on their nutritive and medicinal values was
compiled for 15 plant materials from 14 plant species
considered important for medicinal purposes. These
plants were evaluated for nutritive value and PSMs:
tannins, saponins, lectins, alkaloids and cyanogens.
High levels of tannins were found in roots of Bergenia
crassifolia and in leaves of B. crassifolia, Vaccinium
vitisidaea and Rheum undulatum. High lectin activity
(haemagglutination) was present in B. crassifolia roots,
and leaves of R. undulatum, Iris lacteal and Thymus
gobicus contained weak lectin activity. Tanacetum
vulgare, Serratula centauroids, Taraxacum officinale
and Delphinum elatum leaves contained saponin
activity (haemolysis). Alkaloids and cyanogens were
not present in any of the samples. The paper discusses
the known medicinal uses of these plants in light of the
PSMs levels, and identifies plant samples for future
applications in human and livestock health, welfare and
1Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
2Mongolian State University of Agricultural, Mongolia.
3Veterinary Research Institute, Mongolia.
*Corresponding author: H.P.S. Makkar: e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, Tel: +4971145923640, Fax: +4971145923702
Received on 28.01.09 and accepted for publication on 08.06.09.
Plant Secondary Metabolites in some Medicinal Plants
of Mongolia Used for Enhancing Animal Health and
H.P.S. Makkar1*, T. Norvsambuu2, S. Lkhagvatseren3 & K. Becker1
Keywords: Medicinal plants- Herbs- Plant secondary metabolities- Phytochemicals- Phytotherapy- Mongolia
Métabolites secondaires végétaux de quelques
plantes médicinales de la Mongolie utilisées pour
améliorer la santé et la production animale
Les niveaux et activités d'un certain nombre de
métabolites secondaires végétaux (plant secondary
metabolites, PSMs) sont connus pour augmenter à
la suite de stress croissant. Les plantes mongoles,
censées avoir des propriétés médicinales, pourraient
contenir de nouveaux composés puisqu'elles sont
exposées aux conditions environnementales rudes.
De telles plantes seraient de bons candidats pour des
programmes modernes de découverte de drogue.
Des informations sur la distribution, la sapidité pour le
bétail et l'opinion de la population locale concernant les
valeurs nutritives et médicinales ont été rassemblées
pour 15 matières végétales provenant de 14 espèces de
plantes considérées importantes dans des applications
médicinales. Ces plantes on été évaluées concernant
leur valeur nutritive et les PSMs: tannins, saponines,
lectines, alcaloïdes et cyanogènes. Des niveaux élevés
en tannins ont été trouvés dans les racines de Bergenia
crassifolia ainsi que dans les feuilles de B. crassifolia,
Vaccinium vitisidaea et Rheum undulatum. Une activité
élevée de lectin (hémagglutination) était présente dans
des racines de B. crassifolia, tandis que des feuilles de R.
undulatum, Iris lacteal et Thymus gobicus démontraient
une faible activité de lectin. Les feuilles de Tanacetum
vulgare, Serratula centauroids, Taraxacum officinale
et Delphinum elatum démontraient une activité de
saponines (hémolyse). Des alcaloïdes et cyanogènes
n'étaient pas présents dans ces échantillons. Cette
publication discute des applications médicinales
connues de ces plantes devant de niveaux PSMs, et
identifie des échantillons de plante pour de futures
applications au service de la santé des êtres humains et
du bétail, leur bien-être et sécurité.
The use of various herbs and medicinal plants has a
long history. They have been used since ancient times,
especially in oriental countries. However, the advent
of antibiotics in early 20th century led to decline in
their usage and waned interest in providing scientific
bases to their effects. The adverse effects of using
Page 2
antibiotics and other synthetic compounds on human
and animal health and on product quality and safety
have regenerated interest in the fields of 'phyto-
chemistry, phyto-pharmacology, phyto-medicine and
phyto-therapy' during the last decade. The ban on the
use of antibiotics and other chemicals in livestock feeds
since 2006 by the EU, because of the risk to humans of
chemical residues in food and of antibiotic resistance
being passed on to human pathogens, has further
provided momentum to the research efforts on exploiting
plants, plant extracts or natural plant compounds as
potential natural alternatives for enhancing livestock
productivity. The plant kingdom might provide a useful
source of new medicines, pharmaceutical entities and
bioactive compounds that may be used for not only
treating human diseases but also for enhancing animal
production and health; and food safety and quality,
whilst conserving environment (13).
Plants have long been and continue to be the basis
of many traditional medicines worldwide. Asian
traditional medicinal systems such as traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM), Korean Chinese medicine,
Japanese Chinese medicine (kampo), Ayurveda from
India, Jamu from Indonesia are well known. Mongolian
traditional medicine, not much known to the world, is
an amalgam of traditional Tibetan medicine, Ayurveda
and Chinese medicine. Integrative medicine – the
combination of traditional medicine with conventional
or Western medicine could provide novel medicines
for treatment of both animals and human disease.
Bioactive compounds from plants could also be used
as feed additives for enhancing livestock productivity
and reducing environment pollutants such as methane
in the exhaled gas and nitrogen and phosphorus in urine
(13). The bioactivities in the plants are generally ascribed
to the presence of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs)
which could have beneficial or adverse effects (13, 17).
In recent times, there has been change in the perception
and several studies have been conducted on exploiting
the beneficial effects of these phytochemicals.
To form the basis for rational exploitation of medicinal
plants of Mongolia, we characterised some of the
medicinal plants for PSMs and chemical composition,
and the data are presented and discussed in this paper.
Material and methods
The samples were sun dried and brought to Germany
for analyses. For analysis of crude protein and fibre
fractions, the samples were ground to pass through 1
mm sieves; for the analysis of PSMs the samples were
ground to fine powder using a ball mill (Retsch MM200,
Haan, Germany). Crude protein (Kjeldahl method; N x
6.25) and ether extract were determined using AOAC
(1). Neutral and acid detergent fibre analyses were
conducted according to Van Soest's fiber analysis (18).
Sodium sulphite and α-amylase were not used for the
determination of fibre.
Extractable total phenols, total tannins and condensed
tannins were determined in aqueous acetone (70:30,
acetone:distilled water) extracts as described by
Makkar (11). Total phenols were determined with Folin-
Ciocalteu reagent using tannic acid as a standard. Total
tannins were measured as the difference between total
phenols before and after tannin removal by adsorption
on insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (Sigma, Darmstadt,
Germany). Both total phenols and total tannins were
expressed as tannic acid equivalent. Condensed
tannins (CT) were measured using the butanol-HCl-iron
reagent (14) and expressed as leucocyanidin equivalent.
The biological activity of tannins was determined in a
bioassay developed in our laboratory. In this bioassay,
samples are incubated with and without polyethylene
glycol, PEG (MW 4000 or 6000) in syringes containing
buffered rumen liquor. The polyethylene glycol binds to
tannins making them inert, which leads to higher gas
production; the higher the increase in gas production,
the higher the biological activity of tannins (14).
Analysis of the lectin content was conducted by
haemagglutination assay in round-bottomed wells of
microtitre plates using 1% (v/v) trypsinised cattle blood
erythrocytes suspension in saline phosphate buffer, pH
7.0 (12). The haemagglutination activity was expressed
as the minimum amount of the material (in mg per ml
of the assay medium) which produced agglutination.
The minimum amount was the material per ml of the
assay medium in the highest dilution that was positive
for agglutination.
Saponin activity was determined as haemolytic activity.
The sample was extracted in phosphate buffer saline
(PBS). An aliquot (50 µl) of the PBS extract was diluted
two-fold with PBS in separate wells of a microtiter plate
and was mixed with 50 µl of 3% red blood cell suspension
(from cattle blood) in each well and incubated at room
temperature for 2 h. A clear concentric circle around the
red blood cells indicated a non-haemolytic well, and the
spread of red colour in the well and absence of a clear
zone around red blood cells showed haemolysis. The
haemolytic activity was expressed as the inverse of the
minimum amount of saponin extract per ml of the assay
medium in the highest dilution that started producing
haemolysis (14).
The presence of alkaloids was assessed by extracting
the finely ground materials in chloroform and application
on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates (Silica gel G).
Dragendorff reagent was used for detection of alkaloids
The determination of cyanogens was based on
evolution of hydrocyanic acid from the sample and
reduction of sodium picrate on a filter paper to a
red-coloured compound, in proportion to its amount
evolved and measurement of absorption at 510 nm
using a spectrophotometer (5).
Page 3
Results and discussion
Plants are good sources for the discovery of
pharmaceutical compounds and medicines. Natural
products could be potential drugs for humans or
livestock species, and also these products and their
analogues can act as intermediates for synthesis
of useful drugs. Bioassay directed isolation and
synthesis of analogues have long been appreciated as
the effective approach for development of new plant
derived compounds.
Levels of secondary
environmentally induced as well as genetically
controlled. The secondary metabolites are also called
as plant defensive compounds since these have been
evolved to deter pathogens or herbivores such as insects
and mammals. The plants growing on low nutrient
soil or in harsh conditions are often more dependent
on evolved chemical defences. The Mongolian plants
grow under harsh conditions of extremely low and high
temperatures and thus could contain PSMs with a wide
range of interesting activities.
The common names of plants, their distribution in
Mongolia and reported medicinal uses are listed in
table 1. This table also contains information on farmers'
opinion on the palatability of the leaves by livestock
and on their nutritional value. The leaves in particularly
of Artemisia frigida and Taraxacum officinale are highly
palatable by animals. The leaves studies are found
in different regions of Mongolia and are considered
to posses wide medicinal values, ranging from
antimicrobial and anthelminthics to kidney- and liver-
stimulating effects (Table 1).
metabolites are both
The crude protein (CP) content of the leaves varied from
6.3 to 24.5%. The CP content was lowest (3.3%) in root
sample of Bergenia crassifolia (Table 2). The leaves of A.
frigida and T. officinale were reported by farmers to have
high nutritional value. The CP content of these leaves
considered good for livestock had high CP values (15.6
and 24.6% respectively); although mature leaves of A.
frigida have a lower CP content (9.0%).
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds and have a wide
range of effects varying from decreasing availability
of proteins and other nutrients including amino acids
and minerals to protecting ruminants from bloat,
enhancing rumen bypass protein, enhancing meat
quality and decreasing helminth infestation. Tannin
level and activity was very high in B. crassifolia roots
and leaves of B. crassifolia, Vaccinium vitisidaea
and Rheum undulatum. A moderate tannin activity
(33.4% increase in gas on addition of PEG) was
present in Thymus gobicus. Tannins are also known
to have antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antimutagenic,
antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. A
number of tannin-rich tree leaves and browses have
been evaluated and found to be effective in reducing
faecal egg worm and enhancing livestock productivity
(13). Parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes is one
of the major constraints on livestock production,
especially when the nutritional status of the animals
is poor. Subclinical infections of gastrointestinal
nematodes decrease feed intake, body-weight gain,
and milk and wool production. In subtropical and
tropical areas of the world where the animals are on
low quality feeds and have poor nutritional status,
mortality and morbidity due to nematode infection
are widespread. There is a growing awareness that
chemical anthelmintic treatment, on its own, may not
provide a long term strategy for managing parasites
in grazing animals. The widespread development and
prevalence of resistant strains of nematode parasites
and public concern over drug residues excreted in
animal products have stimulated efforts to identify
and use plant-based anthelmintic compounds;
tannin-containing plants and tannins could potentially
be natural anthelmintics.
Among the above-mentioned four plants identified
as containing substantial amounts of tannins, only T.
gobicus has been used by farmers as an anthelmintic
to dispel intestinal worms. The presence of etheric oil
compounds such as thymine, eugenol and carvacrol in
this plant could also be responsible for its anthelmintic
effects. The other three tannin-rich plants B. crassifolia,
Vaccinium vitisidaea and Rheum undulatum also hold
potential for reducing the intestinal worm load in
livestock and increasing their productivity. Studies on
evaluation of these plants as anthelmintics are being
conducted in our laboratory in Mongolia. Similar use
of these plant materials for other properties stated
above for tannins also needs investigation. The use of
B. crassifolia root and leaf extracts as mouth cleaner in
Mongolia, their known astringent effect and their use for
curing infectious disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract
(Table 1) could be attributed to the presence of high
tannin levels and activities in this plant. The astringent
effect of tannins is a well established phenomenon
In Mongolia, farmers also use A. frigida, Tanacetum
vulgare, Iris lacteal, and Stellera champaejasme leaves
as anthelmintics (Table 1), although tannin levels were
low in these leaves. The data on PSMs in this study
could not provide answer to the use of these leaves as
anthelmintics. This effect could possibly be due to the
presence of some other non-tannin bioactive moiety
such as bromelain present in pineapple leaves (13).
Enhancement of the nutritional status of animals has
also been shown to decrease the burden of intestinal
worms due to increased immunity (7). Artemisia frigida
is highly palatable to livestock and has reasonably high
Page 4
medicinal plants of Mongolia
Local names
Plant characteristics
Distribution in Mongolia
Palatability to livestock &
known nutritional value
Considered medicinal value in
Artemisia frigida
Dense bunch-forming xerophytic semi-shrub,
10–40 cm tall; leaves: bract leaves with white
cork edges, lower surface covered with dense
hair and upper surface is hairy along margins,
leaf stalks short, blade stipple or double
palmate; roots: short rhizomes; inflorescence:
2–4 mm wide, semi-circular involucres form;
development cycle: begins to grow early in
spring or in late March, flowers in August, and seed matures in September.
Khuvsgul, Khentei, Khangai,
Mongolian Altai, Middle
Great Lakes, Valley of lakes,
East Gobi, Gobi-Altai.
Site preference: Gravelly
and stony slopes, foot
hills, rocky sites in dry river
basins, edges of dry river banks, around ponds in
mountain steppe, steppe
and desert steppe.
Very palatable for sheep, goats,
and camels in summer, and
very palatable to horses and
cattle in winter and spring.
Farmers consider it a nutritious
plant animals grazing 'Agi' pasture gain weight rapidly. It is
collected, dried and mixed with curd grain, whey, salt and other
residues from dairy processing
to make feed for nursing, sick
and exhausted animals. It is a good component for hand-
made feed.
Aerial parts of the plant exert
positive effects on liver function
and on excretion of bile and are
diuretic. Leaves have anthelmintic,
antifungal, antibacterial, astringent and
possibly by volatile oils or thujone present in leaves. Leaves used for
treatment of wounds.
Tanacetum vulgare
Maral tsetseg
Tall plant 30–150 cm with leafy stem; leaves:
pinnate dissected with pinnate lobes. 10-70
head compound complex shell. Flat-topped
clusters of small, button-like yellow flowers, and long fringe of soft white hairs found on the
Khangai, Mongol-Daurian, Khovd, Mongolian Altai,
Great Khingan.
Site preference: deciduous
and willow forests and its
periphery, rocky sites.
Different palatability recorded,
depending on places. Not poisonous in the mixture with
Although the plant is considered
to be toxic if consumed in large
quantities, cases of livestock poisoning are rare, though, because it is unpalatable to
grazing animals.
The leaves and flowers used as
anthelmintics to dispel or destroy
intestinal worms, and as an
external applicant to kill scabies,
fleas and lice.
Seed has herbicidal properties. Oil
is considered to be toxic.
Page 5
Iris lactea
Khos khairst
Mesophytic perennial forb, 20–50 cm tall, grows
in dense, large bunches; leaves: numerous leaves, 4–8 mm wide, always longer than flower
stalk; inflorescence: tube of perianth much shorter than corolla; blue petals with white outer
circle, wider than inner circle; pods 4–8 mm
long, shorter than flower and has many folds;
development cycle: flowers and seeds mature
in May-June.
Khentei, Khangai, Mongol
Mongolia, Gobi-Altai, Alashan
Site preference: Marshy lake
shore, riparian areas, edges
When dried and cured,
camels small ruminants, and
Leaves used as antibacterial, anthelmentic
agent for livestock, treatment of wounds
originated from thermal burn. Root stock,
seed and flowers are used in the treatment
of pneumonia, bronchitis, chronic gastritis
and anthelmintic purposes.
In Japanese traditional medicine seeds
used for treating swellings and snake bite
wounds, and root stock for temperature
Perennial forb 50–100 cm tall; stems: naked,
grooved stems, 4 cm diameter; leaves: mostly
basal, triangular to oval or broad oval, 10–40 cm
long with wavy margins, leaf petioles 10–20 cm long; roots: taproot; inflorescence: compact,
divaricated; seeds: 8 mm long, oval-shaped
weighing approximately 0.1 g; development
cycle: flowers in June-July, and seeds mature
in August.
Khentei, Khangai, Mongol
Mongolia, East Gobi.
gravelly and moist meadows
along rivers, ravines, rocky
mountain crests, meadow
slopes and abandoned land.
green. Sheep and goats
moderately graze when
Locals from Gobi and steppe areas make
jam from flesh of leaf stalks. Leaves used
for treatment of abdominal distension,
gastritis, food poisoning and cavity
Root and taproot have soft purgative
Flavonoids and anthraquinones of leaves
and taproot have anti-inflammatory and
irritant laxative effect on the large intestine,
causing contractions of the intestinal walls and stimulating bowel movement.
Thymus gobicus
Gobiin ganga
Semi-shrub with woody base, 2–3 cm tall,
prostrate; stem: heavily branched round and
evenly hairy; leaves: small, firm circular or oval-
shaped narrow, smooth edged, outer surface
covered with long hair along ventral margins and
leafstalks hairy and red brown; development
cycle: flowers in June-July, seeds mature in
August and cured litter persists through winter
Khuvsgul, Khentei, Khangai,
Daurian, Depression of Great
gravelly banks, gravelly and
stony slopes, hillside areas,
rocky sites and scree.
Green plants not grazed by
animals. Dried and cured
standing matter grazed by sheep and goats, and only
occasionally by horses.
Camels and cattle do not
graze the dried and cured
The aerial part of the plant is used as an
antiseptic, a tonic for enhancing immunity, anti-asthmatic
problems, anthelmintic to dispel or destroy
intestinal worms.
Page 6
Coarse and hairy plant 15–80 cm tall; leaves:
double palmate, narrow spear shaped or linear
and 15 cm long and 6 cm wide.
Daurian, Mongolian Altai.
gravelly, and stony slopes in
steppe and sandy-steppe.
Not very palatable to
Flowers and seeds of the plant are known to
contain glucosinolates, act as skin irritants causing inflammation and blistering, if applied to painful and aching joints, they
increase blood flow to the affected area,
helping to remove the build-up of waste
Aerial parts of the plant have purgative
L-Odoi Dalan
Teveg zalaa,
Deren turuu
Xerophytic perennial forb; 20–40 cm tall; stems:
naked straight stems; leaves: alternate, nearly
seeile, oblong-ovate, 17–30 mm long, 3–8 mm
wide; roots: large, fleshy taproot; inflorescence:
dense inflorescence at apex of stem and branches, each inflorescence with 20–25
flowers; corolla bluish pink; development cycle: flowers in June, and seed matures in July-
Khentei, Khangai, Mongol-
Daurian, great Khingan.
no reports of livestock
The tincture and decoction of leaves
have purgative function and used for
the treatment of Brady peristalsis and
constipation. Plant decoction is also used
for treating gingivitis and dental disorder.
Tincture and powder of leaves can be used
for mechanical injury and thermal burn.
Leaves also used as anthelmintic agent.
Taraxacum officinale
Perennial forb 8–50 cm tall; leaves: 5–25 cm
long, 1–4 cm wide, nearly glabrous, edged, or
serrated but not deeply pinnate; husk: 12-14
mm wide, 12-20 mm long, dull green, leaves in
outer circle of leaflets spear-shaped to oval and
twice as short as narrow leaflets in inner circle;
inflorescence: peduncle 8–50 cm long with
woolly pubescence under the head; flowers
light yellow; achene fruit about 4 mm wide,
brown or light-brown with numerous spots on
top; development cycle: flowers from May to
September, and seeds mature during the same
Khuvsgul, Khentei, Mongol-
Daurian, Khovd, Depression
of Great lakes, Valley of
Site preference: forest and
wet meadows, shrub thickets,
forest margins and garden
edges and roads.
Palatable to cattle and
pigs. Considered to be a
good feed by farmers.
consumption, used for decreasing blood
sugar and increasing blood clotting, water
extract used for diuretic purpose and alcoholic extract as antifungal agent.
Page 7
Ber tsetseg
Xerophytic-mesophytic perennial forb, 15–70
cm tall; stems: branched near the top; leaves: compound palmate, round, 10 cm long, 15 cm
wide, and dissected to the bases; inflorescence:
flowers bright blue, large asymmetrical with
spur arranged singly along rachis; development
cycle: flowers in July –August, and seeds mature
in late August and early September.
Khusgul, Khentei, Mongol-
Daurian, Great khingan, East
Mongolia, Gobi –Altai.
Site preference: plains, slopes
and foothills of mountains and
dry meadows in river valleys.
In summer, small animals
graze moderately, while
cattle and horses poorly.
In other seasons, small
with moderate grazing by
horses and cattle.
Plant part on the ground has antibacterial
effects and reducing blood pressure. It is
used for the treatment of periton disorder.
Aerial parts of the plant have antibacterial
effects and reduce blood pressure. The
plant contains powerful alkaloids, for
example vincristine used to treat some
types of cancer and atropine used for
reducing spasms and relieving pain.
Vaccinium vitis-
Anis, alirs
Perennial, semi-shrub, 5-30 cm tall with whitish
hairy branches; long-lasting orange-red berries
amidst glossy, fully evergreen oval shaped
leaves; flowers are bell shaped and filament of
stamen is hairy.
Khusgul, Khovsgol, Khentei,
khingan and Khangai.
Site preference: Shady gravel
slopes, forest margins.
Ruminants graze when
green. Sheep and goats
moderately graze when
Both the leaves and fruit are useful for
treating congestion or the common cold or
liver kidney and urethral ailments. Berries
are a good source of Vitamin C, A, and is
rich in antioxidants and are used for raising
blood pressure and in diabetics.
Mongolians use extracts of the leaves and
fruit for treatment of cold and improving
immunity in winter season.
Salsola laricifolia
Shrubs small, 40-90 cm tall. Stem branched;
older branches black-brown or brown, slightly
fissured; branchlets white, glabrous, sometimes
papillate; leaves alternate, fascicular on dwarf branches, yellow-green, fleshy.
East and Western Gobi, Gobi-
Altai and Alashaan Gobi.Site
dunes, rocky deserts on salty
clay soils.
green. Sheep and goats
moderately graze when
dried. Cattle, sheep, and
horses will eat it, if nothing
better is available.
Extract of aerial parts of the plant have
astringent, anti-inflammatory and purgative effects. Root extract of this plant extends
lifespan, improve immunity and resistance
against diseases. Mongolian scientists
have developed medicines, called 'Salorid',
'Salimon' which are considered to improve
immune system.
Zuzaan navchit
Perennial shrub; flower: regular structured ,
sepals 4–5, petals 4–5, pistil 1, stamen 4–8,
ovary 1 or 2 nests; stems and leaves: thick stem
with thick basal leaves; roots: thick, brunched
rhizomes with brown color.
Khuvsgul, Khentii, Khangai,
and Mongolian Altai.
Site preference: Alpine rocky
and stony fields, scree and
shady gravel slopes, forest
Not very palatable to
Extract and decoction of root stocks used
in the treatment of gynecological diseases
and gastritis, mouth can be cleaned by extracts of root, taproot and leaves.
The plant has expectorant and astringent
medicine, named 'Badglumecine', from the
roots for treatment of infectious disorders
of gastro-intestinal tract of animal.
Source: (8, 10, 15, 19).
Page 8
Table 2
Chemical composition (g/kg dry matter) and plant secondary metabolites in some medicinal plants of Mongolia
(µg KCN/g)
Artemisia frigida1
156.419.4548.1431.0 19.7 5.1 0.3 4.3 ndnd ndnd
Artemisia frigida2
90.314.1560.7426.8 21.9 4.0 0.80 nd nd ndnd
Tanacetum vulgare
151.834.5462.3416.0 37.5 5.7 0.400.02 ndndnd
Iris lactea
103.014.7495.1436.3 38.1 28.914.30 nd0.08 ndnd
Rheum undulatum
105.2 6.0 227.7 168.5 76.6 55.7 7.1 92.7 nd0.64 ndnd
Thymus gobicus
103.6 23.3540.5 443.0 35.9 11.6 0.2 33.4nd0.04 ndnd
Serratula centauroides
114.9 35.4625.8509.4 58.3 46.0 0.5 7.20.015 nd ndnd
Stellera chamaejasme
133.927.7391.3312.2 43.8 15.4 0.3 0.4ndnd ndnd
Taraxacum officinale
245.926.2 317.7270.6 22.7 7.1 0.311.00.015ndndnd
Delphinum elatum
136.422.4515.4387.1 22.2 8.5 0.7 4.10.015ndndnd
Artemisia frigida2
156.419.4548.1431.0 19.7 5.1 0.3 4.3ndndnd nd
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
63.2 33.3476.1 354.1243.3149.2 174.596.3 ndndndnd
Salsola laricifolia
94.811.7574.3380.3 65.3 32.0 28.0 17.7ndndndnd
Bergenia crassifolia
63.123.9260.9190.4320.2178.4 14.1169.8ndndndnd
Bergenia crassifolia x
32.7 7.7226.0197.0309.3 165.0 33.1204.7nd10.25ndnd
nd, not detected; 1 Cut on July 20th 2007, and 2 cut on August 20th 2007; all samples except x were leaf samples. x was a root sample
aneutral detergent fibre, bacid detergent fibre; c, dTP (total phenols) and TT (total tannins) as tannic acid equivalent in g/kg DM; eCT (condensed
tannins) as leucocyanidin equivalent in g/kg DM; fpercent increase in gas on addition of polyethylene glycol; g Inverse of the minimum amount
of plant-material/ml of assay, which produced haemolysis; the assay comprised of 1: 1 (v / v) of plant-material in PBS and 3% red blood
cells, h Inverse of minimum amount of plant-material/ml of the assay, which produced agglutination; the assay comprised of 1: 1 (v / v) of
plant-material in RBC and 1% trypsinized red blood cells.
crude protein level (young leaves 15.6% and mature
leaves 9.0%). The effectiveness of this plant against
intestinal worms could possibly be due to the high
nutritional quality and high intake of this plant material,
thereby enhancing nutritional status of animals.
The use of tannins for reduction of methane (a
greenhouse gas) production from ruminants is being
considered (3). Recently studies conducted in our
laboratory have shown a high correlation between the
tannin activity and methane reducing potential of these
medicinal plants from Mongolia. Tannin containing
plants could possibly be used to prevent diarrhoea in
pigs (9).
Saponins are steroid or triterpene glycoside compounds
present in a number of plants. These were present
in T. vulgare, Serratula centauroides, T. officinale and
Delphinum elatum leaves (Table 2). Saponins have also
been known to have several health beneficial effects, for
example, enhancement of immunity, reduction in blood
glucose and other antidiabetic effects, and reduction
in blood cholesterol (4). The plants T. officinale and D.
elatum are used in Mongolia for reducing blood sugar
and blood pressure, and this study has shown that
these plants contain saponins, which could possibly
be responsible for these beneficial effects. Saponins
also have anti-protozoal effects and could potentially
be used for controlling protozoal diseases. This group
of PSMs also has strong antifungal, antinematode,
molluscicidal, and insecticidal properties (2, 4, 20).
The use of T. vulgare for killing scabies, fleas and lice
as practiced in Mongolia could possibly be attributed
to the presence of saponins. In addition, the saponin
containing Mongolian plants could find applications
for reducing emission of methane from ruminants and
enhancing livestock productivity (20).
Among the PSMs determined, alkaloids and cyanogens
were not detected in any of the samples analysed
(Table 2). Alkaloids and cyanogens have been reported
to have both detrimental and beneficial effects (17).
Lectins or haemagglutins are sugar-binding proteins.
Lectin activity was present in the leaves of I. lacteal,
R. undulatum, T. gobicus and B. crassifolia roots; lectin
activity being highest in B. crassifolia roots. Traditionally
lectins have been described as toxic and antinutritional
factors; however major developments have taken
place during the last decade showing a number of
potential applications of plant lectins in biomedical and
bioscience fields. To name a few are applications as
gut-, metabolic-, hormone- and immune-regulators
and their use for protection of intestine against the
adverse effects of radio- and chemo-therapy used
in cancer therapy (16). Lectins present in leaves of
Page 9
AOAC, 1990, Official Methods of Analysis, 15
Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
th ed. Association of Official
Argentieri M.P., D´Addobbo T.A., Agostinelli A., Jurzysta M. & Avato P.,
2007, Evaluation of nematicidal properties of saponins from Medicago
spp. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 120, 189-197.
Beauchemin K.A
management for enteric methane abatement: a review. Australian Journal
of Experimental Agricultura, 48, 21-27.
., Kreuzer M., O'Mara F. & McAllister T.A., 2008, Nutritional
Francis G., Kerem Z., Makkar H.P.S. & Becker K., 2002, The biological
action of saponins in animal systems – a review. British Journal of
Nutrition, 88, 587-605.
Haque M. & Bradbury J.H., 2002, Total cyanide determination of plants
and foods using picrate and acid hydrolysis methods. Food Chemistry,
77, 107-114.
Harborne J.B., 1990, Phytochemical methods, Chapman and Hall,
London, U.K.
Hoste H., Torres-Acosta J.F.J. & Aguilar-Caballero A.J., 2008, Nutrition-
parasite interactions in goats: is immunoregulation involved in the control
of gastrointestinal nematodes? Parasite Immunology, 30, 79-88.
Jigjidsuren S. & Douglas A.J., 2003, Forage plants in Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar,
p. 244, 250, 255, 276, 301, 368, 400.
Krisper P
from chestnut (Castanea vesca). Basic life sciences, 59, 1013-1019.
., Tisler V., Skubic V., Rupnik I. & Kobal S., 1992, The use of tannin
Ligaa U., Davaasuren B. & Ninjil N., 2006, Medicinal plants of Mongolia
used in western and eastern medicine, Ulaanbaatar, p. 72, 150, 293, 504.
I. lacteal, R. undulatum, T. gobicus and B. crassifolia
roots might elicit the beneficial effects of these plants
listed in table 1. The roots of B. crassifolia, being high
in lectin activity could be an interesting candidate for
future investigations.
Based on the known activities of secondary metabolites,
this study has provided explanation for some of
the medicinal uses of the plants for which the local
population use them. This study has also identified
plant materials such as B. crassifolia root which is rich
in tannins and lectins; B. crassifolia, V. vitisidaea and
R. undulatum leaves which are rich in tannins; and T.
vulgare, S. centauroids, T. officinale and D. elatum leaves
containing saponins, for future investigations leading to
their various applications in human and animal health,
production and welfare. Future studies should also be
directed towards exploring other phytochemicals such
as flavonoids, flavanones, phytoestrogens, essential
oils etc. in the leaves and other parts of the plants
especially roots, which are also used in the traditional
Mongolian medicines to a considerable extent.
We are thankful to Mrs. B. Fischer for excellent technical
assistance. Authors from Mongolia are thankful to
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria for
the financial support.
Table 1
Plant characteristics, distribution and medicinal uses of some
H.P.S. Makkar, Indian, PhD, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
T. Norvsambuu, Mongolian, PhD, Mongolian State University of Agricultural, Mongolia.
S. Lkhagvatseren, Mongolian, MSc, Veterinary Research Institute, Mongolia.
K. Becker, German, PhD, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
Makkar H.P.S., 2003, Tannin assays, effects and fate of tannins, and
strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich tree and
shrub foliage. Small Ruminant Research, 49, 241-256,
Makkar H.P.S., Becker K., Sporer F. & Wink M., 1997, Studies on nutritive
potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha
curcas. Journal of Agricutural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3152-3157.
Makkar H.P.S, Francis G. & Becker K., 2007a, Bioactivity of phytochemicals
in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in
livestock and aquaculture production systems. Animal, 1, 1371-1391.
Makkar H.P.S., Siddhuraju P. & Becker, K., 2007b, A laboratory manual on
quantification of plant secondary metabolites, Human Press, Totowa, New
Jersey, p. 130.
Olziikhutag N., 1985, The key of pastoral feed plants of Peoples Republic
of Mongolia, p. 130, 144, 156, 216, 252, 258, 368, 416, 466, 482, 516.
Pusztai A., Bardocz S. & Ewen S.W.B., 2008, Uses of plant lectins in
bioscience and biomedicine. Frontiers in Bioscience, 13, 1130-1140.
Rochfort S. & Panozzo J., 2007, Phytochemicals for health, the role of
pulses. Journal of Agricutural and Food Chemistry, 55, 7981-7994.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. & Lewis B.-A., 1991, Methods for dietary
fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch carbohydrates in relation to
animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597.
Volodya Ts., Tserenbaljir D. & Lamjav Ts., 2008, Medicinal plants of
Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, p. 78, 98, 104, 177, 187, 234, 301, 492.
Wina E., Muetzel S. & Becker K., 2005, The impact of saponins or saponin-
containing plant materials on ruminant production - a review. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 8093-8105.


text:
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Brenda Ihrke • 1 year ago
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We can offer a holiday apartment 1-4 people in Munich with excellent connections via public transport. Whether you are in Munich for a trade fair, for a visit to the worl-famous Oktoberfest or simply for sightseeing, we can provide you with excellent accomodation at low price.
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Angelina Frenzy Continues
Another photographer is claiming he was injured by Angelina's security guards on her movie set in India. He claims he was verbally abused, punched in the face and had a gun pulled on him after he gave Angelina his business card. WTF!? I think we can now officially say the frenzy behind the Jolie-Pitt trip in India isn't going to calm down anytime soon. Here's more:
Singh said he was down the road from the bungalow when he spotted Jolie in the back of a taxi while filming a scene from the movie. When the filming paused, he said, he put down his cameras and approached Jolie to give her his card, which she accepted through the window of the taxi before it drove off.
At that point, he said he was approached by one American security guard and two Indian guards, all of whom verbally abused him. One of the Indian guards punched him in the face and he swung back, also hitting the guard in the face, Singh said.
Then, he said, the other Indian guard "grabbed me and the first guard punched me again."
Singh said the first Indian guard then drew a gun and said he would be shot if he did not leave. The American guard did not take part in the scuffle, but witnessed the incident, the photographer said.
Singh said he was then let go, and he collected his equipment and departed. Jolie did not witness the incident, he said, adding that his face was bruised under his right eye but he was otherwise uninjured.
- Get exclusive details on Joe and Sofia's nuptials — Us Weekly
- Neil Patrick Harris would probably not host the Oscars again — HuffPost Celebrity
- How does Jennifer Lawrence fare in her latest film? — Lainey Gossip
- Patrick Schwarzenegger and Miley Cyrus might be having a rocky time — Dlisted
- Yep, Jessica Simpson can still pull off those Daisy Dukes — ET
- Adam Driver reveals why he's terrified of the Internet — JustJared
- Which reality star might be making a comeback? — Hollywood Tuna
- Iggy Azalea didn't want that Grammy anyway — Pink Is the New Blog
- Justin Bieber is begging Seth Rogen to roast him — The Superficial
- Kourtney Kardashian opts for a different kind of trainer — I'm Not Obsessed


text: Expert dubs mass falsification as Azeri method in information warApril 19, 2012 - 20:02 AMT PanARMENIAN.Net - Political scientist named mass falsification as the key method of Azerbaijani authorities' activity in the information war. As Hrant Melik-Shahnazaryan told a press conference, they spend enormous amount of money on printing literature about Nagorno Karabakh and the Armenians. "Azerbaijanis, doubtlessly surpass Armenians in number of literature released," Mr. Melik-Shahnazaryan said, adding that Azeri literature on the subject mainly is not taken seriously by researchers or by educated people. The expert further named insufficient coverage of events, lack of professional journalists in each field and use of unfiltered Internet as the main shortcomings of the Armenian media. Top stories The head of the Armenian delegation to the OSCE PA handed the Pan-Armenian Declaration to the OSCE PA President. "I repeatedly stated that we don't have unlimited time for ratification of protocols. I regret that the message was left unheard," Sargsyan said. The projects will also promote the integration of Syrian refugees in the country and assist children without parents. Training courses on prevention of domestic violence and youth crime and on crime scene examination are also organized. Partner news | Dan Stevens to join Emma Watson in Disney's "Beauty and the Beast" Bill Condon ("The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn") will direct from a script written by Stephen Chbosky. "Dark Places" drama thriller trailer features Charlize Theron (video) It shows lead star Theron being haunted by the massacre of her family which happened during her childhood "Fifty Shades of Grey" earns $500 million at worldwide box office The Jamie Dornan-Dakota Johnson R-rated romance has collected $150 million in the US and raked in $352 million internationally. Tribeca Film Festival unveils the rest of 2015 line-ups The 2015 Tribeca Film Festival will be kicked off beginning from April 15 to 26 at venues across downtown Manhattan. |


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Ibaka OK, will start Game 4
Oklahoma City Thunder starting forward Serge Ibaka, who reinjured a sprained left ankle Saturday night against the Memphis Grizzlies, will start Game 4 on Monday at 8:30 p.m. inside FedExForum.
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Ibaka OK, will start Game 4
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- 9213Oklahoma football notebook: Bob Stoops says Samaje Perine could get more opportunities in Air Raid
- 8705Five observations from the Thunder's 108-105 loss in Chicago
- 7379Mother, boyfriend arrested after death of 18-month-old boy


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One Of The Area's Most Spectacular Waterfront P...
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Neighborhood: Wythe
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Neighborhood: All Others Area 101
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Neighborhood: Merrimac Shores
** Open House 2/28 From 12 - 3 Pm ** Waterfront W/one Of The Best Views In Hampton Roads! ...
Neighborhood: All Others Area 103
Waterfront! Approx 4500 Sf Big Brick Rancher On Approx 2 Acres W/private Pier W/lift! Home C...
Current Listings on the Market:: | 1,082 |
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As one of the nation's oldest cities, Hampton hosts a diverse array of businesses, universities, government entities and prides itself for its focus on youth development and civic engagement. The city has an abundance of things to see and do including the Virginia Air and Space Center, Fort Monroe National Monument, Hampton History Museum, and harbor tours and cruises. The new Peninsula Town Center has helped Hampton redefine itself as a distinctive shopping, dining and entertainment destination in Hampton Roads.
The Hampton Coliseum hosts yearly events and festivals and is one of the most popular venues for musical acts of all types in the area. Enjoy a fast paced and exciting race at Langley Speedway which has been voted one of the top 5 NASCAR weekly racing series tracks and is the only one in Hampton Roads. The city's numerous parks offer a vast array of open air experiences. Residents can enjoy the gentle surf of the Chesapeake Bay at Buckroe Beach or spend a day with the family at the 60 acre Bluebird Gap Farm which is home to about 150 domestic and wild animals.
Residential options include a variety of prices, styles and sizes of homes to meet the needs of all residents. With beautiful waterfront properties, urban condominiums, historic Victorian homes and convenient downtown apartments, housing options are diverse and endless. No matter what your lifestyle interests are, Hampton offers world class attractions, attractive residential opportunities and the very best of coastal Virginia living.
Browse through TREGs Featured Listings, or feel free to create your own custom search by viewing our Advanced Search Page. Happy searching - but remember if at any time you have questions, or simply want to speak to a live person, we''re here to help. You can call us direct at 757-323-5711, or send a quick email.Browse Other Hampton Roads Communities


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Photos of Barack Obama-Supporting Pregnant Jennifer Garner Carrying Violet Out of Art Class
Jennifer Supports Violet's Art and Barack's Candidacy
by Celebrity
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Jennifer Supports Violet's Art and Barack's Candidacy
Jennifer Garner wasn't flaunting her baby bump, but she did seem proud to show off Violet's masterpieces on their way out of art class today. The Garner-Affleck family has been enjoying the summer in LA, but this weekend the family is heading to Miami to host a Barack Obama fundraiser with Matt and Luciana Damon. Ben and Jen have been longtime supporters of Barack, and since both couples have babies No. 2 on the way, these celebrity parents are more invested than ever in the country's future.
6 years
Obama's my candidate, but for some reason the celeb endorsements irritate me.This is exactly how I feel too, Jude C. Hard to explain exactly, but it's the same thing, just irritating.
6 years
Obama's my candidate, but for some reason the celeb endorsements irritate me.
This is exactly how I feel too, Jude C. Hard to explain exactly, but it's the same thing, just irritating.
6 years
I'm with you, simbaspaws. Until he can show something real, I'm not jumping on the bandwagon. He's an excellent speaker, but I haven't heard him say anything of real substance yet besides "I stand for change." Huh?
6 years
She keeps hiding that bump and I agree it would be nice to see her in some real clothes and a little dressed up.
babyshakes(spelling?), that was not a nice comment at all and I am not a Barack supporter..I do not believe the hype...Hillary : )
6 years
I love Jennifer Garner. She appears to be such a great mother which is really refreshing.
6 years
the child is always smiling. i think that basically sums up their parenting skills! i've loved jen since alias
6 years
I really love Jennifer :love:
she looks so natural, down to earth, just happy to spend time with her little one! Precious! :)
6 years
I really love Jennifer :love:she looks so natural, down to earth, just happy to spend time with her little one! Precious! :)
6 years
Jen's got her arms full, she must have some pretty amazing muscles on that left arm of hers! Awwww, the art thing is adorable and so are these two - love them!
6 years
I just saw The Kingdom and I greatly prefer her as a bad ass, not as a mommy. I get caught up in movies, thinking that's how they are in real life.
Link Love
- Is Khloé Kardashian set to replace Kelly Osbourne? — People
- Bobbi Kristina Brown's family is reportedly shooting a reality show — Us Weekly
- Inside Justin Bieber's wild 21st birthday — Gossip Girl
- Ashton Kutcher may be switching career paths — OK!
- This Jenner reveals she's more spiritual than materialistic — HuffPost Celebrity
- Tom Hanks explains how he landed a role in Carly Rae Jepsen's music video — ET
- Madonna is spotted in Milan promoting her album Rebel Heart — Lainey Gossip
- Nick Jonas on his first song that he auditioned with at 6 years old — BuzzFeed
Latest Celebrity


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Ken Jugan
Glasport, Pennsylvania Claims Helsinki, Finland Billed from Parts Unknown
6' 222 lbs
Zoltan The Great
Domenic Denucci Brady Howard Smiling Jim Watson Bill Berger Bob Berger
Lord Zoltan - OWW
On this edition of NXT, women's champion Sasha Banks defends her title against Ric Flair's daughter, Charlotte!
4 key lessons WWE has learned from its Network
The Other Events in Santa Clara
Jushin Liger is coming to Las Vegas
Mr. Anderson comments on his TNA return
SHIMMER champion Cheerleader Melissa puts the title on the line against Leva Bates. Can Leva beat the odds and score her first major singles title?
WWE tag team legends The Hart Foundation
WCW and TNA Legend


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A collection of news and information related to Game Shows published by this site and its partners.
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Volunteers: Columbia-area volunteer opportunities
Story | Jul 22, 2011 | 8:15 AMListings are accepted on a space-available basis. Deadline is 5 p.m. Thursday prior to date of publication at the latest. To submit volunteer items, mail to Volunteers, Patuxent Publishing Co. Editorial, 501 N. Calvert St., Baltimore, MD 21278; email... -
Best week ever: local events, music, movies and more
A little advice turns into Seinfeld directing for 'Colin Quinn: Long Story Short'
Where to see and hear all Baltimore Ravens coverage on area media
'Shark Tank' hopes to kick-start the American dream
Story | Mar 17, 2011 | 7:28 AMOn a rainy October day at Sony Studios in Culver City, Calif., entrepreneurs hope to get funding to put their businesses on the fast track to success. But first, they must convince at least one of a panel of investors that they're good bets. On Friday,... -
NBC renews 'Community,' 'Parks & Rec,' 'The Office;' Syfy keeps 'Being Human'
Fox gives flash mobs their due in 'Mobbed'
Story | Mar 24, 2011 | 8:49 AM"Mob scene" has an extra meaning now. The concept of flash mobs -- large groups that celebrate via elaborate, secretly planned song-and dance routines, whether at weddings or in shopping malls -- gets a spotlight in "Mobbed," a new Fox special airing... -
Summer's not just for reruns and failed pilots anymore
Story | May 11, 2011 | 9:50 AM"House" is leaving the building, "30 Rock" has rolled away, "The Middle" is coming to an end, and "American Idol" will soon be idle. A generation ago, the end of the broadcast networks' season meant the beginning of the "nothing worth watching" season.... -
TNT/TBS 2011-12 TV schedule: 'The Closer' spin-off in works
Paula Poundstone: Making light of the last act
Story | Jun 14, 2011Paula Poundstone's life might have turned out much differently if her mother had been an early riser. "It would have ruined everything," says the comedienne with a laugh. "I was the youngest in my family," she explains by phone from her home in Santa... -
'Portlandia,' 'Homeland,' 'Game of Thrones' among Peabody winners


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Kareinaru Gyakushu - SMAP
Miiro - AKINO with bless4
Fubuki - Shiena Nishizawa
Star!! - CINDERELLA PROJECT
Mr. Chu - Apink
Attakaindakara - Kumamushi
Sayonara,Alice - Flower
Anata Ni Koi Wo Shite Mimashita - chay
Seven Deadly Sins - Man With A Mission
Dragon Night - SEKAI NO OWARI
Heroine - back number
Stay With Me - Sam Smith
Kisetsu Ha Tsugitsugi Shindeiku - amazarashi
Sakura - Arashi
Lil' Infinity - AAA
Paul McCartney returns to Liverpool on new Europe tour
Paul McCartney is extending a world tour with nine dates in Europe, including an emotional return to the Beatles' native Liverpool and a headline appearance at Denmark's Roskilde Festival. The 72-year-old British icon will play his first shows in his native country since 2012 with three shows in May in London, Birmingham and Liverpool, he1 hour ago via AFPMadonna: Working out saved me from injuries after fall
NEW YORK (AP) — Exercising regularly has been like a prayer answered for Madonna: The singer says thanks to staying active, she didn't suffer much after falling during her performance at the Brit Awards.4 hours ago via Associated PressThe Big Bang Theory Paid Tribute To Leonard Nimoy After Tonight's Episode And It Was Beautiful
Leonard Nimoy, also known as Star Trek's incomparable Mr. Spock, always did have a presence on The Big Bang Theory, even when he only ever appeared on the show as a voice in Sheldon's...4 hours ago via E!OnlineAn Extended Trailer for Furious 7 Just Hit the Internet and It'll Make Your Stomach Drop—Watch Now!
More Paul Walker. More Tyrese. More Michelle Rodriguez. More Ludacris. More Vin Diesel. "More" is the keyword here, in case you didn't get that. An extended trailer for the...5 hours ago via E!OnlineTaylor Swift Proves She ''Woke Up Like This'' With Gorgeous Makeup-Free Selfie—and Olivia Benson Looks Pretty Flawless, Too!
Where to start? Where to start?! OK, let's start with Taylor Swift, aka the face of perfection. The singer posted a makeup-free selfie earlier today on Instagram, and it only further...5 hours ago via E!OnlineTV CHANNEL
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Shop our Pop-In collab with Topshop and Topman.
Exclusive finds with a new theme each month.
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Stay updated with a steady stream of new info.
A crisp medallion print inspired by the Tory Burch logo adds dimension to a slightly fitted henley with logoed goldtone buttons.


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LG saw its smartphone market share rise to 3.2 percent in the fourth quarter by sales, propelling it to the third spot for the first time, while rival HTC Corp slid to fourth, data from research firm Strategy Analytics showed.
Samsung and Apple took a combined 71.4 percent of the market and the rest is split among firms such as LG, HTC, Sony Corp and BlackBerry, the data showed.
Reflecting growing optimism that LG's smartphone business will recover, LG Electronics shares have gained 54 percent from their 2012 low hit in late July. The shares ended up nearly 2 percent on Thursday at 86,600 won, the highest in more than a year.
LG is betting high-end models that boast powerful hardware and software features and a fast 4G connection will help it rebuild its tarnished handset brand quality and increase its market share of the lower-end segment as well.
The South Korean company announced on Thursday software upgrades for its flagship Optimus G Pro model that will allow consumers access to features that Samsung touted as major selling points of its upcoming Galaxy S4. The move is its latest attempt to boost appeal to upmarket consumers before rival products hit the market.
The features LG is adding include motion detecting technology that stops and starts videos depending on whether someone is looking at the screen and snapping pictures.
The 5-inch Optimus Pro debuted in South Korea in late February and in Japan this month. It is LG's fastest-selling smartphone with sales hitting 500,000 in the first 40 days of the launch, LG said.
In terms of unit shipments, LG remains the seventh-largest with a 4.0 percent share, following Huawei, Lenovo Group Ltd, Sony and ZTE Corp which have market share of between 4 and 5 percent.
Analysts expect LG's smartphone shipments will rise by 16 percent to a record 10 million after 8.6 million phones sold in the fourth quarter, a strong performance as the overall market is seen contracting by 6 percent from the strong year-end holiday quarter.
HTC reported on Monday a record-low quarterly profit that missed analysts' estimates after it delayed the full launch of its 2013 flagship smartphone model, which will now debut against Samsung's newest Galaxy.
LG reports its first-quarter results on April 24.
© Thomson Reuters 2013
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System Utilities::File & Disk Management > Export Access to Excel 4.0
Export Access to Excel 4.0Export Access to Excel tool effectively convert access database to excel file. Company: Export Access to ExcelPlatform: Win2000,Win7 x32,Win7 x64,Win98,WinServer,WinVista,WinVista x64,WinXP Size: 1281 KB Price: USD $28.00 Release Date: 2012-04-07 Screenshot URL: http://www.exportaccesstoexcel.com/images/mdbxls.gif Category: System Utilities::File & Disk Management Microsoft Access to Excel conversion software highly advance MDB database converter program which specially designed to export Access database to Excel file. With help of Export Access to Excel software you can successfully convert Access tables, quarries and reports into Excel. PDS Export Microsoft Access to Excel tool perfectly supports MS Access 2010/2007/2003/2002/2000/97. PDS Export MDB to XLS converter is very easy tool for novoice user. Related keywords: export access to excel convert access database to excel file ms access to excel converter converting access tables to excel expo Export Access to Excel Related Titles: Incredia EML to MBOX Converter 3.0 - Try batch mode conversion of emails to MBOX format with EML to MBOX ConverterOutlook OST to PST Converter Tool 4.4 - Outlook OST to PST converter tool quick converts OST to Outlook PST How to Open OST Outlook 2007 4.4 - How to Open OST Outlook 2007 through the Fairly simple OST Recovery EML to PST Software 7.0 - EML format to PST conversion now simpler in batch mode with EML to PST Export EML Files to PST 7.0 - Export EML to Outlook PST format with all email elements using EML to PST tool EML to Outlook 7.0 - It is easier to move EML Messages to Outlook with the advance EML to PST Converting DBX to PST 7.6 - Converting DBX to PST by using DBX in Outlook Converter tool Import Windows Mail to Thunderbird 4.06 - Import Batch EML files from Windows Mail to Thunderbird OST PST Conversion Tool 7.9 - By using OST PST conversion tool to easily convert OST as PST. OST to PST 7.9 - Get OST to PST Software for Recover Outlook OST File to PST Free Startup Optimizer 1.6.1 - Free Startup Optimizer Text File Generator Tool 1.5.1 - Text File Generator Tool |
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Pronunciation: Grojnowski
Added on: 2013-02-28
Listened: 27 times
proper name,
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nom propre
Pronunciation in French [fr]
- Pronunciation by bg56 (Male from France)
- Could you do it better? different accent? Pronounce Grojnowski in French
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Our family vacation with Planet Earth Adventures was perfect. Had a great time, enjoyed the myriad of activities they had planned for us. In particular I would like to add that... read more
Our family vacation with Planet Earth Adventures was perfect. Had a great time, enjoyed the myriad of activities they had planned for us. In particular I would like to add that... read more
Our family vacation with Planet Earth Adventures was perfect. Had a great time, enjoyed the myriad of activities they had planned for us. In particular I would like to add that this company has great communication from start to fisnish. Tour descriptions are exactly as advertised. Cutomer service and guides as top notch. Overall they are an excellent tour company.
I just finished a trip with PEA and spent several days of wonderful touring. This was a family trip with two teenage kids. Our experience was simply amazing. We did two days in Talkeetna watching the northern lights, visiting a hiostoric roadhouse and staying in a B7B which had the most wonderful mountain views I've seen anywhere around. From Talkeetna,... More
Great tour company offering unique one of a kind adventures in remote Alaska. My winter trip was beyond anything that I was expecting. Truly Alaskan and expectations met. Very happy with my tour.
I stumbled across Planet Earth Adventures while having just 3 days in Anchorage and looking for a day tour. I called Albert and he was only to happy to organise a tour for me - in fact it ended up being a tour group of 1. We spent a great day traveling down Tournagain Arm, to the Wildlife Conservation Centre,... More
This company provide and arranged for my tour. The experience, adventure of getting there and the education was great. I got to visit a remote village north of the arctic circle and got to see the way of life and learn about their way of life. Unique tour with a wonderful experience. Fantastic. +++
This company is in Anchorage. I booked a tour with them and I was surprised with the great customer service and attention to details they provided. There were 4 people on our tour group and the tour was supposed to last 6 hours but ended lasting longer as our guide took us to some off the beaten path places for... More
second trip with Planet Earth Adventures, this time was for the holidays over Christmas and New Year. Just like before, perfect planing with with I wanted to do. Best choices of hotels and also took me to see the best northern light show. Quite amazing. Again, was very pleased with their service.
I have never a seen a company that goes above and beyond like this Alaska tour company. It was a pleasure to work with Albert to plan our trip. He planned a customized trip based on our preferences and provided constant contact and assistance whenever we needed it throughout the trip. Every detail was planned out. If you are planning... More
Just returned from a week trip in Alaska that we planned with the help of Planet Earth. They were very helpful with our itinerary, hotel and restaurant reservations. They planned a trip tailored to our interests and preferences and were easily available to answer any questions. Our favorite part of our trip was just gazing at the amazing beauty of... More
This Alaska tour company is focused on the high end. Their excellence in customizing unique and amazing experiences is matched by their attention to the highest levels of service and creativity. With consistently rave reviews from Trip Advisor, this is a highly recommended Alaska tour company for those seeking the best of the best in Alaska travel. I will certainly... More
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"X-Men : Days of Future Past" director Bryan Singer has tweeted a rather spoilerish picture from the set of his superhero blockbuster.
Watchathink's happening here? 'Dirty Dick' is obviously about to give a speech, right? Someone gonna be taken out?
Here's said pic :
#xmen #DaysOfFuturePast pic.twitter.com/pZMvY5G4VM
— Bryan Singer (@BryanSinger) June 18, 2013
- Star Wars spin-off writer ripostes! - March 3, 2015
- Lily Allen in Fifty Shades Darker? - March 3, 2015
- Sounds as good as official : Michael Biehn's back for Alien 5 - March 3, 2015
- Superhero Bits : Supergirl, Suicide Squad, Batman - March 3, 2015
- Red-Band Trailer : Get Hard - March 3, 2015
- Casting : Black, Cuban, Berg, Rousey, Uwais, Dornan, Murphy - March 3, 2015
- Killing alum is Shondra's latest Catch - March 3, 2015
- Orphan Black season 3 trailer - March 3, 2015
- Valderrama joins that Minority Report show - March 3, 2015
- Goddard rebooting Spider-Man - March 3, 2015
Against the Current - the band, not adventures in dangerous swimming 101
Zedd - If our love is tragedy, why are you my remedy? (Well, answer my question!)
Arrow (Okay, Felicity from Arrow!)
Chrissy Costanza (cat eyes and buttery lyrics!)
Girls (TV) (Okay, Allison Williams!)
Movies - especially when they play in the dark.
Twin Peaks (TV)
Friends (TV) (It had me at "No way are you cool enough to pull Clint"; damn straight, Chandler!)
Traveling - preferably where water is, so I can splash someone!
Star Wars trilogy - no, the other one, fella!
Alex G - far more talented than her younger brother Alex H
Cameron Crowe movies - Say Anything..., Jerry Maguire, Almost Famous
The sign 'Free Wi-Fi'.
Reenacting dance/song scenes from "Grease" with my little girl (hey! Wait till you see my 'Summer Lovin'! - don't judge)
Die Hard - 40 stories of Sheer Adventure!
Alex Goot & Friends (his enemies aren't half as talented!)
Cooking up a nice dish and sitting in the entertainment area, on a cool night, basking in it's greatness.
Inflatable kids pools full of Vodka Lime Crush.
Acidic Email from angry, over passionate teenagers after I trash something "Twilight"-related on the site. Sparkle elsewhere.
My baby girl's big, caring heart.


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UPDATE: Philadelphia Police Locate Missing Mentally Challenged Man
July 5, 2014 11:19 AM
Molly Daly
Molly attended Hallahan High School, LaSalle College, and Temple...
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By Molly Daly
PHILADELPHIA (CBS) — Philadelphia police say a young, mentally challenged man from Dauphin County who went missing Friday night during the Welcome America Festival on the Ben Franklin Parkway has been found.
Police say 24-year-old Trayvon Henderson was located early Saturday afternoon after he walked into a fast food restaurant at 8th and Market Streets in Center City, charged his cell phone and called his mother.
Henderson and his family had traveled to Philadelphia from Harrisburg for the July 4th concert and fireworks. Relatives say he wandered off around 10:30 p.m. Friday while they were getting food from one of the stands near Eakins Oval at 23rd and the Parkway.
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Football Nation
Last updated 11/19/14
QB: Robert Griffin III (rookie)
HC Mike Shanahan has already told the media that Griffin would be the starter from day one and that he will be doing things from that quarterback position that people have not seen before. He has the tools around him with a solid running game, and a young group of ball catchers. The ceiling is high for the former Heisman Trophy winner.
RB: Roy Helu
Helu came in to his own late last season playing in 15 games and racking up 640 yards and two scores, on top of his 379 yards receiving. He rushed for over 100 yards in thee straight games starting on November 27th against Seattle. The second-year player out of Nebraska will be expected to double his rushing yards next year as Shanahan's ground attack begins to take form.
FB: Darrell Young
Not much of a competition here seeing how Young is the only fullback on the roster after the Skins unexpectedly released Mike Sellers. Young is a linebacker-turned-fullback and showed signs of promise last year blo...
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