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US 20050244693 A1 Abstract A solid oxide fuel cell has anode, cathode and electrolyte layers each formed essentially of a multi-oxide ceramic material and having a far-from-equilibrium, metastable structure selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline, nanocomposite and amorphous. The electrolyte layer has a matrix of the ceramic material, and is impervious and serves as a fast oxygen ion conductor. The electrolyte layer has a matrix of the ceramic material and a dopant dispersed therein in an amount substantially greater than its equilibrium solubility in the ceramic matrix. The anode layer includes a continuous surface area metallic phase in which electron conduction is provided by the metallic phase and the multi-oxide ceramic matrix provides ionic conduction.
Claims(25) 1. A solid oxide fuel cell having anode, cathode and electrolyte layers each formed essentially of a multi-oxide ceramic material, each of said layers having a far-from-equilibrium, metastable structure selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline, nanocomposite and amorphous, said electrolyte layer having a matrix of said ceramic material, said electrolyte layer being impervious and serving as a fast oxygen ion conductor.
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18. In a method of making a solid oxide fuel cell, the steps comprising:
(a) plasma spraying onto a substrate a fully molten multi-oxide ceramic material; and (b) instantaneously quenching said molten ceramic material to form a layer of a far-from-equilibrium, metastable structure selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline, nanocomposite and amorphous. 19. The method of making a solid oxide fuel cell in accordance with
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Description This invention relates generally of plasma spray deposition of nanostructured and amorphorus ceramic coatings, and, more particularly, to the deposition of thick films in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack assemblies produced by such plasma spray depositions. Various techniques are known for producing and consolidating metastable oxide-ceramic powders to obtain bulk materials with nanocrystalline or nanocomposite structures. In one method, metastable nano-sized particles of single component oxides, prepared by vapor condensation are consolidated by high pressure sintering to form nanocrystalline products. In another method, metastable micro-sized particles of multi-component oxides, prepared by melt quenching, are consolidated by pressure assisted sintering to form nanocomposite products. Another technique is to plasma spray nanostructured coatings, including metal-metal, metal ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems, primarily for wear and thermal barrier applications. Furthermore, there are techniques for using liquid solutions, particle slurries, and fine particle aggregates as feed materials in plasma spraying. An important distinction from the prior art is the use of rapid quenching methods to obtain far from equilibrium or metastable structures in the spray deposited materials. The methods involve feeding fine particles or aerosols into high enthalpy DC- or RF-plasma torches, preferably with axial feed systems, followed by rapid quenching of the resulting homogeneous particles on chilled substrates to form uniform metastable deposits. Materials produced by these processes have a variety of applications, including medical devices. However, certain characteristics of the materials, such as their non-uniformity, have limited their commercial use. It is known to make solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) from porous ceramic or composite electrodes and a dense ceramic electrolyte. However, such fuel cells have not achieved wide commercial success in view of the cost of manufacture and the high operating temperatures that are required for use. It would be useful to develop solid oxide fuel cells that can be manufactured economically and can be operated at lower temperatures than prior known fuel cells. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel method for making nanostructured and amorphous solid-oxide fuel cells. Another object of the invention is to provide such fuel cells having enhanced oxygen ion transport and increased electrochemical activity as compared to prior known structures. Another object of the invention is to provide electrolyte and electrode layers with desired far from equilibrium and metastable structures. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a novel method of economically producing such fuel cells in large quantities. Another object is to provide such fuel cells with improved efficiency. It has now been found that the foregoing and related objects may be readily attained in a solid oxide ceramic fuel cell having anode, cathode and electrolyte layers each formed essentially of a multi-oxide ceramic material. Each of the layers has a far-from-equilibrium, metastable structure selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline, nanocomposite and amorphous. The electrolyte layer has a matrix of the ceramic material which is impervious, and serves as a fast oxygen ion conductor. Preferably, the multi-oxide ceramic material of the electrolyte layer is yttria-stabilized zirconia, and the matrix has dispersed therein at least one dopant. The dopant is dispersed in the matrix in an amount substantially greater than its equilibrium solubility in the ceramic material matrix. The structure of the electrolyte layer minimizes (i) vacancy-vacancy, (ii) vacancy dopant, and (iii) dopant-dopant ordering to minimize restriction of oxygen ion mobility. Desirably, the dopant introduces elastic strain to counteract electrostatically-induced ordering. Preferably, the anode layer is porous and includes a continuous surface area metallic phase in which electron conduction is provided by the metallic phase and the multi-oxide ceramic matrix provides ionic conduction. Desirably, the structure of the metallic phase is nanocrystalline, and the structure of the multi-oxide ceramic matrix is nanocrystalline. Generally, the porous cathode layer comprises a multi-oxide ceramic material which provides mixed ionic and electron conduction. Desirably, the porous cathode layer is a composite structure in which one multi-oxide continuous ceramic phase provides electron conduction and another multi-oxide continuous ceramic phase provides ionic conduction. Preferably, the electrolyte layer has a graded interface with the anode and cathode layers, and both of the anode and cathode layers are porous to permit diffusion. In making a solid oxide fuel cell, a fully molten multi-oxide ceramic material plasma is sprayed onto a substrate. The sprayed molten material is instantaneously quenched to form a first layer of far-from-equilibrium, metastable structure selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline, nanocomposite and amorphous. In one procedure, the multi-oxide ceramic material provides a conductive electrolyte layer, and the multi-oxide ceramic material of the electrolyte layer contains at least one dopant dispersed therein and in an amount substantially greater than its equilibrium solubility in the ceramic matrix. The dopant is preferably a mixture of an oxide of at least one of the lanthanide group elements (Ce, Tb and Er) and at least one other oxide selected from the group consisting of Y2O3, Sc2O3, B2O3, Al2O3, Ga2O3, In2O3, BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO. In another procedure, there are further steps of plasma spraying onto the first mentioned layer a second fully molten multi-oxide ceramic material and instantaneously quenching that sprayed molten material to form an electrolyte layer which has a far-from-equilibrium, metastable structure selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline, nano-composite and amorphous. The first mentioned ceramic material contains a metallic component to produce an anode layer including a high surface area metallic phase in which electron conduction is provided in the metallic phase and the ceramic matrix provides ionic conduction. Another procedure involves the additional steps of spraying onto the second mentioned layer a third fully molten multi-oxide ceramic material and instantaneously quenching the sprayed material to form a third layer which is the other of the group consisting of a cathode layer and an anode layer, to form a far-from-equilibrium, metastable structure selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline, nano-composite and amorphous. The present invention employs the use of far-from-equilibrium plasma processing methods to fabricate novel metastable electrolyte and electrode materials, with nanocrystalline, nanocomposite or amorphous structures. Such metastable materials: (1) enhance oxygen-ion transport through the impervious electrolyte material; (2) increase electrochemical activity of the porous electrode materials; and (3) facilitate oxygen-ion transport across the assembled stack by functionally grading the electrolyte/electrode interfaces. More generally, the invention applies to the field of plasma spray deposition of ceramic coatings, but with the emphasis on its applicability to the fabrication of thick film solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack materials. An important distinction from the prior art is the use of rapid quenching methods to obtain far-from-equilibrium or metastable structures in the spray deposited materials. The methods involve feeding fine particles or aerosols into high enthalpy DC- or RF-plasma torches, preferably with axial feed systems, followed by rapid quenching of the resulting homogeneous particles on chilled substrates to form uniform metastable deposits. Prior known techniques for fabricating SOFC stack materials typically employ processing methods that generate near-equilibrium structures. For example, in one reported case, J. Liu and S. A. Barnett, Solid State Ionics, 158 (2003) 11, a porous multioxide (LSM) cathode and composite anode (YSZ-Ni) are made from commercial powders. Processing of these materials and the YSZ electrolyte layer involve particle sintering treatment at temperatures in the 1100-1400� C. for several hours. Such a fabrication route, although a technical success, is not cost effective because of the time involved and the high energy consumption. In contrast, the present invention uses of melt quenching and vapor condensation methods as effective means to fabricate metastable thick film electrolyte and electrode materials. These materials have nanocrystalline, nanocomposite, or amorphorus structures. A specific case is the YSZ-base electrolyte, where metastable processing produces materials with superior ionic conductivity, such as those containing Sc2O3 and In2O3. Such metastable materials: (1) promote bulk diffusion through the excess free volume in the amorphous state: (2) promote grain boundary diffusion via the high density of grain boundaries in the nanocrystalline state; (3) achieve high concentrations of dopants, such as rare earth oxides, which are relatively insoluble under normal conditions; (4) suppress ordering and clustering effects in the metastable structure, which enhances the transport of oxygen-ion vacancies. Another innovation is the production of metastable materials by melting or vaporizing fine particles or aerosols in a high enthalpy DC- or RF-plasma torch, followed by rapid quenching and deposition on a chilled substrate to form a metastable deposit. Both DC- and RF-plasma systems can be operated using conventional aggregated feed particles, which are typically about 30-50 microns in size. Use of an axial feed system is preferred in order to optimize the homogeneity of deposits which is also increased when the feed particles are composed of fine particle aggregates, with particle size of the constituent phases being less than 0.5 micron. When the particle aggregates are melted, diffusion distances in the liquid state are small, so that melt homogenization occurs rapidly. In forming metastable deposits, the spray parameters can be adjusted to yield a porous or dense deposit. Use of these techniques will product a new type of solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack in which the thick film electrode and electrolyte materials are composed of highly supersaturated metastable phases, with nanocrystalline, nanocomposite or amorphous structures. As used herein �supersaturation� refers to a state where specific dopants are dissolved in the atomic lattice to a level exceeding their equilibrium concentration level. �Nanocrystalline� and �nanocomposite� materials in accordance with this invention, are comprised of crystalline monogram or multigrain structures with an average grain diameter of 2-100 nanometers. The metastable materials are produced by plasma spray technology utilizing novel melt quenching and vapor condensation methods. In both cases, previously melt homogenized powders are the preferred feed materials for spray deposition of the SOFC stack materials because this ensures the formation of completely uniform metastable deposits. When incorporated in a typical thick film SOFC stack design, the spray-deposited metastable materials enhance ionic conductivity and catalytic activity, thus enabling efficient cell operation at intermediate temperatures. An integrated manufacturing process is provided for the cost-effective fabrication of planar SOFC stacks based upon the materials processing advances described herein. An important benefit derived from this new manufacturing route is the flexibility afforded in control of composition and the metastability of the stack materials which enable the properties to be tailored to the performance requirements of a specific SOFC design. The present invention has the potential to reduce manufacturing costs by integrating the processing steps in a continuous operation that facilitates computer controlled automation. Moreover, the high temperature particle sintering treatment, which is commonly used in conventional processing, is eliminated because particle melting, homogenizing, quenching and shaping are accomplished in a single plasma spray deposition operation. Generally stated, an important aspect of the invention derives from the condition that fuel cell use depends upon an economic feasibility of producing and operating the fuel cells. The present invention produces new types of nanostructured and amorphous materials which are formed into layers. Such layered deposits can be used for various purposes and are particularly useful for making electrodes and electrolytes for fuel cells. The fuel cells made by the method of the invention have enhanced catalytic activity which enables the cells to perform well at lower temperatures than is possible with the known prior fuel cells. The use of lower temperatures enables lower cost base materials to be used for interconnects and manifolds, thereby reducing the production cost for the fuel cells. Referring now to the attached drawings, Throughout SOFC development considerable effort has been expended in evaluating the performance of a variety of materials and compositions. The present approach marks an evolutionary step by exploiting the unique properties of highly supersaturated nanocrystalline, nanocomposite or amorphous materials in SOFC stack design. Most importantly, the new materials promote faster electrochemical reactions by virtue of enhanced catalytic activity and faster transport of negative charge carriers (ions). The combined effect is to substantially reduce the operating temperature of the SOFC. From the design viewpoint, an operating temperature of 600� C., in contrast to 800� C. and above, would constitute an important achievement since stainless steel rather than more expensive high temperature alloys may be used for interconnects and manifolds. As emphasized by B. C. H. Steele and A. Heinzel, in Nature, 414 (2001) 345, in an optimal SOFC design, the combined area-specific resistivity (ASR) of the thick film components of the cell should be <0.5 Ωcm2 and ideally �0.1 Ωcm2. This criterion sets the maximum allowable thickness for the electrolyte material at about 10-15 μm. The thickness limits imposed on anode and cathode materials are less stringent, but preferably should be no greater than about 30 μm. When an SOFC satisfies these requirements, practical power densities as high as 1 kW/kg or 1 kW/dm3 are achievable. Such high power densities are also important because they reduce material costs/kW of power output. A practical SOFC system incorporates a multiplicity of cells, connected in series, and supported on a suitable substrate. Materials Design The compositions and morphologies of electrolyte and electrode materials used in a SOFC stack are based on an extensive body of literature on cell design and catalyst materials. The potential of oxide-ceramics as potent catalysts stems from original work by R. J. H. Voorhoeve, J. P. Remeika, P. E. Freeland, and B. T. Matthias; reported in Science, 177, (1972) 353. They reported that perovskite-type oxides (ABO3) showed a high catalytic activity comparable to that of platinum-base catalysts. The perovskite oxide, Lal-xSrxMnO3 (LSM), serving as the cathode material in Another feature of the fuel cell shown in Finally, in In summary, it is apparent that the use of nanostructured materials in SOFCs exerts a positive influence on cell performance. In terms of ionic transport, Fundamental Aspects A characteristic of ZrO2-base and other electrolyte materials is the role of dopants and defects in determining the ionic conductivity. Guidance into the selection of compositions and processing conditions are provided by electronic structure calculations as set forth by A. Bogicevic, C. Wolverton, G. M. Crosbie and E. B. Stechel in Phys. Rev. 64, 014106 (2001). See also A. Bogicevic, and C. Wolverton, Phys. Rev. 67, 024106 (2003). This work on YSZ-base materials demonstrates the need to consider the electronic and elastic contributions to the formation enthalpies of compounds. Overall, the analysis shows that defect ordering in YSZ is governed by vacancy-vacancy interactions, then by vacancy dopant interactions, and then by dopant interactions. Each ordering tendency is a balance between competing electrostatic and elastic forces within the structure. This concept has important consequences in terms of introducing dopants by materials processing, such as rapid quenching and post-annealing. In considering dopants, the approach to minimizing vacancy dopant interactions, which are deleterious to ionic conduction, is to introduce dopants whose induced elastic strain fields counteract electrostatic interactions. In this endeavor, it is instructive to gain some insight into potential effects by considering available experimental results. For example, V. V. Kharton, E. N. Naumovich, and A. A. Vecher in J. Solid State Electrochemistry, (1999) 3, 61-81 have shown that ionic conductivity monotonically increases with decreasing ionic radius, as shown in Quenching Effects The microstructures produced by rapid solidification processing (melt-quenching) for metallic systems are summarized by M. Cohen, B. H. Kear and R. Mehrabian in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Rapid Solidification Processsing, Reston, Va, p. 1. Relatively little attention, however, has been devoted to ceramic systems. The inventor's SEM observations on melt-quenched ceramic particles in water or splat quenched particles show how the surface morphology reflects differences in solidification mode, (see As known by solidification theory, the solidification mode progressively changes from dendritic to cellular with increasing cooling rate. This is accompanied by a decrease in segregation, and finally to plane-front or segregation-less solidification as seen in In this invention, metastable phases that contain high concentrations of specific dopants in supersaturated solid solution states are of primary interest. However, amorphous or nanograined materials are preferred, because the excess free volume in the former facilitates bulk diffusion, whereas the high density of grain boundaries in the latter promotes grain boundary diffusion. These effects are particularly important when the selected dopants introduce high concentrations of oxygen-sublattice vacancies, and where the tendency for defect ordering and clustering is minimized, as discussed above. In a given ceramic system, the susceptibility to amorphization or glass formation by rapid quenching increases with its compositional complexity. This so-called �confusion principle� of material design is particularly relevant to oxide ceramics, where additions of network formers, such as SiO2, GeO2 and B2O3, render most oxide ceramics susceptible to glass formation, even under moderate cooling rates. Hence, the use of such additives to promote amorphization of SOFC stack materials is another feature of this invention. Melt-Quenching Method One method to generate metastable ceramic deposits is by a DC-arc plasma process using fine-particle aggregates as feed material as seen in To overcome this difficulty, an RF-system with an axial powder delivery unit may be employed as shown in Both DC- and RF-plasma systems operate using conventional aggregated feed particles of 30-50 micron diameter. Optimal melt-homogenization however, is achieved using fine-particle aggregates composed of <0.5 micron constituent phase particles. This is because of the short distance for liquid state diffusion in the molten fine particles. Such melt-homogenization ensures a completely uniform melt-quenched powder product. Vapor-Condensation Method In an adaptation of the preceding method, a shrouded DC-arc plasma system with a supersonic nozzle is used where the feed material is in the form of an aerosol dispersion of mixed salt solutions. In this case, feed particle pyrolysis, melting, vaporization, condensation and deposition occurs in a single cost-effective spray deposition operation. Details of this process are described in a separate patent application. An advantage of the vapor-condensation method compared with the melt-quenching method, is that the metastable deposit is produced by in-situ sintering of a very large number of splat-quenched nano-particulates. This facilitates the fabrication of thin (10-15 micron) impervious nanostructured or amorphous deposit. This is important for the case of an electrolyte material where minimal thickness combined with impermeability is a critical requirement. Manufacture of Multi-Layer Nanostructured and Amorphorus Products In an electrolyte/electrode layer assembly, a preferred material fabrication feature is a continuous three dimensional YSZ network extending from the electrolyte into the adjacent anode and cathode electrodes. The desirability of this has been pointed out by C. W. Tanner, K. Z. Fung and A. V. Virkar in J. Electrochemical Soc. 144 (1) 21 (1997). As illustrated in Such a functionally graded SOFC stack is readily fabricated by DC- or RF-plasma spray deposition technology by making appropriate adjustments to critical spray parameters, such as torch power, powder feed rate, and nozzle/substrate stand-off distance. To deposit the electrolyte layer, for example, a small stand-off distance ensures that all the particles are fully molten prior to impact on the substrate, thus forming a 98-99% dense layer. On the other hand, to deposit the porous electrode layers, the stand-off distance is increased so that some fraction of the molten particles experience solidification prior to deposition on the substrate, thus forming an incompletely densified layer that contains significant open porosity. System Design and Manufacture An important feature of the invention is the use of sequential plasma spray deposition to fabricate directly SOFC stack materials with desired metastable structures. This eliminates the need for high temperature processing of stack materials, as is typically employed in most SOFC fabrication procedures. Another feature is the ability to form electrode layers directly on metal interconnects and plenums at near ambient temperatures; this affords considerable flexibility in the choice of metal substrates, e.g., stainless steel instead of more heat-resistant alloys. In the manufacture of such metal supported SOFCs, masking techniques are used to apply patterned ceramic electrodes to the metal substrates. An integrated process for the fabrication of a planar SOFC stack by the processing methodology described above is illustrated schematically in The processing route described herein may be used to fabricate SOFCs of planar, radial, or tubular design. SOFC stack assemblies that can be made in accordance with the invention are shown in FIGS. 16(a)-16(d). Quality control of electrode and electrolyte layers is maintained by mass flow controllers that regulate gas and powder delivery to the DC- or RF-plasma torches. In an integrated manufacturing process, such as that depicted in The versatility and applicability of this invention will become more apparent when the following examples are considered. Processing of Metastable Electrolyte Materials This invention utilizes rapid quenching of multi-component oxide ceramics to generate novel metastable structures and properties, using dopants to inhibit ordering and clustering effects. To modify ionic conductivity properties of YSZ-base materials, for example, dopant elements may be introduced in concentrations well above the equilibrium values. The dopant may be an oxide of the lanthanide group (Ce, Tb and Er) or other oxides selected from the group consisting of Y2O3, Sc2O3, B2O3, Al2O3, Ga2O3, In2O3, BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, Bi2O3 and RuO2. The plasma spray methodology described in this invention also provides the means to introduce random distributions of oxygen ion vacancies by selective vaporization of one or more of the constituent phases. Evidence for this is provided in Example 6 below. Another aspect of the invention is the fabrication of nanostructured or amorphous SOFC materials by rapid quenching. Evidence for this is provided by SEM micrographs of nanostructured biphasic and triphasic YSZ-base materials as seen in Examples 1-3 below. This methodology facilitates intimate blending (on the nanoscale) of two or more ionic or mixed conductor materials. The potential advantage of composite electrodes formed by conventional processing of ceramic materials has been discussed by B. C. H. Steele, K. M. Hori, and S. Uchino in Solid State Ionics 135 (2000) 445. In contrast, this invention provides the means to obtain enhanced properties by nanoscale blending of electrode and electrolyte materials. Such properties include increased catalytic activity and charge transfer between electrode and electrolyte materials by virtue of the very high interfacial area. In SOFC operation, an advantage of a multi-phase nanostructure over a single phase nanostructure is increased resistance to grain coarsening. A potential use of multi-phasic nanostructures is in the design of specific properties, such as thermal expansion coefficient where predicted properties can be obtained by assuming a �rule of mixtures.� A generalized methodology for rapid-quench processing of SOFC electrode and electrolyte materials is illustrated by the processing of YSZ-base materials. In this procedure, starting powders of YSZ and an additive oxide phase are mixed in the desired proportions by wet milling, using ethanol as dispersant. After adding a boehmite binder phase, the slurry is spray-dried to form spherical particle aggregates, about 30-50 μm dia. The spray-dried powder is heat-treated at 900� C. to remove all traces of the binder phase, and then partially sintered at 1200� C. to ensure that the aggregated feed particles remain intact during plasma processing. Both water quenching and splat quenching of aggregated feed particles are conducted using the procedures shown schematically in In a typical splat-quenching treatment, the plasma torch is operated at 60 kW, and the powder is delivered to the plasma at a feed rate of 60 g/min. Other critical spray parameters are listed in Table One.
In another approach, a fine particle aerosol of mixed salts of the precursor materials is also used as feed material in plasma processing. After pressure atomization of a homogeneous liquid solution, a carrier gas delivers the aerosol particles to the shrouded DC arc-plasma reactor, as discussed previously. Water quenched particles have a segregated cellular structure, with tetragonal-ZrO2 rich cores and δ-Al2O3 rich interstices as seen in Water quenched particles had a refined eutectic structure, consisting of a high fraction of t-ZrO2 fibers in a δ-A2O3 matrix as seen in Water-quenched particles showed no visible surface features, consistent with plane-front or segregation-less solidification as seen in Heat treatment of metastable YSZ-base compositions at intermediate temperatures (�1050� C.) invariably resulted in the appearance of metastable intermediate phases, with one-, two- or three-phase nanostructures. These morphologies were retained over extended periods without significant coarsening or modification. Splat quenched particles of YSZ-base compositions typically had homogeneous metastable structures consisting of retained cubic-ZrO2. A similar effect was observed in a variety of RE-doped oxide YSZ-base materials. This same methodology may be applied to YSZ-base compositions that contain significant additions of lanthanide group oxides (Ce, Tb and Er) and other oxides selected from the group of Sc2O3, B2O3, Al2O3, Ga2O3, In2O3, BeO, Mgo, CaO, SrO, BaO, Bi2O3 and RuO2. Metastable phases that are oxygen-deficient were initially observed in a melt-quenched Al2O3/13TiO2 composition. The formation of a defect spinel structure was accompanied by a color change which was reversed by heating in air at 1100� C. Moreover, phase decomposition induced by heat treatment developed metastable intermediate and equilibrium α-Al2O3+rutile-TiO2 nanocomposte structures. Similar behavior was observed in melt-quenched YSZ-base compositions, particularly for smaller particles that were exposed to higher temperatures, and hence with a greater propensity for loss of volatile species. The introduction of oxygen-ion vacancies by selective vaporization during plasma processing is another feature of this invention, because of the role of such vacancies in controlling ionic conduction. Processing of Metastable Anode Materials The criterion for a Ni-YSZ anode material is sufficient Ni (�50 vol. %) to provide efficient catalytic decomposition of the hydrocarbon fuel and continuous electrical connection. Preferably, the porous anode material should have a bicontinuous nanostructure as depicted in Powders of NiO and YSZ are processed by wet milling, spray drying and heat treatment followed by plasma spraying into water. During DC- or RF-plasma deposition, the stand-off distance was progressively reduced to form a graded porous structure. The deposited material was then heated in flowing H2 at 500� C. to reduce the NiO component to high surface area Ni. In another procedure, the aggregated NiO and YSZ powder was processed in a high enthalpy plasma reactor employing a supersonic nozzle. Following adiabatic expansion in a reductive atmosphere, the partially melted aggregated particles were deposited as a Ni/YSZ porous nanocomposite. Processing of Metastable Cathode Materials The objective in enhancing cathode composites, such as LSM/YSZ, is to achieve a synergism between the properties of the electronic and electrolyte phases for profuse oxygen injection into the electrolyte phase. In a nanocomposite, this is facilitated by (i) enhanced catalytic activity, and (ii) the high electrode/electrolyte interfacial area. In forming such a nanocomposite by plasma processing, it is necessary to avoid formation of a highly resistive pyrochlore phase, La2Zr2O7. Since this precludes plasma processing of an LSM/YSZ powder mixture, a twin powder feed system was used. By this method a porous composite structure was deposited. Starting powders of La2O3, SrO and MnO2 were processed by wet milling, spray drying and heat treatment. The mixed powders were then melted in a high enthalpy DC- or RF-plasma torch and water quenched to obtain a metastable LSM powder. Quite independently, a similar melt-quenching treatment was used to produce a metastable YSZ-base powder. Finally, the two types of powder were co-sprayed, using a twin powder feed system, to obtain the desired porous LSM+YSZ cathode material and controlling the stand-off distance to obtain the desired graded-porous structure. Relatively rapid production of the fuel cell stack can be effected by passing the substrate through three stations at which there is sprayed thereonto a plasma of the desired composition and structural characteristics. Alternatively, the substrate can be stationary at a work station, and three plasma units moved sequentially thereover to deposit the several layers. Still another option is to use a fixed plasma spray unit at a stationary work station and to alter the feed thereto. The chilling of the substrate and of the layer being deposited thereon can be effected by various techniques including internal water or refrigerant cooling, cold air, etc. Although a continuous deposition process on a substrate is preferable, it is possible to preform the anode or cathode layer which then becomes the substrate for deposition of the electrolyte layer and the other of the anode or cathode layers. The ceramic stack can be removed from the substrate or the substrate may be integrated into the final fuel cell assembly. The preferred embodiment of the present invention transports a graphite substrate past three plasma spray deposition torches to sequentially deposit the anode, electrolyte, and cathode layers as depicted in The first torch deposits a nanostructured YSZ-Ni (�50 vol. %) anode electrode layer of 30-100 microns thickness, having an interconnected porous (or nanoporous) structure of 15-20 volume % of the anode layer. The interconnected nickel nanoparticle network throughout the anode layer facilitates catalytic reaction of oxygen ions and the hydrocarbon fuel, and provides an electronic conduction path. The interconnected YSZ nanoparticle network facilitates conduction of oxygen ions arriving from the YSZ electrolyte throughout the anode. The YSZ-Ni anode layer is formed by plasma spraying a YSZ-NiO powder that was prepared by wet milling, spray drying and heat treatment followed by spraying into water. During the plasma DC- or RF-plasma spray deposition, an increased stand-off distance is maintained to ensure formation of a porous structure. The aggregated NiO and YSZ powder are processed in a high enthalpy plasma torch using a supersonic nozzle. Following adiabatic expansion in a reductive atmosphere of hydrogen, the partially melted aggregated particles are deposited to form the Ni-YSZ porous nanocomposite anode layer. The feed to the second torch progressively reduces the Ni content in the YSZ-Ni powder feed as the stand-off distance is simultaneous reduced. This produces a transition structure between the YSZ-Ni anode and a dense (98-99%) YSZ electrolyte layer. This plasma deposition of dense YSZ is continued until there is a 10-30 micron thick electrolyte layer. The third torch uses a feed in which the amount of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ (LSM) preprocessed powder is introduced into the YSZ powder feed and is increased with a simultaneous increase in the stand-off distance. This produces a transition structure between the dense YSZ electrolyte and a porous La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ-YSZ cathode layer of 30-100 microns thickness. The starting powders of La2O3, SrO and MnO2 are processed by wet milling, spray drying and heat treatment. The mixed powders are then melted in a DC- or RF-plasma torch and water-quenched to obtain a metastable LSM powder which is added to the YSZ feed. The nanocomposite LSM-YSZ cathode structure is comprised of a continuous LSM phase for electronic conduction and a continuous YSZ phase for electronic conduction. The multilayer strip thus produced is in a form suitable for fabrication into a SOFC stack assembly which incorporates stainless steel, nimonic, or electronic conducting ceramic oxide interconnects. From the foregoing detailed description and drawings, it can be seen that the novel method of the present invention produces novel nanostructured or amorphous ceramic solid oxide fuel cell stacks with improved oxygen ion transport and increased electron activity characteristics. The fuel cells comprise several layers with desirable far-from-equilibrium metastable structures and can be produced rapidly and relatively economically and which t improved efficiency. Patent Citations
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Casablanca : Michelin's recommendations
While most Moroccan cities bear the weight of a heavy past, this one embodies modern Morocco and foreshadows its future. It's impossible to feel indifferent to this flashy city, an essential part of getting to know the country, of which it is the economic capital. Be sure to take in its "towers": the minaret of the Hassan II mosque, the El Hank lighthouse, and the Twin Center; its very rich architectural heritage, much of which remains to be explored; not to mention a stroll along the Boulevard de la Corniche for the atmosphere.
Tourist attractions Casablanca : Things to see and do
Hassan II Mosque
MA - Casablanca
Hassan II Mosque, whose minaret reaches 200m, was partly built on the seaside (1987-1993). The site's 9ha, which can hold no less than 100 000 of the faithful, boast spaces devoted to worship and others to culture (such as the library and museum). Bu..
Church of N.-D.-de-Lourdes
MA - Casablanca
N.-D.-de-Lourdes, a tall, bare concrete structure, was completed in 1956 to plans by M. Dangleterre. The interior is worth seeing for the stained glass windows by Gabriel Loire, a master glass blower from Chartres, offsetting the wood panelling in th..
Casablanca Harbour
MA - Casablanca
The construction of the port of Casablanca was undertaken in the early 1920s by Lyautey, whose ambitions for the city overcame technical constraints. The port's activity has never failed, placing it today among the largest in Africa. What's more, it ..
Hotels Casablanca
Royal Mansour Casablanca
27, Avenue Des Forces Armées Royales MA - 21000 Casablanca
Located in Casablanca, Royal Mansour Casablanca offers stunning views over the harbour and the Hassan II Mosque. It features a fitness and wellbeing centre with sauna or Turkish bath. Air-conditioned guestrooms at Royal Mansour Casablanca are decora..
Best Western Hotel Toubkal
9, Rue Sidi Belyout, Avenue Des Far MA - 20000 Casablanca
Prix Prices from : 50 €
Conveniently located in central Casablanca, Best Western Hotel Toubkal offers comfortable accommodation at the heart of the city's business centre. The practical and comfortable guestrooms are sound proof and equipped with modern en suite facilities..
ibis casablanca city center
Angle Zaid Ou Hmad - MA - 20190 CASABLANCA
Located in the heart of the city right beside the Port of Casablanca, the ibis Casablanca City Center invites you to stay in one of our 266 rooms featuring satellite TV, heating, airconditioning and direct telephone to ensure your comfort. The Wok an..
Leisure activities Casablanca
Discover the medieval city of Marrakech on this day trip from Casablanca! Your guide will take you on a sightseeing tour to see top Marrakech attractions including the Saadian Tombs, Bahia Palace, Koutoubia Mosque and the Menara Gardens. Spend time i..
This day trip from Casablanca offers a comprehensive introduction to the capital of Morocco, Rabat. On your sightseeing tour, visit top Rabat attractions including the Hassan Tower, the Mausoleum of Mohammed V and the Kasbah of the Udayas, a UNESCO W..
Discover the spiritual capital of Morocco on this day trip from Casablanca to Fez. Your driver will take you on a sightseeing tour to see top Fez attractions including the Attarine Medersa and Kairaouine Mosque, the second-largest mosque in Morocco a..

subset: commoncrawl


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Reynolds and Reynolds
Reynolds and Reynolds Technical Writing Specialist Interview Questions
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
Interviews for Top Jobs at Reynolds and Reynolds
- Software Developer (46)
- Customer Training Professional (21)
- Account Manager (15)
- Intern (14)
- Graphic Designer (14)
- Account Manager Trainee (12)
- Marketing Analyst (11)
- Customer Service Representative (10)
- Software Implementation Consultant (10)
- Sales Representative (8)
- Solutions Specialist (7)
- Technical Support (7)
- Technical Writer (7)
- Technical Writing Specialist (6)
- Customer Solutions Professional (6)
- Recruiting Assistant (6)
- Administrative Assistant (5)
- Business Applications Developer (5)
- Customer Solutions Specialist (5)
- Consultant (4)
- Network Engineer (4)
- Marketing Associate (4)
- Part Time Associate (4)
- Software Support Specialist (4)
- Product Analyst (4)
- Marketing Coordinator (4)
- Application Developer (3)
- Network Technician (3)
- Sales Associate (3)
- Reynolds Solutions Specialist (3)
Technical Writing Specialist Interview
I applied online. The process took 5 days – interviewed at Reynolds and Reynolds in February 2015.
Very automated feeling robo emails with preliminary tests to take (see descriptions in other reviews). Then set up an appointment to take another mathematics type screening (see ASVAB and SAT math prep sections for a review). Frankly, my dear, I do not care to memorize the formula for the finding the hypotenuse of right triangle anymore. No calculator. No "crib sheet". If you've been working as a professional technical writer for all kinds of engineering and technical documentation, why is this an appropriate next step towards an interview? It is the job of the SME to provide clear technical data and for the technical writer to convey it appropriately to various audiences. Geez. Research into the RR interview process reveals that it is a comprehensive screening battery designed by IBM to ferret out techies who might be applying for the wrong positions and steer them elsewhere.
The management approach is described as something out of the old "Metropolis" classic film - hierarchical and inflexible. Excerpts from the Employee Manual posted online sound as though management thoroughly distrusts and even hates their employees. Degrading!
I asked the recruiter for a basic salary range for the writing position but received the standard runaround, albeit politely. Further online research seems to state about $38,000 or $18/hr. I don't mind starting a bit down from recent pay grades to learn a completely different documentation model, but not down to this level. Other online posts seem to confirm that there is very little employee development and prospect of an upward path. Once your peg has been place in their round or square hole, you are pretty much stuck there.
This all seems a shame because the company started out with a bright future and real incentives for employees.
If you search for Reynolds & Reynolds assessment, sample questions, interview process, or salaries online, you will find the kinds of information I describe above. After evaluating all the factors against this process and company, I cancelled my appointment with them. Who needs this kind ridiculous rigidity and penalizing approach to micromanaging everyone and everything?
- The length of the shadow of a flagpole was found to be 72 feet. The shadow of a 3 foot picket fence in line with the flagpole was 4 feet. What is the height of the flagpole? View Answer
- Personality question: I used to have a lot of trouble being late for work, but that is all behind me now. [Choice ranges from Agree Not At All to Totally Agree]. View Answer
As I researched more about the company, its application process, and management style, I decided that i am not a good fit for the kind of person who might be happy taking a job there.
Other Interview Reviews for Reynolds and Reynolds
Technical Writing Specialist Interview
Application DetailsI applied online. The process took 5 days – interviewed at Reynolds and Reynolds in November 2014.
Interview DetailsThis would be my second interview with them. My first was done by campus recruiting. I didn't get the position so I applied again a year later after graduation and they emailed me for a face to face interview. I took 3 assessment tests online before the interview, Then I came to the interview took another quantitive test for about an hour. Did not have my face to face interview and then received an email saying that I did not meet the qualifications...Again.
No OfferNegative Experience -
Technical Writing Specialist Interview
Application DetailsI applied online. The process took 3 weeks – interviewed at Reynolds and Reynolds in November 2013.
Interview DetailsI heard from the company within a week of applying online. First, they sent me some personal questions to answer. After that, I received another email asking me to choose three dates and times for the on-site test. I was also told to complete the personality questionnaire and aptitude test online before my testing date. I didn't find the tests particularly difficult, but I did have to review for the algebra word problems.
I retook the math portion of the test at the testing center. It had three sections, and I finished it in an hour or so. I found the questions to be more difficult this time, but they weren't impossible by any means. I didn't guess on any questions; if I didn't know them, I skipped them because there's no penalty for it. If you answer a question incorrectly, you're deducted .25 of a point. That was just my strategy though.
After I finished the test, a man asked if I had time to talk to a recruiter. The questions were generic, but I felt off about the interview. For some reason they chose to have me test and interview in College Station even though the position is in Houston; so, the recruiter said I'd have to interview in Houston next. However, I didn't expect to hear from the Houston office. All in all, I was at the testing center for two hours.
Anyway, needless to say, I received the "no thanks" email three days later.Interview Questions- What are the cons of this position? Answer Question
No OfferPositive ExperienceAverage Interview -
Technical Writing Specialist Interview
Application DetailsI applied online. The process took a week – interviewed at Reynolds and Reynolds in June 2012.
Interview DetailsI initially applied online for the Technical Writing Specialist. About four days later, I got the "we are interested in hearing from you" email and called to set up a time to go in and take the aptitude test. I went in, took the test which lasted about an hour, then went in to wait for a recruiter. After about 30 minutes with the recruiter, I was now being considered for a different position that was a MUCH better fit for my background and one I was extremely enthusiastic about. I was told I would be called in 3-5 business days for another interview.
The next day I was called to set up an interview with the department manager. I went in for that and again, it was all positive feedback. I took a small department test relating directly to the position I was being considered for and impressed the manager. I then set up an interview to meet with the director. I figured at this interview I would receive an offer.
No such luck. I interviewed with the director and it was all the same questions as the two interviews before. I was then told they'd contact me within 3-5 business days. So now I am waiting it out. I won't lie, I will be very disappointed if I do not receive an offer as I had no negative feedback and the fact that the company took time to bring me back three times should mean something. We'll see.Interview Questions- no difficult or unexpected interview questions. Answer Question
No OfferNeutral ExperienceEasy Interview -
2 people found this helpful
Technical Writing Specialist Interview
Application DetailsI applied online. The process took 2+ weeks – interviewed at Reynolds and Reynolds in December 2011.
Interview DetailsI applied online through the company webisite against my better judgement. I was told in the automated email that they would contact me in 5 to 7 days if they wanted to move forward in the process. Days went by and I finally received an email to contact the recruiting center, which I did. I did a "phone interview" with the recruiting rep. The questions were the same as the ones answered in the email when I applied. After the 10-15 minutes conversation she set up a day for me to come in and test. I was also told I would need to complete the online application as well as the pre employment assessment(s). I researched this company throughly and even contemplated not going in for the test. I figured they accept many applicants just to fill a quote.
I went in anyway and was immediately put off. I walked to the receptionist desk and was not acknowledged. A sign directed me to the recruitment office. Once inside, the other receptionist smiled and gave me an EEOC form to complete before saying anything to me. Once I filled it out she asked me for my name and set me up to go the next room to begin the assessment.I walked into the room and saw I was one of a continuing stream of about 20 or so people who filed in and out of the room over the next hour. Everyone of us there for "assessments". I decided to just do it and get it over with. I am not strong in math and even though I found this uneccessary since I had not applied for a position that would require math, I tried my best.
After an hour I returned to the front desk, was asked a series of questions, and politely told that they would be in touch in the next few days. I already began preparing myself for the obligatory "we decided to go with other applicants, etc. etc." email. I haven't received it yet but I did test on a Friday so I figured it won't come until next week. One thing I did notice was that none of the other applicants were interviewed either. Not sure if this means anything but all in all my experience mirrored many others here.No OfferNegative ExperienceDifficult Interview -
2 people found this helpful
Technical Writing Specialist Interview
Application DetailsThe process took 2 days – interviewed at Reynolds and Reynolds in September 2011.
Interview DetailsThis is the Houston branch. Straight away, you walk in and you see a huge F160 race car. It was pretty neat but not what I was here for so I ignored it and went to the recruiting office. I had already taken a small personality and aptiude test at home prior to coming there, where they told me that I had to come in for more testing and an interview "if they had time." They really mean--If you pass the 2 round of tests. Apparently I did , and I got an interview. However, they kept on pushing the Marketing Analyst position on me and I really wouldn't mind taking it. So here I am... wanting to see what happens after that and what all that means
Interview Questions- What other experiences other than your academic experience can you bring to the company. Answer Question
No OfferNeutral ExperienceDifficult Interview
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Home heating boilers should never be repaired by do-it-yourselfers, and even the manufacturer's recommended annual servicing should be completed by a qualified heating and cooling technician. However, some light maintenance tasks are appropriate for homeowners with moderate DIY skills. Performing these tasks can help you detect early signs of trouble, as well as help you understand repairs or replacements your contractor may suggest. Read More
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Three Men and a Baby was directed by Leonard Nimoy.
Bela Lugosi became famous for playing the title character in the classic 1931 movie Dracula. When he died in 1956, he was buried wearing his Dracula cape.
Who was Carolyn Keene? She was the creator of the Stratmeyer Syndicate, producer of mystery books for children, most noted for the Nancy Drew series. However, the writer of most of the Nancy Drew books was Mildred Wirt Benson, who was under contract to Stratmeyer. She received between $125 and $250 per book.
Will Smith turned down the role of Neo in The Matrix. Instead he starred in Wild Wild West.
Jägermeister does not contain deer or elk blood.
You've already proved that you know the Clue characters as surely as if Mrs. White was your kindly old granny and Colonel Mustard was your eccentric uncle. But are you as sharp on the rooms Mr. Boddy may have been killed in? As with the characters quiz, we're talking originals – no rooms from the revamped versions have been included. Good luck!
When lightning strikes the ground, it will sometimes fuse the soil into a hollow, glass-lined tubes called a "fulgurite." This is especially common if lightning strikes a sandy area such as a beach.


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"Knives Out" (2012)" is one of the most dynamic and visually arresting of the powerful abstract oil and cold wax paintings by Contemporary American painter Bill Fisher (B. Buffalo, NY, US, 1957). This dynamic five-by-five foot is one of the artist's newest paintings from his decade-long series of large-scale oil on panel works that have gained him international acclaim by collectors, curators and critics alike. Painting in a post-modern environment, Fisher's work combines his experiences of living and painting in New York City in the 1980's, his interest in street art, and the admitted influence of artists such as Basquiat and Twombly.
Knives Out" is a magnificent example of Fisher's completely assured and rigorous thematic vocabulary and iconography, with bold colors and content, such as the large bladed knife and arrow that are depicted in a naive, almost cartoonish manner. The confluence in this work of a bold and colorful shapes, dots, objects, tic-tac-toe boxes, and scrawled text are all tempered by Fisher's iconic cool, white background. This work is Fisher at his best, with a unique compilation of visual information, appropriated diagrams, icons and signage that are singular in their manner of expression and composition. This work measures 60 x 60x 2 inches and is unframed and in excellent condition.
Bill Fisher (B. Buffalo, NY, US, 1957) is represented in New York by the prestigious O.K. Harris Gallery, and was mentored by its esteemed Director, gallerist Ivan Karp, the legendary early director of the Leo Castelli Gallery, NY. It was Karp who discovered Fisher's work nearly 10 years ago and signed him immediately. The work of the Bill Fisher is in select Private, Museum and Corporate Collections including the Collection of Sidney and Frances Lewis, The Harry Thalhimer Collection, The Erie Museum of Fine Arts, The Federal Reserve Bank, and three paintings now hang in the formal Washington D.C. office of Virginia State Senator Jim Webb to represent the art of all of Virginia. Fisher was awarded the V.M.F.A. Professional Fellowship Award in 2010. He received his M.F.A from Radford University, and lives and works in Richmond, VA, US. His most recent 6 month solo exhibition took place at The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA in 2011-12. The artist lives and works in Richmond, VA.


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Find upcoming events and things to do in San Bernardino. Search by category,date or keyword. Categories include live music, bars and clubs, night life, theatre, comedy, sports, kids and family, free events and many more.
Things To Do In San Bernardino, CA This Weekend
Showing: Outdoor for This Weekend by Popularity
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Maria Sweet- Charlie Moon- Dynomite Faction- Atomic Walrus
Mar 6 7:00 PM at Mitten Building (near Redlands Mall) in Redlands
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Showing: Outdoor for This Weekend by Popularity


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Hometown: Waterport, NY
Program: MPA, Nonprofit Management Emphasis
Undergraduate College and Major: Psychology, The College at Brockport
Expected Graduation Date: Spring 2015
Current Occupation: Administrative Volunteer for Project Life, War Orphans Rehabilitation Program
How and why did you decide to apply for The College at Brockport MPA program?
I chose Brockport's MPA program because of the degree's versatility. Our job market's current instability lends itself well towards a degree which does not confine the degree holder to only one type of job. Brockport's MPA program provides a comprehensive and robust educational experience and I am certain that the knowledge I have gained from it will aid me in all of my professional endeavors.
What have you enjoyed most about the program so far?
My favorite part of the program so far has been the excellent depth of the class discussions. Unlike in most undergraduate programs where class sizes are relatively large, the smaller size of Brockport's MPA program works to its advantage in providing students with a higher quality of academic dialogue. Professors lead thought provoking lectures, challenging students to apply class material to real world situations and not allowing them to simply become a silent member of the crowd.
What does your job entail?
I manage the rehabilitation of international orphans of war. This work entails organizing and supervising activities such as English education and Art Therapy for program participants. The job is challenging but comes with unique and fulfilling opportunities such as being able to host program participants during the summer months. In the past I have also been able to advocate for peace and mutual understanding among different religious groups at multi-religious conferences in upstate New York through Project Life.
What are your future goals?
Goals are as fleeting as a gentle spring breeze, which touches the face of one traveler then quickly leaves to soothe another. A goal reached will leave its achiever unfulfilled and seeking something more. Only a desire can remain with you for a lifetime. My desire is that my education through the College at Brockport will give me the knowledge I need to help heal this ailing, beautiful world. Once that desire is fulfilled, I will dance through this life for a moment or for an eternity, until one day this life and I become one.
Milestones for Career Success (Part 1)
Wednesday, Feb. 25 from 4:15-5:15pm @ MetroCenter, Room Seminar B.
Pub Night
Thursday, Feb. 26 from 8:30-10:00pm @ Scotland Yard Pub. 187 St. Paul Street Rochester, NY 14604.
Milestones for Career Success (Part 2)
Wednesday, March 4 from 4:15-5:15pm @ MetroCenter, Room Seminar B.
Milestones for Career Success (Part 3)
Wednesday, March 11 from 4:15-5:15pm @ MetroCenter, Room Seminar B.
Pub Night
Wednesday, March 11 from 8:30-10 pm @ Boulder Coffee Co. 100 Alexander St. Rochester, NY 14620.
Milestones for Career Success (Part 4)
Wednesday, March 25 from 4:15-5:15 pm @ MetroCenter, Room Seminar B.
Pub Night
Thursday, March 26 from 8:30-10 pm @ Hogan's Hideaway. 197 Park Avenue Rochester, NY 14607.
Milestones for Career Success (Part 5)
Wednesday, April 1 from 4:15-5:15pm @ MetroCenter, Room Seminar B.
Monroe County Executive, Maggie Brooks, Speaks to MPA Students
Tuesday, April 7 @ MetroCenter. Speech will begin at 5:45pm in the Grand Hallway.
Wednesday, April 8 from 5-7pm @ MetroCenter.
Pub Night
Wednesday, April 8 from 8:30-10 pm @ ButaPub. 315 Gregory St. Rochester, NY 14620.
MPA Open House
Monday, April 13 from 5-7 pm @ MetroCenter.
Pub Night
Thursday, April 30 from 8:30-10 pm. Dragonfly Tavern. 725 Park Avenue Rochester, NY 14607.
End of Semester Celebration & Networking Event
Friday, May 14 from 5:30pm-7 pm, location TBD.


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Find Books, Music, Movies and More!
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Monday 2-8
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Friday 10-5
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Closed Saturdays July & August2015 Closed Schedule
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Category Archives: Library
Magical Math Program is canceled.
Due to low registration the magical math program will not run today at 4:00.
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March Adult Book Club
The March book club will meet on Monday, March 9 from 7-8 pm. We will be discussing The Smartest Kids in the World: And How They Got That Way by Amanda Ripley. Here is a summary of the book: In a handful … Continue reading
Intro to Computer Graphics with Blender
Ever wanted to know more about how Pixar movies like Toy Story or Monsters Inc. are made? Now you can learn and create your own scene in Blender, a free software application for computer generation! Learn the basics of modeling, texturing, … Continue reading
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Although we've gotten used to thinking of St. Francis as a nice, sleepy little town where nothing much happens, big changes are on the way and our Common Council has some important decisions to make.
Our community is in transition. New residents have been buying homes at a steady pace over the past five years in hopes of becoming part of a vibrant, thriving community. Like most of us, they would prefer to spend their money in their own community and are looking for amenities that will make their lives in St. Francis easier, happier, and more productive. The good news is, we have lots to offer!
Our Planning Commission, Community Development Authority, and Economic Development Committee have been discussing several sites of interest in St. Francis. These "Catalytic Sites" are ripe for development:
· Layton Avenue across from the airport
· Layton Avenue from Pennsylvania to Nicholson
· Kinnickinnic and Howard intersection
· Packard Avenue from Lake Drive to Howard
· Lake Drive from Howard to Lunham
In addition, the former Blockbuster Video site on Layton Avenue is a huge development opportunity for the right business, and the industrial property at 2517 East Norwich has been donated to the city for cleanup and redevelopment. The Lake Drive/Howard/Packard triangle has suffered the effects of the recession, but the Mandel Group is redoubling its efforts to find smart uses for the property. There are also several large, empty lots in the city that could be used for two- or four-family homes.
The bad news is, these Catalytic Sites, despite being a much-needed source of tax revenue, jobs, and economic growth, are still sitting vacant or underused. It's time to make some decisions about our options for developing these sites. We cannot continue "business as usual."
When I'm elected, I will work toward more efficient and effective development of these empty spaces, because they are strong and viable options for local jobs, expansion of our tax base, and smart growth. I love this city, and as a driving force on the Common Council, I will help make St. Francis the dynamic, prosperous community that I know it can be!
What do think? Coffee shop? Loft apartments? Small business center? Single- and multi-family homes? Do-it-yourself car shop? Community garden? Deli and sandwich shop? Children's play place? Bookstore? The possibilities are endless. We just need to get things moving. As your Alderperson, you can trust me to listen to your ideas and concerns and bring them to the Common Council.
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Troy, MI, USA
December is the time of the annual Ceremony at which each twelve-year-old receives a life assignment determined by the Elders. Jonas watches his friend Fiona named Caretaker of the Old and his cheerful pal Asher labeled the Assistant Director of Recreation. But Jonas has been chosen for something special. When his selection leads him to an unnamed man, the man called only the Giver, he begins to sense the dark secrets that underlie the fragile perfection of his world.
"This guy's mouth makes some serious noises..."
Love no longer exists, families no longer exist. The book deals with genicide, suicide, and behavioral control thru medication. As for the story itself, it lacked in explanation. Every page left you asking how or why.
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By Business Wire | Article Rating: |
November 5, 2012 08:00 AM EST | Reads: |
195 |
Aruba Networks, Inc. (NASDAQ:ARUN) today announced that Ohio University (OHIO), a 2012 Forbes best college, is deploying an Aruba 802.11n wireless LAN to accommodate the growing Bring Your Own Technology (BYOT) challenge, and to directly address the significant increase in users, mobile devices, and new applications hitting the network.
With a 1,773-acre main campus in Athens, Ohio, five regional campuses, two satellite centers, and an e-learning presence, Ohio University serves a diverse student body of 36,000 undergraduate, graduate, and medical students across southeast Ohio. During the past few years, OHIO has seen an increase in the BYOT trend that began on university campuses, with a dramatic surge in the number of mobile devices connecting to the network. In fact, the number of mobile or wireless devices has grown to approximately two per student and exceeds two for faculty and staff.
Although the university's IT department had done a good job ensuring that its existing, multi-vendor 802.11 a/b/g wireless network covered the campus end-to-end, they realized that the network could not handle the increasing number of users and devices connecting – as many as 32,000 at any given time – as well as the high density of users requiring connectivity in classrooms, residence halls and common areas. Based on the success of a pilot deployment of Aruba's wireless LAN solution in five campus buildings, the university decided to move forward with a full campus installation which will include 4,500 Aruba AP-105, AP-124 and AP-135 access points and 16 Aruba M3 controllers when completed. The University is also using Aruba's AirWave network management system for monitoring, reporting and control of the network.
"Wireless is by far the most popular access method on our campus and students are bringing more mobile devices to campus than ever before," said Brice Bible, Chief Information Officer, Ohio University. "We recognize that giving our students, staff and faculty seamless coverage across the entire campus – from classroom to dorm room – is not only a selling point for the university, but a way to enhance the educational experience and improve the productivity, efficiency and satisfaction of our users."
Aruba's wireless LAN solution allowed OHIO to quickly and cost-effectively address its need for comprehensive and reliable wireless coverage. It was also instrumental in providing wireless Internet on short notice when President Obama gave an outdoor speech to over 14,000 spectators on the university's College Green on October 17, 2012. OHIO network engineers deployed a temporary hot spot on the press podium for 175 reporters and security personnel via two Aruba access points. Three additional access points were deployed around the venue to provide access to students, faculty and staff in the audience.
With the new wireless LAN, Ohio University has enabled a wealth of applications across campus. Increasingly, professors are using mobile devices in the classroom as teaching tools and are asking students to use their devices for enhanced learning. The university has a number of classrooms that mix students who are physically in the class with distance learners connected via web-conferencing. The university's Alden Library has a mobile application that lets students request, search and renew items, as well as view materials and circulation records. In addition, the Academic Research Center, a collaborative effort between the Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, was designed to utilize the university's new high-speed wireless connectivity giving students access to virtual labs, classroom content and collaboration tools. Finally, the university's Baker Student Center uses the network for secure, wireless point-of-sale transactions. Beyond these applications, the university's IT department is developing a complete mobile application strategy to fully leverage the new Aruba WLAN.
"Ohio University is a perfect example of how wireless technology has evolved and is being used to address the onslaught of new mobile devices and applications flooding university networks," said Gerry Festa, director, industry solutions marketing for Aruba Networks. "With Aruba's high-performing, highly reliable wireless LAN, Ohio University can give its students and faculty access to applications and resources that enhance the educational experience. Universities that recognize the importance of a comprehensive wireless and mobile strategy will have a clear advantage in today's education market."
In terms of future network expansion, Ohio University expects to extend wireless access by February, 2013, to its athletic facilities including Peden Football Stadium, Peden Tower, where training rooms, coaches' offices and the press box are located, and the Convocation Center where basketball, volleyball and other sports compete. All locations on all campuses are expected to be complete by January 2014.
About Aruba Networks, Inc.
Aruba Networks is a leading provider of next-generation network access solutions for the mobile enterprise. The company's Mobile Virtual Enterprise (MOVE) architecture unifies wired and wireless network infrastructures into one seamless access solution for corporate headquarters, mobile business professionals, remote workers and guests. This unified approach to access networks enables IT organizations and users to securely address the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) phenomenon, dramatically improving productivity and lowering capital and operational costs.
Listed on the NASDAQ and Russell 2000® Index, Aruba is based in Sunnyvale, California, and has operations throughout the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Asia Pacific regions. To learn more, visit Aruba at http://www.arubanetworks.com. For real-time news updates follow Aruba on Twitter and Facebook, and for the latest technical discussions on mobility and Aruba products visit Airheads Social at http://community.arubanetworks.com.
© 2012 Aruba Networks, Inc. Aruba Networks' trademarks include the design mark for AirWave, Aruba Networks®, Aruba Wireless Networks®, the registered Aruba the Mobile Edge Company logo, the registered AirWave logo, Aruba Mobility Management System®, Mobile Edge Architecture®, People Move. Networks Must Follow®, RFProtect®, Green Island®. All rights reserved. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Published November 5, 2012 Reads 195
Copyright © 2012 SYS-CON Media, Inc. — All Rights Reserved.
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Guardian Environment Blogs + Energy
John Abraham: Barack Obama cements legacy as the first climate-aware president
Graham Readfearn: Religious leaders are taking on coal with polite letters and coal blockades and say they're in it for the long haul in the name of climate change
John Abraham: President Obama has shown great leadership in tackling global warming, but his legacy may hinge on Keystone XL
Alexander White: With Australian uranium in the reactors at Fukushima during the meltdown, is it moral to sell the asbestos of the 21st Century to India?
Graham Readfearn: Scientists release multiple journal papers showing increased challenge of cutting emissions as coal and China dominate growth
John Abraham: Business researchers correct some (but not all) State Department errors in estimating Keystone carbon emissions
Graham Readfearn: Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott is declaring victory after a long-fought battle to repeal laws to price greenhouse gas emissions. But who actually won?
Nafeez Ahmed: The man who trained more than 66 countries in open source methods calls for re-invention of intelligence to re-engineer Earth
Nafeez Ahmed: West's co-optation of Gulf states' jihadists created the neocon's best friend: an Islamist Frankenstein
The self-defeating logic of militarised social science targets anti-capitalist 'extremists' in the new 'age of uncertainty'
Nafeez Ahmed: Rocketing production costs, proliferating write-downs, stranded assets pave the way for renewable renaissance
Nafeez Ahmed: Crippling fossil fuel dependency, climate volatility, rocketing debt levels are propelling protests, radicalising the state
Nafeez Ahmed: 'Capitalism is torpedoing our prosperity, killing our economies, threatening our children. It must be re-engineered, root and branch.'
Nafeez Ahmed: Business as usual is planetary suicide, but the 'incumbency' plans profit at cost of the planet. Thing is, they're already dead
A former oil man calls for renewable "Renaissance" to ward off shale dystopia
Nafeez Ahmed: Journalistic standards won't be upheld by attempting to discredit science we don't like
Nafeez Ahmed: A new post-carbon era dawns as the old fossil fuel system dies. It's time to step up.
Nafeez Ahmed: Natural and social scientists develop new model of how 'perfect storm' of crises could unravel global system
Nafeez Ahmed: From North America to Europe, the 'national security' apparatus is being bought off by Big Oil to rout peaceful activism
- Energy
- Climate change (Environment)
- Fossil fuels
- Climate change (Science)
- Peak oil
- Oil (Environment)
- Coal
- Energy research
- Shale gas and fracking
- Oil (Business)
- Oil and gas companies
- Tony Abbott
- Oil sands
- Gas (Business)
- Climate change scepticism
- Gas (Environment)
- Activism
- Shale oil
- Protest
- Foreign policy