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US 5698997 A Abstract Negative-resistance resonant tunnel diodes (RTDs) perform a complete set of logic functions with a single basic configuration. Inputs feed through Schottky diodes to a transfer RTD coupled to a clocked latch having two RTDs in series. Cascaded gates are driven synchronously by multiple clock phases or by asynchronous event signals. An XOR configuration also provides logical inversion.
Claims(13) 1. A network of interconnected logic gates for performing all functions of a complete set of logic functions, comprising:
first and second gates, each including a plurality of isolating devices each having a first electrode separate from the first electrodes of others of said isolating devices, and having a second electrode coupled to the second electrodes of others of said isolating devices so as to form a common input node, a latch having a nonlinear-resistance load device and a negative-resistance storage device, said load device having a first electrode and having a second electrode coupled to an output node, said storage device having a first electrode coupled to said output node and a second electrode coupled to a ground potential, a transfer device having a negative-resistance region for coupling said common input node to said latch; a plurality of input terminals for coupling input signals to certain ones of said isolating devices; at connection from the output node of said first gate to one of the isolating devices of said second gate; first and second clock terminals for coupling first and second clock waveforms to the first electrodes of the load devices of said first and second gates respectively, said first and second clock signals being separate from each other; an output terminal coupled to the output node of said second gate. 2. A network according to claim 1, wherein said first and second clock waveforms comprise first and second out-of-phase but substantially overlapping pulse trains.
3. A network according to claim 2, wherein said first and second pulse trains are substantially 180� out of phase with respect to each other.
4. A network according to claim 2, further comprising a plurality of ranks of said gates organized into alternating first and second sets of said ranks, each gate in said first set corresponding to said first gate and having said first clock terminal coupled in common to said first clock waveform, and each gate in said second set corresponding to said second gate and having said second clock terminal coupled in common to said second clock waveform.
5. A network according to claim 2, wherein said transfer device of said second gate has an operating region which causes the output node of said second gate to attain a high level and then a low level as the number of high levels at the isolating means of said second gate increases.
6. A network according to claim 5, where one of the isolating means of said second gate is coupled to said first clock terminal, and another of the isolating means of said second gate receives a signal to be inverted by said second gate.
7. An array of logic gates, each of said gates being individually personalizable to any one logic function of a set of different logic functions, including both inverting and noninverting functions, by varying the relative areas of semiconductor devices within said each gate, each of said gates comprising:
first input means for receiving a first input signal; second input means for receiving a second input signal; latch means having a load device and a storage device coupled to an output node; and transfer means coupled between said input means and said latch means, wherein at least one of the foregoing named means comprises a plurality of individual cells of a common operational type, different numbers of said individual cells of said at least one means being selectively interconnectible with one another so as to vary the area of said at least one means relative to the areas of others of the foregoing means. 8. An array according to claim 7, wherein said at least one means comprises said transfer means.
9. An array according to claim 8, wherein said operational type comprises a resonant tunnel diode.
10. An array according to claim 7, wherein said at least one means comprises said first and second input means.
11. An array according to claim 10, wherein said operational type comprises a Schottky diode.
12. An array according to claim 7, wherein said individual cells have differing areas.
13. An array according to claims 12, wherein said individual cells are positioned adjacent one another in said gates.
Description The present invention concerns negative-resistance semiconductor devices known as resonant tunneling diodes, and more particularly concerns configurations of such devices for performing a complete set of logic functions at very high speed and low power. For years after their introduction, tunnel diodes were proposed for many different applications. Their extremely high speed of operation tantalized workers in both analog and digital fields. Nevertheless, disadvantages in several areas limited their usefulness in practical digital circuits. Unwieldy components such as inductors and resistors consumed excessive space and power, for example. Early bipolar transistors offered higher current gain and better isolation than tunnel diodes. Perhaps most significant was the fact that the most useful tunnel diodes were made from germanium; this made it impossible to incorporate them into integrated circuits with silicon-based transistors. Although several logic configurations were proposed for tunnel diodes, each of these had additional disadvantages, beyond the problems associated with tunnel diodes in general. Bipolar and CMOS transistors continue to dominate digital electronics, as incremental improvements push them to ever higher speed and lower power. Although significant improvements provided by resonant tunneling in the 1970s have aroused increasing academic interest, two decades have passed without much practical application of these devices. In retrospect, it seems almost ironic that some of the advances made for other semiconductor technologies could reduce the obstacles to returning to negative-resistance two-terminal tunneling devices for digital purposes. H. C. Liu et al., "High-Frequency Resonant-Tunneling Devices", in SEMICONDUCTORS AND SEMIMETALS, Vol. 41 (1994), pp. 359-419, reports a dramatic rise in papers dealing with resonant-tunneling devices (RTDs); however, the only digital circuits described are a shift register and a set/reset flip-flop. Another problem with conventional tunnel-diode logic is providing an inversion or logic NOT function. Transistor-based logic is inherently inverting, and logical inversion is the simplest and fastest function of all to implement. Indeed, the basic elements of transistor logic are not AND and OR, but their complements, NAND and NOR. Tunnel-diode logic, on the other hand, is positive logic; achieving the inversion necessary for a complete set of logic functions is neither simple nor fast. The present invention harnesses the inherent advantages of negative-resistance via resonant tunneling along with process improvements in other semiconductor technologies and a modification of previous resonant tunneling diode (RTD) configurations to produce an extremely capable full-function logic family. The present invention finds utility in many applications requiring high speed at low power levels, such as digital signal processing, digital radar, and cache memories. RTD logic according to the invention offers its high speed at power levels much lower than other technologies. Although some conventional transistor designs exist which are capable of operating near the clock speed of the preferred embodiment described below, the power dissipation per gate is many times that presently achievable with the present invention. Another advantage is the potential for higher noise immunity from having two stable operating points. In addition, circuits having numerous logic elements according to the invention can be fabricated at high packaging density, using conventional processes. Whereas typical tunnel-diode logic provides only positive functions, the present devices provide a complete set of logic functions, including inversion. The present logic-element design also lends itself to functions more difficult to perform with other technologies, such as majority logic and multi-valued logic. The present invention includes a resonant tunneling device (RTD) structure which feeds multiple mutually isolated currents representing logic signals through isolating input devices and a common transfer device into a clocked latch having a pair of devices in series. Varying the relative areas of the devices determines which logic function is performed. The latch output can be coupled from the junction of the latch devices into one of the logic inputs of a following stage, whose latch may be clocked with a clock signal shifted in phase with respect to that applied to the first latch, so that successive logic functions implemented according to the invention are pipelined or peristaltic. Alternatively, the clock input can be event-driven to allow asynchronous logic designs. One of the physical configurations of the invention produces an output when one and only one of two inputs is active--i.e., an "exclusive-OR" (XOR) logic function. This is achieved by constructing the components so as to switch the common transfer RTD when both of its inputs are high, but not to switch it when only one is high. This also provides a logic NOT or inversion function when one of the XOR inputs is tied to the proper signal level. Multiple gates can be interconnected with each other in a network by providing clock signals which are separate for adjacent gates. Gates can be interconnected in alternating sets or ranks which receive clock signals generated as different phases of a common signal, to provide synchronous network operation. Some or all of the devices in each gate may be fabricated in the form of individual cells of the same type, various numbers of which may be selectively wired or "strapped" together so as to provide different logic functions in each gate on an individual basis. An array of such gates is thus personalizable not only as to intergate connections, but also as to the specific logic functions provided by the gates. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention, as well as variations within the scope of the invention, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description of the preferred embodiments. FIG. 1 shows a schematic of a resonant-tunneling device or diode (RTD) useful in the present invention in FIG. 1A, and a characteristic curve of this RTD in FIG. 1B. FIG. 2 shows an RTD latch employed in the invention in FIG. 2A, and load-line diagrams of this latch at three times in a clock cycle in FIGS. 2B, 2C, and 2D. FIG. 3 shows the implementation of a single logic stage according to the invention, in FIG. 3A, and load-line diagrams of an transfer RTD for three logic functions in FIGS. 3B, 3C, and 3D. FIG. 4 shows a physical layout of the logic gate represented in FIG. 3. FIG. 4A details a variation in the gate layout of FIG. 4. FIG. 5 shows a multi-gate cascade of logic functions according to FIG. 3, including clock-signal timing. FIG. 6 shows an implementation of inverting logic based upon the cascade of FIG. 5. FIG. 1A shows a symbol for a resonant-tunneling device or diode (RTD) 100, having an external connection 101 to an anode or collector electrode, and a second external connection 102 to a cathode or emitter electrode. The terms "anode" and "cathode" may be interchanged, because an RTD is a symmetrical bidirectional device. FIG. 1B is an I/V characteristic curve of an RTD. In the first quadrant 110, increasing voltage first causes tunneling current to increase along positive-resistance segment 111 to a peak 112 at a voltage Vp, and then to decrease in region 113. At a broad valley 114, the declining tunneling current is counterbalanced by increasing thermionic current flow at voltage Vv, and thereafter increases along positive-resistance region 115, past the point Vf where the thermionic current exceeds the peak tunneling current. As mentioned above, the characteristic in third quadrant 120 is antisymmetrical to that of first quadrant 110, although this feature is not employed in the present embodiment. The high differential negative resistance in region 113 provides fast switching and highly distinct switching states. The high ratio of peak current at 112 to valley current at 114 provides high output drive capability. In addition, RTDs can be fabricated to have tunneling peaks at voltages lower than those for other tunneling diodes, and very much lower than voltages used for transistor logic, so that the low power levels necessary for low heat dissipation are easily achievable, even at very high speeds. Logic constructed according to the invention has achieved 0.4 mW/gate at clock speeds of 12 GHz with presently available materials and fabrication techniques; this is about 1/20 to 1/40 as much power as GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors or other known devices capable of operation at similar speeds. Moreover, the high current density of an RTD at tunneling peak and its low parasitic capacitance increase switching speeds over other device types useful in logic applications; a typical switching speed for the present embodiment is about 10 picoseconds. RESONANT TUNNELING IN SEMICONDUCTORS: PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS, L. L. Chang et al., Editors (Plenum Press, 1991) contains additional background material concerning these devices. The presently preferred embodiment employs the "interband" type of RTD, which takes advantage of tunneling from the conduction band of the anode to the valence band of the quantum well, and from there to the conduction band of the cathode. An advantage of this type for the present purposes is its low peak voltage (typically about 0.12 V), which lowers the overall power of the devices, and hence the heat dissipation of the circuits. Other RTD structures are also feasible, however, and it is even possible that high negative-resistance Gunn or IMPATT (avalanche) diodes might prove useful. FIG. 2 is an analysis of an RTD latch employed in the invention. FIG. 2A symbolically shows a latch 200 having two series-connected interband RTDs according to FIG. 1. A clock waveform 201 having a repeating train of zero-voltage levels 202 and positive levels 203 is applied to an anode terminal 204 of load RTD 205. Signal input terminal 206 connects to the cathode of RTD 205, to signal output terminal 207, and to the anode of latch RTD 208. The cathode of RTD 208 connects to a ground potential which is common to clock 201, input 206, and output 207. The signal input at 206 is isolated from the output 207 in a manner to be described in connection with FIG. 3. The absolute sizes of RTDs 205 and 208 may vary according to several factors. The available latch output current is enhanced by the inherently high peak/valley current ratio of RTDs, and operating speed is enhanced by their high negative differential resistance. In the presently preferred embodiment, the areas of RTDs 205 and 208 are fixed for all types of gate in the same circuit. Because node 209 is always held at ground potential (0 volts), negative applied voltages never occur across the latching pair of RTDs 205 and 208. Therefore the hatched portions of FIGS. 2B-2D are included for illustrative purposes only. FIG. 2B shows DC load lines 210 of the latch elements during the "zero" level 202 of clock wave 201, FIG. 2A, that is, when Vclock is low. Curve 211 is the I/V characteristic of load RTD 205. The tunneling peak voltage is Vp, and the tunneling valley voltage is Vv ; the forward voltage Vf may be taken as that voltage along the normal-diode portion of the curve where the current equals the peak tunneling current for the tunneling mode at Vp. Curve 212 shows the I/V characteristic of storage RTD 208 for a logic "zero" voltage at input terminal 206. Curve 213 is a similar curve for a logic "one" voltage at input 206. The intersection of curves 211 and 212 at 214 represent the operating point V0 for a logic "zero" input. Operating point V1 for a "one" input is slightly higher, but still much less than Vp. FIG. 2C occurs during the transition of Vclock from low to high. When the input is a logic "zero", the intersection 224 of load RTD curve 221 with storage RTD curve 222 remains at a low voltage, less than Vp of the load device. On the other hand, a logic "one" causes operating point 225 to move to the right along curve 223 to its intersection with curve 221, near Vv of the load device. FIG. 2D represents the latched state during the interval 203 of FIG. 2A while Vclock is high. As will be described, the input at terminal 206 is isolated at this time, so there is only a single curve 232 for either previous state of the inputs. However, this curve now intersects curve 231 of the load-device curve at two points, rather than at a single point. Because the output voltage at terminal 207 can have only a single value at any time, its value is trapped near its previous value in FIG. 2C. If a low logic input had placed V0 at point 224 in FIG. 2C, it can change only a small amount to point 234 in FIG. 2D. If a high input had placed V1 at point 225, then it moves the small distance to intersection 235. As long as Vclock remains high, the output voltage at 207 remains latched low or high. Although waveform 201 is referred to as a clock signal throughout this description, it is not limited to a train of fixed-frequency pulses. Its only requirements are two levels, one of which allows a signal to set the operating point of the latch, and the other of which holds the latch at its previous level after the input signal has gone away. For example, waveform 201 could come from a trigger or other event input. Also, load RTD 205 could theoretically be implemented as another type of device, such as a Schottky diode or high-performance transistor. However, an RTD load device has several advantages in the present invention. For instance, it furthers the goal of reducing power dissipation in a high-speed logic circuit. A second significant advantage concerns compensation for process variations. The parameters of RTDs are difficult to control accurately, but they are very consistent locally on the same wafer. Therefore, parameter changes in storage RTD 208 are nullified to a great extent by similar changes in load RTD 205. FIG. 3A shows a configuration of RTDs and other devices in one stage of a cascade for performing logic functions according to the invention. Multiple input terminals 301 and 302 accept voltages Va and Vb each representing discrete "zero" or "one" logic levels. Schottky diodes 303 and 304 isolate the inputs from each other, coupling them both to the anode of an input interband RTD 305. The anode electrodes of these diodes connect to the separate input terminals. The fabrication of Schottky diodes is compatible with processes for constructing RTD devices. From a purely electrical standpoint, other isolation devices, such as integrated transistors, could be used instead. The anode of transfer RTD 305 couples the input Schottky diodes 303 and 304 together to form a common input node. The basic purpose of device 305 is to transfer a combination of the currents from the isolation diodes 303 and 304 at the common input node to the latch described below. Where this combination is simply a sum of the input currents, some other device, such as a transistor, could conceivably be substituted for Schottky diodes 303 and 304 and/or RTD 305. For some logic functions, however, transfer device 305 must transfer a different combination of input currents to the latch. For example, the XOR circuit described below requires that the current to the latch be low when no input signals are high, increase to a higher current when one input becomes high, then decrease to a lower current when two inputs become high. Thus the XOR function requires that transfer device 305 be an RTD. Clock terminal 306 and RTDs 307 and 308 form a latch which operates in the same manner as latch 200, FIG. 2. The cathode of RTD 305 couples the input circuit to the input of the latch. The latch output is shown divided into two terminals 309 and 309', which symbolizes a maximum output loading of two standard loads. Either terminal or both may couple to the inputs of succeeding stages, as described in connection with FIG. 5. The same structural configuration or floor plan of FIG. 3A can perform any of a number of different logic functions of its multiple logic inputs 301 and 302, merely by varying the relative areas A305, A307, and A308 of the RTD devices 305, 307, and 308 in stage 300. The relevant voltage is the level of Vout resulting from various combinations of voltage inputs Va and Vb. Table I below contains values of Vout for three sets, 310, 320, and 330, of device sizes (in square microns), for each of the four possible combinations of logic levels of Va and Vb. Logic low and high values for Va, Vb, and Vout are denoted as "0" and "1", respectivly. TABLE I______________________________________ Va =0 Va =0 Va =1 Va =1A303 A304 A305 A307 A308 Vb =0 Vb =1 Vb =0 Vb =1______________________________________40 40 25 30 36 0 1 1 130 30 25 30 36 0 0 0 148 48 20 30 36 0 1 1 0______________________________________ The first set of devices sizes above produces a logic "1" (high) output voltage when at least one of the logic inputs is at logic "1", which corresponds to a logic OR function. The second set produces a "1" output when both inputs are "1", for an AND function. The third set of device sizes outputs a "1" only when one and only one of the two inputs is logic "1"; this is an XOR function. That is, the invention has the ability to perform any of multiple different logic functions with the same circuit configuration or floorplan merely by varying the sizes or relative areas of devices 303-305 during fabrication, in order to control the amount of current flowing into storage RTD 308 for various combinations of voltages at inputs 301 and 302. Preferably, the areas of the load and storage RTDs 307 and 308 are the same for all logic functions; this simplifies fabrication by reducing the number of devices which must be changed to personalize a given stage to perform a desired logic function. FIGS. 3B, 3C, and 3D portray the operating points of transfer RTD 305 for these three sets of device areas for the various combinations of input logic levels. FIG. 3B shows current/voltage curves 310 for device sizes which produce an OR gate. Curve 311 represents the characteristic behavior of transfer RTD 305. The horizontal dotted line Is represents the minimum current required to switch the latch in FIG. 3A to a high state when the clock rises. Load line 312, representing the behavior of one and only one of RTDs 303 and 304, occurs when a single input 301 or 302 is at a high (logic "1") voltage. Operating point 313, where curves 311 and 312 intersect, produces a current higher than Is. When both inputs 301 and 302 are high, curve 314 (representing the combined behavior of both RTDs 303 and 304) intersects curve 311 at operating point 315, which produces a current much higher than Is. Therefore, the set of device areas shown in the first line of the above table causes the output voltage at 309 to be high whenever one or both of the inputs is high. This defines an OR function. FIG. 3C shows curves 320 for an AND gate, using the device sizes in the second row of the above table. Curve 321 represents the characteristic behavior of transfer RTD 305. In this case, when only one input is high, curve 322 (showing the behavior of one and only one of the input diodes 303 and 304) intersects curve 321 at an operating point 323 whose current is less than Is, and thus insufficient to switch the latch high. When both inputs are high, however, curve 324 (showing the combined behavior of diodes 303 and 304) causes the operating point to move to point 325, above I5, so that the output 309 is latched at a high voltage. This provides an AND function. FIG. 3D shows curves 330 for an XOR gate, which produces a high output at terminal 309 when one or the other input is high, but produces a low output when both are high. Curve 331 represents the characteristic behavior of transfer RTD 305. Curve 332 (showing the behavior of one and only one of the input diodes 303 and 304) occurs when one input is high. For device sizes in the third row of Table I, curve 332 intersects curve 331 at operating point 333. This point produces more current than the Is required to switch the latch. Curve 334 (showing the combined behavior of input diodes 303 and 304) intersects 331 past the peak tunneling-current point of RTD 305, producing a current below Is, low enough that the latch does not switch to a high voltage, so that the output at terminal 309 remains low. The XOR function is the only one of the three which requires the negative-resistance region of transfer device 305; thus, if only AND and OR gates are required, this device could be replaced by some other type of device whose curve has only a positive slope. Thus far, input 306 has served only as a fixed wavetrain for latching signal inputs 301, 302 into the latch at a fixed sequence of set times. Another aspect of the invention, however, is that this input may instead be coupled to another logic input signal, as indicated by the dashed line to a third input terminal 306'. That is, input 306' may be coupled to a logic input signal in the same manner as inputs 301 and 302, to expand the fan-in capabilities of gate 300, and to provide additional logic functions. For example, gate 300 could be configured as an OR gate which is ANDed with an ordinary logic signal at input 306'. Input 306' could serve as an asynchronous trigger signal from an external event to capture the logic signals at inputs 301 and 302. Constraints upon the RTD devices of FIG. 3 may be most easily specified in terms of the current required to switch the output 309 of the latch in FIG. 3A to its high-voltage state. Let: Is =minimum current needed to switch the latch; Io =a conventional overdrive current for increasing switching speed; In =maximum absolute value of current due to noise. IL =current through transfer RTD 305 when one input voltage has a value corresponding to logic "low"; IH =current through transfer RTD 305 when one input voltage has a value corresponding to logic "high". For each RTD r, where r may represent any of the devices 305, 307, or 308, let: Ipr =peak tunneling current of RTD r; Ivr =valley current of RTD r. An additional subscript may indicate a desired logic function {OR, AND, XOR}, and a superscript may indicate that a quantity is to be taken at its maximum or minimum value {�} within a specified tolerance. This analysis assumes a fanin of two inputs 301 and 302, and a fanout of two loads driven from outputs 309 and 309'. First, Is must be capable of switching the latch to a high state under the worst-case conditions: ##EQU1## where C is the parasitic capacitance in parallel with the latch diode and V is the output voltage. Second, enough latch output current must always be available for a fanout of two. The most heavily loaded condition occurs when a gate drives two OR-gate inputs. This requirement is satisfied when: Ip307 - -Iv308 + -In ≧2(IH +)OR Each type of gate has its own defining equations, which are algebraic statements of the load-line diagrams in FIGS. 3B-3D. Holding both inputs 301 and 302 at logic "zero" always forces the current below the point which causes a switching event; that is, 2IL + +In <Is An AND gate requires that the output remain low when one input is high and the other is low, that is: (IL +)AND +(IH +)AND +In <Is When both inputs are high, RTD 305 must pass a current greater than Is yet not so much current that RTD 305 switches to its low-current state: 2IH - -In ≧Is 2IH + +In ≦(Ip305)AND An OR gate must satisfy the following condition when a single input 301 or 302 is held at a logic "one" (high) voltage: (IL -)OR +(IH -)OR -In ≧Is Furthermore, the transfer RTD must not switch to its high-voltage state if both inputs are high. In other words, an operating point must still exist somewhere in the high-current, low-voltage region of RTD 305; that is, 2IH + +In ≦Ip305 The XOR gate configuration is the one which allows the present invention to form a complete logic family with positive-logic AND and OR gates, because it is capable of forming an inverter. The operation of this configuration is somewhat more complex than that of the others. The AND and OR gates described above use transfer RTD 305 as a resistor, and always operate in the first positive-resistance region of its current/voltage characteristic curve, as shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C. Achieving the negation function inherent in the XOR, however, requires that transfer RTD 305 move to an operating point, point 335 in FIG. 3D, near the valley of its I/V curve 331 when both inputs are high. That is, increasing the total input current always produces a higher current to the RTD latch in all other gates, but the XOR requires that increasing input current produce at first a higher and then a lower current at the latch. Expressed mathematically, the conditions for a single output in the high state are: (IL -)XOR +(IH -)XOR -In ≦Is (IL +)XOR +(IH +)XOR +In ≦(Ip305)XOR When both inputs are in the high state, these conditions become 2(IH -)XOR +In ≧(Ip305)XOR +Io (Iv305)XOR +In ≦Is FIG. 4 shows a layout or floor plan 400 for a representative generic logic gate of FIG. 3A. This particular structure was fabricated for testing purposes, so the contact leads and pads are much larger than they would be in an array of logic gates on a chip. Contacts 401, 402 correspond to logic inputs 301, 302 of FIG. 3; Schottky diodes 303, 304 are located at 403, 404, and transfer RTD 305 at 405. Clock contact 406 drives load RTD 307 at location 407; storage RTD 308 at 408 is coupled to ground plane 420. Output contacts 409 and 409 correspond to terminals 309, 309' in FIG. 3A. The components in this logic gate 400 may be built by molecular-beam epitaxy upon a GaAs wafer. This fabrication approach allows the inclusion of conventional high-speed transistors and other device types along with the RTD gates in the same integrated circuit. The RTD devices have anodes and cathodes of InAs. These electrodes are separated by a double barrier of a wide band-gap semiconductor such as AlSb, separated in turn by a quantum well of a narrower band-gap semiconductor such as GaSb; the barrier and well layers are as thin as possible, preferably only a few atomic layers thick. This configuration produces an "interband" type of resonant operation, tunneling from the conduction band of the anode to the valence band of the GaSb quantum well, and thence to the conduction band of the cathode. This structure achieves a high tunneling-current density (about 0.32 mA/μ2) and low parasitic capacitance, for high-speed switching. A low peak voltage is also characteristic of interband tunneling, and this dramatically lowers the power dissipation of the circuits. In the present embodiment, Vp occurs at 0.12 V, which allows operation at a power level of less than 0.5 mW/gate at a clock speed of 12 GHz. Another advantage is the high (about 8:1) peak/valley current ratio of the RTDs, which increases the output current available to drive succeeding logic gates; a fanout of two is easily achievable. Other RTD parameters of this embodiment include a valley voltage Vv =0.3 V, and Vf =0.7 V for the point where normal (thermionic) current becomes equal to the peak tunneling current. Another aspect of the invention concerns the input isolating devices 303 and 304, FIG. 3, shown at locations 404 and 404 in FIG. 4. Although conventional components such as transistors can be employed for devices 403 and 404, diodes consume less power and are easier to fabricate. In particular, Schottky diodes constructed from a superlattice of InAs/AlSb lower the band-gap of the InAs enough that the diodes turn on at about 0.1 V, lower than the 0.12 V tunneling peak of the RTDs. FIG. 4A shows a variation in the floorplan 400, in the portion indicated by light line 410 in FIG. 4. As noted above in connection with FIG. 3A and TABLE I, fabricating the devices 303-305 with different sizes allows the same basic circuit to provide any of several different logic functions. FIG. 4A replaces the single Schottky diode 403 of FIG. 4 with a cluster of three separate Schottky-diode cells 411-413 having their cathodes permanently coupled together as in FIG. 4. However, the anodes of diodes 411-113 can be selectively coupled together during fabrication merely by masking different parts of input line 401. That is, fabricating line 401 as shown by solid line 414 couples only the first diode cell 411 into the circuit as diode 403, leaving the remaining diode cells 412 and 413 nonfunctional. If line 401 is extended during fabrication as indicated by dashed line 415, diodes 411 and 412 are connected in parallel, effectively forming a single larger diode as input Schottky diode 403. If line 401 is further extended as indicated by dashed line 416, all three diodes 411-413 are paralleled, effectively forming a still larger Schottky diode 403. Making the areas of diode cells 411-413 respectively 30μ2, 10μ2, and 8μ2 allows the total area of diode 403 to be made 30μ2, 40μ2, or 48μ2, merely by varying the length of conductor 401 in a conventional metallization step during the fabrication of circuit 400. Dividing Schottky diode 404 into another cluster of smaller diode cells (not shown), allows its effective area to be varied in exactly the same manner. Dividing RTD 405 similarly into a cluster of two individual RTD cells having areas of 20μ2 and 5μ2 allows its effective area to be made either 20μ2 or 25μ2 during fabrication. Functional personalization of a gate with cells can be achieved by building various devices or combinations of devices within a gate as multiple cells to be strapped together. As described above, we prefer to fabricate the latch devices 307 and 308 as single devices, and to employ the multiple-cell technique for input devices 303 and 304 and for transfer device 305. The present cells differ from one another as to area, although it is possible to achieve the same effect by varying other parameters of the cells instead. All cells of the same device have a common operational type; that is, all cells of Schottky diode 303 are themselves Schottky diodes, all cells of RTD 305 are RTDs, etc. An array of identical gates according to this aspect of the invention arranged in a conventional manner on a wafer allows large numbers of identical integrated-circuit chips to be fabricated and stockpiled with only a final metal interconnection layer left uncompleted. Conventional practice personalizes the interconnections of arrays of single-function gates formed earlier in a wafer. The present invention allows an additional personalization: the logic function performed by each gate can be individually personalized after all the devices in the gate have been already fabricated. Moreover, the personalization of gate function need not require any fabrication steps in addition to those already employed for personalizing the intergate connections; altering gate functions can employ the same types and levels of metallization for strapping together the required number of individual device cells as those employed for connections among the gates in the array. TABLE II below uses the example device sizes given above to demonstrate how devices can be combined to achieve all the logic functions of TABLE I. For example, a gate may be personalized to the AND function of the first row of TABLE II by strapping a 30μ2 Schottky diode cell to a 10μ2 Schottky-diode cell to provide an input Schottky diode 303, FIG. 3, having a total area A303 of 40μ2, as required in the first row of TABLE I. Input Schottky diode 304 is constructed in the same way to achieve the necessary 40μ2 area A304 of input Schottky diode 304. The 252 μ total area A305 of transfer RTD 305 is formed simply by strapping together a 20μ2 RTD cell and a 5μ2 RTD cell. Again, making the areas of the latch RTDs 307 and 308 constant for all of the logic functions reduces the number of devices required. TABLE II______________________________________ Va =0 Va =0 Va =1 Va =1A303 A304 A305 A307 A308 Vb =0 Vb =1 Vb =0 Vb =1______________________________________30+10 30+10 20+5 30 36 0 1 1 130 30 20+5 30 36 0 0 0 130+10+8 30+10+8 20 30 36 0 1 1 0______________________________________ FIG. 5 illustrates an array 500 of logic gates according to the invention, particularly the timing of the clock signals required to pipeline logic functions. Gates 510-540 represent individual logic functions 300, FIG. 3A. Any of the gates may perform any of the functions shown in FIGS. 3B-3D. Any of the functions requires time for one potential switching event to occur in the latch formed by RTDs 307 and 308 in FIG. 3A; this event leaves the latch at operating point 234 or 235 in FIG. 2D. An XOR gate must allow time for two sequential switching events: the first event is the switching of transfer RTD 305 in the case that both inputs are high. This event is shown at operating point 335, FIG. 3D. The second switching event is the same latching operation as that of the other logic functions. Therefore, the XOR gate configuration is the slowest, and places an upper limit on the speed of the entire array 500. A conventional high-speed generator 550 produces overlapping two-phase clock waveforms 560 and 570. These waveforms have three functions: to acquire and hold the input logic signals of each gate when they have become stable, to isolate successive gates from each other, and to reset the gate latches between successive logic operations. Multi-phase clocking also creates a pipelined architecture at the gate level. Gate 510 may perform any logic function upon its inputs 511 and 512 to produce an output signal at terminals 519 and 519'. Succeeding gate 520 picks up this output signal and another input signal at its inputs 521 and 522. It in turn produces an output signal at 529 and 529' representing the same or another logic function. Gates 530 and 540 are similarly connected via inputs 531, 532 and 541, 542 and outputs 539, 539' and 549, 549'. Alternating gates 510, 530, etc., have their clock inputs 516, 536, etc., connected together to a first phase output terminal 551 of high-speed clock generator 550. Alternating gates 520, 540, etc., have clock inputs 526, 546, etc., coupled to a second phase output 552 of clock generator 550. The other input 522 of gate 520 is connected to a logic gate having its clock coupled to generator output 551, as must input 542 of gate 540. Likewise, the signals on both inputs 511, 512 of gate 510, as well the signal on the as the other input 532 of gate 530, are generated by gates which obtain their clocks from output 552. That is, all the gates in a logic array according to the invention are arranged in multiple interleaved ranks, each receiving a different clock signal. Signals input to array 500 at 511, 512, etc. proceed peristaltically and synchronously through the array to outputs such as 549, 549'. As explained in connection with FIGS. 2A and 3A, the latch 200 of a single logic gate 300 requires that its input 206 be stable during a clock-low phase 202. The signal on input 206 then becomes latched into the gate during the transition to high-clock phase 203. Using gate 520, FIG. 5, as an example, input signal 521 is stable when the latch of the preceding gate 510 has stabilized. This occurs when first clock phase 560 transits from a low value 561 to a high value 562. Thus, when second-phase clock signal 570 begins to fall from a high value 571 to a low value 572, output signal 519' has attained its correct voltage from inputs 511, 512. Just before clock phase 560 falls to trough 563 at time 554, the other clock phase 570 has risen to high value 573, thus latching the correct logic function of input signals 521, 522 while they are still receiving valid input from first-rank gates such as 510. During first-phase trough 563, the latch of gate 530 reads the input signals on its inputs 531, 532 and presents the proper combination of them to its latch during its receptive period 563. When this latch sets at the transition of clock phase 560 to high level 564, stage 520 is still latched at 573. When the latch of stage 520 becomes receptive to a new set of inputs at time 555, the high first-phase level 564 has already latched gate 530 and its outputs 539, 539'. The cycle repeats as events 564, 565, 574, and 575 pass the original inputs 511, 512 to outputs 549, 549' of gate 540 at time 556. For two sets of alternating ranks, the optimum waveforms 560, 570 each have 75% duty cycle and are 180� out of phase with respect to each other; this allows maximum setup time for the latches of all gates. Two sets of ranks (e.g., ranks 510, 530, etc. in the first set, and ranks 520, 540, etc. in the second) yields the greatest flexibility of interconnection and the simplest clock generator. Three or more sets of ranks may be employed if desired. Additional sets would require modifying the clock signals accordingly. Array 500 may be laid out on a wafer in a conventional manner, using the floorplan of FIGS. 4 and 4A for each gate. One or more conventional metallization layers suffice for intergate wiring such as that shown in FIG. 5. For the modified floorplan of FIG. 4A, one or more of these metallization layers may additionally serve to personalize the functions of the gates 510-540, as previously described. FIG. 6 describes an example of inverting logic according to the invention. Configuration 600 includes a stage 610 which performs any of a number of logic functions, and a stage 620 which inverts the output of stage 610. Schottky diodes 613, 614, transfer RTD 615, and latch RTDs 617, 618 receive multiple inputs from terminals 611, 612 and a first-phase clock signal at terminal 616. Intermediate output 619 couples to one input 621 of gate 620. The other input 622 of gate 520 connects to first-phase clock terminal 616 through Schottky diode 623. Schottky diodes 623 and 624, as well as RTDs 625, 627 and 628, are sized to produce an XOR function of the two voltages at 621 and 622 when gate 620 is driven by second-phase clock 626. Clock waveforms 616 and 626 may be identical to waveforms 560 and 570 respectively. In effect, then, gate 620 mixes the output from stage 610 with a logic "one" signal taken directly from clock phase 616 to produce a NOT (or INVERT) logic function of the previous gate's output. The connection of input 622 to clock input 616 through Schottky diode 623 significantly reduces the power dissipation of gate 620 over tying input 622 to a constant "one" voltage, because a high voltage only occurs at input 622 during the time it is required to set the latch of gate 620. This inversion scheme is possible only because the design deliberately chooses clock and signal voltages sufficiently close to each other in magnitude. Other modifications and advantages of the preferred embodiments within the scope of the claimed invention will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, the invention lends itself easily to implementing "voting logic," such as 1-of-N (same as OR), 2-of-N, 3-of-N, . . . , N-of-N (same as AND) functions, and to the emerging field of multi-valued logic. Combinations with other integrated-circuit logic families on the same chip are easily possible. Although single arrays of gates according to the invention are synchronously docked, multiple nets of clocked logic may be interconnected asynchronously with respect to each other, and the "clock" inputs of some or all stages may serve as additional logic inputs or triggers. Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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Home | Casualty Report | ISAF Casualty
ISAF Joint Command - Afghanistan2011-06-C-011 For Immediate Release KABUL, Afghanistan (June 3, 2011) – An International Security Assistance Force service member died following an insurgent attack in southern Afghanistan today. It is ISAF policy to defer casualty identification procedures to the relevant national authorities.
For more visit RS channel on vimeo or YouTube

subset: commoncrawl


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Contact this shelter/rescue group to see their pets for adoption. |
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I was bored , nothing on TV, and watching Dumbest 'something' on TruTV. They had this one where 2 guys come into a gas station / convenience store and one has a gun in hand, they tell the clerk to "give us the money". While the clerk is getting the money out of the register the guy points the gun at the clerks head... and "click" ... misfire. The real point here is the clerk was complying and there were no heated exchanges, with no warning, no words, no nothing .... he just aimed and pulled the trigger.
Robber slides the gun to chamber a new bullet ..... bullet flys out (so one was chambered) and he points it at the clerk again (who only just looked at him the first time) and "click" .... misfire.... again. So, robber is chambering another shell and the clerk "THEN decides" to jump the robber. So, they are fighting and then both robbers run out the door with no money.
I was in disbelief the clerk stood there and watched this guy do it twice before he did anything, and that the gun misfired twice. Lucky for the clerk.
Morale # 1 ; what I learned long ago, never assume they (BG) aren't going to shoot you.... they may do it with no provocation and with no inclination they are going to at all. I've seen it happen in several situations in my past job.
Morale # 2: don't let the BG aim a gun at your head, let alone just stand there if it misfires.....don't wait to see if it will happen twice.
Morale # 3: make sure your gun works before you plan to use it. Misfires at the wrong time, could be really bad... unless it's the BG's gun.


text: Recycle FacilityThe recycle facility is located just NE of Rimbey, next to the north lagoon and is open: Winter Hours (Dec-Apr) Tuesday thru Friday 2:00 - 6:00 PM, Saturday from 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM and Summer Hours (May-Nov) Tuesday thru Saturday 10:00 AM - 6:00 PM. Material can be dropped off only during the hours of operation. Do not drop off and leave items outside the gate. Composting ProgramThe Town also runs a "clear bag" composting program on Mondays from Mid-May until Mid-October for residents wishing to dispose of their grass shavings. Compost bags can be purchased at any local grocery or hardware store.


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- zanelli's Activity
I voted for Alice! Lots of people have demanded I play that game and yet it still sits on zero hours. Now could be the time!
@commander: Oh wow awesome, I actually had quite a few of these for both my Amiga and C64 back in the day :DI had one of the ones above with 4 buttons, and quite a few of the classic yellow zip stiks...
So I bought Miracle Of Sound's new album 'Level 5' the other day. I have to say I really like this track.
Erm... I'll just go ahead an lock this one...
Nice, cool idea to raise the monitor up as well so you can stand and play easily.I've been wanting to get an adapter so I can use a classic zip stik with Amiga ports, that would certainly complete the...
I might need to stop buying games...
Merry Christmas all. I hope you all have an awesome day.
You're all banned for playing forums games. Merry Christmas :P
I'll post my library here soon, when I've got a bit more time. Maybe tomorrow.I'm in the 600+ games club, so there's a good chance I'll have quite a few games that every one has.
@behardy24: So sort of like how a book club would operate, only with games? I like the idea, and I would certainly be up for giving it a shot.I have a reasonable steam library, with quite a backlog o...
I've started on my backlog, but I might pick something up during the sale. I can never help myself.
I really like that trailer, it reminds me of the epic scale of the B-R5RB video.I really enjoyed my time playing EVE when I tried it, but I never really got into the PVP side of the game. I don't real...
@lostrib: It maybe back, but don't ask us where we keep our copies of Big Rigs. All I can say is that they're safe.
All I want to do this time of year is sleep *yawns*
Please don't spam referral links please. --Locked--
Darksiders II is all sorts of awesome. I'm not sure why it's sat in my "to play" pile this long.
What am I doing here again... Welp back to work.
How did I miss this awesome thread... but I already has all the games.So how about Bastion key for y'all? Well one of y'all anyway.
@Gamesterpheonix: It's a shame that SC2 is the only really competitive new RTS out at the moment. Some older games still have a bit of a scene, like Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance still has prett...
Yay new roll call.


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Translate this page Accusations plentiful at Rainbow MWDs first board meeting since FPUD application to LAFCORainbow to hold special meeting in early April to provide response to LAFCOThursday, April 3rd, 2014 Issue 14, Volume 18.
Otts presentation also constituted official LAFCO notice to Rainbow, giving the district 25 days to provide an official response to the FPUD application. That 25-day period will end April 19, so Rainbow will hold a special board meeting sometime in early April to address the FPUD application and the Rainbow response. The North County Joint Powers Authority (JPA) was created in February 2013 as a transitional structure to test the possibility of consolidating the Fallbrook and Rainbow districts. The joint powers agreement also included an employee leasing agreement which allowed FPUD and Rainbow to share employees, and the functional consolidation saved more than $1 million during the agreements first 11 months of existence. In November, the FPUD and Rainbow boards voted to begin the process of applying to LAFCO for an actual jurisdictional consolidation, but district boards could not agree on the governance structure for the successor district. Each district currently has a five-member board; FPUD elects its directors by seat with the entire district voting for each seat while Rainbow elects its directors by division with only voters in that division participating in that election. The FPUD board initially proposed that the board members of the consolidated agency all be elected at large. At the Feb. 5 North County JPA meeting, FPUDs representatives on the JPA board (which consists of three FPUD board members, three Rainbow board members, and an at-large member chosen by the rest of the board) put forth a compromise proposal in which four directors would be elected by division and three directors would be elected at large. Such a format would provide board representation for residents of each of the four divisions while also ensuring that a majority of the board would be accountable to all of the districts residents. Rainbows board members rejected that proposal. The joint powers agreement allowed for a termination provision after one year, and on March 5 Rainbows board voted 4-1 with Dennis Sanford in opposition to terminate the joint powers agreement with FPUD. Rainbow board president George McManigle delivered the 30-day notice of termination to FPUD on March 6, so the JPA will be dissolved effective April 5 unless FPUD obtains another partner. FPUD scheduled a special board meeting for March 10, and the board voted 4-0 (with Archie McPhee absent) to submit an application for the merger to LAFCO. Prior to the formation of the North County JPA, Ott appeared at a September 2012 community forum at the Bonsall Community Center. At that time he noted that consolidation would be a process which would involve due diligence. "Now hes saying that an application from either agency would move it forward," McManigle said. The LAFCO study would include municipal service review and sphere of influence updates for both districts. A municipal service review evaluates services and anticipated needs while a sphere of influence study determines boundaries best served by a particular agency. In the event of a consolidation, a dissolved district would be given a zero sphere of influence. The eight-member LAFCO board would hold a public hearing on the proposed consolidation, which would allow Rainbow board members and other members of the public to provide additional input. During the March 25 meeting, Ott was asked if his staff had knowledge of the FPUD application before it was received. "He said yes, and to me that becomes an issue of collusion between LAFCO and Fallbrook Public Utility District because they had information that should not be there," McManigle said. Brady is the executive officer of the North County JPA as well as FPUDs general manager, and he was also named as Rainbows general manager before resigning after the impasse on the governance of the proposed consolidated agency created a conflict of interest for Brady to remain as Rainbows general manager. "He is on the LAFCO advisory board," McManigle said, "which to me is a conflict of interest." Brady is one of 16 members on LAFCOs Special Districts Advisory Committee. Rainbows board also noted that FPUD utilized a special meeting to approve the application for consolidation and did not have prior public comment or notice for the item. "Our legal counsel will certainly be looking at violations of the Brown Act," McManigle said. 15 comments
April 3 rd.? Today is wed. April 2 nd.? VILLAGE NEWS REPLIES - Upload is going up early
Hagglin' over money, hagglin' over money, hagglin' over money . . . You know, the money that YOU and I provide.
Well, we the people certainly provide it Lee, but I thought you never touch the filthy stuff???
Putin takes Crimea, Brady takes Rainbow. Dare to undo it. We need a Manager at Rainbow to look out for us, not a warmed over employee with one foot in retirement.
Nope Seriously?? If Lee had some, he wouldn't be so obsessed over it. I still would like to know where all the water is going to come from in the future - new homes, more people and no water... and do desalination projects on board.
People this is over! Fpud board and GM need to quit wining and move on.. Lafco needs to return the $25,000.00 money back to Fpud ratepayers and LAFCO and FPUD needs to tell ratepayers the actual truth $65,000.00 or more for this nonsense. This should be a ratepayers decision not the FPUD Board. We the people do not approve this. This is why are water are bills are high for poor decisions.
#4: if you think Rainbow's GM is not focused totally on Rainbow's business at hand, you are mistaken. For the first time in a year RMWD has someone at the top whose ONLY concern is serving the needs and best interests of the district and its ratepayers. How refreshing! #5: In the past few years, San Diego County's population has increased; its water consumption has not. I believe from what I read that most local water districts are both encouraging more efficient use of water and seeking new sources, namely desalination and better use of recycled. I know that some growers cannot use water recycled to the current level of TDS content, but work on that is ongoing. If HOA's could be stopped from fining and/or prosecuting homeowners who want to use water wise landscaping, more water could be saved. #6: Sadly, it is not over. LAFCO continues to process FPUD's "reorganization" (dissolve Rainbow and take its assets) request. There is a whole long step-by-step process continuing. In spite of the recent complaint by an FPUD director that Rainbow was getting most of the "savings", there is obviously a perceived gain for FPUD or they would not have been willing to unilaterally disregard the provisions of a mutual agreement (JPA) and thereby put their trustworthiness in question.
@oldtimer: " if you think Rainbow's GM is not focused totally on Rainbow's business at hand, you are mistaken. For the first time in a year RMWD has someone at the top whose ONLY concern is serving the needs and best interests of the district and its ratepayers." Yeah, right. Best interests of ratepayers. HIGHEST BASE RATE out of 23 districts. Yep, he's looking out for us alright.....
Me: please define BASE RATE. And, in case you weren't aware of the process, the GM does not set the rates. Mr. Brady was Rainbow's GM for the last year. Do you give him credit for this?
More People Need To Be Aware and ask questions regarding the Deception From Fpuds Board And GM I'm not sure how anyone can trust a person that is so Dishonest to go against its own RMWD Board while still employed by them(RMWD) AND SAYS HE WAS ACTING FOR THE BENEFIT OF RATEPAYERS YOU ALL SHOULD Attend the meetings and get involved consolidation(takeover) whatever you want to call it or not No water bill will get lowered by this the mismanagement of fpuds rate payers money to push a hostile take over is just another example of poor management at all levels Most Of The $ WAS ALREADY BEING SAVED BY RMWD BEFORE ANY OF THIS STARTED. RMWD'S BOARD IS THE ONLY SIDE THAT IS ACTING TO PROTECT THE RATE PAYERS
Google "Brian Brady IID". This doesn't surprise anybody in IID. The FPUD board needs to be replaced. It is as simple as that.
@oldtimer...if you need me to explain what a base rate is.....then you shouldn't be commenting on this topic. As for the lousy GM. If he ran his organization more efficiently....they wouldn't have the highest base rate. He's the GM. He's responsible. The way you keep sticking up for him, one might think you're his wife.....
Me: Childish, ad hominem comments do not elevate the discussion.
Regarding comment #8. I'm not clear what you're referring to by "base rate" as well. Are you talking about the domestic water use water charges or are you talking about meter charges? Or some combination thereof? Thank you
Thank you, BGG. Regarding Me's comment, I was just trying to make sure we were talking about the same thing, and that we all understood what the term meant.
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Here's a pretty awesome photo gallery of the Dan Clowes art show opening at the Wexner Center for the Arts All photos including the above by Katherine Spengler © Wexner Center for the Arts, 2014
Photo parade: Daniel Clowes exhibit opening at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
Shia LaBeouf skywrites apology to Dan Clowes
This is a thing that actually happened. When I first saw it popping up on my feeds I thought it was some kind of photo shop jobbie, but no. Shia LaBeouf, the embattled plagiarist/actor, hired a plane to skywrite "I am sorry Daniel Clowes" over the pellucid skies of Los Angeles.
UPDATE: Troubles and plagiarism charges grow for LaBeouf as Clowes contemplates legal action
Lena Dunham likes graphic novels?
Daniel Clowes looks at bookstores on this week's New Yorker cover
It takes a while for all the elements of this cover to sink in, but like Clowes' previous efforts for the magazine, once they do, it's a keeper.
Via the Fantagraphics blog.
'Wilson' gets movie deal with Alexander Payne
Daniel Clowes is no stranger to the movies, with his GNs GHOST WORLD and ART SCHOOL CONFIDENTIAL having been produced, and several screenplays under his belt. Now, it looks like his recent hit WILSON may be headed to the screen. Alexander Payne is set to direct with Josh Donen producing for Sam Raimi's Stars Road shingle.
Clowes in and over the news
Cartoonist Daniel Clowes continues his media rounds in his local paper:
Clowes, an illustrator for the "New Yorker," is traditional in other ways, too. At a time when print is down and young cartoonists are turning to the Web, Clowes still draws everything by hand — "I'll never type in a url to look at comics," he says — and he was so shaken when Cody's Books closed in Berkeley that he relates it to how a Catholic would feel if the only church in town shut its doors.
Kibbles 'n' Bits — 4/28/10
§ LINK OF THE DAY MUST READ! Over at Trouble with Comics Guest Reviewer Month Andrew Farago uncovers the secret history of the Sanford & Son Saga
Winter 1993: Ratings skyrocket during the controversial "Death of Fred Sanford" story arc that spans the entire CBS Thursday night lineup for seven weeks.
Spring 1993: Fred Sanford returns during the controversial "Death of Bubba" story arc. Ratings continue to rise.


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The final keynote speech at the conference on Tailings and Mine Waste was from Craig Benson. He talked about mine waste facility covers. He has promised me a pdf of his talk. But in the meantime there are many documents by him and his coworkers readily available on the web that deal with much the same material as was in his presentation. (more…)
Archive for the 'Waste Rock' Category
Craig Benson on Rock Cover Performance
Posted in Colorado, People, Tailings, Waste Rock, tagged craig benson, rock cover, UMTRA on October 12, 2014 | Leave a Comment »
Mine Waste Facility Sideslope Covers
Posted in consulting, Geosynthetics, Geotechnical, Heap leach, Reclamation, Tailings, Waste Rock, tagged cover, erosion, geosynthetic, mine closure, Reclamation, rock cover, slope stability on July 2, 2014 | Leave a Comment »
The exterior surface of most tailings, waste rock, and heap leach facilities include:
- A top deck which is the flatter surface that forms the top surface of the facility. This is usually sloped at between one and five percent, primarily to promote runoff.
- The sideslopes which are easily covered if they are inclined at about five horizontal to one vertical (5H:1V) but which in practice may be as steep as 1.4H:1V.
Covers on the top deck are less subject to erosion, slope instability, and soil creep than covers on sideslopes. Thus different covers may be appropriate at the same facility on the top deck as compared to the sideslopes. Here are a few idle thoughts on sideslope covers for mine waste facilities. (more…)
Mine Closure: Conferences, Webcasts, and the Truth about Pascua Lama
Posted in About the news, brandy, British Columbia, consulting, decomissioning, environmental, Human relations and mining, mining, Tailings, Waste Rock, tagged infome. edumine, mine closure, pascua lama, weed on April 26, 2014 | 2 Comments »
Next week in Brazil is the first InfoMine conference on Mine Closure. About ninety folk will gather to discuss mine closure in Brazil and South America. I have read the papers: not a lot of fascination to the rest of us. Mostly about the theory and postulated future of mine closure laws & regulations in countries that currently have none. The middle of May, I present an EduMine webcast on Mine Closure. In the webcast I will review the best few papers from the Brazil conference. I will also present current case histories of mine closure that I am working on. And I will go through the theory and practice and issues of mine closure in general. Come join me. (more…)
EduMine Advanced Tailings Webcast
Posted in About the news, British Columbia, California, consulting, Enviromental, environmental, Jobs and Salaries, Oil sands, People, Reclamation, Tailings, Waste Rock, tagged advanced tailings, christian kujawa, conference, edumine, Ian Hutchison, lawrence charlebois, Myra Falls, nyrstar, Paterson and Cooke, robert cooke, slr, Tailings, webcast on April 22, 2014 | Leave a Comment »
There is still time to join us for the upcoming EduMine webcast Advanced Tailings and Mine Waste Facility Design, Operation, and Closure. Here is the link to the course. Even if you have taken other courses before conferences, or the other EduMine webcast on Introduction to Tailings, or our previous Advanced Tailings courses, I know you will find interesting and exciting information, perspectives, practices, and case histories in this new course. (more…)
Mine Waste Covers in Cold Canadian Climates
Posted in acid mine drainage, brandy, British Columbia, consulting, Geosynthetics, North America, Oil sands, People, Reclamation, Tailings, Waste Rock, tagged closure, cold cover, et covers, fmea, goesynthetics in mining, Gord McKenna, justin straker, mike o'kane, UMTRA, valley and ridge covers on April 8, 2014 | Leave a Comment »
Spent today in a course on Covers in Cold Climates. The course is part of the seminar to follow tomorrow and Wednesday on the same topics. Arranged by InfoMine, it is being held in Whistler, which is a nice, but not spectacular place to have a conference—I prefer Banff or Vancouver. For the Fairmont Chateau Whistler is a pale reflection of those other grand hotels with the Fairmont name: a bland and ugly exterior that replicates in cheap detail the features of the hotel in Vancouver that it tries to emulate. (more…)
The Best Mine Waste Cover is No Cover. Cold Climate Ruminations
Posted in California, consulting, Geotechnical, Mining history, Tailings, Waste Rock, tagged cement, covers, dust, Ekati, erosion, Royal Mountain King on February 23, 2014 | Leave a Comment »
It is snowing in Vancouver. Nothing sticking to the roads, but the trees are white and beautiful. Nothing much to do outside or inside for that matter, so just a few thoughts on mine waste disposal facility covers.
Slimes & Cement
The best cover is no cover. If you can use the upper tailings or waste rock as the as the growth medium in which a stand of climax vegetation will flourish, you have the best cover. (more…)


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My name is Barbara Ann Williams My skills and areas of expertise include professional power skating coach, writing, mentoring and motivational speaker. My professional title is NHL Skating Coach/Professional Power Skating Coach/Published Author. I coach at the Dix Hills Ice Skating Rink in Huntington, Long Island , New York. I am currently involved with Ice Skating Institute of America. My hobbies and interests include skating, bike riding, writing and animal rescue. I am drawn to and passionate about charitable organizations such as Animal Rescue.
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When it comes to race, we still can't talk about it.
But we can joke about it — just not in mixed company.
Anyone who believes we live in a post-racial America is in for a rude — and often riotous — awakening with Curious Theatre Company's compelling regional premiere of Bruce Norris' incendiary comedy, "Clybourne Park."
The play touches a nerve because nothing strikes us as close to home as home itself.
The newly anointed Pulitzer Prize-winner employs a simple, smart structural gimmick: We begin in 1959, just before the Youngers of Lorraine Hansberry's seminal "A Raisin in the Sun" are about to become the first black family in Clybourne Park, on the northwest side of downtown Chicago. We never see the iconic Youngers. Instead, we meet the white family that's moving out, and we soon learn why.
The second act takes place in the same house in 2009, and a white couple is moving into what is now a predominantly black neighborhood that has again become irresistible to whites for its cheap prices and proximity to downtown — much like Denver's Five Points over the same period.
One of the questions Norris would have us ask is this: Why is it that homes in gentrifying ethnic areas always seem to be available for far less than prevailing market values?
The arc Norris creates, with its uncomfortable suggestions about how far we have perhaps not come in terms of race, makes this a play of the moment and for the ages. Or at least the past 50 years.
The seven actors play different, but related, characters in each story. The superior first act, which plays out as part "You Can't Take it With You" comedy and part "Death of a Salesman" tragedy, introduces Russ and Bev (Erik Sandvold and Dee Covington), a despondent father and his suspiciously cheery wife who are packing for their move to the suburbs, closer to Russ' work. Russ doesn't know who's buying his house, and doesn't care.
But Karl Lindner does. He's the only "Raisin" character we meet — the genial fearmonger from the homeowner's association who tries to politely bribe the Youngers out of moving in. (And who would have thought Karl was married to an impossibly cheery, pregnant and deaf Scandinavian woman, played by C. Kelly Leo?)
"It all starts with one family," we've long been told of demographic shifts that play out over decades. The Stollers, and their house, are haunted by a secret that Russ buries in the backyard before he moves. Without excusing the pervasive racism of the day, Norris suggests that the first domino may not be an overt act of racism but perhaps a sad, necessary response to one family's individual needs.
The second act, while more static and contrived, brings the payoff to this theatrical party game. The actors who just played the Lindners are now the young couple who are wanting to demolish this house so that it can be rebuilt, only bigger. ZZ Moor and Cris Davenport, who played the black maid and her husband in the first act, are now Lena (namesake of the "Raisin" matriarch) and her preppy husband, Kevin. In a delicious twist, Lena is the new Lindner, raising objections about the new family's plans.
The play raises a multitude of complex talking points. But this is a comedy, and one that gets really funny the moment Steve blurts an inappropriate racial quip. Because when someone says, "It's just a joke" — it never is.
The play's sole misstep is a big one — a blurry final scene that blows its opportunity to bridge present and past stories in a meaningful way.
But Curious director Chip Walton induces smart, knowing performances (twice over), among them Sandvold's angry, grieving father of the first act, and Covington as the well-meaning housewife who is as lost as any Tennessee Williams heroine in the strange confusion that reigns on the other side of her front door. Really, Covington can have audiences smiling and tearing up over the course of delivering a single line.
Moor, Leo and newcomer Andy Waldschmidt are spot-on in their given roles, but the play fully hinges on Josh Hartwell, whose job in both acts is to come out and say the things we'd never say in polite company — but which must be said for this play to get where it needs to go. Hartwell has been around for a while; this is perhaps the best performance of his life.
Also of note is scenic designer Susan Crabtree's magnificent house, which undergoes a remodel of its own between acts. Even in 1959, this is a house that plainly has had a past — and another past before that.
This sweeping play makes plain that while everything, everywhere, is in a constant state of change, it's human nature for us to get most indignant when change involves a family or a community.
But isn't it funny how "our" story only begins with us?
John Moore: 303-954-1056 or email@example.com
"Clybourne Park" ***1/2 (out of four stars)
Racial comedy. Presented by Curious Theatre, 1080 Acoma St. Directed by Chip Walton. Through Oct. 15. 2 hours, 10 minutes. 8 p.m. Thursdays-Saturdays; 2 p.m. most Sundays. $18-$42. 303-623-0524 or curioustheatre.org
"Clybourne Park" cast list
Dee Covington: Bev/Kathy
Cris Davenport: Albert/Kevin
Josh Hartwell: Karl/Steve
C. Kelly Leo: Betsy/Lindsey
ZZ Moor: Francine/Lrna
Erik Sandvold: Russ/Dan
Andy Waldschmidt: Jim/Tom, Kenneth
Weekend Best Bet: Adam Pascal and Anthony Rapp, in concert
"Rent" never seems to go out of style — the enduring AIDS-era bohemia just returned to an off-Broadway theater in New York, and the Littleton Town Hall Arts Center just won a best-musical Henry Award for its recent production. Original co-stars Adam Pascal and Anthony Rapp, who returned to Denver in 2009 to perform as Roger and Mark in a touring version of the show, are back in Colorado Friday, Sept. 9, for a concert performance that will include songs and stories from their time with "Rent." Rapp and Pascal were with the show from its beginning in 1996, co-starred in the 2005 film adaptation and returned to Broadway in 2008. "The great thing about live performance is that, even if the material doesn't seem fresh to you, it's fresh to the audience," Pascal told The Post's Ricardo Baca in his most recent visit. The 8 p.m. concert, which will include contemporary hits as well as the singers' own original material, should seem fresh again. The evening continues the ongoing festivities marking the opening of the $23 million Lone Tree Arts Center, located just west of Interstate 25 and Lincoln Avenue, 10075 Commons St. $45-$75; 720-509-1000 or lonetreeartscenter.org.
This weekend's theater openings
More than 17 plays and musicals are opening this weekend, as the fall theater season gets into full swing. Read about every single one of them. click here
Complete theater listings
For detailed information on every production currently running in Colorado, go to to our complete list of every currently running production, including summaries, run dates, addresses, phones and links to every company's home page. Or check out our listings by company or by opening date
The Running Lines blog
Catch up on John Moore's roundup of the latest theater news: denverpost.com/runninglines


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Store Is Closed
Site Upgrade
Apr 12 2013 10:46:14 am EST
Wow, it has been a while since I have updated this site. Being a web developer, I have spent all my time building other sites!
Since this website has been programmed entirely by me, it\'s not a matter of simply updating a service like Wordpress.
Over the course of the coming weeks, I will be updating this site to reflect my web development pursuits. In the meantime, keep a physical copy of any content you reference, because I will probably be trimming a lot of the database records.
London Beer Flood, 1814
Nov 4 2011 8:17:07 pm EST
While some figuratively drown in beer, others have literally drowned in beer. The London Beer Flood occurred on October 17, 1814, when a series of beer vats ruptured in the parish of St. Giles, London, England.
A tidal wave of beer flooded the streets surrounding the Meux and Company Brewery, destroying two homes and drowning eight people.
The following recipe for dehydrated miso soup is great for backpacking trips. A dehydrator is required for the miso paste and green onion.
The following video illustrates the HIV virus replication cycle. The complexity of the process is difficult to fathom.
While practicing the Japanese writing system, I ate up a lot of scrap paper. I decided to look for alternatives.
I created a sand box to write characters in, however, I found that the sand doesn't hold the shape of the characters well. It's also a mess to clean.
It then struck me to use a dry erase board. I purchased a small 12 × 12 tile board for just over $10 that comes with a marker and eraser. The dry erase board works wonderfully—I don't feel like I'm wasting paper.
While I've been unable to find my particular dry erase board online, I found a favorably reviewed kit on Amazon that should work well for the purpose.
Fill your iPhone lock screen with useful Japanese phrases to accelerate your learning. The following article outlines how to make an iPhone Background, sync it to your iPhone, and set it as your lock screen background. Also included is a zip file with templates and ready made backgrounds to get you started.
For a 55 gallon African cichlid aquarium, I stock 7-10 five inch length cichlids, provided the aquarium has adequate filtration, dissolved oxygen, and hiding spaces for each cichlid.
Read the following article for more details.
Rice is a staple grain for backpackers, and forms the base of many dishes. However, traditional preparation of rice can be time consuming and fuel intensive. Also, backpacking stoves such as the Jetboil PCS, Sol, and Flash cast an unevenly distributed heat, causing the rice to burn to the bottom of the stove.
There are rice products on the market that reduce prep time and fuel consumption to desirable levels. In the following article, In the following article, I explore the use of instant rice and rice in a bag.
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Bounties reinforce football's flaws
More evidence that the culture of the game is out of step with society's standards
On Oct. 8, 2006, in the third quarter of a game between the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins, the Giants' Brandon Jacobs, a 6-foot-4, 265-pound running back, took a handoff from Eli Manning and headed upfield, where 6-foot-3, 255-pound Redskins linebacker Marcus Washington was waiting.
The collision was brutal. Jacobs barreled helmet-first into Washington's chest, bowling the linebacker to the ground. Washington, though, held on, made the tackle and, after the whistle, rose to one knee and vomited through his face mask.
Later, in the locker room, I asked Washington about the play. He smiled ruefully and said, "That's the game. When those Riddells start popping, you're playing football. I mean, this ain't golf."
During the following weeks, the Redskins -- coached by Joe Gibbs, with Gregg Williams as his defensive coordinator -- descended from a surprise playoff team the season before to a 10-loss club. The reason, according to many around the team, was a lack of physicality. If it wasn't Chris Samuels or Randy Thomas expressing frustration that the offense wasn't running the ball hard enough, it was Shawn Springs, Andre Carter or Shawn Taylor saying the defense wasn't hitting hard enough. I remember Williams telling me one day, "We're not breaking enough wills. Teams believe they can beat us for 60 minutes. That starts with being physical. You have to hit them hard enough so they reach about where they stop believing."
Now the NFL reports it has essentially razed a small forest to assemble an 18,000-page document chronicling rewards for players who targeted the most dangerous players on opposing teams. And, like concussions and brain injuries, shortened careers and life spans, the bounty issue isn't much ado about nothing. It's much ado about football.
If the NFL is upset with Williams, it is because he engaged in a bounty system that conflicts with its delusional image of itself and its game. And that revelation exposes the sport to its greatest vulnerability: the reality of its violence in a society that is moving away from the way football is and has always been played.
Twenty-three years ago, Buddy Ryan's "Bounty Bowl" with the Dallas Cowboys, while hyped as news, was accepted as men being men in a brutal game. Today, with the backdrop of concussions and enhanced safety rules, the bounty revelations will push football farther away from its roots and closer to more radical changes.
The league must now deal publicly with the unglamorous underbelly of the game, the real game that cannot be obscured by opulent halftime shows and $2 million ad buys, with what everyone on the inside has long known. The public now sees the old reality of football's brutality, already on trial during this concussion era, with a clear articulation of the policy on unsportsmanlike conduct.
What the NFL is facing is nothing more complicated than itself, with its grossly inappropriate pseudo-military culture and million-dollar violence. This is the game. Commissioner Roger Goodell must know that the best way for his blood sport to survive is to sell a product that offers the illusion of football without pain, football without blood, football without anger. The obvious strategy is to convince the fan base that taking the toughness out of the toughest players -- or taking them out of the game completely - doesn't decrease a team's chance of winning.
A year before the Washington-Jacobs collision, the Redskins played at Seattle in the postseason. That was the wonder year of Seahawks running back Shaun Alexander. He attended Alabama and was teammates with Cornelius Griffin, the Redskins defensive tackle. I asked Griffin about Alexander, and he told me that the key to stopping him was "to hit him first" and to "hit him constantly" because Alexander was a finesse back and hitting him would "break him."
Perhaps Griffin was simply articulating good, strong, football tactics, or maybe there was something behind it like a bounty system similar to the one Williams was found to have instituted later in New Orleans. Maybe it was both. Whatever the case, Griffin was explaining how to play football.
Where Williams has overstepped is in codifying the policy, as preliminary reports suggest he may have done in Buffalo, Tennessee, Washington and New Orleans. Hard policy with hard dollars creates hard evidence, making it impossible for the suits in the offices who manage the real revenue for the league to maintain the illusion.
Regardless of what it's called, the concept of bounties exists throughout sports. One person's "bounty" is another person's "incentive," which is another person's "toughness." In hockey, as in baseball and football, there are codes by which the game polices itself de facto. When a running back is carving up a team, coaches, players, writers and fans look for someone on the defense to "put a hat on that guy" with a hard, legal hit that might make him think twice and might even put him on the sideline.
The articulation and implementation of a formal policy to achieve that end is both directly and indirectly reinforced by the culture, even if that same culture abhors the thought of purposely injuring a player. The networks fighting for ratings, coaches fighting for their team and agents fighting for more money for their clients highlight big defensive hits and big defensive plays that turn around games, turn around seasons, never mind the secondary reality that a player is writhing in agony on the ground while everyone celebrates is only two clicks above barbaric. With the understanding that people watch football for big hits, ESPN glamorized them with a segment called "Jacked Up!" until concern about that reality intervened and the segment was dropped.
Before he sends a message to his sponsors (or to members of Congress readying themselves for the day a constituent wants football abolished because his son was paralyzed due to a "bounty hit") by dropping Williams down a deep hole as a symbolic sacrifice, Goodell should go down to Cherry Hill, N.J., and watch some of the NFL Films library. He could see footage of Fred "The Hammer" Williamson, who made a career of all but ripping opponents' heads off. In one particular clip, the tables are turned, and Williamson is the one on the ground, a twisted wreck. The opposite sideline, wired for sound, hoots and hollers in glee. "Oooh! Is that the Hammer? We got the Hammer!"
That is the game.
If Goodell's issue really is the violence, he wouldn't be the commissioner. He wouldn't advocate for an additional two regular-season games, up to 18 from 16.
But it isn't. His issue is the cosmetics of decorum. Coming off a season in which Ndamukong Suh stomped an opponent after the whistle on national television, Goodell knows his game is reaching the outer boundaries of accepted aggression. The real issue is not the unsportsmanlike nature of injuring players for money -- that already happens starting with the opening kickoff -- but injuring players for more money.
Yet, incentive is the natural order of this life, especially in the peer-pressured, testosterone-laden environment of a film session. Teams give out game balls for big plays and incentives for reaching milestones in yardage, touchdowns and interceptions - just as third-graders receive stars for spelling all of their words right, parents tell their kids they can go to Disneyland if they get a good report card, and college players get stickers on their helmets for positive plays that help the team. Putting a lick on a back or a receiver who has been running wild certainly qualifies. It only stands to reason that teams encourage their defensive players to be tougher, more physical, to make the star quarterback think twice before he drops back in the pocket against them the next time.
Imagine, for example, being in the Washington film room after the Patriots creamed the Redskins 52-7 in 2007. Imagine having to watch from left angle to right, from end zone camera to zoom to embarrassing freeze-frame, getting the absolute crap kicked out of you by everyone on New England's offense from Moss to Brady to Welker to Maroney to Stallworth.
Gregg Williams didn't cheat. His teams have not been routinely flagged for being the dirtiest in the NFL. His teams haven't paid the most fines in the league. Targeting players for money is tacky and classless, but it isn't fundamentally different than targeting them by instructing a defender to key on a dangerous opponent. What Williams will pay for over the coming weeks is providing a glimpse into a clubhouse matter that was intended to stay private. His biggest crime was putting into words, into policy, what happens on the field every day.
The real questions are about an NFL under assault for its lack of player safety, its games' potential for head trauma and now its cultural violence. Goodell and his office must determine whether it believes football can survive in its current form, a brutal game played by physical men -- or whether the bounty expose is another step toward the inevitable truth that today's football is on the wrong side of where society is heading.
- Senior Writer, ESPN.com and ESPN The Magazine
- Author of "The Last Hero: A Life of Henry Aaron"
- Author of "Juicing the Game"
- NFL mulls fine for Lynch's hat, sources say
- Lynch to media: 'You know why I'm here'
- Mayweather, Pacquiao meet again privately
- Brady has cold, says 'not worried about it'
The NFL on ESPN.com
- Round 1: 3 hours
- Day 2: 7 p.m. ET, ESPN & WatchESPN
- Day 3: 12 p.m. ET, ESPN & WatchESPN
- Merrill: How dad molded Andrew Luck
- The Mag: Burfict fighting perception
- Mag: Griffin III is no ordinary QB
- Chadiha: Kuechly looks like a sure thing
- Fox: DT Poe races up the board
- Chadiha: Jenkins trying to rebuild image
- Who's the second-best RB in the draft?
- Which player is getting too much hype?
- Which team has toughest call in top 10?
- Which probable 2nd-rounder belongs in 1st?
- Which Day 2 QB will have best career?
- Horton: NFC East needs | W | N | S
- Horton: AFC East needs | W | N | S
- Fox: Skins create another QB controversy
- Clayton: Players control Pro Bowl's fate
- Clayton: Draft drama starts at No. 3
- Fox: The draft is just the beginning
- Brandt: A peek inside a draft war room
- Joyner: Five overrated draft prospects
- TMQ: Annual mock draft mockery
- Scouts Inc.: The secondary QB market
- NFL Blog Network: Mock draft 2.0
- Clayton mailbag: Jags, Fins in tough spots
- Fox: Vikings could shake up draft, more
- Williamson: Plenty of draft intrigue here
- Fox: Reaching in draft is a mistake
- Walker: Dolphins are no easy fix
- Polian: Ranking best-drafting teams
- Next Level: Risk of drafting a top-10 QB
- Mag: Stanford four could make history
- Mocks: Kiper 5.0 | McShay 6.0
- Ranks: McShay top 32 | Kiper Big Board
- Cheat Sheets: QB | RB | WR | TE | OL
- More Cheat Sheets: DL | LB | DB
- Kiper's 'Grade A' drafts: AFC | NFC
- McShay: Stacking the 2012 draft board
- McShay: Seven tiers of draft talent
- Gallery: Top offensive prospects
- Gallery: Top 10 defenders
- Complete draft order | Draft home


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My Aries ex and I were good friends for about seven months, and then began our romantic relationship in January. The relationship was all that I could ask for and more (perfect!), until a few months ago. Now the once daily calls and texts are every three days and seeing each other every day/every other day became every 4-5 days or when it was convenient for him. I confronted him about it several times and the responses were, "I'm sorry," and excuses. He'd change for a few days to a week and things would be great. When he was with me, things would be PERFECT. When we were around other people, things would be PERFECT. When he wasn't around me though, I hardly crossed his mind (considering his lack of communication).
Zergnet: Simply Irresistible
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1990 Ford Taurus GL 4dr Wagon
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great. A year later I was in a weather
related car accident and the car slid
off the road into a Rocky ditch. The
Car had only minor damage and saved my
life that day. Thank God I was not
driving a Neon!!
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T.A.A.G.ST.A.A.G.S. was founded by Chris Bolt, Matt Fink, and T. Wikar, in 2006. TAAGS in the early years played small games and invitation was by word of mouth. However, on May 29, 2011, the TAAGS website was found and ever since TAAGS has grown into one of the biggest games played in Western Washigton. TAAGS prides themselves on playing honorably and respectively and holds themselves to work as a team rather than individuals, to be honorable and humble in all game environments. TAAGS has been constantly growing as they invite everyone to come out and play an honorable game once a month.
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The Webster Bible (WBT) | New International Version (NIV) |
8 And what nation [is there so] great, that hath statutes and judgments [so] righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day? | 8 And what other nation is so great as to have such righteous decrees and laws as this body of laws I am setting before you today? |
The Webster Bible is in the public domain. (The Webster Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


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Pedro Evora wins Rio design bid
RIO DE JANEIRO -- An architect who is the grandson of a Brazilian Olympic medalist has been selected to design the clubhouse of the golf course for the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Games.
Pedro Evora is the 34-year-old grandson of Affonso Evora, a point guard on the Brazilian men's basketball team that won the bronze medal in 1948.
Pedro Evora's design beat more than 50 projects that entered the bidding process, which was open to young architects who graduated in the last 15 years.
He said the clubhouse will be an "open space, with full contact with nature, integrated with the landscape," and that players will have a "unique experience."
Fellow Brazilian Pedro Rivera is a co-author of the project.
American Gil Hanse will design the course, which will mark golf's return to the Olympics after more than 100 years.
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press
- Durant, USA pull away from Spain to win gold
- Clippers' Paul has successful surgery on thumb
- Schmitt back to school after Olympic stardom
- Olympian Raisman, Poland Spring sign deal


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Fan-filmed video footage of HALESTORM performing cover versions of "Dissident Aggressor" (JUDAS PRIEST) and "Straight Through The Heart" (DIO) on March 11 in Nottingham, England can be seen below. Both tracks are expected to appear on the band's upcoming EP of cover songs, which was recently recorded and is tentatively due later in the year. The group issued its first set of remakes, "Reanimate", in 2011.
"Reanimate" contained covers of tracks from SKID ROW, LADY GAGA and GUNS N' ROSES. Singer Lzzy Hale told The Pulse Of Radio that recording other artists' songs helps her own writing. "There's just nothing like singing and playing and picking apart an already proven amazing song," she said. "I think it helps you as a songwriter. I'll write a song and be like, 'Well, is that as good as HEART's 'All I Wanna Do Is Make Love To You', and I'll have to be like, 'No, back to the drawing board.'"
Video: HALESTORM Performs JUDAS PRIEST, DIO Classics In Nottingham
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Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter :: Wii Game Review
With a robust editing mode and traditional platforming gameplay combined, Drawn To Life: The Next Chapter brings the franchise to Wii for the first time. Draw and play in real-time as you create platforms to jump on and solve puzzles using the Wii-mote to help create your environment. Back to Article