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Navier–Stokes equations
Continuum mechanics | |||||||
In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations [navˈjeː stəʊks], named after Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes, describe the motion of viscous fluid substances. These balance equations arise from applying Newton's second law to fluid motion, together with the assumption that the stress in the fluid is the sum of a diffusing viscous term (proportional to the gradient of velocity) and a pressure term—hence describing viscous flow. The main difference between them and the simpler Euler conservation equations for inviscid flow is that Navier–Stokes equations are not conservation equations (but rather a dissipative system) in the sense they cannot be put into the quasilinear homogeneous form:
Navier–Stokes equations are useful because they describe the physics of many things of scientific and engineering interest. They may be used to model the weather, ocean currents, water flow in a pipe and air flow around a wing. The Navier–Stokes equations in their full and simplified forms help with the design of aircraft and cars, the study of blood flow, the design of power stations, the analysis of pollution, and many other things. Coupled with Maxwell's equations they can be used to model and study magnetohydrodynamics.
The Navier–Stokes equations are also of great interest in a purely mathematical sense. Somewhat surprisingly, given their wide range of practical uses, it has not yet been proven that in three dimensions solutions always exist (existence), or that if they do exist, then they do not contain any singularity (they are smooth). These are called the Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problems. The Clay Mathematics Institute has called this one of the seven most important open problems in mathematics and has offered a US$1,000,000 prize for a solution or a counter-example.[1]
- 1 Velocity field
- 2 Properties
- 3 Derivation and description
- 4 Incompressible flow of Newtonian fluids
- 5 3D representations
- 6 Stream function formulation
- 7 Compressible flow of Newtonian fluids
- 8 Application to specific problems
- 9 Exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations
- 10 Wyld diagrams
- 11 Navier–Stokes equations use in games
- 12 See also
- 13 Notes
- 14 References
- 15 External links
Velocity field[edit]
The solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is a flow velocity not position. It is called a flow velocity field or flow field, which is a description of the flow velocity at a given point in space and time. Once the velocity field is solved for, other quantities of interest, such as Pressure or Temperature, may be found. This is different from what one normally sees in classical mechanics, where solutions are typically trajectories of position of a particle or deflection of a continuum. Studying velocity instead of position makes more sense for a fluid; however for visualization purposes one can compute various trajectories.
The Navier–Stokes equations are nonlinear partial differential equations in almost every real situation.[2][3] In some cases, such as one-dimensional flow and Stokes flow (or creeping flow), the equations can be simplified to linear equations. The nonlinearity makes most problems difficult or impossible to solve and is the main contributor to the turbulence that the equations model.
The nonlinearity is due to convective acceleration, which is an acceleration associated with the change in velocity over position. Hence, any convective flow, whether turbulent or not, will involve nonlinearity. An example of convective but laminar (nonturbulent) flow would be the passage of a viscous fluid (for example, oil) through a small converging nozzle. Such flows, whether exactly solvable or not, can often be thoroughly studied and understood.[4]
Turbulence is the time-dependent chaotic behavior seen in many fluid flows. It is generally believed that it is due to the inertia of the fluid as a whole: the culmination of time-dependent and convective acceleration; hence flows where inertial effects are small tend to be laminar (the Reynolds number quantifies how much the flow is affected by inertia). It is believed, though not known with certainty, that the Navier–Stokes equations describe turbulence properly.[5]
The numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for turbulent flow is extremely difficult, and due to the significantly different mixing-length scales that are involved in turbulent flow, the stable solution of this requires such a fine mesh resolution that the computational time becomes significantly infeasible for calculation or direct numerical simulation. Attempts to solve turbulent flow using a laminar solver typically result in a time-unsteady solution, which fails to converge appropriately. To counter this, time-averaged equations such as the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS), supplemented with turbulence models, are used in practical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications when modeling turbulent flows. Some models include the Spalart-Allmaras, k-ω (k-omega), k-ε (k-epsilon), and SST models, which add a variety of additional equations to bring closure to the RANS equations. Large eddy simulation (LES) can also be used to solve these equations numerically. This approach is computationally more expensive—in time and in computer memory—than RANS, but produces better results because it explicitly resolves the larger turbulent scales.
Together with supplemental equations (for example, conservation of mass) and well formulated boundary conditions, the Navier–Stokes equations seem to model fluid motion accurately; even turbulent flows seem (on average) to agree with real world observations.
The Navier–Stokes equations assume that the fluid being studied is a continuum (it is infinitely divisible and not composed of particles such as atoms or molecules), and is not moving at relativistic velocities. At very small scales or under extreme conditions, real fluids made out of discrete molecules will produce results different from the continuous fluids modeled by the Navier–Stokes equations. Depending on the Knudsen number of the problem, the Boltzmann equation may be a suitable replacement; failing that, one may find the techniques of statistical mechanics sufficient or have to resort to molecular dynamics.
Another limitation is simply the complicated nature of the equations. Time-tested formulations exist for common fluid families, but the application of the Navier–Stokes equations to less common families tends to result in very complicated formulations and often to open research problems. For this reason, these equations are usually rewritten for Newtonian fluids where the viscosity model is linear; truly general models for the flow of other kinds of fluids (such as blood) do not, as of 2012, exist .[citation needed]
Derivation and description[edit]
Navier–Stokes momentum equation can be derived as a particular form of Cauchy momentum equation. In an inertial frame of reference, the general form of the equations of continuum motion is:[6]
Cauchy momentum equation (general continuum)
- is the flow velocity,
- is the density,
- is the total stress tensor, which has order two,
- represents body accelerations (per unit mass) acting on the continuum, for example gravity, inertial accelerations, electric field acceleration, and so on.
- is the nabla operator.
In this form this can be seen as a statement of Newton's second law to a any non-relativistic continuum. The left side of the equation describes acceleration, and may be composed of time-dependent or convective effects (also the effects of non-inertial coordinates if present). The right side of the equation is in effect a summation of body forces (such as gravity) and divergence of stress (pressure and shear stress).
By expanding the material derivative and decomposing the stress into its isotropic and deviatoric parts, the Cauchy momentum equation becomes explicitly:
All non-relativistic conservation equations, such as the Navier–Stokes equations, can be derived by beginning with the Cauchy equations and specifying the stress tensor through a constitutive relation. By expressing the shear tensor in terms of viscosity and fluid velocity, and assuming constant density and viscosity, the Cauchy equations will lead to the Navier–Stokes equations. By assuming inviscid flow, the Navier–Stokes equations can further simplify to the Euler equations.
Convective acceleration[edit]
A significant feature of Cauchy equation and consequently all other continuum equations (including Euler and Navier–Stokes) is the presence of convective acceleration: the effect of time-independent acceleration of a flow with respect to space. While individual fliud particles indeed experience time dependent-acceleration, the convective acceleration of the flow field is a spatial effect, one example being fluid speeding up in a nozzle.
Linear invariant stress[edit]
The Navier–Stokes equations result from the following assumptions on the stress tensor:[7]
- the stress is Galileian invariant: it does not depend directly on the flow velocity, but only on spatial derivatives of the flow velocity. So the stress variable is the tensor gradient .
- the stress is linear in this variable: , where C is the fourth-order tensor representing the constant of proportionality, called the viscosity or elasticity tensor, and : is the double-dot product.
- the fluid is assumed to be isotropic, as with gases and simple liquids, and consequently is an isotropic tensor; furthermore, since the stress tensor is symmetric, by Helmholtz decomposition it can be expressed in terms of two scalar Lamé parameters, the bulk viscosity λ and the dynamic viscosity μ, as it is usual in linear elasticity:
Linear stress constitutive equation (expression used for elastic solid)
where I is the identity tensor, is the rate-of-strain tensor and is the rate of expansion of the flow. So this decomposition can be explicited as:
Since the trace of the rate-of-strain tensor in three dimensions is:
The trace of the stress tensor in three dimensions becomes:
So by alternatively decomposing the stress tensor is into isotropic and deviatoric parts, as usual in fluid dynamics:[8]
Now by changing variable from the bulk viscosity λ to the pressure p:
we arrive to the linear constitutive equation in the form usually employed in fluid mechanics:[7]
Linear stress constitutive equation (expression used for fluids)
Both pressure p (or bulk viscosity λ ) and dynamic viscosity μ need not be constant – in general, they depend on density, on each other (the viscosity is expressed in pressure), and in compressible flows also on temperature. Any equation expliciting one of these transport coefficient in the conservative variables is called an equation of state.[9]
By computing the divergence of the deviatoric stress, since:
one finally arrives to the compressible (most general) Navier-Stokes momentum equation:
Navier-Stokes momentum equation (compressible Newtonian fluid)
For the special case of an incompressible flow, the pressure constrains the flow so that the volume of fluid elements is constant: isochoric flow resulting in a solenoidal velocity field with [10]
Other equations[edit]
The Navier–Stokes equations are strictly a statement of the balance of momentum. To fully describe fluid flow, more information is needed, how much depending on the assumptions made. This additional information may include boundary data (no-slip, capillary surface, etc.), conservation of mass, balance of energy, and/or an equation of state.
Continuity equation[edit]
Regardless of the flow assumptions, a statement of the conservation of mass is generally necessary. This is achieved through the mass continuity equation, given in its most general form as:
or, using the substantive derivative:
Incompressible flow of Newtonian fluids[edit]
The equations are simplified in the case of incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid. Incompressibility rules out sound propagation or shock waves, so this simplification is not useful if these phenomena are of interest. The incompressible flow assumption typically holds well with a general ("compressible") fluid at low Mach numbers up to about Mach 0.3, such as for air winds at normal temperatures.[11] Since for incompressible (uniform density ρ0) flows the following identity holds:
the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are best visualised by dividing for the density:
Incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
in tensor notation:
Incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
- is the kinematic viscosity
- w is the specific (with the sense of per unit mass) thermodynamic work, the internal source term
It is well worth observing the meaning of each term (compare to the Cauchy momentum equation):
The higher-order term, namely the shear stress divergence , has simply reduced to the vector laplacian term .[12] This laplacian term can be interpreted as the difference between the velocity at a point and the mean velocity in a small surrounding volume. This implies that – for a Newtonian fluid – viscosity operates as a diffusion of momentum, in much the same way as the heat conduction. In fact neglecting the convection term, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations lead to a vector diffusion equation (namely Stokes equations), but in general the convection term is present, so incompressible Navier-Stokes equations belong to the class of convection-diffusion equations.
In the usual case of an external source being a conservative field:
by defining the hydraulic head:
one can finally condense the whole source in one term, arriving to the incompressible conservative Navier-Stokes equations:
The incompressible conservative version of Navier-Stokes equations is the fundamental equation of hydraulics. The domain for these equations is commonly a 3 or less euclidean space, for which an orthogonal coordinate reference frame is usually set to explicit the system of scalar partial derivative equations to be solved. In 3D orthogonal coordinate systems are 3: Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical. Expressing the Navier-Stokes vector equation in Cartesian coordinates is quite straightforward and not much influenced by the number of dimensions of the euclidean space employed, and this is the case also for the first-order terms (like the variation and convection ones) also in non-cartesian orthogonal coordinate systems. But for the higher order terms (the two coming from the divergence of the deviatoric stress that distinguish Navier-Stokes equations from Euler equations) some tensor calculus is required for deducing an expression in non-cartesian orthogonal coordinate systems.
3D representations[edit]
Cartesian coordinates[edit]
From the general form of the Navier-Stokes, with the velocity vector expanded as , sometimes respectively named , we may write the vector equation explicitly,
Note that gravity has been accounted for as a body force, and the values of gx, gy, gz will depend on the orientation of gravity with respect to the chosen set of coordinates.
The continuity equation reads:
When the flow is incompressible, does not change for any fluid particle, and its material derivative vanishes: . The continuity equation is reduced to:
Thus, for the incompressible version of the Navier-Stokes equation the second part of the viscous terms fall away (see Incompressible flow).
This system of four equations comprises the most commonly used and studied form. Though comparatively more compact than other representations, this is still a nonlinear system of partial differential equations for which solutions are difficult to obtain.
Cylindrical coordinates[edit]
A change of variables on the Cartesian equations will yield[11] the following momentum equations for r, , and z:
The gravity components will generally not be constants, however for most applications either the coordinates are chosen so that the gravity components are constant or else it is assumed that gravity is counteracted by a pressure field (for example, flow in horizontal pipe is treated normally without gravity and without a vertical pressure gradient). The continuity equation is:
This cylindrical representation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is the second most commonly seen (the first being Cartesian above). Cylindrical coordinates are chosen to take advantage of symmetry, so that a velocity component can disappear. A very common case is axisymmetric flow with the assumption of no tangential velocity (), and the remaining quantities are independent of :
Spherical coordinates[edit]
In spherical coordinates, the r, ϕ, and θ momentum equations are[11] (note the convention used: θ is polar angle, or colatitude,[13] 0 ≤ θ ≤ π):
Mass continuity will read:
These equations could be (slightly) compacted by, for example, factoring from the viscous terms. However, doing so would undesirably alter the structure of the Laplacian and other quantities.
Stream function formulation[edit]
Taking the curl of the Navier–Stokes equation results in the elimination of pressure. This is especially easy to see if 2D Cartesian flow is assumed (like in the degenerate 3D case with and no dependence of anything on z), where the equations reduce to:
Differentiating the first with respect to y, the second with respect to x and subtracting the resulting equations will eliminate pressure and any conservative force. Defining the stream function through
results in mass continuity being unconditionally satisfied (given the stream function is continuous), and then incompressible Newtonian 2D momentum and mass conservation condense into one equation:
where is the (2D) biharmonic operator and is the kinematic viscosity, . We can also express this compactly using the Jacobian determinant:
This single equation together with appropriate boundary conditions describes 2D fluid flow, taking only kinematic viscosity as a parameter. Note that the equation for creeping flow results when the left side is assumed zero.
In axisymmetric flow another stream function formulation, called the Stokes stream function, can be used to describe the velocity components of an incompressible flow with one scalar function.
Pressure-free velocity formulation[edit]
The incompressible Navier–Stokes equation is a differential algebraic equation, having the inconvenient feature that there is no explicit mechanism for advancing the pressure in time. Consequently, much effort has been expended to eliminate the pressure from all or part of the computational process. The stream function formulation above eliminates the pressure (in 2D) at the expense of introducing higher derivatives and elimination of the velocity, which is the primary variable of interest.
The incompressible Navier–Stokes equation is composite, the sum of two orthogonal equations,
where and are solenoidal and irrotational projection operators satisfying and and are the non-conservative and conservative parts of the body force. This result follows from the Helmholtz Theorem (also known as the fundamental theorem of vector calculus). The first equation is a pressureless governing equation for the velocity, while the second equation for the pressure is a functional of the velocity and is related to the pressure Poisson equation.
The explicit functional form of the projection operator in 3D is found from the Helmholtz Theorem
with a similar structure in 2D. Thus the governing equation is an integro-differential equation similar to Coulomb and Biot-Savart law, not convenient for numerical computation.
An equivalent weak or variational form of the equation, proved to produce the same velocity solution as the Navier–Stokes equation,[14] is given by,
for divergence-free test functions satisfying appropriate boundary conditions. Here, the projections are accomplished by the orthogonality of the solenoidal and irrotational function spaces. The discrete form of this is imminently suited to finite element computation of divergence-free flow, as we shall see in the next section. There we will be able to address the question, "How does one specify pressure-driven (Poiseuille) problems with a pressureless governing equation?"
The absence of pressure forces from the governing velocity equation demonstrates that the equation is not a dynamic one, but rather a kinematic equation where the divergence-free condition serves the role of a conservation equation. This all would seem to refute the frequent statements that the incompressible pressure enforces the divergence-free condition.
Discrete velocity[edit]
With partitioning of the problem domain and defining basis functions on the partitioned domain, the discrete form of the governing equation is,
It is desirable to choose basis functions which reflect the essential feature of incompressible flow – the elements must be divergence-free. While the velocity is the variable of interest, the existence of the stream function or vector potential is necessary by the Helmholtz Theorem. Further, to determine fluid flow in the absence of a pressure gradient, one can specify the difference of stream function values across a 2D channel, or the line integral of the tangential component of the vector potential around the channel in 3D, the flow being given by Stokes' Theorem. Discussion will be restricted to 2D in the following.
We further restrict discussion to continuous Hermite finite elements which have at least first-derivative degrees-of-freedom. With this, one can draw a large number of candidate triangular and rectangular elements from the plate-bending literature. These elements have derivatives as components of the gradient. In 2D, the gradient and curl of a scalar are clearly orthogonal, given by the expressions,
Adopting continuous plate-bending elements, interchanging the derivative degrees-of-freedom and changing the sign of the appropriate one gives many families of stream function elements.
Taking the curl of the scalar stream function elements gives divergence-free velocity elements.[15][16] The requirement that the stream function elements be continuous assures that the normal component of the velocity is continuous across element interfaces, all that is necessary for vanishing divergence on these interfaces.
Boundary conditions are simple to apply. The stream function is constant on no-flow surfaces, with no-slip velocity conditions on surfaces. Stream function differences across open channels determine the flow. No boundary conditions are necessary on open boundaries, though consistent values may be used with some problems. These are all Dirichlet conditions.
The algebraic equations to be solved are simple to set up, but of course are non-linear, requiring iteration of the linearized equations.
Similar considerations apply to three-dimensions, but extension from 2D is not immediate because of the vector nature of the potential, and there exists no simple relation between the gradient and the curl as was the case in 2D.
Pressure recovery[edit]
Recovering pressure from the velocity field is easy. The discrete weak equation for the pressure gradient is,
where the test/weight functions are irrotational. Any conforming scalar finite element may be used. However, the pressure gradient field may also be of interest. In this case one can use scalar Hermite elements for the pressure. For the test/weight functions one would choose the irrotational vector elements obtained from the gradient of the pressure element.
Compressible flow of Newtonian fluids[edit]
There are some phenomena that are closely linked with fluid compressibility. One of the obvious examples is sound. Description of such phenomena requires more general presentation of the Navier–Stokes equation that takes into account fluid compressibility. If viscosity is assumed a constant, one additional term appears, as shown here:[17][18]
where is the second viscosity.
Application to specific problems[edit]
The Navier–Stokes equations, even when written explicitly for specific fluids, are rather generic in nature and their proper application to specific problems can be very diverse. This is partly because there is an enormous variety of problems that may be modeled, ranging from as simple as the distribution of static pressure to as complicated as multiphase flow driven by surface tension.
Generally, application to specific problems begins with some flow assumptions and initial/boundary condition formulation, this may be followed by scale analysis to further simplify the problem.
a) Assume steady, parallel, one dimensional, non-convective pressure-driven flow between parallel plates, the resulting scaled (dimensionless) boundary value problem is:
The boundary condition is the no slip condition. This problem is easily solved for the flow field:
From this point onward more quantities of interest can be easily obtained, such as viscous drag force or net flow rate.
b) Difficulties may arise when the problem becomes slightly more complicated. A seemingly modest twist on the parallel flow above would be the radial flow between parallel plates; this involves convection and thus non-linearity. The velocity field may be represented by a function that must satisfy:
This ordinary differential equation is what is obtained when the Navier–Stokes equations are written and the flow assumptions applied (additionally, the pressure gradient is solved for). The nonlinear term makes this a very difficult problem to solve analytically (a lengthy implicit solution may be found which involves elliptic integrals and roots of cubic polynomials). Issues with the actual existence of solutions arise for R > 1.41 (approximately; this is not the square root of 2), the parameter R being the Reynolds number with appropriately chosen scales.[19] This is an example of flow assumptions losing their applicability, and an example of the difficulty in "high" Reynolds number flows.[19]
Some exact solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations exist. Examples of degenerate cases — with the non-linear terms in the Navier–Stokes equations equal to zero — are Poiseuille flow, Couette flow and the oscillatory Stokes boundary layer. But also more interesting examples, solutions to the full non-linear equations, exist; for example the Taylor–Green vortex.[20][21][22] Note that the existence of these exact solutions does not imply they are stable: turbulence may develop at higher Reynolds numbers.
For example, in the case of an unbounded planar domain with two-dimensional — incompressible and stationary — flow in polar coordinates the velocity components and pressure p are:[23]
where A and B are arbitrary constants. This solution is valid in the domain r ≥ 1 and for .
In Cartesian coordinates, when the viscosity is zero (), this is:
For example, in the case of an unbounded Euclidean domain with three-dimensional — incompressible, stationary and with zero viscosity () — radial flow in Cartesian coordinates the velocity vector and pressure p are:[citation needed]
There is a singularity at .
A three-dimensional steady-state vortex solution[edit]
A nice steady-state example with no singularities comes from considering the flow along the lines of a Hopf fibration. Let r be a constant radius to the inner coil. One set of solutions is given by:[24]
for arbitrary constants A and B. This is a solution in a non-viscous gas (compressible fluid) whose density, velocities and pressure goes to zero far from the origin. (Note this is not a solution to the Clay Millennium problem because that refers to incompressible fluids where is a constant, neither does it deal with the uniqueness of the Navier–Stokes equations with respect to any turbulence properties.) It is also worth pointing out that the components of the velocity vector are exactly those from the Pythagorean quadruple parametrization. Other choices of density and pressure are possible with the same velocity field:
Another choice of pressure and density with the same velocity vector above is one where the pressure and density fall to zero at the origin and are highest in the central loop at :
In fact in general there are simple solutions for any polynomial function f where the density is:
Wyld diagrams[edit]
Wyld diagrams are bookkeeping graphs that correspond to the Navier–Stokes equations via a perturbation expansion of the fundamental continuum mechanics. Similar to the Feynman diagrams in quantum field theory, these diagrams are an extension of Keldysh's technique for nonequilibrium processes in fluid dynamics. In other words, these diagrams assign graphs to the (often) turbulent phenomena in turbulent fluids by allowing correlated and interacting fluid particles to obey stochastic processes associated to pseudo-random functions in probability distributions.[25]
The Navier–Stokes equations are used extensively in video games in order to model a wide variety of natural phenomena. Simulations of small-scale gaseous fluids, such as fire and smoke, are often based on the seminal paper "Real-Time Fluid Dynamics for Games"[26] by Jos Stam, which elaborates one of the methods proposed in Stam's earlier, more famous paper "Stable Fluids"[27] from 1999. Stam proposes stable fluid simulation using a Navier–Stokes solution method from 1968, coupled with an unconditionally stable semi-Lagrangian advection scheme, as first proposed in 1992.
More recent implementations based upon this work run on the GPU as opposed to the CPU and achieve a much higher degree of performance.[28][29] Many improvements have been proposed to Stam's original work, which suffers inherently from high numerical dissipation in both velocity and mass.
An introduction to interactive fluid simulation can be found in the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH course, Fluid Simulation for Computer Animation.[30]
See also[edit]
- Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant
- Boltzmann equation
- Convection–diffusion equation
- Churchill–Bernstein equation
- Coandă effect
- Computational fluid dynamics
- Euler equations
- Fokker–Planck equation
- Hagen–Poiseuille flow from the Navier–Stokes equations
- Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations
- Non-dimensionalization and scaling of the Navier–Stokes equations
- Pressure-correction method
- Reynolds transport theorem
- Vlasov equation
- ^ Millennium Prize Problems, Clay Mathematics Institute, retrieved 2014-01-14
- ^ Fluid Mechanics (Schaum's Series), M. Potter, D.C. Wiggert, Schaum's Outlines, McGraw-Hill (USA), 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-148781-8
- ^ Vectors, Tensors, and the basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics, R. Aris, Dover Publications, 1989, ISBN(10) 0-486-66110-5
- ^ McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), C.B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0-07-051400-3
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, ISBN (Verlagsgesellschaft) 3-527-26954-1, ISBN (VHC Inc.) 0-89573-752-3
- ^ Batchelor (1967) pp. 137 & 142.
- ^ a b Batchelor (1967) pp. 142–148.
- ^ Chorin, Mardsen p.33
- ^ Batchelor (1967) p. 165.
- ^ Batchelor (1967) p. 75.
- ^ a b c See Acheson (1990).
- ^ Batchelor (1967) pp. 21 & 147.
- ^ Eric W. Weisstein (2005-10-26), Spherical Coordinates, MathWorld, retrieved 2008-01-22
- ^ Temam, Roger (2001), Navier–Stokes Equations, Theory and Numerical Analysis, AMS Chelsea, pp. 107–112
- ^ Holdeman, J.T. (2010), "A Hermite finite element method for incompressible fluid flow", Int. J. Numer. Meth. FLuids 64 (4): 376–408, Bibcode:2010IJNMF..64..376H, doi:10.1002/fld.2154
- ^ Holdeman, J.T.; Kim, J.W. (2010), "Computation of incompressible thermal flows using Hermite finite elements", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 199 (49–52): 3297–3304, Bibcode:2010CMAME.199.3297H, doi:10.1016/j.cma.2010.06.036
- ^ Landau & Lifshitz (1987) pp. 44–45.
- ^ Batchelor (1967) pp. 147 & 154.
- ^ a b Shah, Tasneem Mohammad (1972). "Analysis of the multigrid method". Published by Dr. TM Shah; republished by The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ Wang, C.Y. (1991), "Exact solutions of the steady-state Navier–Stokes equations", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 23: 159–177, Bibcode:1991AnRFM..23..159W, doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.23.010191.001111
- ^ Landau & Lifshitz (1987) pp. 75–88.
- ^ Ethier, C.R.; Steinman, D.A. (1994), "Exact fully 3D Navier–Stokes solutions for benchmarking", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 19 (5): 369–375, Bibcode:1994IJNMF..19..369E, doi:10.1002/fld.1650190502
- ^ Ladyzhenskaya, O.A. (1969), The Mathematical Theory of viscous Incompressible Flow (2nd ed.), p. preface, xi
- ^ Kamchatno, A. M (1982), Topological solitons in magnetohydrodynamics
- ^ McComb, W.D. (2008), Renormalization methods: A guide for beginners, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-923652-6 pp. 121–128.
- ^ Stam, Jos (2003), Real-Time Fluid Dynamics for Games
- ^ Stam, Jos (1999), Stable Fluids
- ^ Harris, Mark J. (2004), "38", GPUGems - Fast Fluid Dynamics Simulation on the GPU
- ^ Sander, P.; Tatarchuck, N.; Mitchell, J.L. (2007), "9.6", ShaderX5 - Explicit Early-Z Culling for Efficient Fluid Flow Simulation, pp. 553–564
- ^ Robert Bridson; Matthias Müller-Fischer. "Fluid Simulation for Computer Animation". www.cs.ubc.ca.
- Acheson, D. J. (1990), Elementary Fluid Dynamics, Oxford Applied Mathematics and Computing Science Series, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-859679-0
- Batchelor, G. K. (1967), An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66396-2
- Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1987), Fluid mechanics, Course of Theoretical Physics 6 (2nd revised ed.), Pergamon Press, ISBN 0-08-033932-8, OCLC 15017127
- Rhyming, Inge L. (1991), Dynamique des fluides, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes
- Polyanin, A. D.; Kutepov, A. M.; Vyazmin, A. V.; Kazenin, D. A. (2002), Hydrodynamics, Mass and Heat Transfer in Chemical Engineering, Taylor & Francis, London, ISBN 0-415-27237-8
- Currie, I. G. (1974), Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-015000-1
- V. Girault and P.A. Raviart. Finite Element Methods for Navier–Stokes Equations: Theory and Algorithms. Springer Series in Computational Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, 1986.
External links[edit]
- Simplified derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations
- Millennium Prize problem description.
- CFD online software list A compilation of codes, including Navier–Stokes solvers.
- Online fluid dynamics simulator Solves the Navier–Stokes equation numerically and visualizes it using Javascript.
- Three-dimensional unsteady form of the Navier-Stokes equations Glenn Research Center, NASA


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MANY attendees of Portland Community Bingo have gown increasingly frustrated with what they believe are unnecessarily cold temperature inside the Fawthrop Centre building.
Every Thursday evening from 7pm to around 10pm bingo is held at the venue, with players claiming the air conditioning is excessively run when it is not needed.
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"In summer, the temperature is set to keep the building at about 22C to anticipate for the warmest days, which can reach about 40C."
The Portland Observer has been contacted by several bingo players in recent weeks, complaining of the low temperatures in the building.
Read the full story in Friday's Portland Observer, or subscribe to our epaper at the top of the page.

subset: commoncrawl


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- The Sho'Nuff Audioblog posted a handful of tracks from Bonnaroo artists including The Magic Numbers, The Streets, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Blackalicious and more. Check it out.
- Rewriteable Content believes the hype, posting tracks from the two biggest blog bands of the year (so far): Tapes 'N Tapes and Cold War Kids. Download them all if you want to fit in.
- Mocking Music is very serious when it comes to Best Of lists. So when it came time to make a Best Songs of 2006 list, they made sure to include tracks by Beck, Beirut, Islands and more. It's seriouisly awesome.
- And finally, Kwaya Na Kisser has posted more Boston tracks than you could ever possibly need. And by that, I mean 5.
SIZZLER: Duff Goes to Broadway
Making it on Broadway is every actor's dream. But it doesn't matter if you're an A-list actor, Broadway reserves its esteemed stages for only the best performers in the biz. And Haylie Duff is no exception. After wowing the critics with her star turn in the Certs flavor crystals commercials, the other white Duff has been asked to play Amber van Tussle in Hairspray the Musical. She will be following in the footsteps of a long line of skilled masters of the Broadway stage, namely Drew Lachey, Christina Applegate, Jason Biggs and of course, the great Joey Fatone. Brava Duffster, and if bring your sister to next year's awards, we're sure you'll snag a Tony too .
ICYMI: While You Were Working
Just in case you were ever curious, this is what happens on TV while you're busy at work. I'm not going to say anything else. Just watch.
I'm quitting my job. Who's with me?
SIZZLER: Scientologists Fight Drugs, Clever T-Shirts
In a bold move that would likely have sent Tom Cruise into an apoleptic seizure of furious furniture-bouncing, LA "punk" film director John Roecker wore a T-shirt with Cruise's face – along with that of fellow Scientologist John Travolta – that read, "Scientology Is Gay, Very Gay". This ballsy fashion statement did not go unnoticed by the minions of the church, as he was soon accosted by Jenna Elfman and her husband, also Scientologists, who angrily scolded the director and inexplicably demanded to know whether or not he had ever "raped a baby". I'm not really sure what that particular query had to do with the situation, but the good news is that Roecker escaped the confrontation without harm to anything other than his chances of directing M:I4. And after a few sessions of intense auditing and Thetan-cleansing, the Elfmans were able to safely continue on with their day. So all is well that ends well.
Not sure where you can get the T-shirt.
GAMES: Nacho Kung Fu!
Everybody's looking forward to Nacho Libre. Jack BLack, plus the director of Naploen Dynamite– if these two men both bring their A-games, this could end up being the most quotable movie in the history of cinema. White frat guys with backwards hats all over the country are STOKED!
The movie comes out this weekend, but in the meantime you can practice your kung-fu moves with this Nacho Libre game. Click here, then scroll down to Nacho Kung-Fu. Just to give you a heads-up; your first opponent is a pig. I wish you the best of luck. You may need it.
Guess the Celebrity Nipster…
Ever since Tara Reid's dress strap slipped-off her shoulder, the nipple has been in. From Paris to Lindsay, every big star in Hollywood has shown a little nip.
So it makes sense that this dreamy male actor– who's copped the surreal styles of everyone from the King of Pop to the Pirates of Penzance– would want to show off his goods in a blue ruffled chemise. Yup, just like the potato chip, these ruffles have man-ridges. Find out whose man-ridges after the jump.
Read more…
CELEBRITY TRANSLATOR: Paris Is Boring
This morning's Regis and Kelly really classed things up with guests Paris Hilton and Janice Dickinson. While we couldn't really understand Paris' boring, incoherent rambling, our patented Celebrity Translator was able to fill us in on what exactly she was talking about. Incidentally, when we tried to use the Translator on Janice Dickinson's portion of the show, it didn't work because she isn't a celebrity.
If you'd like to try your luck deciphering Paris without the help of the Celebrity Translator, here's a clip of her appearance on Letterman last night. See what you can make of it, but it just sounds like gibberish to me.
PROPPED: Seth Macfarlane Is Funnier Animated
Family Guy creator Seth Macfarlane took a break from stealing material to speak to some Harvard graduates. Taintpuncher (great name) Dropped this link to the entire 20 minute speech where Seth assumes the identities of Peter, Stewie and Quagmire. The only thing the speech is missing is random cutaways to interchangable comedy scenes that distract from the poor writing. Besides that, in the words of Peter Griffin, it's frickin' sweet. Watch the Peter portion below, then click here to see the rest of them.
Got something of your own you want to pass on? Drop it now!
SIZZLER: Federlines Torture Mel Gibson Into Retreat
Mel Gibson is no stranger to torture. In Braveheart, he endured his wife being raped before he was publicly castrated. In Lethal Weapon, his character was constantly beaten and tortured beyond recognition. And he's the man who brought us The Passion, possibly the most brutal portrayal of suffering ever seen on the big screen. But in real life, living next door to the Spears-Federlines has proven to be too much agony for even William Wallace to suffer. Mel's selling his house and moving his family somewhere they can be safe from the dangers of gold-digging rapper wannabes and self-destructive pop singers. I can't really blame him. When you own a 24 million dollar mansion, you shouldn't have to wake up every morning to the sounds of Kevin's awful hip-hop and Britney's tortured sobbing, intermingled with the smells of unchanged diapers and the cheap weed K-Fed's "posse" is smoking.
SIZZLER EXCLUSIVE: Sheen's New Girlfriend an Actress?
We were so happy to see Charlie Sheen moving on from Denise Richards with a new woman who isn't an actress. At the Fifth Annual Butterfly Ball, Sheen brought his brand new lady love, Brooke Wolofsky a sexy, sultry real estate investor who doesn't give a damn about the big screen. The couple were cuddly in front of the press and whispered sweet nothings into each other's ears, presumably about Estate License Laws and escrow.
But because we've got Sheen's back and because Wolofsky is the hottest Real Estate investor we've ever seen, we did a little google research and were surprised to find that Brooke Wolofsky bears a striking resemblance to an actress named Brooke Mueller, star of the 1999 thriller Witchouse –a movie about a group of friends hot women who try to resurrect the dead. Mueller more recently had an uncredited bit part in A Love Song for Bobby Long, but in that movie, she went by the name Brooke Allen. Hmmm. We're not sure if this is the same Brooke as Charlie's. Look at the pictures and decide for yourself. But if this is the same Brooke, Sheen may not only be dating an actress, but also some one in the witness protection program. Then again, if we starred in Witchhouse, we'd probably change our name too.
Brooke's Imdb Page


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
- 01-03-2013, 05:22 AM Thread Author #1
8520 - is this thing dead?
My 8520 not responding to anything, its off and if I connect it to my pc it does nothing. The pc doesn't even pick it up whatsoever. Trying to switch it on gets nowhere as well. The only activity I can get from it is the LED flashing once then quickly 4 times.
I feel like its the OS or the firmware. I can't reinstall the OS because my computer doesnt even register the device.
Would appreciate some help here. -
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Junior Member
I tried to log on today to play some LoL with a friend of mine and when I did it said that I should reconnect to the game. My friend asked me what champion I played last and I told him it was Ashe. He then told me that the last champion was the frost bird (sorry, not very good with names, haven't played him yet) and that I had a total of 3 leaves. Which I only had 1 originally due to a power outage. I changed my password and FINALLY was able to log in. Whoever it was completely rearranged my runes and somehow.... had a total of 800+ runes... Yes that's right 800+. I believe he somehow hacked it again because it kicked me off but I logged back in really fast and got into a game. I'm hoping that it wasn't hacked but something is definitely not right. Any feedback on how to prevent this/fix would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance.
ruh roh, should put a lead suit on to protect me from the radioactivity of your heckedness? = /
Senior Member


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Beinfest: So on the Lotte free agent roster we have Nyugen, Maichinoku, Makinabi, Mathis, Misawa, Muk....
Loria: Woah woah woah, there's a Mathis in Japan!? SIGN HEEEM!!!
Beinfest: Um...
Jennings: Oh god, here we go.
Loria: This team doesn't go anywhere without having every single baseball-playing Mathis available! Bank on it!
Beinfest: But...
Loria: Just do it!
Hill: Lol, like Nike! Yeah boi!
Loria: Shut up Pendleton, you're fired!
Hill: Damnit, dawg!
Loria: Larry...
Beinfest: Already on it sir, we're contacting him as we speak, he'll be signed by the end of the week.
Loria: ::cackles:: Whatcha gonna do when Mathis-Mania runs wild on you, brothers!!!
Samson: Jeffrey, what's Hill still doing here?
Hill: ::fumbling through his iPhone at a rapid pace:: Hold up hold up, Google is showing me a Rebecca Mathis, centerfielder on the Oregon Reindeers girls middle school softball team... whaddya think boss?
Loria: You're rehired, Puckett!
- BenderRobot, knglover, SkyJuice and 10 others like this


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14 Toilet Paper Roll Craft Ideas
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Perfect Pearls: Shimmering Mist
By: Marti Wills for Pezadoodle Designs
You can learn how to make your own shimmering mist to use on scrapbook backgrounds and homemade cards with this handy video tutorial from Marti Wills. This technique allows you to transform any paper you have into glittery, shimmering paper! These paper techniques will take your paper supply so much farther!
- Perfect Pearls Mica Powder by Ranger – multiple colors
- Dye Reinker – any color(s)
- Cardstock
- Patterned Paper
- Mini mister of water
- Fill your mini mister ¾ full with plain water.
- Add a scoop of Perfect Pearls Mica Powder about the size of a small pea.
- Mix well and mist over patterned paper or plain cardstock for a mist of colorful shimmer ONLY.
- Add any color Dye Reinker to the mixture for shimmer + color – the more reinker you add the darker your color will be.
- Mix well and mist over cardstock.
- Paper may curl some when wet but will settle back down once dry.
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In this episode we dicsussed the latest speculation involving Fulham, and started the process of getting you ready for the new season which begins in a few weeks.
We were joined during the show by Allen Ramsey of Goal.com USA. Later on in the show we had on Stephen Brandt who is a contributor for the radio show Vuvuzela: The World Soccer Show on Blogtalkradio.com. Please do take a listen.
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text: nizatidine - oral, Axid (cont.)PRECAUTIONS: Before taking nizatidine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other H2 blockers (e.g., cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine); or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: immune system problems, kidney problems, liver problems, certain lung diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD), diabetes, other stomach problems (e.g., tumors).Some symptoms may actually be signs of a more serious condition. Get medical help right away if you have: heartburn with lightheadedness/sweating/dizziness, chest/jaw/arm/shoulder pain (especially with shortness of breath, unusual sweating), unexplained weight loss.This drug may make you dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Limit alcoholic beverages.Kidney function declines as you grow older. This medication is removed by the kidneys. Therefore, the elderly may be more sensitive to the effects of this drug.Nizatidine should be used only when clearly needed during pregnancy. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.Very small amounts of nizatidine pass into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.Since nizatidine reduces the amount of acid in your stomach, it may also change the absorption of certain medications and affect how they work. Some examples of affected drugs include atazanavir, dasatinib, delavirdine, certain azole antifungals (such as itraconazole, ketoconazole), among others. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if any of the medications you take are affected by nizatidine and how to manage this interaction.Check the labels on all your medicines because they may contain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen) that may cause stomach irritation/ulcers. Ask your pharmacist about the safe use of those products. Low-dose aspirin should be continued if prescribed by your doctor for specific medical reasons such as heart attack or stroke prevention (usually at dosages of 81-325 milligrams per day). Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more details.This medication and similar H2 blockers (e.g., cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine) are available both with and without a prescription. Do not take them at the same time.This product can affect the results of certain lab tests. Make sure laboratory personnel and your doctors know you use this drug. Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Need help identifying pills and medications? Back to Medications Index |


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See You at Big Bear!
The "Six Seasons and a Movie" art show documentary by Andulka Wilkes and Evan Koehne will be screened this weekend at the Big Bear International Film Festival! It will be part of the shorts programming, so head to Village 3 Saturday at 11:30am to check it out with rest of the festival goers.


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MJM Magic is the best... on-line magic shop! No another on-line magic can compare with MJM Magic. Nazmi MalaysiaRead More ->
My first order with MJM Magic was placed late in the day. Only 45 minutes before the end of their normal time to process orders. Not only was my...Read More ->


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Starring: Angela Lansbury, David Tomlinson, Roddy McDowall
Running Time: 117 minutes
Director: Robert Stevenson
Languages: English
Rating: G
Genre: Family
Apprentice witch Eglantine Price believes her mail-order course in witchcraft will allow her to greatly help her country during World War II. When Carrie, Paul and Charlie Rawlins, three young evacuees from London, are sent to live with her, they soon discover her secret. In order to keep them quiet, she gives them an enchanted bed knob that will allow them to travel anywhere on their bed.


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Georgina Bisby Group Editor |
Catherine Hackett Associate Editor |
Firm in court after worker loses arm
22 January 2015
A Powys firm has been fined for serious safety failings after a woodworker had his right arm severed while clearing sawdust from underneath a circular saw. [Read More]
Other News
- Inquest rules that significant failings by William Hill and Acean Builders caused death of 27 year old
- Businessman fined for asbestos failure in industrial building
- Parliamentary report urges 'behaviour change' approach to tackling carbon monoxide poisoning
- £150,000 fine for Chessington over youngster's severe injuries
EDITOR'S PICK - View More Editor's Pick
- Slip resistant footwear
- Skanska and Specsavers work to improve road safety
- Minimising slips
- Industrial clean up
- In the hood
- Disability infographic
- CCCf approval
- Warm climate boots
Slip resistant footwear
21 January 2015
U-Power offers a range of safety footwear designed to prevent slips and trips, the most common hazards in the workplace. [Read More]
Noise monitoring specialists Cirrus Research will be exhibiting at this year's Health & Safety Event with its unique Noise Doctor concept. [Read More]
More Sponsored Content
- Evacusafe releases free White Paper
- Bottlechock
- Ultimate Ear Cross Rail Project
- Free driver risk management resources
Hot Topic - Lone Worker Safety
HSM's current Hot Topic is Lone Worker Safety. Ten years ago this was an issue that was barely talked about but as working practices evolve at speed it is an issue that's rising up almost every employer's agenda. Make sure you're informed. [Read More]


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Search Suggestions
Welcome to SmartGearUK's Play Store,
We're very please to launch our New WebShop with Play.com - we hope you enjoy browsing our store and the many great offers we have direct from all the biggest brands - please keep an eye on our Top Sellers page..
SmartgearUK is a family run business started in early 2009 and then launching online sales in July 2012 - our main focus is customersservice - our aim is to Exceed your Expectations - you've done your bit by placing your order with us - now it's over to US, we have been buying and selling into the retail market for over 20 years (including sales into Play.com Direct for the last 8 years) - we have great relationships with the biggest companies and Brands in the UK.
We dispatch stock as quickly as possible with over 80% of all orders received being dispatched the same day. All other orders are dispatchedwithin two working days of receiving your order - providing the item has not sold out elsewhere prior to your order being received via Play - if thishappens - we will notify you with our next incoming delivery date for that item or offer you full refund to be processed immediately .
Deliveries vary depending on the size and value of the item you order but all deliveries will be sent via Royal Mail or our selected courier.
You can return your purchase to us within 28 days of the date you received the item if it has been damaged during delivery, is defective, has been incorrectly advertised, or is not what you ordered. We will issue a full refund (including postage costs) or a replacement at no additional cost in accordance with your legal rights. We cannot accept items that are damaged due to improper handling.Please be aware that the following goods are excluded from the right to cancel:Unsealed mediaComputer memoryUsed hard drivesUnsealed headphonesThe Distance Selling Regulations allow you to withdraw from any purchase made from us at any time 14 days after the date you receive the item,


text:
Free Remote Access Tools For Windows and Mac Compared
Slashdot shouldn't publish anti-Linux stories @%^* (152 comments)
What happened, did you bring Hemos back or something? He was always the worst for this kind of nonsense.
Announcing: Slashdot Deals - Explore geek apps, games, gadgets and more. (what is this?)
We are sorry to see you leave - Beta is different and we value the time you took to try it out. Before you decide to go, please take a look at some value-adds for Beta and learn more about it. Thank you for reading Slashdot, and for making the site better!
Slashdot shouldn't publish anti-Linux stories @%^* (152 comments)
What happened, did you bring Hemos back or something? He was always the worst for this kind of nonsense.
Just a big snowflake (103 comments)
It is an interesting fact, no two multi-earth-sized snowflakes are identical.
It is a reasonable position - but here's an idea (356 comments)
It is perfectly understandable for a business to avoid spending a lot of money building a Linux-specific version.
However - what they should do is add Wine as one of their officially supported "windows" platforms. For example, they can guarantee that a stock Ubuntu 10.04 desktop will be able to load their software with just one pre-requisite: apt-get install wine.
Opposite problem with Oracle licensing (217 comments)
They license per-core, so more cores per CPU can be more costly.
How good is ATI's 3D open source driver? (412 comments)
I have been waiting in anticipation for ATI's driver to be usable. I play Warcraft and use VDPAU so I will unfortunately have a tough time being an early adopter
Sendside may be perfect (130 comments)
Secure document management, electronic signatures, and many other features, using a SaaS model like Salesforce
Ubuntu - or Linux Mint (766 comments)
Ubuntu does the best job of a simple consistent desktop, and their installer "just works".
Linux Mint is my favorite - it is 99.9% Ubuntu, but out of the box they install DVD support, media codecs, Flash, Java, and have a more Windows-like start menu.
Netbook was never really a separate category (394 comments)
They were just a smaller laptop. Certainly, blurring the lines is going to happen.
Fsck DirecTV (181 comments)
Same thing happened to me, I bought a DVR after I had been a customer for many years. A year after I bought the DVR I switched to Dish but DirecTV wanted to bill me for another year of service. I still get calls about it and that was like 4 years ago.
These guys are just weaselly in general.
I started with Alpha 5 and it has been great (1231 comments)
No weird problems like this at all. I didn't do an upgrade though, it was a fresh Alpha 5 install.
I will never do an operating system upgrade - it seems too risky.
It is a beast, but i like my HP 4600n (557 comments)
These were engineered to last forever and parts are cheap & plentiful on eBay
Downside - big & ugly, my wife hates it.
I considered an Android but it was painful (745 comments)
I did a little bit of research, but it didn't seem like a good open source platform to play with. I couldn't find a site with publicly downloadable dev tools and there were app-store-like restrictions. If it isn't any better than my Motorola Ming (cool phone in its day but a huge disappointment) then why bother?
As a hard core open source advocate, I don't see any reason to use Android - I am going to wait for the Nokia N900 to compare.
OpenVZ & Virtuozzo are my favorite way to go (361 comments)
I would expect that the BSD product is similar in design - basically chroot on steroids.
Re:The main reason (1365 comments)
I don't even have time to respond to the original poster. Most of his complains are just completely ridiculous - and many (such as differences between distros) are a strength rather than a weakness!
The only valid complaint about Linux is that maybe it takes some time to learn a new OS (same as if you jumped from Windows to Mac) and the lack of native app support (Wine/Crossover/Cedega covers 99% of this problem).
Linux is ready, hardware issues not Linux' fault (1365 comments)
I haven't read the whole article, but the issue that the poster mentioned - sound hardware problems - are simply not a valid complaint when it comes to mass market Linux.
Mac & Windows generally come pre-installed on compatible hardware. If you try something like the Dell Ubuntu models things work great. It is a miracle that Ubuntu runs so well on the range of hardware that it supports - I would like to see Mac do that.
I would pay for higher quality videos (475 comments)
YouTube videos are depressingly awful. They should allow users to submit high quality videos and charge extra for them. I would pay $10/mo for it.
Users need education on why the GPL is better (370 comments)
For businesses, I can certainly understand the appeal of a BSD style license. The problem is that you will potentially end up with a situation like what we have with Apple - all of the work that went into BSD was stolen by Apple and Macs don't allow proper code sharing.
As an end user, I always want true GPL software so that I know it will be mine forever.
If I were developing software to integrate with some proprietary code, that would obviously make the decision a little more painful. Unless one is willing to make the full RMS kinds of sacrifices for freedom, the occasional BSD style of license will be required.
Re:Problems finding OSS Lossless DVD ISO ripper (501 comments)
This is trivial, I use dvdbackup to do this. It is especially easy if you start with Linux Mint which pre-installs all of the dvd decryption and codecs you will need.
mencoder & command line (501 comments)
I went through this same agony a few years ago, and I ended up with an mencoder command line that does a good job.
The only problem is that it can't auto detect the media you are encoding, which is mainly a problem with frame rates. e.g. some are 30000/1001 and some are 24000/1001.
You need multiple tiers of service (640 comments)
Under no circumstances should you bill for bandwidth used - this kind of gotcha capitalism is immoral.
You should, however, set up multiple tiers of service. For example, the entry level can be 256 kilobits a second, and for a little more money allow 640kbits etc etc. I would also do some limited QoS to limit the 256k users to maybe 128k if there is a lot of traffic.
Just don't have surcharges for bandwitch usage.


text:
We stayed here as a base to explore the Vercors which is about 10 minutes away from the hotel. It is clean and functional and has no frills. The receptionist could have been a robot for all the warmth we got when we arrived. However, for what we paid, it served it's purpose.
France >
Rhone-Alpes >
Isere >
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
Hotel Class:3 star — Kyriad Grenoble Nord - Le Fontanil 3*
Number of rooms: 50
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Expedia, Booking.com, Despegar.com, Priceline, Agoda, EasyToBook, TripOnline SA, Odigeo and Tingo so you can book your Kyriad Grenoble Nord - Le Fontanil reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Kyriad Grenoble Nord - Le Fontanil France/Fontanil-Cornillon


text:
I got a very simple home brew kit for Christmas. Gave it a shot... I don't know anything about home brewing. Turned out ok, but it was a little on the sweet side. Where did I go wrong?
Well without a recipe or other related brewing information. Strictly guessing I'd say perhaps it wasn't 100% done fermenting and that left too many unfermented sugars in your beer? Again strictly a guess based in the little information provided. Without recipe, original & final gravity readings, fermentation temps, yeast used Etc etc etc it really would be hard to nail down a specific cause.
Beer Plus Science = .....Good!!!!! By: Adam Savage
I made a cake, but it didn't taste good. What did I do wrong?!? Just teasing you, but that's how hard it is to say what happened without any information at all. In your case, it could be the recipe. It could be the yeast strain. It could be the ingredients. It could be that fermentation wasn't finished. It could be that the priming sugar isn't finished. It could be that it isn't fully carbed up yet. So, no one can say at this point. But if you post your recipe, and your steps, and any hydrometer readings, we can figure out what went wrong and how to fix it for next time!
Welcome to homebrewing: For your next batch, record your process step by step. If it turns out the same way post your process and you will be able to get better help.
Did you add a pound of sugar and then boil the beer right before bottling? That would make it sweet.
Ok. Next time I will do a better job with info. Thanks anyway.
Don't get discouraged, just post up the recipe and we can help!
God invented whiskey to keep the Irish from ruling the world.
If you got the kit for Christmas, it can't have been in the bottle for too long yet. One thing to keep in mind is that the sweetness of sucrose and dextrose is pretty high, so if you bottled with one of those, then you can expect it to be kind of sweet until the carbonation has run its course.


text:
Category:1956 births
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
People born in 1956.
See also: 1956 deaths.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1956 births. |
Pages in category "1956 births"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 9,221 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
(previous 200) (next 200)(previous 200) (next 200)


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The Global Intelligence Files
On Monday February 27th, 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Global Intelligence Files, over five million e-mails from the Texas headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor. The e-mails date between July 2004 and late December 2011. They reveal the inner workings of a company that fronts as an intelligence publisher, but provides confidential intelligence services to large corporations, such as Bhopal's Dow Chemical Co., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and government agencies, including the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Marines and the US Defence Intelligence Agency. The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment laundering techniques and psychological methods.
Released on 2013-02-13 00:00 GMT
Email-ID | 607715 |
Date | 2010-01-27 22:37:22 |
From | email@example.com |
To | firstname.lastname@example.com |
----- Original Message -----
From: STRATFOR
To: email@example.com
Subject: Security Weekly: Taking Credit for Failure
Date: 27 Jan 2010 15:52:12 -0500
View on Mobile Phone | Read the online version.
STRATFOR Weekly Intelligence Update
Security Intelligence Report Share This Report
This is FREE intelligence
for distribution. Forward
this to your colleagues.
Taking Credit for Failure
By Scott Stewart | January 27, 2010
On Jan. 24, a voice purported to be that of Osama bin Laden claimed
responsibility for the botched attempt to bring down Northwest
Airlines Flight 253 on Christmas Day. The short one-minute and
two-second audio statement, which was broadcast on Al Jazeera
television, called the 23-year-old Nigerian suspect Umar Farouk
Abdulmutallab a hero and threatened more attacks. The voice on the
recording said the bombing attempt was in response to the situation in
Gaza and that the United States can never dream of living in peace
until Muslims have peace in the Palestinian territories. The speaker
also said that attacks against the United States would continue as
long as the United States continued to support Israel.
While the U.S. government has yet to confirm that the voice is that of
bin Laden, Al Jazeera claims that the voice is indeed that of the al
Qaeda leader. Bin Ladena**s health and welfare have been the topic of
a lot of discussion and debate over the past several years, and many
intelligence officials believe he is dead. Because of this, any time
an audio recording purporting to be from bin Laden is released it
receives heavy forensic scrutiny. Some technical experts believe that
recent statements supposedly made by bin Laden have been cobbled
together by manipulating portions of longer bin Laden messages that
were previously recorded. It has been STRATFORa**s position for
several years that, whether bin Laden is dead or alive, the al Qaeda
core has been marginalized by the efforts of the United States and its
allies to the point where the group no longer poses a strategic
threat. Read more A>>
Related Intelligence for STRATFOR Members
An al Qaeda Node's Limited Strategic Significance
Dirty Bombs: Weapons of Mass Disruption
Video Dispatch: A Cooling Conflict in Video
The leader of Yemena**s al-Houthi rebels
reportedly has pledged to withdraw from
outposts in Saudi territory a** a move
that could help ease frictions between
Riyadh and Sanaa. But Irana**s involvement
in the Yemeni conflict, and its possible
role in Mondaya**s announcement, remain
issues to watch.
Watch the Video A>>
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text: Black Tiger Spring is one of the 72 sacred springs of Jinan. This area is so beautiful to be breathtaking. To see it at it's best you need to be there on a Sunday morning when all the locals and not so locals come to use this community area and to take home thir spring water in large plastic water... More


text:
Portland and Vancouver mayors call the plans for the I-5 bridge project "unacceptable."
The Obama administration announces new rules for funding mass transit projects, and the Portland Streetcar will likely benefit.
Results from new Portable People Meters will be key in measuring Portland's radio market.
Plans submitted before the controversial restaurant's closure called for $500,000 in repairs.
Three qualified candidates are lining up to succeed David Bragdon, and the results could affect the Columbia River Crossing issue.


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I found this cake at MyRecipe.com, liked the fact that I had all the ingredients & could make it in a 9" round cake pan. It was moist, dense & has very good flavor. I only had 1/4 cup of Hershey's regular cocoa so I added 1/4 cup Hershey's Dutch Process cocoa to it. Didn't have espresso granules (& didn't need it as it turned out :) Alice Medrich is very good at creating light desserts that taste very good. Of course I got carried away and made some buttercream frosting which really made it tasty. Ann
Chocolate Bundt Cake
Preheat oven to 350°.
CALORIES 192 (28% from fat); FAT 6g (sat 3.5g,mono 1.8g,poly 0.3g); IRON 1.3mg; CHOLESTEROL 34mg; CALCIUM 27mg; CARBOHYDRATE 32.8g; SODIUM 225mg; PROTEIN 4g; FIBER 1.8g |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by ginger_st_thomas (My Page) on Sat, Feb 21, 09 at 3:56
I'd put a dollop of whipped cram on top. :) Thanks for posting it! Those would be pretty small slices to serve 10, wouldn't they? |
Heh heh...now you know after I put that buttercream frosting on this "light" cake that the slices were not exactly measured! The thing with Alice Medrich's wonderful "light" creations is that they're delicious and I don't care about the caloric content - it's just very good cake or brownies or whatever and we sure do enjoy them. *But*...it is possible to be well disciplined and cut oneself a very thin slice :) ~sigh~ |
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text:
Alternate Series Title: Flintstone Frolics
Pebbles and Bamm Bamm got a little older, Wilma and Betty got new jobs, Fred and Barney got a new partner, Dino got himself a new arch-nemesis and Bedrock got a little creepier in Flintstone Frolics. As the "modern Stone Age family" entered its third decade on the airwaves, Hanna-Barbera awarded them a new 90 minute romp on NBC's Saturday morning lineup.
The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980) Show Segments:
The Bedrock Cops (1980-1981, 18 Episodes.) -
Captain Caveman (1980-1981, 18 Episodes.) -
Dino And Cavemouse (1980-1982, 36 Episodes.)
Flintstone Family Adventures (1980-1983, 18 Episodes.) -
The Frankenstones (1980-1982, 18 Episodes.) -
Pebbles, Dino, and Bamm-Bamm (1980-1984, 18 Episodes.)
The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980) TV Episode List :
The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980 Series)
- 1980
Hanna-Barbera Studios featuring Fred Flintstone, Barney Rubble, Wilma Flintstone, Betty Rubble, Wiggy Rockstone, Pebbles Flintstone, Cavemouse; more Characters ... |
Yes! We have a mobile site. Click here for the Mobile Version of The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980)


text:
Wed, Oct 31, 12 at 0:33
Please help! I painted the cabinets and the stools to update the original 80's era oak look. Now I'm feeling like the wall color needs an update too but I'm not sure where to go with it. The color pictured here is BM Avon Green. It's a very open floor plan with the Avon Green continued from the stairs to the front door on a very vaulted wall. BM's Blond Wood and Barely Beige are adjacent.
How would you paint this room? A lighter shade of green? Maybe a red to orangey-red? |
Follow-Up Postings:
- Posted by AnnieDeighnaugh (My Page) on Wed, Oct 31, 12 at 16:54
I'd think about lightening the color to maybe BM kittery point green....I think the green is lovely. |
If it were my house, I would not do red or orange-red; I don't think I would like that with the wood doors behind the table. Personally, I like the green that's there now. If you are looking to freshen the room, you could add curtains or valances to the windows and change out the light fixture over the table. |
I would keep the green especially if it is not old paint. If you want red or orange-red, I would put up a valance that had those colors plus just a touch of a green that goes with the current color. I also like the idea of painting just one accent wall a lighter shade of the same green you have now. |
BTW, I am in total agreement with changing the light fixture. I also believe the bottom of the fixture is supposed to be somewhere around 30 inches above the table top, yours looks a tad too high:) |
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text:
Ambitious for Croydon
Twitter @CroydonLabour
The Co-operative Party is the political arm of the Co-operative Movement.
The Co-operative Party has an electoral agreement with Labour which enables candidates to stand as Labour and Co-operative representatives in General, European and Local elections.
The Co-operative Party aims to:
The Co-operative party is the second largest centre left party and has representation in both Houses of Parliament, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh and London Assemblies, as well as over 350 local councillors.
The Co-operative Movement includes co-operatives and mutuals that operate in all sectors of the economy and society. It covers a wide range of businesses and services to meet diverse economic, social and cultural needs. From food production and retailing to banking and financial services, co-operation in the 21st century has moved into areas as diverse as housing and care provision and leisure and sport.
Unlike their capitalist competitors, co-operatives are driven by more than the pursuit of profit. Whilst they strive to be successful co-operative businesses, they are run according to a set of values and principles and are grounded in the communities they serve.
You can find out more about the Co-operative party by clicking here (nationally)
Croydon Branch
The Croydon Branch is active and meets 6 times a year. Get in touch via the branch Secretary: Councillor Wayne Lawlor firstname.lastname@example.com
Full text of speech given in House of Commons by Andy Sawford introducing his 10 minute rule bill on rail
Extract of remarks by Labour & Co-operative Shadow Chancellor at this year's Party Conference in London
Calls for the suspension of the franchise process until the new powers for the Scottish Parliament are settled
Co-operative Party Chair Gareth Thomas delivers fraternal greetings from the Party at this year's Labour Party Conference in Manchester
We believe that power belongs not in Westminster or Holyrood or even in Scotland's town halls. Power belongs to the


text:
Viewing products compatible with
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text:
Submitted by juriona on
About This Project
Made this fun pink stool for my two-year-old granddaughter. She loves it!!! Thank you Ana for the awesome plans. It was a lot of fun to build.
From Plan:
Required Skill Level:
Starter Project
Estimated Time Investment:
Afternoon Project (3-6 Hours)
Finish Used:
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text:
Most Popular
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.- Archbishop Charles J. Chaput has accepted the final recommendations for elementary school closures in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia but has granted appeals from 18 of the schools.
As a result of the recommendations, 10 schools will close outright, while 49 schools will form 23 regional schools.
Decisions for the four archdiocesan high schools recommended for closure will be delayed for another week, the archdiocese announced Feb. 17. Potential donors have emerged who are working to keep them open.
"I recognize how anxious all of those affected by this decision are to hear the final outcome," Archbishop Chaput said.
"I want to see this resolved too but this decision is too important to be made without considering absolutely every fact and all serious, substantive proposals even if they don't fit the time frame originally set. We owe it to our teachers, administrators, students and school families."
Under the original plan, 20,000 students and 1,500 students would have been affected. Now, only about 13,000 students and 1,100 teachers will be affected, schools superintendent Mary Rochford told the Catholic Standard & Times.
There are presently 156 elementary or regional Catholic schools in the archdiocese and 17 Catholic high schools.
The Blue Ribbon Commission had recommended the closures and mergers. Members of the commission and archdiocesan administrators began hearing appeals on Jan. 12.
The archbishop said that only "hard facts" could change the recommendations because the commission is intended to create a "strategic plan" to stabilize and reinvigorate Catholic education in the archdiocese.
Some recommendations were altered for various reasons. Some schools will remain parish schools because they have demonstrated long-term stability. Other schools will form regional schools, though some will do so in a location better suited for their needs.
Other plans have been announced to structure and fund up to 14 mission schools to ensure their long-term viability. These schools would be operated independently from the archdiocese while providing a Catholic education.
"This entire process is just a beginning to reinvigorating Catholic education," the Archbishop Chaput said Feb. 17.
He said greater school choice through opportunity scholarships and a "greatly expanded" tax credit program would be "a game changer for our schools in the future."
Archbishop Chaput canceled his trip to the consistory for new cardinals in Rome because of the school closures and other issues in the archdiocese.
The archdiocesan website lists the affected schools by clicking here.
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i saw this post..http://forums.autodesk.com/t5/AutoCAD-Plant-3D/Rem
fyi, i unchecked the Append Coords box in project manager.
Solved! Go to Solution.
Solved! by TomislavGolubovic. See the answer in context.
In the project configuration, that tickbox for appending co-ordinates is for each type of End Connection Annotation. Make sure you scroll through each option and deselect the co-ord option.
In the project configuration, that tickbox for appending co-ordinates is for each type of End Connection Annotation. Make sure you scroll through each option and deselect the co-ord option.
cant seem to find out how to turn off the x and y co-ords but leave the z co-ord
for 'cont'd on', 'cont'd from', 'connected to' ...etc annotations
ie I just want:
in 2012 or 2013 rich?
doh..didnt i say...oops
Did this question get answered. I have the same situation and really need the fix.
i havent been using plant for a while, no plant3d jobs in australia apparently (unless youve spent 20 years in an oil and gas job regardless of competence...dont get me started...lol)
this was a core function the way the code was written, its not possible to toggle them individually, they are parsed as a single field entity with Easting Northing and RL
i doubt if this has been changed, I chased this for a while back in 2011/2012 but got nowhere
This is an answer I got about this
Try this, turn off/uncheck the Append Coordinates and Elevation box under project setup for each End Connection Annotation type and open the Isoconfig.xml, search for "ElevationScheme – Elevation" or "ElevationScheme – ElevationExtended" and set the Enable value to "true", use either 1 or 2 depending on how you want your elevation to be displayed.
Hi Rich
I have same problem as yours and I am just intersted inelevation not X & Y. wondering did you able to find the way to remove x & y values?
Regards, Saman
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text:
The Wireless that Works!
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text:
Though renowned for its vast humidors of primo cigars, The Godfather Cigar & Martini Lounge's professional bartenders also pour elegant, tasty martinis and one-of-a-kind house drinks that mirror the atmospheric "power broker's clubhouse" vibe. Sink into a plush leather couch in the Lamborghini Room or its softly lit cousin, the Don Room, and savor the alcoholic alchemy of The Gotti—a blend of Ketel One and olive juice garnished with blue-cheese olives and jalapeño ($9). The Godfather's mélange of Glenlivet, Cointreau, and blood-orange bitters will remind film buffs of the way oranges always presaged a lavish musical number in The Godfather films ($11). The coconut martini brings back happy memories of unplanned desert-island vacations with its coconut-rimmed pool of coconut rum, RumChata, coconut water, and lime ($9). And for those celebrating a friend's birthday, the peach bellini renders its peach nectar more toastable with an effervescent topper of champagne ($9).
Fuse Lounge whets appetites with small plates while wetting whistles with signature drinks in a swanky, contemporary setting. Kick off a night of human watching over a tower of steak and portabella mushrooms ($12) or Cajun filet tips ($11) from the bar menu before moving on to a beer ($3+), a glass of wine ($7+), or one of Fuse's signature cocktails. The sassy array of signature libations includes the raspberry truffle, the Skinny Dip, and the titular Fuse martini, among other cheekily named concoctions ($10).
In addition to his NASM certification, Jungle Gym Fitness Studio's owner Jason Schaefer spent six years as the official trainer for Automotion, the Detroit Pistons dance team, helping him helm a gym where patrons can work out and express creativity in innovative classes. The bare-bones studio hosts indoor and outdoor boot camps as well as nightclub-inspired dance and boxing aerobics courses. Class sizes are limited to about 20 students to ensure each student gets ample attention and personalized technique tips. Along with group classes, instructors lend nutritional advice and assist patrons in training for races and sports-specific goals such as improving golf swings and preventing wrist injuries in ping-pong marathons.
Anecdotes about Wellington Chophouse vary greatly, depending on the person you ask. Gastronomes probably will talk about thick, hefty steaks, plates of succulent beef wellington, and cold mugs of English beers, while sports fans will most likely excitedly describe its 17 flat-screen televisions. Party lovers will regale listeners with tales of their nightly karaoke and DJ dance parties, while music buffs will speak of a stage that hosts live music from local musicians and sung recitations of the weekly specials from waiters who lost a bet. No matter what camp patrons fall into, they'll find something to appreciate at the elegant, wood-paneled eatery.
Since 1984, Champps Americana's kitchen has sizzled with made-from-scratch dishes, satiating sports fans and families with a comfortable atmosphere. Amid sunlit dining rooms, diners seated at wooden tabletops can root for their favorite pixels on flat-screen TVs broadcasting live sports. In the kitchen, chefs prepare pastas with grilled chicken and roasted artichokes, pile buns with barbecued pulled pork and spicy buffalo chicken, and fill soft taco shells with grilled steak. Behind the bar, bartenders whip up specialty cocktails and margaritas and fill goblets with wine and local craft beers on tap.


text:
World English Bible (WEB) | New International Version (NIV) |
2 for kings and all who are in high places; that we may lead a tranquil and quiet life in all godliness and reverence. | 2 for kings and all those in authority, that we may live peaceful and quiet lives in all godliness and holiness. |
The World English Bible is in the public domain. (The World English Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


text:
{{ title }}
{{ link.name }}Keywords
- Boom,
- Built Structure,
- Emergencies and Disasters,
- Eve,
- Exploding,
- Firefighter,
- Following,
- Giant,
- Government,
- Headquarters,
- House,
- Latin America,
- Mexican,
- Mexico,
- Mexico City,
- Oil,
- Outdoors,
- Petroleos Mexicanos,
- Rescue,
- Rescue Services Occupation,
- Rescue Worker,
- Skyscraper,
- Staring,
- Vertical,
Firefighters stare at the building that houses the headquarters of... News Photo 160485912Boom,Built Structure,Emergencies and Disasters,Eve,Exploding,Firefighter,Following,Giant,Government,HEAD OFFICE,Headquarters,House,Latin America,Mexican,Mexico,Mexico City,Oil,Outdoors,PETROLEUM COMPANY,Petroleos Mexicanos,Rescue,Rescue Services Occupation,Rescue Worker,Skyscraper,Staring,VerticalPhotographer YURI CORTEZCollection: AFP 2013 AFPFirefighters stare at the building that houses the headquarters of the state-owned Mexican oil giant Pemex, following a blast on the eve, in Mexico City on February 01, 2013. An explosion rocked the skyscraper, leaving up to 32 dead and 121 injured. Hundreds of firefighters, police and soldiers toiled through the night after the blast ripped through an annex of the 54-floor tower leaving concrete, computers and office furniture strewn on the ground. AFP PHOTO/YURI CORTEZ (Photo credit should read YURI CORTEZ/AFP/Getty Images)


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Particularly, the list started with the physical attributes of the pests. The company shared pictures of bed bugs with its readers to help them correctly identify the pests. And as it should be, the company ended the list with the bed bug extermination method that offers a safe and effective process.
The safe and effective bed bug treatment method that My Cleaning Products highly advised was the use of a pesticide-exempt bed bug spray called Bed Bug Bully. It said that the vampire-like pests became more resistant to chemicals. Because of that and the health risks that chemicals bring to humans, it asserted that the use an organic-based bed bug spray is now the best bed bug treatment technique to implement.
But among the solutions one could purchase, it only recommended Bed Bug Bully. As it said, it is pesticide-exempt as approved in FIFRA 25(b), hence, it is safe.
And just as bed bug exterminators proved that Bed Bug Bully is truly effective and safe, My Cleaning Products also encouraged the public to do the same. It announced that complimentary sample of Bed Bug Bully is now available so it urged them to test the product themselves.
The company shared that '/>"/>
Source: PRWeb Copyright©2012 Vocus, Inc. All rights reserved |


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you'll want to use a wireless router that plugs into your DSL.
PC plugs into back of router
Wii has wifi built in and can connect to router wirelessly.
I'm confused here, I have DSL on my computer and saw a USB connecter on the Wii and wanted to know if I could link them up and have internet instantly. Please help and tell me how I get Wii online and tell how it works and costs. Thank you
Idjut is correct, but isnt there a Wi-Fi Adaptor you can buy so that you can just hook that to your wii and run an ethernet cable into your computer? Sorry if im wrong, im not sure how they work :P
My Face------------------------------------>Weeeeeeeeeeeee
Add my PSN for some good shit~iDorkfish
it's not a wifi adapter... it's called a lan adapter... yes, you plug it in to the back of the wii then to the back of the router... nothing to configure
however, stay away from the usb wifi adapter... for just a little more money you get an awesome wireless router.
The Wii manual explains your options for getting online.
Wii wi-fi is free. Which is why I have it (I'm not cheap, my parents just never let me get xbl since it costs money)
Thanks to TwilightSky of Brawl Central for sig!
Oh w/e...lmao.Originally Posted by idjut
My Face------------------------------------>Weeeeeeeeeeeee
Add my PSN for some good shit~iDorkfish
Alright thank you for your help and I have a wireless router working. I know this is pretty late but who cares