text:
View all tagsAbout unapproved sentences
You may see some sentences in red. These sentences are not approved by Tatoeba's community. They raise copyright issues or are otherwise problematic. If you are a contributor, please avoid translating them.
- date unknown
- date unknown
- alexmarcelo
- Dec 10th 2011, 17:04
- Gulo_Luscus
- Aug 7th 2013, 10:12
- Guybrush88
- Apr 4th 2014, 17:01
- Guybrush88
- Apr 4th 2014, 17:01
- Lenin_1917
- Aug 16th 2014, 18:42
Report mistakes
Do not hesitate to post a comment if you see a mistake!
NOTE: If the sentence does not belong to anyone and you know how to correct the mistake, feel free to correct it without posting any comment. You will have to adopt the sentence before you can edit it.
Sentence #293723
Important! You are about to add a translation to the sentence above. If you do not understand this sentence, click on "Cancel" to display everything again, and then click on the sentence that you understand and want to translate from.
Please do not forget capital letters and punctuation! Thank you.


text:
American Standard Version (ASV) | New International Version (NIV) |
40 Thou hast also made mine enemies turn their backs unto me, That I might cut off them that hate me. | 40 You made my enemies turn their backs in flight, and I destroyed my foes. |
The American Standard Version is in the public domain. (The American Standard Version Bible Online) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
My Profile
Bloomfield, New Jersey
Member since Mar 2008
Flag This ProfileFlag as Inappropriate
Reviewed Bacon-Wrapped Meatloaf with Brown Sugar-Ketchup Glaze
Dec 18, 2010 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com
"Someone rated this one star because of the thyme. I also think the thyme took this dish in an unexpected and unwanted direction. Basically, this is a good recipe, but I would either cut the thyme proportion down to 1/4 teaspoon, or drop it all together. "


text:
Details: Get $4 off Good Devil 5007 Zoom Boxer Available in Black, White, Red and Blue.
New • 1 Comment
3 months ago by Anonymous
Details: Get $6 off Gregg Homme VOYEUR Square Cut Available in Black, White, & Red.
New • Add a Comment
4 coupon codes & deals for briefdesire.com. Shop for boxer briefs, briefs, jocks, thongs, sports wear and swim wear exclusively for men at Brief Desire online store. Browse by region including USA, Australia, Bali, England, South Africa and South America.
Never miss a deal.
Be the first to know.
Plus get our best deals in our email newsletter. Privacy Policy
Show more popular stores
RetailMeNot Coupons App
Save on-the-go with deals from your favorite storesDeal Alerts
Get our best offers & never miss a dealBe Social
Connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, and Google PlusThe Real Deal Blog
A daily dose of fresh news, trending topics and best buysSubmit a Coupon
Share the love! Submit a coupon you've found©2010 - 2015 RetailMeNot Inc. All rights reserved. Site Map | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
RetailMeNot is a registered trademark of RetailMeNot, Inc. Merchant trademarks are the property of the respective merchant and their presence does not necessarily mean that RetailMeNot, Inc has an affiliation with the merchant.


text:
Similar images
View allKeywords
Kyle Quincey of the Detroit Red Wings skates around the net with the... News Photo 161703154Detroit,Detroit Red Wings,Full Length,Hockey,Hockey Puck,Ice Hockey,Joe Louis Arena,Kyle Quincey,Match - Sport,Michigan,National Hockey League,Net - Sports Equipment,Skating,Sport,St. Louis Blues,USA,VerticalPhotographer Dave ReginekCollection: National Hockey League 2013 NHLIDETROIT, MI - FEBRUARY 13: Kyle Quincey #27 of the Detroit Red Wings skates around the net with the puck during a NHL game against the St Louis Blues at Joe Louis Arena on February 13, 2013 in Detroit, Michigan. The Blues won 4-3 (Photo by Dave Reginek/NHLI via Getty Images)


text:
Givenchy Couture Spring 2012
Couture Fashion Week: Givenchy
Couture Fashion Week: Givenchy
Givenchy's Spring 2012 presentation just validated our longtime desire to play basketball in a couture gown — Riccardo Tisci brought total glamour to the hardwood, showing beautiful '20s and '30s-inspired looks reminiscent of classic science fiction films. It took 350 hours to complete the silk jersey gowns, which were embroidered with scales of crocodile skin, curve-contouring zippers, and opaque beads — making for extraordinarily one-of-a-kind pieces that are sure to bring the ultimate drama to any red carpet. The feminine, slightly edgy collection was simply breathtaking, and we can't wait to see which starlet will sport the pieces this season.
- Trends: Crystals, sequins, and lots of intricate beaded detailing; crocodile scales embroidered on silk tulle.
- Colors: White, black, and mocha.
- Key Look: The long-sleeved, full-length crocodile scale gown.
- Accessories: Embellished nose rings and oversize, shoulder-sweeping earrings.
- Who Would Wear It: Risk-taking red-carpet stars like Tilda Swinton, Evan Rachel Wood, and Cate Blanchett.
Fashion Week
Link Love
- Iggy Azalea is P.O.'d about her leaked Steve Madden line photos — HuffPost Style
- It might be time to get your man a murse — The Cut
- Fast fashion vs investment pieces: this infographic breaks it down — Racked
- Lions, fire, and Lenny Kravitz? Katy Perry's halftime show sounds wild — InStyle
- What will it take for Gap to make a comeback? — Style.com
- Pregnant ladies, rejoice: Rachel Zoe has a maternity line — SheFinds
- Oops — you might be ruining your jewelry and not even know — Who What Wear
- Stock-photo models are people too! — Lucky
- Say goodbye to another brand: Jones New York is no longer — Fashionista
Latest Fashion


text:
Do you have a question about this product or company? Simply type it in the box below and one of our community will give you an answer
Once we've checked over your question we will put it live on the site and our strong community of experts will hopefully give you some great answers that you find useful.
We will email you when the question is on the site
As rated by real users
" TERRIBLE - STILL WAITING FOR REFUND, DO NOT TRUST " Read More
" Fantastic Local Tours Organizer in Vietnam " Read More
" Not a full english tour " Read More
" India Tour " Read More
" A Very Positive Experience " Read More


text:
Reviewed Pumpkin Pie
Oct 23, 2011 in Food Network Community Toolbox on FoodNetwork.com
"Recipe was delicious and pretty simple. I used a store-bought graham cracker crust which was wonderful. This was a test run for the holidays, and I think I'll add a bit more cinnamon and maybe a touch of nutmeg next time. It just needed a bit more spice to it. Also, like other reviewers mentioned, this is enough filling for two pies. It also need..."


text:
Can I boil a pork roast on the stove and how do you do it?
tx |
Follow-Up Postings:
Why would you want to do this? You can braise it in liquid in the oven. |
Add a little fat to the pan you were going to boil it in and brown it on all sides over medium high heat. Then add water, beef or chicken broth to come about 1" up the side, reduce heat, cover, and simmer over medium low heat until done. Check occasionally to add more liquid if needed and turn the roast over. You could add chopped onions or garlic on any spices you want to the cooking liquid too. |
Ideefixe: Because she wants to boil it on the Range top. Clair: Or you can Bake it in the Oven like Ideefixe suggested. I do a combination, Brown it , put it in a Roaster. with a little Water or Chicken Broth. I use a Heavy Alluminum Roaster with a Lid and put it in the Oven, til it reaches 170 Deg. Hope this was some help. Lou |
Lou,you are too funny.You are a great addition to this forum. Shelley |
- Posted by rachelellen (My Page) on Mon, May 4, 09 at 0:59
I made a pork roast tonight (pork cushion), browned on the stove, and then slow-braised in a closed dish in the oven with chopped fresh cranberries, orange juice&zest, honey, ginger, garlic, pepper, salt & pepper. I thickened the pan juices with cornstarch for a sauce and it was quite tasty indeed. |
Lou--thanks for clearing that up. I guess she can put in a pot with a lot of water and boil away. And then toss in the nearest handy trash can. |
ideefixe: Did I say something wrong ??? Starting to get Paranoid about my Comments !!! |
It's possible that the OP doesn't have an oven - so instructions on putting the roast in one might not be entirely helpful. seagrass |
Lou, I'm sure that Clairdo2 appreciates your helpful response. Don't let it bother you. |
Could the OP have confused boiling and pot roasting? Boiled pork is not un heard of....but it produces a very un appetizing grey colored piece of meat. One of the reasons they call it a "pork roast" is because it's best roasted....either in a heavy covered pot on top of thes tove or in the oven. Yes you can boil it, but I don['t think you will like it very well.... How to do it? Just put it in a pot with water to cover, add a cut up onion some celery a sprig or 2 of thyme and boil until tender. Linda C |
Clair: I had to come back and comment, again. Ideefixe: Clair: Brown the meat on all sides and add about an inch of water, Simmer about 2 1/2 Hours. In the last hour add Vegetables This is a Pot Roast. I haven't done it this way for a long while. It will be good. Hope this helps. let us know !!! Lou |
- Posted by ghoghunter (My Page) on Wed, May 6, 09 at 8:20
I like to boil my pork shoulder roasts. I put them in my Nesco and add sauerkraut and water and then boil away for several hours until the meat just falls apart in the sauerkraut. We love our shoulder roasts made this way. |
Clairdo2: ???????????????????????????????? |
Hasn't anyone heard of a Dutch Oven? Great for braising on the stovetop. |
Bbqbear: I think everyone here knows about Dutch Ovens. Mine is from the 1940's , All Alluminum Hammered Finish. I saw mine on Ebay for $125 They are a lot fancier now but the Chickens and Roasts cooked in mine are delicious. SO WHY CHANGE !!!!! I have an Antique Dutch Oven. |
- Posted by jessicavanderhoff (My Page) on Wed, May 6, 09 at 12:47
Boiling meat makes it tough. You want to simmer it (little bubbles) rather than a rolling boil like you'd use to cook pasta. I'd sautee onions and garlic in the bottom of the pot, add liquid, meat, and veggies, bring the liquid to a boil (just for a second, so it doesn't raise the temperature of the meat enough to make it tough), then turn the heat all the way down as low as it will go, and cook for several hours. If you boil it too hot, you will end up with a rubbery chunk of meat that refuses to fall apart! |
I often use a slow cooker to cook a pork roast while I'm at work. More 'simmering' than boiling. The brand I use is a West Bend in which the pot can be removed from the heating element and used on the stove. Here's what I do: put a quart of cheap chicken stock in the pot, add a healthy amount of garlic and a good squirt of sriracha. Bring that to a boil on the stovetop, add the pork roast, return to a boil and then put the pot on the slow cooker's heating element and allow it to simmer for hours. After a few hours you have some juicy tasty fall-off-the-bone pork, with much of the fat simmered off and the rest of the fat easily separatable from the meat. Is it as good as Marcella Hazan's Pork Loin braised in Milk? No. Is it as good as oven roasted pork roast? No. But for the effort expended, it's pretty darn good. I'll often come home for lunch, start this dish, and let it simmer away until I come home after work. The leftovers make great sandwiches. |
- Posted by Stacey(firstname.lastname@example.com) onSat, Mar 12, 11 at 18:45
Am BOILING a pork roast tonight.... it is a cajun dish with onion and turnips in a spicy roux.... in honor of Mardi Gras. If done properly, the meat will fall apart and it is MOST delicious... Has a bit of an Asian flavor. Why boil, instead of roast?? So you can cook it in the roux. This dish is not the same if roasted.... Be open minded people!! |
- Posted by grumpygrady(firstname.lastname@example.com) onMon, Mar 28, 11 at 16:08
boiling a roast today will slow boil it for two hours then will roast or bake it for an hour with veggys great way to have tinder and tasty pork or you can roast it or you can rotisserie it or lol there are a bunch of ways to cook to bad there are some on here that seem to think they are the only right way IE ( Posted by ideefixe (My Page) on Tue, May 5, 09 at 19:49 Lou--thanks for clearing that up. I guess she can put in a pot with a lot of water and boil away. And then toss in the nearest handy trash can.) sir grumpalot at your service lol |
Please Note: Only registered members are able to post messages to this forum. If you are a member, please log in. If you aren't yet a member, join now!
Return to the Cooking Forum
Information about Posting
- You must be logged in to post a message. Once you are logged in, a posting window will appear at the bottom of the messages. If you are not a member, please register for an account.
- Please review our Rules of Play before posting.
- Posting is a two-step process. Once you have composed your message, you will be taken to the preview page. You will then have a chance to review your post, make changes and upload photos.
- After posting your message, you may need to refresh the forum page in order to see it.
- Before posting copyrighted material, please read about Copyright and Fair Use.
- We have a strict no-advertising policy!
- If you would like to practice posting or uploading photos, please visit our Test forum.
- If you need assistance, please Contact Us and we will be happy to help.
Learn more about in-text links on this page here


text:
One of my all-time favorite artists, Katherine Sandoz, recently updated her online boutique of luxury items with some gorgeous, abstract landscapes I simply cannot get enough of. It is as if I could fill every room in my home with her beautiful, melodic paintings. They come framed too, making them easy-to-hang upon arrival — which is exactly what you'll want to do once you see these gorgeous colors and strokes with your own eyes.
If you are a Helen Frankenthaler fan like I am, then this piece will speak to you.
This is perfect for a feminine bedroom or a teenage girl's bedroom, which still requires sweetness, but is begging for sophistication.
Reminiscent of Monet's waterlilies, this contemporary version is mesmerizing, cheerful and full of positive light and energy. It would make a lovely addition to any space. Painted on gallery-wrapped canvas, it arrives ready to hang.
This is a gorgeous oil on panel by artist Paul Ferney showcasing the beauty of Sonoma County, California. I love the thick brushstrokes and the color palette. He is definitely an artist to watch (and to stock up on).
This is an interesting mixed-media collage with handcut paper squares. The artist swears it's therapeutic!
Nope, that wasn't a typo. This pretty piece is truly just $40. I love the natural palette and the tranquil feel.
If a shot of feminine pink is what your space needs, you've got it here. It's well priced too!
Here's a beautiful, calming seascape that will make your space feel more tranquil. Placed above a desk, sideboard or along a narrow wall, this piece would certainly be a lovely addition.
This colorful, eye-catching piece would add instant vibrancy to a room. And oh, my — you cannot beat that price!
Love the idea of a family tree, but not interested in the traditional arbre? Well, this is the best one I've found to date. I love the color palettes (there are two to choose from) and modern styling. I'd opt for a white or off-white frame (Pottery Barn's wood gallery frames are great for the price).
This is a cheerful, bold piece with just the right amount of femininity. It would look lovely propped up on a sideboard with a stack of pretty books and a lovely lamp.
Here's a custom piece everyone will love. The simple, thoughtful styling is perfection for the walls of a nursery. I've yet to see a personalized work I like as much as this.
This is a gorgeous, modern handmade print (from wooden blocks no less) and part of a limited edition. Bringing nature into your living space is most calming and this original piece captures the essence of the outdoors in the loveliest of ways.
Brilliant, warm hues juxtaposed against cool blues and purples create magic here in this modern, abstract watercolor.
This lovely botanical print would be perfect in a teenage girl's bedroom or framed in white above a midcentury sideboard in the dining room. A lot of versatility here. The quality of print is top notch too.
A small, bold piece, such as this, would be perfect in a collage of original art or propped on an easel on your desk. It's a stunning color palette. I can't stop thinking about this one!
A super simple canvas with a concise, well-edited palette of hues will complement many a space, without being overpowering at all.
If you have a soft spot in your heart for all things Jane Austen, then this sweeping watercolor will speak to you.
This would look lovely with a collection of photography.
Big, blue skies and a dreamy English countryside — what's not to love?
This is for the urbanite who likes pink, of course. I love the idea of framing this petite watercolor with an oversized mat for added drama.


text:
1984 Chevrolet K5 Blazer This is a beautiful Orange and Yellow 1984 Chevy K5 Blazer 4x4 with 130000 Miles and this Blazer is completely... More
1965 Ford F1001965 Ford F100 Shortbed model in mint condiitonBlack metallic exterior with a Black vinyl interiorHas also been completely restored to original condition... More
1993 Toyota SR5M1993 Toyota 4x4 SR5 One Ton V6 3VZE 3.0 Liter EXTREMELY RARE Truck for sale. It has a clean title single cab... More
1973 Volkswagen Beetle 2DR Coupe Herbie The Love Bug Tribute. Powered by a 1600CC 4 Cylinder Engine mated to a 4 speed Manual Transaxle.var... More
1973 Volkswagen Thing. Finished in Red paint with vinyl flower decals and a clean black interior and a black soft top. Powered by a... More
1972 Triumph TR6.var switchTo5x=true;stLight.options({publisher: 611e43cb-f508-445c-82ab-4a92963fe0c9, doNotHash: false, doNotCopy: false, hashAddressBar: false});Please contact one of our expert sales consultants for the most complete information on... More
1967 Shelby Cobra Replica Big Block. Our Shelby is finished in beautiful Bright Red paint with white racing stripes and a fantastic black interior.... More
1967 Shelby Cobra Shell Valley Big Block Replica. Our Shelby is finished in beautiful 2010 Ford Mustang Nautical Blue paint with Metallic Black racing... More
1967 Shelby Cobra Replica Everett Morrison. Finished in beautiful Black paint accented by a Black interior. Powered by a ZZ3 345HP 350CI V8 engine... More
1957 Porsche 356 Speedster Replica. Powered by a 1600cc engine with a 4 speed manual transmission this car is a blast to drive. It's... More
1976 Pontiac Trans AM with Air Conditioning. This 70's icon is powered by a 400 CI V8 mated to a 4 speed manual transmission... More
1970 Plymouth Road Runner.var switchTo5x=true;stLight.options({publisher: 611e43cb-f508-445c-82ab-4a92963fe0c9, doNotHash: false, doNotCopy: false, hashAddressBar: false});Please contact one of our expert sales consultants for the most complete information... More
1971 Plymouth Barracuda HEMI CUDA Tribute Convertible. Finished in amazing Sublime Green accented by White billboards and an extremely clean White interior with a... More
1939 Mercury Series 99A Cabriolet Convertible. Finished in Garnet Red with matching interior and a brand new tan top. This beautiful car is powered... More
1973 Mercury Cougar XR7. Finished in awesome Jet Black paint with a Tan soft top and a clean Tan interior. Powered by the popular... More


text:
Pill Popper
Senior Member
Rofl, if you miss skill shots because you have to shoot down, just uninstall.
I always have a bad time and lose my bot lane when Im the ad carry on the purple team and I'm facing a blitzcrank + ad carry combo, it's too hard to last hit when you have to constantl move the camera to see where blitzcrank is and avoid getting hooked, and still you will get hooked sooner or later....
Junior Member
To people who say "unlock the camera noobs" If someone does not like pizza, but they get it every day. A pasta place is just down the street. Should they have to eat their pizza if it's that easy to get pasta? Some people just don't prefer it. If you call yourself a "pro" and use unlocked cameras, go ahead. That's your decision. It's also people's decision to use a locked camera. Like someone said, unlock and watch a team fight. Start auto walking there. Get killed because you couldn't see yourself getting ambushed
Wait there are people who dont unlock the camera? lol i did that my first game, it doesnt make sense not to
Why does everyone act so selfishly? If people want it locked or unlocked that is their decision. If people would like to rotate the view or not that is their decision also. Who the hell are any of you to be so self righteous to say that people shouldn't have the option to improve their own game play experience with something that is optional and would not affect you if you chose not to do it? If people want it, it's possible, the people who don't want it won't be affected by it, wtf is your problem with that? How is your mindless "Nub unlock your camera" argument any different than me saying the default key bindings are perfect and no one should be able to customize it to their liking so that they are more comfortable with it? Quit being stupid and immature. You should have to actually show a hint of intelligence to be allowed to post on this forum. A community is about supporting each other to benefit it as a whole, not about uncompromising little brats like you who think your so pro constantly looking for someone to sh*t on.
Abnormal Master
please do this i lose most of the time when im purple cause i cant aim my skill shots
doesnt fix the problem, if you gank from above you still have to deal with HUD in the way o_o it does make it equal tho but i'd rather have a real fix not some random one
Danish Vikingz


text:
motorin'...what's your price for flight?
Tag Archives: los angeles
soon he will be invincible
Los Angeles Science Teacher Suspended After Students Design Doomsday Weapons
episode iv: a new pope
New Pope Nice Time: Nifty 10-Year-Old Girl Asks For Help With Immigration Reform
this man may not be intellectually honest
Wingnut Convinces Self That Yr Wonkette Consorts With Demons, Muslims
I hate los angeles nazis
A Children's Treasury Of Nazi-Themed Signs At Jim Hoft's Sad Dumb Los Angeles Teabag Thing
hounsell will approach the bench
Former Los Angeles GOP Head Tweeted Funny Jokes About Filner & Weiner, Then Got Arrested For Sexting With Teen
we are all gay for california
Weekend Nice-Time: Here Have Some Gay California Weddings, Pfft, Whatever
american horror story
Sorry But You Are Going To Need Some Kittens For This One
may i have some more?
Dennis Prager: Kids Should Be More Hungry
good guys and bad guys with guns
Yeah, No, Seriously, Los Angeles Spree-Killer Cop Is Really, *REALLY* Liberal
dorner unchained
Fired LAPD Officer Going Django On Everyone's Asses
keeping us safe
Los Angeles Would Like To Get In On This Rape Cop Game Please
Have You Heard The One About The Woman Who Wasn't Raped 'Cause She Isn't Married?
important announcements


text:
Top Encouraged Home Alarm And Security Alarm System Features
The needs of the family together with your surroundings will see how complex a home wireless home alarm your residential home will demand. Not only the, when you get additional external supervising facility, the home crisis response system notifies an alternative agency that maintains vigil 24×7. If everyone understands what sort of sensors work, they can end up better prepared to discover the most out within the system. Local – non-monitored solutions – only sound a nearby alarm alerting the homeowner into a fire or security measure breach; if the home-owner is away the actual dwelling is unguaranteed.
Once that alarm sounds it will then hopefully tell others to the belief that something is taking in your property who'll come and distress away any thieves or who might call the authorities. These systems call a telephone number when an burglar alarm is triggered. The more everyone understands the device, the more probably test it is kid do its task. While searching with an alarm system, you ought to know a lot of types of models offered. Service providers with California like PFL supply unmatched security gadgets with affordable policies.
You can get a separate an area of the house (sector) armed so that all of those other house isn't armed the really handy feature to own, just like when you require the late occasion toilet stroll. A year before, the day right after our little girl's house party, a big ballon there was connected to a good chair, worked it's technique loose and apparently sailed before the motion receptors once we were overseas. Further, the cost of installing this kind of system is often known as prohibitive. This means they will disarm the strategy when entering the home and once inside dwelling they will be able to arm the system so that they are protected, until their father and mother arrive.
Some robberies also happen although owner is in bed. You can include surveillance cameras regarding ultimate protection. Monitored security systems communicating along with your monitoring facility along with your telephone lines. Though it doesn't have any ability to ultimately protect the property, it serves since important and more affordable equipment that can help in detecting people and reveal your belongings rear. The beautiful the reality is that a extravagant, expensive security system is not really necessary so that they can improve the security of any home; what is really needed is really a little attention to help you detail and perform.
They provide many packages to pick from and in several people include things similar to; signs, window decals, siren alerts, two way approach, and wireless copy. Motion detectors are generally installed to keep track of interior areas rather then perimeter devices or for being an additional level regarding protection. Some systems charge by the quantity of zones that are actually integrated into the security alarm. Anyone wishing to guard their assets should consider using a home alarm models. The control panel is in command of the system, while the keypad allows programming in the system. This latter problem is often alleviated by using 3-4 beams instead of 1.
The dwelling alarm systems I've got on my web site (D-Escolate Particular Protection Weapons) are many techniques from basic audible communicate with alarms to complicated infrared motion detector sensors that triggered a siren, trigger flood lamps and call an individual when activated. Key Pads – May well not always be enough to help keep burglars out. Some services need to have fees for installation and even monthly monitoring. Monitored alarms alert your regional police, fire department or even ambulance service on auto-pilot during an emergency at home.


text:
| Email | Full Article (TrendHunter.com/id/90641) |
Halloween will be here before you know it, so if you don't know what to be yet, perhaps this DIY Stormtrooper Helmet will make the decision quick and easy. Considering that it is both inexpensive and actually authentic-looking, how could you pass this costume idea up?
All you need for this Stormtrooper Helmet is two milk jugs, some hot glue, a knife, spray paint and a sharpie for details. For detailed instructions, visit Filthy Wizardry. Although this Stormtrooper Helmet project may be fun to do with the kids, make sure you handle the cutting parts.


text:
Rand Paul Wins Presidency in 2016!
Submitted by jeff4paul on Tue, 11/20/2012 - 15:57Want to make that a reality? You must join your local GOP NOW and begin taking a leadership roll. Dr. Ron Paul said that "we will become the tent", so let's make it happen.
The fight for 2016 has already begun, lace up your boots and get to work.
- Login to post comments
We know what happened last time....
So we need to be prepared this time, there are powers that be that don't want a liberty candidate in that office.
- Login to post comments
I am all with you man...
...been trying to fight the fight. I try to make a post everyday on Rand Paul: http://www.dailypaul.com/user/56209 and I just put on my "Rand Paul 2016" bumper sticker: http://www.cafepress.com/dd/68052934d
We need to get an early start on 2016: Support Rand PAC 2016
- Login to post comments
waste four MORE years of your life, depending on an agent of the state to eliminate the state.
If we just "shut up" and throw enough of RON Paul's principles away, Rand Paul can be the errand boy for the globalist agenda. And the RINO GOP. And our Neo-Conservative two party agenda. That is the ONLY agenda on the national level.
STOP talking about issues independent of what Rand Paul's handlers like Jack Hunter and Doug Wead think is relevant! All other concerns are to be silenced and discarded! Do you want Rand Paul to win FOUR YEARS FROM NOW!!! or don't you! And if you cannot do this, YOU are traitorous scum that defile Ron Paul's legacy, the very same legacy that RAND PAUL and his handlers run away from and are actively trying to not only destroy, but erase from the pages of time...
Yes, Rand Paul 2016! Tell me what to say, when to say it, how to say it and, WHO to say it too. Because THAT is the "New Liberty" in the Brand Paul movement! Where do I sign up, to be on another watch list.
- Login to post comments
So Rand is going to "destroy" Ron Paul's legacy? And yet I can guarantee Ron will be supporting and campaigning for Rand when 2016 rolls around. So is Ron destroying his own legacy?
*Just a fair note, the mature thing to do with people you disagree with is to POLITELY engage them and try to open up a friendly debate. When you yell things like "YOU are a traitorous scum" for whatever reason, in this case for supporting Rand, you kind of lose all credibility.
- Login to post comments
I agree
That is why Brand Paulers who use such language when conversing with me LOSE all credibility with me... Therefor you are looking at a picture of yourselves, and calling yourselves out, which paradoxically is the very same thing you are criticizing me for...
- Login to post comments
Based upon your posts, I have determined that you have a solid case of the emperor's new clothes.
You are a defeatist.
"What if the American people learn the truth" - Ron Paul
- Login to post comments
Love the amateur psychology
What, has nobody ever disagreed with your schema before?
- Login to post comments
No, I just know when I am being sold out...
and am not in denial about it.
Those who refuse to learn the lessons of history are DOOMED to REPEAT it!
You are selling out your birthright for the hollow promise of having privileges granted to you, subject to your behavior. And what you are doing already has condemned you to less, and less of those privileges.
Yet you expect that your view can be realized when in order to be in a position to achieve it, you have to disown it, and insert it by stealth. That is beyond lunacy.
I am a realist. Look it up if you have to. YOU are an advocate and enforcer of "Stockholm Syndrome." You've lived so long as a slave, that you have forgotten how to be free, and forsaken your birthright... for the empty promises of granting you temporary privileges instead of your natural RIGHTS!
- Login to post comments
As I have stated before, you assume many things.
The question that I have for you is, why are you here? What are you advocating, aside from living in an isolated shell?
You admit defeat. You will let others dictate what God-given rights you shall have, and others shall have. We are not residents of cacoons. We must walk the walk and engage with others, even if we are the irate minority. Otherwise, you may just as soon move to China and live your days out there.
Like the Bible, the Constitution of the United States was written on a piece of paper. That does not mean that you should treat it as such.
Lastly, if you are being sold out, do things to stop it, not promote it. The difference between me and you is, though we both may have been sold out, I refuse to lay down and surrender.
"What if the American people learn the truth" - Ron Paul
- Login to post comments
You are letting Brand Paul handlers
tell you what to do, and NOT to do... Look in the mirror. Those who take orders are NOT free, and NEVER will be!
- Login to post comments
There you go again, assuming things.
I do not advocate or dismiss Rand Paul. I will let his record over time speak, and will make my personal choice then.
Justin Amash is on the horizon. Andrew Napolitano, Massey, and others are also.
Me, take orders? lol. You are quite the comedian :-)
"What if the American people learn the truth" - Ron Paul
- Login to post comments
Support Rand Paul 2016
Don't forget to sign the petition of Rand Paul.
Petition to: My Congressman and Senators
Go Rand Paul
- Login to post comments


text:
On Tue, Feb 22, 2011 at 8:46 AM, Nick Copeland
wrote:> To come back to the original thread, X11 is very old in the tooth. It is
actually, the person most responsible for all that stuff (keith
packard) has a somewhat more nuanced view of it. his talk on 25 years
of X Window at the linux plumbers conf in 2009 was really an
astoundingly good mixture of an awareness of the shortcomings of X
when paired with modern graphics and input h/w but also the importance
and subtleties of moving on from X without losing its many strengths.
wayland is really an astonishing piece of work, if only because of the
way it manages to reuse almost all the low level driver code from X
without using the upper layers or even the basic concepts of X.
Linux-audio-dev mailing list
LINUX® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the USA and other countries.
Linuxaudio.org logo copyright Thorsten Wilms © 2006.
Hosting provided by the Virginia Tech Department of Music and DISIS.


text:
Add To Favorites
What does the shadow know? If it's a shadow across a sundial, it knows the time of day. Experiment with shadows and timekeeping with Crayola Giant Sidewalk Chalk.
Sundials have been used since ancient times to mark the time. They were even used to check the accuracy of early mechanical clocks. Sundials work because as the Earth rotates around the sun, the sun's place in the sky changes. Students research about sundials and their operation.
You will find that shadows are created by a central stick or triangle set perpendicular to the base plate of a sundial. This "shadow stick" is called a gnomon.
Bring students to a large, safe outdoor area to draw a human sundial, which will give students an idea of how a sundial works. Make sure it is in full sun.
Using Crayola Giant Sidewalk Chalk, draw a large circle. Make evenly spaced marks around the outside edge for each hour of the day. Figure out where the center of the circle is located and mark that, too.
Students stand on the center mark in the morning when the sun is out. A classmate traces where the shadow falls on the sundial. Inside the traced shadow, write the time of day. Keep recording the results throughout the day to see how the shadow moves around the sundial. Use different colors for each recorded time.
Ask students how accurate they think their sundial is? Why?
Let's learn!
People around the world give thanks for their food. Celebrate a harvest of pineapples, pumpkins, or pomegranates-and sho
Add To Favorites Processsing...Processsing...
Create a 3-D braille chart simply with Crayola® School Glue, Markers and paper.
Display the 7 principles of Kwanzaa in a one-of-a-kind accordion window book.
Imagination and problem-solving go to work as children check out real bugs and create their own.
Vivaldi inspires paintings incorporating symbols of the seasons.
Gild torn-paper edges and make golden leaf imprints on this decorative frame. Display original poetry, photos, or other
Protection of the world's tropical rainforests is a key environmental strategy for keeping the Earth healthy. Demonstrat
Create an educational poster about the historical women of the U.S. space program called The Mercury 13.


text:
GOD'S WORD Translation (GW) | New International Version (NIV) |
19 because he crushed and abandoned the poor. He has taken by force a house that he didn't build. | 19 For he has oppressed the poor and left them destitute; he has seized houses he did not build. |
GOD'S WORD® is a copyrighted work of God's Word to the Nations. Copyright © 1995 by God's Word to the Nations. All rights reserved. Used by permission. (God's Word Translation -Online Bible) | Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online) |


text:
Dec 24, 2013
Posted by Holly Ordway | 8 Comments
A Christmas Poem
Poems can mean more than the poet realizes. It is interesting to look back on...
Dec 23, 2013
Posted by Ken Mann | 0 Comments
The Mystery of the Incarnation
It is all about Jesus. He is the Alpha and the Omega. He is the Child in the...
Dec 21, 2012
Posted by Garret Johnson | 1 Comment
Last-minute Book Recommendations
For those of you still scrambling—or just starting to scramble—to find...
Dec 9, 2012
Posted by Holly Ordway | 2 Comments
The Exchange by Steve Bell
Advent, a season of renunciation? Yes – and for a very good reason. In...
Dec 2, 2012
Posted by Holly Ordway | 4 Comments
It's Complicated, by Steve Bell
I am delighted to feature another in this series of Advent essays by Steve...
Dec 23, 2011
Posted by Holly Ordway | 5 Comments
Advent Sonnet 4: Angels
My Christmas cards this year had reproductions of medieval paintings of the...


text:
Friday, May 13
Miller Park
Attendance: 32,837
Milwaukee, WI (Sports Network) - Ryan Braun had three RBI to help lead Milwaukee over Pittsburgh, 5-2, in the opener of a three-game series.
Yovani Gallardo (4-2) earned the win in six innings where he allowed two runs on five hits and three walks. He also struck out five and added an RBI to give the Brewers their fourth win in six games.
James McDonald (2-3) took the loss in just four innings of work for Pittsburgh. He allowed five runs on six hits and three walks while fanning seven in the Pirates' third straight loss.
"I lost command and fell behind the hitters. If you do that it makes it easy for them," said McDonald about his performance.
Jonathan Lucroy led off the third for the Brewers with a solo shot, and added another run on a groundout by Braun that brought Gallardo across the plate for a 2-0 Brewers lead.
On the play, Rickie Weeks was caught in a run-down between second and third, and when Pedro Alvarez bumped into him to make the out, an altercation started between the players. Both benches cleared, but nothing physical occurred between the teams.
"I don't know if it gave us an extra spark, but when those things happen you can get a team going and fired up," Brewers manager Ron Roenicke said about the incident.
Ronny Cedeno answered in the fourth with a two-out, two-run homer to tie the game.
Milwaukee took the lead right back in their half of the fourth. Gallardo singled to score Corey Hart after Hart led off the inning with a double and moved to third on a groundout by Yuniesky Betancourt. Weeks then walked to load the bases, and after Carlos Gomez struck out, Braun hit a two-run single to make the score 5-2.
John Axford threw a perfect ninth -- including two strikeouts -- to earn his eighth save of the season.
Pittsburgh had a man on second in the fifth, but after that never managed to get a man past first base for the remainder of the game.
Alfonso Marquez
Ed Hickox
Chris Conroy
Brian O`Nora


text:
Marian Rejewski
Marian Rejewski | |
Rejewski, c. 1932
Born | Marian Adam Rejewski 16 August 1905 Bromberg, German Empire |
Died | 13 February 1980 Warsaw, People's Republic of Poland |
(aged 74)
Occupation | Mathematician, cryptologist |
Known for | Solving the Enigma-machine cipher |
Awards | Knowlton Award[1] [2] |
Marian Adam Rejewski [ˈmarjan reˈjefski] ( ) (16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who in 1932 solved the plugboard-equipped Enigma machine, the main cipher device used by Nazi Germany. The success of Rejewski and his colleagues Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski jump-started British reading of Enigma in the Second World War; the intelligence so gained, code-named Ultra, contributed, perhaps decisively, to the defeat of Germany.(Note 1)
While studying mathematics at Poznań University, Rejewski had attended a secret cryptology course conducted by the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau), which he joined full-time in 1932. The Bureau had achieved little success reading Enigma and in late 1932 set Rejewski to work on the problem. After only a few weeks, he deduced the secret internal wiring of the Enigma. Rejewski and his two mathematician colleagues then developed an assortment of techniques for the regular decryption of Enigma messages. Rejewski's contributions included devising the cryptologic card catalog, derived using his cyclometer, and the cryptologic bomb.
Five weeks before the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Rejewski and his colleagues presented their results on Enigma decryption to French and British intelligence representatives. Shortly after the outbreak of war, the Polish cryptologists were evacuated to France, where they continued their work in collaboration with the British and French. They were again compelled to evacuate after the fall of France in June 1940, but within months returned to work undercover in Vichy France. After the country was fully occupied by Germany in November 1942, Rejewski and fellow mathematician Henryk Zygalski fled, via Spain, Portugal and Gibraltar, to Britain. There they worked at a Polish Army unit, solving low-level German ciphers. In 1946 Rejewski returned to his family in Poland and worked as an accountant, remaining silent about his cryptologic work until 1967.
Education and early work[edit]
Marian Rejewski was born 16 August 1905 in Bromberg, now Bydgoszcz,[4](Note 2) to Józef and Matylda, née Thoms.[5] After completing secondary school, he studied mathematics at Poznań University.[6]
In early 1929, shortly before he graduated from university, Rejewski began attending a secret cryptology course organized for selected German-speaking mathematics students by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau (Biuro Szyfrów).[7] The course was conducted off-campus at a military facility[8] and, as Rejewski would discover in France in 1939 during World War II, "was entirely and literally based" on French General Marcel Givièrge's 1925 book, Cours de cryptographie (Course of Cryptography).[9] Rejewski and fellow students Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki were among the few who could keep up with the course while balancing the demands of their normal studies.[10]
Rejewski graduated with a Master of Philosophy degree in mathematics on 1 March 1929. His thesis was titled "Theory of double periodic functions of the second and third kind and its applications."[11]
A few weeks later, without having completed the cryptology course, Rejewski began the first year of a two-year actuarial statistics course at Göttingen, Germany. He would not complete the actuarial-statistics course, for, while home for the summer in 1930, he accepted the offer of a mathematics teaching assistantship at Poznań University.[12]
He also began working part-time for the Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau), which by then had concluded the cryptology course and set up an outpost at Poznań to decrypt intercepted German radio messages.[13] Rejewski worked some twelve hours a week near the Mathematics Institute in an underground vault referred to puckishly as the "Black Chamber".[14]
In the summer of 1932, the Poznań branch of the Cipher Bureau was disbanded. On 1 September 1932, as a civilian employee, Rejewski joined the Cipher Bureau at the General Staff building (the Saxon Palace) in Warsaw, as did Zygalski and Różycki.[15]
Their first assignment was to solve a four-letter code used by the Kriegsmarine (German navy). Progress was initially slow, but sped up considerably after a test exchange was intercepted—a six-group signal, followed by a four-group response. The cryptologists guessed correctly that the first signal was the question, "When was Frederick the Great born?" followed by the response, "1712."[16]
Enigma machine[edit]
In late October or early November 1932, while work on the Naval code was still underway, Rejewski was set to work, alone and in secret, on the output of the new standard German cipher machine, the Enigma I, which was coming into widespread use.[17] While the Cipher Bureau had, by later report, succeeded in solving an earlier, plugboard-less Enigma,(Note 3) it had had no success with the Enigma I.[18]
The Enigma machine was an electromechanical device, equipped with a 26-letter keyboard and a set of 26 lamps, corresponding to the letters of the alphabet. Inside was a set of wired drums ("rotors" and a "reflector") that scrambled the input. The machine also featured a plugboard to swap pairs of letters. To encipher a letter, the operator pushed the relevant key and noted down which of the lamps lit. Each key press caused one or more rotors to advance, and thus the encipherment varied from one key press to the next.[19]
In order for two operators to communicate, both Enigma machines had to be set up in the same way. The large number of possibilities for setting the rotors and the plugboard combined to form an astronomical number of configurations, each of which would produce a different cipher. The settings were changed daily,[20] and consequently the machine had to be "broken" anew each day if the messages were to be read continually.
To decrypt Enigma messages, three pieces of information were needed:
- A general understanding of how Enigma functioned
- The wiring of the rotors
- The daily settings: the sequence and orientations of the rotors (of which there were three initially), and the plug connections on the plugboard
Rejewski had only the first at his disposal, based on information already acquired by the Cipher Bureau.[21]
Solving Enigma's wiring[edit]
First Rejewski tackled the problem of finding the wiring of the rotors. To do this, he pioneered the use of pure mathematics in cryptanalysis. Previous methods had largely exploited linguistic patterns and the statistics of natural-language texts—letter-frequency analysis. Rejewski, however, applied techniques from group theory—theorems about permutations—in his attack on Enigma.
These mathematical techniques, combined with material supplied by Captain Gustave Bertrand,[22] chief of French radio intelligence,[23] enabled him to reconstruct the internal wirings of the machine's rotors and nonrotating reflector.
"The solution", writes historian David Kahn, "was Rejewski's own stunning achievement, one that elevates him to the pantheon of the greatest cryptanalysts of all time."[24] Rejewski used a mathematical theorem—that two permutations are conjugate if and only if they have the same cycle structure—that one mathematics professor has since described as "the theorem that won World War II."[25]
Prior to receiving the French intelligence material, Rejewski had made a careful study of Enigma messages, particularly of the first six letters of messages intercepted on a single day.[17]
For security, each message was encrypted using different starting positions of the rotors, as selected by the operator. This message setting was three letters long. To convey it to the receiving operator, the sending operator began the message by sending the message setting in a disguised form — a six-letter indicator.
The indicator was formed using the Enigma with its rotors set to a common global setting for that day, termed the ground setting, which was shared by all operators.
The particular way that the indicator was constructed, introduced a weakness into the cipher.
For example, suppose the operator chose the message setting KYG for a message. The operator would first set the Enigma's rotors to the ground setting, which might be GBL on that particular day, and then encrypt the message setting on the Enigma twice; that is, the operator would enter KYGKYG (which might come out to something like QZKBLX). The operator would then reposition the rotors at KYG, and encrypt the actual message. A receiving operator could reverse the process to recover first the message setting, then the message itself. The repetition of the message setting was apparently meant as an error check to detect garbles, but it had the unforeseen effect of greatly weakening the cipher. Due to the indicator's repetition of the message setting, Rejewski knew that, in the plaintext of the indicator, the first and fourth letters were the same, the second and fifth were the same, and the third and sixth were the same. These relations could be exploited to break into the cipher.
Rejewski studied these related pairs of letters. For example, if there were four messages that had the following indicators on the same day: BJGTDN, LIFBAB, ETULZR, TFREII, then by looking at the first and fourth letters of each set, he knew that certain pairs of letters were related. B was related to T, L was related to B, E was related to L, and T was related to E: (B,T), (L,B), (E,L), and (T,E). If he had enough different messages to work with, he could build entire sequences of relationships: the letter B was related to T, which was related to E, which was related to L, which was related to B (see diagram). This was a "cycle of 4", since it took four jumps until it got back to the start letter. Another cycle on the same day might be AFWA, or a "cycle of 3". If there were enough messages on a given day, all the letters of the alphabet might be covered by a number of different cycles of various sizes. The cycles would be consistent for one day, and then would change to a different set of cycles the next day. Similar analysis could be done on the 2nd and 5th letters, and the 3rd and 6th, identifying the cycles in each case and the number of steps in each cycle.
Using the data thus gained, combined with Enigma operators' tendency to choose predictable letter combinations as indicators (such as girlfriends' initials or a pattern of keys that they saw on the Enigma keyboard), Rejewski was able to deduce six permutations corresponding to the encipherment at six consecutive positions of the Enigma machine. These permutations could be described by six equations with various unknowns, representing the wiring within the entry drum, rotors, reflector, and plugboard.[26]
Help from France[edit]
At this point, Rejewski ran into difficulties due to the large number of unknowns in the set of equations that he had developed. He would later comment in 1980 that it was still not known whether such a set of six equations was soluble without further data.[27] But he was assisted by cryptographic documents that Section D of French military intelligence (the Deuxième Bureau), under future General Gustave Bertrand, had obtained and passed on to the Polish Cipher Bureau. The documents, procured from a spy in the German Cryptographic Service, Hans-Thilo Schmidt, included the Enigma settings for the months of September and October 1932. About 9 or 10 December 1932,[28] (Note 4) the documents were given to Rejewski. They enabled him to reduce the number of unknowns and solve the wirings of the rotors and reflector.[29]
There was another obstacle to overcome, however. The military Enigma had been modified from the commercial Enigma, of which Rejewski had had an actual example to study. In the commercial machine, the keys were connected to the entry drum in German keyboard order ("QWERTZU..."). However, in the military Enigma, the connections had instead been wired in alphabetical order: "ABCDEF..." This new wiring sequence foiled British cryptologists working on Enigma, who dismissed the "ABCDEF..." wiring as too obvious. Rejewski, perhaps guided by an intuition about a German fondness for order, simply guessed that the wiring was the normal alphabetic ordering. He later recalled that, after he had made this assumption, "from my pencil, as by magic, began to issue numbers designating the connections in rotor N. Thus the connections in one rotor, the right-hand rotor, were finally known."[27]
The settings provided by French Intelligence covered two months which straddled a changeover period for the rotor ordering. A different rotor happened to be in the right-hand position for the second month, and so the wirings of two rotors could be recovered by the same method.(Note 5) Rejewski later recalled: "Finding the [wiring] in the third [rotor], and especially... in the [reflector], now presented no great difficulties. Likewise there were no difficulties with determining the correct torsion of the [rotors'] side walls with respect to each other, or the moments when the left and middle drums turned." By year's end 1932, the wirings of all three rotors and the reflector had been recovered. A sample message in an Enigma instruction manual, providing a plaintext and its corresponding ciphertext produced using a stated daily key and message key, helped clarify some remaining details.[27]
There has been speculation as to whether the rotor wirings could have been solved without the documents supplied by French Intelligence. Rejewski recalled in 1980 that another way had been found that could have been used to achieve this, but that the method was "imperfect and tedious" and relied on chance. (In 2005, mathematician John Lawrence published a paper arguing that it would have taken four years for this method to have had a reasonable likelihood of success.[30]) Rejewski wrote that "the conclusion is that the intelligence material furnished to us should be regarded as having been decisive to solution of the machine."[27]
Solving daily settings[edit]
After Rejewski had determined the wiring in the remaining rotors, he was joined in early 1933 by Różycki and Zygalski in devising methods and equipment to break Enigma ciphers routinely.(Note 6) Rejewski later recalled:
Now we had the machine, but we didn't have the keys and we couldn't very well require Bertrand to keep on supplying us with the keys every month ... The situation had reversed itself: before, we'd had the keys but we hadn't had the machine — we solved the machine; now we had the machine but we didn't have the keys. We had to work out methods to find the daily keys.[31]
Early methods[edit]
A number of methods and devices had to be invented in response to continual improvements in German operating procedure and to the Enigma machine itself. The earliest method for reconstructing daily keys was the "grill", based on the fact that the plugboard's connections exchanged only six pairs of letters, leaving fourteen letters unchanged.[32]
Next was Różycki's "clock" method, which sometimes made it possible to determine which rotor was at the right-hand side of the Enigma machine on a given day.[33]
After 1 October 1936, German procedure changed, and the number of plugboard connections became variable, ranging between five and eight. As a result, the grill method became considerably less effective.[32]
However, a method using a card catalog had been devised around 1934 or 1935, and was independent of the number of plug connections. The catalog was constructed using Rejewski's "cyclometer", a special-purpose device for creating a catalog of permutations. Once the catalog was complete, the permutation could be looked up in the catalog, yielding the Enigma rotor settings for that day.[32]
The cyclometer comprised two sets of Enigma rotors, and was used to determine the length and number of cycles of the permutations that could be generated by the Enigma machine. Even with the cyclometer, preparing the catalog was a long and difficult task. Each position of the Enigma machine (there were 17,576 positions) had to be examined for each possible sequence of rotors (there were 6 possible sequences); therefore, the catalog comprised 105,456 entries. Preparation of the catalog took over a year, but when it was ready about 1935, it made obtaining daily keys a matter of 12–20 minutes.[32][34]
However, on 1 or 2 November 1937, the Germans replaced the reflector in their Enigma machines, which meant that the entire catalog had to be recalculated from scratch.[32]
Nonetheless, by January 1938 the Cipher Bureau's German section was reading a remarkable 75% of Enigma intercepts, and according to Rejewski, with a minimal increase in personnel this could have been increased to 90%.[35]
"Bomb" and sheets[edit]
In 1937 Rejewski, along with the German section of the Cipher Bureau, transferred to a secret facility near Pyry in the Kabaty Woods south of Warsaw.[36]
On 15 September 1938, the Germans put into effect new rules for enciphering message keys (a new "indicator procedure"), rendering the card-catalog method completely useless.[32] (Note 7) The Polish cryptologists rapidly responded with new techniques.
One was Rejewski's bomba ("bomb"), an electrically powered aggregate of six Enigmas, which made it possible to solve the daily keys in about two hours. Six bombs were built and ready for use by mid-November 1938.[32][37] The bomb method, like the grill method, exploited the fact that the plug connections did not change all the letters. But while the grill method required unchanged pairs of letters, the bomb method required only unchanged letters. Hence it could be applied even though the number of plug connections in this period was five to eight.[32]
But from 1 January 1939 the number of plug connections was increased to seven-to-ten, greatly decreasing the usefulness of the bombs. Moreover, two weeks earlier, on 15 December 1938, the Germans had increased the number of rotors from three to five, thereby increasing the bombs' workload tenfold.[32] Building an additional 54 bombs, in order to increase the number tenfold to 60 from the original 6, would have utterly exceeded the Polish Cipher Bureau's available funds.[38]
The British bombe, the main tool that would be used to break Enigma messages during World War II, would be named after, and likely inspired by, the Polish bomb, though according to Gordon Welchman the cryptanalytic methods embodied by the two machines were different.[39]
Around the same time as the Polish bomb, a manual method was invented by Zygalski, that of "perforated sheets" ("Zygalski sheets"), which, like the card-catalog method, was independent of the number of plug connections. But production of these sheets was very time-consuming, so that by 15 December 1938 only one-third of the job had been done.[40]
Allies informed[edit]
As it became clear that war was imminent and that Polish resources were insufficient to keep pace with the evolution of Enigma encryption (e.g., due to the prohibitive expense of an additional 54 bombs and due to the Poles' difficulty in producing in time the required 60 series of 26 "Zygalski sheets" each[41]), the Polish General Staff and government decided to let their Western allies in on the secret.
The Polish methods were revealed to French and British intelligence representatives in a meeting at Pyry, south of Warsaw, on 25 July 1939. France was represented by Gustave Bertrand and Henri Braquenié; Britain, by Alastair Denniston, Alfred Dillwyn Knox and Royal Navy electronics expert Humphrey Sandwith. The Polish hosts included Stefan Mayer, Gwido Langer, Maksymilian Ciężki and the three cryptologists.[42][43][44]
The Poles' gift of Enigma decryption to their Western allies, five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, came not a moment too soon. Knowledge that the cipher was crackable was a morale boost to Allied cryptologists. The British were able to manufacture at least two complete sets of perforated sheets—they sent one to PC Bruno, outside Paris,[45] in mid-December 1939—and began reading Enigma within months of the outbreak of war.
Without the Polish assistance, British cryptologists would, at the very least, have been considerably delayed in reading Enigma. Author Hugh Sebag-Montefiore concludes that substantial breaks into German Army and Air Force Enigma ciphers by the British would have occurred only after November 1941 at the earliest, after an Enigma machine and key lists had been captured, and similarly into Naval Enigma only after late 1942.[46] Former Bletchley Park cryptologist Gordon Welchman goes further, writing that the Army and Air Force Enigma section, Hut 6, "would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military... Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use."[47]
Intelligence gained from solving high-level German ciphers—intelligence codenamed "Ultra" by the British and Americans—came chiefly from Enigma decrypts. While the exact contribution of Ultra intelligence to Allied victory is disputed, Kozaczuk and Straszak note that "it is widely believed that Ultra saved the world at least two years of war and possibly prevented Hitler from winning."[48] The English historian Sir Harry Hinsley, who worked at Bletchley Park, similarly assessed it as having "shortened the war by not less than two years and probably by four years".[49] The availability of Ultra was, at the least, due largely to the earlier Polish breaking of Enigma.
In France and Britain[edit]
PC Bruno[edit]
In September 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, Rejewski and his fellow Cipher Bureau workers were evacuated from Poland to Romania, crossing the border on 17 September (the day the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland).[50]
Rejewski, Zygalski and Różycki managed to avoid being interned in a refugee camp and made their way to Bucharest, where they contacted the British embassy. Having been told by the British to "come back in a few days," they next tried the French embassy, introducing themselves as "friends of Bolek" (Bertrand's Polish code name) and asking to speak with a French military officer. A French Army colonel telephoned Paris and immediately issued instructions for the three Poles to be assisted in evacuating to Paris.[51]
On 20 October 1939 the three Polish cryptologists resumed work on German ciphers at a joint French-Polish-Spanish radio-intelligence unit stationed at Gretz-Armainvillers, forty kilometers northeast of Paris, and housed in the Château de Vignolles (code-named "PC Bruno").[52] On 17 January 1940, the Poles found the first Enigma key to be solved in France, one for 28 October 1939.[53]
The staff at PC Bruno collaborated by teleprinter with their opposite numbers at Bletchley Park in England. For communications security, the allied Polish, French and British cryptologic agencies used the Enigma machine itself—Bruno closing its Enigma-encrypted messages to Britain with an ironic "Heil Hitler!"[54]
On 24 June 1940, after Germany's victory in the Battle of France, Gustave Bertrand flew Bruno's international personnel—fifteen Poles, and seven Spaniards who worked on Italian ciphers[55]—in three planes to Algeria.[56]
During September 1940 they returned to work in secret in unoccupied southern (Vichy) France. Rejewski's cover was as Pierre Ranaud, a lycée professor from Nantes. A radio intelligence station was set up at the Château des Fouzes near Uzès, code-named "Cadix". Cadix began operations on 1 October. Rejewski and his colleagues solved German telegraph ciphers, and also the Swiss version of the Enigma machine (which had no plugboard).[57] Rejewski may have had little or no involvement in working on German Enigma at Cadix.(Note 8)
In early July 1941, Rejewski and Zygalski were asked to try solving messages enciphered on the secret Polish Lacida cipher machine, which was used for secure communications between Cadix and the Polish General Staff in London. Lacida was a rotor machine based on the same cryptographic principle as Enigma, yet had never been subjected to rigorous security analysis. The two cryptologists created consternation by breaking the first message within a couple of hours; further messages were solved in a similar way.[58]
On 9 January 1942, Różycki, the youngest of the three mathematicians, died in the sinking of a French passenger ship as he was returning from a stint in Algeria to Cadix in southern France.[59]
By summer 1942 work at Cadix was becoming dangerous, and plans for evacuation were drawn up. Vichy France itself was liable to be occupied by German troops, and Cadix's radio transmissions were increasingly at risk of detection by the Funkabwehr, a German unit tasked with locating enemy radio transmitters. Indeed, on 6 November a pickup truck equipped with a circular antenna arrived at the gate of the chateau where the cryptologists were operating. The visitors, however, did not enter, and merely investigated — and terrorized — nearby farms. Nonetheless, the order to evacuate Cadix was given, and this was done by 9 November. The Germans occupied the chateau only three days later.[60]
Escaping France[edit]
The Poles were split into twos and threes. On 11 November Rejewski and Zygalski were sent to Nice, which was in the Italian-occupied zone. They had to flee again after coming under suspicion, constantly moving or staying in hiding, to Cannes, Antibes, Nice again, Marseilles, Toulouse, Narbonne, Perpignan and Ax-les-Thermes, close to the Spanish border.[61]
The plan was to smuggle themselves over the Pyrenees into Spain. On 29 January 1943, accompanied by a local guide, Rejewski and Zygalski began their trek across the Pyrenees, avoiding German and Vichy patrols. Near midnight and near the Spanish border, the guide pulled out a pistol and demanded that they hand over the rest of their money. After being robbed they succeeded in reaching the Spanish side of the border, only to be arrested within hours by security police.[62]
The Poles were sent first to a prison in La Seu d'Urgell until 24 March, then moved to a prison at Lerida. The pair were eventually released on 4 May 1943, after the intervention of the Polish Red Cross, and sent to Madrid.[63] Leaving Madrid on 21 July,[64] they made it to Portugal; from there aboard HMS Scottish to Gibraltar; and thence aboard an old Dakota to RAF Hendon, in north London, arriving on 3 August 1943.[65]
Rejewski and Zygalski were inducted as privates into the Polish Army on 16 August 1943 and were posted to a Polish Army facility in Boxmoor, cracking German SS and SD hand ciphers. The ciphers were usually based on the Doppelkassettenverfahren ("double Playfair") system, which the two cryptologists had already worked on in France.[66] On 10 October 1943, Rejewski and Zygalski were commissioned second lieutenants;[67] on 1 January 1945 Rejewski, and presumably also Zygalski, were promoted to lieutenant.[68] When Gustave Bertrand fled to England in June 1944, he and his wife were provided with a house in Boxmoor a short walk from the Polish radio station and cypher office where it seems likely that his collaboration with Rejewski and Zygalski continued.[60]
Enigma decryption, however, had become an exclusively British and American domain; the two mathematicians who, with their late colleague, had laid the foundations for Allied Enigma decryption were now excluded from making further contributions to their métier.[69] British cryptologist Alan Stripp suggests that by that time, at Bletchley Park, "very few even knew about the Polish contribution" because of the strict secrecy and the "need-to-know" principle. Stripp comments further that "Setting them to work on the Doppelkassetten system was like using racehorses to pull wagons."[70]
Back in Poland[edit]
On 21 November 1946, Rejewski, having been on 15 November discharged from the Polish Army in Britain, returned to Poland to be reunited with his wife, Irena Maria Rejewska (née Lewandowska, whom Rejewski had married on 20 June 1934) and their son Andrzej (Andrew, born 1936) and daughter Janina (Jeanne, born 1939, who would later follow in her father's footsteps to become a mathematician).[71]
Rejewski [writes Kozaczuk] could after the war have worked in academia and was urged to do so by Prof. [Zdzisław] Krygowski, who proposed a [university] mathematics [position] at Poznań or Szczecin. Rejewski was, however, exhausted psychically, in ill health (in the Spanish prisons he had contracted, among other things, rheumatism...). A grievous blow to him also was, not long after his return, in the summer of 1947, the almost sudden, after five days' illness (poliomyelitis), death of his 11-year-old son Andrzej. After that he did not want to part from his wife and daughter, as would have been necessary if he had accepted Krygowski's offer, which might... have promised him a rapid academic career in view of the postwar shortages in personnel, decimated by the enemy. In Bydgoszcz they lived with their fairly well-to-do in-laws (Mrs. Rejewska's father was a dentist).[71]
Rejewski took a position in Bydgoszcz as director of the sales department at a cable manufacturing company, Kabel Polski (Polish Cable).[71]
Between 1949 and 1958, Rejewski was repeatedly investigated by the Polish Office of Public Security but never divulged that he had worked on Enigma; in 1950 they demanded that he be fired from his employment.[72] He then worked briefly as a director at the State Surveying Company, then at the Association of Polish Surveyors. From 1951 to 1954 he worked at the Association of Timber and Varied Manufactures Cooperatives. From 1954 until his retirement on a disability pension in February 1967, he was director of the inspectorate of costs and prices at a Provincial Association of Labor Cooperatives.
In 1969 Rejewski and his family moved back to Warsaw, to the apartment that he had acquired in May 1939 with financial help from his father-in-law. (After the Germans suppressed the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, they had sent Mrs. Rejewska and her children to the west, along with other Warsaw survivors. The family had eventually found refuge with her parents in Bydgoszcz.)[71]
Rejewski understandably took satisfaction from his accomplishments in breaking the German Enigma cipher for nearly seven years (beginning in December 1932) prior to the outbreak of World War II and then into the war, in personal and teleprinter collaboration with Bletchley Park, at least until the 1940 fall of France. In 1942, at Uzès, Vichy France, he wrote a "Report of Cryptologic Work on the German Enigma Machine Cipher."[73] Before his retirement in 1967 a quarter-century later, he began writing his "Memoirs of My Work in the Cipher Bureau of Section II of the [Polish] General Staff," which were purchased by the Military Historical Institute, located in Warsaw.[71]
Rejewski must often have wondered, after the 1940 French debacle, what use Alan Turing (who had visited the Polish cryptologists outside Paris) and Bletchley Park, had ultimately made of the Polish discoveries and inventions. For nearly three decades after the war, little was publicly known due to a ban that had been imposed on 25 May 1945 by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[74]
What little was published attracted little attention. Ladislas Farago's 1971 best-seller The Game of the Foxes presented a garbled account of Ultra's origins: "Commander Denniston went clandestinely to a secluded Polish castle [!] on the eve of the war [to pick up an Enigma, "the Wehrmacht's top system" during World War II]. Dilly Knox later solved its keying..."[75] Still, this was closer to the truth than many British and American accounts that would follow after 1974. Their authors were at a disadvantage: they did not know that the founder of Enigma decryption, Marian Rejewski, was still alive and alert and that historical confabulation was therefore hazardous.[76]
With Gustave Bertrand's 1973 publication of his Enigma, substantial information about the origins of Ultra began to seep out to the broader world public. With F.W. Winterbotham's 1974 best-seller The Ultra Secret, the dam began to burst. Still, many authors likewise aspired to best-sellerdom and were not averse to filling gaps in their information with whole-cloth fabrications. Rejewski fought a gallant (if into the 21st century still not entirely successful) fight to get the truth before the public. He published a number of papers on his cryptologic work and contributed generously to articles, books and television programs. He was interviewed by scholars, journalists and television crews from Poland, East Germany, the United States, Britain, Sweden, Belgium, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Brazil.[77]
He maintained a lively correspondence with his wartime French host, General Gustave Bertrand, and at the General's bidding began translating Bertrand's Enigma into Polish.[77] A few years before his death, at the request of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Rejewski broke enciphered correspondence of Józef Piłsudski and his fellow Polish Socialist conspirators from 1904.[78] On 12 August 1978, a year and a half before his death, he received the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.[77]
Rejewski, who had been suffering from heart disease, died of a heart attack at his home on 13 February 1980, aged 74. He was buried with military honors at Warsaw's Powązki Military Cemetery.[71]
In 1979 Rejewski and his colleagues became heroes of Sekret Enigmy ("The Enigma Secret"), a Polish-cryptologists-and-German-spies movie thriller about the Poles' solution of the German Enigma cipher. Late 1980 also saw a Polish TV series with a similar theme, Tajemnice Enigmy ("The Secrets of Enigma").[79]
In 1983, a Polish postage stamp marked the 50th anniversary of the German military Enigma's first solution; the First Day Cover featured likenesses of the three mathematician-cryptologists.
Memorials to the trio have been unveiled at Bletchley Park and the Polish Embassy in the United Kingdom, and at Uzès in France. In Rejewski's home city of Bydgoszcz, a street and school have been named for him, a plaque placed on the building where he had lived, and a sculpture commissioned (pictured above).
In 2000, Rejewski and his colleagues Zygalski and Różycki were posthumously awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.
On 4 July 2005, Rejewski's daughter Janina Sylwestrzak received on his behalf, from the British Chief of the Defence Staff, the War Medal 1939–1945.[80]
In 2005 a postcard (below) was issued, commemorating the centennial of Rejewski's birth.
In 2007 a three-sided bronze monument was dedicated before Poznań Castle. Each side bears the name of one of the three mathematics students who had attended the 1929 cryptology course and subsequently collaborated on breaking the Enigma cipher.[81]
On 1 August 2012 Marian Rejewski posthumously received the Knowlton Award of the U.S. Military Intelligence Corps Association.[82] Rejewski's mathematician daughter Janina accepted the award on behalf of her late father at his home town, Bydgoszcz, on 4 September 2012. Rejewski had been nominated for the award by NATO Allied Command Counterintelligence. The Knowlton Award, named for an American War of Independence military intelligence chief, was established in 1995.[83]
See also[edit]
Methods and technology |
Locations |
Personnel |
Gwido Langer German Section cryptologists
Chief of Russian Section
Jan Graliński Russian Section cryptologist
Piotr Smoleński |
- Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
- List of cryptographers
- Polish contribution to World War II#Intelligence
- Polish School of Mathematics
- Tadeusz Pełczyński#Enigma
- List of Poles
- The exact extent of the contribution of Ultra to Allied victory is debated. The typical view is that Ultra shortened the war; Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower called Ultra "decisive" to Allied victory.[84] For a fuller discussion, see "Ultra".
- Bydgoszcz (called "Bromberg" in German) was then part of the Prussian Province of Posen. Bydgoszcz—which had been seized by Prussia in the 1772 First Partition of Poland—returned to Poland in 1919 after the Greater Poland Uprising.
- An early Naval Enigma model (the "O Bar" machine) had been solved before 1931 by the Polish Cipher Bureau, but it did not have the plugboard of the later standard Enigma.[85] Mahon cites, as his source for "most of the information I have collected about prewar days", Alan Turing, who had received it from the "Polish cryptographers", who Mahon says had done "nearly all the early work on German Naval Enigma [and] handed over the details of their very considerable achievements just before the outbreak of war."
- Some writers, after Bloch (1987), argue that Rejewski is more likely to have received these documents in mid-November, rather than on 9 or 10 December 1932. Rejewski, however, recalls: "I later... learned that... it was on December 8 [1932, that] Bertrand had come to Warsaw and delivered this material. [H]e describes it in his book [Enigma. T]here is a mistake [in the book] and he gives the year [as] 1931. But later I corresponded with him, and it turned out that it had been... the eighth of December, 1932." Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 233.
- Lawrence (2004) shows how Rejewski could have adapted his method to solve for the second rotor, even if the settings lists had not straddled the quarterly changeover period.
- More Enigma settings were provided to the Polish Cipher Bureau by French Intelligence, but these were never passed on to Rejewski and his colleagues. A possible explanation for this is that the Poles wished to remain independent of French assistance for reading Enigma, and without outside help the cryptologists were forced to develop their own self-sufficient techniques.
- The Navy had already changed its Enigma indicator procedure on 1 May 1937. The SD net, which lagged behind the other services, changed procedure only on 1 July 1939.
- Rejewski later wrote that at Cadix they did not work on Enigma.[86] Other sources indicate that they had, and Rejewski conceded that this was likely the case. Rejewski's correspondent concluded that "Rejewski either had forgotten or had not known that, e.g., Zygalski and Różycki had read Enigma after the fall of France".[87]
Footnote citations[edit]
- ^ http://article.wn.com/view/2012/09/04/odznaczenie_knowltona_dla_mariana_rejewskiego_dzi_uroczysto/
- ^ pl:Marian Rejewski
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, 1984, p. 7, note 6.
- ^ Christopher Kasparek and Richard Woytak, "In Memoriam Marian Rejewski," Cryptologia, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), p. 19.
- ^ Information on Marian Rejewski's military service record, reproduced opposite p. 257 in Władysław Kozaczuk, W kręgu Enigmy (Enigma), 1979.
- ^ Christopher Kasparek and Richard Woytak, "In Memoriam Marian Rejewski," Cryptologia, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), p. 20.
- ^ The course began on 15 January 1929. A letter dated "Warsaw, 29 January 1929, To Professor Z. Krygowski, in Poznań, ul. Głogowska 74/75," and signed by the "Chief of the General Staff, Piskor [i.e., Tadeusz Piskor], Generał Dywizji," reads: "I hereby thank Pan Profesor for his efforts and assistance given to the General Staff in organizing the cipher [i.e., cryptology] course opened in Poznań on 15 January 1929." The letter is reproduced in Stanisław Jakóbczyk and Janusz Stokłosa, Złamanie szyfru Enigma (The Breaking of the Enigma Cipher), 2007, p. 44.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 230.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 238.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 4.
- ^ Information on Marian Rejewski's Master of Philosophy diploma, 1 March 1929, reproduced opposite p. 128 in Władysław Kozaczuk, W kręgu Enigmy (Enigma), 1979.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 230–31.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 230–31.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 5–6
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 231.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 10–11
- ^ a b Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 232.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 12
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 247–51.
- ^ One element of the key, the sequence of rotors in the machine, at first was changed quarterly; but from 1 January 1936 it was changed monthly; from 1 October 1936, daily; and later, during World War II, as often as every eight hours. Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods," Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 242.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 12, 19–21
- ^ Bertrand had obtained the material from a German Chiffrierdienst (Cryptographic Service) employee, Hans-Thilo Schmidt. Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 16–17.
- ^ In the 1920s, French radio intelligence had been decentralized. Decryption of foreign, chiefly German and Italian, ciphers and codes had been the responsibility of a General Staff cryptology department, while radio monitoring had been conducted by the intelligence service, Service de Renseignement or S.R. At the end of 1930, decryption was turned over to the S.R., which created a Section D (for Decryptement), of which Bertrand became chief. He later took over all of French radio intelligence. Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 22.
- ^ Kahn, 1996, p. 974
- ^ Good and Deavours, 1981, pp. 229, 232
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 254–55.
- ^ a b c d Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 258.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 233.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 258–59.
- ^ Lawrence, 2005
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 234–235
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods," Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 242.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 262.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher," Appendix E to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 284–87.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 265.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, 1984, p. 43.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher," Appendix E to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 290.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 63, note 6.
- ^ Welchman, 1986
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods," Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 243.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F.H. Hinsley," Cryptologia, January 1982, p. 80. Cited in Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 63, note 7.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 59.
- ^ Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 236.
- ^ Ralph Erskine, "The Poles Reveal their Secrets: Alastair Denniston's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry," Cryptologia, vol. 30, no. 4 (December 2006), pp. 294–305.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 84.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore, 2000
- ^ Welchman, 1982, p. 289.
- ^ Kozaczuk and Straszak 2004, p. 74
- ^ The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 71.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 71–73, 79.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 84; 94, note 8.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 87
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 82.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 109.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, 1984, pp. 113-14, 118-30.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 134–35
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 128
- ^ a b Gustave Bertrand, Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945 (Enigma: the Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945), Paris, Librairie Plon, 1973, pp. 137–41.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 148–50.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 150–51.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 151–54.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 155.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 205–6.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 207–9.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 209.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 220.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, pp. 207–8.
- ^ Stripp, 2004, p. 124.
- ^ a b c d e f Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 226.
- ^ Polak, 2005, p. 78.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 326.
- ^ F.W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 15.
- ^ Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes, p. 674.
- ^ Historian Richard Woytak wrote in 1982: "[F.W.] Winterbotham's [The Ultra Secret (1974)] spoke of 'a Polish mechanic... employed in [an Enigma] factory in Eastern Germany' who 'was sacked and sent back to Poland' and 'got in touch with our man in Warsaw.' By 1975... Anthony Cave Brown in his Bodyguard of Lies had promoted the nameless Polish mechanic to a 'Richard Lewinski (not his real name)' who had worked as a mathematician and engineer at the [Enigma] factory in Berlin'... [T]o be on the safe side, though, Brown... mention[ed] 'Polish cryptanalysts, led by M. Rejewski and H. Zygalski', as well as a German 'officer of the Forschungsamt...' In 1976, another... best-seller, A Man Called Intrepid by... William Stevenson... g[o]t wrong... Rejewski's sex and marital status. Then [Stevenson] went on to a... story about [Elizabeth Thorpe, a Minneapolis-born] spy codenamed CYNTHIA, who was 'married to a British diplomat, Arthur Pack, who had been transferred to Warsaw... [She] formed a series of liaisons with top-ranking members of Poland's Foreign Service' [and from an aide of Foreign Minister Józef Beck obtained documents and information about Polish Enigma decryption that Stevenson suggests were somehow important to subsequent British efforts]. In conversations with me, Rejewski, in Warsaw, and Colonel Stefan Mayer... prewar chief of Polish military counter-intelligence, in London, have denied that there is any truth in... these... accounts.... The official history of British Intelligence in the Second World War, by F.H. Hinsley et al...., vol. 1... 1979, repeats, in Appendix 1, the story about 'a Pole who was working in an Enigma factory in Germany'..." Richard Woytak, prefatory note (pp. 75–76) to Marian Rejewski, "Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F.H. Hinsley", Cryptologia, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 75–83.
- ^ a b c Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 225.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1990
- ^ Christopher Kasparek and Richard Woytak, "In Memoriam Marian Rejewski," p. 24.
- ^ Untold Story of Enigma Code-Breaker, published 5 July 2005, retrieved 9 January 2006.
- ^ Stanisław Jakóbczyk and Janusz Stokłosa, eds., Złamanie szyfru Enigma. Poznański pomnik polskich kryptologów (The Breaking of the Enigma Cipher: the Poznań Monument to the Polish Cryptologists), 2007.
- ^ [1] Military Intelligence Corps Association, Awards Alphabetically.
- ^ "Najwyższe odznaczenie amerykańskiego wywiadu za złamanie kodów Enigmy" ("Highest American Intelligence Award for Breaking Enigma Ciphers"), Gwiazda Polarna (The Pole Star), vol. 103, no. 20 (22 September 2012), p. 6.
- ^ Brzezinski, 2005, p. 18
- ^ Mahon, 1945, p. 12
- ^ Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 270.
- ^ Kozaczuk, 1984, p. 117
The Enigma cipher machine |
- The main source used for this article was Kozaczuk (1984).
- Gustave Bertrand, Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945 (Enigma: the Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945), Paris, Librairie Plon, 1973.
- Gilbert Bloch, "Enigma before Ultra: Polish Work and the French Contribution", translated by C.A. Deavours, Cryptologia, July 1987, pp. 142–155.
- Zbigniew Brzezinski, "The Unknown Victors". pp. 15–18, in Jan Stanislaw Ciechanowski, ed. Marian Rejewski 1905–1980, Living with the Enigma secret. 1st ed. Bydgoszcz: Bydgoszcz City Council, 2005, ISBN 83-7208-117-4.
- Stephen Budiansky, Battle of Wits: the Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II, New York, The Free Press, 2000.
- Chris Christensen, "Polish Mathematicians Finding Patterns in Enigma Messages", Mathematics Magazine, 80 (4), October 2007.
- Ralph Erskine, "The Poles Reveal their Secrets: Alastair Denniston's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry," Cryptologia, vol. 30, no. 4 (December 2006), pp. 294–305.
- Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes: The Untold Story of German Espionage in the United States and Great Britain during World War II, New York, Bantam Books, 1971.
- James Gannon, Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century, Washington, D.C., Brassey's, 2001, ISBN 1-57488-367-4, pp. 27–58 and passim.
- I. J. Good and Cipher A. Deavours, afterword to: Marian Rejewski, "How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma", Annals of the History of Computing, 3 (3), July 1981. (This paper of Rejewski's appears as Appendix D in Kozaczuk, 1984.)
- F.H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, eds., Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-820327-6.
- Stanisław Jakóbczyk and Janusz Stokłosa, editors, Złamanie szyfru Enigma. Poznański pomnik polskich kryptologów (The Breaking of the Enigma Cipher: the Poznań Monument to the Polish Cryptologists), Poznań, Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, 2007, ISBN 978-83-7063-527-5. This 140-page book was published in connection with the 2007 dedication, before the Poznań Castle, of a three-sided bronze monument, each side bearing the name of one of the three Polish mathematician-cryptologists who attended the cryptology course there and subsequently collaborated on breaking the Enigma cipher. The volume recounts the history of the cipher's breaking before and during World War II and the importance of this achievement in the prosecution of the war, provides brief biographies of a number of Interbellum Poznań mathematicians, and includes photographs of documents and of a growing number of Enigma-decryption-related memorials to be found in various Polish locales.
- David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet, 2nd edition, New York, Scribner, 1996, ISBN 0-684-83130-9.
- David Kahn, Seizing the Enigma: the Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939–1943, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1991, ISBN 0-395-42739-8.
- Christopher Kasparek and Richard Woytak, "In Memoriam Marian Rejewski," Cryptologia, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 19–25.
- Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5. (The standard reference on the Polish part in the Enigma-decryption epic. This English-language book is substantially revised from Kozaczuk's 1979 Polish-language W kręgu Enigmy, and greatly augmented with documentation, including many additional substantive chapter notes and papers by, and interviews with, Marian Rejewski.)
- Władysław Kozaczuk, "A New Challenge for an Old Enigma-Buster", Cryptologia, 14 (3), July 1990.
- Władysław Kozaczuk, W kręgu Enigmy (Enigma), Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 1979. (Kozaczuk's Polish-language book that was later elaborated into his English-language 1984 book, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two.)
- Jerzy Kubiatowski, "Rejewski, Marian Adam", Polski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XXXI/1, Wrocław, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk (Polish Academy of Sciences), 1988, pp. 54–56.
- John Lawrence, "A Study of Rejewski's Equations", Cryptologia, 29 (3), July 2005, pp. 233–247.
- John Lawrence, "The Versatility of Rejewski's Method: Solving for the Wiring of the Second Rotor", Cryptologia, 28 (2), April 2004, pp. 149–152.
- John Lawrence, "Factoring for the Plugboard — Was Rejewski's Proposed Solution for Breaking the Enigma Feasible?", Cryptologia, 29 (4), October 2005.
- A.P. Mahon, "The History of Hut Eight: 1939–1945", June 1945, 117 pp., PRO HW 25/2, [2].
- A. Ray Miller, "The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma", 2001, [3].
- Wojciech Polak, "Marian Rejewski in the Sights of the Security Services," in Jan Stanisław Ciechanowski, ed., Marian Rejewski, 1905–1980: Living with the Enigma Secret, Bydgoszcz: Bydgoszcz City Council, 2005, ISBN 83-7208-117-4, pp. 75–88.
- Marian Rejewski, "Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F.H. Hinsley," translated by Christopher Kasparek, Cryptologia: a Quarterly Journal Devoted to All Aspects of Cryptology, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 75–83.
- Marian Rejewski, in Richard Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 229–40.
- Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods," Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 241–45.
- Marian Rejewski, "How the Polish Mathematicians Broke Enigma," Appendix D to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 246–71.
- Marian Rejewski, "The Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher," Appendix E to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 272–91. Covers much the same ground as the 1980 Applicationes Mathematicae paper referenced below.
- Marian Rejewski, "An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher," Applicationes Mathematicae, 16 (4), 1980, pp. 543–559 (PDF).
- Marian Rejewski, interview (transcribed by Christopher Kasparek) in: Richard Woytak, Werble historii (History's Drumroll), edited by and with introduction by Stanisław Krasucki, illustrated with 36 photographs, Bydgoszcz, Poland, Związek Powstańców Warszawskich w Bydgoszczy (Association of Warsaw Insurgents in Bydgoszcz), 1999, ISBN 83-902357-8-1, pp. 123–43. A more complete transcript of the interview, highlights of which earlier appeared in Cryptologia, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 50–60, and as Appendix B to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 229–40.
- Marian Rejewski, Sprawozdanie z prac kryptologicznych nad niemieckim szyfrem maszynowym Enigma (Report of Cryptologic Work on the German Enigma Machine Cipher). Manuscript written at Uzès, France, 1942.
- Marian Rejewski, Wspomnienia z mej pracy w Biurze Szyfrów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego 1932–1945 (Memoirs of My Work in the Cipher Bureau of Section II of the [Polish] General Staff). Manuscript, 1967.
- Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma: the Battle for the Code, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000.
- Simon Singh, The Code Book: The Evolution of Secrecy from Mary Queen of Scots to Quantum Cryptography, Doubleday, 1999, pp. 149–160, ISBN 0-385-49531-5.
- Alan Stripp, "A British Cryptanalyst Salutes the Polish Cryptanalysts", Appendix E to Władysław Kozaczuk and Jerzy Straszak, Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code, New York, Hippocrene Books, 2004, ISBN 0-7818-0941-X, pp. 123–25.
- Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
- Gordon Welchman, "From Polish Bomba to British Bombe: the Birth of Ultra", Intelligence and National Security, 1 (1), January 1986.
- F.W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, New York, Dell, 1974.
- Fred B. Wrixon, Codes, Ciphers, & Other Cryptic & Clandestine Communication: Making and Breaking Secret Messages from Hieroglyphics to the Internet, 1998, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, pp. 83–85.
External links[edit]
- The Enigma Code Breach by Jan Bury: an account of the Polish role
- The Breaking of Enigma by the Polish Mathematicians by Tony Sale
- How Mathematicians Helped Win WWII — National Security Agency
- Enigma documents
- Rejewski biography, University of St Andrews
- Marian Rejewski and the First Break into Enigma
- Photographs of Rejewski: [4], [5], [6]


text:
Volunteer lawyers for the Legal Aid Foundation are supported by:
- Lawyer mentors in Legal Aid case practice areas
- Orientation opportunities
- Case assistance from FSU law student volunteers
- CLE opportunities
- Public recognition and appreciation
- Meeting space in the Leon County Courthouse
- Personalized assistance from our Volunteer Coordinator
Contact Volunteer Coordinator Ronnie Barker to learn more and volunteer.
November 14 CLE: How to ethically, professionally & reliably grow your solo law firm without killing yourself in the process
Register with Anne Munson, LAF Executive Director, at firstname.lastname@example.com or call 850-702-5010.
Hosted by LAF and TBA Young Lawyers
CLE Approved: 2.0 Ethics, 3.5 General
Friday, Nov 14, 8:30-5:00 pm, working lunch provided
FSU College of Law, BK Roberts Hall, Room 101
$125 TBA Members / $145 Non-TBA Members / $15 Law Students
Checks to Legal Aid Foundation may be mailed to 301 S. Monroe St., Suite 108, Tallahassee FL 32301
Triage Volunteers Review Cases
Short on time but want to help? Become a "triage volunteer" and help LAF determine case urgency to get people faster, more effective civil legal help. Triage volunteers also look for cases that may be better served with a phone call than for waiting for pro bono representation, or that are likely not large time commitment cases.
Gather a few lawyer friends and plan a triage date at the LAF office… you'll be amazed at what you can accomplish in 2 hours!
Please visit our Volunteer Resource and Hospitality Center
Thanks to sponsorship from the Tallahassee Bar, LAF invites volunteers and supporters to join us anytime for a cup of coffee. The Volunteer Resource and Hospitality Center is a great place to relax, meet your colleagues, and see what's going on with LAF.
Location: Robert M. Ervin Lawyers' Commons, 301 S. Monroe St., Suite 108, just inside the Monroe St. entrance to the Leon County Courthouse.