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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Membranes for H2 generation from nuclear powered thermochemical cycles.
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
In an effort to produce hydrogen without the unwanted greenhouse gas byproducts, high-temperature thermochemical cycles driven by heat from solar energy or next-generation nuclear power plants are being explored. The process being developed is the thermochemical production of Hydrogen. The Sulfur-Iodide (SI) cycle was deemed to be one of the most promising cycles to explore. The first step of the SI cycle involves the decomposition of H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} into O{sub 2}, SO{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}O at temperatures around 850 C. In-situ removal of O{sub 2} from this reaction pushes the equilibrium towards dissociation, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the decomposition reaction. A membrane is required for this oxygen separation step that is capable of withstanding the high temperatures and corrosive conditions inherent in this process. Mixed ionic-electronic perovskites and perovskite-related structures are potential materials for oxygen separation membranes owing to their robustness, ability to form dense ceramics, capacity to stabilize oxygen nonstoichiometry, and mixed ionic/electronic conductivity. Two oxide families with promising results were studied: the double-substituted perovskite A{sub x}Sr{sub 1-x}Co{sub 1-y}B{sub y}O{sub 3-{delta}} (A=La, Y; B=Cr-Ni), in particular the family La{sub x}Sr{sub 1-x}Co{sub 1-y}Mn{sub y}O{sub 3-{delta}} (LSCM), and doped La{sub 2}Ni{sub 1-x}M{sub x}O{sub 4} (M = Cu, Zn). Materials and membranes were synthesized by solid state methods and characterized by X-ray and neutron diffraction, SEM, thermal analyses, calorimetry and conductivity. Furthermore, we were able to leverage our program with a DOE/NE sponsored H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} decomposition reactor study (at Sandia), in which our membranes were tested in the actual H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} decomposition step.
Nenoff, Tina Maria; Ambrosini, Andrea; Garino, Terry J.; Gelbard, Fred; Leung, Kevin; Navrotsky, Alexandra (University of California, Davis, CA); Iyer, Ratnasabapathy G. (University of California, Davis, CA); Axness, Marlene
Hydrogen generation process. Final report. [Hybrid electrolytic-thermochemical process based on electrolysis of sulfurous acid
SciTech Connect
The technical and economic feasibility of a hybrid electrolytic-thermochemical hydrogen generation process based on the electrolysis of sulfurous acid was assessed. The experimental studies performed were concentrated on those areas important to the success of the process. These included the electrolysis, acid concentration, and sulfur trioxide reduction steps. Engineering and economic studies on the system were also performed to assess its potential for ultimate utilization and to provide information of value in planning the future course of the program.
Farbman, G.H.; Koump, V.
UCRL-ID-117240 CHEETAH: A Next Generation Thermochemical Code
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
the detonation energy. The energy of detonation is broken out into a mechanical and a thermal part. 2 . 1 5 S t a n d a r d r u n command The standaid CHEETAH run performed at...
Initial Screening of Thermochemical Water-Splitting Cycles for High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power
OAK B188 Initial Screening of Thermochemical Water-Splitting Cycles for High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power There is currently no large scale, cost-effective, environmentally attractive hydrogen production process, nor is such a process available for commercialization. Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier, which potentially could replace the fossil fuels used in the transportation sector of our economy. Fossil fuels are polluting and carbon dioxide emissions from their combustion are thought to be responsible for global warming. The purpose of this work is to determine the potential for efficient, cost-effective, large-scale production of hydrogen utilizing high temperature heat from an advanced nuclear power station. Almost 800 literature references were located which pertain to thermochemical production of hydrogen from water and over 100 thermochemical watersplitting cycles were examined. Using defined criteria and quantifiable metrics, 25 cycles have been selected for more detailed study.
Brown, L.C.; Funk, J.F.; Showalter, S.K.
Cycle Evaluations of Reversible Chemical Reactions for Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage in Support of Concentrating Solar Power Generation Systems
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
The production and storage of thermochemical energy is a possible route to increase capacity factors and reduce the Levelized Cost of Electricity from concentrated solar power generation systems. In this paper, we present the results of cycle evaluations for various thermochemical cycles, including a well-documented ammonia closed-cycle along with open- and closed-cycle versions of hydrocarbon chemical reactions. Among the available reversible hydrocarbon chemical reactions, catalytic reforming-methanation cycles are considered; specifically, various methane-steam reforming cycles are compared to the ammonia cycle. In some cases, the production of an intermediate chemical, methanol, is also included with some benefit being realized. The best case, based on overall power generation efficiency and overall plant capacity factor, was found to be an open cycle including methane-steam reforming, using concentrated solar energy to increase the chemical energy content of the reacting stream, followed by combustion to generate heat for the heat engine.
Krishnan, Shankar; Palo, Daniel R.; Wegeng, Robert S.
High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Solar Thermochemical Splitting of Water
The objective of this work is to identify economically feasible concepts for the production of hydrogen from water using solar energy. The ultimate project objective was to select one or more competitive concepts for pilot-scale demonstration using concentrated solar energy. Results of pilot scale plant performance would be used as foundation for seeking public and private resources for full-scale plant development and testing. Economical success in this venture would afford the public with a renewable and limitless source of energy carrier for use in electric power load-leveling and as a carbon-free transportation fuel. The Solar Hydrogen Generation Research (SHGR) project embraces technologies relevant to hydrogen research under the Office of Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technology (HFCIT) as well as concentrated solar power under the Office of Solar Energy Technologies (SET). Although the photoelectrochemical work is aligned with HFCIT, some of the technologies in this effort are also consistent with the skills and technologies found in concentrated solar power and photovoltaic technology under the Office of Solar Energy Technologies (SET). Hydrogen production by thermo-chemical water-splitting is a chemical process that accomplishes the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen using only heat or a combination of heat and electrolysis instead of pure electrolysis and meets the goals for hydrogen production using only water and renewable solar energy as feed-stocks. Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production also meets these goals by implementing photo-electrolysis at the surface of a semiconductor in contact with an electrolyte with bias provided by a photovoltaic source. Here, water splitting is a photo-electrolytic process in which hydrogen is produced using only solar photons and water as feed-stocks. The thermochemical hydrogen task engendered formal collaborations among two universities, three national laboratories and two private sector entities. The photoelectrochemical hydrogen task included formal collaborations with three universities and one national laboratory. The formal participants in these two tasks are listed above. Informal collaborations in both projects included one additional university (the University of Nevada, Reno) and two additional national laboratories (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).
Heske, Clemens; Moujaes, Samir; Weimer, Alan; Wong, Bunsen; Siegal, Nathan; McFarland, Eric; Miller, Eric; Lewis, Michele; Bingham, Carl; Roth, Kurth; Sabacky, Bruce; Steinfeld, Aldo
Jacobian code generated by source transformation and vertex elimination is as efficient as hand coding
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Forth, S A; Pryce, J D; Reid, J K
Source codes as random number generators
Abstract�A random number generator generates fair coin flips by processing deterministically an arbitrary source of nonideal randomness. An optimal random number generator generates asymptotically fair coin flips from a stationary ergodic source at a rate of bits per source symbol equal to the entropy rate of the source. Since optimal noiseless data compression codes produce incompressible outputs, it is natural to investigate their capabilities as optimal random number generators. In this paper we show under general conditions that optimal variable-length source codes asymptotically achieve optimal variable-length random bit generation in a rather strong sense. In particular, we show in what sense the Lempel�Ziv algorithm can be considered an optimal universal random bit generator from arbitrary stationary ergodic random sources with unknown distributions. Index Terms � Data compression, entropy, Lempel�Ziv algorithm, random number generation, universal source coding.
Karthik Visweswariah; Student Member; Sanjeev R. Kulkarni; Senior Member; Sergio Verd�
PRODCOST: an electric utility generation simulation code
The PRODCOST computer code simulates the operation of an electric utility generation system. Through a probabilistic simulation the expected energy production, fuel consumption, and cost of operation for each plant are determined. Total system fuel consumption, energy generation by type, total generation costs, as well as system loss of load probability and expected unserved energy are also calculated.
Hudson, II, C. R.; Reynolds, T. M.; Smolen, G. R.
Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
November 13, 2012 | Wong November 13, 2012 | Wong * Conduct laboratory studies on reaction thermodynamics and kinetics of the sulfur generating disproportionation reaction. Effect of various potential catalysts and means to separate the reaction products will be investigated. A kinetic equation for process design will be defined. * Improve the solar reactor design and catalyst performance to increase SO 3 to SO 2 conversion fraction * Preliminary process component design and experimental validation for the three process steps. Carry out process integration design between the CSP plant, the sulfur processing and storage plant and the electricity generation unit. * Design and flowsheet studies to assess the system economics, its environmental impact and pathways to ascertain safe operations of
May 15, 2013 | Wong May 15, 2013 | Wong * Conduct laboratory studies on reaction thermodynamics and kinetics of the sulfur generating disproportionation reaction. Effect of various potential catalysts and means to separate the reaction products will be investigated. A kinetic equation for process design will be defined. * Improve the solar reactor design and catalyst performance to increase SO 3 to SO 2 conversion fraction * Preliminary process component design and experimental validation for the three process steps. Carry out process integration design between the CSP plant, the sulfur processing and storage plant and the electricity generation unit. * Design and flowsheet studies to assess the system economics, its environmental impact and pathways to ascertain safe operations of
Generating OpenMP code using an interactive parallelization environment
Code parallelization using OpenMP for shared memory systems is relatively easier than using message passing for distributed memory systems. Despite this, it is still a challenge to use OpenMP to parallelize application codes in a way that yields effective ... Keywords: code parallelization tools, interactive parallelization environment, openMP code generation, parallel debugger
C. S. Ierotheou; H. Jin; G. Matthews; S. P. Johnson; R. Hood
Thermochemical production of hydrogen: reality, not myth
An economic analysis of the hybrid sulfuric acid cycle shows that a specific thermochemical process for hydrogen production from water can compete successfully with conventional and advanced electrolytic processes. A generalization to the contrary, based on computer-generated thermochemical cycles, is misleading and erroneous.
Cox, K.E.
Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program: 1986 annual report
Wood and crop residues constitute a vast majority of the biomass feedstocks available for conversion, and thermochemical processes are well suited for conversion of these materials. Thermochemical conversion processes can generate a variety of products such as gasoline hydrocarbon fuels, natural gas substitutes, or heat energy for electric power generation. The US Department of Energy is sponsoring research on biomass conversion technologies through its Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program. Pacific Northwest Laboratory has been designated the Technical Field Management Office for the Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program with overall responsibility for the Program. This report briefly describes the Thermochemical Conversion Program structure and summarizes the activities and major accomplishments during fiscal year 1986. 88 refs., 31 figs., 5 tabs.
Schiefelbein, G.F.; Stevens, D.J.; Gerber, M.A.
Systematic Testing of Model-Based Code Generators
Unlike for conventional compilers for imperative programming languages such as C or ADA, no establishedmethods for safeguarding artifacts generated by model-based code generators exist despite progress in the field of formalverification. Several test ... Keywords: Testing and Debugging
Ingo Stuermer; Mirko Conrad; Heiko Doerr; Peter Pepper
Code Generation in the Programmer's Apprentice
The Programmer's Apprentice is a highly interactive program development tool. The user interface to the system relies on program text which is generated from an internal plan representation. The programs generated need to ...
Handsaker, Robert E.
Recovery code generation for general speculative optimizations
A general framework that integrates both control and data speculation using alias profiling and/or compiler heuristic rules has shown to improve CPU2000 performance on Itanium systems. However, speculative optimizations require check instructions and ... Keywords: Recovery code, multi-level data speculation, speculative SSA form
Jin Lin; Wei-Chung Hsu; Pen-Chung Yew; Roy Dz-Ching Ju; Tin-Fook Ngai
Biomass thermochemical conversion program: 1987 annual report
The objective of the Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program is to generate a base of scientific data and conversion process information that will lead to establishment of cost-effective processes for conversion of biomass resources into clean fuels. To accomplish this objective, in fiscal year 1987 the Thermochemical Conversion Program sponsored research activities in the following four areas: Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels Technology; Gasification Technology; Direct Combustion Technology; Program Support Activities. In this report an overview of the Thermochemical Conversion Program is presented. Specific research projects are then described. Major accomplishments for 1987 are summarized.
Universal thermochemical energy converter
DOE Patents (OSTI)
Disclosed are methods and apparatus for a thermochemical closed cycle employing a polyatomic, chemically active working fluid for converting heat energy into useful work.
Labinov, Solomon Davidovich (Oak Ridge, TN); Sand, James R. (Oak Ridge, TN); Conklin, James C. (Knoxville, TN); VanCoevering, James (Oak Ridge, TN); Courville, George E. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Improving polyhedral code generation for high-level synthesis
High-level synthesis (HLS) tools are now capable of generating high-quality RTL codes for a number of programs. Nevertheless, for best performance aggressive program transformations are still required to exploit data reuse and enable communication/computation ... Keywords: high-level synthesis, loop tiling, polyhedral compilation
Wei Zuo; Peng Li; Deming Chen; Louis-No�l Pouchet; Shunan Zhong; Jason Cong
Steam generator and circulator model for the HELAP code
An outline is presented of the work carried out in the 1974 fiscal year on the GCFBR safety research project consisting of the development of improved steam generator and circulator (steam turbine driven helium compressor) models which will eventually be inserted in the HELAP (1) code. Furthermore, a code was developed which will be used to generate steady state input for the primary and secondary sides of the steam generator. The following conclusions and suggestions for further work are made: (1) The steam-generator and circulator model are consistent with the volume and junction layout used in HELAP, (2) with minor changes these models, when incorporated in HELAP, could be used to simulate a direct cycle plant, (3) an explicit control valve model is still to be developed and would be very desirable to control the flow to the turbine during a transient (initially this flow will be controlled by using the existing check valve model); (4) the friction factor in the laminar flow region is computed inaccurately, this might cause significant errors in loss-of-flow accidents; and (5) it is felt that HELAP will still use a large amount of computer time and will thus be limited to design basis accidents without scram or loss of flow transients with and without scram. Finally it may also be used as a test bed for the development of prototype component models which would be incorporated in a more sophisticated system code, developed specifically for GCFBR's. (auth)
Ludewig, H.
Advanced natural gas-fired turbine system utilizing thermochemical recuperation and/or partial oxidation for electricity generation, greenfield and repowering applications
The performance, economics and technical feasibility of heavy duty combustion turbine power systems incorporating two advanced power generation schemes have been estimated to assess the potential merits of these advanced technologies. The advanced technologies considered were: Thermochemical Recuperation (TCR), and Partial Oxidation (PO). The performance and economics of these advanced cycles are compared to conventional combustion turbine Simple-Cycles and Combined-Cycles. The objectives of the Westinghouse evaluation were to: (1) simulate TCR and PO power plant cycles, (2) evaluate TCR and PO cycle options and assess their performance potential and cost potential compared to conventional technologies, (3) identify the required modifications to the combustion turbine and the conventional power cycle components to utilize the TCR and PO technologies, (4) assess the technical feasibility of the TCR and PO cycles, (5) identify what development activities are required to bring the TCR and PO technologies to commercial readiness. Both advanced technologies involve the preprocessing of the turbine fuel to generate a low-thermal-value fuel gas, and neither technology requires advances in basic turbine technologies (e.g., combustion, airfoil materials, airfoil cooling). In TCR, the turbine fuel is reformed to a hydrogen-rich fuel gas by catalytic contact with steam, or with flue gas (steam and carbon dioxide), and the turbine exhaust gas provides the indirect energy required to conduct the endothermic reforming reactions. This reforming process improves the recuperative energy recovery of the cycle, and the delivery of the low-thermal-value fuel gas to the combustors potentially reduces the NO{sub x} emission and increases the combustor stability.
Automatic ID heat load generation in ANSYS code
Detailed power density profiles are critical in the execution of a thermal analysis using a finite element (FE) code such as ANSYS. Unfortunately, as yet there is no easy way to directly input the precise power profiles into ANSYS. A straight-forward way to do this is to hand-calculate the power of each node or element and then type the data into the code. Every time a change is made to the FE model, the data must be recalculated and reentered. One way to solve this problem is to generate a set of discrete data, using another code such as PHOTON2, and curve-fit the data. Using curve-fitted formulae has several disadvantages. It is time consuming because of the need to run a second code for generation of the data, curve-fitting, and doing the data check, etc. Additionally, because there is no generality for different beamlines or different parameters, the above work must be repeated for each case. And, errors in the power profiles due to curve-fitting result in errors in the analysis. To solve the problem once and for all and with the capability to apply to any insertion device (ID), a program for ED power profile was written in ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). This program is implemented as an ANSYS command with input parameters of peak magnetic field, deflection parameter, length of ID, and distance from the source. Once the command is issued, all the heat load will be automatically generated by the code.
Wang, Zhibi
Code Generation and Separate Compilation in a Parallel Program Debugger
The Parallel Program Debugger (PPD) allows a programmer to find bugs by following dynamic dependences in a program's execution; this technique is called flowback analysis. Flowback analysis requires the tracing of all variable references and modifications. PPD avoids the overhead of this tracing by recording only a subset of the program's state during execution, and incrementally filling in the missing details when the programmer makes queries about execution dependences. There is a trade-off between overhead of the tracing during program execution and the speed of generating the missing details during user queries. Our compiler is divided into four phases. This separation of phases allows us to first compile separate files, and to generate code for these files. Second, we perform interprocedural analysis using the data structures generated by the first phase. Third, we modify the individual assembly files to account for optimizations to the tracing, and to generate tracing for shared ...
Jong-deok Choi; Barton P. Miller
Generation of Optimal Unit Distance Codes for Rotary Encoders through Simulated Evolution
An evolutionary algorithm is used to generate unit distance codes for absolute rotary encoders. The target is to obtain a code suitable for disk size reduction, or for resolution increase, thus overcoming the limitations of conventional Gray codes. Obtained ...
Stefano Gregori; Roberto Rossi; Guido Torelli; Valentino Liberali
Renewable Energy Requirements for Future Building Codes: Energy Generation and Economic Analysis
As the model energy codes are improved to reach efficiency levels 50 percent greater than current codes, installation of on-site renewable energy generation is likely to become a code requirement. This requirement will be needed because traditional mechanisms for code improvement, including the building envelope, mechanical systems, and lighting, have been maximized at the most cost-effective limit.
Russo, Bryan J.; Weimar, Mark R.; Dillon, Heather E.
1982 annual report: Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program
This report provides a brief overview of the Thermochemical Conversion Program's activities and major accomplishments during fiscal year 1982. The objective of the Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program is to generate scientific data and fundamental biomass converison process information that, in the long term, could lead to establishment of cost effective processes for conversion of biomass resources into clean fuels and petrochemical substitutes. The goal of the program is to improve the data base for biomass conversion by investigating the fundamental aspects of conversion technologies and exploring those parameters which are critical to these conversion processes. To achieve this objective and goal, the Thermochemical Conversion Program is sponsoring high-risk, long-term research with high payoff potential which industry is not currently sponsoring, nor is likely to support. Thermochemical conversion processes employ elevated temperatures to convert biomass materials into energy. Process examples include: combustion to produce heat, steam, electricity, direct mechanical power; gasification to produce fuel gas or synthesis gases for the production of methanol and hydrocarbon fuels; direct liquefaction to produce heavy oils or distillates; and pyrolysis to produce a mixture of oils, fuel gases, and char. A bibliography of publications for 1982 is included.
MUXS: a code to generate multigroup cross sections for sputtering calculations
This report documents MUXS, a computer code to generate multigroup cross sections for charged particle transport problems. Cross sections generated by MUXS can be used in many multigroup transport codes, with minor modifications to these codes, to calculate sputtering yields, reflection coefficients, penetration distances, etc.
Hoffman, T.J.; Robinson, M.T.; Dodds, H.L. Jr.
Source templates for the automatic generation of adjoint code through static call graph reversal
We present a new approach to the automatic generation of adjoint codes using automatic differentiation by source transformation. Our method relies on static checkpointing techniques applied to an extended version of the program's call graph. A code ...
Uwe Naumann; Jean Utke
Thermochemical nitrate reduction
A series of preliminary experiments was conducted directed at thermochemically converting nitrate to nitrogen and water. Nitrates are a major constituent of the waste stored in the underground tanks on the Hanford Site, and the characteristics and effects of nitrate compounds on stabilization techniques must be considered before permanent disposal operations begin. For the thermochemical reduction experiments, six reducing agents (ammonia, formate, urea, glucose, methane, and hydrogen) were mixed separately with {approximately}3 wt% NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} solutions in a buffered aqueous solution at high pH (13); ammonia and formate were also mixed at low pH (4). Reactions were conducted in an aqueous solution in a batch reactor at temperatures of 200{degrees}C to 350{degrees}C and pressures of 600 to 2800 psig. Both gas and liquid samples were analyzed. The specific components analyzed were nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, and ammonia. Results of experimental runs showed the following order of nitrate reduction of the six reducing agents in basic solution: formate > glucose > urea > hydrogen > ammonia {approx} methane. Airnmonia was more effective under acidic conditions than basic conditions. Formate was also effective under acidic conditions. A more thorough, fundamental study appears warranted to provide additional data on the mechanism of nitrate reduction. Furthermore, an expanded data base and engineering feasibility study could be used to evaluate conversion conditions for promising reducing agents in more detail and identify new reducing agents with improved performance characteristics.
Cox, J.L.; Lilga, M.A.; Hallen, R.T.
Preliminary results from the application of automated code generation to CFL3D
This report describes preliminary results obtained using an automated adjoint code generator for Fortran to augment a widely-used computational fluid dynamics flow solver to compute derivatives. These preliminary results with this augmented code suggest that, even in its infancy, the automated adjoint code generator can accurately and efficiently deliver derivatives for use in transonic Euler-based aerodynamic shape optimization problems with hundreds to thousands of independent design variables.
Alan Carle; Mike Fagan; Lawrence L. Green
Title 20, California Code of Regulations Article 5. Electricity Generation Source Disclosure
Commission. (e) "Facility" means one or all generating units at an electric generating station. (f) "Fuel (b)(3)(C) of section 1392. (g) "Generating facility output" means the electrical energy and/or fuel1 Title 20, California Code of Regulations Article 5. Electricity Generation Source Disclosure
Automatic Code Generation From UML Class and Statechart Diagrams
by EPRI through project titled "Multiple Uses of Substation Data", Paul Myrda - project manager. #12;TABLEAutomated Integration of Substation IED Data to Generate Event Reports for Protection Engineers for automated integration of substation Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) data to generate a customized event
Tanaka, Jiro
Innovative solar thermochemical water splitting.
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is evaluating the potential of an innovative approach for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using two-step thermochemical cycles. Thermochemical cycles are heat engines that utilize high-temperature heat to produce chemical work. Like their mechanical work-producing counterparts, their efficiency depends on operating temperature and on the irreversibility of their internal processes. With this in mind, we have invented innovative design concepts for two-step solar-driven thermochemical heat engines based on iron oxide and iron oxide mixed with other metal oxides (ferrites). The design concepts utilize two sets of moving beds of ferrite reactant material in close proximity and moving in opposite directions to overcome a major impediment to achieving high efficiency--thermal recuperation between solids in efficient counter-current arrangements. They also provide inherent separation of the product hydrogen and oxygen and are an excellent match with high-concentration solar flux. However, they also impose unique requirements on the ferrite reactants and materials of construction as well as an understanding of the chemical and cycle thermodynamics. In this report the Counter-Rotating-Ring Receiver/Reactor/Recuperator (CR5) solar thermochemical heat engine and its basic operating principals are described. Preliminary thermal efficiency estimates are presented and discussed. Our ferrite reactant material development activities, thermodynamic studies, test results, and prototype hardware development are also presented.
Hogan, Roy E. Jr.; Siegel, Nathan P.; Evans, Lindsey R.; Moss, Timothy A.; Stuecker, John Nicholas (Robocasting Enterprises, Albuquerque, NM); Diver, Richard B., Jr.; Miller, James Edward; Allendorf, Mark D. (Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA); James, Darryl L. (Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX)
Mesh generation and energy group condensation studies for the jaguar deterministic transport code
The deterministic transport code Jaguar is introduced, and the modeling process for Jaguar is demonstrated using a two-dimensional assembly model of the Hoogenboom-Martin Performance Benchmark Problem. This single assembly model is being used to test and analyze optimal modeling methodologies and techniques for Jaguar. This paper focuses on spatial mesh generation and energy condensation techniques. In this summary, the models and processes are defined as well as thermal flux solution comparisons with the Monte Carlo code MC21. (authors)
Kennedy, R. A.; Watson, A. M.; Iwueke, C. I.; Edwards, E. J. [Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation, P.O. Box 1072, Schenectady, NY 12301-1072 (United States)
Development of the Hybrid Sulfur Thermochemical Cycle
The production of hydrogen via the thermochemical splitting of water is being considered as a primary means for utilizing the heat from advanced nuclear reactors to provide fuel for a hydrogen economy. The Hybrid Sulfur (HyS) Process is one of the baseline candidates identified by the U.S. Department of Energy [1] for this purpose. The HyS Process is a two-step hybrid thermochemical cycle that only involves sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen compounds. Recent work has resulted in an improved process design with a calculated overall thermal efficiency (nuclear heat to hydrogen, higher heating value basis) approaching 50%. Economic analyses indicate that a nuclear hydrogen plant employing the HyS Process in conjunction with an advanced gas-cooled nuclear reactor system can produce hydrogen at competitive prices. Experimental work has begun on the sulfur dioxide depolarized electrolyzer, the major developmental component in the cycle. Proof-of-concept tests have established proton-exchange-membrane cells (a state-of-the-art technology) as a viable approach for conducting this reaction. This is expected to lead to more efficient and economical cell designs than were previously available. Considerable development and scale-up issues remain to be resolved, but the development of a viable commercial-scale HyS Process should be feasible in time to meet the commercialization schedule for Generation IV gas-cooled nuclear reactors.
Summers, William A.; Steimke, John L
Level: National and Regional Data; Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Onsite-Generation Components;
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
3 Electricity: Components of Onsite Generation, 2006; 3 Electricity: Components of Onsite Generation, 2006; Level: National and Regional Data; Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Onsite-Generation Components; Unit: Million Kilowatthours. Renewable Energy (excluding Wood NAICS Total Onsite and Code(a) Subsector and Industry Generation Cogeneration(b) Other Biomass)(c) Other(d) Total United States 311 Food 4,563 4,249 * 313 3112 Grain and Oilseed Milling 2,845 2,819 0 27 311221 Wet Corn Milling 2,396 2,370 0 27 31131 Sugar Manufacturing 951 951 0 * 3114 Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Foods 268 268 0 * 3115 Dairy Products 44 31 * Q 3116 Animal Slaughtering and Processing 17 0 0 17 312 Beverage and Tobacco Products 659 623 Q * 3121 Beverages 587 551 Q * 3122 Tobacco 72
Entanglement transmission and generation under channel uncertainty: Universal quantum channel coding
We determine the optimal rates of universal quantum codes for entanglement transmission and generation under channel uncertainty. In the simplest scenario the sender and receiver are provided merely with the information that the channel they use belongs to a given set of channels, so that they are forced to use quantum codes that are reliable for the whole set of channels. This is precisely the quantum analog of the compound channel coding problem. We determine the entanglement transmission and entanglement-generating capacities of compound quantum channels and show that they are equal. Moreover, we investigate two variants of that basic scenario, namely the cases of informed decoder or informed encoder, and derive corresponding capacity results.
I. Bjelakovic; H. Boche; J. Noetzel
Development of a Mesh Generation Code with a Graphical Front-End: A Case Study
Scientists and engineers are increasingly developing software to enable them to do their work. A number of characteristics differentiate the software development environment in which a scientist or engineer works from the development environment in which ... Keywords: Computational Engineering, Lessons Learned, Mesh-generation Code, Software Development, Software Engineering
Jeffrey Carver
The parawise expert assistant � widening accessibility to efficient and scalable tool generated OpenMP code
Despite the apparent simplicity of the OpenMP directive shared memory programming model and the sophisticated dependence analysis and code generation capabilities of the ParaWise/CAPO tools, experience shows that a level of expertise is required to produce ...
Stephen Johnson; Emyr Evans; Haoqiang Jin; Constantinos Ierotheou
A code generation approach to optimizing high-performance distributed data stream processing
We present a code-generation-based optimization approach to bringing performance and scalability to distributed stream processing applications. We express stream processing applications using an operator-based, stream-centric language called SPADE, which ... Keywords: profile driven optimization, streaming systems
Bu?ra Gedik; Henrique Andrade; Kun-Lung Wu
Thermochemical Fuel Reformer Development Project
Thermochemical Fuel Reforming (TCFR) is the recovery of internal combustion engine exhaust heat to chemically convert natural gas into a higher calorific flow fuel stream containing a significant concentration of hydrogen. This technique of recycling the engine exhaust heat can reduce fuel use (heat rate). In addition, the hydrogen enhanced combustion also allows stable engine operation at a higher air-fuel ratio (leaner combustion) which results in very low NOx production. This interim report covers two...
Thermochemical Stability of Blue Ceramic Powders
Abstract Scope, This paper presents the thermo-chemical stability of diverse ... Hydraulic Simulation of Fluid Flow in Beam Blank Continuous Casting Mold with
NREL: Biomass Research - Thermochemical Conversion Projects
fuel synthesis reactor. NREL investigates thermochemical processes for converting biomass and its residues to fuels and intermediates using gasification and pyrolysis...
A Continuous Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Plant Design
Plus simulation of the sulfur-ammonia solar thermochemicalHXDEW simulation blocks are not part of the thermochemicalassociated simulation blocks. 4.2 Thermochemical Reactors,
Luc, Wesley Wai
Hybrid Sulfur Thermochemical Process Development Annual Report
The Hybrid Sulfur (HyS) Thermochemical Process is a means of producing hydrogen via water-splitting through a combination of chemical reactions and electrochemistry. Energy is supplied to the system as high temperature heat (approximately 900 C) and electricity. Advanced nuclear reactors (Generation IV) or central solar receivers can be the source of the primary energy. Large-scale hydrogen production based on this process could be a major contributor to meeting the needs of a hydrogen economy. This project's objectives include optimization of the HyS process design, analysis of technical issues and concerns, creation of a development plan, and laboratory-scale proof-of-concept testing. The key component of the HyS Process is the SO2-depolarized electrolyzer (SDE). Studies were performed that showed that an electrolyzer operating in the range of 500-600 mV per cell can lead to an overall HyS cycle efficiency in excess of 50%, which is superior to all other currently proposed thermochemical cycles. Economic analysis indicated hydrogen production costs of approximately $1.60 per kilogram for a mature nuclear hydrogen production plant. However, in order to meet commercialization goals, the electrolyzer should be capable of operating at high current density, have a long operating lifetime , and have an acceptable capital cost. The use of proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) technology, which leverages work for the development of PEM fuel cells, was selected as the most promising route to meeting these goals. The major accomplishments of this project were the design and construction of a suitable electrolyzer test facility and the proof-of-concept testing of a PEM-based SDE.
Summers, William A.; Buckner, Melvin R.
System for thermochemical hydrogen production
Method and apparatus are described for joule boosting a SO/sub 3/ decomposer using electrical instead of thermal energy to heat the reactants of the high temperature SO/sub 3/ decomposition step of a thermochemical hydrogen production process driven by a tandem mirror reactor. Joule boosting the decomposer to a sufficiently high temperature from a lower temperature heat source eliminates the need for expensive catalysts and reduces the temperature and consequent materials requirements for the reactor blanket. A particular decomposer design utilizes electrically heated silicon carbide rods, at a temperature of 1250/sup 0/K, to decompose a cross flow of SO/sub 3/ gas.
Werner, R.W.; Galloway, T.R.; Krikorian, O.H.
Thermochemical production of hydrogen from water, a critical review
The current status of thermochemical hydrogen technology as regards process chemistry, preliminary chemical engineering design and techno-economics for a number of cycles undergoing active research and development efforts throughout the world at this time is assessed. Three cycles are receiving the bulk of the total effort and most of the funding: the hybrid sulfuric acid cycle; the sulfuric acid-hydrogen iodide cycle; and the hybrid sulfuric acid-hydrogen bromide cycle (Mark 13) . All three cycles are at the stage where a laboratory scale continuous plant can be or is in operation. The only plant in operation is at Ispra, Italy on the Mark 13 cycle. Materials problems are endemic to all cycles. In most cases reference materials for the sulfuric acid vaporization stages and the sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide decomposition vessels have not yet been defined. A prime difficulty is the need for the vessel walls to transmit heat to interior fluids as well as withstand their corrosive effects. Serious efforts must be undertaken in the materials area prior to demonstration of any of the sulfuric acid-based cycles on a pilot plant scale under realistic pressure (30 atm) and temperature conditions. Improvements are being made in estimating the cost and efficiency of hydrogen produced from water and a thermal energy source either by thermochemical cycle technology or by water electrolysis. These include the heat penalty analysis and the OPTIMO computer code. Costs of thermochemical hydrogen have been found to fall in the $7 to $10/10/sup 16/ Btu range with efficiencies in the 35 to 45% bracket. A 10 to 15 year developmental effort with increased funding of both options (thermochemical and water electrolysis) should find a clear-cut solution and resolve the situation of the ''best'' option to use for producing synthetic hydrogen from water.
Cox, K.
Revised methods for few-group cross sections generation in the Serpent Monte Carlo code
This paper presents new calculation methods, recently implemented in the Serpent Monte Carlo code, and related to the production of homogenized few-group constants for deterministic 3D core analysis. The new methods fall under three topics: 1) Improved treatment of neutron-multiplying scattering reactions, 2) Group constant generation in reflectors and other non-fissile regions and 3) Homogenization in leakage-corrected criticality spectrum. The methodology is demonstrated by a numerical example, comparing a deterministic nodal diffusion calculation using Serpent-generated cross sections to a reference full-core Monte Carlo simulation. It is concluded that the new methodology improves the results of the deterministic calculation, and paves the way for Monte Carlo based group constant generation. (authors)
Fridman, E. [Reactor Safety Div., Helmholz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, POB 51 01 19, Dresden, 01314 (Germany); Leppaenen, J. [VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, POB 1000, FI-02044 VTT (Finland)
Biomass thermochemical conversion program. 1985 annual report
Wood and crop residues constitute a vast majority of the biomass feedstocks available for conversion, and thermochemical processes are well suited for conversion of these materials. The US Department of Energy (DOE) is sponsoring research on this conversion technology for renewable energy through its Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program. The Program is part of DOE's Biofuels and Municipal Waste Technology Division, Office of Renewable Technologies. This report briefly describes the Thermochemical Conversion Program structure and summarizes the activities and major accomplishments during fiscal year 1985. 32 figs., 4 tabs.
NIST{endash}JANAF Thermochemical Tables for the Iodine Oxides
The thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of the iodine oxide species have been reviewed. Recommended NIST{endash}JANAF Thermochemical Tables are given for six gaseous iodine oxides: IO, OIO, IOO, IOI, IIO, and IO{sub 3}. Sufficient information is not available to generate thermochemical tables for any condensed phase species. Annotated bibliographies (over 400 references) are provided for all neutral iodine oxides which have been reported in the literature. There is a lack of experimental thermodynamic and spectroscopic information for all iodine oxide species, except IO(g) and OIO(g). The recommended thermochemical tables are based on estimates for the structure, vibrational frequencies, and enthalpy of formation based in part on the spectroscopic and thermodynamic data for the other halogen oxides [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data {bold 25}, 551 (1996); {bold 25}, 1061 (1996)]. Although there is a definite lack of information in comparison with the other halides, this information is provided for the iodine oxides for the following reasons: (1) to complete the study of the halogen oxide family and (2) to stress the need for additional experimental measurements. Of all the species mentioned in the literature, many have not been isolated or characterized. In fact, some do not exist. Throughout this paper, uncertainties attached to recommended values correspond to the uncertainty interval, equal to twice the standard deviation of the mean. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society.}
Chase, M.W. [Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879 (United States)
NREL: Biomass Research - Thermochemical Users Facility
Users Facility Users Facility Text version The state-of-the-art Thermochemical Users Facility (TCUF) consists of several complementary unit operations that can be configured to accommodate the testing and development of various reactors, filters, catalysts, and other unit operations. The TCUF offers clients the capability to test new processes and feedstocks in a timely and cost-effective manner and to quickly and safely obtain extensive performance data on their processes or equipment. The Thermochemical Users Facility contains the following equipment: Thermochemical Process Development Unit The heart of the TCUF is the 0.5-metric-ton-per-day Thermochemical Process Development Unit (TCPDU), which can be operated in either a pyrolysis or gasification mode. The main unit operations in the TCPDU include 8-inch
Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research (STCH)
Fuel Cell Technologies Publication and Product Library (EERE)
Eight cycles in a coordinated set of projects for Solar Thermochemical Cycles for Hydrogen production (STCH) were self-evaluated for the DOE-EERE Fuel Cell Technologies Program at a Working Group Meet
Optimisations for quadrature representations of finite element tensors through automated code generation
of RAM running Ubuntu 8.04.1 with Linux kernel 2.6.24. We used Python version 2.5.2 and NumPy version 1.0.4 (both pertinent to FFC), and g++ version 4.2.3 with the �-O2� optimisation flag to compile the generated C++ code which is compliant with UFC... between quadrature and tensor contraction representations. Form generation [s] q/t size [kB] q/t C++ [s] q/t mixed Poisson 3.9 1.00 1500 0.92 15.7 0.76 DG biharmonic 16.2 0.35 3200 0.13 47.5 0.19 pressure equation 35.1 1.03 2600 0.19 41.4 0.22 therefore...
Oelgaard, Kristian B; Wells, G N
Methane-methanol cycle for the thermochemical production of hydrogen
A thermochemical reaction cycle for the generation of hydrogen from water comprising the following sequence of reactions wherein M represents a metal: CH.sub.4 + H.sub.2 O .fwdarw. CO + 3H.sub.2 (1) co + 2h.sub.2 .fwdarw. ch.sub.3 oh (2) ch.sub.3 oh + so.sub.2 + mo .fwdarw. mso.sub.4 + ch.sub.4 (3) mso.sub.4 .fwdarw. mo + so.sub.2 + 1/2o.sub.2 (4) the net reaction is the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Dreyfuss, Robert M. (Mount Vernon, NY); Hickman, Robert G. (Livermore, CA)
SunShot Initiative: Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System
Integrated Solar Thermochemical Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System on Delicious Rank SunShot Initiative: Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System on Digg Find More places to share SunShot Initiative: Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System on AddThis.com... Concentrating Solar Power Systems Components Competitive Awards CSP Research & Development Thermal Storage CSP Recovery Act Baseload CSP SunShot Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative
SunShot Initiative: Thermochemical Energy Storage for Stirling...
Thermochemical Energy Storage for Stirling CSP Systems to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Thermochemical Energy Storage for Stirling CSP Systems on Facebook Tweet about...
NREL: Biomass Research - Thermochemical Conversion Capabilities
Conversion Capabilities Conversion Capabilities NREL researchers are developing gasification and pyrolysis processes for the cost-effective thermochemical conversion of biomass to biofuels. Gasification-heating biomass with about one-third of the oxygen necessary for complete combustion-produces a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas. Pyrolysis-heating biomass in the absence of oxygen-produces a liquid bio-oil. Both syngas and bio-oil can be used directly or can be converted to clean fuels and other valuable chemicals. Areas of emphasis in NREL's thermochemical conversion R&D are: Gasification and fuel synthesis R&D Pyrolysis R&D Thermochemical process integration. Gasification and Fuel Synthesis R&D Get the Adobe Flash Player to see this video.
SunShot Initiative: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based
CSP Generation CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage to someone by E-mail Share SunShot Initiative: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage on Facebook Tweet about SunShot Initiative: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage on Twitter Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage on Google Bookmark SunShot Initiative: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage on Delicious Rank SunShot Initiative: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage on Digg Find More places to share SunShot Initiative: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage on
GENII (Generation II): The Hanford Environmental Radiation Dosimetry Software System: Volume 3, Code maintenance manual: Hanford Environmental Dosimetry Upgrade Project
The Hanford Environmental Dosimetry Upgrade Project was undertaken to incorporate the internal dosimetry models recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in updated versions of the environmental pathway analysis models used at Hanford. The resulting second generation of Hanford environmental dosimetry computer codes is compiled in the Hanford Environmental Dosimetry System (Generation II, or GENII). This coupled system of computer codes is intended for analysis of environmental contamination resulting from acute or chronic releases to, or initial contamination of, air, water, or soil, on through the calculation of radiation doses to individuals or populations. GENII is described in three volumes of documentation. This volume is a Code Maintenance Manual for the serious user, including code logic diagrams, global dictionary, worksheets to assist with hand calculations, and listings of the code and its associated data libraries. The first volume describes the theoretical considerations of the system. The second volume is a Users' Manual, providing code structure, users' instructions, required system configurations, and QA-related topics. 7 figs., 5 tabs.
Napier, B.A.; Peloquin, R.A.; Strenge, D.L.; Ramsdell, J.V.
Thermochemical Conversion Pilot Plant (Fact Sheet)
The state-of-the-art thermochemical conversion pilot plant includes several configurable, complementary unit operations for testing and developing various reactors, filters, catalysts, and other unit operations. NREL engineers and scientists as well as clients can test new processes and feedstocks in a timely, cost-effective, and safe manner to obtain extensive performance data on processes or equipment.
Not Available
Harmonizing Above Code Codes
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Harmonizing "Above Code" Harmonizing "Above Code" Codes Doug Lewin Executive Director, SPEER 6 Regional Energy Efficiency Organizations SPEER Members Texas grid facing an energy crisis * No new generation coming online * Old, inefficient coal-fired plants going offline * ERCOT CEO Trip Doggett said "We are very concerned about the significant drop in the reserve margin...we will be very tight on capacity next summer and have a repeat of this year's emergency procedures and conservation appeals." Higher codes needed to relieve pressure Building Codes are forcing change * 2012 IECC 30% higher than 2006 IECC * IRC, the "weaker code," will mirror IECC in 2012 * City governments advancing local codes with
TSL: A System for Generating Abstract Interpreters and its Application to Machine-Code Analysis
This article describes the design and implementation of a system, called TSL (for Transformer Specification Language), that provides a systematic solution to the problem of creating retargetable tools for analyzing machine code. TSL ... Keywords: Abstract interpretation, dataflow analysis, dynamic analysis, machine-code analysis, static analysis, symbolic analysis
Junghee Lim; Thomas Reps
Thermochemical Energy Storage for Stirling CSP Systems Pacific Northwest National Laboratory logo Photo of large silver dish angled to the sky and anchored to the ground. Pictured...
Thermochemical Simulation of Cu-Ni Smelting Operations
As a second example, an advanced on-line thermochemical simulation of Xstrata Nickel's Sudbury Ni�Cu sulphide smelting plant will be presented. The on-line�...
Lithium Redox Process for Thermochemical Water-Splitting as ...
Abstract Scope, Thermochemical water-splitting by Li redox process consists of three ... A21: First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Chemical�...
Thermochemical Considerations in the Design of Multilayered EBCs
Presentation Title, Thermochemical Considerations in the Design of ... Dopant Effects on the Nb2AlC/Gd2Zr2O7 Interface from Molecular Dynamics Simulation.
Thermochemical Behavior of Oxide Nuclear Fuel to High Burnup
Representations of the thermochemical solid solution behavior for actinides oxides ... CASL: The Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors: A�...
Sulfur-Iodine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production.
??The aim of the thesis was to study the Sulfur-Iodine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production. There were three reactions in this cycle: Bunsen reaction, sulfuric� (more)
Dan, Huang
LASL thermochemical hydrogren program status on October 31, 1978
The fusion synfuel (hydrogen) project, experimental research in support of DOE funded cycles, the International Energy Agency Agreement on Thermochemical Hydrogen, and cycle evaluation are discussed. (LK)
Cox, K.E.; Bowman, M.G.
Carbonate Thermochemical Cycle for the Production of Hydrogen ...
Carbonate Thermochemical Cycle for the Production of Hydrogen (Supplemental to ID 1435) Note: The technology described above is an early stage opportunity.
Thermochemical Process Development Unit: Researching Fuels from Biomass, Bioenergy Technologies (Fact Sheet)
The Thermochemical Process Development Unit (TCPDU) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is a unique facility dedicated to researching thermochemical processes to produce fuels from biomass.
Thermochemical production of hydrogen from water. [Brief discussion of some cycles being investigated
After a brief discussion of thermochemical efficiency and step-wise decomposition of water, some of the more promising thermochemical hydrogen cycles under investigation are described. (LK)
CODE GENERATION FROM UML STATECHARTS Iftikhar Azim Niaz and Jiro Tanaka
as objects, we extend the state design pattern to implement the sequential substates and concurrent substates of the statechart features. KEY WORDS Software engineering, Object-oriented analysis and design, Statecharts, State/exit actions and nested substates is cumbersome, mainly because code pertaining to one state becomes
Screening analysis of solar thermochemical hydrogen concepts.
A screening analysis was performed to identify concentrating solar power (CSP) concepts that produce hydrogen with the highest efficiency. Several CSP concepts were identified that have the potential to be much more efficient than today's low-temperature electrolysis technology. They combine a central receiver or dish with either a thermochemical cycle or high-temperature electrolyzer that operate at temperatures >600 C. The solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies of the best central receiver concepts exceed 20%, significantly better than the 14% value predicted for low-temperature electrolysis.
Diver, Richard B., Jr.; Kolb, Gregory J.
Sixteenth thermochemical conversion contractors' meeting: proceedings
The research activities sponsored by the Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program are directed toward exploiting the unique natural properties of biomass. Currently, this research can be divided into three areas: innovative direct combustion technology; gasification technology; and liquid fuels technology. These proceedings describe on-going projects in each of these categories. In an effort to provide a broader perspective of biomass research sponsored by DOE, brief overview descriptions of the Short Rotation Woody Crops Program and microalgae research sponsored by the Aquatic Species Program are given at the beginning of these proceedings. Separate abstracts have been prepared for each project description for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. (DMC)
Development of a High Fidelity System Analysis Code for Generation IV Reactors
Traditional nuclear reactor system analysis codes such as RELAP and TRAC employ an operator split methodology. In this approach, each of the physics (fluid flow, heat conduction and neutron diffusion) is solved separately and the coupling terms are done explicitly. This approach limits accuracy (first order in time at best) and makes the codes slow in running since the explicit coupling imposes stability restrictions on the time step size. These codes have been extensively tested and validated for the existing LWRs. However, for GEN IV nuclear reactor designs which tend to have long lasting transients resulting from passive safety systems, the performance is questionable and modern high fidelity simulation tools will be required. The requirement for accurate predictability is the motivation for a large scale overhaul of all of the models and assumptions in transient nuclear reactor safety simulation software. At INL we have launched an effort with the long term goal of developing a high fidelity system analysis code that employs modern physical models, numerical methods, and computer science for transient safety analysis of GEN IV nuclear reactors. Modern parallel solution algorithms will be employed through utilizing the nonlinear solution software package PETSc developed by Argonne National Laboratory. The physical models to be developed will have physically realistic length scales and time scales. The solution algorithm will be based on the physics-based preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov solution methods. In this approach all of the physical models are solved implicitly and simultaneously in a single nonlinear system. This includes the coolant flow, nonlinear heat conduction, neutron kinetics, and thermal radiation, etc. Including modern physical models and accurate space and time discretizations will allow the simulation capability to be second order accurate in space and in time. This paper presents the current status of the development efforts as well as some results from analyzing a simplified primary system model of GNEP�s advanced burner test reactor (ABTR) designed by Argonne. Various transient analyses are performed with this simplified ABTR model to study two fundamental issues related to system analysis codes � accuracy of numeric algorithm and efficiency. The accuracy study is carried by comparing the second order method with the first order method. The results show that numerical errors in the first order method are large and it is very difficult to distinguish numerical errors from physical modeling errors. On the other hand, second order method yields small numerical errors and it is very easy to spot physical modeling errors. The efficiency study is carried out by comparing the time steps for the fully implicit solution algorithm versus CFL stability limit methods. The dynamic time steps used in a fully implicit method will adjust the time step to resolve the time scale during the various stages of a long lasting transient. This will make a computer code based on fully implicit methods run more efficiently versus a CFL stability limit method code like RELAP, in which a particle of fluid cannot cross a control volume in a single time step.
Hongbin Zhang; Vincent Mousseau; Haihua Zhao
Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research (STCH): Thermochemical Cycle Selection and Investment Priority
1-3622 1-3622 Unlimited Release Printed May 2011 Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research (STCH) Thermochemical Cycle Selection and Investment Priority Robert Perret Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited. 2 Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
NREL: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Research - Thermochemical Processes
Printable Version Printable Version Thermochemical Processes Photo of a researcher wearing a hardhat and examining a catalytic steam reformer. Catalytic steam reforming increases the overall yield of fuel gas from biomass. NREL's researchers have investigated the thermochemical conversion of renewable energy feedstocks since the lab's inception. Researchers are developing gasification and pyrolysis processes to convert biomass and its residues to hydrogen, fuels, chemicals, and power. Building on past successes, biomass is increasingly one of the best near-term options for renewable hydrogen production. Thermochemical Process R&D Research and development at NREL provides a fundamental understanding of the chemistry of biomass pyrolysis. This R&D includes stabilizing and
Capabilities to Support Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Technology Development
This report presents the results of a study to determine if Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has the skilled staff, instrumentation, specialized equipment, and facilities required to take on work in thermochemical research, development, and demonstration currently being performed by the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI). This study outlines the beneficial collaborations between INL and other national laboratories, universities, and industries to strengthen INL's thermochemical efforts, which should be developed to achieve the goals of the NHI in the most expeditious, cost effective manner. Taking on this work supports INL's long-term strategy to maintain leadership in thermochemical cycle development. This report suggests a logical path forward to accomplish this transition.
Daniel M. Ginosar
Process for the thermochemical production of hydrogen
Hydrogen is thermochemically produced from water in a cycle wherein a first reaction produces hydrogen iodide and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 by the reaction of iodine, sulfur dioxide and water under conditions which cause two distinct aqueous phases to be formed, i.e., a lighter sulfuric acid-bearing phase and a heavier hydrogen iodide-bearing phase. After separation of the two phases, the heavier phase containing most of the hydrogen iodide is treated, e.g., at a high temperature, to decompose the hydrogen iodide and recover hydrogen and iodine. The H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 is pyrolyzed to recover sulfur dioxide and produce oxygen.
Norman, John H. (La Jolla, CA); Russell, Jr., John L. (La Jolla, CA); Porter, II, John T. (Del Mar, CA); McCorkle, Kenneth H. (Del Mar, CA); Roemer, Thomas S. (Cardiff, CA); Sharp, Robert (Del Mar, CA)
Thermal energy storage (TES) is an integral part of a concentrated solar power (CSP) system. It enables plant operators to generate electricity beyond on sun hours and supply power to the grid to meet peak demand. Current CSP sensible heat storage systems employ molten salts as both the heat transfer fluid and the heat storage media. These systems have an upper operating temperature limit of around 400 C. Future TES systems are expected to operate at temperatures between 600 C to 1000 C for higher thermal efficiencies which should result in lower electricity cost. To meet future operating temperature and electricity cost requirements, a TES concept utilizing thermochemical cycles (TCs) based on multivalent solid oxides was proposed. The system employs a pair of reduction and oxidation (REDOX) reactions to store and release heat. In the storage step, hot air from the solar receiver is used to reduce the oxidation state of an oxide cation, e.g. Fe3+ to Fe2+. Heat energy is thus stored as chemical bonds and the oxide is charged. To discharge the stored energy, the reduced oxide is re-oxidized in air and heat is released. Air is used as both the heat transfer fluid and reactant and no storage of fluid is needed. This project investigated the engineering and economic feasibility of this proposed TES concept. The DOE storage cost and LCOE targets are $15/kWh and $0.09/kWh respectively. Sixteen pure oxide cycles were identified through thermodynamic calculations and literature information. Data showed the kinetics of re-oxidation of the various oxides to be a key barrier to implementing the proposed concept. A down selection was carried out based on operating temperature, materials costs and preliminary laboratory measurements. Cobalt oxide, manganese oxide and barium oxide were selected for developmental studies to improve their REDOX reaction kinetics. A novel approach utilizing mixed oxides to improve the REDOX kinetics of the selected oxides was proposed. It partially replaces some of the primary oxide cations with selected secondary cations. This causes a lattice charge imbalance and increases the anion vacancy density. Such vacancies enhance the ionic mass transport and lead to faster re-oxidation. Reoxidation fractions of Mn3O4 to Mn2O3 and CoO to Co3O4 were improved by up to 16 fold through the addition of a secondary oxide. However, no improvement was obtained in barium based mixed oxides. In addition to enhancing the short term re-oxidation kinetics, it was found that the use of mixed oxides also help to stabilize or even improve the TES properties after long term thermal cycling. Part of this improvement could be attributed to a reduced grain size in the mixed oxides. Based on the measurement results, manganese-iron, cobalt-aluminum and cobalt iron mixed oxides have been proposed for future engineering scale demonstration. Using the cobalt and manganese mixed oxides, we were able to demonstrate charge and discharge of the TES media in both a bench top fixed bed and a rotary kiln-moving bed reactor. Operations of the fixed bed configuration are straight forward but require a large mass flow rate and higher fluid temperature for charging. The rotary kiln makes direct solar irradiation possible and provides significantly better heat transfer, but designs to transport the TES oxide in and out of the reactor will need to be defined. The final reactor and system design will have to be based on the economics of the CSP plant. A materials compatibility study was also conducted and it identified Inconel 625 as a suitable high temperature engineering material to construct a reactor holding either cobalt or manganese mixed oxides. To assess the economics of such a CSP plant, a packed bed reactor model was established as a baseline. Measured cobalt-aluminum oxide reaction kinetics were applied to the model and the influences of bed properties and process parameters on the overall system design were investigated. The optimal TES system design was found to be a network of eight fixed bed reactors at 18.75 MWth each with charge and
2,600,000 m 2 solar thermal power plant called Ivanpah SolarThermal Power? � Proceedings of VGB Congress Power Plants,thermal uses heat from the sun to help drive a power or thermochemical plant.
Water electrolysis vs. thermochemical production of hydrogen: a parametric assessment
A general discussion of hydrogen production by electrolytic and thermochemical processes is presented. A hydrogen production cost computation and cost sensitivity data for the various production methods are reported. (LK)
Salzano, F.J.; Braun, C.
Solar-thermochemical production of hydrogen from water
There is a widespread interest in the development of a ''hydrogen economy'' as an eventual solution to many of the problems associated with the growing energy crisis. Hydrogen is also valuable as a chemical intermediate. As fossil sources become inadequate, large scale hydrogen production must utilize energy sources such as solar energy for the decomposition of water by thermochemical cycles, electrolysis or perhaps, by a hybrid combination of these methods. The potential higher efficiency and lower cost for thermochemical methods, versus the overall electrolysis path has been rather widely recognized. The criteria for the selection of an appropriate thermochemical cycle for matching with a high temperature solar heat source are detailed. Advantages of a thermochemical cycle based on a solid sulfate decomposition that makes use of isothrmal high temperature energy is detailed and a plan for the implementation of such a cycle on a central tower solar receiver is given.
Thermochemical seasonal energy storage for solar thermal power
During the many years that thermochemical energy storage has been under investigation, the concept has been plagued with two persistent problems: high capital cost and poor efficiency. Literally hundreds of chemical reactions have also been carried out. For short-term storage, thermochemical systems suffer in comparison with highly efficient sensible storage media such as molten salts. Long-term storage, on the other hand, is not cost-competitive with systems employing fossil backup power. Thermochemical storage will play a significant role in solar thermal electric conversion only under highly select circumstances. The portion of electric demand served by solar plants must be sufficiently high that the balance of the grid cannot fully supplant seasonal storage. High fossil fuel costs must preclude the use of gas turbines for backup power. Significant breakthroughs in the development of one or more chemical reaction systems must occur. Ingeniously integrated systems must be employed to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of thermochemical storage. A promising integration scheme discussed herein consists of using sensible storage for diurnal cycling in parallel with thermochemical seasonal storage. Under the most favorable circumstances, thermochemical storage can be expected to play a small but perhaps vital role in supplying baseload energy from solar thermal electric conversion plants.
Barnhart, J.S.
Properties of thermo-chemically surface treated carbon fibers and of their epoxy and vinyl ester composites
High strength carbon fibers were surface treated by a continuous gas phase thermo-chemical surface treatment. The surface and the mechanical properties of the fibers were investigated before and after treatment and compared to the properties obtained with a conventional industrial electro-chemical surface treatment. An increase of the oxygen atomic content from 3 % to 20 % with a preferential generation of carboxylic acid functionalities and hydroxyl groups was highlighted after the thermo-chemical surface treatment, compared to an oxygen atomic content of 7 % and a wide variety of oxygen moieties with the electro-chemical surface treatment. The tensile strength of the fibers increased slightly after the thermo-chemical surface treatment and remained the same after the electro-chemical surface treatment. Short beam shear and 90 flexural tests of composites revealed that the improvement of interfacial adhesion with a vinyl ester matrix was limited, revealing that oxidation of the carbon fiber surface alone cannot tremendously improve the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-vinyl ester composites. Atomic force microscopy showed that the creation of roughness with both surface treatments at a nanometric scale. Although the surface is slightly rougher after the electro-chemical surface treatment and is expected to lead to higher adhesion due to mechanical interlocking between the fiber surface and the matrix, the effect of covalent bonding coming from the high concentration of chemical groups on the surface results in higher adhesion strength, as obtained with the thermo-chemical surface treatment.
Vautard, Frederic [ORNL; Ozcan, Soydan [ORNL; Meyer III, Harry M [ORNL
Commercial Alloys for Sulfuric Acid Vaporization in Thermochemical Hydrogen Cycles
Most thermochemical cycles being considered for producing hydrogen include a processing stream in which dilute sulfuric acid is concentrated, vaporized and then decomposed over a catalyst. The sulfuric acid vaporizer is exposed to highly aggressive conditions. Liquid sulfuric acid will be present at a concentration of >96 wt% (>90 mol %) H2SO4 and temperatures exceeding 400oC [Brown, et. al, 2003]. The system will also be pressurized, 0.7-3.5 MPa, to keep the sulfuric acid in the liquid state at this temperature and acid concentration. These conditions far exceed those found in the commercial sulfuric acid generation, regeneration and handling industries. Exotic materials, e.g. ceramics, precious metals, clad materials, etc., have been proposed for this application [Wong, et. al., 2005]. However, development time, costs, reliability, safety concerns and/or certification issues plague such solutions and should be considered as relatively long-term, optimum solutions. A more cost-effective (and relatively near-term) solution would be to use commercially-available metallic alloys to demonstrate the cycle and study process variables. However, the corrosion behavior of commercial alloys in sulfuric acid is rarely characterized above the natural boiling point of concentrated sulfuric acid (~250oC at 1 atm). Therefore a screening study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of various commercial alloys for concentration and vaporization of high-temperature sulfuric acid. Initially alloys were subjected to static corrosion tests in concentrated sulfuric acid (~95-97% H2SO4) at temperatures and exposure times up to 200oC and 480 hours, respectively. Alloys with a corrosion rate of less than 5 mm/year were then subjected to static corrosion tests at a pressure of 1.4 MPa and temperatures up to 375oC. Exposure times were shorter due to safety concerns and ranged from as short as 5 hours up to 144 hours. The materials evaluated included nickel-, iron- and cobalt-based commercial alloys. The corrosion rates in these tests are reported and how they may or may not relate to the corrosion behavior in an operating thermochemical cycle is discussed.
Thomas M. Lillo; Karen M. Delezene-Briggs
Testing of an advanced thermochemical conversion reactor system
This report presents the results of work conducted by MTCI to verify and confirm experimentally the ability of the MTCI gasification process to effectively generate a high-quality, medium-Btu gas from a wider variety of feedstock and waste than that attainable in air-blown, direct gasification systems. The system's overall simplicity, due to the compact nature of the pulse combustor, and the high heat transfer rates attainable within the pulsating flow resonance tubes, provide a decided and near-term potential economic advantage for the MTCI indirect gasification system. The primary objective of this project was the design, construction, and testing of a Process Design Verification System for an indirectly heated, thermochemical fluid-bed reactor and a pulse combustor an an integrated system that can process alternative renewable sources of energy such as biomass, black liquor, municipal solid waste and waste hydrocarbons, including heavy oils into a useful product gas. The test objectives for the biomass portion of this program were to establish definitive performance data on biomass feedstocks covering a wide range of feedstock qualities and characteristics. The test objectives for the black liquor portion of this program were to verify the operation of the indirect gasifier on commercial black liquor containing 65 percent solids at several temperature levels and to characterize the bed carbon content, bed solids particle size and sulfur distribution as a function of gasification conditions. 6 refs., 59 figs., 29 tabs.
An Assessment of Reactor Types for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production
Nuclear energy has been proposed as a heat source for producing hydrogen from water using a sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle. This document presents an assessment of the suitability of various reactor types for this application. The basic requirement for the reactor is the delivery of 900 C heat to a process interface heat exchanger. Ideally, the reactor heat source should not in itself present any significant design, safety, operational, or economic issues. This study found that Pressurized and Boiling Water Reactors, Organic-Cooled Reactors, and Gas-Core Reactors were unsuitable for the intended application. Although Alkali Metal-Cooled and Liquid-Core Reactors are possible candidates, they present significant development risks for the required conditions. Heavy Metal-Cooled Reactors and Molten Salt-Cooled Reactors have the potential to meet requirements, however, the cost and time required for their development may be appreciable. Gas-Cooled Reactors (GCRs) have been successfully operated in the required 900 C coolant temperature range, and do not present any obvious design, safety, operational, or economic issues. Altogether, the GCRs approach appears to be very well suited as a heat source for the intended application, and no major development work is identified. This study recommends using the Gas-Cooled Reactor as the baseline reactor concept for a sulfur-iodine cycle for hydrogen generation.
Availability Assessment of Carbonaceous Biomass in California as a Feedstock for Thermo-chemical Conversion to Synthetic Liquid Fuel
Biomass in California as a Feedstock for Thermo-chemical Conversionbiomass resources is based on conversion as observed utilizing the CE-CERT thermo-chemical
Valkenburg, C; Norbeck, J N; Park, C S
Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System PNNL logo Photo of cylinder-shaped device with a wider, white base that slims to a metallic tip. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing a prototype solar thermochemical reaction system. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, under the 2012 SunShot Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) R&D funding opportunity announcement (FOA), is creating a new CSP method for hybridization with fossil-fuel plants. The system uses solar energy to drive a chemical reaction that produces a gas capable of offsetting the need for fossil fuels in traditional power plants. Approach The research team is working to significantly advance the technology readiness level of a CSP system based on parabolic dish concentrators and thermochemical reaction systems that provide a solar thermochemical augment of at least 20% to a chemical fuel (i.e., methane from natural gas or biogas) for use in a modified natural-gas combined-cycle (NGCC) power plant.
Application of Thermochemical Modeling to Chemical Vapor Deposition
Thermochemical modeling of a CVD process is relatively easy as compared to developing a full computational fluid dynamics description coupled with reaction kinetics for a geometrically complex system. As such, a thermochemical computational study should be performed before embarking on the development of any new CVD process or material. The results of this kind of analysis can provide important information about whether the phases of interest are thermochemically allowed to form from a proposed precursor system. It can also indicate whether secondary phases can form, and give some idea as to the maximum theoretical efficiency of the process. All of this information is predicated on reaching chemical equilibrium in a system, which is the fundamental assumption of thermochemical analysis. Yet, the presumption of chemical equilibrium is not realistic given the relatively short residence time of precursors in CVD reactors. However, reactions will proceed toward equilibrium to a sufficient extent that it is a reasonable assumption for gaining process insights. In addition, it is possible to constrain equilibrium calculations to provide a more realistic result, for example, by eliminating a phase from consideration when it is known that kinetic or steric conditions will prevent its formation even when it is thermochemically permitted.
Besmann, Theodore M [ORNL
Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program. 1983 Annual report
Highlights of progress achieved in the program of thermochemical conversion of biomass into clean fuels during 1983 are summarized. Gasification research projects include: production of a medium-Btu gas without using purified oxygen at Battelle-Columbus Laboratories; high pressure (up to 500 psia) steam-oxygen gasification of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor at IGT; producing synthesis gas via catalytic gasification at PNL; indirect reactor heating methods at the Univ. of Missouri-Rolla and Texas Tech Univ.; improving the reliability, performance, and acceptability of small air-blown gasifiers at Univ. of Florida-Gainesville, Rocky Creek Farm Gasogens, and Cal Recovery Systems. Liquefaction projects include: determination of individual sequential pyrolysis mechanisms at SERI; research at SERI on a unique entrained, ablative fast pyrolysis reactor for supplying the heat fluxes required for fast pyrolysis; work at BNL on rapid pyrolysis of biomass in an atmosphere of methane to increase the yields of olefin and BTX products; research at the Georgia Inst. of Tech. on an entrained rapid pyrolysis reactor to produce higher yields of pyrolysis oil; research on an advanced concept to liquefy very concentrated biomass slurries in an integrated extruder/static mixer reactor at the Univ. of Arizona; and research at PNL on the characterization and upgrading of direct liquefaction oils including research to lower oxygen content and viscosity of the product. Combustion projects include: research on a directly fired wood combustor/gas turbine system at Aerospace Research Corp.; adaptation of Stirling engine external combustion systems to biomass fuels at United Stirling, Inc.; and theoretical modeling and experimental verification of biomass combustion behavior at JPL to increase biomass combustion efficiency and examine the effects of additives on combustion rates. 26 figures, 1 table.
Process design of the LASL Bismuth Sulfate thermochemical hydrogen cycle
A new process engineering flowsheet reflecting an improved design of the LASL Bismuth Sulfate thermochemical cycle is presented. The design is based on laboratory data that indicate a lowered endothermic heat load for a partial decomposition of the solid bismuth sulfate. A small electrical energy demand should result from operation of the sulfur dioxide electrolytic step at lower acid concentration, in principle. The results of the flowsheeting analysis yield a thermal efficiency of 50% for the cycle when coupled to a conceptual fusion energy heat source at 1500/sup 0/K. A parametric analysis shows a slight drop in efficiency as the temperature of the heat source is decreased. The LASL Bismuth Sulfate thermochemical cycle appears to have potential as a means of producing hydrogen from high-temperature heat sources such as fusion, fission, and solar energy; it also appears to be competitive with alternative thermochemical cycles as well as with water electrolysis for hydrogen production.
Cox, K.E.; Pendergrass, J.H.; Jones, W.M.
Evaluation of wastewater treatment requirements for thermochemical biomass liquefaction
Biomass can provide a substantial energy source. Liquids are preferred for use as transportation fuels because of their high energy density and handling ease and safety. Liquid fuel production from biomass can be accomplished by any of several different processes including hydrolysis and fermentation of the carbohydrates to alcohol fuels, thermal gasification and synthesis of alcohol or hydrocarbon fuels, direct extraction of biologically produced hydrocarbons such as seed oils or algae lipids, or direct thermochemical conversion of the biomass to liquids and catalytic upgrading to hydrocarbon fuels. This report discusses direct thermochemical conversion to achieve biomass liquefaction and the requirements for wastewater treatment inherent in such processing. 21 refs.
Elliott, D.C. [Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States)
STATTHERM: a statistical thermodynamics program for calculating thermochemical information
A statistical thermodynamics program is presented which computes the thermochemical properties of a polyatomic molecule using statistical thermodynamic formulas. Thermodynamic data for substances involving C, H,O,N, and Cl elements are fitted into NASA polynomial form for use in combustion research or research where thermodynamical information is important.
Marinov, N.M.
DOE Thermochemical Users Facility: A Proving Ground for Biomass Technology
The National Bioenergy Center at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provides a state-of-the-art Thermochemical Users Facility (TCUF) for converting renewable, biomass feedstocks into a variety of products, including electricity, high-value chemicals, and transportation fuels.
Carbonate thermochemical cycle for the production of hydrogen
The present invention is directed to a thermochemical method for the production of hydrogen from water. The method includes reacting a multi-valent metal oxide, water and a carbonate to produce an alkali metal-multi-valent metal oxide compound, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
Collins, Jack L (Knoxville, TN); Dole, Leslie R (Knoxville, TN); Ferrada, Juan J (Knoxville, TN); Forsberg, Charles W (Oak Ridge, TN); Haire, Marvin J (Oak Ridge, TN); Hunt, Rodney D (Oak Ridge, TN); Lewis Jr., Benjamin E (Knoxville, TN); Wymer, Raymond G (Oak Ridge, TN)
Published in proceedings of the 1996 EUROSIM Int'l Conf., June 10--12, 1996, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 421--428. Automatic Code Generation for High Performance Computing in
, The Netherlands, pp. 421--428. Automatic Code Generation for High Performance Computing in Environmental Modeling Robert van Engelen a#+ , Lex Wolters a+# , and Gerard Cats b# a High Performance Computing Division, Dept: email@example.com In this paper we will discuss automatic code generation for high performance computer
van Engelen, Robert A.
Characterization of open-cycle coal-fired MHD generators. Quarterly technical summary report No. 6, October 1--December 31, 1977. [PACKAGE code
Research has included theoretical modeling of important plasma chemical effects such as: conductivity reductions due to condensed slag/electron interactions; conductivity and generator efficiency reductions due to the formation of slag-related negative ion species; and the loss of alkali seed due to chemical combination with condensed slag. A summary of the major conclusions in each of these areas is presented. A major output of the modeling effort has been the development of an MHD plasma chemistry core flow model. This model has been formulated into a computer program designated the PACKAGE code (Plasma Analysis, Chemical Kinetics, And Generator Efficiency). The PACKAGE code is designed to calculate the effect of coal rank, ash percentage, ash composition, air preheat temperatures, equivalence ratio, and various generator channel parameters on the overall efficiency of open-cycle, coal-fired MHD generators. A complete description of the PACKAGE code and a preliminary version of the PACKAGE user's manual are included. A laboratory measurements program involving direct, mass spectrometric sampling of the positive and negative ions formed in a one atmosphere coal combustion plasma was also completed during the contract's initial phase. The relative ion concentrations formed in a plasma due to the methane augmented combustion of pulverized Montana Rosebud coal with potassium carbonate seed and preheated air are summarized. Positive ions measured include K/sup +/, KO/sup +/, Na/sup +/, Rb/sup +/, Cs/sup +/, and CsO/sup +/, while negative ions identified include PO/sub 3//sup -/, PO/sub 2//sup -/, BO/sub 2//sup -/, OH/sup -/, SH/sup -/, and probably HCrO/sub 3/, HMoO/sub 4//sup -/, and HWO/sub 3//sup -/. Comparison of the measurements with PACKAGE code predictions are presented. Preliminary design considerations for a mass spectrometric sampling probe capable of characterizing coal combustion plasmas from full scale combustors and flow trains are presented and discussed.
Kolb, C.E.; Yousefian, V.; Wormhoudt, J.; Haimes, R.; Martinez-Sanchez, M.; Kerrebrock, J.L.
Thermochemical plots using JCZS2i piece-wise curve fits.
This report presents plots of specific heat, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy for 1439 species in the JCZS2i database. Included in this set of species are 496 condensed-phase species and 943 gas-phase species. The gas phase species contain 80 anions and 112 cations for a total of 192 ions. The JCZS2i database is used in conjunction with the TIGER thermochemical code to predict thermodynamic states from ambient conditions to high temperatures and pressures. Predictions from the TIGER code using the JCZS2i database can be used in shock physics codes where temperatures may be as high as 20,000 K and ions may be present. Such high temperatures were not considered in the original JCZS database, and extrapolations made for these temperatures were unrealistic. For example, specific heat would sometimes go negative at high temperatures which fails the definition of specific heat. The JCZS2i database is a new version of the JCZS database that is being created to address these inaccuracies. The purpose of the current report is to visualize the high temperature extrapolations to insure that the specific heat, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy predictions are reasonable up to 20,000 K.
Miller, David L.; Schoof, Justin C.; Hobbs, Michael L.
Slagging coal gasifiers suffer corrosive attack on the refractory liner and these interactions were thermochemically simulated. The slag is observed to penetrate the refractory, which complicates modeling the phase behavior of the slag-penetrated interior of the refractory. A simple strategy was adopted such that step-wise changes in composition with decreasing slag content were assumed to account for the compositional changes as slag penetrates the refractory. The thermochemical equilibrium calculations following this strategy typically yielded three solution phases as well as the stoichiometric crystalline phases AlPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 depending on composition/penetration. Under some conditions a slag liquid miscibility gap exists such that two slag liquids co-exist.
OAK-B135 A hydrogen economy will need significant new sources of hydrogen. Unless large-scale carbon sequestration can be economically implemented, use of hydrogen reduces greenhouse gases only if the hydrogen is produced with non-fossil energy sources. Nuclear energy is one of the limited options available. One of the promising approaches to produce large quantities of hydrogen from nuclear energy efficiently is the Sulfur-Iodine (S-I) thermochemical water-splitting cycle, driven by high temperature heat from a helium Gas-Cooled Reactor. They have completed a study of nuclear-driven thermochemical water-splitting processes. The final task of this study was the development of a flowsheet for a prototype S-I production plant. An important element of this effort was the evaluation of alternative flowsheets and selection of the reference design.
Highlights Highlights Thermochemical conversion technologies convert biomass and its residues to fuels and chemicals using gasification and pyrolysis. Gasification entails heating biomass and results in a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas. Pyrolysis, which is heating biomass in the absence of oxygen, produces liquid pyrolysis oil. Both syngas and pyrolysis oil can be chemically converted into clean, renewable transportation fuels and chemicals. The Thermochemical Process Development Unit (TCPDU) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is a unique facility dedicated to researching thermochemical processes to produce fuels from biomass. Thermochemical processes include gasification and pyrolysis-processes used to convert
Thermochemical Ethanol via Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
This process design and technoeconomic evaluation addresses the conversion of biomass to ethanol via thermochemical pathways that are expected to be demonstrated at the pilot level by 2012.
Phillips, S.; Aden, A.; Jechura, J.; Dayton, D.; Eggeman, T.
Solar Thermo-Chemical Splitting of Carbon Dioxide by Metal Oxide ...
Presentation Title, Solar Thermo-Chemical Splitting of Carbon Dioxide by Metal ... which can split carbon dioxide as well as water molecules by abstracting�...
Applications of Thermo-Chemical and Thermo-Physical Models in ...
Presentation Title, Applications of Thermo-Chemical and Thermo-Physical Models in the ... Continuous Casting Simulation of 2304 Duplex Stainless Steel Via�...
Thermochemical Degradation Mechanisms of SiC/BN/SiC Composites
Presentation Title, Thermochemical Degradation Mechanisms of SiC/BN/SiC ... Modeling Framework and Associated Simulation Tools for the Prediction of�...
Irreversibility analysis of hydrogen separation schemes in thermochemical cycles. [Condensation, physical absorption, diffusion, physical adsorption, thermal adsorption, and electrochemical separation
Six processes have been evaluated as regards irreversibility generation for hydrogen separation from binary gas mixtures. The results are presented as a series of plots of separation efficiency against the mol fraction hydrogen in the feed gas. Three processes, condensation, physical absorption and electrochemical separation indicate increasing efficiency with hydrogen content. The other processes, physical and thermal adsorption, and diffusion show maxima in efficiency at a hydrogen content of 50 mol percent. Choice of separation process will also depend on such parameters as condition of feed, impurity content and capital investment. For thermochemical cycles, schemes based on low temperature heat availability are preferable to those requiring a work input.
Availability and Assessment of Carbonaceous Biomass in the United States as a Feedstock for Thermo-chemical Conversion to Synthetic Liquid Fuels
Valkenburg, C; Park, C S; Norbeck, J N
Codes base on unambiguous products
In this paper, we propose the notion of +-unambiguous product which is expanded from unambiguous product and the definitions of alternative product, alternative code, even alternative code on a pair (X, Y) of languages. Some basic properties of ... Keywords: +-unambiguous product, alt-code, ealt-code, generations of code, independency of conditions
Ho Ngoc Vinh; Vu Thanh Nam; Phan Trung Huy
SummitView 1.0: a code to automatically generate 3D solid models of surface micro-machining based MEMS designs.
This report describes the SummitView 1.0 computer code developed at Sandia National Laboratories. SummitView is designed to generate a 3D solid model, amenable to visualization and meshing, that represents the end state of a microsystem fabrication process such as the SUMMiT (Sandia Ultra-Planar Multilevel MEMS Technology) V process. Functionally, SummitView performs essentially the same computational task as an earlier code called the 3D Geometry modeler [1]. However, because SummitView is based on 2D instead of 3D data structures and operations, it has significant speed and robustness advantages. As input it requires a definition of both the process itself and the collection of individual 2D masks created by the designer and associated with each of the process steps. The definition of the process is contained in a special process definition file [2] and the 2D masks are contained in MEM format files [3]. The code is written in C++ and consists of a set of classes and routines. The classes represent the geometric data and the SUMMiT V process steps. Classes are provided for the following process steps: Planar Deposition, Planar Etch, Conformal Deposition, Dry Etch, Wet Etch and Release Etch. SummitView is built upon the 2D Boolean library GBL-2D [4], and thus contains all of that library's functionality.
McBride, Cory L. (Elemental Technologies, American Fort, UT); Yarberry, Victor R.; Schmidt, Rodney Cannon; Meyers, Ray J. (Elemental Technologies, American Fort, UT)
Directly-irradiated Two-zone Solar Thermochemical Reactor for H2O/CO2 Splitting
other fossil fuels, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases. Current solar thermochemical approaches are greatly restricted by the efficiency of the reactor, which is less than one percent. This solar thermochemical reactor has the potential ...
Review and analysis of the 1980-1989 biomass thermochemical conversion program
In the period between 1980 and 1989, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored research and development projects through its Biomass Thermochemical Conversion (BTC) Program. Thermochemical conversion technologies use elevated temperatures to convert biomass into more useful forms of energy such as fuel gases or transportation fuels. The BTC Program included a wide range of biomass conversion projects in the areas of gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, and combustion. This work formed the basis of the present DOE research and development efforts on advanced liquid fuel and power generation systems. At the beginning of Fiscal Year 1989, the management of the BTC Program was transferred from Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) to National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL, formerly Solar Energy Research Institute). This document presents a summary of the research which was performed under the BTC Program during the 1981-1989 time frame. The document consists of an analysis of the research projects which were funded by the BTC Program and a bibliography of published documents. This work will help ensure that information from PNL`s BTC Program is available to those interested in biomass conversion technologies. The background of the BTC Program is discussed in the first chapter of this report. In addition, a brief summary of other related biomass research and development programs funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and others is presented with references where additional information can be found. The remaining chapters of the report present a detailed summary of the research projects which were funded by the BTC Program. The progress which was made on each project is summarized, the overall impact on biomass conversion is discussed, and selected references are provided.
Stevens, D.J.
Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Program. 1984 annual report
The objective of the program is to generate scientific data and conversion process information that will lead to establishment of cost-effective process for converting biomass resources into clean fuels. The goal of the program is to develop the data base for biomass thermal conversion by investigating the fundamental aspects of conversion technologies and by exploring those parameters that are critical to the conversion processes. The research activities can be divided into: (1) gasification technology; (2) liquid fuels technology; (3) direct combustion technology; and (4) program support activities. These activities are described in detail in this report. Outstanding accomplishments during fiscal year 1984 include: (1) successful operation of 3-MW combustor/gas turbine system; (2) successful extended term operation of an indirectly heated, dual bed gasifier for producing medium-Btu gas; (3) determination that oxygen requirements for medium-Btu gasification of biomass in a pressurized, fluidized bed gasifier are low; (4) established interdependence of temperature and residence times on biomass pyrolysis oil yields; and (5) determination of preliminary technical feasibility of thermally gasifying high moisture biomass feedstocks. A bibliography of 1984 publications is included. 26 figs., 1 tab.
Multiscale/Multiphysics Modeling of Biomass Thermochemical Processes
Computational problems in simulating biomass thermochemical processes involve coupling processes that span several orders of magnitude in space and time. Computational difficulties arise from the multitude of the problem governing equations, each typically applying over a narrow range of spatiotemporal scales, thus making it necessary to represent the processes as the result of the interaction of multiple physics modules, termed here as multiscale/multiphysics (MSMP) coupling. Predictive simulations for such processes require algorithms that can efficiently integrate the underlying MSMP methods across the scales in order to achieve prescribed accuracy and control the computational cost. In addition, MSMP algorithms must scale to one hundred thousand processors or more in order to effectively harness the new computational resources and accelerate the scientific advances. In this chapter, we discuss the state-of-the-art in modeling the macro-scale phenomena in a biomass pyrolysis reactor along with details of the shortcomings and prospects in improving predictability. We also introduce the various multiphysics modules needed to model thermochemical conversion at lower spatiotemporal scales. Furthermore, we illustrate the need for MSMP coupling for thermochemical processes in biomass and provide an overview of the wavelet-based coupling techniques we have developed recently. In particular, we provide details about the compound wavelet matrix (CWM) and the dynamic CWM (dCWM) methods and show they are highly efficient in transferring information among multiphysics models across multiple temporal and spatial scales. The algorithmic gain is in addition to the parallel spatial scalability from traditional domain decomposition methods. The CWM algorithms are serial in time and limited by the smallest-system time-scales. In order to relax this algorithmic constraint, we have recently coupled time parallel (TP) algorithms to CWM, thus yielding a novel approach termed tpCWM. We present preliminary results from the tpCWM technique, indicating that we can accelerate time-to-solution by 2 to 3-orders of magnitude even on 20-processors and this can potentially constitute a new paradigm for MSMP simulations. If such improvements in simulation capability can be generalized, the tpCWM approach can lead the way to predictive simulations of biomass thermochemical processes.
Pannala, Sreekanth [ORNL; Simunovic, Srdjan [ORNL; Frantziskonis, G. [University of Arizona
THERMOCHEMICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL KINETICS IN COOLER HYDROGEN-DOMINATED EXTRASOLAR PLANETS: A METHANE-POOR GJ436b?
We introduce a thermochemical kinetics and photochemical model. We use high-temperature bidirectional reaction rates for important H, C, O, and N reactions (most importantly for CH{sub 4} to CO interconversion), allowing us to attain thermochemical equilibrium, deep in an atmosphere, purely kinetically. This allows the chemical modeling of an entire atmosphere, from deep-atmosphere thermochemical equilibrium to the photochemically dominated regime. We use our model to explore the atmospheric chemistry of cooler (T{sub eff} < 10{sup 3} K) extrasolar giant planets. In particular, we choose to model the nearby hot-Neptune GJ436b, the only planet in this temperature regime for which spectroscopic measurements and estimates of chemical abundances now exist. Recent Spitzer measurements with retrieval have shown that methane is driven strongly out of equilibrium and is deeply depleted on the day side of GJ436b, whereas quenched carbon monoxide is abundant. This is surprising because GJ436b is cooler than many of the heavily irradiated hot Jovians and thermally favorable for CH{sub 4}, and thus requires an efficient mechanism for destroying it. We include realistic estimates of ultraviolet flux from the parent dM star GJ436, to bound the direct photolysis and photosensitized depletion of CH{sub 4}. While our models indicate fairly rich disequilibrium conditions are likely in cooler exoplanets over a range of planetary metallicities, we are unable to generate the conditions for substantial CH{sub 4} destruction. One possibility is an anomalous source of abundant H atoms between 0.01 and 1 bars (which attack CH{sub 4}), but we cannot as yet identify an efficient means to produce these hot atoms.
Line, Michael R.; Yung, Yuk L. [California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91106 (United States); Vasisht, Gautam; Chen, Pin [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States); Angerhausen, D., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Hamburger Sternwarte, Universitaet Hamburg, 21029 Hamburg (Germany)
The broad range of processing conditions involved in direct biomass liquefaction lead to a variety of product properties. The aqueous byproduct streams have received limited analyses because priority has been placed on analysis of the complex organic liquid product. The range of organic contaminants carried in the aqueous byproducts directly correlates with the quantity and quality of contaminants in the liquid oil product. The data in the literature gives a general indication of the types and amounts of components expected in biomass liquefaction wastewater; however, the data is insufficient to prepare a general model that predicts the wastewater composition from any given liquefaction process. Such a model would be useful in predicting the amount of water that would be soluble in a given oil and the level of dissolved water at which a second aqueous-rich phase would separate from the oil. Both biological and thermochemical processes have proposed for wastewater treatment, but no treatment process has been tested. Aerobic and anaerobic biological systems as well as oxidative and catalytic reforming thermochemical systems should be considered.
Elliott, D.C.
Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks I. Hydrostatic disk structure and inner rim
This paper introduces a new disk code, called ProDiMo, to calculate the thermo-chemical structure of protoplanetary disks and to interpret gas emission lines from UV to sub-mm. We combine frequency-dependent 2D dust continuum radiative transfer, kinetic gas-phase and UV photo-chemistry, ice formation, and detailed non-LTE heating & cooling balance with the consistent calculation of the hydrostatic disk structure. We include FeII and CO ro-vibrational line heating/cooling relevant for the high-density gas close to the star, and apply a modified escape probability treatment. The models are characterized by a high degree of consistency between the various physical, chemical and radiative processes, where the mutual feedbacks are solved iteratively. In application to a T Tauri disk extending from 0.5AU to 500AU, the models are featured by a puffed-up inner rim and show that the dense, shielded and cold midplane (z/r<0.1, Tg~Td) is surrounded by a layer of hot (5000K) and thin (10^7 to 10^8 cm^-3) atomic ga...
Woitke, Peter; Thi, Wing-Fai
Utilization of solar thermal sources for thermochemical hydrogen production
The utilization of high temperature solar heat for the production of electricity and/or fuels is a popular concept. However, since solar concentrator systems are expensive and solar radiation intermittent, practical utilization requires processes that exhibit high conversion efficiencies and also incorporate energy storage. The production of hydrogen fulfills the requirement for energy storage and can fulfill the requirement for efficient heat utilization if thermochemical cycles are developed where the temperature and heat requirements of the process match the heat delivery characteristics of the solar receiver system. Cycles based on solid sulfate decomposition reactions may lead to efficient utilization of solar heat at practical temperatures. Higher temperature cycles involving oxide decomposition may also become feasible.
Bowman, M.G.
Interfacing primary heat sources and cycles for thermochemical hydrogen production
Advantages cited for hydrogen production from water by coupling thermochemical cycles with primary heat include the possibility of high efficiencies. These can be realized only if the cycle approximates the criteria required to match the characteristics of the heat source. Different types of cycles may be necessary for fission reactors, for fusion reactors or for solar furnaces. Very high temperature processes based on decomposition of gaseous H/sub 2/O or CO/sub 2/ appear impractical even for projected solar technology. Cycles based on CdO decomposition are potentially quite efficient and require isothermal heat at temperatures that may be available from solar furnaces of fusion reactors. Sulfuric acid and solid sulfate cycles are potentially useful at temperatures available from each heat source. Solid sulfate cycles offer advantages for isothermal heat sources. All cycles under development include concentration and drying steps. Novel methods for improving such operations would be beneficial.
Method of thermochemically treating silicon carbide fibers derived from polymers
A method is described of thermochemically treating polymeric-derived silicon carbide fiber comprising the step of: annealing a silicon carbide fiber derived from organosilicon polymeric precursors said fiber further including at least: (1) excess carbon and oxygen, (2) excess silicon and oxygen, or (3) nitrogen, at a temperature between 800 C and 1,800 C, thus outgassing from said silicon carbide fiber at least one member selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, silicon monoxide and carbon monoxide, in intimate contact with carbon particles and in the presence of a gas capable of reacting in the presence of said carbon particles and said silicon carbide fiber, with products and byproducts formed as a result of said outgassing to form silicon carbide, so that said annealing step provides an annealed fiber wherein at least said silicon of the silicon carbide at said modified surface of said annealed fiber was originally present in said fiber prior to said annealing step.
Wallace, J.S.; Bender, B.A.; Schrodt, D.
An experimental test plan for the characterization of molten salt thermochemical properties in heat transport systems
Molten salts are considered within the Very High Temperature Reactor program as heat transfer media because of their intrinsically favorable thermo-physical properties at temperatures starting from 300 C and extending up to 1200 C. In this context two main applications of molten salt are considered, both involving fluoride-based materials: as primary coolants for a heterogeneous fuel reactor core and as secondary heat transport medium to a helium power cycle for electricity generation or other processing plants, such as hydrogen production. The reference design concept here considered is the Advanced High Temperature Reactor (AHTR), which is a large passively safe reactor that uses solid graphite-matrix coated-particle fuel (similar to that used in gas-cooled reactors) and a molten salt primary and secondary coolant with peak temperatures between 700 and 1000 C, depending upon the application. However, the considerations included in this report apply to any high temperature system employing fluoride salts as heat transfer fluid, including intermediate heat exchangers for gas-cooled reactor concepts and homogenous molten salt concepts, and extending also to fast reactors, accelerator-driven systems and fusion energy systems. The purpose of this report is to identify the technical issues related to the thermo-physical and thermo-chemical properties of the molten salts that would require experimental characterization in order to proceed with a credible design of heat transfer systems and their subsequent safety evaluation and licensing. In particular, the report outlines an experimental R&D test plan that would have to be incorporated as part of the design and operation of an engineering scaled facility aimed at validating molten salt heat transfer components, such as Intermediate Heat Exchangers. This report builds on a previous review of thermo-physical properties and thermo-chemical characteristics of candidate molten salt coolants that was generated as part of the same project [1]. However, this work focuses on two materials: the LiF-BeF2 eutectic (67 and 33 mol%, respectively, also known as flibe) as primary coolant and the LiF-NaF-KF eutectic (46.5, 11.5, and 52 mol%, respectively, also known as flinak) as secondary heat transport fluid. At first common issues are identified, involving the preparation and purification of the materials as well as the development of suitable diagnostics. Than issues specific to each material and its application are considered, with focus on the compatibility with structural materials and the extension of the existing properties database.
Pattrick Calderoni
LASL thermochemical hydrogen status on September 30, 1979
The work described in this report was accomplished during the period October 1, 1978 to September 30, 1979. Most of the effort was applied to a study of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) hybrid bismuth sulfate cycle. The work included a conceptual design of the cycle and experimental work to verify the design conditions. Key findings were: a 50.8% efficiency was obtained when an improved cycle design was coupled to a fusion energy source at 1500 K; experimental results showed an endothermic heat requirement of +172 kJ/mol for the decomposition of Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/.2SO/sub 3/ to Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/.SO/sub 3/, and SO/sub 3/; reaction times for bismuth sulfate decomposition were determined as a function of temperature. At 1240 K, < 1.5 min were required for the first two stages of decomposition from Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/.3SO/sub 3/ to Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/; tests made to determine the feasibility of decomposing Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/.2SO/sub 3/ in a 1 inch diameter rotary kiln showed that Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/.2SO/sub 3/ could be decomposed continuously. In related work, support was given to the DOE Thermochemical Cycle Evaluation Panel (Funk). The Second Annual International Energy Agency (IEA) Workshop on Thermochemical Hydrogen Production from Water met on September 24 to 27, 1979 at Los Alamos.
Synfuels from fusion: producing hydrogen with the Tandem Mirror Reactor and thermochemical cycles
This volume contains the following sections: (1) the Tandem Mirror fusion driver, (2) the Cauldron blanket module, (3) the flowing microsphere, (4) coupling the reactor to the process, (5) the thermochemical cycles, and (6) chemical reactors and process units. (MOW)
Werner, R.W.; Ribe, F.L.
Quantum codes on Hurwitz surfaces
Ever since the birth of the first quantum error correcting code, many error correcting techniques and formalism has been constructed so far. Among those, generating a quantum code on a locally planar geometry have lead to ...
Kim, Isaac H. (Isaac Hyun)
Third millenium ideal gas and condensed phase thermochemical database for combustion (with update from active thermochemical tables).
The thermochemical database of species involved in combustion processes is and has been available for free use for over 25 years. It was first published in print in 1984, approximately 8 years after it was first assembled, and contained 215 species at the time. This is the 7th printed edition and most likely will be the last one in print in the present format, which involves substantial manual labor. The database currently contains more than 1300 species, specifically organic molecules and radicals, but also inorganic species connected to combustion and air pollution. Since 1991 this database is freely available on the internet, at the Technion-IIT ftp server, and it is continuously expanded and corrected. The database is mirrored daily at an official mirror site, and at random at about a dozen unofficial mirror and 'finger' sites. The present edition contains numerous corrections and many recalculations of data of provisory type by the G3//B3LYP method, a high-accuracy composite ab initio calculation. About 300 species are newly calculated and are not yet published elsewhere. In anticipation of the full coupling, which is under development, the database started incorporating the available (as yet unpublished) values from Active Thermochemical Tables. The electronic version now also contains an XML file of the main database to allow transfer to other formats and ease finding specific information of interest. The database is used by scientists, educators, engineers and students at all levels, dealing primarily with combustion and air pollution, jet engines, rocket propulsion, fireworks, but also by researchers involved in upper atmosphere kinetics, astrophysics, abrasion metallurgy, etc. This introductory article contains explanations of the database and the means to use it, its sources, ways of calculation, and assessments of the accuracy of data.
Burcat, A.; Ruscic, B.; Chemistry; Technion - Israel Inst. of Tech.
Environmental impacts of thermochemical biomass conversion. Final report
Thermochemical conversion in this study is limited to fast pyrolysis, upgrading of fast pyrolysis oils, and gasification. Environmental impacts of all types were considered within the project, but primary emphasis was on discharges to the land, air, and water during and after the conversion processes. The project discussed here is divided into five task areas: (1) pyrolysis oil analysis; (2) hydrotreating of pyrolysis oil; (3) gas treatment systems for effluent minimization; (4) strategic analysis of regulatory requirements; and (5) support of the IEA Environmental Systems Activity. The pyrolysis oil task was aimed at understanding the oil contaminants and potential means for their removal. The hydrotreating task was undertaken to better define one potential means for both improving the quality of the oil but also removing contaminants from the oil. Within Task 3, analyses were done to evaluate the results of gasification product treatment systems. Task 4 was a review and collection of regulatory requirements which would be applicable to the subject processes. The IEA support task included input to and participation in the IEA Bioenergy activity which directly relates to the project subject. Each of these tasks is described along with the results. Conclusions and recommendations from the overall project are given.
Elliott, D.C.; Hart, T.R.; Neuenschwander, G.G.; McKinney, M.D.; Norton, M.V.; Abrams, C.W. [Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States)
Constructal method to optimize solar thermochemical reactor design
The objective of this study is the geometrical optimization of a thermochemical reactor, which works simultaneously as solar collector and reactor. The heat (concentrated solar radiation) is supplied on a small peripheral surface and has to be dispersed in the entire reactive volume in order to activate the reaction all over the material. A similarity between this study and the point to volume problem analyzed by the constructal approach (Bejan, 2000) is evident. This approach was successfully applied to several domains, for example for the coupled mass and conductive heat transfer (Azoumah et al., 2004). Focusing on solar reactors, this work aims to apply constructal analysis to coupled conductive and radiative heat transfer. As a first step, the chemical reaction is represented by a uniform heat sink inside the material. The objective is to optimize the reactor geometry in order to maximize its efficiency. By using some hypothesis, a simplified solution is found. A parametric study provides the influence of different technical and operating parameters on the maximal efficiency and on the optimal shape. Different reactor designs (filled cylinder, cavity and honeycomb reactors) are compared, in order to determine the most efficient structure according to the operating conditions. Finally, these results are compared with a CFD model in order to validate the assumptions. (author)
Tescari, S.; Mazet, N. [PROMES-CNRS, Rambla de la Thermodynamique, Tecnosud, 66100 Perpignan (France); Neveu, P. [PROMES-CNRS, Rambla de la Thermodynamique, Tecnosud, 66100 Perpignan (France); Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan (France)
Thermochemical Ethanol via Direct Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Thermochemical Ethanol via Thermochemical Ethanol via Direct Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass A. Dutta and S.D. Phillips Technical Report NREL/TP-510-45913 July 2009 Technical Report Thermochemical Ethanol via NREL/TP-510-45913 Direct Gasification and Mixed July 2009 Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass A. Dutta and S.D. Phillips Prepared under Task No. BB07.3710 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 * www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government.
A hybrid thermochemical-electrolytic process for hydrogen production based on the Reverse Deacon Reaction.
Development has been initiated on a three-reaction, hybrid thermochemical-electrolytic process for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process can be run at 500 C, making it suitable for linking to nuclear reactors that run colder than the very highest temperature gas cooled reactors. This feature also makes the materials requirements less stringent than for high temperature cycles, many of which require temperatures in the range of 800-900 C. The process consists of three reactions - two thermochemical and one electrolytic. The thermochemical reactions sum to the reverse Deacon reaction. The electrolytic step involves the electrolysis of anhydrous HCl. The estimated energy savings for this process relative to electrolysis of water are in the vicinity of 15%, due to the low energy requirements of anhydrous HCl electrolysis. Preliminary experimental results indicate that a silicalite-supported catalyst for the reverse Deacon reaction has the potential of promoting fast reaction kinetics and long-term stability of the solids.
Simpson, M. F.; Herrmann, S. D.; Boyle, B. D.; Engineering Technology
Quantum convolutional stabilizer codes
Quantum error correction codes were introduced as a means to protect quantum information from decoherance and operational errors. Based on their approach to error control, error correcting codes can be divided into two different classes: block codes and convolutional codes. There has been significant development towards finding quantum block codes, since they were first discovered in 1995. In contrast, quantum convolutional codes remained mainly uninvestigated. In this thesis, we develop the stabilizer formalism for quantum convolutional codes. We define distance properties of these codes and give a general method for constructing encoding circuits, given a set of generators of the stabilizer of a quantum convolutional stabilizer code, is shown. The resulting encoding circuit enables online encoding of the qubits, i.e., the encoder does not have to wait for the input transmission to end before starting the encoding process. We develop the quantum analogue of the Viterbi algorithm. The quantum Viterbi algorithm (QVA) is a maximum likehood error estimation algorithm, the complexity of which grows linearly with the number of encoded qubits. A variation of the quantum Viterbi algorithm, the Windowed QVA, is also discussed. Using Windowed QVA, we can estimate the most likely error without waiting for the entire received sequence.
Chinthamani, Neelima
CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage General Atomics logo Graphic of a diagram of squares and circles connected by arrows. Sulfur-based TES can compensate for diurnal and seasonal insolation fluctuations. General Atomics, under the Baseload CSP FOA, is demonstrating the engineering feasibility of using a sulfur-based thermochemical cycle to store heat from a CSP plant and support baseload power generation. Approach There are three main project objectives under this award: Study the sulfur generating disproportionation reaction and develop it into a practical engineering process step. Carry out preliminary process components design and experimental validation. The engineering data will be used for process integration between the CSP plant, the sulfur processing and storage plant, and the electricity generation unit.
Overview of biomass thermochemical conversion activities funded by the biomass energy systems branch of DOE
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is actively involved in the development of renewable energy sources through research and development programs sponsored by the Biomass Energy Systems Branch. The overall objective of the thermochemical conversion element of the Biomass Energy Systems Program is to develop competitive processes for the conversion of renewable biomass resources into clean fuels and chemical feedstocks which can supplement fuels from conventional sources. An overview of biomass thermochemical conversion projects sponsored by the Biomass Energy Systems Branch is presented in this paper.
Schiefelbein, G.F.; Sealock, L.J. Jr.; Ergun, S.
Advances in Acid Concentration Membrane Technology for the Sulfur-Iodine Thermochemical Cycle
One of the most promising cycles for the thermochemical generation of hydrogen is the Sulfur-Iodine (S-I) process, where aqueous HI is thermochemically decomposed into H2 and I2 at approximately 350 degrees Celsius. Regeneration of HI is accomplished by the Bunsen reaction (reaction of SO2, water, and iodine to generate H2SO4 and HI). Furthermore, SO2 is regenerated from the decomposition of H2SO4 at 850 degrees Celsius yielding the SO2 as well as O2. Thus, the cycle actually consists of two concurrent oxidation-reduction loops. As HI is regenerated, co-produced H2SO4 must be separated so that each may be decomposed. Current flowsheets employ a large amount (~83 mol% of the entire mixture) of elemental I2 to cause the HI and the H2SO4 to separate into two phases. To aid in the isolation of HI, which is directly decomposed into hydrogen, water and iodine must be removed. Separation of iodine is facilitated by removal of water. Sulfuric acid concentration is also required to facilitate feed recycling to the sulfuric acid decomposer. Decomposition of the sulfuric acid is an equilibrium limited process that leaves a substantial portion of the acid requiring recycle. Distillation of water from sulfuric acid involves significant corrosion issues at the liquid-vapor interface. Thus, it is desirable to concentrate the acid without boiling. Recent efforts at the INL have concentrated on applying pervaporation through Nafion-117, Nafion-112, and sulfonated poly(etheretherketone) (S-PEEK) membranes for the removal of water from HI/water and HI/Iodine/water feedstreams. In pervaporation, a feed is circulated at low pressure across the upstream side of the membrane, while a vacuum is applied downstream. Selected permeants sorb into the membrane, transport through it, and are vaporized from the backside. Thus, a concentration gradient is established, which provides the driving force for transport. In this work, membrane separations have been performed at temperatures as high as 134 degrees Celsius. Transmembrane fluxes of water are commercially competitive (~5000 g/m2h) and separation factors have been measured as high as 8000, depending on the membrane and the water content. For the Nafion-117 experiments, the common trade off in membrane performance is observed in that as flux is increased, separation factor decreases. Nafion-112, a thinner membrane, exhibited much higher fluxes than the Nafion-117; however without the expected loss in separation factor indicating that the permeability of iodine and HI through Nafion materials is low. Preliminary data for the sulfuric acid concentration suggests performance similar to the HI experiments. All membranes studied for the HI, HI/iodine and sulfuric acid feeds exhibited no degradation in membrane performance during use.
Frederick F. Stewart; Christopher J. Orme
Solar Thermochemical Fuels Production: Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production via a Novel Lowe Pressure, Magnetically Stabilized, Non-volatile Iron Oxide Looping Process
HEATS Project: The University of Florida is developing a windowless high-temperature chemical reactor that converts concentrated solar thermal energy to syngas, which can be used to produce gasoline. The overarching project goal is lowering the cost of the solar thermochemical production of syngas for clean and synthetic hydrocarbon fuels like petroleum. The team will develop processes that rely on water and recycled CO2 as the sole feed-stock, and concentrated solar radiation as the sole energy source, to power the reactor to produce fuel efficiently. Successful large-scale deployment of this solar thermochemical fuel production could substantially improve our national and economic security by replacing imported oil with domestically produced solar fuels.
Going Beyond Code | Building Energy Codes Program
Going Beyond Code Beyond the energy codes are stretch, green, or sustainable codes and associated labeling programs. Codes are written to lend themselves to mandatory enforcement...
Design of GA thermochemical water-splitting process for the Mirror Advanced Reactor System
GA interfaced the sulfur-iodine thermochemical water-splitting cycle to the Mirror Advanced Reactor System (MARS). The results of this effort follow as one section and part of a second section to be included in the MARS final report. This section describes the process and its interface to the reactor. The capital and operating costs for the hydrogen plant are described.
Brown, L.C.
Author's personal copy Synergistic roles of off-peak electrolysis and thermochemical
Author's personal copy Synergistic roles of off-peak electrolysis and thermochemical production, but electrolysis can take advantage of low electricity prices during off-peak hours, as well as intermittent and de million tonnes per year by 2023. In Alberta alone, oil sands development is requiring huge quantities
Naterer, Greg F.
Thermochemical conversion of biomass: an overview of R and D activities sponsored by the Biomass Energy Systems Branch of DOE
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is actively developing renewable energy sources through research and development programs sponsored by the Biomass Energy Systems Branch. The mission of the thermochemical conversion element of the Biomass Energy Systems Program is to develop competitive processes for the conversion of renewable biomass resources into clean fuels and chemical feedstocks which can supplement those produced from conventional sources. A description of thermochemical conversion program areas and an overview of specific thermochemical conversion projects sponsored by the Biomass Energy Systems Branch are presented in this paper.
Application of Gamma code coupled with turbomachinery models for high temperature gas-cooled reactors
The very high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (VHTR) is envisioned as a single- or dual-purpose reactor for electricity and hydrogen generation. The concept has average coolant temperatures above 9000C and operational fuel temperatures above 12500C. The concept provides the potential for increased energy conversion efficiency and for high-temperature process heat application in addition to power generation. While all the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) concepts have sufficiently high temperature to support process heat applications, such as coal gasification, desalination or cogenerative processes, the VHTR�s higher temperatures allow broader applications, including thermochemical hydrogen production. However, the very high temperatures of this reactor concept can be detrimental to safety if a loss-ofcoolant accident (LOCA) occurs. Following the loss of coolant through the break and coolant depressurization, air will enter the core through the break by molecular diffusion and ultimately by natural convection, leading to oxidation of the in-core graphite structure and fuel. The oxidation will accelerate heatup of the reactor core and the release of a toxic gas, CO, and fission products. Thus, without any effective countermeasures, a pipe break may lead to significant fuel damage and fission product release. Prior to the start of this Korean/United States collaboration, no computer codes were available that had been sufficiently developed and validated to reliably simulate a LOCA in the VHTR. Therefore, we have worked for the past three years on developing and validating advanced computational methods for simulating LOCAs in a VHTR. GAMMA code is being developed to implement turbomachinery models in the power conversion unit (PCU) and ultimately models associated with the hydrogen plant. Some preliminary results will be described in this paper.
Chang Oh
Department Codes
Department Codes Department Codes Code Organization BO Bioscience Department BU Business Development & Analysis Office DI Business Operations NC Center for Functional Nanomaterials CO Chemistry Department AD Collider Accelerator Department PA Community, Education, Government and Public Affairs CC Computational Science Center PM Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department CI Counterintelligence AE Department of Energy DC Directorate - Basic Energy Sciences DK Directorate - CEGPA DE Directorate - Deputy Director for Operations DO Directorate - Director's Office DH Directorate - Environment, Safety and Health DF Directorate - Facilities and Operations DA Directorate - Global and Regional Solutions DB Directorate - Nuclear and Particle Physics DL Directorate - Photon Sciences
Synfuels from fusion: producing hydrogen with the tandem mirror reactor and thermochemical cycles
This report examines, for technical merit, the combination of a fusion reactor driver and a thermochemical plant as a means for producing synthetic fuel in the basic form of hydrogen. We studied: (1) one reactor type - the Tandem Mirror Reactor - wishing to use to advantage its simple central cell geometry and its direct electrical output; (2) two reactor blanket module types - a liquid metal cauldron design and a flowing Li/sub 2/O solid microsphere pellet design so as to compare the technology, the thermal-hydraulics, neutronics and tritium control in a high-temperature operating mode (approx. 1200 K); (3) three thermochemical cycles - processes in which water is used as a feedstock along with a high-temperature heat source to produce H/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/.
Ribe, F.L.; Werner, R.W.
Chemical engineering challenges in driving thermochemical hydrogen processes with the tandem mirror reactor
The Tandem Mirror Reactor is described and compared with Tokamaks, both from a basic physics viewpoint and from the suitability of the respective reactor for synfuel production. Differences and similarities between the TMR as an electricity producer or a synfuel producer are also cited. The Thermochemical cycle chosen to link with the fusion energy source is the General Atomic Sulfur-Iodine Cycle, which is a purely thermal-driven process with no electrochemical steps. There are real chemical engineering challenges of getting this high quality heat into the large thermochemical plant in an efficient manner. We illustrate with some of our approaches to providing process heat via liquid sodium to drive a 1050 K, highly-endothermic, catalytic and fluidized-bed SO/sub 3/ Decomposition Reactor. The technical, economic, and safety tradeoffs that arise are discussed.
Galloway, T.R.; Werner, R.W.
BioFacts: Fueling a stronger economy, Thermochemical conversion of biomass
A primary mission of the US DOE is to stimulate the development, acceptance, and use of transportation fuels made from plants and wastes called biomass. Through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Doe is developing and array of biomass conversion technologies that can be easily integrated into existing fuel production and distribution systems. The variety of technology options being developed should enable individual fuel producers to select and implement the most cost-effective biomass conversion process suited to their individual needs. Current DOE biofuels research focuses on the separate and tandem uses of biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes. This overview specifically addresses NREL`s thermochemical conversion technologies, which are largely based on existing refining processes.
Synfuels from fusion: using the tandem mirror reactor and a thermochemical cycle to produce hydrogen
This study is concerned with the following area: (1) the tandem mirror reactor and its physics; (2) energy balance; (3) the lithium oxide canister blanket system; (4) high-temperature blanket; (5) energy transport system-reactor to process; (6) thermochemical hydrogen processes; (7) interfacing the GA cycle; (8) matching power and temperature demands; (9) preliminary cost estimates; (10) synfuels beyond hydrogen; and (11) thermodynamics of the H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/-H/sub 2/O system. (MOW)
Werner, R.W. (ed.)
Thermochemically recuperated and steam cooled gas turbine system
A gas turbine system is described in which the expanded gas from the turbine section is used to generate the steam in a heat recovery steam generator and to heat a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon fuel and the steam in a reformer. The reformer converts the hydrocarbon gas to hydrogen and carbon monoxide for combustion in a combustor. A portion of the steam from the heat recovery steam generator is used to cool components, such as the stationary vanes, in the turbine section, thereby superheating the steam. The superheated steam is mixed into the hydrocarbon gas upstream of the reformer, thereby eliminating the need to raise the temperature of the expanded gas discharged from the turbine section in order to achieve effective conversion of the hydrocarbon gas. 4 figs.
Viscovich, P.W.; Bannister, R.L.
A gas turbine system in which the expanded gas from the turbine section is used to generate the steam in a heat recovery steam generator and to heat a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon fuel and the steam in a reformer. The reformer converts the hydrocarbon gas to hydrogen and carbon monoxide for combustion in a combustor. A portion of the steam from the heat recovery steam generator is used to cool components, such as the stationary vanes, in the turbine section, thereby superheating the steam. The superheated steam is mixed into the hydrocarbon gas upstream of the reformer, thereby eliminating the need to raise the temperature of the expanded gas discharged from the turbine section in order to achieve effective conversion of the hydrocarbon gas.
Viscovich, Paul W. (Longwood, FL); Bannister, Ronald L. (Winter Springs, FL)
Current Research on Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
The thermochemical research platform at the National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is primarily focused on conversion of biomass to transportation fuels using non-biological techniques. Research is conducted in three general areas relating to fuels synthesis via thermochemical conversion by gasification: (1) Biomass gasification fundamentals, chemistry and mechanisms of tar formation; (2) Catalytic tar reforming and syngas cleaning; and (3) Syngas conversion to mixed alcohols. In addition, the platform supports activities in both technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of thermochemical conversion processes. Results from the TEA and LCA are used to inform and guide laboratory research for alternative biomass-to-fuels strategies. Detailed process models are developed using the best available material and energy balance information and unit operations models created at NREL and elsewhere. These models are used to identify cost drivers which then form the basis for research programs aimed at reducing costs and improving process efficiency while maintaining sustainability and an overall net reduction in greenhouse gases.
Baldwin, R. M.; Magrini-Bair, K. A.; Nimlos, M. R.; Pepiot, P.; Donohoe, B. S.; Hensley, J. E.; Phillips, S. D.
GENII Code | Department of Energy
GENII Code GENII Code GENII Code GENII is a second generation of environmental dosimetry computer code compiled in the Hanford Environmental Dosimetry System (Generation II). GENII provides a state-of-the-art, technically peer-reviewed, documented set of programs for calculating radiation dose and risk from radio nuclides released into the environment. The GENII System includes capabilities for calculating radiation doses following postulated chronic and acute releases. Version 2.10 is currently being evaluated for inclusion in the Central Registry. For more information on GENII to: http://radiologicalsciences.pnl.gov/resources/hardware.asp The GENII code-specific guidance report has been issued identifying applicable regimes in accident analysis, default inputs, and special
User's guide for the Data Analysis, Retrieval, and Tabulation System (DARTS), revised edition: A mainframe computer code for generating cross-tabulation reports
A computer system unknown as the Data Analysis, Retrieval, and Tabulation System (DARTS) was developed by the Energy Systems Division at Argonne National Laboratory to generate tables of descriptive statistics derived from analyses of housing and energy data sources. Through a simple input command, the user can request the preparation of a hierarchical table based on any combination of several hundred of the most commonly analyzed variables. The system was written in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) language and designed for use on a large-scale IBM mainframe computer.
Anderson, J.L.
An approach for exploring code improving transformations
Although code transformations are routinely applied to improve the performance of programs for both scalar and parallel machines, the properties of code-improving transformations are not well understood. In this article we present a framework that enables ... Keywords: automatic generation of optimizers, code-improving transformations, enabling and disabling of optimizations, parallelizing transformations, specification of program optimizations
Deborah L. Whitfield; Mary Lou Soffa
Embedded Checker Architectures for Cyclic and Low-Cost Arithmetic Codes
Code checkers that monitor the outputs of a system can detect both permanent and transient faults. We present two novel architectures of embedded self-testing checkers for low-cost and cyclic arithmetic codes, one based on code word generators and adders, ... Keywords: built-in self-test, code checkers, code word accumulators, code word generators, cyclic arithmetic codes, embedded checkers, low-cost arithmetic codes, on-line test, totally self-checking checkers
Albrecht P. Stroele; Steffen Tarnick
Green Building Codes | Building Energy Codes Program
Green Building Codes Green Building Codes Green building codes go beyond minimum code requirements, raising the bar for energy efficiency. They can serve as a proving ground for future standards, and incorporate elements beyond the scope of the model energy codes, such as water and resource efficiency. As regional and national green building codes and programs become more available, they provide jurisdictions with another tool for guiding construction and development in an overall less impactful, more sustainable manner. ICC ASHRAE Beyond Codes International Green Construction Code (IgCC) The International Code Council's (ICC's) International Green Construction code (IgCC) is an overlay code, meaning it is written in a manner to be used with all the other ICC codes. The IgCC contains provisions for site
Purification of silicon by the silicon fluoride transport process. Thermochemical study
A computer-assisted thermochemical equilibrium analysis was conducted for the silicon transport reaction: Si(s) + SiF/sub 4/(g) = (intermediates) = Si(s) + SiF/sub 4/(g). The calculations indicated that a substantial transport rate should be possible at temperatures of 1700/sup 0/K and one atmosphere pressure. Computations were made to determine whether the elemental impurities present in metallurgical-grade silicon would transfer in this process. It was concluded that aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, and zirconium would not transfer, but that boron, magnesium, phosphorus, and titanium would transfer.
Rhein, R.A.
Corrosive Resistant Diamond Coatings for the Acid Based Thermo-Chemical Hydrogen Cycles
This project was designed to test diamond, diamond-like and related materials in environments that are expected in thermochemical cycles. Our goals were to build a High Temperature Corrosion Resistance (HTCR) test stand and begin testing the corrosive properties of barious materials in a high temperature acidic environment in the first year. Overall, we planned to test 54 samples each of diamond and diamond-like films (of 1 cm x 1 cm area). In addition we use a corrosion acceleration method by treating the samples at a temperature much larger than the expected operating temperature. Half of the samples will be treated with boron using the FEDOA process.
Mark A. Prelas
HYDRGN - a computerized technique for the analysis of thermochemical water-splitting cycles
The HYDRGN computer program was designed to analyze closed thermochemical cycles for the production of hydrogen from water. This report includes the basic theory, assumptions, and methods of calculation used in this analysis along with a description of the program and its use. The source program and necessary data bank are available from the University of Kentucky. These may be obtained by sending a magnetic tape (minimum length 1200 ft) and a written request specifying the type of computer and recording characteristics of the tape. A small fee is charged for the recording and handling of the tape.
Carty, R. H.; Conger, W. L.; Funk, J. E.; Barker, R.
Residential Code Methodology | Building Energy Codes Program
& Offices Consumer Information Building Energy Codes Search Search Search Help Building Energy Codes Program Home News Events About DOE EERE BTO BECP Site Map...
Residential Code Development | Building Energy Codes Program
Residential Code Development Subscribe to updates To receive news and updates about code development activities subscribe to the BECP Mailing List. The model residential building...
ASME Code Efforts Supporting HTGRs
In 1999, an international collaborative initiative for the development of advanced (Generation IV) reactors was started. The idea behind this effort was to bring nuclear energy closer to the needs of sustainability, to increase proliferation resistance, and to support concepts able to produce energy (both electricity and process heat) at competitive costs. The U.S. Department of Energy has supported this effort by pursuing the development of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant, a high temperature gas-cooled reactor. This support has included research and development of pertinent data, initial regulatory discussions, and engineering support of various codes and standards development. This report discusses the various applicable American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) codes and standards that are being developed to support these high temperature gascooled reactors during construction and operation. ASME is aggressively pursuing these codes and standards to support an international effort to build the next generation of advanced reactors so that all can benefit.
D.K. Morton
CATALYSTS NHI Thermochemical Systems FY 2009 Year-End Report
Fiscal Year 2009 work in the Catalysts project focused on advanced catalysts for the decomposition of sulfuric acid, a reaction common to both the Sulfur-Iodine (S-I) cycle and the Hybrid Sulfur cycle. Prior years� effort in this project has found that although platinum supported on titanium oxide will be an acceptable catalyst for sulfuric acid decomposition in the integrated laboratory scale (ILS) project, the material has short comings, including significant cost and high deactivation rates due to sintering and platinum evaporation. For pilot and larger scale systems, the catalyst stability needs to be improved significantly. In Fiscal Year 2008 it was found that at atmospheric pressure, deactivation rates of a 1 wt% platinum catalyst could be reduced by 300% by adding either 0.3 wt% iridium (Ir) or 0.3 wt% ruthenium (Ru) to the catalyst. In Fiscal Year 2009, work focused on examining the platinum group metal catalysts activity and stability at elevated pressures. In addition, simple and complex metal oxides are known to catalyze the sulfuric acid decomposition reaction. These metal oxides could offer activities comparable to platinum but at significantly reduced cost. Thus a second focus for Fiscal Year 2009 was to explore metal oxide catalysts for the sulfuric acid decomposition reaction. In Fiscal Year 2007 several commercial activated carbons had been identified for the HI decomposition reaction; a reaction specific to the S-I cycle. Those materials should be acceptable for the pilot scale project. The activated carbon catalysts have some disadvantages including low activity at the lower range of reactor operating temperature (350 to 400�C) and a propensity to generate carbon monoxide in the presence of water that could contaminate the hydrogen product, but due to limited funding, this area had low priority in Fiscal Year 2009. Fiscal Year 2009 catalyst work included five tasks: development, and testing of stabilized platinum based H2SO4 catalysts, development and testing of metal oxide based H2SO4 catalysts, support of the ILS for catalyst studies, conducting a long term catalyst stability test at anticipated operating temperatures and pressures, and developing capabilities for conducting pressurized catalyst tests.
DOE Code:
we1rbox installatiOn we1rbox installatiOn ____:....;...=.~;;....:..;=-+- DOE Code: - - !- Project Lead: Wes R1esland NEPA COMPLIANCE SURVEY J 3-24-10 1 Date: Project Information 1. Project Overview What are tne enwonmental mpacts? Contractor~~ _ _ _ _ ] 11 The purpose of this project is to prepare a pad for a 90 ton crane to get 1nto positiOn and ng up so we can 1 set our new weir box into position We will widen the existing road around 20 feet at the north end and taper our fill to about5 feet at the south end for a total of about 200 feeL and budd a near level pad for them tong up the crane on We will use the d1rt from the hill irnrnedJateiy north of the work to oe done 2. 3 4 What*s the legal location? What IS the durabon of the prOJed?
Thermochemical production of hydrogen from water. [Chemistry of experimentally valid cycles
The advantages of hydrogen as a medium for energy storage, energy transmission and possible large-scale use as a non-polluting fuel have led to the concept of a ''hydrogen economy.'' However, even if this does not fully materialize, accelerating requirements for hydrogen demonstrate that efficient, low cost methods for production based on non-fossil heat sources will become extremely valuable. Theoretical advantages for thermochemical production methods have led to the publication of many conceptual cycles prior to experimental testing and to efficiency and cost estimates based on assumed data for non-verified processes. Finally, however, laboratories in several countries have published details of cycles that have been demonstrated by experimental studies. The chemistry of experimentally valid cycles is discussed in some detail. Thermochemical criteria for efficient cycles are also presented. It seems probable that the development of low-cost processes must be the result of experiments not yet performed. However, valid cycles have been demonstrated in a variety of chemical systems and one may hope that an efficient low-cost process will be developed. Some cost estimates have finally been made on valid cycles, although mostly on assumed conditions. At the present time, such studies are most useful for guiding process improvement, and also to develop methodology for process evaluation.
Code for 'Unbreakable' Quantum Encryption Generated at ...
... View an animation that shows how single photons are sent and detected by the NIST QKD system. (Requires Quicktime, a free download). ...
Theoretical Atomic Physics code development II: ACE: Another collisional excitation code
A new computer code for calculating collisional excitation data (collision strengths or cross sections) using a variety of models is described. The code uses data generated by the Cowan Atomic Structure code or CATS for the atomic structure. Collisional data are placed on a random access file and can be displayed in a variety of formats using the Theoretical Atomic Physics Code or TAPS. All of these codes are part of the Theoretical Atomic Physics code development effort at Los Alamos. 15 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Clark, R.E.H.; Abdallah, J. Jr.; Csanak, G.; Mann, J.B.; Cowan, R.D.
MELCOR computer code manuals
MELCOR is a fully integrated, engineering-level computer code that models the progression of severe accidents in light water reactor nuclear power plants. MELCOR is being developed at Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission as a second-generation plant risk assessment tool and the successor to the Source Term Code Package. A broad spectrum of severe accident phenomena in both boiling and pressurized water reactors is treated in MELCOR in a unified framework. These include: thermal-hydraulic response in the reactor coolant system, reactor cavity, containment, and confinement buildings; core heatup, degradation, and relocation; core-concrete attack; hydrogen production, transport, and combustion; fission product release and transport; and the impact of engineered safety features on thermal-hydraulic and radionuclide behavior. Current uses of MELCOR include estimation of severe accident source terms and their sensitivities and uncertainties in a variety of applications. This publication of the MELCOR computer code manuals corresponds to MELCOR 1.8.3, released to users in August, 1994. Volume 1 contains a primer that describes MELCOR`s phenomenological scope, organization (by package), and documentation. The remainder of Volume 1 contains the MELCOR Users Guides, which provide the input instructions and guidelines for each package. Volume 2 contains the MELCOR Reference Manuals, which describe the phenomenological models that have been implemented in each package.
Summers, R.M.; Cole, R.K. Jr.; Smith, R.C.; Stuart, D.S.; Thompson, S.L. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Hodge, S.A.; Hyman, C.R.; Sanders, R.L. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)
The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Project
The Next Generation Nuclear Power (NGNP) Project will demonstrate emissions-free nuclearassisted electricity and hydrogen production by 2015. The NGNP reactor will be a helium-cooled, graphite moderated, thermal neutron spectrum reactor with a design goal outlet temperature of 1000 C or higher. The reactor thermal power and core configuration will be designed to assure passive decay heat removal without fuel damage during hypothetical accidents. The fuel cycle will be a once-through very high burnup low-enriched uranium fuel cycle. This paper provides a description of the project to build the NGNP at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The NGNP Project includes an overall reactor design activity and four major supporting activities: materials selection and qualification, NRC licensing and regulatory support, fuel development and qualification, and the hydrogen production plant. Each of these activities is discussed in the paper. All the reactor design and construction activities will be managed under the DOE�s project management system as outlined in DOE Order 413.3. The key elements of the overall project management system discussed in this paper include the client and project management organization relationship, critical decisions (CDs), acquisition strategy, and the project logic and timeline. The major activities associated with the materials program include development of a plan for managing the selection and qualification of all component materials required for the NGNP; identification of specific materials alternatives for each system component; evaluation of the needed testing, code work, and analysis required to qualify each identified material; preliminary selection of component materials; irradiation of needed sample materials; physical, mechanical, and chemical testing of unirradiated and irradiated materials; and documentation of final materials selections. The NGNP will be licensed by the NRC under 10 CFR 50 or 10 CFR 52, for the purpose of demonstrating the suitability of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors for commercial electric power and hydrogen production. Products that will support the licensing of the NGNP include the environmental impact statement, the preliminary safety analysis report, the NRC construction permit, the final safety analysis report, and the NRC operating license. The fuel development and qualification program consists of five elements: development of improved fuel manufacturing technologies, fuel and materials irradiations, safety testing and post-irradiation examinations, fuel performance modeling, and fission product transport and source term modeling. Two basic approaches will be explored for using the heat from the high-temperature helium coolant to produce hydrogen. The first technology of interest is the thermochemical splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. The most promising processes for thermochemical splitting of water are sulfur-based and include the sulfur-iodine, hybrid sulfur-electrolysis, and sulfur-bromine processes. The second technology of interest is thermally assisted electrolysis of water. The efficiency of this process can be substantially improved by heating the water to high-temperature steam before applying electrolysis.
F. H. Southworth; P. E. MacDonald
Thermochemical correlation of material transport in an alkali metal heat pipe
The use of high-power heat pipes in space power systems requires a means of life prediction. The design lifetimes required make experimental determination of life impractical. Thermochemical modeling of heat pipe corrosive failure modes has been investigated as a means of making such prediction. Results have been applied to tests of molybdenum-lithium heat pipes operating from 1400 to 1500/sup 0/K. A free energy minimization routine coupled to a hydrodynamic model of the operating heat pipe has been used to give local equilibrium values of reaction products as a function of operating time. The predicted reactions for critical regions of the heat pipe were compared with limited results of post-test examinations. Corrosive damage to the heat pipe wick structure was correlated with high oxygen and nitrogen activity in the evaporator region of the heat pipe.
Merrigan, M.A.; Feber, R.C.
Solar Thermochemical Fuels Production: Solar Fuels via Partial Redox Cycles with Heat Recovery
HEATS Project: The University of Minnesota is developing a solar thermochemical reactor that will efficiently produce fuel from sunlight, using solar energy to produce heat to break chemical bonds. The University of Minnesota is envisioning producing the fuel by using partial redox cycles and ceria-based reactive materials. The team will achieve unprecedented solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies of more than 10% (where current state-of-the-art efficiency is 1%) by combined efforts and innovations in material development, and reactor design with effective heat recovery mechanisms and demonstration. This new technology will allow for the effective use of vast domestic solar resources to produce precursors to synthetic fuels that could replace gasoline.
Codes 101 | Building Energy Codes Program
Codes 101 Codes 101 This course covers basic knowledge of energy codes and standards, the development processes of each, historical timelines, adoption, implementation, and enforcement of energy codes and standards, and voluntary energy efficiency programs. Most sections have links that provide additional details on that section's topic as well as additional resources for more information. Begin Learning! Estimated Length: 1-2 hours CEUs Offered: 1.0 AIA/CES LU (HSW); .10 CEUs towards ICC renewal certification. Course Type: Self-paced, online Building Type: Commercial Residential Focus: Adoption Code Development Compliance Code Version: ASHRAE Standard 90.1 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) Model Energy Code (MEC) Target Audience: Advocate Architect/Designer Builder
Quantum error control codes
It is conjectured that quantum computers are able to solve certain problems more quickly than any deterministic or probabilistic computer. For instance, Shor's algorithm is able to factor large integers in polynomial time on a quantum computer. A quantum computer exploits the rules of quantum mechanics to speed up computations. However, it is a formidable task to build a quantum computer, since the quantum mechanical systems storing the information unavoidably interact with their environment. Therefore, one has to mitigate the resulting noise and decoherence effects to avoid computational errors. In this dissertation, I study various aspects of quantum error control codes - the key component of fault-tolerant quantum information processing. I present the fundamental theory and necessary background of quantum codes and construct many families of quantum block and convolutional codes over finite fields, in addition to families of subsystem codes. This dissertation is organized into three parts: Quantum Block Codes. After introducing the theory of quantum block codes, I establish conditions when BCH codes are self-orthogonal (or dual-containing) with respect to Euclidean and Hermitian inner products. In particular, I derive two families of nonbinary quantum BCH codes using the stabilizer formalism. I study duadic codes and establish the existence of families of degenerate quantum codes, as well as families of quantum codes derived from projective geometries. Subsystem Codes. Subsystem codes form a new class of quantum codes in which the underlying classical codes do not need to be self-orthogonal. I give an introduction to subsystem codes and present several methods for subsystem code constructions. I derive families of subsystem codes from classical BCH and RS codes and establish a family of optimal MDS subsystem codes. I establish propagation rules of subsystem codes and construct tables of upper and lower bounds on subsystem code parameters. Quantum Convolutional Codes. Quantum convolutional codes are particularly well-suited for communication applications. I develop the theory of quantum convolutional codes and give families of quantum convolutional codes based on RS codes. Furthermore, I establish a bound on the code parameters of quantum convolutional codes - the generalized Singleton bound. I develop a general framework for deriving convolutional codes from block codes and use it to derive families of non-catastrophic quantum convolutional codes from BCH codes. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of some open problems.
Abdelhamid Awad Aly Ahmed, Sala
Flash code: studying astrophysical thermonuclear flashes
The Center for Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes is constructing a new generation of codes designed to study runaway thermonuclear burning on the surface or in the interior of evolved compact stars.
Robert Rosner; Alan Calder; Jonathan Dursi; Bruce Fryxell; Donald Q. Lamb; Jens C. Niemeyer; Kevin Olson; Paul Ricker; Frank X. Timmes; James W. Truran; Henry Tufo; Yuan-Nan Young; Michael Zingale; Ewing Lusk; Rick Stevens
Undefined behavior: what happened to my code?
System programming languages such as C grant compiler writers freedom to generate efficient code for a specific instruction set by defining certain language constructs as undefined behavior. Unfortunately, the rules for what is undefined behavior are ...
Xi Wang; Haogang Chen; Alvin Cheung; Zhihao Jia; Nickolai Zeldovich; M. Frans Kaashoek
State Building Code
Adoption Updated: 121708 - 1 - Code Adoption Process Checklist Para-Technical Adoption of Code Effective Date Responsible Chief Policy Analyst Support Staff: Boards Coordinator...
Steam generator tube rupture study
This report describes our investigation of steam generator behavior during a postulated tube rupture accident. Our study was performed using the steam generator, thermal-hydraulic analysis code THERMIT-UTSG. The purpose ...
Free, Scott Thomas
Conceptual design study FY 1981: synfuels from fusion - using the tandem mirror reactor and a thermochemical cycle to produce hydrogen
This report represents the second year's effort of a scoping and conceptual design study being conducted for the express purpose of evaluating the engineering potential of producing hydrogen by thermochemical cycles using a tandem mirror fusion driver. The hydrogen thus produced may then be used as a feedstock to produce fuels such as methane, methanol, or gasoline. The main objective of this second year's study has been to obtain some approximate cost figures for hydrogen production through a conceptual design study.
Krikorian, O.H. (ed.)
Local entropy generation analysis
Second law analysis techniques have been widely used to evaluate the sources of irreversibility in components and systems of components but the evaluation of local sources of irreversibility in thermal processes has received little attention. While analytical procedures for evaluating local entropy generation have been developed, applications have been limited to fluid flows with analytical solutions for the velocity and temperature fields. The analysis of local entropy generation can be used to evaluate more complicated flows by including entropy generation calculations in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The research documented in this report consists of incorporating local entropy generation calculations in an existing CFD code and then using the code to evaluate the distribution of thermodynamic losses in two applications: an impinging jet and a magnetic heat pump. 22 refs., 13 figs., 9 tabs.
Drost, M.K.; White, M.D.
Thermochemical processes for hydrogen production by water decomposition. Progress report, April 1--December 31, 1975
The interest in hydrogen as a chemical feedstock and as a possible non-polluting fuel has continued to be high, affected by recent estimates of 1980 prices for imported natural gas in the range of $3.00/MM Btu. Our exhaustive survey of multi-step thermochemical and hybrid cycles concluded that the most promising prospects to date are (1) a modification of Abraham's ANL-4 cycle, and (2) the Rohm and Haas multi-reaction, single reactor cycle. Both sequences utilize iodine-based oxidation-reduction chemistry and each ultimately produces hydrogen via an iodide vapor decomposition, in the first case from NH/sub 4/I, in the second from HI. Process feasibility depends on demonstration of separation steps of relatively low energy requirements. Further research is proposed along four lines: (1) modeling and computation focusing on selectivity in gas-solid reactions, (2) experimental studies of solids flow and mixing, as well as mass transfer and chemical reaction in rotating and/or oscillating kiln reactors, (3) kinetics of the crucial reactions in the ANL-4 and Rohm and Haas cycles, and gas separations associated with these processes, and (4) flow sheet evaluations and preliminary economics.
Perlmutter, D.D.; Myers, A.L.
Thermochemical cycles for energy storage: Thermal decomposition of ZnCO sub 4 systems
The overall objective of our research has been to develop thermochemical cycles that can be used for energy storage. A specific cycle involving ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH{sub 4}HSO{sub 4}) has been proposed. Each reaction in the proposed cycle has been examined experimentally. Emphasis has been placed on the basic chemistry of these reactions. In the concluding phase of this research, reported herein, we have shown that when NH{sub 4}HSO{sub 4} is mixed with ZnO and decomposed, the resulting products can be released stepwise (H{sub 2}A{sub (g)} at {approximately}163{degrees}C, NH{sub 3(g)} at 365--418{degrees}C, and a mixture of SO{sub 2(g)} and SO{sub 3(g)} at {approximately}900{degrees}C) and separated by controlling the reaction temperature. Side reactions do not appear to be significant and the respective yields are high as would be required for the successful use of this energy storage reaction in the proposed cycle. Thermodynamic, kinetic, and other reaction parameters have been measured for the various steps of the reaction. Finally we have completed a detailed investigation of one particular reaction: the thermal decomposition of zinc sulfate (ZnSO{sub 4}). We have demonstrated that this reaction can be accelerated and the temperature required reduced by the addition of excess ZnO, V{sub 2}A{sub 5} and possibly other metal oxides.
Wentworth, W.E. (Houston Univ., TX (United States))
Modeling solar thermochemical splitting of CO2 using metal oxide and a CR5.
A two-dimensional, multi-physics computational model based on the finite-element method is developed for simulating the process of solar thermochemical splitting of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) using ferrites (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/FeO) and a counter-rotating-ring receiver/recuperator or CR5, in which carbon monoxide (CO) is produced from gaseous CO{sub 2}. The model takes into account heat transfer, gas-phase flow and multiple-species diffusion in open channels and through pores of the porous reactant layer, and redox chemical reactions at the gas/solid interfaces. Results (temperature distribution, velocity field, and species concentration contours) computed using the model in a case study are presented to illustrate model utility. The model is then employed to examine the effects of injection rates of CO{sub 2} and argon neutral gas, respectively, on CO production rate and the extent of the product-species crossover.
Hogan, Roy E., Jr.; Chen, Ken Shuang
Catalyst and feedstock effects in the thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid transportation fuels
The thermochemical conversion of biomass feedstocks to liquid transportation fuels can be accomplished by three processes, namely gasification, high-pressure liquefaction, and pyrolysis. In this study, the pyrolysis option is selected which is followed by the catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapors to aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons (PYROCAT process). The aromatics constitute a high-octane gasoline blend, while the olefins can be utilized as feedstocks for various chemicals. The PYROCAT process has been studied in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed catalytic reactor. Consecutive biomass samples were pyrolyzed rapidly in steam at 550{degree}C and atmospheric pressure, and then the pyrolysis vapors were passed over a zeolite catalyst. The catalytic upgrading products were monitored in real-time using molecular-beam mass-spectrometry (MBMS). The yields of major products were estimated from mass-spectral data. Several zeolite catalysts were screened in the upgrading process and promising catalysts with high yields were identified. Feedstocks studied included: the woody biomass species aspen (Populus tremuloides), basswood (Tilia americana), and willow (Salix alba); the three isolated components of wood lignin, xylan and cellulose; and the herbaceous species bagasse (Saccharum spp. hybrid), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), and Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata). 17 refs.
Rejai, B.; Agblevor, F.A.; Evans, R.J.; Wang, D.
Remote-Handled Transuranic Content Codes
Each content code uniquely identifies the generated waste and provides a system for tracking theprocess and packaging history. Each content code begins with a two-letter site abbreviation thatdesignates the physical location of the RH-TRU waste. The site-specific letter designations for eachof the DOE sites are provided in Table 2. All TRU waste generating/storage sites are included inTable 2 for completeness. Not all of the sites listed in Table 2 have generated/stored RH-TRU waste.
Washington TRU Solutions
From models to code and back: correct-by-construction code from UML and ALF
Ever increasing complexity of modern software systems demands new powerful development mechanisms. Model-driven engineering (MDE) can ease the development process through problem abstraction and automated code generation from models. In order for MDE ...
Federico Ciccozzi
Building Energy Code
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
''Much of the information presented in this summary is drawn from the U.S. Department of Energy�s (DOE) Building Energy Codes Program and the Building Codes Assistance Project (BCAP). For more...
Model Building Energy Code
Active code completion
Code completion menus have replaced standalone API browsers for most developers because they are more tightly integrated into the development workflow. Refinements to the code completion menu that incorporate additional sources of information have similarly ...
Cyrus Omar; YoungSeok Yoon; Thomas D. LaToza; Brad A. Myers
... EE concepts / practices Page 8. IGCC Code Development Timeline ... Board modification) Page 9. IGCC Subject Areas 1. Energy use efficiency- ...
The Remote-Handled Transuranic (RH-TRU) Content Codes (RH-TRUCON) document representsthe development of a uniform content code system for RH-TRU waste to be transported in the 72-Bcask. It will be used to convert existing waste form numbers, content codes, and site-specificidentification codes into a system that is uniform across the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites.The existing waste codes at the sites can be grouped under uniform content codes without any lossof waste characterization information. The RH-TRUCON document provides an all-encompassing|description for each content code and compiles this information for all DOE sites. Compliance withwaste generation, processing, and certification procedures at the sites (outlined in this document foreach content code) ensures that prohibited waste forms are not present in the waste. The contentcode gives an overall description of the RH-TRU waste material in terms of processes and|packaging, as well as the generation location. This helps to provide cradle-to-grave traceability ofthe waste material so that the various actions required to assess its qualification as payload for the72-B cask can be performed. The content codes also impose restrictions and requirements on themanner in which a payload can be assembled.The RH-TRU Waste Authorized Methods for Payload Control (RH-TRAMPAC), Appendix 1.3.7of the 72-B Cask Safety Analysis Report (SAR), describes the current governing procedures|applicable for the qualification of waste as payload for the 72-B cask. The logic for this|classification is presented in the 72-B Cask SAR. Together, these documents (RH-TRUCON,|RH-TRAMPAC, and relevant sections of the 72-B Cask SAR) present the foundation and|justification for classifying RH-TRU waste into content codes. Only content codes described in thisdocument can be considered for transport in the 72-B cask. Revisions to this document will be madeas additional waste qualifies for transport. |Each content code uniquely identifies the generated waste and provides a system for tracking theprocess and packaging history. Each content code begins with a two-letter site abbreviation thatindicates the shipper of the RH-TRU waste. The site-specific letter designations for each of the|DOE sites are provided in Table 1. Not all of the sites listed in Table 1 have generated/stored RH-|TRU waste.
Locally Testable Cyclic Codes
Cyclic linear codes of block length n over a finite field \\mathbb{F}_qare the linear subspace of \\mathbb{F}_{_q }^n that are invariant under a cyclic shift of their coordinates. A family of codes is good if all the codes in the family have constant rate ...
L�szl Babai; Amir Shpilka; Daniel �tefankovic
Informal Control code logic
General definitions as well as rules of reasoning regarding control code production, distribution, deployment, and usage are described. The role of testing, trust, confidence and risk analysis is considered. A rationale for control code testing is sought and found for the case of safety critical embedded control code.
Bergstra, Jan A
Arizona Public Service Co., Palo Verde Nuclear Generating ...
Arizona Public Service Co., Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station. NVLAP Lab Code: 100536-0. Address and Contact Information: ...
Low Temperature Combustion with Thermo-Chemical Recuperation to Maximize In-Use Engine Efficiency
The key to overcome Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) load range limitations in reciprocating engines is based on proper control over the thermo-chemical properties of the in-cylinder charge. The studied alternative to achieve the required control of LTC is the use of two separate fuel streams to regulate timing and heat release at specific operational points, where the secondary fuel is a reformed product of the primary fuel in the tank. It is proposed in this report that the secondary fuel can be produced using exhaust heat and Thermo-Chemical Recuperation (TCR). TCR for reciprocating engines is a system that employs high efficiency recovery of sensible heat from engine exhaust gas and uses this energy to transform fuel composition. The recuperated sensible heat is returned to the engine as chemical energy. Chemical conversions are accomplished through catalytic and endothermic reactions in a specially designed reforming reactor. An equilibrium model developed by Gas Technology Institute (GTI) for heptane steam reforming was applied to estimate reformed fuel composition at different reforming temperatures. Laboratory results, at a steam/heptane mole ratio less than 2:1, confirm that low temperature reforming reactions, in the range of 550 K to 650 K, can produce 10-30% hydrogen (by volume, wet) in the product stream. Also, the effect of trading low mean effective pressure for displacement to achieve power output and energy efficiency has been explored by WVU. A zerodimensional model of LTC using heptane as fuel and a diesel Compression Ignition (CI) combustion model were employed to estimate pressure, temperature and total heat release as inputs for a mechanical and thermal loss model. The model results show that the total cooling burden on an LTC engine with lower power density and higher displacement was 14.3% lower than the diesel engine for the same amount of energy addition in the case of high load (43.57mg fuel/cycle). These preliminary modeling and experimental results suggest that the LTC-TCR combination may offer a high efficiency solution to engine operation. A single zone model using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism was implemented in CHEMKIN and to study the effects of base fuel and steam-fuel reforming products on the ignition timing and heat release characteristics. The study was performed considering the reformed fuel species composition for total n-heptane conversion (ideal case) and also at the composition corresponding to a specific set of operational reforming temperatures (real case). The computational model confirmed that the reformed products have a strong influence on the low temperature heat release (LTHR) region, affecting the onset of the high temperature heat release (HTHR). The ignition timing was proportionally delayed with respect to the baseline fuel case when higher concentrations of reformed gas were used. For stoichiometric concentration of RG, it was found that by increasing the proportion of reformed fuel to total fuel (RG), from 0% to 30%, the amount of energy released during the LTHR regime, or HR{sub L}, was reduced by 48% and the ignition timing was delayed 10.4 CA degrees with respect to the baseline fuel case. For RG composition corresponding to certain operational reforming temperatures, it was found that the most significant effects on the HCCI combustion, regarding HR{sub L} reduction and CA50 delay, was obtained by RG produced at a reforming temperature range of 675 K-725 K.
Nigel N. Clark; Francisco Posada; Clinton Bedick; John Pratapas; Aleksandr Kozlov; Martin Linck; Dmitri Boulanov
Arizona | Building Energy Codes Program
None Statewide Amendments Additional State Code Information Arizona has no statewide energy code. However, many counties have adopted the IECC 2006 as an energy efficiency code....
XSOR codes users manual
This report describes the source term estimation codes, XSORs. The codes are written for three pressurized water reactors (Surry, Sequoyah, and Zion) and two boiling water reactors (Peach Bottom and Grand Gulf). The ensemble of codes has been named ``XSOR``. The purpose of XSOR codes is to estimate the source terms which would be released to the atmosphere in severe accidents. A source term includes the release fractions of several radionuclide groups, the timing and duration of releases, the rates of energy release, and the elevation of releases. The codes have been developed by Sandia National Laboratories for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in support of the NUREG-1150 program. The XSOR codes are fast running parametric codes and are used as surrogates for detailed mechanistic codes. The XSOR codes also provide the capability to explore the phenomena and their uncertainty which are not currently modeled by the mechanistic codes. The uncertainty distributions of input parameters may be used by an. XSOR code to estimate the uncertainty of source terms.
Jow, Hong-Nian [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Murfin, W.B. [Technadyne Engineering Consultants, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Johnson, J.D. [Science Applications International Corp., Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Code of Conduct
Governance » Governance » Ethics, Accountability » Code of Conduct Code of Conduct Helping employees recognize and resolve the ethics and compliance issues that may arise in their daily work. Contact Code of Conduct (505) 667-7506 Code of Conduct LANL is committed to operating in accordance with the highest standards of ethics and compliance and with its core values of service to our nation, ethical conduct and personal accountability, excellence in our work, and mutual respect and teamwork. LANL must demonstrate to customers and the public that the Laboratory is accountable for its actions and that it conducts business in a trustworthy manner. What is LANL's Code of Conduct? Charlie McMillan 1:46 Laboratory Director Charlie McMillan introduces the code LANL's Code of Conduct is designed to help employees recognize and
AMPX-77: A modular code system for generating coupled multigroup neutron-gamma cross-section libraries from ENDF/B-IV and/or ENDF/B-V
AMPX-77 is a modular system of computer programs that pertain to nuclear analyses, with a primary emphasis on tasks associated with the production and use of multigroup cross sections. AH basic cross-section data are to be input in the formats used by the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (ENDF/B), and output can be obtained in a variety of formats, including its own internal and very general formats, along with a variety of other useful formats used by major transport, diffusion theory, and Monte Carlo codes. Processing is provided for both neutron and gamma-my data. The present release contains codes all written in the FORTRAN-77 dialect of FORTRAN and wig process ENDF/B-V and earlier evaluations, though major modules are being upgraded in order to process ENDF/B-VI and will be released when a complete collection of usable routines is available.
Greene, N.M.; Ford, W.E. III; Petrie, L.M.; Arwood, J.W.
Sustainable Acquisition Coding System | Department of Energy
Acquisition Coding System Sustainable Acquisition Coding System Sustainable Acquisition Coding System Sustainable Acquisition Coding System More Documents & Publications Policy...
Commercial Activated Carbon for the Catalytic Production of Hydrogen via the Sulfur-Iodine Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle
Eight activated carbon catalysts were examined for their catalytic activity to decompose hydroiodic acid (HI) to produce hydrogen; a key reaction in the sulfur-iodine (S-I) thermochemical water splitting cycle. Activity was examined under a temperature ramp from 473 to 773 K. No statistically significant correlation was found between catalyst sample properties and catalytic activity. Four of the eight samples were examined for one week of continuous operation at 723 K. All samples appeared to be stable over the period of examination.
Daniel M. Ginosar; Lucia M. Petkovic; Kyle C. Burch
Steam Generator Management Program: Benchmark Study of EPRI and EDF Steam Generator Thermal-Hydraulic and Flow Induced Vibration Cod es
Steam generator thermal-hydraulics software codes and flow induced vibration software codes are used for steam generator design, root cause investigations, and assessment of operational changes. Organizations within the steam generator industry develop and maintain such software codes. Capabilities of existing codes are being challenged by current demands for more comprehensive results to troubleshoot ...
Non-free extensions of the simplex codes over a chain ring with four elements
Let R be a chain ring with four elements. In this paper, we present two new constructions of R-linear codes that contain a subcode associated with a simplex code over the ring R. The simplex codes are defined as the codes generated ... Keywords: 51C05, 51E21, 51E26, 94B05, 94B27, Chain ring, Gray map, Hjelmslev plane, Hyperoval, Lee weight, Projective Hjelmslev space, R-linear code, Simplex code
Thomas Honold; Ivan Landjev
Mechanical code comparator
A new class of mechanical code comparators is described which have broad potential for application in safety, surety, and security applications. These devices can be implemented as micro-scale electromechanical systems that isolate a secure or otherwise controlled device until an access code is entered. This access code is converted into a series of mechanical inputs to the mechanical code comparator, which compares the access code to a pre-input combination, entered previously into the mechanical code comparator by an operator at the system security control point. These devices provide extremely high levels of robust security. Being totally mechanical in operation, an access control system properly based on such devices cannot be circumvented by software attack alone.
Peter, Frank J. (Albuquerque, NM); Dalton, Larry J. (Bernalillo, NM); Plummer, David W. (Albuquerque, NM)
SunShot Initiative: Baseload Concentrating Solar Power Generation
Concentrating Solar Power Generation Concentrating Solar Power Generation In 2010, DOE issued the Baseload Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Generation funding opportunity announcement (FOA). The following projects were selected under this competitive solicitation: Abengoa: Advanced Nitrate Salt Central Receiver Power Plant eSolar: Modular and Scalable Baseload Molten Salt Plant Conceptual Design and Feasibility General Atomics: Baseload CSP Generation Integrated with Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Heat Storage HiTek: Low-Cost Heliostat Development Infinia: Innovative Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Solution for Baseload Power PPG: Next-Generation Low-Cost Reflector Rocketdyne: Solar Power Tower Improvements with the Potential to Reduce Costs SENER: High-Efficiency Thermal Storage System for Solar Plants
Magma benchmark code - CECM
Below is the Magma code used to run the benchmarks in Section 5 of the paper " In-place Arithmetic for Univariate Polynomials over an Algebraic Number Field"�...
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
30030 Amarillo, TX 79120 8. NAME AND ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR (No., street, county, state, ZIP Code) Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services Pantex, LLC PO Box 30020 Amarillo, TX 79120...
" Row: NAICS Codes;"
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9.1 Enclosed Floorspace and Number of Establishment Buildings, 2006;" " Level: National Data; " " Row: NAICS Codes;" " Column: Floorspace and Buildings;" " Unit: Floorspace Square...
RH-TRU Waste Content Codes
The Remote-Handled Transuranic (RH-TRU) Content Codes (RH-TRUCON) document describes the inventory of RH-TRU waste within the transportation parameters specified by the Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste Authorized Methods for Payload Control (RH-TRAMPAC).1 The RH-TRAMPAC defines the allowable payload for the RH-TRU 72-B. This document is a catalog of RH-TRU 72-B authorized contents by site. A content code is defined by the following components: � A two-letter site abbreviation that designates the physical location of the generated/stored waste (e.g., ID for Idaho National Laboratory [INL]). The site-specific letter designations for each of the sites are provided in Table 1. � A three-digit code that designates the physical and chemical form of the waste (e.g., content code 317 denotes TRU Metal Waste). For RH-TRU waste to be transported in the RH-TRU 72-B, the first number of this three-digit code is �3.� The second and third numbers of the three-digit code describe the physical and chemical form of the waste. Table 2 provides a brief description of each generic code. Content codes are further defined as subcodes by an alpha trailer after the three-digit code to allow segregation of wastes that differ in one or more parameter(s). For example, the alpha trailers of the subcodes ID 322A and ID 322B may be used to differentiate between waste packaging configurations. As detailed in the RH-TRAMPAC, compliance with flammable gas limits may be demonstrated through the evaluation of compliance with either a decay heat limit or flammable gas generation rate (FGGR) limit per container specified in approved content codes. As applicable, if a container meets the watt*year criteria specified by the RH-TRAMPAC, the decay heat limits based on the dose-dependent G value may be used as specified in an approved content code. If a site implements the administrative controls outlined in the RH-TRAMPAC and Appendix 2.4 of the RH-TRU Payload Appendices, the decay heat or FGGR limits based on a 10-day shipping period (rather than the standard 60-day shipping period) may be used as specified in an approved content code. Requests for new or revised content codes may be submitted to the WIPP RH-TRU Payload Engineer for review and approval, provided all RH-TRAMPAC requirements are met.
OAK B202 HIGH EFFICIENCY GENERATION OF HYDROGEN FUELS USING NUCLEAR POWER. Combustion of fossil fuels, used to power transportation, generate electricity, heat homes and fuel industry provides 86% of the world's energy. Drawbacks to fossil fuel utilization include limited supply, pollution, and carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions, thought to be responsible for global warming, are now the subject of international treaties. Together, these drawbacks argue for the replacement of fossil fuels with a less-polluting potentially renewable primary energy such as nuclear energy. Conventional nuclear plants readily generate electric power but fossil fuels are firmly entrenched in the transportation sector. Hydrogen is an environmentally attractive transportation fuel that has the potential to displace fossil fuels. Hydrogen will be particularly advantageous when coupled with fuel cells. Fuel cells have higher efficiency than conventional battery/internal combustion engine combinations and do not produce nitrogen oxides during low-temperature operation. Contemporary hydrogen production is primarily based on fossil fuels and most specifically on natural gas. When hydrogen is produced using energy derived from fossil fuels, there is little or no environmental advantage. There is currently no large scale, cost-effective, environmentally attractive hydrogen production process available for commercialization, nor has such a process been identified. The objective of this work is to find an economically feasible process for the production of hydrogen, by nuclear means, using an advanced high-temperature nuclear reactor as the primary energy source. Hydrogen production by thermochemical water-splitting (Appendix A), a chemical process that accomplishes the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen using only heat or, in the case of a hybrid thermochemical process, by a combination of heat and electrolysis, could meet these goals. Hydrogen produced from fossil fuels has trace contaminants (primarily carbon monoxide) that are detrimental to precious metal catalyzed fuel cells, as is now recognized by many of the world's largest automobile companies. Thermochemical hydrogen will not contain carbon monoxide as an impurity at any level. Electrolysis, the alternative process for producing hydrogen using nuclear energy, suffers from thermodynamic inefficiencies in both the production of electricity and in electrolytic parts of the process. The efficiency of electrolysis (electricity to hydrogen) is currently about 80%. Electric power generation efficiency would have to exceed 65% (thermal to electrical) for the combined efficiency to exceed the 52% (thermal to hydrogen) calculated for one thermochemical cycle. Thermochemical water-splitting cycles have been studied, at various levels of effort, for the past 35 years. They were extensively studied in the late 70s and early 80s but have received little attention in the past 10 years, particularly in the U.S. While there is no question about the technical feasibility and the potential for high efficiency, cycles with proven low cost and high efficiency have yet to be developed commercially. Over 100 cycles have been proposed, but substantial research has been executed on only a few. This report describes work accomplished during a three-year project whose objective is to ''define an economically feasible concept for production of hydrogen, by nuclear means, using an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor as the energy source.'' The emphasis of the first phase was to evaluate thermochemical processes which offer the potential for efficient, cost-effective, large-scale production of hydrogen from water in which the primary energy input is high temperature heat from an advanced nuclear reactor and to select one (or, at most three) for further detailed consideration. During Phase 1, an exhaustive literature search was performed to locate all cycles previously proposed. The cycles located were screened using objective criteria to determine which could benefit, in terms of efficien
OAK B202 HIGH EFFICIENCY GENERATION OF HYDROGEN FUELS USING NUCLEAR POWER. Combustion of fossil fuels, used to power transportation, generate electricity, heat homes and fuel industry provides 86% of the world's energy. Drawbacks to fossil fuel utilization include limited supply, pollution, and carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions, thought to be responsible for global warming, are now the subject of international treaties. Together, these drawbacks argue for the replacement of fossil fuels with a less-polluting potentially renewable primary energy such as nuclear energy. Conventional nuclear plants readily generate electric power but fossil fuels are firmly entrenched in the transportation sector. Hydrogen is an environmentally attractive transportation fuel that has the potential to displace fossil fuels. Hydrogen will be particularly advantageous when coupled with fuel cells. Fuel cells have higher efficiency than conventional battery/internal combustion engine combinations and do not produce nitrogen oxides during low-temperature operation. Contemporary hydrogen production is primarily based on fossil fuels and most specifically on natural gas. When hydrogen is produced using energy derived from fossil fuels, there is little or no environmental advantage. There is currently no large scale, cost-effective, environmentally attractive hydrogen production process available for commercialization, nor has such a process been identified. The objective of this work is to find an economically feasible process for the production of hydrogen, by nuclear means, using an advanced high-temperature nuclear reactor as the primary energy source. Hydrogen production by thermochemical water-splitting (Appendix A), a chemical process that accomplishes the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen using only heat or, in the case of a hybrid thermochemical process, by a combination of heat and electrolysis, could meet these goals. Hydrogen produced from fossil fuels has trace contaminants (primarily carbon monoxide) that are detrimental to precious metal catalyzed fuel cells, as is now recognized by many of the world's largest automobile companies. Thermochemical hydrogen will not contain carbon monoxide as an impurity at any level. Electrolysis, the alternative process for producing hydrogen using nuclear energy, suffers from thermodynamic inefficiencies in both the production of electricity and in electrolytic parts of the process. The efficiency of electrolysis (electricity to hydrogen) is currently about 80%. Electric power generation efficiency would have to exceed 65% (thermal to electrical) for the combined efficiency to exceed the 52% (thermal to hydrogen) calculated for one thermochemical cycle. Thermochemical water-splitting cycles have been studied, at various levels of effort, for the past 35 years. They were extensively studied in the late 70s and early 80s but have received little attention in the past 10 years, particularly in the U.S. While there is no question about the technical feasibility and the potential for high efficiency, cycles with proven low cost and high efficiency have yet to be developed commercially. Over 100 cycles have been proposed, but substantial research has been executed on only a few. This report describes work accomplished during a three-year project whose objective is to ''define an economically feasible concept for production of hydrogen, by nuclear means, using an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor as the energy source.'' The emphasis of the first phase was to evaluate thermochemical processes which offer the potential for efficient, cost-effective, large-scale production of hydrogen from water in which the primary energy input is high temperature heat from an advanced nuclear reactor and to select one (or, at most three) for further detailed consideration. During Phase 1, an exhaustive literature search was performed to locate all cycles previously proposed. The cycles located were screened using objective criteria to determine which could
1 PAGE 1 OF2 AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION/MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT PAGES 2. AMENDMENT/MODIFICATION NO. I 3. EFFECTIVE DATE M191 See Block 16C 4. REQUISITION/PURCHASE I 5. PROJECT NO. (If applicable) REQ. NO. 6.ISSUED BY CODE U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration Service Center Property and M&O Contract Support Department P.O. Box 5400 Albuquerque, NM 87185-5400 7. ADMINISTERED BY (If other than Item 6) CODE U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration Manager, Pantex Site Office P.O. Box 30030 Amarillo, TX 79120 8. NAME AND ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR (No., street, county, state, ZIP Code) Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services Pantex, LLC PO Box 30020 Amarillo, TX 79120 CODE I FACILITY CODE SA. AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION NO.
PETSc: Docs: Code Management
Code Management Code Management Home Download Features Documentation Manual pages and Users Manual Citing PETSc Tutorials Installation SAWs Changes Bug Reporting Code Management FAQ License Linear Solver Table Applications/Publications Miscellaneous External Software Developers Site In this file we list some of the techniques that may be used to increase one's efficiency when developing PETSc application codes. We have learned to use these techniques ourselves, and they have improved our efficiency tremendously. Editing and Compiling The biggest time sink in code development is generally the cycle of EDIT-COMPILE-LINK-RUN. We often see users working in a single window with a cycle such as: Edit a file with emacs. Exit emacs. Run make and see some error messages. Start emacs and try to fix the errors; often starting emacs hides
Hydrogen Codes and Standards
Codes and Standards Codes and Standards James Ohi National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401 Background The development and promulgation of codes and standards are essential if hydrogen is to become a significant energy carrier and fuel because codes and standards are critical to establishing a market-receptive environment for commercializing hydrogen-based products and systems. The Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), with the help of the National Hydrogen Association (NHA) and other key stakeholders, are coordinating a collaborative national effort by government and industry to prepare, review, and promulgate hydrogen codes and standards needed to expedite hydrogen infrastructure development. The
Residential Building Code Compliance
6 6 Residential Building Code Compliance: Recent Findings and Implications Energy use in residential buildings in the U.S. is significant-about 20% of primary energy use. While several approaches reduce energy use such as appliance standards and utility programs, enforcing state building energy codes is one of the most promising. However, one of the challenges is to understand the rate of compliance within the building community. Utility companies typically use these codes as the baseline for providing incentives to builders participating in utility-sponsored residential new construction (RNC) programs. However, because builders may construct homes that fail to meet energy codes, energy use in the actual baseline is higher than would be expected if all buildings complied with the code. Also,
Directional lapped transforms for image coding
Abstract�In this paper, we present the design of directional lapped transforms for image coding. A lapped transform, which can be implemented by a prefilter followed by a discrete cosine transform (DCT), can be factorized into elementary operators. The corresponding directional lapped transform is generated by applying each elementary operator along a given direction. The proposed directional lapped transforms are not only nonredundant and perfectly reconstructed, but they can also provide a basis along an arbitrary direction. These properties, along with the advantages of lapped transforms, make the proposed transforms appealing for image coding. A block-based directional transform scheme is also presented and integrated into HD Phtoto, one of the state-of-the-art image coding systems, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed transforms. Index Terms�Directional transform, image coding, lapped transform.
Jizheng Xu; Feng Wu; Senior Member; Jie Liang; Wenjun Zhang
Dictionary Approximation For Matching Pursuit Video Coding
Previously, we demonstrated an efficient video codec based on overcomplete signal decomposition using matching pursuits. Dictionary design is an important issue for this system, and others have shown alternate dictionaries which lead to either coding efficiency improvements or reduced encoder complexity. In this work, we introduce for the first time a design methodology which incorporates both coding efficiency and complexity in a systematic way. The key to our new method is an algorithm which takes an arbitrary 2-D dictionary and generates approximations of the dictionary which have fast 2-stage implementations. By varying the quality of the approximation, we can explore a systematic tradeoff between the coding efficiency and complexity of the matching pursuit video encoder. As a practical result, we show cases where complexity is reduced by a factor of 500 to 1000 in exchange for small coding efficiency losses of around 0.1 dB PSNR. 1. INTRODUCTION Most video codecs in use today ar...
Ralph Neff; Avideh Zakhor
The Remote-Handled Transuranic (RH-TRU) Content Codes (RH-TRUCON) document describes the inventory of RH-TRU waste within the transportation parameters specified by the Remote-Handled Transuranic Waste Authorized Methods for Payload Control (RH-TRAMPAC).1 The RH-TRAMPAC defines the allowable payload for the RH-TRU 72-B. This document is a catalog of RH-TRU 72-B authorized contents by site. A content code is defined by the following components: � A two-letter site abbreviation that designates the physical location of the generated/stored waste (e.g., ID for Idaho National Laboratory [INL]). The site-specific letter designations for each of the sites are provided in Table 1. � A three-digit code that designates the physical and chemical form of the waste (e.g., content code 317 denotes TRU Metal Waste). For RH-TRU waste to be transported in the RH-TRU 72-B, the first number of this three-digit code is �3.� The second and third numbers of the three-digit code describe the physical and chemical form of the waste. Table 2 provides a brief description of each generic code. Content codes are further defined as subcodes by an alpha trailer after the three-digit code to allow segregation of wastes that differ in one or more parameter(s). For example, the alpha trailers of the subcodes ID 322A and ID 322B may be used to differentiate between waste packaging configurations. As detailed in the RH-TRAMPAC, compliance with flammable gas limits may be demonstrated through the evaluation of compliance with either a decay heat limit or flammable gas generation rate (FGGR) limit per container specified in approved content codes. As applicable, if a container meets the watt*year criteria specified by the RH-TRAMPAC, the decay heat limits based on the dose-dependent G value may be used as specified in an approved content code. If a site implements the administrative controls outlined in the RH-TRAMPAC and Appendix 2.4 of the RH-TRU Payload Appendices, the decay heat or FGGR limits based on a 10-day shipping period (rather than the standard 60-day shipping period) may be used as specified in an approved content code.
Quantum stabilizer codes and beyond
The importance of quantum error correction in paving the way to build a practical quantum computer is no longer in doubt. Despite the large body of literature in quantum coding theory, many important questions, especially those centering on the issue of "good codes" are unresolved. In this dissertation the dominant underlying theme is that of constructing good quantum codes. It approaches this problem from three rather different but not exclusive strategies. Broadly, its contribution to the theory of quantum error correction is threefold. Firstly, it extends the framework of an important class of quantum codes - nonbinary stabilizer codes. It clarifies the connections of stabilizer codes to classical codes over quadratic extension fields, provides many new constructions of quantum codes, and develops further the theory of optimal quantum codes and punctured quantum codes. In particular it provides many explicit constructions of stabilizer codes, most notably it simplifies the criteria by which quantum BCH codes can be constructed from classical codes. Secondly, it contributes to the theory of operator quantum error correcting codes also called as subsystem codes. These codes are expected to have efficient error recovery schemes than stabilizer codes. Prior to our work however, systematic methods to construct these codes were few and it was not clear how to fairly compare them with other classes of quantum codes. This dissertation develops a framework for study and analysis of subsystem codes using character theoretic methods. In particular, this work established a close link between subsystem codes and classical codes and it became clear that the subsystem codes can be constructed from arbitrary classical codes. Thirdly, it seeks to exploit the knowledge of noise to design efficient quantum codes and considers more realistic channels than the commonly studied depolarizing channel. It gives systematic constructions of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes that exploit the asymmetry of errors in certain quantum channels. This approach is based on a Calderbank- Shor-Steane construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.
Sarvepalli, Pradeep Kiran
Report number codes
This publication lists all report number codes processed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information. The report codes are substantially based on the American National Standards Institute, Standard Technical Report Number (STRN)-Format and Creation Z39.23-1983. The Standard Technical Report Number (STRN) provides one of the primary methods of identifying a specific technical report. The STRN consists of two parts: The report code and the sequential number. The report code identifies the issuing organization, a specific program, or a type of document. The sequential number, which is assigned in sequence by each report issuing entity, is not included in this publication. Part I of this compilation is alphabetized by report codes followed by issuing installations. Part II lists the issuing organization followed by the assigned report code(s). In both Parts I and II, the names of issuing organizations appear for the most part in the form used at the time the reports were issued. However, for some of the more prolific installations which have had name changes, all entries have been merged under the current name.
Nelson, R.N. (ed.)
High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power - for the period August 1, 1999 through October 31, 1999
OAK B188 High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power - for the period August 1, 1999 through October 31, 1999. The highlights for this period are: (1) The methodologies for searching the literature for potentially attractive thermochemical water-splitting cycles, storing cycle and reference data, and screening the cycles have been established; and (2) The water-splitting cycle screening criteria were established on schedule.
L. C. Brown
FCT Safety, Codes and Standards: DOE Safety, Codes, and Standards...
Safety, Codes, and Standards Activities to someone by E-mail Share FCT Safety, Codes and Standards: DOE Safety, Codes, and Standards Activities on Facebook Tweet about FCT Safety,...
Development of a model and computer code to describe solar grade silicon production processes. Fifth quarterly report
This program aims at developing mathematical models, and computer codes based on these models, which will allow prediction of the product distribution in chemical reactors in which gaseous silicon compounds are converted to condensed-phase silicon. The reactors to be modeled are flow reactors in which silane or one of the halogenated silanes is thermally decomposed or reacted with an alkali metal, H/sub 2/ or H atoms. Because the product of interest is particulate silicon, processes which must be modeled, in addition to mixing and reaction of gas-phase reactants, include the nucleation and growth of condensed Si via coagulation, condensation, and heterogeneous reaction. During this report period computer codes were developed and used to calculate: (1) coefficients for Si vapor and Si particles describing transport due to concentration and temperature gradients (i.e., Fick and Soret diffusion, respectively), and (2) estimates of thermochemical properties of Si n-mers. The former are needed to allow the mass flux of Si to reactor walls to be calculated. Because of the extremely large temperature gradients that exist in some of the reactors to be used in producing Si (particularly the Westinghouse reactor), it was found that thermal (Soret) diffusion can be the dominant transport mechanism for certain sizes of Si particles. The thermochemical estimates are required to allow computation of the formation rate of Si droplets. With the completion of these calculations the information and coding of the particle routines in the modified LAPP code is at the point where debugging can be done and that is now in progress.
Srivastava, R.; Gould, R.K.
High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power for the period February 01, 2001- April 30, 2002
OAK B188 High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power for the period February 01, 2001-April 30, 2002. Future nuclear reactors will operate at higher efficiencies and, therefore, at higher temperature than current reactors. High temperatures present the potential for generating hydrogen at high efficiency using a thermochemical process. Thermochemical cycles for the generation of hydrogen from water were extensively studied in the 1970s and early 1980s both in the U.S. and abroad. Since that time, thermochemical water-splitting has not been pursued in the U.S. at any significant level. In Phase 1, we reviewed and analyzed all available data to determine the process best suited to hydrogen production from the advanced nuclear reactors expected to be available in the next 20 to 30 years. The Sulfur-Iodine Cycle was selected for detailed study in Phases 2 and 3. In Phase 2, we investigated means of adapting this cycle to the heat output characteristics of an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor. In Phase 3, we are integrating the cycle and reactor into a unified hydrogen production plant. The highlight of this period was that the scheme of processing the HI/I{sub 2}/H{sub 2}O phase with phosphoric acid is being considered in addition to the reactive distillation scheme.
Brown, L. C.
High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power for the period November 1, 2001- January 31, 2001
OAK B188 High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power for the period November 1, 2001-January 31, 2001. Future nuclear reactors will operate at higher efficiencies and, therefore, at higher temperature than current reactors. High temperatures present the potential for generating hydrogen at high efficiency using a thermochemical process. Thermochemical cycles for the generation of hydrogen from water were extensively studied in the 1970s and early 1980s both in the U.S. and abroad. Since that time, thermochemical water-splitting has not been pursued in the U.S. at any significant level. In Phase 1, we reviewed and analyzed all available data to determine the process best suited to hydrogen production from the advanced nuclear reactors expected to be available in the next 20 to 30 years. The Sulfur-Iodine Cycle was selected for detailed study in Phases 2 and 3. In Phase 2, we investigated means of adapting this cycle to the heat output characteristics of an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor. In Phase 3, we are integrating the cycle and reactor into a unified hydrogen production plant. The highlight of this period was the size of the nuclear reactor used in the matching has been assumed to be 2400 MWt.
High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels using Nuclear Power for the period May 1, 2002- July 31, 2002
OAK B188 High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels using Nuclear Power for the period May 1, 2002-July 31, 2002. Future nuclear reactors will operate at higher efficiencies and, therefore, at higher temperature than current reactors. High temperatures present the potential for generating hydrogen at high efficiency using a thermochemical process. Thermochemical cycles for the generation of hydrogen from water were extensively studied in the 1970s and early 1980s both in the U.S. and abroad. Since that time, thermochemical water-splitting has not been pursued in the U.S. at any significant level. In Phase 1, we reviewed and analyzed all available data to determine the process best suited to hydrogen production from the advanced nuclear reactors expected to be available in the next 20 to 30 years. The Sulfur-Iodine Cycle was selected for detailed study in Phases 2 and 3. In Phase 2, we investigated means of adapting this cycle to the heat output characteristics of an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor. In Phase 3, we are integrating the cycle and reactor into a unified hydrogen production plant. The highlight of this period was that the sulfuric acid processing portion of the flowsheet was completed.
High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power for the period August 1, 2001-October 31, 2001
OAK B188 High Efficiency Generation of Hydrogen Fuels Using Nuclear Power for the period August 1, 2001-October 31, 2001. Future nuclear reactors will operate at higher efficiencies and, therefore, at higher temperature than current reactors. High temperatures present the potential for generating hydrogen at high efficiency using a thermochemical process. Thermochemical cycles for the generation of hydrogen from water were extensively studied in the 1970s and early 1980s both in the U.S. and abroad. Since that time, thermochemical water-splitting has not been pursued in the U.S. at any significant level. In Phase 1, we reviewed and analyzed all available data to determine the process best suited to hydrogen production from the advanced nuclear reactors expected to be available in the next 20 to 30 years. The Sulfur-Iodine Cycle was selected for detailed study in Phases 2 and 3. In Phase 2, we investigated means of adapting this cycle to the heat output characteristics of an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor. In Phase 3, we are integrating the cycle and reactor into a unified hydrogen production plant. The highlight of this period is that a project coordination meeting was held with Sandia on October 9, 2001.
Residential Codes and Standards | Building Energy Codes Program
houses, which are built in a factory and transported to the home site. ICC ASHRAE International Energy Conservation Code The International Energy Conservation Code...
Building Energy Codes in Arizona: Best Practices in Code Support...
in Code Support, Compliance, and Enforcement A study funded by the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association to identify "the best practices in energy code support,...
APPENDIX A CRUDE STREAM CODES COUNTRY Stream Code Stream Name ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Page ?? 6 * A Former Soviet Republic APPENDIX A CRUDE STREAM CODES COUNTRY Stream Code Stream Name Gravity Sulfur Columbia - Continued CO043 Orito ...
Compiling Codes on Hopper
Compiling Codes Compiling Codes Compiling Codes on Hopper Overview Cray provides a convenient set of wrapper commands that should be used in almost all cases for compiling and linking parallel programs. Invoking the wrappers will automatically link codes with MPI libraries and other Cray system software. All MPI and Cray system include directories are also transparently imported. In addition the wrappers append the compiler's target processor arguments for the hopper compute node processors. NOTE: The intention is that programs are compiled on the login nodes and executed on the compute nodes. Because the compute nodes and login nodes have different operating systems, binaries created for compute nodes may not run on the login node. The wrappers mentioned above guarantee that
I 9B. DATED (SEE ITEM 11) 8. NAME AND ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR (No., street, county, state, ZIP Code) 10A. MODIFICATION OF CONTRACTIORDER NO. DE-AC52-06NA25396 3. EFFECTIVE DATE See...
" Row: NAICS Codes;" " ...
Only","Other than","and","Any","from Only","Other than","and" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Electricity(b)","Local Utility(c)","Local Utility(d)","Other Sources","Natural...
than","and","Any","from Only","Other than","and","Row" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Electricity(b)","Local Utility(c)","Local Utility(d)","Other Sources","Natural...
Process Design and Economics for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: Thermochemical Pathway by Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis
Conversion of Lignocellulosic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Thermochemical Pathway by Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis A. Dutta, M. Talmadge, and J. Hensley National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado M. Worley and D. Dudgeon Harris Group Inc. Atlanta, Georgia and Seattle, Washington D. Barton, P. Groenendijk, D. Ferrari, and B. Stears The Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan E.M. Searcy, C.T. Wright, and J.R. Hess Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls, Idaho Technical Report NREL/TP-5100-51400 May 2011 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard
Thermochemical cyclic system for splitting water and/or carbon dioxide by means of cerium compounds and reactions useful therein
A thermochemical cyclic process for producing hydrogen from water comprises reacting ceric oxide with monobasic or dibasic alkali metal phosphate to yield a solid reaction product, oxygen and water. The solid reaction product, alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate, and water, are reacted to yield hydrogen, ceric oxide, carbon dioxide and trialkali metal phosphate. Ceric oxide is recycled. Trialkali metal phosphate, carbon dioxide and water are reacted to yield monobasic or dibasic alkali metal phosphate and alkali metal bicarbonate, which are recycled. The cylic process can be modified for producing carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide by reacting the alkali metal cerous phosphate and alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate in the absence of water to produce carbon monoxide, ceric oxide, carbon dioxide and trialkali metal phosphate. Carbon monoxide can be converted to hydrogen by the water gas shift reaction.
Bamberger, Carlos E. (Oak Ridge, TN); Robinson, Paul R. (Knoxville, TN)
Network coding: an instant primer
Network coding is a new research area that may have interesting applications in practical networking systems. With network coding, intermediate nodes may send out packets that are linear combinations of previously received information. There are two ... Keywords: network coding
Christina Fragouli; Jean-Yves Le Boudec; J�rg Widmer
" Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Electricity Components;"
1 Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 2002;" 1 Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 2002;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Electricity Components;" " Unit: Million Kilowatthours." " "," ",,,,,," " " "," ",,,"Total ","Sales and","Net Demand","RSE" "NAICS"," ",,"Transfers ","Onsite","Transfers","for","Row" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Purchases"," In(b)","Generation(c)","Offsite","Electricity(d)","Factors" ,,"Total United States"
1. Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 1998;" 1. Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 1998;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Electricity Components;" " Unit: Million Kilowatthours." " "," ",,,,,," " " "," ",,,,"Sales and","Net Demand","RSE" "NAICS"," ",,,"Total Onsite","Transfers","for","Row" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Purchases","Transfers In(b)","Generation(c)","Offsite","Electricity(d)","Factors" ,,"Total United States"
Iowa | Building Energy Codes Program
utility company must obtain a written statementcertification from the builder or homeowner attesting to their compliance with the state energy code. Code enforcement is...
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& Offices Consumer Information Building Energy Codes Search Search Search Help Building Energy Codes Program Home News Events About DOE EERE BTO BECP Adoption ...
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Recent Enhancements to the MARS15 Code
The MARS code is under continuous development and has recently undergone substantial improvements that further increase its reliability and predictive power in numerous shielding, accelerator, detector and space applications. The major developments and new features of the MARS15 (2004) version described in this paper concern an extended list of elementary particles and arbitrary heavy ions and their interaction cross-sections, inclusive and exclusive nuclear event generators, module for modelling particle electromagnetic interactions, enhanced geometry and histograming options, improved MAD-MARS Beam Line Builder, enhanced Graphical-User Interface, and an MPI-based parallelization of the code.
N. V. Mokhov; K. K. Gudima; C. C. James; M. A. Kostin; S. G. Mashnik; E. Ng; J. -F. Ostiguy; I. L. Rakhno; A. J. Sierk; S. I. Striganov
Maine | Building Energy Codes Program
Maine Maine Last updated on 2013-11-04 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Amendments / Additional State Code Information As of September 28, 2011, municipalities over 4,000 in population were required to enforce the new code if they had a building code in place by August 2008. Municipalities under 4,000 are not required to enforce it unless they wish to do so and have the following options: 1. Adopt and enforce the Maine Uniform Building and Energy Code 2. Adopt and enforce the Maine Uniform Building Code (the building code without energy) 3. Adopt and enforce the Maine Uniform Energy Code (energy code only) 4. Have no code Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Maine (BECP Report, Sept. 2009)
Product Service Codes @ Headquarters | Department of Energy
Product Service Codes @ Headquarters Product Service Codes @ Headquarters A listing of Product Service Codes used at Headquarters Procurement Services Produce Service Codes @...
Additive semisimple multivariable codes over F4
The structure of additive multivariable codes over Keywords: 11T61, 13M10, 81P70, 94B99, Abelian codes, Additive multivariable codes, Duality, Quantum codes
E. Mart�nez-Moro; A. Pi�era-Nicol�s; I. F. R�a
Code Tables | National Nuclear Security Administration
The Obligation Code table shows the valid country of obligation codes. Type of Inventory ChangeUse Code The type of inventory changeuse code (UC) identifies the category...
Thermohydraulic analysis of U-tube steam generators
Recent trends in plant safety analysis reveal a need for benchmark analytical representations of the steam generators to aid in the improvement of system codes and of fast codes for operator assistance. A model for such ...
da Silva, Hugo Cardoso
NAICS Codes Description:
Codes Codes Description: Filters: Date Signed only show values between '10/01/2006' and '09/30/2007', Contracting Agency ID show only ('8900'), Contracting Office ID show only ('00001') Contracting Agency ID: 8900, Contracting Office ID: 00001 NAICS Code NAICS Description Actions Action Obligation 541519 OTHER COMPUTER RELATED SERVICES 251 $164,546,671 541611 ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT CONSULTING SERVICES 236 $52,396,806 514210 DATA PROCESSING SERVICES 195 $28,941,727 531210 OFFICES OF REAL ESTATE AGENTS AND BROKERS 190 $6,460,652 541330 ENGINEERING SERVICES 165 $33,006,079 163 $11,515,387 541690 OTHER SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONSULTING SERVICES 92 $40,527,088 531390 OTHER ACTIVITIES RELATED TO REAL ESTATE 79 -$659,654 337214 OFFICE FURNITURE (EXCEPT WOOD) MANUFACTURING 78 $1,651,732
Thermodynamics Software/Codes - TMS
FORUMS > THERMODYNAMICS SOFTWARE/CODES, Replies, Views, Originator ... Thermodynamic calculations in multicomponent systems, 0, 1887, Cathy�...
LDPC codes from Singer cycles
The main goal of coding theory is to devise efficient systems to exploit the full capacity of a communication channel, thus achieving an arbitrarily small error probability. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are a family of block codes-characterised ... Keywords: LDPC Codes, Projective spaces, Singer cycles
Luca Giuzzi; Angelo Sonnino
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Power Flow Regulations and Building Codes...
near its generation site, thereby reducing lost energy through transmission. APS Arizona Public Service IRC International Residential Code PV photovoltaic ConEd Con...
Survey and Down-Selection of Acid Gas Removal Systems for the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol with a Detailed Analysis of an MDEA System
The first section (Task 1) of this report by Nexant includes a survey and screening of various acid gas removal processes in order to evaluate their capability to meet the specific design requirements for thermochemical ethanol synthesis in NREL's thermochemical ethanol design report (Phillips et al. 2007, NREL/TP-510-41168). MDEA and selexol were short-listed as the most promising acid-gas removal agents based on work described in Task 1. The second report section (Task 2) describes a detailed design of an MDEA (methyl diethanol amine) based acid gas removal system for removing CO2 and H2S from biomass-derived syngas. Only MDEA was chosen for detailed study because of the available resources.
Nexant, Inc., San Francisco, California
Numerical codes for MHD flows. Quarterly technical progress report
The objective of this work is to develop numerical techniques and codes for characterizing coal-combustion-operated MHD generators and diffusers. The purpose for this activity is twofold: (a) provide the MHD Division of the Department of Energy with evaluative guidelines in selecting and exercising channel codes; (b) provide users with codes to design MHD channel/diffusers and evaluate their performance. The scope of work calls for four tasks: 1) unsteady one-dimensional channel code: to modify an existing time-dependent code to include MHD effects for approximate predictions of the flow from the combustion chamber through the diffuser; 2) multidimensional channel codes: to develop codes for predicting the complete inviscid-viscous flow across the duct in an MHD generator and diffuser; 3) slag layer studies and heat transfer analyses: to adapt an existing code to predict the stability conditions of slag layers which are driven by turbulent exterior flows and to develop a code for predicting slag layer growth; and 4) arc formation, migration, and electrode erosion: to conduct transient analyses in evaluating the inter-electrode arcing and constricted discharges from th gas to the electrode in the presence of Hall current. A summary of the current progress on these tasks is presented.
Blottner, F.G.; Russo, A.J.; Taylor, J.G.; Hadley, G.R.
Alabama | Building Energy Codes Program
Adoption » Status of State Energy Code Adoption Adoption » Status of State Energy Code Adoption Site Map Printable Version Development Adoption Adoption Process State Technical Assistance Status of State Energy Code Adoption Compliance Regulations Resource Center Alabama Last updated on 2013-05-31 Current News The Alabama Energy and Residential Codes Board adopted the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) for Commercial Buildings and the 2009 International Residential Code (IRC) for Residential Construction. The new codes will become effective on October 1, 2012. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC Amendments / Additional State Code Information N/A Approved Compliance Tools State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in Alabama (BECP Report, Sept. 2009)
Washington | Building Energy Codes Program
Washington Washington Last updated on 2013-11-05 Current News The Washington State Building Code Council recently completed deliberations on adoption and amendment of the 2012 codes. This includes adoption of the 2012 IECC with state amendments. The new codes became effective July 1, 2013. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code State Specific Amendments / Additional State Code Information WA 2012 Nonresidential Codes Approved Compliance Tools Nonresidential Energy Code Compliance Tools Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Effective Date 07/01/2013 Adoption Date 02/01/2013 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: Yes Washington DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Washington State Certification of Commercial and Residential Building Energy Codes
The purpose of this analysis is to design structural foundations for the Generator Pad. The equipment foundation shall be designed in Section 10 using standard foundation design hand calculations. The vertical loads reflect Mechanical/Electrical requirements. Lateral loads will be calculated using applicable codes. The soil bearing and foundation stresses will be analyzed using accepted engineering mechanics. The foundation will be designed using the Strength Design Method.
T. Saltikov
The Woodland Carbon Code
The Woodland Carbon Code While society must continue to make every effort to reduce greenhouse gas a role by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The potential of woodlands to soak up carbon to help compensate for their carbon emissions. But before investing in such projects, people want to know
Coded modulation in the block-fading channel: coding theorems and code construction
We consider coded modulation schemes for the block-fading channel. In the setting where a codeword spans a finite number N of fading degrees of freedom, we show that coded modulations of rate R bit per complex dimension, over a finite signal set ??C ... Keywords: Block-fading channels, bit-interleaved coded modulation, concatenated codes, distance spectrum, diversity, iterative decoding, maximum distance-separable (MDS) codes, maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding, outage probability
A. Guillen i Fabregas; G. Caire
Nebraska | Building Energy Codes Program
Nebraska Nebraska Last updated on 2013-11-04 Current News Nebraska Legislature adopted the 2009 IECC/ASHRAE 90.1-2007. The code became effective August 27, 2011. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC Amendments / Additional State Code Information Cities and counties may adopt codes that differ from the Nebraska Energy Code; however, state law requires the adopted code to be equivalent to the Nebraska Energy Code. For existing buildings, only those renovations that will cost more than 50 percent of the replacement cost of the building must comply with the code. Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Nebraska (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC
Florida | Building Energy Codes Program
Florida Florida Last updated on 2013-11-18 Current News The triennial code change process is currently underway. Florida expects to be equivalent to ASHRAE 90.1-10 and IECC 2012 by early 2014. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code State Specific Amendments / Additional State Code Information N/A Approved Compliance Tools Can use State specific EnergyGauge Summit FlaCom State Specific Research Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Effective Date 03/15/2012 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Florida DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Florida State Certification of Commercial Building Codes Current Code State Specific Amendments / Additional State Code Information Florida Building Code
Summary | Building Energy Codes Program
Summary Summary The impact of energy codes on our future is apparent. From environmental and resource conservation to national security, energy concerns, and our economic challenges, energy codes will continue to be a key component of a sound public policy. For further information on building energy code adoption, compliance, and enforcement, review the ACE toolkits Adoption Compliance Enforcement Popular Links ACE Learning Series ACE Overview Top 10 Reasons for Energy Codes Development of Energy Codes Adoption of Energy Codes Compliance with Energy Codes Enforcement of Energy Codes Going Beyond Code Summary Acronyms and Abbreviations Toolkit Definitions Adoption Toolkit Compliance Toolkit Enforcement Toolkit Contacts Web Site Policies U.S. Department of Energy USA.gov Last Updated: Thursday, January 31, 2013 - 15:19
Coded modulation with Low Density Parity Check codes
This thesis proposes the design of Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for cases where coded modulation is used. We design these codes by extending the idea of Density Evolution (DE) that has been introduced as a powerful tool to analyze LDPC codes. We first discuss methods by which we can design these codes for higher order constellations like 8 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). We present simulation results that are within 0.22 dB and 0.4 dB within the constrained capacity of 8 PSK and 16 QAM constellations respectively in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. In the second part, we investigate serial concatenation of LDPC codes and minimum shift keying (MSK) with iterative decoding. We show that the design of LDPC codes is crucially dependent on the realization of the MSK modulator. For MSK modulators with non-recursive continuous phase encoders (CPEs), optimal codes for BPSK are optimal whereas for MSK modulators with recursive CPEs the BPSK codes are not optimal. We show that for non-recursive CPEs, iterative demodulation and decoding is not required even though the CPE has memory. However, iterative demodulation is essential for recursive CPEs. For recursive CPEs, we design LDPC codes using density evolution and differential evolution by looking at the graph structure of the CPE and considering message passing between both these codes. The resulting codes provide significantly improved performance over the existing codes.
Narayanaswami, Ravi
Erasure Techniques in MRD codes
This book is organized into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic algebraic structures essential to make this book a self contained one. Algebraic linear codes and their basic properties are discussed in chapter two. In chapter three the authors study the basic properties of erasure decoding in maximum rank distance codes. Some decoding techniques about MRD codes are described and discussed in chapter four of this book. Rank distance codes with complementary duals and MRD codes with complementary duals are introduced and their applications are discussed. Chapter five introduces the notion of integer rank distance codes. The final chapter introduces some concatenation techniques.
W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy; Florentin Smarandache; R. Sujatha; R. S. Raja Durai
Building Energy Codes 101: An Introduction | Building Energy Codes Program
Codes 101: An Introduction Codes 101: An Introduction In order to provide a basic introduction to the varied and complex issues associated with building energy codes, the U.S. Department of Energy's Building Energy Codes Program, with valued assistance from the International Codes Council and ASHRAE, has prepared Building Energy Codes 101: An Introduction. This guide is designed to speak to a broad audience with an interest in building energy efficiency, including state energy officials, architects, engineers, designers, and members of the public. Publication Date: Wednesday, February 17, 2010 BECP_Building Energy Codes 101_February2010_v00.pdf Document Details Last Name: Britt Initials: M Affiliation: PNNL Document Number: PNNL-70586 Focus: Adoption Code Development Compliance Building Type:
Compliance with Energy Codes | Building Energy Codes Program
Compliance with Energy Codes Compliance with Energy Codes Energy code compliance must be achieved to realize the considerable benefits inherent in energy codes. BECP supports successful compliance by making no-cost compliance tools, REScheck(tm) and COMcheck(tm), and other resources widely available to everyone. BECP has also developed several resources to help states uniformly assess the rate of compliance with their energy codes for residential and commercial buildings. It is important to note that regardless of the level of enforcement, as a law the building owner/developer is ultimately responsible to comply with the energy code. Compliance will be increased if the adopting agency prepares the building construction community to comply with the energy code and provides resources to code officials to enforce it.
Building Energy Codes Resource Guide: Code Officials Edition
in it FOR ME? DOE's Building Energy Codes Program (www.energycodes.gov) and ICC (www.iccsafe.org) offer many resources for commercial code of cials. Examples in this section...
Hydrogen Production from the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) is a high temperature gas-cooled reactor that will be capable of producing hydrogen, electricity and/or high temperature process heat for industrial use. The project has initiated the conceptual design phase and when completed will demonstrate the viability of hydrogen generation using nuclear produced process heat. This paper explains how industry and the U.S. Government are cooperating to advance nuclear hydrogen technology. It also describes the issues being explored and the results of recent R&D including materials development and testing, thermal-fluids research, and systems analysis. The paper also describes the hydrogen production technologies being considered (including various thermochemical processes and high-temperature electrolysis).
M. Patterson; C. Park
Methane Hydrates Code Comparison
Code Comparison Code Comparison Set-up for Problem 7 (Long-term simulations for Mt Elbert and PBU L- Pad "Like" Deposits) As discussed in the phone conference held on 11/9/2007, it is proposed that Problem 7 be made up of three separate cases: Problem 7a will look at a deposit similar to the Mt Elbert site. Problem 7b will be based on the PBU L-Pad site, and Problem 7c will be a down-dip version of the L-Pad site. In all three cases, a standard set of parameters will be used based on those found in Problem 6 (the history matches to the MDT data). The parameters chosen were consensus values based on the experiences of the various groups in attempting to match the MDT data for the C2 formation at Mount Elbert. Given below are the detailed descriptions of the three problems and the proposed
Status of MARS Code
Status and recent developments of the MARS 14 Monte Carlo code system for simulation of hadronic and electromagnetic cascades in shielding, accelerator and detector components in the energy range from a fraction of an electronvolt up to 100 TeV are described. these include physics models both in strong and electromagnetic interaction sectors, variance reduction techniques, residual dose, geometry, tracking, histograming. MAD-MARS Beam Line Build and Graphical-User Interface.
N.V. Mokhov
This design report describes an up-to-date benchmark thermochemical conversion process that incorporates the latest research from NREL and other sources. Building on a design report published in 2007, NREL and its subcontractor Harris Group Inc. performed a complete review of the process design and economic model for a biomass-to-ethanol process via indirect gasification. The conceptual design presented herein considers the economics of ethanol production, assuming the achievement of internal research targets for 2012 and nth-plant costs and financing. The design features a processing capacity of 2,205 U.S. tons (2,000 metric tonnes) of dry biomass per day and an ethanol yield of 83.8 gallons per dry U.S. ton of feedstock. The ethanol selling price corresponding to this design is $2.05 per gallon in 2007 dollars, assuming a 30-year plant life and 40% equity financing with a 10% internal rate of return and the remaining 60% debt financed at 8% interest. This ethanol selling price corresponds to a gasoline equivalent price of $3.11 per gallon based on the relative volumetric energy contents of ethanol and gasoline.
Dutta, A.; Talmadge, M.; Hensley, J.; Worley, M.; Dudgeon, D.; Barton, D.; Groendijk, P.; Ferrari, D.; Stears, B.; Searcy, E. M.; Wright, C. T.; Hess, J. R.
Solar test of an integrated sodium reflux heat-pipe receiver/reactor for thermochemical energy transport
In October 1987, a chemical reactor integrated into a sodium reflux heat-pipe receiver was tested in the solar furnace at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. The reaction carried out was the carbon dioxide reforming of methane. This reaction is one of the leading candidates for thermochemical energy transport either within a distributed solar receiver system or over long distances. The Schaeffer Solar Furnace consists of a 96 square meter heliostat and a 7.3 meter diameter dish concentrator with a 65-degree rim angle and a 3.5 meter focal length. Measurements have shown a peak concentration ratio of over 10,000 and a total power of 15 kW at an insolation of 800 w/square meter. The receiver/reactor contains seven catalyst-filled tubes inside an evacuated metal box containing sodium. The front surface of this box serves as the solar absorber of the receiver. In operation, concentrated sunlight heats the 1/8-inch Inconel plate and vaporizes sodium from the wire-mesh wick attached to the back of it. The sodium vapor condenses on the reactor tubes, releases its latent heat, and returns by gravity to the wick. Test results and areas for future development are discussed.
Diver, R.B.; Fish, J.D.; Levitan, R.; Levy, M.; Rosin, H.; Richardson, J.T.
Minnesota | Building Energy Codes Program
Minnesota Minnesota Last updated on 2013-06-03 Current News The 2009 editions of the International Residential Code (IRC), International Building Code (IBC), and International Fire Code (IFC) will be published soon and the Construction Codes and Licensing Division and the State Fire Marshal Division have been discussing this adoption. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information Commercial Energy Code Approved Compliance Tools Compliance forms can be downloaded from ASHRAE State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Minnesota (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Less energy efficient than ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Effective Date 06/01/2009
News | Building Energy Codes Program
News News A variety of resources and news from BECP, states, and other news sources are available for anyone interested in learning more about building energy codes. This includes newsletters, articles, links and more. To receive BECP News and other updates from the Building Energy Codes Program via email, join our mailing list. Featured Codes News DOE Activities and Methodology for Assessing Compliance With Building Energy Codes RFI Mayors Urge Cities to Strengthen Energy Code AZ Legislature Preserves Local Control of Building Energy Efficiency Codes Washington State Home Builders Lead the Nation in Energy Code Compliance Mississippi Invests in Future Growth With Adoption of Best-in-Class Energy Efficiency Legislation Energy 2030 Report Calls for Stricter Energy Building Codes
Michigan | Building Energy Codes Program
Michigan Michigan Last updated on 2013-06-03 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information 2009 Commercial MI Uniform Energy Code Rules Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Michigan (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Effective Date 03/09/2011 Adoption Date 11/08/2010 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: No ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Michigan DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Current Code 2009 IECC with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information 2009 Residential MI Uniform Energy Code Rules Approved Compliance Tools Can use REScheck
Georgia | Building Energy Codes Program
Georgia Georgia Last updated on 2013-07-18 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information GA Amendments Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck Must choose ASHRAE 90.1-2007 as code option. State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Georgia (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC Effective Date 01/01/2011 Adoption Date 11/03/2010 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Georgia State Certification of Commercial and Residential Building Codes Extension Request Current Code 2009 IECC with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information GA Amendments Approved Compliance Tools Can use REScheck
Nevada Energy Code for Buildings
Matlab-Kinect Interface Code
This .zip file contains code and installation instructions for acquiring 3d arm movements in Matlab using the Microsoft Kinect 3d camera. The provided code has been validated in 32-bit and 64-bit Matlab with 32-bit and ...
Kowalski, Kevin
Code Completion From Abbreviated Input
Abbreviation Completion is a novel technique to improve the efficiency of code-writing by supporting code completion of multiple keywords based on non-predefined abbreviated input - a different approach from conventional ...
Miller, Robert C.
Theoretical Atomic Physics code development IV: LINES, A code for computing atomic line spectra
A new computer program, LINES, has been developed for simulating atomic line emission and absorption spectra using the accurate fine structure energy levels and transition strengths calculated by the (CATS) Cowan Atomic Structure code. Population distributions for the ion stages are obtained in LINES by using the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) model. LINES is also useful for displaying the pertinent atomic data generated by CATS. This report describes the use of LINES. Both CATS and LINES are part of the Theoretical Atomic PhysicS (TAPS) code development effort at Los Alamos. 11 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Abdallah, J. Jr.; Clark, R.E.H.
2009 Solar Decathlon Building Code
BUILDING CODE Last Updated: September 29, 2008 2009 Solar Decathlon Building Code i September 29, 2008 Contents Section 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Section 2. Adopted Codes ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Section 3. Building Planning and Construction .............................................................................................................. 1 3-1. Fire Protection and Prevention ................................................................................................................................. 1
Code for Hydrogen Hydrogen Pipeline
#12;2 Code for Hydrogen Pipelines Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop Augusta, Georgia August development · Charge from BPTCS to B31 Standards Committee for Hydrogen Piping/Pipeline code development · B31.12 Status & Structure · Hydrogen Pipeline issues · Research Needs · Where Do We Go From Here? #12;4 Code
Coded output support vector machine
The authors propose a coded output support vector machine (COSVM) by introducing the idea of information coding to solve multi-class classification problems for large-scale datasets. The COSVM is built based on the support vector regression (SVR) machine ... Keywords: coded output, multi-class classification, number system, parallel implementation, support vector machine (SVM)
Tao Ye; Xuefeng Zhu
Representations of finite element tensors via automated code generation
.71 856736 0.17 p = 2, q = 4 54300 4.36 337692 1.01 2058876 0.23 p = 3, q = 1 3044 0.36 30236 0.16 379964 0.02 p = 3, q = 2 12488 0.92 126368 0.26 1370576 0.03 p = 3, q = 3 36664 1.73 391552 0.37 4034704 0.05 p = 3, q = 4 92828 2.55 950012 0.49 9566012 0.06 p... = 3 950 8.26 6800 1.73 42998 0.39 251876 0.10 p = 2, q = 4 2457 10.10 15987 2.15 95247 0.48 585567 0.10 p = 3, q = 1 181 2.44 1715 1.02 20991 0.16 218767 0.03 p = 3, q = 2 550 3.78 6992 0.78 73596 0.11 754084 0.02 p = 3, q = 3 1910 4.21 20100 0...
Generating DNA code word for DNA computing with realtime PCR
A number of DNA computing models to solve mathematical graph problem such as the Hamiltonian Path Problem (HPP), Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), and the Shortest Path Problem (SPP) have been proposed and demonstrated. Normally, the DNA sequences used ... Keywords: DNA computing, TaqMan probes, real-time PCR
Muhammad Faiz Mohamed Saaid; Zuwairie Ibrahim; Nor Haniza Sarmin
Development | Building Energy Codes Program
Printable Version Printable Version Development Commercial Residential Adoption Compliance Regulations Resource Center Development The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supports and participates in the model building energy code development processes administered by the ASHRAE and the International Code Council (ICC). DOE activities include developing and submitting code change proposals, conducting analysis of building energy efficiency and cost savings, and formulating underlying evaluation methodologies. Through participation in model energy code development for both commercial and residential buildings, DOE strives to make cost-effective, energy efficient upgrades to current model codes. DOE also establishes energy efficiency standards for federal buildings and manufactured housing. Further information on this process is defined under
Distributed Generation
Untapped Value of Backup Generation Untapped Value of Backup Generation While new guidelines and regulations such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1547 have come a long way in addressing interconnection standards for distributed generation, utilities have largely overlooked the untapped potential of these resources. Under certain conditions, these units (primarily backup generators) represent a significant source of power that can deliver utility services at lower costs than traditional centralized solutions. These backup generators exist today in large numbers and provide utilities with another option to reduce peak load, relieve transmission congestion, and improve power reliability. Backup generation is widely deployed across the United States. Carnegie Mellon's Electricity
Northern Mariana Islands | Building Energy Codes Program
No Code Change Process Legislative Code Change Cycle None Timeline of Cycle None Adoption Process The Building Safety Code was developed through legislative action. The rules and...
Pennsylvania | Building Energy Codes Program
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Last updated on 2013-11-05 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC Amendments / Additional State Code Information Pennsylvania's current code is the 2009 IECC with reference to ASHRAE 90.1-2007. Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Pennsylvania (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC Effective Date 12/31/2009 Adoption Date 12/10/2009 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Pennsylvania DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Pennsylvania State Certification of Commercial and Residential Building Energy Codes Current Code 2009 IECC Amendments / Additional State Code Information Pennsylvania's current residential code is the 2009 IECC, 2009 IRC, Chapter 11, and/or PA-Alt. Adherence to Pennsylvania's Alternative Residential Energy Provisions 2009 is an acceptable means of demonstrating compliance with the energy conservation code requirements of the Uniform Construction Code.
Ohio | Building Energy Codes Program
Ohio Ohio Last updated on 2013-10-21 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC Amendments / Additional State Code Information Ohio's commercial code is the 2009 IECC with a direct reference to ASHRAE 90.1-07. Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Ohio (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC Effective Date 11/01/2011 Adoption Date 03/07/2011 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Ohio DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Ohio State Certification of Commercila and Residential Building Energy Codes Current Code 2009 IECC with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information Effective January 1, 2013 the residential code in Ohio is based on Chapter 11 of the 2009 IRC. It includes the 2009 IECC and state-specific alternative compliance paths. The 2013 Residential Code of Ohio (RCO) contains amendments to allow compliance to be demonstrated in three ways: (1) 2009 IECC; or (2) RCO Sections 1101 through 1104; or RCO Section 1105 ("The Ohio Homebuilder's Association Alternative Energy Code Option").
1.1 Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 2010;" 1.1 Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 2010;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Electricity Components;" " Unit: Million Kilowatthours." " "," " " "," ",,,"Total ","Sales and","Net Demand" "NAICS"," ",,"Transfers ","Onsite","Transfers","for" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Purchases","In(b)","Generation(c)","Offsite","Electricity(d)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",75652,21,5666,347,80993
1.1 Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 2006;" 1.1 Electricity: Components of Net Demand, 2006;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Electricity Components;" " Unit: Million Kilowatthours." " "," " " "," ",,,"Total ","Sales and","Net Demand" "NAICS"," ",,"Transfers ","Onsite","Transfers","for" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Purchases","In(b)","Generation(c)","Offsite","Electricity(d)" ,,"Total United States" 311,"Food",73242,309,4563,111,78003
Kentucky | Building Energy Codes Program
Kentucky Kentucky Last updated on 2013-08-02 Current News Kentucky moves forward with the 2009 IECC by reference in their updated 2007 Kentucky Building Code. 2009 IECC is effective 3/6/2011 with mandatory compliance beginning 6/1/2011. Kentucky residential code was also updated to the 2009 IECC. The code is effective 7/1/2012 with an enforcement date of 10/1/2012. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information Amendments are contained in the latest update to the 2007 Kentucky Building Code. Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Kentucky (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC
Wyoming | Building Energy Codes Program
Wyoming Wyoming Last updated on 2013-06-03 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code None Statewide Amendments / Additional State Code Information The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) Uniform Building Code, which is based on the 1989 Model Energy Code (MEC), may be adopted and enforced by local jurisdictions. Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Wyoming (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Less energy efficient than 2003 IECC Effective Date 08/13/2008 Code Enforcement Voluntary DOE Determination ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007: No ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010: No Wyoming DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Current Code None Statewide
Administrative Code Title 83, Public Utilities (Illinois) | Department of
Administrative Code Title 83, Public Utilities (Illinois) Administrative Code Title 83, Public Utilities (Illinois) Administrative Code Title 83, Public Utilities (Illinois) < Back Eligibility Commercial Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative Transportation Utility Savings Category Alternative Fuel Vehicles Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Buying & Making Electricity Water Home Weatherization Solar Wind Program Info State Illinois Program Type Environmental Regulations Generating Facility Rate-Making Renewables Portfolio Standards and Goals Safety and Operational Guidelines Training/Technical Assistance Provider Illinois Commerce Commission In addition to general rules for utilities, this article states regulations for the protection of underground utilities, promotional practices of electric and gas public utilities construction of electric power and
Foundational development of an advanced nuclear reactor integrated safety code.
This report describes the activities and results of a Sandia LDRD project whose objective was to develop and demonstrate foundational aspects of a next-generation nuclear reactor safety code that leverages advanced computational technology. The project scope was directed towards the systems-level modeling and simulation of an advanced, sodium cooled fast reactor, but the approach developed has a more general applicability. The major accomplishments of the LDRD are centered around the following two activities. (1) The development and testing of LIME, a Lightweight Integrating Multi-physics Environment for coupling codes that is designed to enable both 'legacy' and 'new' physics codes to be combined and strongly coupled using advanced nonlinear solution methods. (2) The development and initial demonstration of BRISC, a prototype next-generation nuclear reactor integrated safety code. BRISC leverages LIME to tightly couple the physics models in several different codes (written in a variety of languages) into one integrated package for simulating accident scenarios in a liquid sodium cooled 'burner' nuclear reactor. Other activities and accomplishments of the LDRD include (a) further development, application and demonstration of the 'non-linear elimination' strategy to enable physics codes that do not provide residuals to be incorporated into LIME, (b) significant extensions of the RIO CFD code capabilities, (c) complex 3D solid modeling and meshing of major fast reactor components and regions, and (d) an approach for multi-physics coupling across non-conformal mesh interfaces.
Clarno, Kevin (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN); Lorber, Alfred Abraham; Pryor, Richard J.; Spotz, William F.; Schmidt, Rodney Cannon; Belcourt, Kenneth (Ktech Corporation, Albuquerque, NM); Hooper, Russell Warren; Humphries, Larry LaRon
Preliminary results from bench-scale testing of a sulfur-iodine thermochemical water-splitting cycle
Portions of a bench-scale model of a sulfur-iodine thermochemical water-splitting cycle have been operated at General Atomic Company as part of a comprehensive program to demonstrate the technology for hydrogen production from nonfossil sources. The hydrogen program is funded by the US Department of Energy, the Gas Research Institute, and General Atomic Company. The bench-scale model consists of three subunits which can be operated separately or together and is capable of producing as much as 4 std liters/min (6.7 x 10/sup -5/ m/sup 3//s at standard conditions) of gaseous hydrogen. One subunit (main solution reaction) reacts liquid water, liquid iodine (I/sub 2/) and gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/) to form two separable liquid phases: 50 wt % sulfuric acid (H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/) and a solution of iodine in hydriodic acid (HI/sub x/). Another subunit (H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ concentration and decomposition) concentrates the H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ phase to the azeotropic composition, then decomposes it at high temperature over a catalyst to form gaseous SO/sub 2/ and oxygen. The third subunit (HI separation and decomposition) separates the HI from water and I/sub 2/ by extractive distillation with phosphoric acid (H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/) and decomposes the HI in the vapor phase over a catalyst to form I/sub 2/ and product hydrogen. This paper presents the results of on-going parametric studies to determine the operating characteristics, performance, and capacity limitations of major components.
O'Keefe, D.; Allen, C.; Besenbruch, G.; McCorkle, K.; Norman, J.; Sharp, R.
A recuperative bayonet reactor design for the high-temperature sulfuric acid decomposition step in sulfur-based thermochemical hydrogen cycles was evaluated using pinch analysis in conjunction with statistical methods. The objective was to establish the minimum energy requirement. Taking hydrogen production via alkaline electrolysis with nuclear power as the benchmark, the acid decomposition step can consume no more than 450 kJ/mol SO{sub 2} for sulfur cycles to be competitive. The lowest value of the minimum heating target, 320.9 kJ/mol SO{sub 2}, was found at the highest pressure (90 bar) and peak process temperature (900 C) considered, and at a feed concentration of 42.5 mol% H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. This should be low enough for a practical water-splitting process, even including the additional energy required to concentrate the acid feed. Lower temperatures consistently gave higher minimum heating targets. The lowest peak process temperature that could meet the 450-kJ/mol SO{sub 2} benchmark was 750 C. If the decomposition reactor were to be heated indirectly by an advanced gas-cooled reactor heat source (50 C temperature difference between primary and secondary coolants, 25 C minimum temperature difference between the secondary coolant and the process), then sulfur cycles using this concept could be competitive with alkaline electrolysis provided the primary heat source temperature is at least 825 C. The bayonet design will not be practical if the (primary heat source) reactor outlet temperature is below 825 C.
Gorensek, M.; Edwards, T.
Experience with advanced nodal codes at YAEC
Yankee Atomic Electric Company (YAEC) has been performing reload licensing analysis since 1969. The basic pressurized water reactor (PWR) methodology involves the use of LEOPARD for cross-section generation, PDQ for radial power distributions and integral control rod worth, and SIMULATE for axial power distributions and differential control rod worth. In 1980, YAEC began performing reload licensing analysis for the Vermont Yankee boiling water reactor (BWR). The basic BWR methodology involves the use of CASMO for cross-section generation and SIMULATE for three-dimensional power distributions. In 1986, YAEC began investigating the use of CASMO-3 for cross-section generation and the advanced nodal code SIMULATE-3 for power distribution analysis. Based on the evaluation, the CASMO-3/SIMULATE-3 methodology satisfied all requirements. After careful consideration, the cost of implementing the new methodology is expected to be offset by reduced computing costs, improved engineering productivity, and fuel-cycle performance gains.
Cacciapouti, R.J.
Building Energy Codes News | Building Energy Codes Program
Building Energy Codes News Building Energy Codes News News Category: National Policy DOE Activities and Methodology for Assessing Compliance With Building Energy Codes RFI Posted: Tuesday, August 6, 2013 On August 6, DOE published an RFI on its methodology for assessing code compliance into the Federal Register. Based on feedback received from the individual state compliance pilot studies in 2011-2012, the RFI seeks input on DOE's methodology and fundamental assumptions from the general public. Read the full article... Source: U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program Energy 2030 Report Calls for Stricter Energy Building Codes Posted: Tuesday, February 12, 2013 The Alliance Commission on National Energy Efficiency Policy aims to double US energy productivity by 2030, and one of its many ways to achieve that
Top 10 Reasons for Energy Codes | Building Energy Codes Program
Top 10 Reasons for Energy Codes Top 10 Reasons for Energy Codes The projected energy savings attributable to energy codes translates into an estimated cumulative savings of 800 million metric tons of carbon dioxide by 2030-that's equivalent to removing 145 million vehicles from our nation's roadways. Here are the top 10 reasons for adopting and implementing energy codes. Today's global energy, economic, and environmental challenges necessitate a U.S. strategy identifying a suite of energy-efficiency-related initiatives that is implemented by the building industry and relevant stakeholders. Energy codes are a core component of that strategy and, in addition, have an impact on other strategies to improve our built environment. Energy Codes... SAVE money and help reduce needless consumption of energy to heat,
Documentation for RISKIN: A risk integration code for MACCS (MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System) output
This document has been prepared as a user's guide for the computer program RISKIN developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The RISKIN code generates integrated risk tables and the weighted mean risk associated with a user-selected set of consequences from up to five output files generated by the MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS). Each MACCS output file can summarize the health and economic consequences resulting from up to 60 distinct severe accident source terms. Since the accident frequency associated with these source terms is not included as a MACCS input parameter a postprocessor is required to derived results that must incorporate accident frequency. The RISKIN code is such a postprocessor. RISKIN will search the MACCS output files for the mean and peak consequence values and the complementary cumulative distributive function (CCDF) tables for each requested consequence. Once obtained, RISKIN combines this data with accident frequency data to produce frequency weighted results. A postprocessor provides RISKIN an interface to the proprietary DISSPLA plot package. The RISKIN code has been written using ANSI Standard FORTRAN 77 to maximize its portability.
Rollstin, J.A. (GRAM, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (USA)); Hong, Kou-John (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA))
Table 11.3 Electricity: Components of Onsite Generation, 2002
3 Electricity: Components of Onsite Generation, 2002;" 3 Electricity: Components of Onsite Generation, 2002;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Onsite-Generation Components;" " Unit: Million Kilowatthours." " "," ",,,"Renewable Energy",," " " "," ",,,"(excluding Wood",,"RSE" "NAICS"," ","Total Onsite",,"and",,"Row" "Code(a)","Subsector and Industry","Generation","Cogeneration(b)","Other Biomass)(c)","Other(d)","Factors" ,,"Total United States" ,"RSE Column Factors:",0.9,0.8,1.1,1.3
BAGIRA - a thermal-hydraulic program complex was primarily developed for using it in nuclear power plant simulator models, but is also used as a best-estimate analytical tool for modeling two-phase mixture flows. The code models allow consideration of phase transients and the treatment of the hydrodynamic behavior of boiling and pressurized water reactor circuits. It provides the capability to explicitly model three-dimensional flow regimes in various regions of the primary and secondary circuits such as, the mixing regions, circular downcomer, pressurizer, reactor core, main primary loops, the steam generators, the separator-reheaters. In addition, it is coupled to a severe-accident module allowing the analysis of core degradation and fuel damage behavior. Section II will present the theoretical basis for development and selected results are presented in Section III. The primary use for the code complex is to realistically model reactor core behavior in power plant simulators providing enhanced training tools for plant operators.
Optimizing Extender Code for NCSX Analyses
Extender is a parallel C++ code for calculating the magnetic field in the vacuum region of a stellarator. The code was optimized for speed and augmented with tools to maintain a specialized NetCDF database. Two parallel algorithms were examined. An even-block work-distribution scheme was comparable in performance to a master-slave scheme. Large speedup factors were achieved by representing the plasma surface with a spline rather than Fourier series. The accuracy of this representation and the resulting calculations relied on the density of the spline mesh. The Fortran 90 module db access was written to make it easy to store Extender output in a manageable database. New or updated data can be added to existing databases. A generalized PBS job script handles the generation of a database from scratch
M. Richman, S. Ethier, and N. Pomphrey
Commercial Codes and Standards | Building Energy Codes Program
(or non-residential) buildings, in the context of building energy codes and standards, are all buildings other than low-rise residential buildings, including multi-family...
Network Coded Transmission of Fountain Codes over Cooperative Relay Networks
In this paper, a transmission strategy of fountain codes over cooperative relay networks is proposed. When more than one relay nodes are available, we apply network coding to fountain-coded packets. By doing this, partial information is made available to the destination node about the upcoming message block. It is therefore able to reduce the required number of transmissions over erasure channels, hence increasing the effective throughput. Its application to wireless channels with Rayleigh fading and AWGN noise is also analysed, whereby the role of analogue network coding and optimal weight selection is demonstrated.
Kurniawan, E; Yen, K; Chong, K F E
Building Energy Code Resource Guide: Code Officials Edition ...
includes practical plan review and inspection resources, including the U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program's REScheck(tm) and COMcheck(tm) quick reference...
About Building Energy Codes | Building Energy Codes Program
buildings account for approximately 41% of all energy consumption and 72% of electricity usage. Building energy codes increase energy efficiency in buildings, resulting in...
Very High Efficiency Reactor (VHER) Concepts for Electrical Power Generation and Hydrogen Production
The goal of the Very High Efficiency Reactor study was to develop and analyze concepts for the next generation of nuclear power reactors. The next generation power reactor should be cost effective compared to current power generation plant, passively safe, and proliferation-resistant. High-temperature reactor systems allow higher electrical generating efficiencies and high-temperature process heat applications, such as thermo-chemical hydrogen production. The study focused on three concepts; one using molten salt coolant with a prismatic fuel-element geometry, the other two using high-pressure helium coolant with a prismatic fuel-element geometry and a fuel-pebble element design. Peak operating temperatures, passive-safety, decay heat removal, criticality, burnup, reactivity coefficients, and material issues were analyzed to determine the technical feasibility of each concept.
Building Energy Code | Department of Energy
Building Energy Code Building Energy Code Eligibility Commercial Residential Savings For Heating & Cooling Home Weatherization Construction Commercial Weatherization Commercial...
Code Building Energy Code Eligibility Commercial Residential Savings For Heating & Cooling Home Weatherization Construction Commercial Weatherization Commercial Heating & Cooling...
Progress in the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory program to develop thermochemical processes for hydrogen production. [Oxide-sulfate cycles; sulfuric acid cycles; bromide-sulfate cycles; sulfuric acid-sulfur cycles; hybrid cycles
The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Program to develop thermochemical processes for hydrogen production is based on attempts to develop criteria required of an ideal process and to search for types of thermochemical cycles that approximate these criteria. The advantages of reactions with large entropy changes have been demonstrated. The necessity for experimental verification of conceptual cycles has become apparent from the program. This necessity has been stressed in the paper. It should be emphasized that any comparison of conceptual cycles or of engineering or cost analyses must eventually be based on real, rather than assumed, data. (auth)
Arkansas | Building Energy Codes Program
Arkansas Arkansas Last updated on 2013-12-10 Current News ASHRAE 90.1-2007 became the effective commercial code in Arkansas on January 1, 2013. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information Arkansas Supplements and Amendments Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Arkansas Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Effective Date 01/01/2013 Adoption Date 01/13/2012 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010: No Energy cost savings for Arkansas resulting from the state updating its commercial and residential building energy codes in accordance with federal law are significant, estimated to be on the order of nearly $100 million annually by 2030.
Delaware | Building Energy Codes Program
Site Map Printable Version Development Adoption Adoption Process State Technical Assistance Status of State Energy Code Adoption Compliance Regulations Resource Center Delaware Last updated on 2013-08-02 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information Agriculture structures are excluded. Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Delaware (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC Effective Date 07/01/2010 Adoption Date 07/29/2009 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Delaware DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Delaware State Certification of Commercial and Residential Building Energy Codes
Utah | Building Energy Codes Program
compliance with the energy code requirements. The Division of Facilities Construction Management is responsible for enforcement for all state-owned or -funded buildings....
SEAMOPT - Stirling engine optimization code
Experience is described with use of a fast-running Stirling engine optimization code developed at Argonne intended for public release. Stirling engine modeling is provided by the SEAM1 thermodynamic code. An interface was written to combine SEAM1 with a general optimization code and assess maximum component stress levels. Thus full engine thermodynamic and structural simulation is done during the optimization process. Several examples of the use of this code to optimize the GPU-3 engine are described. In one case efficiency was improved by over 25%.
Heames, T.J.; Daley, J.G.
CQ - Code selection through query.
??This thesis proposes a query language for code selection. It is designed to work on virtual machine based languages and is intended to be used� (more)
Hydrogen Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Citations (Brochure), NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center (EERE)
Hydrogen Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Citations Hydrogen Vehicle and Infrastructure Codes and Standards Citations This document lists codes and standards typically used for U.S. hydrogen vehicle and infrastructure projects. To determine which codes and standards apply to a specific project, identify the codes and standards currently in effect within the jurisdiction where the project will be located. Some jurisdictions also have unique ordinances or regulations that could apply. Learn about codes and standards basics at www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/codes_standards_basics.html. Find hydrogen vehicle and infrastructure codes and standards in these categories: * Annual Inspections and Approvals * General Station Requirements * Gaseous Hydrogen Storage, Compression, and Generation Systems * Liquefied Hydrogen Storage Systems
RH-TRU Waste Content Codes (RH-TRUCON)
Washington TRU Solutions LLC
with another option to reduce peak load, relieve transmission congestion, and improve power reliability. Backup generation is widely deployed across the United States. Carnegie...
Bureau of Construction Codes - 2009 Michigan Uniform Energy Code - Commercial
These rules take effect March 9, 2011 (By authority conferred on the director of the department of energy, labor, and economic growth by section 4 of 1972 PA 230, MCL 125.1504, and Executive Reorganization Order Nos. 2003-1 and 2008-20, MCL 445.2011 and MCL 445.2025) R 408.31087, R 408.31088, R 408.31089, and R 408.31090 of the Michigan Administrative Code are amended and R 408.31087a is added to the code as follows: PART 10a MICHIGAN UNIFORM ENERGY CODE R 408.31087 Applicable code. Rule 1087. Rules governing the energy efficiency for the design and construction of buildings and structures, not including residential buildings, shall be those contained in the international energy conservation code, 2009 edition, section 501.1 and the ASHRAE
Thermochemical and kinetic aspects of the sulfurization of Cu-Sb and Cu-Bi thin films
CuSbS{sub 2} and Cu{sub 3}BiS{sub 3} are being investigated as part of a search for new absorber materials for photovoltaic devices. Thin films of these chalcogenides were produced by conversion of stacked and co-electroplated metal precursor layers in the presence of elemental sulfur vapour. Ex-situ XRD and SEM/EDS analyses of the processed samples were employed to study the reaction sequence with the aim of achieving compact layer morphologies. A new 'Time-Temperature-Reaction' (TTR) diagram and modified Pilling-Bedworth coefficients have been introduced for the description and interpretation of the reaction kinetics. For equal processing times, the minimum temperature required for CuSbS{sub 2} to appear is substantially lower than for Cu{sub 3}BiS{sub 3}, suggesting that interdiffusion across the interfaces between the binary sulfides is a key step in the formation of the ternary compounds. The effects of the heating rate and sulfur partial pressure on the phase evolution as well as the potential losses of Sb and Bi during the processes have been investigated experimentally and the results related to the equilibrium pressure diagrams obtained via thermochemical computation. - Graphical Abstract: Example of 3D plot showing the equilibrium pressure surfaces of species potentially escaping from chalcogenide films as a function of temperature and sulfur partial pressure. Bi{sub (g)}, Bi{sub 2(g)}, and BiS{sub (g)} are the gaseous species in equilibrium with solid Bi{sub 2}S{sub 3(s)} considered in this specific example. The pressure threshold plane corresponds to the pressure limit above which the elemental losses from 1 {mu}m thick films exceeds 10% of the original content per cm{sup 2} area of film and dm{sup 3} capacity of sulfurization furnace under static atmosphere conditions. The sulfurization temperature/sulfur partial pressure boundaries required to minimise the elemental losses below a given value can be easily read from the 2D projection of the intersection curves into the T-p{sub S2} plane. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Triangle Sulfurization of Sb-Cu and Bi-Cu metal precursors for thin film PV applications. Black-Right-Pointing-Triangle Kinetics shows the rate determining step to be the interdiffusion of binary sulfides. Black-Right-Pointing-Triangle Phase evolution is consistent with Pilling-Bedworth coefficients of Cu, Sb and Bi. Black-Right-Pointing-Triangle Elemental losses can be minimised via the use of equilibrium pressure diagrams.
Colombara, Diego, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY (United Kingdom); Peter, Laurence M. [Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY (United Kingdom); Rogers, Keith D.; Hutchings, Kyle [Centre for Materials Science and Engineering, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA (United Kingdom)
Louisiana | Building Energy Codes Program
Louisiana Louisiana Last updated on 2013-08-02 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Amendments / Additional State Code Information N/A Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Louisiana (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Effective Date 07/20/2011 Adoption Date 07/20/2011 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Louisiana DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Louisiana State Certification of Commercial and Residential Building Energy Codes Current Code 2006 IRC Amendments / Additional State Code Information Louisiana's current residential code is the 2006 IRC with direct reference to the 2006 IECC. All AC duct insulation is R6 instead of R8 and to include Section R301.2.1.1 of the 2003 edition of the IRC in lieu of Section R301.2.1.1 of the 2006 edition.
Signal compression by subband coding
This is a survey/tutorial paper on data compression using the technique of subband coding. This is widely used in practice, for example, in the MPEG audio coder. A subband coder has two main components: a filter bank that decomposes the source into components, ... Keywords: Compression, Filter banks, Subband coding
Bruce Francis; Soura Dasgupta
Massachusetts | Building Energy Codes Program
Massachusetts Massachusetts Last updated on 2013-11-04 Current News The BBRS voted to adopt the 2012 IECC and ASHRAE 90.1-2010 on July 9, 2013. They will be phased in over an extended concurrency period, and is expected to become the sole effective baseline energy code on July 1, 2014. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC with Amendments Amendments / Additional State Code Information 13.0 Energy Conservation- 2009 IECC Approved Compliance Tools State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Massachusetts (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC Effective Date 07/01/2010 Adoption Date 01/01/2010 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: Yes
Viewpoint: the energy code tempest
In 1973, the organization of state building code officials asked the National Bureau of Standards for guidelines on energy conservation to be incorporated into state building codes. Prescriptive codes on the proper approach became quite controversial. One group advocated a prescriptive type of code under which all building components influencing energy consumption would be individually specified. A second group favored an overall energy consumption budget for buildings expressed in Btu/sq ft of floor area/yr. Then it was conceded that different buildings required different specifications. This article illustrates some specific examples of why building codes to conserve energy must permit a trade-off between the various components of a building. (MCW)
Ashley, J.M.
Tennessee | Building Energy Codes Program
Tennessee Tennessee Last updated on 2013-08-02 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2006 IECC Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Tennessee (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2006 IECC Effective Date 07/01/2011 Adoption Date 06/02/2011 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: No ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Tennessee DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013 Tennessee State Certification of Commercial and Residential Building Energy Codes Current Code 2006 IECC Approved Compliance Tools Can use REScheck State Specific Research Impacts of the 2009 IECC for Residential Buildings in the State of Tennessee (BECP Report, Sept. 2009)
ALOHA Code | Department of Energy
ALOHA Code ALOHA Code ALOHA Code Central Registry Toolbox Code Version(s): V5.2.3 Code Owner: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Description: The Arial Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) is atmospheric dispersion model maintained by the Hazardous Materials Division of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). ALOHA is one of three separate, integrated software applications in the Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO) suite. While the other two software applications: Cameo is primarily a database application and Marplot is the mapping application. ALOHA is used primarily for the evaluations of the consequences of atmospheric releases of chemical species. In addition to safety analysis applications in the Department of Energy (DOE) Complex, ALOHA is applied
Alaska | Building Energy Codes Program
Site Map Printable Version Development Adoption Compliance Regulations Resource Center Alaska Last updated on 2013-12-10 Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code None Statewide Amendments / Additional State Code Information N/A Approved Compliance Tools State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Alaska (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Effective Date Code Enforcement DOE Determination ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007: No ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010: No Energy cost savings for Alaska resulting from the state updating its commercial and residential building energy codes in accordance with federal law are significant, estimated to be on the order of nearly $50 million annually by 2030. Alaska DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013
Virginia | Building Energy Codes Program
Virginia Virginia Last updated on 2013-11-05 Current News BHCD/DHCD workgroups are currently meeting over the next 12+ months for the 2012 USBC/IECC regulatory process, with an anticipated effective date in early 2014. Commercial Residential Code Change Current Code 2009 IECC Amendments / Additional State Code Information Virginia's current code is the 2009 IECC with reference to ASHRAE 90.1-2007. Approved Compliance Tools Can use COMcheck State Specific Research Impacts of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings in the State of Virginia (BECP Report, Sept. 2009) Approximate Energy Efficiency Equivalent to 2009 IECC Effective Date 03/01/2011 Adoption Date 07/26/2010 Code Enforcement Mandatory DOE Determination ASHRAE 90.1-2007: Yes ASHRAE 90.1-2010: No Virginia DOE Determination Letter, May 31, 2013
Layered Wyner-Ziv video coding: a new approach to video compression and delivery
Following recent theoretical works on successive Wyner-Ziv coding, we propose a practical layered Wyner-Ziv video coder using the DCT, nested scalar quantiza- tion, and irregular LDPC code based Slepian-Wolf coding (or lossless source coding with side information at the decoder). Our main novelty is to use the base layer of a standard scalable video coder (e.g., MPEG-4/H.26L FGS or H.263+) as the decoder side information and perform layered Wyner-Ziv coding for quality enhance- ment. Similar to FGS coding, there is no performance di�erence between layered and monolithic Wyner-Ziv coding when the enhancement bitstream is generated in our proposed coder. Using an H.26L coded version as the base layer, experiments indicate that Wyner-Ziv coding gives slightly worse performance than FGS coding when the channel (for both the base and enhancement layers) is noiseless. However, when the channel is noisy, extensive simulations of video transmission over wireless networks conforming to the CDMA2000 1X standard show that H.26L base layer coding plus Wyner-Ziv enhancement layer coding are more robust against channel errors than H.26L FGS coding. These results demonstrate that layered Wyner-Ziv video coding is a promising new technique for video streaming over wireless networks. For scalable video transmission over the Internet and 3G wireless networks, we propose a system for receiver-driven layered multicast based on layered Wyner-Ziv video coding and digital fountain coding. Digital fountain codes are near-capacity erasure codes that are ideally suited for multicast applications because of their rate- less property. By combining an error-resilient Wyner-Ziv video coder and rateless fountain codes, our system allows reliable multicast of high-quality video to an arbi- trary number of heterogeneous receivers without the requirement of feedback chan- nels. Extending this work on separate source-channel coding, we consider distributed joint source-channel coding by using a single channel code for both video compression (via Slepian-Wolf coding) and packet loss protection. We choose Raptor codes - the best approximation to a digital fountain - and address in detail both encoder and de- coder designs. Simulation results show that, compared to one separate design using Slepian-Wolf compression plus erasure protection and another based on FGS coding plus erasure protection, the proposed joint design provides better video quality at the same number of transmitted packets.
Xu, Qian
Business Models for Code Compliance | Building Energy Codes Program
Compliance Compliance Site Map Printable Version Development Adoption Compliance Basics Compliance Evaluation Software & Web Tools Regulations Resource Center Business Models for Code Compliance The U.S. Department of Energy is coordinating strategies and activities with companies, individuals, and government entities to demonstrate, quantify, and monetize energy code compliance and coordinate deployment at the local, state, and regional levels. Consumer Assurance through Code Compliance Energy efficiency measures in the buildings sector, if properly realized and captured, provide a tremendous opportunity to reduce energy consumption and expenditures. Yet currently there is a lack of assurance that buildings as designed realize the levels of energy efficiency established in the
RH-TRU Waste Content Codes (RH TRUCON)
Adaptive rate coding using convolutional codes for asynchronous code division multiple access communications over slowly fading channels
This paper presents a method of code rate adaptation using punctured convolutional codes for direct sequence spread spectrum communication systems over slowly fading channels. A blind channel estimation technique is used to estimate the nature of the ... Keywords: Adaptive rate coding, Asynchronous code division multiple access communication systems, Punctured convolutional codes, Rayleigh/Rician fading channels
Vidhyacharan Bhaskar; Laurie L. Joiner
Adaptive line code selection by identification efficiency for RFID systems
RFID passive tags transmit their information by reflecting a reader's continuous wave. The strength of the reflected signal by a tag is very weak. So the signal of tags may be easily corrupted by noise or interference. In EPCglobal Class1 Generation2, ... Keywords: RFID, anti-collision, line code
Jongho Park; Jaeyoung Lee; Heesun Han; Tae-Jin Lee
Compliance Compliance Regulations Resource Center About Building Energy Codes U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector (2011) Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration's Electric Power Annual, U.S. residential and commercial buildings account for approximately 41% of all energy consumption and 72% of electricity usage. Building energy codes increase energy efficiency in buildings, resulting in significant cost savings in both the private and public sectors of the U.S. economy. Efficient buildings reduce power demand and have less of an environmental impact. The Purpose of Building Energy Codes Energy codes and standards set minimum efficiency requirements for new and renovated buildings, assuring reductions in energy use and emissions over
Code Booster: Award-winning research on code optimization explores...
make a popular scientific analysis code run smoothly on different types of multicore computers. >> Read the full article (off-site link) About NERSC and Berkeley Lab The National...
Development of Energy Codes | Building Energy Codes Program
Development of Energy Codes Both the IECC and ASHRAE Standard 90.1 are maintained and updated in open public forums. The openness and transparency of these processes is critical to...
Surface code implementation of block code state distillation
State distillation is the process of taking a number of imperfect copies of a particular quantum state and producing fewer better copies. Until recently, the lowest overhead method of distilling states |A>=(|0>+e^{i\\pi/4}|1>)/\\sqrt{2} produced a single improved |A> state given 15 input copies. New block code state distillation methods can produce k improved |A> states given 3k+8 input copies, potentially significantly reducing the overhead associated with state distillation. We construct an explicit surface code implementation of block code state distillation and quantitatively compare the overhead of this approach to the old. We find that, using the best available techniques, for parameters of practical interest, block code state distillation does not always lead to lower overhead, and, when it does, the overhead reduction is typically less than a factor of three.
Austin G. Fowler; Simon J. Devitt; Cody Jones
Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes
Building Energy Codes Building Energy Codes Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes to someone by E-mail Share Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes on Facebook Tweet about Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes on Twitter Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes on Google Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes on Delicious Rank Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes on Digg Find More places to share Building Technologies Office: Advancing Building Energy Codes on AddThis.com... Popular Links Success Stories Previous Next Lighten Energy Loads with System Design. Warming Up to Pump Heat.
Building Energy Code | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Code Code Jump to: navigation, search Building energy codes adopted by states (and some local governments) require commercial and/or residential construction to adhere to certain energy standards. While some governmental bodies have developed their own building energy codes, many use existing codes, such as the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), developed and published by the International Code Council (ICC); or ASHRAE 90.1, developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). A few local building energy codes require certain commercial facilities to meet green building standards. [1] Building Energy Code Incentives CSV (rows 1 - 85) Incentive Incentive Type Place Applicable Sector Eligible Technologies Active
Aspen Code Development Collaboration
Wyoming has a wealth of primary energy resources in the forms of coal, natural gas, wind, uranium, and oil shale. Most of Wyoming?s coal and gas resources are exported from the state in unprocessed form rather than as refined higher value products. Wyoming?s leadership recognizes the opportunity to broaden the state?s economic base energy resources to make value-added products such as synthetic vehicle fuels and commodity chemicals. Producing these higher value products in an environmentally responsible manner can benefit from the use of clean energy technologies including Wyoming?s abundant wind energy and nuclear energy such as new generation small modular reactors including the high temperature gas-cooled reactors.
none,; Cherry, Robert S. [INL] INL; Richard, Boardman D. [INL] INL
Building Energy Codes Survey Tool
Codes Program Codes Program Building Energy Codes Survey Tool The following surveys are available: No available surveys Please contact ( email@example.com ) for further assistance. English Albanian Arabic Basque Belarusian Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional; Hong Kong) Chinese (Traditional; Taiwan) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch Dutch Informal English Estonian Finnish French Galician German German informal Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Italian (formal) Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Maltese Norwegian (Bokmal) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Persian Polish Portuguese Portuguese (Brazilian) Punjabi Romanian Russian Serbian Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Spanish Spanish (Mexico) Swedish Thai Turkish Urdu Vietnamese Welsh
Residential Fan Efficiency Residential Fan Efficiency 2012 IECC Over the past several code cycles, mechanical ventilation requirements have been added to ensure adequate outside air is provided for ventilation whenever residences are occupied. These ventilation requirements can be found in the International Residential Code for homes and the International Mechanical Code for dwelling units in multifamily buildings. As a result of the new ventilation requirements, fans designated for whole-house ventilation will have many more operating hours than bathroom or kitchen exhaust fans that are temporarily operated to remove local humidity or odors. Earlier ventilation practices relied on infiltration or operable windows as the primary source of ventilation air. Homes and
State building energy codes status
This document contains the State Building Energy Codes Status prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830 and dated September 1996. The U.S. Department of Energy`s Office of Codes and Standards has developed this document to provide an information resource for individuals interested in energy efficiency of buildings and the relevant building energy codes in each state and U.S. territory. This is considered to be an evolving document and will be updated twice a year. In addition, special state updates will be issued as warranted.
DOE Patents Database - Widget Code
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