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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Incident Solar Radiation over Europe Estimated from METEOSAT Data
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Daily sums of the downward solar radiation, i.e., the global radiation, have been computed from imaging data of reflected solar and emitted infrared radiation which were measured from the geostationary satellites METEOSAT I and II during the ...
Werner M�ser; Ehrhard Raschke
A Simple Physical Model to Estimate Incident Solar Radiation at the Surface from GOES Satellite Data
We present a model designed to estimate the incident solar radiation at the suface from GOES satellite brightness measurements in clear and cloudy conditions. In this simple physical model, the effect of Rayleigh scattering is taken into account. ...
Catherine Gautier; Georges Diak; Serge Masse
Radiation Incident on Tilted Collectors
For solar energy system design purposes, observations of solar radiation on a horizontal surface must be converted to values on a tilted energy collector. An empirical conversion relationship, introduced by Liu and Jordan (1960) and based on ...
P. J. Robinson
Solar radiation resource assessment
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
The bulletin discusses the following: introduction; Why is solar radiation resource assessment important Understanding the basics; the solar radiation resource assessment project; and future activities.
Not Available
VII. SOLAR RADIATION DATA COMPARISONS In this section some of the solar radiation data
E-Print Network (OSTI)
18 VII. SOLAR RADIATION DATA COMPARISONS In this section some of the solar radiation data gathered by the UO Solar Monitoring Network is presented in tabular and pictorial form and related to similar information from other Western U.S. sites. A comparison of the amount of incident solar radiation is made us
Oregon, University of
Some Effects of the Yellowstone Fire Smoke Cloud on Incident Solar Irradiance
The influence of the 1988 Yellowstone National Park fire, smoke cloud on incident broadband and spectral solar irradiance was studied using measurements made at the Solar Energy Research Institute's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory, Golden, ...
Roland L. Hulstrom; Thomas L. Stoffel
National Solar Radiation Data Base The National Solar Radiation... Open Energy Info (EERE) National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) is the most comprehensive collection of solar data freely available. The 1991 - 2005 NSRDB contains hourly solar radiation (including...
Open Energy Info (EERE)
National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) is the most comprehensive collection of solar data freely available. The 1991 - 2005 NSRDB contains hourly solar radiation (including...
Solar radiation model validation
Several mathematical models have been developed within the past few years which estimate the solar radiation from other weather variables. Some of these models have been used to generate data bases which are extensively used in the design and analysis of solar system. Three of these solar radiation models have been used in developing the Augmented SOLMET Solar Data Tapes for the 26 SOLMET sites and the 222 ERSATZ Solar Data Tapes. One of the models, a theoretical one, predicts the solar noon radiation for clear sky conditions from the optical air mass, precipitable water vapor and turbidity variables. A second model, an empirical one, predicts the hourly total horizontal radiation from meteorological variables. And, a third model, also an empirical one, predicts the hourly direct normal radiation from the hourly total horizontal radiation. A study of the accuracy of these three solar radiation models is reported here. To assess the accuracy of these models, data were obtained from several US National Weather Service Stations and other sources, used the models to estimate the solar-radiation, and then compared the modeled radiation values with observed radiation values. The results of these comparisons and conclusions regarding the accuracy of the models are presented.
Hall, I.J.; Prairie, R.R.; Anderson, H.E.; Boes, E.C.
Solar radiation modelling
The Sun is the main energy source of the life on the Earth. Thus, solar radiation energy data and models are important for many areas of research and applications. Many parameters influence the amount of solar energy at a particular standing point of ... Keywords: Digital elevation model, Energy of quasiglobal radiation, Meteorology, Shadows, Virtual Sun motion
Klemen Zak�ek; Toma Podobnikar; Kri�tof O�tir
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Capabilities
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Capabilities NREL's solar radiation research staff provides expertise in renewable energy measurement and instrumentation. Major capabilities include solar resource measurement,...
On the Surface Temperature Sensitivity of the Reflected Shortwave, Outgoing Longwave, and Net Incident Radiation
The global-mean top-of-atmosphere incident solar radiation (ISR) minus the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the reflected shortwave radiation (RSW) is the net incident radiation (NET). This study analyzes the global-mean NET sensitivity to a ...
Hartmut H. Aumann; Alexander Ruzmaikin; Ali Behrangi
Solar radiation data manual for buildings
Architects and engineers use solar resource information to help design passive solar and daylighting features for buildings. Solar resource information includes data on how much solar radiation and illuminance are available for different window orientations, and how they vary. This manual provides solar radiation and illuminance values for a horizontal window and four vertical windows (facing north, east, south, and west) for 239 stations in the United States and its territories. The solar radiation values are monthly and yearly averages for the period of 1961--1990. Included are values showing the solar radiation incident on the window and the amount transmitted into the living space, with and without exterior shading of the window. Illuminance values are presented r average dismal profiles for 4 months of the year. In addition to the solar radiation and illuminance data, this manual contains tables listing climatic condition such as average temperature, average daily minimum and maximum temperature, record minimum and maxi mum temperature, average heating and cooling degree days, average humidity ratio, average wind speed, an average clearness index. The solar radiation, illuminance, and climatic data a presented in tables. Data for each station are presented on a single page, and the pages are arranged alphabetically by the state or territory two-letter abbreviation. Within a state or territory, the pages are arranged alp betically by city or island.
Marion, W.; Wilcox, S.
Solar forecasting review
2.1.2 European Solar Radiation Atlas (ESRA)for supplementing solar radiation network data,� FinalEstimating incident solar radiation at the surface from geo-
Inman, Richard Headen
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Facilities
Facilities Facilities Photo of two researchers standing on a platform near a solar tracker at the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory. The Solar Radiation Research Laboratory gathers solar radiation and meteorological data on South Table Mountain. NREL's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) has been collecting continuous measurements of basic solar radiation components since 1981. Since then, it has expanded its expertise to include integrated metrology, optics, electronics, and data acquisition capabilities. In addition, the SRRL provides facilities for outdoor performance testing of new research instrumentation and energy conversion devices such as photovoltaic modules. The SRRL is located on NREL's South Table Mountain site in Golden, Colorado, where it has excellent solar access because of its unrestricted
Boundary conditions for NLTE polarized radiative transfer with incident radiation
Polarized NLTE radiative transfer in the presence of scattering in spectral lines and/or in continua may be cast in a so-called reduced form for six reduced components of the radiation field. In this formalism the six components of the reduced source function are angle-independent quantities. It thus reduces drastically the storage requirement of numerical codes. This approach encounters a fundamental problem when the medium is illuminated by a polarized incident radiation, because there is a priori no way of relating the known (and measurable) Stokes parameters of the incident radiation to boundary conditions for the reduced equations. The origin of this problem is that there is no unique way of deriving the radiation reduced components from its Stokes parameters (only the inverse operation is clearly defined). The method proposed here aims at enabling to work with arbitrary incident radiation field (polarized or unpolarized). In previous works an ad-hoc treatment of the boundary conditions, applying to case...
Faurobert, Marianne; Atanackovic, Olga
NREL: Solar Radiation Research Home Page
NREL's solar radiation research supports industry, government, and academia by providing solar radiation measurements, models, maps, and support services. These resources are used...
The Asymmetry of Global Solar Radiation Around Solar Noon
Using approximately 25 years of rehabilitated global solar radiation measurements, an analysis of the asymmetry of global solar radiation around solar noon was performed for three climatic regions of the United states represented by Miami, ...
R. T. Pinker; L. M. Militana
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Solar Radiation Research Laboratory
Solar Radiation Research Laboratory Photographs Solar Radiation Research Laboratory Photographs The Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) houses more than 70 instruments to analyze and record solar radiation and surface meteorology data. Learn more about this equipment by exploring the photographs below. Click on a thumbnail to view the full image. Photo of researcher working on an instrument platform in front of the SRRL building. The SRRL is located on South Table Mountain in Golden, Colorado, at 39.74° N, 105.18° W, and 1,829 m AMSL. Photo of four researchers working on equipment atop the SRRL instrument deck. The SRRL's instrument deck is 96 ft long and 16 feet wide. Photo of two pyrheliometers mounted to an automatic sun-tracking base. These two SRRL pyrheliometers are mounted to automatically track the sun
. Discussions at the NREL PV reliability workshop in 2011 came to the conclusion that while initial performance as a function of total absorbed solar radiation dose. In a reliability engineering framework, these quantitative and published data, comparisons have been made showing the reduction of solar irradiance incident on the PV
Rollins, Andrew M.
solar radiation | OpenEI
radiation radiation Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Monthly Average Solar Resource for flat-plate collectors tilted at latitude, for Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. (Purpose): Provide information on the solar resource potential for the data domain. The insolation values represent the average solar energy available to a flat plate collector, such as a photovoltaic panel, oriented due south at an angle from horizontal equal to the latitude of the collector location. Source NREL Date Released January 31st, 2004 (10 years ago) Date Updated October 30th, 2007 (7 years ago) Keywords atmospheric water vapor Carribean Central America GEF. latitude tilt GIS Mexico NREL solar solar radiation SWERA TILT UNEP Data application/zip icon Download Shapefile (zip, 241.3 KiB)
Solar radiation absorbing material
DOE Patents (OSTI)
Solar energy absorbing means in solar collectors are provided by a solar selective carbon surface. A solar selective carbon surface is a microporous carbon surface having pores within the range of 0.2 to 2 micrometers. Such a surface is provided in a microporous carbon article by controlling the pore size. A thermally conductive substrate is provided with a solar selective surface by adhering an array of carbon particles in a suitable binder to the substrate, a majority of said particles having diameters within the range of about 0.2-10 microns.
Googin, John M. (Oak Ridge, TN); Schmitt, Charles R. (Oak Ridge, TN); Schreyer, James M. (Oak Ridge, TN); Whitehead, Harlan D. (Clinton, TN)
ORISE: REAC/TS Medical Management of Radiation Incidents
Medical Management of Radiation Incidents As part of its primary mission for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Radiation Emergency Assistance CenterTraining Site (REACTS)...
Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications (Revised...
Revised January 2008 * NRELTP-560-34302 Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications Ibrahim Reda and Afshin Andreas National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole...
Solar radiation management: the governance of research
Solar radiation management: the governance of research #12;convening organisations The cover image, which solar geoengineering interventions would seek to address if ever deemed safe and desirable to deploy. #12;Solar radiation management: the governance of research #12;The Solar Radiation Management
Rambaut, Andrew
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Working with Us
solar technologies into the clean energy market. There are many ways to work with NREL's solar radiation research program. Developing Technology Partnerships NREL offers a variety...
Probing Radiative Solar Neutrinos Decays
Motivated by a pilot experiment conducted by F.Vannucci et al. during a solar eclipse, we work out the geometry governing the radiative decays of solar neutrinos. Surprisingly, although a smaller proportion of the photons can be detected, the case of strongly non-degenerate neutrinos brings better limits in terms of the fundamental couplings. We advocate satellite-based experiments to improve the sensitivity.
Fr�re, J M
Definition: Solar radiation | Open Energy Information
radiation radiation Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Solar radiation Electromagnetic energy emitted from the sun.[1][2][3] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition View on Reegle Reegle Definition Solar radiant energy impinging on the earth in any given region or area. Also Known As Solar energy, Solar resource Related Terms Solar energy, Solar cell, Photovoltaics, PV array, PV module, Passive solar, Passive solar heating, energy, bioenergy References ↑ http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/solar_resources.html ↑ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_glossary.html#S ↑ http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/glossary/gloss_s.html Retrieved f LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. rom "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Solar_radiation&oldid=502602"
Atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation
The attenuation of solar radiation by the atmosphere between the heliostat and receiver of a Central Receiver solar energy system has been computed for a number of atmospheric conditions and tower-heliostat distances. The most important atmospheric variable is found to be the atmospheric aerosol content. No dependence of atmospheric water vapor is found and only a weak dependence on solar zenith angle. For a 500 m heliostat-tower distance two to four percent reductions are expected under typical desert conditions (50 to 120 km visibility). The reduction is approximately linear with heliostat-tower distance. A representative value of the attenuation coefficient is 0.051 km/sup -1/.
Randall, C.M.
Computation of Domain-Averaged Shortwave Irradiance by a One-Dimensional Algorithm Incorporating Correlations between Optical Thickness and Direct Incident Radiation
A one-dimensional radiative transfer algorithm that accounts for correlations between the optical thickness and the incident direct solar radiation is developed to compute the domain-averaged shortwave irradiance profile. It divides the direct ...
Seiji Kato
Selected papers on solar radiation and solar thermal systems
SciTech Connect
This volume contains a collection of reprints that represent the milestone papers in the fields of optical science and engineering. After a section containing historical papers in solar thermal research, the following sections are included: solar radiation; solar thermal power; solar thermal materials; and solar ponds. A total of 57 papers were indexed separately for the data base.
Osborn, D.E. (ed.) (Sacramento Municipal Utility District, CA (United States))
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Solar Radiation Atlas
This atlas provides a record of monthly mean solar radiation generated by a Climatological Solar Radiation model, using quasi-climatological inputs of cloud cover, aerosol optical depth, precipitable water vapor, ozone, surface albedo, and atmospheric pressure.
1991-2005 National Solar Radiation Database
This fact sheet provides an overview of the purpose, benefit, and features of the newly updated National Solar Radiation Database.
Wilcox, S.
Estimation of Incident Photosynthetically Active Radiation from GOES Visible Imagery
Incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is an important parameter for terrestrial ecosystem models. Because of its high temporal resolution, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) observations are very suited to ...
Tao Zheng; Shunlin Liang; Kaicun Wang
Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL)
Renewable Energy Laboratory Renewable Energy Laboratory Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) Instrument Calibrations Weather Observations Measurement Research Support Measurements & Instrumentation Team Center for Electric & Hydrogen Technologies & Systems http://www.nrel.gov/srrl NREL * * * * 1617 Cole Boulevard * * * * Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 * * * * (303) 275-3000 Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Midwest Research Institute * * * * Battelle * * * * Bechtel Mission Provide a unique outdoor research facility for supporting renewable energy conversion technologies and climate change studies for the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE). Objectives * Provide Improved Methods for Radiometer Calibrations * Develop a Solar Resource Climate Database for Golden, Colorado
Diffuse, and Total Solar Radiation," Solar Energy, vol. 4,r Presented at the Solar Radiation workshop of Solar Rising,MEASUREMENTS OF THE DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION D. Grether, D.
Grether, D.
NREL's Concentrated Solar Radiation User Facility
Declared a national user facility in 1993, NREL's Concentrated Solar Radiation User Facility (CSR) allows industry, government, and university researchers to examine the effects and applications of as much as 50,000 suns of concentrated solar radiation using a High-Flux Solar Furnace and long-term exposure using an ultraviolet (UV) concentrator.
Lewandowski, A.
Analysis of the incidence angle of the beam radiation on CPC. [Compound Parabolic Concentrator
Analytic expressions have been derived for the projected incidence angles {var theta}{sub 1} and {var theta}{sub 2} from a two-dimensional compound parabolic concentrator solar collector. For a CPC the fraction of the incident rays on the aperture at angle {var theta}, which reaches the absorber, depends only on the {var theta}{sub 1} angle. In this paper, a mathematical expression for {var theta}{sub 1} and {var theta}{sub t} has been calculated to determine the times at which acceptance of the sun's beam radiation begins and ceases for a CPC consisting of arbitrary orientation.
Pinazo, J.M.; Canada, J.; Arago, F. (Univ. Politecnica de Valencia (Spain))
Analysis of Urban-Rural Solar Radiation Data from St. Louis, Missouri
The results of an analysis of simultaneous measurements of incident solar radiation from six locations in metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri are described. The measurements were taken continuously from September 1975 through March 1977 with ...
James T. Peterson; Thomas L. Stoffel
Seasonal Changes in Solar Radiation and Relative Humidity in Europe in Response to Global Warming
Future seasonal changes in surface incident solar radiation and relative humidity (RH) over Europe and adjacent ocean areas were assessed based on phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) model ensemble. Under the A1B scenario, ...
Kimmo Ruosteenoja; Petri R�is�nen
Ocean Radiant Heating. Part II: Parameterizing Solar Radiation Transmission through the Upper Ocean
Accurate determination of sea surface temperature (SST) is critical to the success of coupled ocean�atmosphere models and the understanding of global climate. To accurately predict SST, both the quantity of solar radiation incident at the sea ...
J. Carter Ohlmann; David A. Siegel
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Metrology Laboratory
Metrology Laboratory Photo of Solar Radiation Research Laboratory researchers inspecting radiometers mounted to calibration tables at the outside test site. Researchers at the...
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Data and Resources
Data and Resources NREL solar radiation research information is available from the following sources. Measurement Measurement and Instrumentation Data Center (MIDC) Provides...
Climate Forcing by Changing Solar Radiation
By how much does changing radiation from the sun influence the earth�s climate, presently and in the recent past, compared with other natural and anthropogenic processes? Current knowledge of the amplitudes and timescales of solar radiative ...
Judith Lean; David Rind
Interim Solar Radiation Data Manual: 30-Year Statistics from the National Solar Radiation Data Base
The 30-year (1961-1990) statistics contained in this document have been derived from the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) produced by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). They outline solar radiation sources, as well as 30-year monthly and annual means of 5 solar radiation elements (three surface and two extraterrestrial) and 12 meteorological elements for 239 locations.
National Solar Radiation Database | Open Energy Information
National Solar Radiation Database National Solar Radiation Database Jump to: navigation, search The National Solar Radiation Database, or NSRDB, describes the amount of solar energy which is available at any location in the United States. It is generated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, with the assistance of many collaborators.[1] Technical Overview Per its user's manual, "The NSRDB is a serially complete collection of hourly values of the three most common measurements of solar radiation (global horizontal, direct normal, and diffuse horizontal) over a period of time adequate to establish means and extremes, and at a sufficient number of locations to represent regional solar radiation climates."[2] There have been two releases of the NSRDB, each covering different time
A Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for Reflection of Solar Radiation
A rapid analytical radiative transfer model for reflection of solar radiation in plane-parallel atmospheres is developed based on the Sobolev approach and the delta function transformation technique. A distinct advantage of this model over ...
X. Xiang; E. A. Smith; C. G. Justus
Spectral solar radiation data base documentation
The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Electric Power Research Institute, Florida Solar Energy Center, and Pacific Gas and Electric Company cooperated to produce a spectral solar radiation data base representing a range of atmospheric conditions. These data will help to characterize the neutral variability in the spectral (color) content to outdoor solar radiation so that the sensitivity of spectrally selective solar devices (such as photovoltaics) to these variations can be studied quantitatively. Volume 1 of this report documents the history, approach, content, and format of the data base; Volume 2 contains graphs and field notes for each of the spectral data sets. The data reside on magnetic tape at SERI.
Riordan, C.J.; Myers, D.R.; Hulstrom, R.L.
Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (Poster)
SunShot Initiative awardee posters describing the different technologies within the four subprograms of the DOE Solar Program (Photovoltaics, Concentrating Solar Power, Soft Costs, and Systems Integration).
Stoffel, T.; Andreas, A.; Reda, I.; Dooraghi, M.; Habte, A.; Kutchenreiter, M.; Wilcox, S.
PAR solar radiation | OpenEI
PAR solar radiation PAR solar radiation Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Mean values of PAR Solar Radiation in kWh/m2/day for 40km cells for 1 year (month, season, year) based on data from 1995 to 2005 (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders Source INPE (National Institute for Spatial Research) and LABSOLAR (Laboratory of Solar Energy/Federal University of Santa Catarina) - Brazil Date Released August 05th, 2009 (5 years ago) Date Updated August 05th, 2009 (5 years ago) Keywords INPE LABSOLAR PAR solar radiation renewable energy South America SWERA UNEP Data application/zip icon Download Shapefile (zip, 977.7 KiB) text/csv icon Download Data (csv, 1.8 MiB)
SERI Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project
The purpose of the Solar Radiation Resource Project is to help meet the needs of the public, government, industry, and utilities for solar radiation data, models, and assessments as required to develop, design, deploy, and operate solar energy conversion systems. The project scientists produce information on the spatial (geographic), temporal (hourly, daily, and seasonal), and spectral (wavelength distribution) variability of solar radiation at different locations in the United States. Resources committed to the project in FY 1990 supported about four staff members, including part-time administrative support. With these resources, the staff must concentrate on solar radiation resource assessment in the United States; funds do not allow for significant efforts to respond to a common need for improved worldwide data. 34 refs., 21 figs., 6 tabs.
Riordan, C.; Maxwell, E.; Stoffel, T.; Rymes, M.; Wilcox, S.
Measuring Solar Spectral and Angle-ofIncidence Effects on Photovoltaic Modules and Solar Irradiance Sensors
Historically, two time-of-day dependent factors have complicated the characterization of photovoltaic module and array performance; namely, changes in the solar spectrum over the day and optical effects in the module that vary with the solar angle-of-incidence. This paper describes straightforward methods for directly measuring the effects of these two factors. Measured results for commercial modules, as well as for typical solar irradiance sensors (pyranometers) are provided. The empirical relationships obtained from the measurements can be used to improve the methods used for system design, verification of performance after installation, and diagnostic monitoring of performance during operation. INTRODUCTION It is common knowledge to people familiar with photovoltaic technology that the electrical current generated by photovoltaic devices is influenced by the spectral distribution (spectrum) of sunlight. It is also commonly understood that the spectral distribution of sunlight vari...
David L. King; Jay A. Kratochvil; William E. Boyson
Improved Atmospheric Solar Radiation Budget Pyranometry
The solar radiation budget is investigated with seven pyranometers. Three of these instruments have horizontally aligned sensors. The sensors of the remaining four instruments are vertically aligned in such a way that their normals point to the ...
Gottfried H�nel; Karin Kastner
Modeling Topographic Solar Radiation Using GOES Data
In this paper the authors present an algorithm that combines solar radiation fields derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) observations with digital elevation data to produce topographically varying insolation ...
R. Dubayah; S. Loechel
NREL North American Solar Radiation Atlas (Presentation)
This presentation is about NREL's North American Solar Radiation Atlas, which currently includes 48 states (Alaska and Hawaii to be added in the future). It discusses the goals of the Atlas which are to: deliver basic solar performance estimates to general users, deliver a wide variety of additional information to more advanced users, be easy to use, full featured, and extensible.
George, R; Gray-Hann, P.
Diffuse solar radiation and associated meteorological
Abstract. Solar diffuse radiation data including global radiation, shortwave and longwave balances, net radiation and sunshine hours have been extensively analyzed to study the variation of diffuse radiation with turbidity and cloud discharges appearing in the form of atmospherics over the tropics. Results of surface radiation measurements at Calcutta, Poona, Delhi and Madras are presented together with some meteorological parameters. The monthly values of diffuse radiation and the monthly ratios of diffuse to global solar radiation have been examined, with a special emphasis in relation to the noise level of atmospherics at Calcutta in the very low frequency band. The results exhibit some definite seasonal changes which appear to be in close agreement with one another. 1
unknown authors
Absorption of solar radiation by solar neutrinos
We calculate the absorption probability of photons radiated from the surface of the Sun by a left-handed neutrino with definite mass and a typical momentum for which we choose |p_1|=0.2 MeV, producing a heavier right-handed antineutrino. Considering two transitions the \
G. Duplancic; P. Minkowski; J. Trampetic
The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Electric Power Research Institute, Florida Solar Energy Center, and Pacific Gas and Electric Company cooperated to produce a spectral solar radiation data base representing a range of atmospheric conditions. These data will help to characterize the natural variability in the spectral (color) content of outdoor solar radiation so that the sensitivity of spectrally selective solar devices (such as photovoltaics) to these variations can be studied quantitatively. Volume I of this report documents the history, approach, content and format of the data base; Volume II contains graphs and field notes for each of the spectral data sets. The data reside on magnetic tape at SERI. 18 refs., 29 figs., 5 tabs.
Riordan, G.J.; Myers, D.R.; Hulstrom, R.L.
Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications (Revised)
This report is a step-by-step procedure for implementing an algorithm to calculate the solar zenith and azimuth angles in the period from the year -2000 to 6000, with uncertainties of ?0.0003/. It is written in a step-by-step format to simplify otherwise complicated steps, with a focus on the sun instead of the planets and stars in general. The algorithm is written in such a way to accommodate solar radiation applications.
Reda, I.; Andreas, A.
OpenEI - solar radiation
monthly and monthly and annual average latitude tilt GIS data at 40km resolution for Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands from NREL http://en.openei.org/datasets/node/500 (Abstract): Monthly Average Solar Resource for flat-plate collectors tilted at latitude, for Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands. (Purpose): Provide information on the solar resource potential for the data domain. The insolation values represent the average solar energy available to a flat plate collector, such as a photovoltaic panel, oriented due south at an angle from horizontal equal to the latitude of the
Short communication: A software component for estimating solar radiation
GSRad (global solar radiation) is a software component containing models to estimate extra-terrestrial and ground-level solar radiation (global and photosynthetically active; direct, diffuse, and reflected components) from alternative methods. Radiation ... Keywords: Atmospheric transmissivity, Component architecture, GSRad, Model extensibility, Solar radiation fractions
M. Donatelli; L. Carlini; G. Bellocchi
Fluctuation of solar radiation in Thailand
Fluctuations in the daily solar radiation are examined in an unbroken 5-yr sequence of measurements at Bangkok, and are also estimated from daily sunshine measurements at Bangkok and 3 other stations in Thailand. Seasonal effects are shown by separate studies for eight 1/sup 1///sub 2/ month periods of the year defined by standard solar declination values. During the dry season in winter and spring the frequency distribution of daily totals of global solar radiation at Bangkok has a peak near 20 MJ m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ and is skewed towards low values. During the wet season in summer and autumn the distribution is more dispersed. Elsewhere the distributions are similar to those at Bangkok. The time series of daily totals of global solar radiation at Bangkok is analysed as a second order random process. The observed annual frequencies of runs of consecutive days with low radiation at Bangkok are given. There are 32.0 isolated days, 9.4 pairs of days, and 3.4 runs of 3 days per year with radiation less than 12.57 MJ m/sup -2/d/sup -1/. These results are adequately described by the second order theory. The runs are most likely to occur in summer and autumn. Elsewhere in Thailand the annual frequencies of the runs and their seasonal distributions are almost the same as at Bangkok, except that in the south the runs are more likely to occur later in the year.
Exell, R.H.B.
A beta regression model for improved solar radiation predictions
Predicting global solar radiation is an integral part of much environmental modeling. There are several approaches for predicting global solar radiation at a site where no instrumentation exists. One popular approach uses the difference between ...
Randall Mullen; Lucy Marshall; Brian McGlynn
Global Solar Radiation Estimation from Relative Sunshine Hours in Italy
We examine the existing measurements of global solar radiation and sunshine duration for Italy, and evaluate the errors made in estimating global solar radiation from sunshine hours measurements. We find that the �ngstrom�Black linear relation in ...
A. Andretta; B. Bartoli; B. Coluzzi; V. Cuomo; M. Francesca; C. Serio
A Beta Regression Model for Improved Solar Radiation Predictions
hourly solar radiation | OpenEI
solar radiation solar radiation Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): A need for predicting hourly global radiation exists for many locations particularly in Bangladesh for which measured values are not available and daily values have to be estimated from sunshine data. The CPRG model has been used to predict values of hourly Gh for Dhaka (23.770N, 90.380E), Chittagong (22.270N, 91.820E) and Bogra (24.850N, 89.370E) for = ±7.50, ±22.50, ±37.50, ±52.50, ±67.50, ±82.50 and ±97.50 i.e., for ±1/2, ±3/2, ±5/2, ±7/2, ±9/2, ±11/2, ±13/2 hours before and after solar noon and the computed values for Source Renewable Energy Research Centre Date Released October 22nd, 2003 (11 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords Bangladesh documentation hourly solar radiation SWERA
Solar radiation observation stations updated to 1979
The type of sensing and recording equipment for 420 stations in the US are listed alphabetically by states. The stations are divided according to whether or not they are in the basic National Weather Service, NOAA, network. Reports of summarized solar radiation data are listed in an appendix. (MHR)
Carter, E.A.; Cristina, J.R.; Williams, B.B.
Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Solar Radiation
Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Solar Radiation The objectives of this Lecture;Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation of this energy is lost to space. The third process in the atmosphere that modifies incoming solar radiation
Krothapalli, Anjaneyulu
Turning collectors for solar radiation
A device is provided for turning a solar collector about the polar axis so that the collector is directed toward the sun as the sun tracks the sky each day. It includes two heat-expansive elements and a shadow plate. In the morning a first expansive element is heated, expands to turn the collector to face the sun, while the second expansive element is shaded by the plate. In the afternoon the second element is heated, expands to turn the collector to face the sun, while the first is shaded by the plate.
Barak, Amitzur Z. (Chicago, IL)
Heat transfer performance of an external receiver pipe under unilateral concentrated solar radiation
The heat transfer and absorption characteristics of an external receiver pipe under unilateral concentrated solar radiation are theoretically investigated. Since the heat loss ratio of the infrared radiation has maximum at moderate energy flux, the heat absorption efficiency will first increase and then decrease with the incident energy flux. The local absorption efficiency will increase with the flow velocity, while the wall temperature drops quickly. Because of the unilateral concentrated solar radiation and different incident angle, the heat transfer is uneven along the circumference. Near the perpendicularly incident region, the wall temperature and absorption efficiency slowly approaches to the maximum, while the absorption efficiency sharply drops near the parallelly incident region. The calculation results show that the heat transfer parameters calculated from the average incident energy flux have a good agreement with the average values of the circumference under different boundary conditions. For the whole pipe with coating of Pyromark, the absorption efficiency of the main region is above 85%, and only the absorption efficiency near the parallelly incident region is below 80%. In general, the absorption efficiency of the whole pipe increases with flow velocity rising and pipe length decreasing, and it approaches to the maximum at optimal concentrated solar flux. (author)
Jianfeng, Lu; Jing, Ding [School of Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Jianping, Yang [Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640 (China)
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Research Staff
Research Staff Research Staff NREL's resource assessment and forecasting research staff provides expertise in renewable energy measurement and instrumentation through NREL's Power Systems Engineering Center. Photo of Mary Anderberg Mary Anderberg - Scientist M.S. Physics, University of Denver B.S. Physics, Auburn University Mary performs solar radiometric data quality analysis for the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program and provides programming support for the resource integration section. She also contributed to the National Solar Radiation Database update. In addition, Mary is the Web administrator of the Renewable Resource Data Center, for which she provides UNIX, C, Perl, and HTML support. Photo of Afshín Andreas Afshín Andreas - Senior Scientist
National Solar Radiation Data Base | OpenEI
Solar Radiation Data Base Solar Radiation Data Base Dataset Summary Description The National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) is the most comprehensive collection of solar data freely available. The 1991 - 2005 NSRDB contains hourly solar radiation (including global, direct, and diffuse) and meteorological data for 1,454 stations. NCDC's Integrated Surface Data (ISD) were the key data source for this effort, with much of the solar data modeled/estimated based on the surface observations. This dataset builds on the 1961-1990 NSRDB, which contains data for 239 stations. These data are extremely useful in estimating solar energy potential across the U.S., and in estimating heating/cooling requirements for buildings based on heat-gain from solar radiation. More information available at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reds/
Shining On: A primer on solar radiation data
This document is a primer on solar radiation data. General uses of solar energy are presented. The manner in which solar radiation data is used to aid engineers in optimizing the use of solar thermal conversion and photovoltaic conversion is discussed. Methods for acquiring and assimilating the solar radiation data are illustrated. This would include the design and use of pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Seasonal and geographical variations in solar flux reaching the earth are evaluated. Other uses of compiled data include the determination of meteorological impacts of atmospheric disturbances such as volcano eruptions.
Dunlap, M.A.; Cook, G. [eds.; Marion, B.; Riordan, C.; Renne, D.
Solar radiation data sources, applications, and network design
A prerequisite to considering solar energy projects is to determine the requirements for information about solar radiation to apply to possible projects. This report offers techniques to help the reader specify requirements in terms of solar radiation data and information currently available, describes the past and present programs to record and present information to be used for most requirements, presents courses of action to help the user meet his needs for information, lists sources of solar radiation data and presents the problems, costs, benefits and responsibilities of programs to acquire additional solar radiation data. Extensive background information is provided about solar radiation data and its use. Specialized information about recording, collecting, processing, storing and disseminating solar radiation data is given. Several Appendices are included which provide reference material for special situations.
Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Solar Radiation The objectives of this section and Engineering Center Sun-Earth Relationships The solar constant, GSC is the energy from the sun, per unit time and Engineering Center Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere #12;Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center
Calibration of solar radiation measuring instruments. Final report
A review of solar radiation measurement of instruments and some types of errors is given; and procedures for calibrating solar radiation measuring instruments are detailed. An appendix contains a description of various agencies who perform calibration of solar instruments and a description of the methods they used at the time this report was prepared. (WHK)
Bahm, R J; Nakos, J C
Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project. Program overview of fiscal year 1993
The mission of the Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project is to provide essential information about the solar radiation resource to users and planners of solar technologies so that they can make informed and timely decisions concerning applications of those technologies. The project team accomplishes this by producing and disseminating relevant and reliable information about solar radiation. Topics include: Variability of solar radiation, measurements of solar radiation, spectral distribution of solar radiation, and assessment of the solar resource. FY 1993 accomplishments are detailed.
The European Solar Radiation Atlas 1 Page J., M. Albuisson, L. Wald, 2001. The European solar radiation atlas: a valuable digital tool. Solar Energy,
radiation atlas: a valuable digital tool. Solar Energy, 71, 81-83, 2001.1 The European Solar Radiation Atlas Author manuscript, published in "Solar Energy 71, 1 (2001) 81-83" DOI : 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00157-2 #12 provided address the four most widely developed solar energy applications using simplified design methods
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Measurements of sky luminance, sky illuminance, and horizontal solar radiation
This paper presents initial findings of a sky measurement program currently in progress at the National Bureau of Standards. Measurements are reported on sky luminance and illuminance and how they relate to horizontal solar radiation and sun position. Correlations are presented relating horizontal illuminance to horizontal solar radiation, and zenith luminance to solar altitude. These empirical models are particularly suitable for use in daylighting energy studies since they are based on existing solar data currently available on standard weather tapes.
Treado, S.; Gillette, G.
High efficiency, radiation-hard solar cells
The direct gap of the In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}N alloy system extends continuously from InN (0.7 eV, in the near IR) to GaN (3.4 eV, in the mid-ultraviolet). This opens the intriguing possibility of using this single ternary alloy system in single or multi-junction (MJ) solar cells of the type used for space-based surveillance satellites. To evaluate the suitability of In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}N as a material for space applications, high quality thin films were grown with molecular beam epitaxy and extensive damage testing with electron, proton, and alpha particle radiation was performed. Using the room temperature photoluminescence intensity as a indirect measure of minority carrier lifetime, it is shown that In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}N retains its optoelectronic properties at radiation damage doses at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than the damage thresholds of the materials (GaAs and GaInP) currently used in high efficiency MJ cells. This indicates that the In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}N is well-suited for the future development of ultra radiation-hard optoelectronics. Critical issues affecting development of solar cells using this material system were addressed. The presence of an electron-rich surface layer in InN and In{sub 1-x}Ga{sub x}N (0 < x < 0.63) was investigated; it was shown that this is a less significant effect at large x. Evidence of p-type activity below the surface in Mg-doped InN was obtained; this is a significant step toward achieving photovoltaic action and, ultimately, a solar cell using this material.
Ager III, J.W.; Walukiewicz, W.
NREL: MIDC/University of Texas Panamerican Solar Radiation Lab...
The Measurement and Instrumentation Data Center collects Irradiance and Meterological data from the University of Texas Panamerican (UTPA) Solar Radiation Lab (SRL)....
Radiation of sound from surfaces at grazing angles of incidence.
??It is difficult to predict the sound radiation from large factory roofs. The existing infinite panel theories of sound insulation are not sufficient when the� (more)
Pavasovic, V
The Medical Aspects of Radiation Incidents, 3rd Edition
Revised - 092513 Page 1 The Radiation Emergency Assistance CenterTraining Site (REACTS) has provided the Department of Energy with expertise related to the medical management...
Estimation and Model Validation of Surface Solar Radiation and Cloud Radiative Forcing Using TOGA COARE Measurements
The Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) radiation measurements in the western Pacific warm pool are used to estimate surface solar radiation budgets and to validate radiation model ...
Ming-Dah Chou; Wenzhong Zhao
Four-Stream Isosector Approximation for Solar Radiative Transfer
For radiative transfer in a thin atmosphere, an analytical four-stream isosector approximation for solar radiative transfer is presented. This approximation method is based on the assumption of four spherical sectors of isotropic intensities. ...
J. Li; J. S. Dobbie
Solar Radiation Absorption due to Water Vapor: Advanced Broadband Parameterizations
Accurate parameterizations for calculating solar radiation absorption in the atmospheric column due to water vapor lines and continuum are proposed for use in broadband shortwave radiative transfer codes. The error in the absorption values is ...
Tatiana A. Tarasova; Boris A. Fomin
INVENTORY OF SOLAR RADIATION/SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ESTIMATORS, MODELS, SITE-SPECIFIC DATA, and Buildings Systems Integration Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory 8 July 2009 SOLAR SYSTEM POTENTIAL/calculators/PVWATTS/version1/ http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/PVWATTS/version2/ Estimates the electrical energy
between Photolytic Aerosols and Solar Radiation
Since the early 70�s chemistry and transport models (ChTMs) have been proposed and improved. Tropospheric ChTMs for trace species are detailed numerical formulations intended to represent the atmospheric system as a whole, accounting for all the individual processes and phenomena that influence climate changes. The development of computer resources and the retrieval of emission inventories and observational data of the species of interest have enhanced the model evolution towards three-dimensional global models that account for more complicated chemical mechanisms, wet and dry deposition phenomena, and interactions and feedback mechanisms between meteorology and atmospheric chemistry. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the sensitivity of the solar radiative field in the atmosphere to absorption and scattering by aerosols. This effort is preliminary to the study of feedback mechanisms between photolytic processes that create and destroy aerosols and the radiation field itself. In this study, a cloud of water-soluble aerosols, randomly distributed in space within hypothetical 1-cm cubes of atmosphere, is generated. A random radius is assigned to each aerosol according to a lognormal size distribution function. The radiative field characterization is analyzed using a Mie scattering code to determine the scattering phase function and the absorption and scattering coefficients of sulfate aerosols, and a Monte Carlo ray-trace code is used to evaluate the radiative exchange. The ultimate goal of the effort is to create a tool to analyze the vertical distribution of absorption by aerosols in order to determine whether or not feedback between photolytic processes and the radiation field needs to be included in a Third Generation Chemistry and Transport model. ii
Mar�a Santa; Mar�a Iruzubieta; Mar�a Santa; Mar�a Iruzubieta
A Study of Fitting the Generalized Lambda Distribution to Solar Radiation Data
The increased interest in the climatology of solar radiation dictates a need for a distribution to fit daily solar radiation totals which tend to have negatively-skewed probability distributions. Even daily mean solar radiation for weekly periods ...
A. �zt�rk; R. F. Dale
FORECASTING SOLAR RADIATION -- PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF AN APPROACH BASED UPON THE NATIONAL, and undertake a preliminary evaluation of, a simple solar radiation forecast model using sky cover predictions experimental product from the United States National Weather Service (NWS) providing gridded forecasted
Perez, Richard R.
Estimation of global solar radiation using ANN over Turkey
The main objective of the present study is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on multi-nonlinear regression (MNLR) method for estimating the monthly mean daily sum global solar radiation at any place of Turkey. For this purpose, ... Keywords: Artificial neural networks, Estimation, Global solar radiation, Stepwise multi-nonlinear regression, Turkey
Muammer Ozgoren; Mehmet Bilgili; Besir Sahin
Improved historical solar radiation gridded data for Australia
An improved blended data method was developed for preparation and generation of solar radiation gridded datasets for SILO; Queensland Government database containing point and gridded daily climate data for Australia from 1890 till present designed for ... Keywords: Gridded datasets, Oktas, Radiometer, Satellite observations, Solar radiation, Sunshine duration
Juliusz Zajaczkowski, Kenneth Wong, John Carter
x Ga x N alloys: a full-solar-spectrum photovoltaic materialto the useful part of the solar spectrum. In fact, current
Spectral Solar Radiation Data Base at NREL
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
*In September 1991 the Solar Energy Research Institute became the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. [Description taken from http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/spectral/
NREL Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project: Status and outlook
This report summarizes the activities and accomplishments of NREL's Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project during fiscal year 1991. Currently, the primary focus of the SRRAP is to produce a 1961--1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base, providing hourly values of global horizontal, diffuse, and direct normal solar radiation at approximately 250 sites around the United States. Because these solar radiation quantities have been measured intermittently at only about 50 of these sites, models were developed and applied to the majority of the stations to provide estimates of these parameters. Although approximately 93% of the data base consists of modeled data this represents a significant improvement over the SOLMET/ERSATZ 1952--1975 data base. The magnitude and importance of this activity are such that the majority of SRRAP human and financial in many other activities, which are reported here. These include the continued maintenance of a solar radiation monitoring network in the southeast United States at six Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU's), the transfer of solar radiation resource assessment technology through a variety of activities, participation in international programs, and the maintenance and operation of NREL's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory. 17 refs.
Renne, D.; Riordan, C.; Maxwell, E.; Stoffel, T.; Marion, B.; Rymes, M.; Wilcox, S.; Myers, D.
An improved multipyranometer array for the measurement of direct and diffuse solar radiation
This thesis describes the development of an improved multipyranometer array (NDA) for the continuous remote measurement of direct and diff-use solar radiation. The NWA described in this thesis is an improvement over previously published MPA studies due to the incorporation of an artificial horizon that prevents reflected ground radiation from striking the tilted sensors, the development of an improved solution scheme for the calculation of the beam and diff-use solar radiation components, and the development of an empirical spectral correction for the photovoltaic-type sensors used in the NWA. In this thesis a description of the NIST-traceable calibration facility is provided and results are presented that compare the NWA predicted beam to beam measurements from a precision normal incidence pyrheliometer.
Munger, Bryce Kirtley
An Improved Multipyranometer Array for the Measurement of Direct and Diffuse Solar Radiation
This thesis describes the development of an improved multipyranometer array (MPA) for the continuous remote measurement of direct and diffuse solar radiation. The MPA described in this thesis is an improvement over previously published MPA studies due to the incorporation of an artificial horizon that prevents reflected ground radiation from striking the tilted sensors, the development of an improved solution scheme for the calculation of the beam and diffuse solar radiation components, and the development of an empirical spectral correction for the photovoltaic-type sensors used in the MPA. In this thesis a description of the NIST-traceable calibration facility is provided and results are presented that compare the MPA predicted beam to beam measurements from a precision normal incidence pyrheliometer.
Solar and Photovoltaic Data from the University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (UO SRML)
The UO SRML is a regional solar radiation data center whose goal is to provide sound solar resource data for planning, design, deployment, and operation of solar electric facilities in the Pacific Northwest. The laboratory has been in operation since 1975. Solar data includes solar resource maps, cumulative summary data, daily totals, monthly averages, single element profile data, parsed TMY2 data, and select multifilter radiometer data. A data plotting program and other software tools are also provided. Shade analysis information and contour plots showing the effect of tilt and orientation on annual solar electric system perfomance make up a large part of the photovoltaics data.(Specialized Interface)
This paper describes an improved multipyranometer array (MPA) for the continuous remote measurement of direct and diffuse solar radiation. The MPA described in this paper is an improvement over previously published MPA studies due to the incorporation of an artificial horizon that prevents reflected ground radiation from striking the tilted sensors. In this paper a description of the NIST-traceable calibration facility is provided and preliminary results are presented that compare the MPA predicted beam to beam measurements from a precision normal incidence pyrheliometer and diffuse measurements from a precision shadow-band pyranometer respectively.
Munger, B.; Haberl, J. S.
National Solar Radiation Database 1991-2005 Update: User's Manual
This manual describes how to obtain and interpret the data products from the updated 1991-2005 National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). This is an update of the original 1961-1990 NSRDB released in 1992.
National Solar Radiation Database 1991-2010 Update: User's Manual
This user's manual provides information on the updated 1991-2010 National Solar Radiation Database. Included are data format descriptions, data sources, production processes, and information about data uncertainty.
Wilcox, S. M.
Broken-Cloud Enhancement of Solar Radiation Absorption
Observations cited by Ramanathan et al. and Cess et al. indicate systematic errors in the solar radiation parameterizations of the current atmospheric general circulation models. Cloudy scenes have an observational excess (or calculational ...
R. N. Byrne; R. C. J. Somerville; B. Suba?ilar
Solar Radiation Mapping from NOAA AVHRR Data in Catalonia, Spain
A statistical model is presented for the determination of hourly global solar radiation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration advanced very high resolution radiometer (NOAA AVHRR) satellite data, which provide wide coverage ...
Henry Flores Tovar; Jose M. Baldasano
Correction of Marine Air Temperature Observations for Solar Radiation Effects
The effect of incoming solar radiation on merchant ships' observations of air temperature was assessed as part of the Voluntary Observing Ships' Special Observing Project for the North Atlantic (VSOP-NA), The ships' reports were compared with ...
Elizabeth C. Kent; Raoul J. Tiddy; Peter K. Taylor
Spectral Distribution of Solar Radiation in the Nordic Countries
In 1977 a cooperative research project between the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norwayand Sweden) was started. The objective was to chart the spectral distribution of solar radiation in the Nordicarea with a view to furnish ...
G. Kvifte; K. Hegg; V. Hansen
Posters Mean Fluxes of Visible Solar Radiation in Broken Clouds
7 Posters Mean Fluxes of Visible Solar Radiation in Broken Clouds V. E. Zuev, G. A. Titov, T. B. Zhuravleva, and S. Y. Popov Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch...
Solar Radiative Transfer for Wind-Sheared Cumulus Cloud Fields
The Monte Carlo method of photon transport was used to simulate solar radiative transfer for cumulus-like cloud forms (and cloud fields) possessing structural characteristics similar to those induced by wind shear. Using regular infinite arrays ...
Howard W. Barker
Absorption of Solar Radiation by Atmospheric O4
Spectroscopic measurements of the atmospheric solar radiation attenuation reveal that the near ultraviolet�visible�near-infrared absorption of the oxygen collision complex (O2)2, thus far omitted from models, is important for the direct heating ...
Klaus Pfeilsticker; Frank Erle; Ulrich Platt
A Solar Radiation Model for Use in Climate Studies
A solar radiation routine has been developed for use in climate studies. It includes the absorption and scattering due to ozone, water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide, clouds, and aerosols. Rayleigh scattering is also included. The UV and visible ...
Ming-Dah Chou
A Surface Solar Radiation Model for Cloudy Atmospheres
A numerical solar radiation model based on standard meteorological data was revised for clouds using data from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). Climatic-mean transmittance functions were revised for low and convective clouds ...
Marshall A. Atwater; John T. Ball
Modeling Surface Solar Radiation: Model Formulation and Validation
A model for computing global solar radiation at the surface was formulated for use with satellite observations. A compromise in the approach was necessary, whereby the model accuracy and the inherent limitations of satellite observations were ...
R. T. Pinker; J. A. Ewing
20 Years of Solar Measurements: The Solar Radiation Research...
decreases in direct (beam) irradiance. Daily variations in the amounts of solar energy components vary with the types, amounts, and distribution of the clouds, amounts of...
Surface Solar Radiation Flux and Cloud Radiative Forcing for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP): A Satellite, Surface Observations, and Radiative Transfer Model Study
This study presents surface solar radiation flux and cloud radiative forcing results obtained by using a combination of satellite and surface observations interpreted by means of a simple plane-parallel radiative transfer model called 2001. This ...
Catherine Gautier; Martin Landsfeld
Modeling Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature with Satellite-Derived Solar Radiative Forcing
Two independent datasets for the solar radiation at the surface derived from satellites are compared. The data derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is for the net solar radiation at the surface whereas the International ...
Richard Seager; M. Benno Blumenthal
Progress Toward an Updated National Solar Radiation Data Base
Progress is reported on an updated National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). Focus on this year's work was on preparing a test-year database for evaluating several solar radiation models that could be used to replace the METSTAT model used in the original 1961-1990 NSRDB. That model is no longer compatible with cloud observations reported by the National Weather Service. We have also included a satellite-based model that will increase the spatial resolution of solar radiation for GIS or mapping applications. Work also included development of improved estimates for aerosols, water vapor, and ozone. High-quality solar measurements were obtained for 33 sites near National Weather Service stations, and model runs were completed for test years 1999 and 2000.
Wilcox, S.; Anderberg, M.; George, R.; Marion, W.; Myers, D.; Renne, D.; Beckman, W.; DeGaetano, A.; Gueymard, C.; Perez, R.; Plantico, M.; Stackhouse, P.; Vignola, F.
Inverted amorphous silicon solar cell utilizing cermet layers
An amorphous silicon solar cell incorporating a transparent high work function metal cermet incident to solar radiation and a thick film cermet contacting the amorphous silicon opposite to said incident surface.
Hanak, Joseph J. (Lawrenceville, NJ)
Incidence angle modifiers in cylindrical solar collector design. Final report, June 1996--May 1997
This thesis presents an analysis of the thermal performance of cylindrical solar collectors. A major contributor to performance is optics, the principle focus of this work. A tool used to compute the incidence angle modifiers (IAM`s) for cylindrical solar collectors is presented. The Monte Carlo Method is employed in a Fortran 90 computer code to compute the hemispheric IAM`s of cylindrical solar collectors. Using concentric cylinders, the tubes are modeled with and without back plane reflectors of varying size. The computed IAM`s are verified both analytically and experimentally. Outdoor experiments on an array of cylindrical tubes with various back planes and two different tube spacings are described. Agreement with TRNSYS runs in daily energy gain is excellent. Over the 38 data sets, taken on different days, a maximum error of 11.2% is observed, with an average error of 3%. Heat loss tests, used to calculate an overall heat loss coefficient for the collector, are also described. A parametric variation study is used to illustrate the effect of varying many of the collector parameters. This study provides insight into the significant design parameters for cylindrical solar collectors. This insight is used to analyze the effect of these design parameters on the annual energy delivered by the collector. In addition, a simple cost analysis illustrates the benefits of varying the design parameters. The use of this new program and a detailed Life Cycle Cost analysis are the tools needed for optimizing the design of a cylindrical solar collector. 27 figs., 9 tabs.
Ryan, J.P.
Quality control of solar radiation data within the RMIB solar measurements network
Assessment of the solar resource is based upon measured data, where available. However, with any measurement there exist errors. Consequently, solar radiation data do not exhibit necessarily the same reliability and it often happens that users face time series of measurements containing questionable values though preliminary technical control has been done before the data release. To overcome such a situation, a major effort has been undertaken at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB) to develop procedures and software for performing post-measurement quality control of solar data from the radiometric stations of our in situ solar monitoring network. Moreover, because solar energy applications usually need continuous time series of solar radiation data, additional procedures have also been established to fill missing values (data initially lacking or removed via quality checks). (author)
Journee, Michel; Bertrand, Cedric [Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels (Belgium)
Approximations for radiative cooling and heating in the solar chromosphere
Context. The radiative energy balance in the solar chromosphere is dominated by strong spectral lines that are formed out of LTE. It is computationally prohibitive to solve the full equations of radiative transfer and statistical equilibrium in 3D time dependent MHD simulations. Aims. To find simple recipes to compute the radiative energy balance in the dominant lines under solar chromospheric conditions. Methods. We use detailed calculations in time-dependent and 2D MHD snapshots to derive empirical formulae for the radiative cooling and heating. Results. The radiative cooling in neutral hydrogen lines and the Lyman continuum, the H and K and intrared triplet lines of singly ionized calcium and the h and k lines of singly ionized magnesium can be written as a product of an optically thin emission (dependent on temperature), an escape probability (dependent on column mass) and an ionization fraction (dependent on temperature). In the cool pockets of the chromosphere the same transitions contribute to the heat...
Carlsson, Mats
Quality control and estimation of global solar radiation in China
Measurements of surface radiation in China are too sparse to meet demand for scientific research and engineering applications. Moreover, the radiation data often include erroneous and questionable values though preliminary quality-check has been done before the data release. Therefore, quality control of radiation data is often a prerequisite for using these data. In this study, a set of quality-check procedures were implemented to control the quality of the solar radiation measurements at 97 stations in China. A hybrid model for estimating global solar radiation was then evaluated against the controlled data. The results show that the model can estimate the global radiation with accuracy of MBE less than 1.5 MJ m{sup -2} and RMSE less than 2.8 MJ m{sup -2} for daily radiation and RMSE less than 2.0 MJ m{sup -2} for monthly-mean daily radiation at individual stations over most of China except at a few stations where unsatisfactory estimates were possibly caused by severe air pollution or too dense clouds. The MBE averaged over all stations are about 0.7 MJ m{sup -2} and RMSE about 2.0 MJ m{sup -2} for daily radiation and RMSE about 1.3 MJ m{sup -2} for monthly-mean daily radiation. Finally, this model was used to fill data gaps and to expand solar radiation data set using routine meteorological station data in China. This data set would substantially contribute to some radiation-related scientific studies and engineering applications in China. (author)
Tang, Wenjun; He, Jie [Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 (China); Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Yang, Kun; Qin, Jun [Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 (China)
Influences of atmospheric conditions and air mass on the ratio of ultraviolet to total solar radiation
The technology to detoxify hazardous wastes using ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation is being investigated by the DOE/SERI Solar Thermal Technology Program. One of the elements of the technology evaluation is the assessment and characterization of UV solar radiation resources available for detoxification processes. This report describes the major atmospheric variables that determine the amount of UV solar radiation at the earth's surface, and how the ratio of UV-to-total solar radiation varies with atmospheric conditions. These ratios are calculated from broadband and spectral solar radiation measurements acquired at SERI, and obtained from the literature on modeled and measured UV solar radiation. The following sections discuss the atmospheric effects on UV solar radiation and provide UV-to-total solar radiation ratios from published studies, as well as measured values from SERI's data. A summary and conclusions are also given.
Riordan, C.J.; Hulstrom, R.L.; Myers, D.R.
Modeling and Analysis of Solar Radiation Potentials on Building Rooftops
The active application of photovoltaic for electricity generation could effectively transform neighborhoods and commercial districts into small, localized power plants. This application, however, relies heavily on an accurate estimation of the amount of solar radiation that is available on individual building rooftops. While many solar energy maps exist at higher spatial resolution for concentrated solar energy applications, the data from these maps are not suitable for roof-mounted photovoltaic for several reasons, including lack of data at the appropriate spatial resolution and lack of integration of building-specific characteristics into the models used to generate the maps. To address this problem, we have developed a modeling framework for estimating solar radiation potentials on individual building rooftops that is suitable for utility-scale applications as well as building-specific applications. The framework uses light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data at approximately 1-meter horizontal resolution and 0.3-meter vertical resolution as input for modeling a large number of buildings quickly. One of the strengths of this framework is the ability to parallelize its implementation. Furthermore, the framework accounts for building specific characteristics, such as roof slope, roof aspect, and shadowing effects, that are critical to roof-mounted photovoltaic systems. The resulting data has helped us to identify the so-called solar panel sweet spots on individual building rooftops and obtain accurate statistics of the variation in solar radiation as a function of time of year and geographical location.
Omitaomu, Olufemi A [ORNL; Kodysh, Jeffrey B [ORNL; Bhaduri, Budhendra L [ORNL
Analysis of a direct radiation solar dehumidification system
SERI researchers investigated a desiccant dehumidifier that is regenerated by direct absorption of solar radiation using a simplified numerical model (DESSIM) of the adsorption and desorption processes. This paper presents estimates of the performance of a solar-fired air conditioning system (ventilation cycle) containing the dehumidifier/collector. The researchers also considered the effects of dehumidifier NTUs, heat exchanger performance, and insolation levels. The direct radiation system can operate effectively at low insolation levels and thus may have some advantages in some geographic areas.
Schultz, K.; Barlow, R.; Pesaran, A.; Kreith, F.
SOLERAS - Solar Energy Water Desalination Project. Solar Energy Study, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
Measurements of global and normal incident radiation at the Yanbu, Saudi Arabia solar powered desalination plant site are documented. The use of parabolic, two axis tracking, point focusing solar collectors necessitates the measurement and analysis of the normal incident data. The accuracy of the measuring instruments and the results of analysis of one year solar radiation are briefly discussed. (BCS)
Reliability analysis of solar photovoltaic system using hourly mean solar radiation data
This paper presents the hourly mean solar radiation and standard deviation as inputs to simulate the solar radiation over a year. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique is applied and MATLAB program is developed for reliability analysis of small isolated power system using solar photovoltaic (SPV). This paper is distributed in two parts. Firstly various solar radiation prediction methods along with hourly mean solar radiation (HMSR) method are compared. The comparison is carried on the basis of predicted electrical power generation with actual power generated by SPV system. Estimation of solar photovoltaic power using HMSR method is close to the actual power generated by SPV system. The deviation in monsoon months is due to the cloud cover. In later part of the paper various reliability indices are obtained by HMSR method using MCS technique. Load model used is IEEE-RTS. Reliability indices, additional load hours (ALH) and additional power (AP) reduces exponentially with increase in load indicates that a SPV source will offset maximum fuel when all of its generated energy is utilized. Fuel saving calculation is also investigated. Case studies are presented for Sagardeep Island in West Bengal state of India. (author)
Moharil, Ravindra M. [Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra (India); Kulkarni, Prakash S. [Department of Electrical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur 440011, Maharashtra (India)
Measurement and analysis of near ultraviolet solar radiation
The photocatalytic detoxification of organic contaminants is currently being investigated by a number of laboratories, universities, and institutions throughout the world. The photocatalytic oxidation process requires that contaminants come in contact with a photocatalyst such as titanium dioxide, under illumination of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in order for the decomposition reaction to take place. Researches from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Sandia National Laboratories are currently investigating the use of solar energy as a means of driving this photocatalytic process. Measurements of direct-normal and global-horizontal ultraviolet (280--385 nm) and full-spectrum (280--4000 nm) solar radiation taken in Golden, Colorado over a one-year period are analyzed, and comparisons are made with data generated from a clear-sky solar radiation model (BRITE) currently in use for predicting the performance of solar detoxification processes. Analysis of the data indicates a ratio of global-horizontal ultraviolet to full-spectrum radiation of 4%--6% that is weakly dependent on air mass. Conversely, data for direct-normal ultraviolet radiation indicate a much large dependence on air mass, with a ratio of approximately 5% at low air mass to 1% at higher at masses. Results show excellent agreement between the measured data and clear-sky predictions for both the ultraviolet and the full-spectrum global-horizontal radiation. For the direct-normal components, however, the tendency is for the clear-sky model to underpredict the measured that. Averaged monthly ultraviolet radiation available for the detoxification process indicates that the global-horizontal component of the radiation exceeds the direct-normal component throughout the year. 9 refs., 7 figs.
Mehos, M.S.; Pacheco, K.A.; Link, H.F.
Trends in Daily Solar Radiation and Precipitation Coefficients of Variation since 1984
This study investigates the possibility of changes in daily scale solar radiation and precipitation variability. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were computed for the daily downward surface solar radiation product from the International Satellite ...
David Medvigy; Claudie Beaulieu
Influence of a Tropical Island Mountain on Solar Radiation, Air Temperature and Vapor Pressure
Measured solar radiation, air temperature, and water vapor pressure at 17 stations on the northwest flank of Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii are compared with modeled clear day solar radiation and free atmosphere air temperature and water vapor pressure. ...
Dennis Nullet
The Estimation of Hourly Global Solar Radiation Using a Cloud Cover Model Developed at Blytheville, Arkansas
The lack of a comprehensive solar radiation monitoring network throughout the United States has led to extensive modeling. Some of the models use a measured component, usually the global solar radiation, to predict the other components, direct ...
W. D. Turner; Abdulaziz Mujahid
A novel 2-D model approach for the prediction of hourly solar radiation
In this work, a two-dimensional (2-D) representation of the hourly solar radiation data is proposed. The model enables accurate forecasting using image prediction methods. One year solar radiation data that is acquired and collected between August 1, ...
F. Onur Hocaoglu; � Nezih Gerek; Mehmet Kurban
Decline in Global Solar Radiation with Increased Horizontal Visibility in Germany between 1964 and 1990
A statistically significant decrease in mean annual global solar radiation between 1964 and 1990 under completely overcast skies was found at five out of eight studied locations in Germany. A decrease of global solar radiation is also evident in ...
Beate G. Liepert; George J. Kukla
This annual report summaries the activities and accomplishments of the Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project during fiscal year 1992 (1 October to 30 September 1992). Managed by the Analytic Studies Division of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, this project is the major activity of the US Department of Energy's Resource Assessment Program.
Renne, D.; Maxwell, E.; Stoffel, T.; Marion, B.; Rymes, M.; Wilcox, S.; Myers, D.; Riordan, C.; Hammond, E.; Ismailidis, T.
Solar radiation powered battery reclaimer and charger
A solar powered battery reclaiming and charging circuit is provided having a high frequency section (a bistable multi-vibrator, relaxation blocking bistable multi-vibrator or an oscillator inverter circuit) which is solar powered and output coupled by a close coupled RF transformer to the battery connected output section. The transformer has a secondary winding producing a current-voltage full wave output sharply defined through a two diode rectifying circuit to a multi-frequency 10 KHz to 100 KHz pulse output. The sharp pulse outputs with RF content in the 2--10 megahertz frequency range have specific frequencies equal to natural resonant frequencies of the specific electrolytes used in respective batteries. These resulting high frequency RF output signals in each pulse envelope structure are capable of reclaiming, maintaining and charging batteries that possess a liquid electrolyte or jell electrolyte and are beneficial to dry cell batteries as well in extending battery life. 9 figs.
Gali, C.E.
Progress on an Updated National Solar Radiation Data Base: Preprint
In 1992, The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) released the 1961-1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB), a 30-year set of hourly solar radiation data. In April 2003, NREL convened a meeting of experts to investigate issues concerning a proposed update of the NSRDB. The panel determined that an important difficulty posed by the update was the shift from manual to automated cloud observations at National Weather Service stations in the United States. The solar model used in the original NSRDB relied heavily on the methodology and resolution of the manual cloud observations. The meeting participants recommended that NREL produce a plan for creating an update using currently available meteorological observations and satellite imagery. This paper describes current progress toward a plan for an updated NSRDB.
Search for possible solar neutrino radiative decays during total solar eclipses
Total solar eclipses (TSEs) offer a good opportunity to look for photons produced in possible radiative decays of solar neutrinos. In this paper we briefly review the physics bases of such searches as well as the existing limits on the neutrino proper lifetimes obtained by such experiments. We the report on the observations performed in occasion of the 29 March 2006 TSE, from Waw an Namos, Libya.
S. Cecchini; D. Centomo; G. Giacomelli; R. Giacomelli; V. Popa
Artificial Intelligence technique for modelling and forecasting of solar radiation data: a review
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used and applied in different sectors, such as engineering, economic, medicine, military, marine, etc. AI has also been applied for modelling, identification, optimisation, prediction, forecasting, and control ... Keywords: AI, FPGA, GAs, VHDL, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, hybrid systems, neural networks, photovoltaic systems, solar radiation forecasting, solar radiation modelling, solar radiation prediction
Adel Mellit
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Optical Metrology Laboratory
Optical Metrology Laboratory Optical Metrology Laboratory Photo of a laser and a spectral irradiance calibration system used to create lamp-detector alignment. Researchers use a spectral irradiance calibration alignment jig and a laser beam to align a calibration source and test unit. The NREL Optical Metrology Laboratory ensures that optical radiation resource measurement equipment is calibrated to national or international standards to ensure the quality and traceability of data. NREL considers optical radiation to range from 250 nm to 2,500 nm and to include the ultraviolet (250-400 nm), visible (400-750 nm), near infrared (750-1,100 nm), and shortwave infrared (1,100-2,500 nm) ranges. Activities The Optical Metrology Laboratory provides National Institute of Standards and Technology-traceable measurements for:
National Solar Radiation Database 1991 2010 Update: User's Manual
is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 National Solar Radiation Database 1991-2010 Update: User's Manual Stephen Wilcox Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-54824 August 2012 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, Colorado 80401 303-275-3000 * www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 National Solar Radiation Database 1991-2010 Update: User's Manual
Solar radiation data modeling with a novel surface fitting approach
Abstract. In this work one year hourly solar radiation data are analyzed and modeled. Using a 2-D surface fitting approach, a novel model is developed for the general behavior of the solar radiation. The mathematical formulation of the 2-D surface model is obtained. The accuracy of the analytical surface model is tested and compared with another surface model obtained from a feed-forward Neural Network(NN). Analytical surface model and NN surface model are compared in the sense of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). It is obtained that the NN surface model gives more accurate results with smaller RMSE results. However, unlike the specifity of the NN surface model, the analytical surface model provides an intuitive and more generalized form that can be suitable for several other locations on earth. 1
F. Onur Hocao�glu; �mer Nezih Gerek; Mehmet Kurban
Effects of stratospheric perturbations on the solar radiation budget
The changes in solar absorption and in local heating rates due to perturbations to O/sub 3/ and NO/sub 2/ concentrations caused by stratospheric injection of NO/sub x/ and CFM pollutants are assessed. The changes in species concentration profiles are derived from theoretical calculations using a transport-kinetics model. Because of significant changes in our understanding of stratospheric chemistry during the past year, the assessment of the effect of stratospheric perturbations on the solar radiation budget differs from previous assessments. Previously, a reduction in O/sub 3/ due to an NO/sub x/ injection caused a net decrease in the gaseous solar absorption;now the same perturbation leads to a net increase. The implication of these changes on the surface temperature is also discussed.
Luther, F.M.
Prediction of Solar Radiation on Building Rooftops: A Data-Mining Approach
Solar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable, and domestic energy source, and are essential components of a sustainable energy future. The accurate measurement of solar radiation data is essential for optimum site selection of future distributed solar power plants as well as sizing photovoltaic systems. However, solar radiation data are not readily available because measured sequences of radiation values are obtained for a few locations in a country. When the data are available, they are usually at different time periods and spatial scale. The availability of solar radiation data at hourly or daily time scale will enhance the integration of solar energy into electricity generation and promote a sustainable energy future. The ability to generate approximate solar radiation values is often the only practical way to obtain radiation data at hourly or daily time scale. As a result, several models have been developed for estimating solar radiation values based on analytical, numerical simulation, and statistical approaches. However, these models have inherent challenges. We will discuss some of those challenges in this paper. To enhance the prediction of solar radiation values, a novel approach is presented for estimating solar radiation values using support vector machine technique. The approach accounts for unique characteristics that influence solar radiation values. The preliminary results obtained offer useful insights for model enhancements.
Omitaomu, Olufemi A [ORNL; Bhaduri, Budhendra L [ORNL; Kodysh, Jeffrey B [ORNL
Photovoltaic solar concentrator module
This invention consists of a planar photovoltaic concentrator module for producing an electrical signal from incident solar radiation which includes an electrically insulating housing having a front wall, an opposing back wall and a hollow interior. A solar cell having electrical terminals is positioned within the interior of the housing. A planar conductor is connected with a terminal of the solar cell of the same polarity. A lens forming the front wall of the housing is operable to direct solar radiation incident to the lens into the interior of the housing. A refractive optical element in contact with the solar cell and facing the lens receives the solar radiation directed into the interior of the housing by the lens and directs the solar radiation to the solar cell to cause the solar cell to generate an electrical signal. An electrically conductive planar member is positioned in the housing to rest on the housing back wall in supporting relation with the solar cell terminal of opposite polarity. The planar member is operable to dissipate heat radiated by the solar cell as the solar cell generates an electrical signal and further forms a solar cell conductor connected with the solar cell terminal to permit the electrical signal generated by the solar cell to be measured between the planar member and the conductor.
Chiang, C.J.
Infant Brain Tumors: Incidence, Survival, and the Role of Radiation Based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Data
Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of infant brain tumors and survival outcomes by disease and treatment variables. Methods and Materials: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program November 2008 submission database provided age-adjusted incidence rates and individual case information for primary brain tumors diagnosed between 1973 and 2006 in infants less than 12 months of age. Results: Between 1973 and 1986, the incidence of infant brain tumors increased from 16 to 40 cases per million (CPM), and from 1986 to 2006, the annual incidence rate averaged 35 CPM. Leading histologies by annual incidence in CPM were gliomas (13.8), medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (6.6), and ependymomas (3.6). The annual incidence was higher in whites than in blacks (35.0 vs. 21.3 CPM). Infants with low-grade gliomas had the highest observed survival, and those with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) or primary rhabdoid tumors of the brain had the lowest. Between 1979 and 1993, the annual rate of cases treated with radiation within the first 4 months from diagnosis declined from 20.5 CPM to <2 CPM. For infants with medulloblastoma, desmoplastic histology and treatment with both surgery and upfront radiation were associated with improved survival, but on multivariate regression, only combined surgery and radiation remained associated with improved survival, with a hazard ratio for death of 0.17 compared with surgery alone (p = 0.005). For ATRTs, those treated with surgery and upfront radiation had a 12-month survival of 100% compared with 24.4% for those treated with surgery alone (p = 0.016). For ependymomas survival was higher in patients treated in more recent decades (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of infant brain tumors has been stable since 1986. Survival outcomes varied markedly by histology. For infants with medulloblastoma and ATRTs, improved survival was observed in patients treated with both surgery and early radiation compared with those treated with surgery alone.
Bishop, Andrew J. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN (United States); McDonald, Mark W., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN (United States); Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, Bloomington, IN (United States); Chang, Andrew L. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN (United States); Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center, Bloomington, IN (United States); Esiashvili, Natia [Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (United States)
Spectral Distribution of Solar Radiation on Clear Days: A Comparison Between Measurements and Model Estimates
The spectral distribution of the direct solar and scattered sky radiation are computed and presented as functions of solar height and as integrated daily values for selected days of the year. The monochromatic fluxes are integrated over the ...
V. Hansen
A Technique for Mapping the Distribution of Diffuse Solar Radiation over the Sky Hemisphere
A technique to map the distribution of diffuse solar radiation over the sky hemisphere is described. The method is based on an analysis of all-sky, visible photographs and concurrent actinometric measurements of diffuse solar radiance. The ...
L. J. Bruce McArthur; John E. Hay
Overlap of Solar and Infrared Spectra and the Shortwave Radiative Effect of Methane
This paper focuses on two shortcomings of radiative transfer codes commonly used in climate models. The first aspect concerns the partitioning of solar versus infrared spectral energy. In most climate models, the solar spectrum comprises ...
J. Li; C. L. Curry; Z. Sun; F. Zhang
Cloud shading direct solar radiation model for the Crosbyton Solar Power Project
The CSPP was initiated to study the feasibility of using hemispheric bowl solar collectors for power generation. A non-spectral direct solar radiation (DSR) model was developed to aid in determining whether there exists a preferred spacing of these solar collectors based solely on meteorological considerations. The DSR model is applicable to the Northern Hemisphere and, with a few adjustments, to the Southern Hemisphere. The DSR model considers the reduction of direct insolation through the atmosphere due to Rayleigh scattering, uniformly mixed gases, ozone, precipitable water, and aerosols. It incorporates geographical information along with temperature, dew point, barometric pressure, and visibility data, updated every 15 minutes. This clear sky DSR model was verified against actual direct insolation data.
Peterson, R.E.; Smalley, D.J.
Development of Simplified Calculations for a Multipyranometer Array for the Measurement of Direct and Diffuse Solar Radiation
This paper describes the development of simplified procedures for a multipyranometer array (MPA) for the continuous measurement of direct and diffuse solar radiation. The MPA described in this paper is an improvement over previously published MPA studies due several new features, including: the incorporation of an artificial horizon that prevents reflected ground radiation from striking the tilted sensors, and a routine that corrects the spectral response of photovoltaic-type sensors used in the MPA. An optimal solution procedure has also been developed that eliminates invalid data which are inherent in the simultaneous solution of the solar equations from the four MPA sensors. In this paper a description of the NIST-traceable calibration facility is provided and results are presented that compare the improved MPA-predicted beam to side-by-side measurements from a precision Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer (NIP).
Munger, B. K.; Haberl, J. S.
Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development project: Solar radiation research annual report, 1 October 1990--30 September 1991
This report is a summary of the year 1991 research activities and results under the Solar Radiation Research task of the Photovoltaic (PV) Advanced Research and Development project at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). This task directly supports the characterization, testing, and design of PV cells modules, and systems. The development of a scientific and engineering understanding of incident (i.e., available to PV devices) solar irradiance and the appropriate instrumentation systems and measurement methods are the activities and results of this project. Activities described in this report include the completion of the Atmospheric Optical Calibration Systems (AOCS) and the comparison of instrumentation systems that collect site-specific measurements of solar irradiance for the purpose of PV system feasibility studies and/or design.
Hulstrom, R.; Cannon, T.; Stoffel, T.; Riordan, C.
Chapter 1.12: Solar Radiation Resource Assessment for Renewable Energy Conversion
This chapter addresses measurements, modeling, and databases of solar energy potential that may serve as fuel for solar energy conversion systems. Developing innovative designs for capturing and converting solar radiation is only one part of the equation for solar system deployment. Identifying, locating, and prospecting for the appropriate quantity and quality of solar resources to fuel these systems is critical to system designers, investors, financial backers, utilities, governments, and owner/operators. This chapter addresses the fundamentals and state of the art for measuring, modeling, and applying solar radiation resource data to meet decision-making needs.
Myers, D. R.
A critical review of the ASHRAE solar radiation model
Inconsistencies are shown to exist in the presentation and formulation of the ASHRAE solar radiation model. To remove them, it is proposed: 1. To include in the Fundamentals Handbook the clearness number in the expressions for the direct and, in particular, the sky diffuse irradiation under cloudless conditions, and 2. To rewrite the expressions for cloud sky conditions so that they reduce to the cloudless formulation when the cloud cover is zero and they do not give rise to negative values of the sky diffuse irradiation as is presently the case under certain conditions.
Galanis, N.; Chatigny, R.
Solar Radiation Research Data from the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) Baseline Monitoring Station (BMS)
The SRRL BMS at Golden Colorado makes available both live and stored irradiance and meteorlogical data. Data sets range from 1981 to the present and are freely available through a variety of specialized interfaces. In addition to tools such as a data plotting program, the web site offers images from a live sky cam, images from the YES Sky imager, and from the EKO Sky Scanner. Spectral data, solar calendars, and wind rose data are also available. (Specialized Interface)
Insolation data manual and direct normal solar radiation data manual
The Insolation Data Manual presents monthly averaged data which describes the availability of solar radiation at 248 National Weather Service (NWS) stations, principally in the United States. Monthly and annual average daily insolation and temperature values have been computed from a base of 24--25 years of data, generally from 1952--1975, and listed for each location. Insolation values represent monthly average daily totals of global radiation on a horizontal surface and are depicted using the three units of measurement: kJ/m{sup 2} per day, Btu/ft{sup 2} per day and langleys per day. Average daily maximum, minimum and monthly temperatures are provided for most locations in both Celsius and Fahrenheit. Heating and cooling degree-days were computed relative to a base of 18.3 C (65 F). For each station, global {bar K}{sub T} (cloudiness index) values were calculated on a monthly and annual basis. Global {bar K}{sub T} is an index of cloudiness and indicates fractional transmittance of horizontal radiation, from the top of the atmosphere to the earth's surface. The second section of this volume presents long-term monthly and annual averages of direct normal solar radiation for 235 NWS stations, including a discussion of the basic derivation process. This effort is in response to a generally recognized need for reliable direct normal data and the recent availability of 23 years of hourly averages for 235 stations. The relative inaccessibility of these data on microfiche further justifies reproducing at least the long-term averages in a useful format. In addition to a definition of terms and an overview of the ADIPA model, a discussion of model validation results is presented.
Evaluation of Radiometers in Full-Time Use at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Solar Radiation Research Laboratory
This report describes the evaluation of the relative performance of the complement of solar radiometers deployed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL).
Wilcox, S. M.; Myers, D. R.
The Effect of Clouds on the Earth's Solar and Infrared Radiation Budgets
The effect of global cloudiness on the solar and infrared components of the earth's radiation balance is studied in general circulation model experiments. A wintertime simulation is conducted in which the cloud radiative transfer calculations use ...
Gerald F. Herman; Man-Li C. Wu; Winthrop T. Johnson
Sensitivity of Computed Incoming Solar Radiation at the Surface to Cloud Analyses
A radiation model was used to simulate daily incoming solar radiation at four ships during Phase III of GATE. The accuracy of the simulations from several different cloud analyses based on ship or satellite data was estimated by comparison with ...
John T. Ball; Marshall A. Atwater; Stephen J. Thoren
Local-Scale Variability of Daily Solar Radiation�San Diego County, California
The spatial variability of daily solar radiation values over a region of several hundred square kilometers was examined. Coefficients of variability were obtained as the standard deviations of between-station daily radiation difference divided by ...
Edward Aguado
The Effect of Cloud Sides on Reflected Solar Radiation as Deduced from Satellite Observations
We report the observation of a feature that is characteristic of the reflection of solar radiation from absorbing, finite clouds. When absorption takes place, more radiation can be reflected by broken cloud fields than by extensive unbroken cloud ...
James A. Coakley Jr.; Roger Davies
Validation of Solar Radiation Surfaces from MODIS and Reanalysis Data over Topographically Complex Terrain
The magnitude and distribution of incoming shortwave solar radiation (SW?) has significant influence on the productive capacity of forest vegetation. Models that estimate forest productivity require accurate and spatially explicit radiation ...
Todd A. Schroeder; Robbie Hember; Nicholas C. Coops; Shunlin Liang
Spectral Absorption of Solar Radiation in Cloudy Atmospheres: A 20 cm?1 Model
The spectral of solar radiation in typical water clouds is determined using a radiative transfer model based on LOWTRAN transmission functions at a 20 cm?1 resolution and Monte Carlo simulations of photon pathlength distributions. Relative ...
Roger Davies; William L. Ridgway; Kyung-Eak Kim
A Model for the Estimation of Global Solar Radiation Using Fuzzy Random Variables
In this paper, the concept of fuzzy random variables is applied for the estimation of global solar radiation on a surface at ground level. The cloudiness index is defined as the fraction of extraterrestrial radiation that reaches the earth's ...
Nalin K. Gautam; N. D. Kaushika
Influence of Absorbing Aerosols on the Inference of Solar Surface Radiation Budget and Cloud Absorption
This study addresses the impact of absorbing aerosols on the retrieval of the solar surface radiation budget (SSRB) and on the inference of cloud absorption using multiple global datasets. The data pertain to the radiation budgets at the top of ...
Zhanqing Li
Origins of the solar radiation biases over the Southern Ocean in CFMIP2 models
Current climate models generally reflect too little solar radiation over the Southern Ocean, which may be the leading cause of the prevalent sea-surface temperature biases in climate models. We study the role of clouds the radiation biases in ...
A. Bodas-Salcedo; K. D. Williams; M. A. Ringer; I. Beau; J. N. S. Cole; J.-L. Dufresne; T. Koshiro; B. Stevens; Z. Wang; T. Yokohata
Radiative Heat Transfer Analysis within Three-Dimensional Clouds Subjected to Solar and Sky Irradiation
A three-dimensional radiative heat transfer analysis of an arbitrary-shaped modeled cloud subjected to solar and sky irradiation has been performed. The Radiation Element Method by Ray Emission Model (REM2) was used for numerical simulation. ...
Toru Nishikawa; Shigenao Maruyama; Seigo Sakai
Human Impact on Direct and Diffuse Solar Radiation during the Industrial Era
In this study the direct and diffuse solar radiation changes are estimated, and they contribute to the understanding of the observed global dimming and the more recent global brightening during the industrial era. Using a multistream radiative ...
Maria M. Kvalev�g; Gunnar Myhre
Daily radiation model for use in the simulation of passive solar buildings
A model is presented to characterize solar radiation with just three input parameters for each day. This compressed daily radiation data may be used in place of hourly data in simulations of passive solar buildings. This method is tested with the SUNCAT passive simulation. Global horizontal and direct normal radiation data are input using the compressed daily form instead of by hour. Simulation results are found to be comparable to results based on hourly radiation data.
Sillman, S.; Wortman, D.
Moon's Radiation Environment and Expected Performance of Solar Cells during Future Lunar Missions
Several lunar missions are planned ahead and there is an increasing demand for efficient photovoltaic power generation in the moon. The knowledge of solar cell operation in the lunar surface obtained during early seventies need to be updated considering current views on solar variability and emerging space solar cell technologies. In this paper some aspects of the solar cell performance expected under variable lunar radiation environment during future space missions to moon are addressed. We have calculated relative power expected from different types of solar cells under extreme solar proton irradiation conditions and high lunar daytime temperature. It is also estimated that 2-3 % of annual solar cell degradation is most probable during the future lunar missions. We have also discussed photovoltaic power generation in long term lunar bases emphasizing technological needs such as sunlight concentration, solar cell cooling and magnetic shielding of radiation for improving the efficiency of solar cells in the lunar environment.
T. E Girish; S Aranya
The aim of this study is the estimation of solar irradiance on building roofs in complex Alpine landscapes. Very high resolution geometric models of the building roofs are generated by means of advanced automated image matching methods. Models are combined with raster and vector data sources to estimate the incoming solar radiation hitting the roofs. The methodology takes into account for atmospheric effects, site latitude and elevation, slope and aspect of the terrain as well as the effects of shadows cast by surrounding buildings, chimneys, dormers, vegetation and terrain topography. An open source software solution has been developed and applied to a study area located in a mountainous site and containing some 1250 residential, commercial and industrial buildings. The method has been validated by data collected with a pyranometer and results made available through a prototype WebGIS platform. 1.
G. Agugiaro A; Commission Ii Wg
Solar | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
21, 2013 Solar Energy Resources Solar radiation, often called the solar resource, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be...
A simplified physical model for assessing solar radiation over Brazil using GOES 8 visible imagery
A simplified physical model for assessing solar radiation over Brazil using GOES 8 visible imagery; published 30 January 2004. [1] Solar radiation assessment by satellite is constrained by physical.4 and 1.3 MJ m�?2 for daily irradiation). A comparison with monthly means from about 80 automatic weather
Accuracy of Humidity Measurement on Ships: Consideration of Solar Radiation Effects
The effect of heating due to solar radiation on measurements of humidity obtained from ships is examined. Variations in wet- and dry-bulb temperature measured on each side of a research ship are shown to correlate with solar radiation. However, ...
Elizabeth C. Kent; Peter K. Taylor
Change in regime and transfer function models of global solar radiation in Kuwait
The development of the models for global solar radiation in Kuwait is based on removing the annual periodicity and seasonal variation. The first methodology used here is the change in regime technique that relies on dividing the observations into two ... Keywords: ARMA model, Harmonic analysis, Solar radiation, Transfer function
S. A. Al-Awadhi
Monte Carlo simulation of solar radiation in maize canopies and its visualization
The spatial distribution of solar radiation casts important influences on eco-physiological functions of plant canopies. A simulation model of the three-dimensional of direct and indirect solar radiation in real maize canopies is developed from measured ... Keywords: Monte Carlo algorithm, plant canopy, radiosity, ray tracing, three-dimensional distribution
Zhang Yuan; Lao Cai-lian; Lee Bao-Guo; Chen Yan; Guo Yan; Wang Xi-ping; Ma Yun-tao; Zhao Ming
Progress on an Updated National Solar Radiation Data Base for the United States: Preprint
In 1992, The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) released the 1961-1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB), a 30-year set of hourly solar radiation data. In 2003, NREL undertook an NSRDB update project for the decade of 1991-2000.
Evaluation of solar radiation measurement systems: EPRI/NREL final test report. Volume 1
Measured solar radiation resource data are needed by electric utilities to evaluate the potential of renewable energy options like photovoltaics in their service territory. In this final test report, we document a cooperative project of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to compare available measurement system options for performing solar radiation resource assessments. We present the detailed results of a 6-month field comparison of thermopile-based pyranometer and pyrheliometer solar irradiance measurement systems with two different implementations of the rotating shadowband radiometer (RSR) concept installed at NREL`s Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) in Golden, Colorado.
Stoffel, T.; Riordan, C.; Bigger, J.
Evaluation of solar radiation measurement systems: EPRI/NREL final test report
Measured solar radiation resource data are needed by electric utilities to evaluate the potential of renewable energy options like photovoltaics in their service territory. In this final test report, we document a cooperative project of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to compare available measurement system options for performing solar radiation resource assessments. We present the detailed results of a 6-month field comparison of thermopile-based pyranometer and pyrheliometer solar irradiance measurement systems with two different implementations of the rotating shadowband radiometer (RSR) concept installed at NREL's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) in Golden, Colorado.
Planar photovoltaic solar concentrator module
A planar photovoltaic concentrator module for producing an electrical signal from incident solar radiation includes an electrically insulating housing having a front wall, an opposing back wall and a hollow interior. A solar cell having electrical terminals is positioned within the interior of the housing. A planar conductor is connected with a terminal of the solar cell of the same polarity. A lens forming the front wall of the housing is operable to direct solar radiation incident to the lens into the interior of the housing. A refractive optical element in contact with the solar cell and facing the lens receives the solar radiation directed into the interior of the housing by the lens and directs the solar radiation to the solar cell to cause the solar cell to generate an electrical signal. An electrically conductive planar member is positioned in the housing to rest on the housing back wall in supporting relation with the solar cell terminal of opposite polarity. The planar member is operable to dissipate heat radiated by the solar cell as the solar cell generates an electrical signal and further forms a solar cell conductor connected with the solar cell terminal to permit the electrical signal generated by the solar cell to be measured between the planar member and the conductor. 5 figs.
A planar photovoltaic concentrator module for producing an electrical signal from incident solar radiation includes an electrically insulating housing having a front wall, an opposing back wall and a hollow interior. A solar cell having electrical terminals is positioned within the interior of the housing. A planar conductor is connected with a terminal of the solar cell of the same polarity. A lens forming the front wall of the housing is operable to direct solar radiation incident to the lens into the interior of the housing. A refractive optical element in contact with the solar cell and facing the lens receives the solar radiation directed into the interior of the housing by the lens and directs the solar radiation to the solar cell to cause the solar cell to generate an electrical signal. An electrically conductive planar member is positioned in the housing to rest on the housing back wall in supporting relation with the solar cell terminal of opposite polarity. The planar member is operable to dissipate heat radiated by the solar cell as the solar cell generates an electrical signal and further forms a solar cell conductor connected with the solar cell terminal to permit the electrical signal generated by the solar cell to be measured between the planar member and the conductor.
Chiang, Clement J. (New Brunswick, NJ)
An Improvement of the IGMK Model to Derive Total and Diffuse Solar Radiation at the Surface from Satellite Data
For a better understanding, of climate, as well as all kinds of solar power applications it is necessary to know about incoming solar radiation at the surface (global radiation) and its partition into disuse and direct components Over the last ...
Rolf Stuhlmann; Martin Rieland; Ehrhard Paschke
Comparison of Historical Satellite Based Estimates of Solar Radiation Resources with Recent Rotating Shadowland Radiometer Measurements
Satellite-based solar radiation estimates have recently been incorporated into the 1990-2005 update to the 1961-1990 U.S. National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) also supplies satellite-based estimates of solar radiation. The usefulness of such data with respect to solar resources for site selection and designing solar energy conversion systems is often questioned. The availability of rotating shadow band radiometer measurement data at several new stations provides an opportunity to compare historical satellite-based estimates of solar resources with measurements. We compare mean monthly daily total (MMDT) solar radiation data from eight years of NSRDB and 22 years of NASA hourly global horizontal and direct beam solar estimates with measured data from three stations, collected after the end of the available resource estimates. We compare the most recent shadowband radiometer MMDT with a complement of thermopile 'first class' solar radiometers at one site. Quantitative analysis shows that in most cases, the long-term average MMDT and measured data are comparable, within 10% of each other for global, and 20% for direct-radiation MMDT.
Myers, D.
Aims: This paper presents a study solar radiation spatial and temporal variations in Bordeaux winegrowing area, for a 20 year period (1986-2005). Methods and results: Solar radiation data was retrieved from the HelioClim-1 database, elaborated from Meteosat satellite images, using the Heliosat-2 algorithm. Daily data was interpolated using ordinary kriging to produce horizontal solar radiation maps at a 500 m resolution. Using a digital elevation model, high resolution daily solar radiation maps with terrain integration were then produced for the period 2001-2005, at a 50 m resolution. The long term (20 years) analysis of solar radiation at low spatial resolution (500 m) showed a west to east decreasing gradient within Bordeaux vineyards. Mean August-to-September daily irradiation values, on horizontal surface, were used to classify Bordeaux winegrowing areas in three zones: low, medium, and high solar radiation areas. This initial zoning was upscaled at 50 m resolution, applying a local correction ratio, based on 2001-2005 solar radiation on inclined surface analysis. Grapevine development and maturation potential of the different zones of appellation of origin of Bordeaux winegrowing area are discussed in relation with
Benjamin Bois A; Lucien Wald B; Cornelis Van Leeuwen Ac; Commagnac C; Maxime Christen C; Jean-pierre Gaudillere A
NREL Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project: Status and outlook. FY 1991 annual progress report
This report summarizes the activities and accomplishments of NREL`s Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project during fiscal year 1991. Currently, the primary focus of the SRRAP is to produce a 1961--1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base, providing hourly values of global horizontal, diffuse, and direct normal solar radiation at approximately 250 sites around the United States. Because these solar radiation quantities have been measured intermittently at only about 50 of these sites, models were developed and applied to the majority of the stations to provide estimates of these parameters. Although approximately 93% of the data base consists of modeled data this represents a significant improvement over the SOLMET/ERSATZ 1952--1975 data base. The magnitude and importance of this activity are such that the majority of SRRAP human and financial in many other activities, which are reported here. These include the continued maintenance of a solar radiation monitoring network in the southeast United States at six Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU`s), the transfer of solar radiation resource assessment technology through a variety of activities, participation in international programs, and the maintenance and operation of NREL`s Solar Radiation Research Laboratory. 17 refs.
Design of a Transpired Air Heating Solar Collector with an Inverted Perforated Absorber and Asymmetric Compound Parabolic Concentrator.
?? absorber and an asymmetric compound parabolic concentrator was applied to increase the intensity of solar radiation incident on the perforated absorber. A 2D ray� (more)
Shams, Nasif
Seasonal Variation of Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing and Optical Properties Estimated from Ground-Based Solar Radiation Measurements
The surface direct radiative forcing and optical properties of aerosols have been analyzed from a ground-based solar radiation measurement, which was made under clear-sky conditions in Tsukuba, Japan, over two years from April 1997 to March 1999. ...
Tomoaki Nishizawa; Shoji Asano; Akihiro Uchiyama; Akihiro Yamazaki
A Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Model to Investigate the Solar Radiation within a Cloudy Atmosphere. Part I: Spatial Effects
A new Monte Carlo�based three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer model of high spectral and spatial resolution is presented. It is used to investigate the difference in broadband solar radiation absorption, top-of-the-atmosphere upwelling, and ...
William O�Hirok; Catherine Gautier
A Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Model to Investigate the Solar Radiation within a Cloudy Atmosphere. Part II: Spectral Effects
In this second part of a two-part paper, the spectral response of the interaction between gases, cloud droplets, and solar radiation is investigated using a Monte Carlo-based three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer model with a spectral ...
Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Project: Solar Radiation Research annual report
This report gives an overview of the fiscal year 1990 research activities and results under the Solar Radiation Research Task of the Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Project at the Solar Energy Research Institute. The activities under this task include developing and applying measurement techniques, instrumentation, and data and models to understand and quantify the response of photovoltaic devices to variations in broadband and spectra solar radiation. The information presented in this report was presented at the SERI Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Project 10th Review Meeting, October 1990, and will be published in a special issue of Solar Cells dedicated to the meeting.
Riordan, C.; Hulstrom, R.; Cannon, T.; Myers, D.; Stoffel, T.
Current Issues in Terrestrial Solar Radiation Instrumentation for Energy, Climate and Space Applications Preprint prepared for New RAD '99
Reductions of uncertainty in terrestrial solar radiation measurements are needed to validate the Earth's radiation balance derived from satellite data. Characterization of solar energy resources for renewable technologies requires greater time and spatial resolution for economical technology deployment. Solar radiation measurement research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory addresses calibrations, operational characteristics, and corrections for terrestrial solar radiation measurements. We describe progress in measurements of broadband diffuse-sky radiation, and characterization of field instrument thermal offsets and spectral irradiance. The need and prospects for absolute references for diffuse and long-wave terrestrial solar radiation measurements are discussed. Reductions in uncertainty of broadband irradiance measurements from tens of watts per square meter to a few (one to two) watts per square meter are reported, which reduce time and labor to quantify and identify trends in artificial optical radiation sources, terrestrial solar radiation, and the Earth's radiation budget.
Stoffel, T. L.; Reda, I.; Myers, D. R.; Renne, D.; Wilcox, S. W.; Treadwell, J.
On the Space�Time Scales of the Surface Solar Radiation Field
The characteristic space�time scales of surface solar radiation fields measured by the 111-instrument MESONET in Oklahoma are estimated after removal of the diurnal cycle. These estimates of �within-day� variability are used to deduce the ...
T. P. Barnett; J. Ritchie; J. Foat; G. Stokes
A New Shadow-Ring Device for Measuring Diffuse Solar Radiation at the Surface
A new shadow-ring device for measuring diffuse solar radiation at the surface is presented. In this device the seasonal variation of shadow is followed by moving the detector horizontally. This unique characteristic facilitates its application ...
Amauri P. de Oliveira; Antonio J. Machado; Jo�o F. Escobedo
Implementation of a Semiphysical Model for Examining Solar Radiation in the Midwest
A semiphysical solar radiation (SR) model is implemented to generate a new historical daily SR database for 53 locations in nine Midwestern and six adjacent states (available from the Midwestern Climate Center). This model estimates daily SR ...
Mary Schoen Petersen; Peter J. Lamb; Kenneth E. Kunkel
Determination of the Scaled Optical Thickness of Clouds from Reflected Solar Radiation Measurements
A method is presented for determining the scaled optical thickness of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. The procedure compares measurements of the reflection function with asymptotic expressions for the reflection function of ...
Michael D. King
A Systematic Study of GCM Sensitivity to Latitudinal Changes in Solar Radiation
Paleoclimatic data and climate model simulations have demonstrated that orbitally forced changes in solar radiation can have a pronounced effect on global climate. Key questions remain, however, about the spatial patterns in the climatic ...
Benjamin Felzer; Robert J. Oglesby; Hong Shao; Thompson Webb III; Dena E. Hyman; Warren L. Prell; John E. Kutzbach
Clear-Sky Direct-Beam Solar Radiation Versus Altitude: A Proposal for Standard Soundings
The author reexamines Klein's (1948) quantitative statements relating clear-sky direct-beam solar radiation to altitude for the lower troposphere, which are of the form (transmissivity) = B + A log (altitude). Klein's summaries are judged to be ...
William P. Lowry
Retrieval of Surface Solar Radiation Budget under Ice Cloud Sky: Uncertainty Analysis and Parameterization
This study investigates and accounts for the influence of various ice cloud parameters on the retrieval of the surface solar radiation budget (SSRB) from reflected flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The optical properties of ice clouds ...
Ying Zhang; Zhanqing Li; Andreas Macke
Impact of Cloud Cover on Solar Radiative Biases in Deep Convective Regimes
Conflicting claims have been made concerning the magnitude of the bias in solar radiative transfer calculations when horizontal photon transport is neglected for deep convective scenarios. The difficulty of obtaining a realistic set of cloud ...
F. Di Giuseppe; A. M. Tompkins
An Accurate Parameterization of the Solar Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds for Climate Models
An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds is developed based on improved light scattering calculations. Here 28 ice crystal size distributions from in situ aircraft observations in both tropical and ...
Qiang Fu
Solar Radiative Fluxes for Stochastic, Scale-invariant Broken Cloud Fields
Solar radiative fluxes for broken, cumuloform cloud fields are examined from the point of view of subgrid parameterization for general circulation models (GCMs). A simple stochastic scaling model is used to simulate extensive broken cloud fields ...
Howard W. Barker; John A. Davies
Data Quality Assessment and the Long-Term Trend of Ground Solar Radiation in China
Solar radiation is one of the most important factors affecting climate and the environment. Routine measurements of irradiance are valuable for climate change research because of long time series and areal coverage. In this study, a set of ...
Guang-Yu Shi; Tadahiro Hayasaka; Atsumu Ohmura; Zhi-Hua Chen; Biao Wang; Jian-Qi Zhao; Hui-Zheng Che; Li Xu
Assessing 1D Atmospheric Solar Radiative Transfer Models: Interpretation and Handling of Unresolved Clouds
The primary purpose of this study is to assess the performance of 1D solar radiative transfer codes that are used currently both for research and in weather and climate models. Emphasis is on interpretation and handling of unresolved clouds. ...
H. W. Barker; G. L. Stephens; P. T. Partain; J. W. Bergman; B. Bonnel; K. Campana; E. E. Clothiaux; S. Clough; S. Cusack; J. Delamere; J. Edwards; K. F. Evans; Y. Fouquart; S. Freidenreich; V. Galin; Y. Hou; S. Kato; J. Li; E. Mlawer; J.-J. Morcrette; W. O'Hirok; P. R�is�nen; V. Ramaswamy; B. Ritter; E. Rozanov; M. Schlesinger; K. Shibata; P. Sporyshev; Z. Sun; M. Wendisch; N. Wood; F. Yang
Coastal-inland solar radiation difference study. Final report
The purpose of this study was to quantify the characteristics of solar insolation in the coastal zone and to determine the effect of the sea breeze circulation on the global insolation. In order to satisfy these objectives, a six station sampling network was established in the coastal plain of southeastern North Carolina, where previous evidence has indicated that the sea breeze circulation is almost a daily occurrence from late May through October. Three sites (Sloop Point, Onslow Beach, and Cape Fear Technical Institute (CFTI)) were located near the coast (coastal sites) to assess the insolation at the coast. A site (Clinton) was located in an area seldom affected by the sea breeze (about 100 km from the coast). Two additional sites, Wallace and Ellis Airport, located between the coastal sites and the control site, were to be used to assess the transient impact of the sea breeze upon the insolation. Pyranometers were located at each site to measure the global insolation. Direct normal insolation measured by a pyrheliometer and ultraviolet radiation measured by uv radiometers were observed at the Sloop Point and Clinton sites only. Data were collected during the calendar year 1978. The results of the study indicated that the global insolation had greater variability over the network during the summer season (June, July, and August). During the summer, there was a systematicdiurnal variation of the difference in global insolation between the inland and the coastal sites.
Bach, W.D. Jr.; Vukovich, F.M.
Occasionally, large solar energetic particle (SEP) events occur inside magnetic clouds (MCs). In this work, the onset time analysis, the peak intensity analysis, and the decay phase analysis of SEPs are used to investigate two large SEP events inside MCs: the 1998 May 2 and 2002 April 21 events. The onset time analysis of non-relativistic electrons and {approx}MeV nucleon{sup -1} heavy ions shows the stability of the magnetic loop structure during a period of a few hours in the events examined. The joint analysis of pitch-angle distributions and peak intensities of electrons exhibits that, depending on the particle pitch angle observed at 1 AU, in the April event the reflection point of particles may be distributed along a wide spatial range, implying that the magnetic loop is a magnetic bottle connected to the Sun with both legs. In contrast, in the May event particle reflection occurs abruptly at the magnetic mirror formed by a compressed field enhancement behind the interplanetary shock, consistent with its open field line topology.
Tan, Lun C. [Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States); Malandraki, Olga E.; Dorrian, Gareth [Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, National Observatory of Athens (Greece); Reames, Donald V. [Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States); Ng, Chee K. [College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 (United States); Wang Linghua, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)
Net Solar radiation: passive systems with moveable insulation
Heat loss from uninsulated glazings of passive solar collectors can be checked by use of movable insulation. Five passivehybrid solar energy systems are studied in this paper. The buildings are monitored by the National Solar Data Network (NSDN) whose system is shown schematically. Tests show that no high cost direct gain solar systems were economically viable without movable insulation. Monitored seasonal performance of the five sites showed three good, and two poor performances. Each case is specified in detail.
Howard, B.D.
Transmission of Solar Radiation by Clouds over Snow and Ice Surfaces. Part II: Cloud Optical Depth and Shortwave Radiative Forcing from Pyranometer Measurements in the Southern Ocean
Downward solar irradiance at the sea surface, measured on several voyages of an icebreaker in the Southern Ocean, is used to infer transmittance of solar radiation by clouds. Together with surface albedo estimated from coincident hourly sea ice ...
Melanie F. Fitzpatrick; Stephen G. Warren
Oscillating two stream instability at the resonance of obliquely incident radiation in inhomogeneous plasmas
The growth rate and the threshold value were calculated for the oscillating two-stream instability for an electromagnetic wave obliquely incident on an inhomogeneous plasma. The localization of the instability is found to be in the overdense region near the threshold and to shift toward the local plasma resonance when the pump intensity increases. (auth)
Kuo, Y.Y.; Oberman, C.; Liu, C.S.; Troyon, F.
Radiative cooling and solar heating potential by using various roofing materials
The results of testing over twenty typical and potential roofing materials such as: corrugated galvanized steel, corrugated clear fiberglass, 90number black roll roofing, 90number green roll roofing, 90number red roll roofing, 90number brown roll roofing, 90number white roll roofing, 240number brown asphalt shingles, anodized aluminum, etc. under exposure to solar and nocturnal sky radiation are presented. Some cadmium sulfite solar cells and silicon solar cells are being tested as potential future roofing panels. Graphs showing the temperature variation of each material versus testing time are given for a heating and a cooling cycle. The environmental conditions of testing such as: solar insolation, apparent sky temperature, ambient air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed are also given. On the basis of preliminary results obtained during the testing of roofing materials, several mini-modules of an integrated collector/radiator/ roof element with the dimensions 0.6 m x 0.6 m (2 ft x 2 ft) were constructed and tested. The thermal response of the mini-modules under solar and nocturnal sky radiation is shown and the testing results are discussed. The spectral transmittance curves for nine transparent cover materials are also presented. The preliminary results indicate that solar radiation and nocturnal sky radiation could be used effectively by employing an integrated collector/radiator structure.
Pytlinski, J.T.; Connell, H.L.; Conrad, G.R.
Passive-solar directional-radiating cooling system
A radiative cooling system for use with an ice-making system having a radiating surface aimed at the sky for radiating energy at one or more wavelength bands for which the atmosphere is transparent and a cover thermally isolated from the radiating surface and transparent at least to the selected wavelength or wavelengths, the thermal isolation reducing the formation of condensation on the radiating surface and/or cover and permitting the radiation to continue when the radiating surface is below the dewpoint of the atmosphere, and a housing supporting the radiating surface, cover and heat transfer means to an ice storage reservoir.
Hull, J.R.; Schertz, W.W.
Hull, John R. (Hinsdale, IL); Schertz, William W. (Batavia, IL)
Transition radiation in turbulent astrophysical medium. Application to solar radio bursts
Modern observations and models of various astrophysical objects suggest that many of their physical parameters fluctuate substantially at different spatial scales. The rich variety of the emission processes, including Transition Radiation but not limited to it, arising in such turbulent media constitutes the scope of Stochastic Theory of Radiation. We review general approaches applied in the stochastic theory of radiation and specific methods used to calculate the transition radiation produced by fast particles in the magnetized randomly inhomogeneous plasma. The importance of the theory of transition radiation for astrophysics is illustrated by one example of its detailed application to a solar radio burst, including specially designed algorithms of the spectral forward fitting.
Gregory D. Fleishman; Dale E. Gary; Gelu M. Nita
Comparison of Mg-based multilayers for solar He II radiation at 30.4 nm wavelength
Mg-based multilayers, including SiC/Mg, Co/Mg, B4C/Mg, and Si/Mg, are investigated for solar imaging and a He II calibration lamp at a 30.4 nm wavelength. These multilayers were fabricated by a magnetron sputtering method and characterized by x-ray reflection. The reflectivities of these multilayers were measured by synchrotron radiation. Near-normal-incidence reflectivities of Co/Mg and SiC/Mg multilayer mirrors are as high as 40.3% and 44.6%, respectively, while those of B4C/Mg and Si/Mg mirrors are too low for application. The measured results suggest that SiC/Mg, Co/Mg multilayers are promising for a 30.4 nm wavelength.
Zhu Jingtao; Zhou Sika; Li Haochuan; Huang Qiushi; Wang Zhanshan; Le Guen, Karine; Hu, Min-Hui; Andre, Jean-Michel; Jonnard, Philippe
Simulation of dynamics of radiation belt electrons during geomagnetic storms driven by high speed solar wind streams.
??Satellite observations have shown that fluxes of relativistic electrons in the earth's radiation belts can vary by orders of magnitude during periods of high solar� (more)
Yu, Bin
Broadband Model Performance for an Updated National Solar Radiation Database in the United States of America: Preprint
Updated review of broadband model performance in a project being done to update the existing United States National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB).
Myers, D. R.; Wilcox, S.; Marion, W.; George, R.; Anderberg, M.
Aerosol Radiative Impact on Spectral Solar Flux at the Surface, Derived from Principal-Plane Sky Measurements
Accurate measurements of the spectral solar flux reaching the surface in cloud-free conditions are required to determine the aerosol radiative impact and to test aerosol models that are used to calculate radiative forcing of climate. Spectral ...
Y. J. Kaufman; D. Tanr�; B. N. Holben; S. Mattoo; L. A. Remer; T. F. Eck; J. Vaughan; Bernadette Chatenet
The Impact of Ice Crystal Shapes, Size Distributions, and Spatial Structures of Cirrus Clouds on Solar Radiative Fluxes
The solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds depend on ice particle shape, size, and orientation, as well as on the spatial cloud structure. Radiation schemes in atmospheric circulation models rely on estimates of cloud optical thickness only. ...
I. Schlimme; A. Macke; J. Reichardt
Modeling the Global Solar Radiation on the Earth�s Surface Using Atmospheric Deterministic and Intelligent Data-Driven Techniques
Three methods for analyzing and modeling the global shortwave radiation reaching the earth�s surface are presented in this study. Solar radiation is a very important input for many aspects of climatology, hydrology, atmospheric sciences, and ...
M. Santamouris; G. Mihalakakou; B. Psiloglou; G. Eftaxias; D. N. Asimakopoulos
Radiation Dry Bias in the TWP-ICE Radiosonde Soundings Solar Zenith Angle Correction Factor
Radiation Dry Bias in the TWP-ICE Radiosonde Soundings Radiation Dry Bias in the TWP-ICE Radiosonde Soundings Solar Zenith Angle Correction Factor Figure 3: Ratio of MWR TCWV to radiosonde derived TCWV, and the solar zenith angle at the radiosonde launch time (black dots). The dry bias observed in sonde TCWV values is mainly attributable to a dry RH bias near the surface The red dots show the 1000 hPa RH correction factors suggested by Voemel et al for sondes launched near noon (10-30 degree solar zenith angle), and at night time (90 degree zenith angle). The green line shows a modified RH correction factor which is a function of the solar zenith angle. ● During the day-time, the TCWV bias is significantly smaller when the zenith angle correction is applied than when no correction, or only the Crad and Ccal corrections are applied.
An overview of NREL's PV solar radiation research task activities and results
This paper presents an overview of the recent activities and results of the Photovoltaics (PV) Solar Radiation Research task of NREL's PV Advanced Research and Development (PVAR D) Project. Topics covered include the Atmospheric Optical Calibration System (AOCS) and instrumentation systems for monitoring and characterizing the solar irradiance available to PV systems. Both types of instrumentation systems and activities are required for a thorough understanding of PV device performance and design.
Hulstrom, R.L.; Cannon, T.W.; Stoffel, T.; Riordan, C.J. (National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, Colorado 80401 (United States))
Comparison of Solar UVA and UVB Radiation Measured in Selangor, Malaysia
The solar ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation data was measured at Physics Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (2 degree sign 55' N, 101 degree sign 46' E, 50m asl) by the Xplorer GLX Pasco that connected to UVA Light sensor. The measured solar UVA data were compared with the total daily solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation data recorded by the Malaysian Metrological Department at Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (3 degree sign 06' N, 101 degree sign 39' E, 50m asl) for 18 days in year 2007. The daily total average of UVA radiation received is (298{+-}105) kJm{sup -2} while the total daily maximum is (600{+-}56) kJm{sup -2}. From the analysis, it shows that the values of UVA radiation data were higher than UVB radiation data with the average ratio of 6.41% between 3-14%. A weak positive correlation was found (the correlation coefficient, r, is 0.22). The amount of UVA radiation that reached the earth surface is less dependence on UVB radiation and the factors were discussed.
Kamarudin, S. U.; Gopir, G.; Yatim, B. [Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia); Institute of Space Science (ANGKASA), Level 2, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia); Sanusi, H. [Institute of Space Science (ANGKASA), Level 2, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia); Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia); Mahmud, P. S. Megat; Choo, P. Y. [Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia)
Parameterization and Analysis of 3-D Solar Radiative Transfer in Clouds: Final Report
This document reports on the research that we have done over the course of our two-year project. The report also covers the research done on this project during a 1 year no-cost extension of the grant. Our work has had two main, inter-related thrusts: The first thrust was to characterize the response of stratocumulus cloud structure and dynamics to systematic changes in cloud infrared radiative cooling and solar heating using one-dimensional radiative transfer models. The second was to couple a three-dimensional (3-D) solar radiative transfer model to the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model that we use to simulate stratocumulus. The purpose of the studies with 3-D radiative transfer was to examine the possible influences of 3-D photon transport on the structure, evolution, and radiative properties of stratocumulus. While 3-D radiative transport has been examined in static cloud environments, few studies have attempted to examine whether the 3-D nature of radiative absorption and emission influence the structure and evolution of stratocumulus. We undertook this dual approach because only a small number of LES simulations with the 3-D radiative transfer model are possible due to the high computational costs. Consequently, LES simulations with a 1-D radiative transfer solver were used in order to examine the portions of stratocumulus parameter space that may be most sensitive to perturbations in the radiative fields. The goal was then to explore these sensitive regions with LES using full 3-D radiative transfer. Our overall goal was to discover whether 3-D radiative processes alter cloud structure and evolution, and whether this may have any indirect implications for cloud radiative properties. In addition, we collaborated with Dr. Tamas Varni, providing model output fields for his attempt at parameterizing 3-D radiative effects for cloud models.
Jerry Y. Harrington
Solar radiation flux and insolation data for southern Idaho
Weather data pertinent to the development of solar energy heating in the Northern Intermountain region were desired for the purpose of assessing the usefulness and potential economics of utilizing solar energy in the region. The data reported herein are for several southern Idaho stations and for Salt Lake City, and are considered to be representative of the area from the eastern slopes of the Cascades to the western slopes of the northern Rockies. While existing data are not highly accurate and are derived from widely separated stations, approximate estimates may be made for the solar flux in the area. Methods for acquiring more detailed data in specific locations are described in this report. (auth)
Buchenauer, C.J.
Variation of Direct Beam Solar Radiation in the United States Due to the El Chichon Debris Cloud
Direct beam hourly solar radiation values, measured near solar noon under clear skies, were used to show the decrease in radiation in the United States caused by the debris cloud from the El Chichon volcanic eruption of March/April 1982. Maximum ...
W. H. Hoecker; G. F. Cotton; E. C. Flowers
1Electricity from Sunlight: The RBSP Spacecraft Solar Panels NASA's twin Radiation Belts Storm Probe (RBSP) spacecraft will be
satellite to the nearest hundred watts? Space Math http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov #12;Answer Key 1 Problem 11Electricity from Sunlight: The RBSP Spacecraft Solar Panels NASA's twin Radiation Belts Storm of the 10 solar cells in square-meters? Problem 3 The amount of electrical power generated by a solar
Empirical Estimation of Daily Clear Sky Solar Radiation
The suitability of two simple empirical equations for the estimation of clear sky radiation was investigated. Results indicated that latitude and altitude were sufficient to estimate the empirical equation coefficients and that the estimates of ...
D. F. Heermann; G. J. Harrington; K. M. Stahl
Tropospheric Influence on Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: The Role of Clouds
Measurements obtained from several Robertson-Berger (RB) meters over the course of one year define the role of cloud cover in moderating biologically effective ultraviolet radiation at the Earth's surface. In an annual mean sense, clouds reduce ...
John E. Frederick; Hilary E. Snell
Brazil Direct Normal Solar Radiation Model (40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR |
40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR 40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Normal direct solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 40km x 40km (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files. The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took part in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory.
Brazil Global Horizontal Solar Radiation Model (10km) from INPE | OpenEI
10km) from INPE 10km) from INPE Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Global horizontal solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 10km x 10km (Purpose): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files (Supplemental Information): The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took part in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory
Brazil Global Horizontal Solar Radiation Model (40km) from INPE | OpenEI
40km) from INPE 40km) from INPE Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Global horizontal solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 40km x 40km (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files. The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took art in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory.
Brazil Latitude Tilted Solar Radiation Model (10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR
10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR 10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Latitude tilted solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 10km x 10km (Purpose): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE -National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files (Supplemental Information): The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took part in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources incountries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates providedby the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory
Brazil Direct Normal Solar Radiation Model (10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR |
10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR 10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Normal direct solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 10km x 10km (Purpose): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files (Supplemental Information): The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took part in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory
Evaluation of Various Methods for Estimating Global Solar Radiation in the Southeastern United States
Global solar radiation Rg is an important input for crop models to simulate crop responses. Because the scarcity of long and continuous records of Rg is a serious limitation in many countries, Rg is estimated using models. For crop-model ...
Prem Woli; Joel O. Paz
An Efficient Method for Computing the Absorption of Solar Radiation by Water Vapor
An efficient method has been developed to compute the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor. The method is based on the molecular line parameters compiled by McClatchey et al. (1973) and makes use of the far-wing scaling approximation and ...
Ming-Dah Chou; Albert Arking
Numerical Simulation of Coastal Flows when Solar Radiation is Blocked by Smoke
Smoke from fires ignited in a large-scale nuclear exchange would greatly reduce the flux of solar radiation at the ground and lead to rapid cooling over continental regions. Because of its large heat capacity, the ocean would cool more slowly so ...
Charles R. Molenkamp
Analysis of Broadband Solar Radiation and Albedo over the Ocean Surface at COVE
A coupled atmosphere�ocean radiative transfer model has been applied to analyze a full year of broadband solar irradiances (up and down) measured over an ocean site 25 km east of the coast of Virginia in the Atlantic. The coupled model treats ...
Zhonghai Jin; Thomas P. Charlock; Ken Rutledge
Forecasting Solar Radiation -- Preliminary Evaluation of an Approach Based upon the National Forecast Database
Our objective is to develop, and undertake a preliminary evaluation of a simple solar radiation forecast model using sky cover predictions from the National Digital Forecast Database as an input. This report describes the model and presents a limited evaluation of its performance against ground-measured and satellite-derived irradiances in Albany, New York.
Perez, R.; Moore, K.; Wilcox, S.; Renne, D.; Zelenka, A.
NREL Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project: Status and outlook. Annual progress report, FY 1992
This annual report summaries the activities and accomplishments of the Solar Radiation Resource Assessment Project during fiscal year 1992 (1 October to 30 September 1992). Managed by the Analytic Studies Division of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, this project is the major activity of the US Department of Energy`s Resource Assessment Program.
Transmission of Solar Radiation by Clouds over Snow and Ice Surfaces: A Parameterization in Terms of Optical Depth, Solar Zenith Angle, and Surface Albedo
A multilevel spectral radiative transfer model is used to develop simple but accurate parameterizations for cloud transmittance as a function of cloud optical depth, solar zenith angle, and surface albedo, for use over snow, ice, and water ...
Melanie F. Fitzpatrick; Richard E. Brandt; Stephen G. Warren
Method and apparatus for measuring solar radiation in a vegetative canopy
An apparatus and method for measuring solar radiation received in a vegetative canopy. A multiplicity of sensors selectively generates electrical signals in response to impinging photosynthetically active radiation in sunlight. Each sensor is attached to a plant within the canopy and is electrically connected to a separate port in a junction box having a multiplicity of ports. Each port is connected to an operational amplifier. Each amplifier amplifies the signals generated by the sensors. Each amplifier is connected to an analog-to-digital convertor which digitizes each signal. A computer is connected to the convertors and accumulates and stores solar radiation data. A data output device such as a printer is connected to the computer and displays the data.
Gutschick, Vincent P. (Los Alamos, NM); Barron, Michael H. (Los Alamos, NM); Waechter, David A. (Los Alamos, NM); Wolf, Michael A. (Los Alamos, NM)
Gutschick, V.P.; Barron, M.H.; Waechter, D.A.; Wolf, M.A.
Modeling topographic influences on solar radiation: A manual for the SOLARFLUX Model
SOLARFLUX is a geographical information system (GIS) based computer program (running under ARC/INFO and GRID) that models incoming solar radiation based on surface orientation (slope and aspect), solar angle (azimuth and zenith) as it shifts over time, shadows caused by topographic features, and atmospheric conditions. A convenient user interface allows specification of program parameters including latitude, time interval for simulation, file name of a topographic surface, atmospheric conditions (transmittivity), and file names for output. The user specifies a topographic surface as an array of elevation values (GRID). SOLARFLUX generates five basic types of output: 1) total direct radiation, 2) duration of direct sunlight, 3) total diffuse radiation, 4) skyview factor, and 5) hemispherical viewsheds of sky obstruction for specified surface locations. This manual serves as the comprehensive guide to SOLARFLUX. Included are discussions on modeling insolation on complex surfaces, our theoretical approach, program setup and operation, and a set of applications illustrating characteristics of topographic insolation modeling.
Rich, P.M.; Hetrick, W.A.; Saving, S.C. [Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (United States)
Effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on biogeochemical cycling: Interactions and feedbacks
Solar UV radiation, climate and other drivers of global change are undergoing significant changes and models forecast that these changes will continue for the remainder of this century. Here we assess the effects of solar UV radiation on biogeochemical cycles and the interactions of these effects with climate change, including feedbacks on climate. Such interactions occur in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. While there is significant uncertainty in the quantification of these effects, they could accelerate the rate of atmospheric CO{sub 2} increase and subsequent climate change beyond current predictions. The effects of predicted changes in climate and solar UV radiation on carbon cycling in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are expected to vary significantly between regions. The balance of positive and negative effects on terrestrial carbon cycling remains uncertain, but the interactions between UV radiation and climate change are likely to contribute to decreasing sink strength in many oceanic regions. Interactions between climate and solar UV radiation will affect cycling of elements other than carbon, and so will influence the concentration of greenhouse and ozone-depleting gases. For example, increases in oxygen-deficient regions of the ocean caused by climate change are projected to enhance the emissions of nitrous oxide, an important greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas. Future changes in UV-induced transformations of aquatic and terrestrial contaminants could have both beneficial and adverse effects. Taken in total, it is clear that the future changes in UV radiation coupled with human-caused global change will have large impacts on biogeochemical cycles at local, regional and global scales.
Erickson III, David J [ORNL
A comparison of data from SOLMET/ERSATZ and the National Solar Radiation Data Base
This report compares data from the new National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) with data from the earlier SOLMET/ERSATZ data base. It compares the two data bases, station-by-station, with respect to their long-term average daily values of global horizontal and direct normal solar radiation. We conclude that on an annual basis, NSRDB values for global horizontal radiation are within {plus_minus}5% of SOLMET/ERSATZ values for 60% of the stations, more than 5% greater than the SOLMET/ERSATZ values for 30% of the stations, and more than 5% less than the SOLMET/ERSATZ values for 10% of the stations. On an annual basis for direct nominal radiation, the NSRDB values are with {plus_minus}5% of the SOLMET/ERSATZ data for only 40% of the stations, more than 5% greater than the SOLMET/ERSATZ values for 45% of the stations, and more than 5% less than the SOLMET/ERSATZ values for 15% of the stations. In general, the NSRDB shows higher values of solar radiation for the eastern United States, particularly the Northeast, and lower values for some of the western states (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming). However, because some of the stations within a state show higher values of solar radiation while others show lower values, this generalization may be misleading when concerned with a particular station. Consequently, the appendices provide tables showing a station-by-station comparison of the NSRDB and SOLMET/ERSATZ data. In addition to comparing annual values, the tables compare the two data bases for the months of August and December. This comparison shows larger differences between the two data bases for December.
Marion, W.; Myers, D.
Brazil PAR Solar Radiation Model (40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR | OpenEI
40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR 40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Photosynthetically active radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 40km x 40km (Purpose): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files (Supplemental Information): The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took part in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory
Brazil PAR Solar Radiation Model (10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR | OpenEI
10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR 10km) from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Photosynthetically active radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 10km x 10km (Purpose): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE -National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files (Supplemental Information): The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took part in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory
High-temperature photochemical destruction of toxic organic wastes using concentrated solar radiation
Application of concentrated solar energy has been proposed to be a viable waste disposal option. Specifically, this concept of solar induced high-temperature photochemistry is based on the synergistic contribution of concentrated infrared (IR) radiation, which acts as an intense heating source, and near ultraviolet and visible (UV-VIS) radiation, which can induce destructive photochemical processes. Some significant advances have been made in the theoretical framework of high-temperature photochemical processes (Section 2) and development of experimental techniques for their study (Section 3). Basic thermal/photolytic studies have addressed the effect of temperature on the photochemical destruction of pure compounds (Section 4). Detailed studies of the destruction of reaction by-products have been conducted on selected waste molecules (Section 5). Some very limited results are available on the destruction of mixtures (Section 6). Fundamental spectroscopic studies have been recently initiated (Section 7). The results to date have been used to conduct some relatively simple scale-up studies of the solar detoxification process. More recent work has focused on destruction of compounds that do not directly absorb solar radiation. Research efforts have focused on homogeneous as well as heterogeneous methods of initiating destructive reaction pathways (Section 9). Although many conclusions at this point must be considered tentative due to lack of basic research, a clearer picture of the overall process is emerging (Section 10). However, much research remains to be performed and most follow several veins, including photochemical, spectroscopic, combustion kinetic, and engineering scale-up (Section 11).
Dellinger, B.; Graham, J.L.; Berman, J.M.; Taylor, P.H. [Dayton Univ., OH (United States)
Estimating Unmeasured Solar Radiation Quantities . . . . . .Weather Data . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . .Solar DataB. l'he Solar Constant. . . . . . C. Solar Time and Standard
Berdahl, P.
Mars Surface Radiation Exposure for Solar Maximum Conditions and 1989 Solar Proton Events
The Langley heavy-ion/nucleon transport code, HZETRN, and the high-energy nucleon transport code, BRYNTRN, are used to predict the propagation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR''s) and solar flare protons through the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars. Particle ...
Simonsen Lisa C.; Nealy John E.
The Influence of Solar Zenith Angle and Cloud Type on Cloud Radiative Forcing at the Surface in the Arctic
Measurements of the long- and shortwave incident radiation taken from the USCGC Polar Sea during a research cruise to the Northeast Water Polynya during the summer of 1993 are analyzed together with observations of cloud type and amount to ...
Peter J. Minnett
Abstract. Radiation pressure cross-sections for clumps of hollow bacterial grains with thin coatings of graphite are calculated using rigorous Guttler formulae. The carbonized skins are expected to form through exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, but a limiting thickness of about 0.03 �m is determined by opacity effects. The ratios of radiation pressure to gravity P/G are calculated for varying sizes of the clumps and for varying thickness of the graphite coatings. Bacterial clumps and individual desiccated bacteria without coatings of radii in the range 0.3�8 �m have P/G ratios less than unity, whereas particles with coatings of 0.02�m thickness have ratios in excess of unity. Such coatings also provide protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation. Putative cometary bacteria, such as have been recently collected in the stratosphere, are thus not gravitationally bound in the solar system provided they possess carbonised exterior coatings. They are rapidly expelled from the solar system reaching nearby protosolar nebulae in timescales of a few million years. Even with the most pessimistic assumptions galactic cosmic rays are unable to diminish viability to an extent that vitiates the continuity of panspermia. 1.
Brazil Latitude Tilted Solar Radiation Model (40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR
40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR 40km) from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Latitude tilted solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 40km x 40km (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files.The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase
Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Solar Radiation Data Manual Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefuleness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply iots endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not
National Solar Radiation Database 1991--2005 Update: Users Manual
national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future National Solar Radiation Database 1991-2005 Update: User's Manual Technical Report NREL/TP-581-41364 April 2007 NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 National Solar Radiation Database 1991-2005 Update: User's Manual Prepared under Task No. PVA7.6102 Technical Report NREL/TP-581-41364 April 2007 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 * www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute * Battelle
Preliminary investigation of user requirements for solar radiation data. Final report
The intent of this study is to: (1) make a preliminary assessment of the accuracy and precision of insolation data with respect to user requirements, and (2) make a corresponding assessment of the minimum/maximum geographic network coverage. In order to make these preliminary assessments, several specific questions have been addressed. Specifically: (1) how should users of solar radiation be classified and what principal uses of the data are made by each class, (2) what temporal and spatial properties of the data network are required to adequately serve the defined uses and users of solar radiation data, (3) to what degree does the existing network and associated data fulfill the desired data system properties, and (4) what criteria should be applied in identifying and evaluating expanded network/data options. The findings and conclusions of investigation of these questions are presented.
Hamilton, C.W.; Thomas, R.E.
Concentrating Photovoltaic Module Testing at NREL's Concentrating Solar Radiation Users Facility
There has been much recent interest in photovoltaic modules designed to operate with concentrated sunlight (>100 suns). Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) technology offers an exciting new opportunity as a viable alternative to dish Stirling engines. Advantages of CPV include potential for>40% cell efficiency in the long term (25% now), no moving parts, no intervening heat transfer surface, near-ambient temperature operation, no thermal mass, fast response, concentration reduces cost of cells relative to optics, and scalable to a range of sizes. Over the last few years, we have conducted testing of several CPV modules for DOEs Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) program. The testing facilities are located at the Concentrating Solar Radiation Users Facility (CRULF) and consist the 10 kW High-Flux Solar Furnace (HFSF) and a 14m2 Concentrating Technologies, LLC (CTEK) dish. This paper will primarily describe the test capabilities; module test results will be detailed in the presentation.
Bingham, C.; Lewandowski, A.; Stone, K.; Sherif, R.; Ortabasi, U.; Kusek, S.
Effects of a Spectral Surface Reflectance on Measurements of Backscattered Solar Radiation: Application to the MOPITT Methane Retrieval
The amount of solar radiation emerging from the top of the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the reflectance of the underlying surface. For this reason, some information about the magnitude and the spectral variability of the surface ...
G. Pfister; J. C. Gille; D. Ziskin; G. Francis; D. P. Edwards; M. N. Deeter; E. Abbott
Implementing the Delta-Four-Stream Approximation for Solar Radiation Computations in an Atmosphere General Circulation Model
Proper quantification of the solar radiation budget and its transfer within the atmosphere is of utmost importance in climate modeling. The delta-four-stream (DFS) approximation has been demonstrated to offer a more accurate computational method ...
Tarek Ayash; Sunling Gong; Charles Q. Jia
Impact of the Diurnal Cycle of Solar Radiation on Intraseasonal SST Variability in the Western Equatorial Pacific
The mechanism by which the diurnal cycle of solar radiation modulates intraseasonal SST variability in the western Pacific warm pool is investigated using a one-dimensional mixed layer model. SSTs in the model experiments forced with hourly ...
Toshiaki Shinoda
The Use of New Parameterizations for Gaseous Absorption in the CLIRAD-SW Solar Radiation Code for Models
The new gaseous absorption parameterizations are incorporated in the CLIRAD-SW solar radiation code for models, openly distributed for the scientific community. In the new parameterizations, the magnitude of absorption coefficients in each ...
T. A. Tarasova; B. A. Fomin
Estimations of Cloud Optical Thickness from Ground-Based Measurements of Incoming Solar Radiation in the Arctic
A technique for evaluation of cloud optical thickness (plant-parallel, homogeneous layer) from ground-based measurements of incoming solar irradiance using a simple radiation model is introduced. The sensitivities of downward and upward fluxes of ...
E. Leontyeva; K. Stamnes
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Long-Term Normal Percent Possible Solar Radiation Levels in the United States
The purpose of this study was to analyze the time and space variations in long-term monthly-averaged daily percent possible solar radiation levels in the United States. Both principal components analysis and harmonic analysis were used to ...
Robert C. Balling Jr.; Randall S. Cerveny
Determination of the Optical Thickness and Effective Particle Radius of Clouds from Reflected Solar Radiation Measurements. Part I: Theory
A method is presented for determining the optical thickness and effective particle radius of stratiform cloud layers from reflected solar radiation measurements. A detailed study is presented which shows that the cloud optical thickness (?c) and ...
Teruyuki Nakajima; Michael D. King
Reflector-coupled fluorescent solar collector
The present invention provides a system for the collection of electromagnetic radiation and the transmission of that radiation to a point of use. In its simplest sense, an apparatus for the collection and transmission of electromagnetic radiation comprises a cylindrical fluorescent fiber, at least one end of which is optically coupled to an optical wave guide, and means for reflecting solar radiation impinging over a relatively wide area onto said cylindrical fluorescent fiber. Preferably, a compound parabolic mirror is employed for reflecting incident solar radiation onto the optical fluorescent fiber.
Younghouse, L.B.
Improving the reliability and accuracy of a multipyranometer array measuring solar radiation
The measurement of solar radiation is crucial for the use of solar energy in fields including power generation, agriculture and meteorology. In the building sciences, It is essential for daylighting studies, energy use calculations, and thermal simulation. These uses require knowing the amount of solar radiation irradiating variously oriented walls and tilted roofs, which can be calculated from beam and diffuse radiation measured on a horizontal surface. It is possible to obtain such data using a multipyranometer array (MPA). However, the MPA is not as accurate as some other sensors and suffers from poor data reliability. This work improves the accuracy of the MPA and solves the problem of invalid data. Several schemes the removal of invalid data are tested. The location of the test equipment is changed to one with fewer obstructions. A Class A sensor is substituted for one of the photovoltaic sensors. Corrections are applied to the photovoltaic sensors. The need for changing sensor alignment is tested. As a result, accuracy has been significantly improved over previous work.
Klima, Peter Miloslaw
Comparison of Historical Satellite-Based Estimates of Solar Radiation Resources with Recent Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Measurements: Preprint
The availability of rotating shadow band radiometer measurement data at several new stations provides an opportunity to compare historical satellite-based estimates of solar resources with measurements. We compare mean monthly daily total (MMDT) solar radiation data from eight years of NSRDB and 22 years of NASA hourly global horizontal and direct beam solar estimates with measured data from three stations, collected after the end of the available resource estimates.
Solar Magnetic Field Solar Thermonuclear Energy Generation Solar Evolution Presolar Evolution Stages
core radiative zone convective envelope photosphere chromosphere corona Solar Activity granules spicules sunspots prominences solar flares
Micro/Nano-Scale Phase Change Systems for Thermal Management and Solar Energy Conversion Applications
solar radiation. .3] The diurnal nature of solar radiation and dependence onright) when exposed to solar radiation. There are several
Coso, Dusan
A SOLAR STILL AUGMENTED WITH A FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR AND A REFLECTOR A. Saleh A. Badran Mechanical Jordan Amman Jordan e-mail: email@example.com e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT A solar distillation system was built and tested to study the effect of increasing the solar radiation incident
A 10-year climatology of solar radiation for the Great Barrier Reef: implications for recent mass coral bleaching events
A 10-year solar radiation climatology is developed for the Great Barrier Reef region using data from the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS). The method uses a look-up table based on the STREAMER radiative transfer model for a tropical atmosphere. ...
Itsara Masiri; Manuel Nunez; Evan Weller
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) leads a large network of researchers and other partners to deliver innovative solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar power technologies that will make solar...
Evaluation of CLM4 Solar Radiation Partitioning Scheme Using Remote Sensing and Site Level FPAR Datasets
Abstract: This paper examines a land surface solar radiation partitioning scheme, i.e., that of the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles. Taking advantage of a unique 30-year fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) dataset, derived from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data set, multiple other remote sensing datasets, and site level observations, we evaluated the CLM4 FPAR�s seasonal cycle, diurnal cycle, long-term trends, and spatial patterns. Our findings show that the model generally agrees with observations in the seasonal cycle, long-term trends, and spatial patterns, but does not reproduce the diurnal cycle. Discrepancies also exist in seasonality magnitudes, peak value months, and spatial heterogeneity. We identify the discrepancy in the diurnal cycle as, due to, the absence of dependence on sun angle in the model. Implementation of sun angle dependence in a one-dimensional (1-D) model is proposed. The need for better relating of vegetation to climate in the model, indicated by long-term trends, is also noted. Evaluation of the CLM4 land surface solar radiation partitioning scheme using remote sensing and site level FPAR datasets provides targets for
Kai Wang; Jiafu Mao; Robert E. Dickinson; Xiaoying Shi; Wilfred M. Post; Zaichun Zhu; Ranga B. Myneni
Solar Energy Resources
Solar radiation, often called the solar resource, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy,...
SOLAR ENERGY FOR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS Solar Suitability Assessment
SOLAR ENERGY FOR ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS Solar Suitability Assessment of Dalhousie University..................................................................................................................... 1 2 Solar Resource Assessment ........................................................................................... 2 2.1 Solar Radiation
Brownstone, Rob
Solar access of residential rooftops in four California cities
irradiance (incident solar power/area) incident on unshaded,losses (loss of incident solar power/area) were calculatedreduces the aggregate solar power incident on the planes at
Levinson, Ronnen
The Impact of Solar Particle Events on Radiation Risk for Human Explorers of Mars
and Variability of Solar Heavy Ions at High Energieset al. �A Synthesis of Solar Cycle Prediction Techniques. �of Electrons and Ions in Solar Flares�. Astrophysical
Gorguinpour, Camron Saul
Analyzing and simulating the variability of solar irradiance and solar PV powerplants
of Tracking for Capturing Solar Radiation in the ContinentalTime Scales of the Surface Solar Radiation Field, Journal ofof Tracking for Capturing Solar Radiation in the Continental
Lave, Matthew S.
2.1.2 European Solar Radiation Atlas (ESRA)2.4 Evaluation of Solar Forecasting . . . . . . . . .2.4.1 Solar Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quantitative effect of combined chemotherapy and fractionated radiotherapy on the incidence of radiation-induced lung damage: A prospective clinical study
The objective of this work was to assess the incidence of radiological changes compatible with radiation-induced lung damage as determined by computed tomography (CT), and subsequently calculate the dose effect factors (DEF) for specified chemotherapeutic regimens. Radiation treatments were administered once daily, 5 days-per-week. Six clinical protocols were evaluated: ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vincristine, and DTIC) followed by 35 Gy in 20 fractions; MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) followed by 35 Gy in 20; MOPP/ABVD followed by 35 Gy in 20; CAV (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vincristine) followed by 25 Gy in 10; and 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) concurrent with either 50-52 Gy in 20-21 or 30-36 Gy in 10-15 fractions. CT examinations were taken before and at predetermined intervals following radiotherapy. CT evidence for the development of radiation-induced damage was defined as an increase in lung density within the irradiated volume. The radiation dose to lung was calculated using a CT-based algorithm to account for tissue inhomogeneities. Different fractionation schedules were converted using two isoeffect models, the estimated single dose (ED) and the normalized total dose (NTD). The actuarial incidence of radiological pneumonitis was 71% for the ABVD, 49% for MOPP, 52% for MOPP/ABVD, 67% for CAV, 73% for 5-FU radical, and 58% for 5-FU palliative protocols. Depending on the isoeffect model selected and the method of analysis, the DEF was 1.11-1.14 for the ABVD, 0.96-0.97 for the MOPP, 0.96-1.02 for the MOPP/ABVD, 1.03-1.10 for the CAV, 0.74-0.79 for the 5-FU radical, and 0.94 for the 5-FU palliative protocols. DEF were measured by comparing the incidence of CT-observed lung damage in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy to those receiving radiotherapy alone. The addition of ABVD or CAV appeared to reduce the tolerance of lung to radiation. 40 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Mah, K.; Van Dyk, J.; Braban, L.E.; Hao, Y.; Keane, T.J. (Univ. of Toronto, Ontario (Canada)); Poon, P.Y. (Univ. of British Columbia (Canada))
Analysis of Gamma Radiation from a Radon Source: Indications of a Solar Influence
This article presents an analysis of about 29,000 measurements of gamma radiation associated with the decay of radon in a sealed container at the Geological Survey of Israel (GSI) Laboratory in Jerusalem between 28 January 2007 and 10 May 2010. These measurements exhibit strong variations in time of year and time of day, which may be due in part to environmental influences. However, time-series analysis reveals a number of periodicities, including two at approximately 11.2 year$^{-1}$ and 12.5 year$^{-1}$. We have previously found these oscillations in nuclear-decay data acquired at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), and we have suggested that these oscillations are attributable to some form of solar radiation that has its origin in the deep solar interior. A curious property of the GSI data is that the annual oscillation is much stronger in daytime data than in nighttime data, but the opposite is true for all other oscillations. This may be a systematic effect but, if it is not, this property should help narrow the theoretical options for the mechanism responsible for decay-rate variability.
Peter A. Sturrock; Gideon Steinitz; Ephraim Fischbach; Daniel Javorsek, II; Jere H. Jenkins
The long term dynamics of the solar radiative zone associated to new results from SoHO and young solar analogs
The Standard Solar Model (SSM) is no more sufficient to interpret all the observations of the radiative zone obtained with the SoHO satellite. We recall our present knowledge of this internal region and compare the recent results to models beyond the SSM assumptions. Then we discuss the missing processes and quantify some of them in using young analog observations to build a more realistic view of our star. This progress will be useful for solar-like stars observed by COROT and KEPLER.
Sylvaine Turck-Chieze; Sebastien Couvidat; Antonio Eff-Darwich; Vincent Duez; Rafael A. Garcia; Stephane Mathis; Savita Mathur; Laurent Piau; David Salabert
For the Meyer Fund for Sustainable Development and the University of Oregon Department of Physics and the Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory
://www.californiasolarcenter.org/history_pv.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/solar.html http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/education/index.htm http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/searchpix.html http://www.ases.org/ http://www.seia.org/cs/about_solar_energy and the Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory
PROCEEDINGS O F THE IEEE, VOL.56, NO. 1, JANUARY196837 [`I J. J. Wysocki,"Lithium-doped radiation-resistant silicon solar
,"Lithium-doped radiation-resistant silicon solar cells," IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science. vol.NS-13, pp. 168-173, December 1966 damagein semiconductorsXI1: Effects ofhighenergy electrons in silicon and silicon solar cells," Contract NAS 5-3805, May 25, 1966. 14] R. V. Tauke, "Thermal annealing of irradiated n-on-p silicon solar cells
Teich, Malvin C.
Character of Solar and Circumsolar Radiation. Proceedings ~all of the direct solar radiation (that originating from thethat attenuate the solar radiation available to terres-
Grether, Donald
all of the direct solar radiation (that originating from thea suitable site for solar radiation measurements. A requestused to estimate the solar radiation per unit wavelength at
Grether, D.F.
Parameterizations for the Absorption of Solar Radiation by O2 and CO2 with Application to Climate Studies
Simple and accurate parameterizations have been developed for computing the absorption of solar radiation due to O2 and CO2. The parameterizations are based on the findings that temperature has a minimal effect on the absorption and that the one-...
Aerosol Optical Properties in the Iranian Region Obtained by Ground-Based Solar Radiation Measurements in the Summer Of 1991
Solar radiation measurements were made using sun photometers and pyranometers during 31 May-7 June 1991 at several places in Iran and during 12 June-17 September 1991 at a fixed place, Bushehr, Iran. In the first period the aerosol optical ...
Teruyuki Nakajima; Tadahiro Hayasaka; Akiko Higurashi; Gen Hashida; Naser Moharram-Nejad; Yahya Najafi; Hamzeh Valavi
Solar Radiation and Tidal Exposure as Environmental Drivers of Enhalus acoroides Dominated Seagrass
There is strong evidence of a global long-term decline in seagrass meadows that is widely attributed to anthropogenic activity. Yet in many regions, attributing these changes to actual activities is difficult, as there exists limited understanding of the natural processes that can influence these valuable ecosystem service providers. Being able to separate natural from anthropogenic causes of seagrass change is important for developing strategies that effectively mitigate and manage anthropogenic impacts on seagrass, and promote coastal ecosystems resilient to future environmental change. The present study investigated the influence of environmental and climate related factors on seagrass biomass in a large solar radiation. This study documents how natural long-term tidal variability can influence long-term seagrass dynamics. Exposure to desiccation, high UV, and daytime temperature regimes are discussed as the likely mechanisms for the action of these factors in causing this decline. The results emphasise the importance of understanding and assessing natural environmentally-driven change when
Richard K. F. Unsworth; Michael A. Rasheed; Kathryn M. Chartr; Anthony J. Roelofs
Intra-hour Direct Normal Irradiance solar forecasting using genetic programming
E. Ruano, �Prediction of the solar radiation evolution usingComputation of beam solar radiation at normal incidencein estimating global solar radiation,� Solar Energy, vol.
Queener, Benjamin Daniel
User`s manual for TMY2s: Derived from the 1961--1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base
This report is a user`s manual that describes typical meteorological year (TMY) data sets derived from the 1961-1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base. The TMY is a data set of hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a 1-year period. The intended use if for computer simulations of solar energy conversion systems and building systems. Section 1 of the manual provides general information about the TMYs; Section 2 lists the stations and provides station identifying information and classification; Section 3 details the contents of the TMY2 files and provides the hourly records of data values; Section 4 compares TMY2 with 30-year data sets; Appendices provide procedures used to develop TMYs and a table to convert SI data to other units.
Marion, W.; Urban, K.
data to MGS ER data. Sun Earth Mars Solar Event Begins within the literature. Sun Earth Mars Solar Event Begins with X-versus the solar cycle and the Earth-Sun-Mars (ESM) angle.
Semiconductor liquid-junction solar cell
A semiconductor liquid junction photocell in which the photocell is in the configuration of a light concentrator and in which the electrolytic solution both conducts current and facilitates the concentration of incident solar radiation onto the semiconductor. The photocell may be in the configuration of a non-imaging concentrator such as a compound parabolic concentrator, or an imaging concentrator such as a lens.
Parkinson, B.A.
Toward the Development of Multi-Year Total and Special Solar Radiation Budgets at the Three ARM Locales
the Development of Multi-Year Total and Special the Development of Multi-Year Total and Special Solar Radiation Budgets at the Three ARM Locales Z. Li and M. C. Cribb Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park, Maryland A. P. Trishchenko Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Introduction Over the past decade, an unprecedented amount of high-quality observational data pertaining to atmospheric and surface parameters has been collected at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) locales around the globe. These data have been critical in the development and validation of models used to study the complex interaction of cloud, aerosols, and the surface on the solar radiative budget (SRB), the primary force driving atmospheric circulation. As the next step forward, the challenge of
The Effect of Gas Absorption on the Scattered Radiation in the Solar Almucantar: Results of Numerical Simulation
Gas Absorption on the Gas Absorption on the Scattered Radiation in the Solar Almucantar: Results of Numerical Simulation T. Yu. Chesnokova, K. M. Firsov, I. M. Nasrtdinov, S. M. Sakerin, V. V. Veretennikov, and T. B. Zhuravleva Institute of Atmospheric Optics Tomsk, Russia Introduction The methods for reconstruction of the aerosol optical characteristics (e.g., aerosol size distribution, and single-scattering albedo) from diffuse and direct radiation measured in the solar almucantar has been widely used during the last decade. The photometers with filters in the "atmospheric transparency windows" in the wavelength range 0.4 to 1 m were applied for measurements. Usually it was assumed that one could neglect the molecular absorption of the measured diffuse radiation. Further development
Thermodynamics, Entropy, Information and the Efficiency of Solar Cells
Steinborn, Exergy of solar radiation: information approach.detailed in Chapter II. Solar radiation is split into athe spectrum of the solar radiation. The first is the data-
Abrams, Zeev R.
Research Needs: Glass Solar Reflectance and Vinyl Siding
properties of reflected solar radiation from glass surfaces,transfer at the siding surface. Direct solar radiation tosiding, reflected solar radiation from nearby surfaces,
Hart, Robert
Solar Adoption and Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector
meteorological year (TMY) solar radiation data. The goaleither TMY or actual solar radiation data, and thus servesmodeling (using actual solar radiation data, though this
McAllister, Joseph Andrew
Solar Energy Science Projects
Energy Science Projects Curriculum: Solar Power -(thermodynamics, lightelectromagnetic, radiation, energy transformation, conductionconvection, seasons, trigonometry) Grade...
Thermal Management of Solar Cells
of the valence band. Solar radiation enters the p-n junctiona fraction of absorbed solar radiation energy is turned intoenclosure, the radiation energy from the solar cell light
Saadah, Mohammed Ahmed
More Frequent Cloud-Free Sky and Less Surface Solar Radiation in China from 1955 to 2000
Newly available data from extended weather stations and time period reveal that much of China has experienced statistically significant decreases in total cloud cover and low cloud cover over roughly the last half of the Twentieth century. This conclusion is supported by our recent analysis of the more reliably observed frequency of cloud-free sky and overcast sky. The total cloud cover and low cloud cover have decreased 0.88% and 0.33% per decade, respectively, and cloud-free days have increased 0.60% and overcast days decreased 0.78% per decade in China from 1954-2001. Meanwhile, both solar radiation and pan evaporation have decreased in most parts of China, with solar radiation decreasing 3.1 W/m2 and pan evaporation decreasing 39 mm per decade. Combined with other evidences documented in previous studies, we conjectured that increased air pollution may have produced a fog-like haze that reflected/absorbed radiation from the sun and resulted in less solar radiation reaching the surface, despite concurrent upward trends in cloud-free skies over China.
Qian, Yun; Kaiser, Dale P.; Leung, Lai R.; Xu, Ming
Radiation in Canada. Solar Energy ~, p.153. Threlkeld, J.L.pool. As the use of solar energy becomes more widespread,a high potential for solar energy use. Solar-heated swimming
Solar Energy Resources | Department of Energy
Solar Energy Resources Solar Energy Resources August 21, 2013 - 11:40am Addthis Solar radiation, often called the solar resource, is a general term for the electromagnetic...
Predicted daily and yearly average radiative performance of hyperbolic spiral solar concentrators
Some possible applications of solar energy, such as absorption cooling and air conditioning, process heating and preheating unconventional power production systems, require heat at temperatures higher than those associated with flat plate collectors, but below those associated with focussing collectors. Such a level of collection temperatures is economically obtained using non-imaging solar collectors. They are non-focussing, moderate concentrating ratio and trough-like collectors, which are usually arranged east-west, facing south or north. One of these concentrators is the hyperbolic spiral collector, which may be a semi- or compound one. It has been shown that the optical characteristics of semi- and compound hyperbolic spiral concentrators (SHSC and CHSC) are better than those of the compound parabolic one. In this work, the instantaneous radiative performance of both semi- and compound hyperbolic spiral concentrators are extended to average daily and yearly performance. Concentrators of various angles of acceptance are used in the analysis. Its effect upon the daily and yearly performance of the concentrator is discussed. The performance is also studied for various tilt adjustment routines. The results show that the number of tilt adjustments per year is an important factor affecting the daily and yearly performance of both SHSC and CHSC. It has been found that the SHSC is more affected by tilt adjustments than the compound one. The results also indicate that concentrators of small angle of acceptance are much affected by the number of adjustments. The results also show that there is not much difference between weekly and monthly adjustments.
Rabie, L.H.
ASHMET: a computer code for estimating insolation incident on tilted surfaces
A computer code, ASHMET, has been developed by MSFC to estimate the amount of solar insolation incident on the surfaces of solar collectors. Both tracking and fixed-position collectors have been included. Climatological data for 248 US locations are built into the code. This report describes the methodology of the code, and its input and output. The basic methodology used by ASHMET is the ASHRAE clear-day insolation relationships modified by a clearness index derived from SOLMET-measured solar radiation data to a horizontal surface.
Elkin, R.F.; Toelle, R.G.
Final Report for Annex II--Assessment of Solar Radiation Resources In Saudi Arabia, 1998-2000
The Final Report for Annex II - Assessment of Solar Radiation Resources in Saudi Arabia 1998-2000 summarizes the accomplishment of work performed, results achieved, and products produced under Annex II, a project established under the Agreement for Cooperation in the Field of Renewable Energy Research and Development between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States. The report covers work and accomplishments from January 1998 to December 2000. A previous progress report, Progress Report for Annex II - Assessment of Solar Radiation Resources in Saudi Arabia 1993-1997, NREL/TP-560-29374, summarizes earlier work and technical transfer of information under the project. The work was performed in at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado, at the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and at selected weather stations of the Saudi Meteorological and Environmental Protection Administration (MEPA).
Myers, D. R.; Wilcox, S. M.; Marion, W. F.; Al-Abbadi, N. M.; Mahfoodh, M.; Al-Otaibi, Z.
Measuring solar reflectance Part I: Defining a metric that accurately predicts solar heat gain
intended to characterize sun-facing solar equipment, whosebe tilted toward the sun to reduce solar incidence angle.zenith sun (AM1) reasonably approximates the solar position
A Simple All Weather Model to Estimate Ultraviolet Solar Radiation (290�385 nm)
A new expression to estimate the solar ultraviolet irradiance from parameters usually available in radiometric networks is presented. The authors have analyzed the relation between solar ultraviolet global irradiance (290�385 nm), UV, and ...
I. Foyo-Moreno; J. Vida; L. Alados-Arboledas
Stratospheric Temperature and Radiative Forcing Response to 11-Year Solar Cycle Changes in Irradiance and Ozone
The 11-yr solar cycle temperature response to spectrally resolved solar irradiance changes and associated ozone changes is calculated using a fixed dynamical heating (FDH) model. Imposed ozone changes are from satellite observations, in contrast ...
L. J. Gray; S. T. Rumbold; K. P. Shine
Surface Net Solar Radiation Estimated from Satellite Measurements: Comparisons with Tower Observations
A parameterization that relates the reflected solar flux at the top of the atmosphere to the net solar flux at the surface in terms of only the column water vapor amount and the solar zenith angle was tested against surface observations. Net ...
Zhanqing Li; H. O. Leighton; Robert D. Cess
Solar Radiation Monitoring Station (SoRMS): Humboldt State University, Arcata, California (Data)
A partnership with HSU and U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to collect solar data to support future solar power generation in the United States. The measurement station monitors global horizontal, direct normal, and diffuse horizontal irradiance to define the amount of solar energy that hits this particular location.
Wilcox, S..; Andreas, A.
Solar Radiative Heating in First Year Sea Ice M.J. McGuinness 1 , K.A. Landman 2 , H.J. Trodahl 3 , A.E. Pantoja 3
Solar Radiative Heating in First Year Sea Ice M.J. McGuinness 1 , K.A. Landman 2 , H.J. Trodahl 3 ice show daily oscillations consistent with heating by solar radiation. We present and solve a heat for solar power absorption based on Monte Carlo scatter ing simulations of penetrating photons. We observe
High-Temperature Processing of Solids Through Solar Nebular Bow Shocks: 3D Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations with Particles
A fundamental, unsolved problem in Solar System formation is explaining the melting and crystallization of chondrules found in chondritic meteorites. Theoretical models of chondrule melting in nebular shocks has been shown to be consistent with many aspects of thermal histories inferred for chondrules from laboratory experiments; but, the mechanism driving these shocks is unknown. Planetesimals and planetary embryos on eccentric orbits can produce bow shocks as they move supersonically through the disk gas, and are one possible source of chondrule-melting shocks. We investigate chondrule formation in bow shocks around planetoids through 3D radiation hydrodynamics simulations. A new radiation transport algorithm that combines elements of flux-limited diffusion and Monte Carlo methods is used to capture the complexity of radiative transport around bow shocks. An equation of state that includes the rotational, vibrational, and dissociation modes of H$_2$ is also used. Solids are followed directly in the simulati...
Boley, A C; Desch, S J
External reflectors for large solar collector arrays, simulation model and experimental results
A model for the calculation of incident solar radiation from flat-and CPC-shaped external reflectors onto flat plate solar collector arrays has been developed. Assuming an infinite length of the collector/reflector rows, the basic calculations of incident radiation in the collector plane from the reflector become very simple. The direct radiation from the sun is projected into a vertical plane perpendicular to the collector and reflector plane. The incident radiation onto the collector, including corrections for shadowing and lost radiation above the collector, can then be calculated using 2-D geometry. For very short collector/reflector rows a 3-D model is given for correction for the loss of specular radiation in the east west direction. The diffuse radiation is assumed to be isotropic. The diffuse radiation in the collector plane is calculated using view factors. CPC-shaped reflectors can be treated with the same models by introducing an equivalent flat reflector. The incidence angle for the solar radiation from the reflector onto the collector is in most cases higher than the incidence angle for the radiation directly from the sun. Therefore the incidence angle characteristics of the collector glazing and absorber become more important in this application. Equations are given for the incidence angles for diffuse and beam radiation. An annual performance increase of over 30%, 100-120 kW h/m[sup 2], has been measured for aged (four operating seasons) flat reflectors in the Swedish climate. With a CPC-shaped reflector and new reflector materials, a performance increase of up to 170 kW h/m[sup 2] is not unrealistic. This means that the collector and ground area requirement can be reduced by more than 30% for a given load.
Perers, B.; Karlsson, B. (Vattenfall Utveckling, Aelvkarleby (Sweden))
Sri M., Huld T., Dunlop E.D., Albuisson M., Lefvre M., Wald L., 2007. Uncertainties in photovoltaic electricity yield prediction from fluctuation of solar radiation. Proceedings of the 22nd
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milano, Italy 3-7.9.2007 (preprint). UNCERTAINTIES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan : Italy (2007)" #12;Súri M., Huld T., Dunlop E fluctuation of solar radiation. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milano
Forecasting of preprocessed daily solar radiation time series using neural networks
In this paper, we present an application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in the renewable energy domain. We particularly look at the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) network which has been the most used of ANNs architectures both in the renewable energy domain and in the time series forecasting. We have used a MLP and an ad hoc time series pre-processing to develop a methodology for the daily prediction of global solar radiation on a horizontal surface. First results are promising with nRMSE {proportional_to} 21% and RMSE {proportional_to} 3.59 MJ/m{sup 2}. The optimized MLP presents predictions similar to or even better than conventional and reference methods such as ARIMA techniques, Bayesian inference, Markov chains and k-Nearest-Neighbors. Moreover we found that the data pre-processing approach proposed can reduce significantly forecasting errors of about 6% compared to conventional prediction methods such as Markov chains or Bayesian inference. The simulator proposed has been obtained using 19 years of available data from the meteorological station of Ajaccio (Corsica Island, France, 41 55'N, 8 44'E, 4 m above mean sea level). The predicted whole methodology has been validated on a 1.175 kWc mono-Si PV power grid. Six prediction methods (ANN, clear sky model, combination..) allow to predict the best daily DC PV power production at horizon d + 1. The cumulated DC PV energy on a 6-months period shows a great agreement between simulated and measured data (R{sup 2} > 0.99 and nRMSE < 2%). (author)
Paoli, Christophe; Muselli, Marc; Nivet, Marie-Laure [University of Corsica, CNRS UMR SPE, Corte (France); Voyant, Cyril [University of Corsica, CNRS UMR SPE, Corte (France); Hospital of Castelluccio, Radiotherapy Unit, Ajaccio (France)
Users manual for SERI QC software assessing the quality of solar radiation data
This manual describes the procedures and software for assessing the quality of solar radiation data. This does not constitute quality control because quality control must take place during the preparations for data collection (selection, calibration, and installation of instruments), during the measurement process, and during the transmission (if any) and recording of the numerical values. Once the data are recorded, only quality assessment can be performed. If quality assessment is performed in real time or soon after the measurement process is completed, it can provide input to control the quality of future measurements. Furthermore, quality assessment can be used for quality control if data judged to be bad are deleted and/or modified. We do not subscribe to these actions because the deletion or modification of data destroys information that might be useful to the user. For example, if an instrument has gone through a gradual failure and all of the data that fail quality assessment criteria are deleted or modified, the user of the data may not be able to detect what was happening and will not question the accuracy of other data collected before the instrument completely failed. Therefore, the SERI QC procedures and software do not delete or modify data. Instead, flags are set to inform the user of any departure of the data from expected values. These flags indicate the magnitude and direction of such departures. For the flags to communicate as much information as possible, this manual attempts to identify and explain the probable causes of various flags. However, we cannot overemphasize the following: Flags only indicate that data do or do not fall within expected ranges. This does not mean that the data that the data are or are not valid.
Study of the temporal and spatial variation of climate and solar radiation in th metropolitan Phoenix area. Final technical progress report, July 1, 1977-June 30, 1978
The research performed was designed to identify spatial or temporal variation of any atmospheric parameters that might affect the operation of devices utilizing solar energy in the metropolitan Phoenix area. The first part of the research involved the analysis of all available solar and climatic data to determine their validity and comparability. For the standard climatic parameters, few difficulties were encountered, but the task of determining comparability of solar radiation data involved many pitfalls. It was concluded that most of the solar data acquired before January 1977 could not be used for purposes of identifying spatial variability. And, a year and a half of data does not represent a long enough period of time upon which to base sound conclusions about spatial and temporal variability of solar radiation in the metropolitan Phoenix region. The data currently available to us do not indicate any great variation of solar radiation in the metropolitan Phoenix area. However, any meaningful statements about spatial and temporal variability of solar radiation in the metropolitan Phoenix area must await the acquisition of additional data from well-calibrated equipment.
Durrenberger, R.W.
University of Texas Panamerican (UTPA): Solar Radiation Lab (SRL); Edinburg, Texas (Data)
This measurement station monitors global horizontal, direct normal, and diffuse horizontal irradiance to define the amount of solar energy that hits this particular location.
Ramos, J; Andreas, A
Ramos, J.; Andreas, A.
National Solar Radiation Data Bases (NSRDB): 1961 to 1990 and 1991 to 2005
See also the interactive data maps for the 1961 to 1990 data at http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1961-1990/redbook/atlas/.
During periods of low solar radiation, reversed convectionapproximations for the solar radiation on the absorber coverare used for the solar radiation on the absorber cover
Mertol, A.
The role of F�rster Resonance Energy Transfer in luminescent solar concentrator efficiency and color tunability
greenhouse collector for solar radiation," Applied OpticsOn the conversion of solar radiation with fluorescent planarmaterial which absorbs solar radiation and isotropically
Balaban, Benjamin
Impact of Solar Heat Gain on Radiant Floor Cooling System Design
Y. Chen, The effect of solar radiation on dynamic thermaldependant upon solar radiation, ASHRAE Transactions, (2006)M. Filippi, B.W. Olesen, Solar radiation and cooling load
Feng, Jingjuan Dove; Schiavon, Stefano; Bauman, Fred
Apparatus and method for solar coal gasification
Apparatus for using focused solar radiation to gasify coal and other carbonaceous materials. Incident solar radiation is focused from an array of heliostats onto a tower-mounted secondary mirror which redirects the focused solar radiation down through a window onto the surface of a vertically-moving bed of coal, or a fluidized bed of coal, contained within a gasification reactor. The reactor is designed to minimize contact between the window and solids in the reactor. Steam introduced into the gasification reactor reacts with the heated coal to produce gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, commonly called "synthesis gas", which can be converted to methane, methanol, gasoline, and other useful products. One of the novel features of the invention is the generation of process steam at the rear surface of the secondary mirror.
Gregg, David W. (Moraga, CA)
Validation in an Arid Area of an Algorithm for the Estimation of Daily Solar Radiation
The Thornton�Running algorithm to estimate daily global radiation was tested at a site in a coastal desert of the eastern Mediterranean. In this algorithm three factors are multiplied in order to compute the daily global radiation: the total ...
P. R. Berliner; K. Droppelmann
Observational and Theoretical Studies of Solar Radiation in Arctic Stratus Clouds
A series of clouds-radiation experiments was carried out in June 1980 in Arctic stratus clouds occurring over the Beaufort Sea using the NCAR Electra aircraft. This paper is an analysis of the hemispheric radiation fields obtained with Eppley ...
G. F. Herman; J. A. Curry
Observations and Modeling of Downward Radiative Fluxes (Solar and Infrared) in Urban/Rural Areas
Pollutants (gaseous and aerosol) contained in urban atmospheres alter radiative fluxes at the surface.Numerous radiative models have been developed, and while few experimental data are available, results areoften contradictory. We have taken ...
Claude Estournel; Raoul Vehil; Daniel Guedalia; Jacques Fontan; Aim� Druilhet
Solar Kit Lessons
Solar Kit Lessons Middle School Curriculum Created by Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA) Click on the links below to take you to the Chapter heading: Solar Cell Inquiry Sunshine Timer Parts of a Solar Panel Part 1 Parts of a Solar Panel Part 2 Build a Simple Ammeter Solar-Powered Battery Charger Positioning Solar Panels 1 Positioning Solar Panels 2 Properties of Solar Radiation: Reflection, Transmission, and Absorption Properties of Solar Radiation: Direct and Diffuse Light Power Maximum: An Electrical Determination Calibration Curve for a Radiation Meter Solarize a Toy Solar Cells as Control Devices Solar-Powered Electrolysis of Water and the Hydrogen Economy Solar Kit Lesson #1 Solar Cell Inquiry TEACHER INFORMATION LEARNING OUTCOME
Utilization of solar radiation by polar animals: an optical model for pelts
A summary of existing passive solar-heat conversion panels provides the basis for a definition of an ideal passive solar-heat converter. Evidence for the existence of a biological greenhouse effect in certain homopolar homeothermic species is reviewed. The thermal and optical properties of homeothermic pelts, in particular those of the polar bear, are described, and a qualitative optical model of the polar bear pelt is proposed. The effectiveness of polar bear and seal pelts as solar-heat converters is discussed, and comparison is made with the ideal converter.
Grojean, R.E.; Sousa, J.A.; Henry, M.C.
NEW Fe IX LINE IDENTIFICATIONS USING SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY/SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENT OF EMITTED RADIATION AND HINODE/EIS JOINT OBSERVATIONS OF THE QUIET SUN
In this work, we study joint observations of Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation of Fe IX lines emitted by the same level of the high energy configuration 3s {sup 2}3p {sup 5}4p. The intensity ratios of these lines are dependent on atomic physics parameters only and not on the physical parameters of the emitting plasma, so that they are excellent tools to verify the relative intensity calibration of high-resolution spectrometers that work in the 170-200 A and 700-850 A wavelength ranges. We carry out extensive atomic physics calculations to improve the accuracy of the predicted intensity ratio, and compare the results with simultaneous EIS-SUMER observations of an off-disk quiet Sun region. We were able to identify two ultraviolet lines in the SUMER spectrum that are emitted by the same level that emits one bright line in the EIS wavelength range. Comparison between predicted and measured intensity ratios, wavelengths and energy separation of Fe IX levels confirms the identifications we make. Blending and calibration uncertainties are discussed. The results of this work are important for cross-calibrating EIS and SUMER, as well as future instrumentation.
Landi, E.; Young, P. R. [Naval Research Laboratory, Space Science Division, Washington, DC 20375 (United States)
Solar selective coatings
The definition, fabrication, and specification of solar selective absorber surfaces are discussed. Also, the nature of solar radiation and thermal radiation in relation to selective surfaces is considered. (WHK)
Mattox, D. M.
EIA Energy Kids - Solar
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Solar Basics Energy from the Sun. The sun has produced energy for billions of years. Solar energy is the sun�s rays (solar radiation) that reach the Earth.
solar cycle. (http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/ssn_www.igpp.ucla.edu/ http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/contents.html http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/ssn_
Radiative Impacts on the Growth of Drops within Simulated Marine Stratocumulus. Part I: Maximum Solar Heating
The effects of solar heating and infrared cooling on the vapor depositional growth of cloud drops, and hence the potential for collection enhancement, is investigated. Large eddy simulation (LES) of marine stratocumulus is used to generate 600 ...
Christopher M. Hartman; Jerry Y. Harrington
Local-Scale Variability of Solar Radiation in a Mountainous Region
Simultaneous measurements of horizontal global solar irradiance and other meteorological parameters have been taken over three years at a dense radiometric network. The network is located on a mountainous region in southeastern Spain (37�N, 3�W) ...
J. Tovar; F. J. Olmo; L. Alados-Arboledas
Accounting for the Solar Radiation Influence on Downward Longwave Irradiance Measurements by Pyrgeometers
Measurements of broadband downward longwave (LW) irradiance are carried out at Lampedusa, Italy, in the Mediterranean, jointly with solar irradiance, since 2004 using shaded and unshaded Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometers (PIRs) and Kipp & ...
Daniela Meloni; Claudia Di Biagio; Alcide di Sarra; Francesco Monteleone; Giandomenico Pace; Damiano Massimiliano Sferlazzo
Recent Interannual Variations in Solar Radiation, Cloudiness, and Surface Temperature at the South Pole
Incoming global solar irradiance measured at the surface at the South Pole unexpectedly decreased steadily by 15% from 1976 through 1987 during the late austral summer season, whereas no trend is apparent for September through December. February'...
Ellsworth G. Dutton; Robert S. Stone; Donald W. Nelson; Bernard G. Mendonca
A Method for Sky-Condition Classification from Ground-Based Solar Radiation Measurements
Identification of clouds from satellite images is now a routine task. Observation of clouds from the ground, however, is still needed to acquire a complete description of cloud conditions. Among the standard meteorological variables, solar ...
Josep Calb�; Josep-Abel Gonz�lez; David Pag�s
Broadband Extinction Method to Determine Aerosol Optical Depth from Accumulated Direct Solar Radiation
There are two important problems in the aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from hourly/daily/monthly accumulated pyrheliometer data, that is, how to select a suitable cosine of the solar zenith angle (?0) and how to eliminate or minimize ...
Jinhuan Qiu
Effects of Solar Radiation on the Performance of Pyrgeometers with Silicon Domes
The performance of the Eppley pyrgeometer with a silicon dome presents several anomalies during daytime measurements. These problems are related mainly to the solar heating of the dome, which causes nearly instantaneous fluctuations, about �1%�2% ...
L. Alados-Arboledas; J. Vida; J. I. Jim�nez
Energy Basics: Solar Water Heaters
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
solar storage in one tank. Types of Solar Collectors Solar collectors gather the sun's energy, transform its radiation into heat, and then transfer that heat to water or solar...
Relative Accuracy of 1-Minute and Daily Total Solar Radiation Data for 12 Global and 4 Direct Beam Solar Radiometers
We evaluated the relative performance of 12 global and four direct beam solar radiometers deployed at a single site over a 12-month period. Test radiometer irradiances were compared with a reference irradiance consisting of either an absolute cavity radiometer (during calibrations) or a low uncertainty thermopile pyrheliometer (during the evaluation period) for pyrheliometers; and for pyranometers a reference global irradiance computed from the reference pyrheliometer and diffuse irradiance from a shaded pyranometer. One minute averages of 3-second data for 12 months from the test instrument measurements were compared with the computed reference data set. Combined uncertainty in the computed reference irradiance is 1.8% {+-} 0.5%. Total uncertainty in the pyranometer comparisons is {+-}2.5%. We show mean percent difference between reference global irradiance and test pyranometer 1 minute data as a function of zenith angle, and percent differences between daily totals for the reference and test irradiances as a function of day number. We offer no explicit conclusion about the performance of instrument models, as a general array of applications with a wide range of instrumentation and accuracy requirements could be addressed with any of the radiometers.
Myers, D.; Wilcox, S. M.
Estimating solar access of typical residential rooftops: A case study in San Jose, CA
loss (loss of incident solar power/area) at any given hourlosses (loss of incident solar power/area) were calculatedreduces the aggregate solar power incident on the planes at
Levinson, Ronnen M
Models for Solar Abundance Stars with Gravitational Settling and Radiative Accelerations: Application to M67 and NGC188
Evolutionary models taking into account radiative accelerations, thermal diffusion, and gravitational settling for 28 elements, including all those contributing to OPAL stellar opacities, have been calculated for solar metallicity stars of 0.5 to 1.4 solar masses. The Sun has been used to calibrate the models. Isochrones are fitted to the observed color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of M67 and NGC188, and ages of 3.7 and 6.4 Gyr are respectively determined. Convective core overshooting is not required to match the turnoff morphology of either cluster, including the luminosity of the gap in M67, because central convective cores are larger when diffusive processes are treated. This is due mainly to the enhanced helium and metal abundances in the central regions of such models. The observation of solar metallicity open clusters with ages in the range 4.8--5.7Gyr would further test the calculations of atomic diffusion in central stellar regions: according to non-diffusive isochrones, clusters should not have gaps nea...
Michaud, G; Richer, J; Van den Berg, D A; Berg, Don A. Vanden
Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells
8? W�rfel�P. �Physics�of�solar�cells�:�from�principles�to�Photocell�for�Converting� Solar�Radiation�into�Electrical�generation� photovoltaics:� solar� cells� for� 2020� and�
Yengel, Emre
Deconvolution of Wide-Field-of-View Measurements of Reflected Solar Radiation
Wide-field-of-view (WFOV) radiometers have been flown as part of the Earth Radiation Budget instrument on the Nimbus 6 and 7 spacecraft and as part of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) instruments aboard the ERBE spacecraft and also ...
G. Louis Smith; David Rutan
Calculation of the Solar Load onto Occupants in a Room using Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions and a View Factor Approach
and a given solar radiation�������������������..52 Table 3direct and diffuse solar radiation for a design day, useddirect and diffuse solar radiation for a design day, used
Jedek, Christoph
Characterization of vegetation properties: Canopy modeling of pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine woodlands; Final report. Modeling topographic influences on solar radiation: A manual for the SOLARFLUX model
This report is comprised of two studies. The first study focuses on plant canopies in pinyon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine woodland, and waste sites at Los Alamos National Laboratory which involved five basic areas of research: (1) application of hemispherical photography and other gap fraction techniques to study solar radiation regimes and canopy architecture, coupled with application of time-domain reflectometry to study soil moisture; (2) detailed characterization of canopy architecture using stand mapping and allometry; (3) development of an integrated geographical information system (GIS) database for relating canopy architecture with ecological, hydrological, and system modeling approaches; (4) development of geometric models that simulate complex sky obstruction, incoming solar radiation for complex topographic surfaces, and the coupling of incoming solar radiation with energy and water balance, with simulations of incoming solar radiation for selected native vegetation and experimental waste cover design sites; and (5) evaluation of the strengths and limitations of the various field sampling techniques. The second study describes an approach to develop software that takes advantage of new generation computers to model insolation on complex topographic surfaces. SOLARFLUX is a GIS-based (ARC/INFO, GRID) computer program that models incoming solar radiation based on surface orientation (slope and aspect), solar angle (azimuth and zenith) as it shifts over time, shadows caused by topographic features, and atmospheric conditions. This manual serves as the comprehensive guide to SOLARFLUX. Included are discussions on modelling insolation on complex surfaces, the theoretical approach, program setup and operation, and a set of applications illustrating characteristics of topographic insolation modelling.
Rich, P.M.; Hetrick, W.A.; Saving, S.C.
Solar radiation prediction based on recurrent neural networks trained by Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation learning algorithm
In response to the growing concern over the use of fossil fuels, renewable energy industries have been significant economic drivers in many parts of the United States. In the recent years there is a strong growth in solar power generation industries ...
Nian Zhang; Pradeep K. Behera
Spectral Measurements of Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Southeast England
Spectral measurements of the ultraviolet region of the solar spectrum have been made at Reading, southeast England (51.5�N) since July 1989. The data presented here show the daily and annual variability of and within the ultraviolet-B wave band, ...
Ann R. Webb
Calculation of Potential Broadband Biologically Active and Thermal Solar Radiation above Vegetation Canopies
A spectral model was assembled and used to compute the potential solar irradiance in five broad bands, that is, ultraviolet-B (280?320 nm in wavelength), ultraviolet-A (320?400 nm), photosynthetically active (400?700 nm), near infrared (700?1500 ...
Xiusheng Yang; David R. Miller
NREL Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL): Baseline Measurement System (BMS); Golden, Colorado (Data)
The SRRL was established at the Solar Energy Research Institute (now NREL) in 1981 to provide continuous measurements of the solar resources, outdoor calibrations of pyranometers and pyrheliometers, and to characterize commercially available instrumentation. The SRRL is an outdoor laboratory located on South Table Mountain, a mesa providing excellent solar access throughout the year, overlooking Denver. Beginning with the basic measurements of global horizontal irradiance, direct normal irradiance and diffuse horizontal irradiance at 5-minute intervals, the SRRL Baseline Measurement System now produces more than 130 data elements at 1-min intervals that are available from the Measurement & Instrumentation Data Center Web site. Data sources include global horizontal, direct normal, diffuse horizontal (from shadowband and tracking disk), global on tilted surfaces, reflected solar irradiance, ultraviolet, infrared (upwelling and downwelling), photometric and spectral radiometers, sky imagery, and surface meteorological conditions (temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, precipitation, snow cover, wind speed and direction at multiple levels). Data quality control and assessment include daily instrument maintenance (M-F) with automated data quality control based on real-time examinations of redundant instrumentation and internal consistency checks using NREL's SERI-QC methodology. Operators are notified of equipment problems by automatic e-mail messages generated by the data acquisition and processing system. Radiometers are recalibrated at least annually with reference instruments traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR).
Stoffel, T.; Andreas, A.
Lecture 3 week 2/3 2012: Solar radiation, the greenhouse, global heat engine
... that would be like 13.68 one- hundred watt light bulbs illuminating a one-meter square surface, except that light bulbs put about 80% of their 100 watts of power into heat/infrared radiation. Given the distance
Impacts of a New Solar Radiation Parameterization on the CPTEC AGCM Climatological Features
The impacts of improved atmospheric absorption on radiative fluxes, atmospheric circulation, and hydrological cycle for long-term GCM integrations are investigated. For these runs the operational version of the Centro de Previs�o de Tempo e ...
H. M. J. Barbosa; T. A. Tarasova; I. F. A. Cavalcanti
Simple Radiative Transfer Methods for Calculating Domain-Averaged Solar Fluxes in Inhomogeneous Clouds
The use of cloud fraction as a means of incorporating horizontal cloud inhomogeneity in radiative transfer calculations is widespread in the atmospheric science community. This study addresses some issues pertaining to the use of cloud fraction ...
P. M. Gabriel; K. F. Evans
The Absorption of Solar Radiation by Cloud Droplets: An Application of Anomalous Diffraction Theory
In this paper we demonstrate that the anomalous diffraction theory of van de Hulst with some modifications, provides a reasonable approximation of the volume extinction and absorption coefficients. We also show how the shortwave radiative ...
Steven A. Ackerman; Graeme L. Stephens
Four-Stream Spherical Harmonic Expansion Approximation for Solar Radiative Transfer
This paper presents a four-stream extension of the ?-Eddington approximation by considering the higher-order spherical harmonic expansion in radiative intensity. By using the orthogonality relation of the spherical harmonic functions, the ...
J. Li; V. Ramaswamy
Effect of Spatial Organization on Solar Radiative Transfer in Three-Dimensional Idealized Stratocumulus Cloud Fields
To relate the error associated with 1D radiative calculations to the geometrical scales of cloud organization and/or in-cloud optical inhomogeneities, a new idealized methodology, based on a Fourier statistical technique, has been developed. ...
Absorption of Solar Radiation by Stratocumulus Clouds: Aircraft Measurements and Theoretical Calculations
Aircraft observations of shortwave radiative properties of stratocumulus clouds were carried out over the western North Pacific Ocean during January 1991. Two aircraft were equipped with a pair of pyranometers and near-infrared pyranometers. ...
Tadahiro Hayasaka; Nobuyuki Kikuchi; Masayuki Tanaka
ORISE: Advanced Radiation Medicine | REAC/TS Continuing Medical...
Incident Medical Consultation Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Continuing Medical Education Radiation Emergency Medicine Advanced Radiation Medicine Health Physics in Radiation...
A Linear Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Performance Model
A performance model has been programmed for solar thermal collector based on a linear, tracking parabolic trough reflector focused on a surface-treated metallic pipe receiver enclosed in an evacuated transparent tube: a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC). This steady state, single dimensional model comprises the fundamental radiative and convective heat transfer and mass and energy balance relations programmed in the Engineering Equation Solver, EES. It considers the effects of solar intensity and incident angle, collector dimensions, material properties, fluid properties, ambient conditions, and operating conditions on the performance of the collector: the PTSC. Typical performance calculations show that when hot-water at 165C flows through a 6m by 2.3m PTSC with 900 w/m^2 solar insulation and 0 incident angle, the estimated collector efficiency is about 55% The model predictions will be confirmed by the operation of PTSCs now being installed at Carnegie Mellon.
Qu, M.; Archer, D.; Masson, S.
a function of solar input, ambient weather conditions, loadcollected on weather conditions, solar radiation, interior
Authors, Various
Solar Optics
Solar opacities are presented from the center of the Sun to the photosphere. The temperatures, densities and hydrogen mass fractions are taken from the standard solar model. For the heavy element abundances the Grevesse mixture is used. In the solar interior photoabsorption is dominated by free-free absorption and they compare two sets of opacities based on two different models for the inverse bremsstrahlung. The radiative luminosities calculated from the two sets of opacities are compared with those predicted by previous models of the standard solar model and also with the known luminosity of the Sun. pressures, specific heats and the speed of sound in the solar plasma are also presented.
Rozsnyai, B.F.
Increasing the solar photovoltaic energy capture on sunny and cloudy days
This report analyzes an extensive set of measurements of the solar irradiance made using four identical solar arrays and associated solar sensors (collectively referred to as solar collectors) with different tilt angles relative to the earth's surface, and thus the position of the sun, in order to determine an optimal tracking algorithm for capturing solar radiation. The study included a variety of ambient conditions including different seasons and both cloudy and cloud-free conditions. One set of solar collectors was always approximately pointed directly toward the sun (DTS) for a period around solar noon. These solar collectors thus captured the direct beam component of the solar radiation that predominates on sunny days. We found that on sunny days, solar collectors with a DTS configuration captured more solar energy in accordance with the well-known cosine dependence for the response of a flat-surfaced solar collector to the angle of incidence with direct beam radiation. In particular, a DTS orientation was found to capture up to twice as much solar energy as a horizontal (H) orientation in which the array is tilted toward the zenith. Another set of solar collectors always had an H orientation, and this best captured the diffuse component of the solar radiation that predominates on cloudy days. The dependence of the H/DTS ratio on the solar-collector tilt angle was in approximate agreement with the Isotropic Diffuse Model derived for heavily overcast conditions. During cloudy periods, we found that an H configuration increased the solar energy capture by nearly 40% compared to a DTS configuration during the same period, and we estimate the solar energy increase of an H configuration over a system that tracks the obscured solar disk could reach 50% over a whole heavily-overcast day. On an annual basis the increase is predicted to be much less, typically only about 1%, because the contribution of cloudy days to the total annual solar energy captured by a photovoltaic system is small. These results are consistent with the solar tracking algorithm optimized for cloudy conditions that we proposed in an earlier report and that was based on a much smaller data set. Improving the harvesting of solar energy on cloudy days deserves wider attention due to increasing efforts to utilize renewable solar energy. In particular, increasing the output of distributed solar power systems on cloudy days is important to developing solar-powered home fueling and charging systems for hydrogen-powered fuel-cell electric and battery-powered vehicles, respectively, because it reduces the system size and cost for solar power systems that are designed to have sufficient energy output on the worst (cloudy) days. (author)
Kelly, Nelson A.; Gibson, Thomas L. [General Motors R and D Center, 480-106-269, Chemical Sciences and Materials Systems Laboratory, 30500 Mound Road, Warren, MI 48090-9055 (United States)
Definition: Angle of incidence | Open Energy Information
Angle of incidence Angle of incidence Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Angle of incidence In reference to solar energy systems: the angle a ray of sun makes with a line perpendicular to a surface; for example, a surface directly facing the sun has an angle of incidence of zero, and a surface parallel to the sun (such as a sunrise striking a horizontal rooftop) has an angle of incidence of 90°. Sunlight with an incident angle of 90° tends to be absorbed, while lower angles tend to be reflected.[1][2] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Angle of incidence is a measure of deviation of something from "straight on", for example: in the approach of a ray to a surface, or the angle at which the wing or horizontal tail of an airplane is installed on the fuselage, measured relative to the axis of the fuselage.
Evolutionary models taking into account radiative accelerations, thermal diffusion, and gravitational settling for 28 elements, including all those contributing to OPAL stellar opacities, have been calculated for solar metallicity stars of 0.5 to 1.4 solar masses. The Sun has been used to calibrate the models. Isochrones are fitted to the observed color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of M67 and NGC188, and ages of 3.7 and 6.4 Gyr are respectively determined. Convective core overshooting is not required to match the turnoff morphology of either cluster, including the luminosity of the gap in M67, because central convective cores are larger when diffusive processes are treated. This is due mainly to the enhanced helium and metal abundances in the central regions of such models. The observation of solar metallicity open clusters with ages in the range 4.8--5.7Gyr would further test the calculations of atomic diffusion in central stellar regions: according to non-diffusive isochrones, clusters should not have gaps near their main-sequence turnoffs if they are older than ~4.8Gyr, whereas diffusive isochrones predict that gaps should persist up to ages of ~5.7Gyr. Surface abundance isochrones are also calculated. In the case of M67 and NGC188, surface abundance variations are expected to be small. Abundance differences between stars of very similar Teff are expected close to the turnoff, especially for elements between P and Ca. Moreover, in comparison with the results obtained for giants, small generalized underabundances are expected in main-sequence stars. The lithium to beryllium ratio is discussed briefly and compared to observations.
G. Michaud; O. Richard; J. Richer; Don A. VandenBerg
Coincident bursts of auroral kilometric radiation and VLF emissions associated with a type III solar radio noise event
This paper examines an isolated magnetospheric VLF/radio noise event that is highly suggestive of the triggering of terrestrial auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) by solar type III radio emission and of a close relation between AKR and broadband hiss. The solar type III burst was measured on polar HF riometers and was coincident with local dayside VLF/LF noise emission bursts at South Pole station. It was also coincident with AKR bursts detected on the AMPTE/IRM satellite, at the same magnetic local time as South Pole. On the basis of the close association of AKR and VLF bursts, and from geometrical considerations relating to wave propagnation, it is likely that the AKR source was on the dayside and on field lines near South Pole station. The general level of geomagnetic activity was very low. However, an isolated magnetic impulse event (MIE) accompanied by a riometer absorption pulse was in progress when all of the VLF/radio noise bursts occurred. The very close association of the type III burst at HF with the AKR is consistent with external stimulation of the AKR, if a different, more immediate, triggering process than that implied by Calvert is invoked. It is suggested here that some of the HF solar radiant energy may decay into waves with frequencies comparable to those of the AKR by parametric excitation or some other process, thus providing the few background photons required for the generation of AKR by the Wu and Lee cyclotron maser instability. The AKR, perhaps by modifying the magnetospheric electron velocity distribution, might have produced the observed VLF emissions. Alternatively, the VLF emissions may have arisen from the same anisotropic and unstable electron distribution function responsible for the AKR. 41 refs., 5 figs.
Rosenberg, T.J.; Singh, S.; Wu, C.S. [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); LaBelle, J.; Treumann, R.A. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik und Astrophysik, Garching bei Muechen (Germany); Inan, U.S. [Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); Lanzerotti, L.J. [AT& T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ (United States)
Synthesis Gas Production by Rapid Solar Thermal Gasification of Corn Stover
Biomass resources hold great promise as renewable fuel sources for the future, and there exists great interest in thermochemical methods of converting these resources into useful fuels. The novel approach taken by the authors uses concentrated solar energy to efficiently achieve temperatures where conversion and selectivity of gasification are high. Use of solar energy removes the need for a combustion fuel and upgrades the heating value of the biomass products. The syngas product of the gasification can be transformed into a variety of fuels useable with today?s infrastructure. Gasification in an aerosol reactor allows for rapid kinetics, allowing efficient utilization of the incident solar radiation and high solar efficiency.
Perkins, C. M.; Woodruff, B.; Andrews, L.; Lichty, P.; Lancaster, B.; Weimer, A. W.; Bingham, C.
Chapter 9: Photovoltaic DevicesChapter 9: Photovoltaic Devices Solar energy spectrumSolar energy spectrum
;Photovoltaic devices or solar cells convert thePhotovoltaic devices or solar cells convert the incident solar 4 Solar cell plant #12;Cars powered by photovoltaic devices PHYS 5320 Chapter Nine 5 #12;SolarChapter 9: Photovoltaic DevicesChapter 9: Photovoltaic Devices Solar energy spectrumSolar energy
Wang, Jianfang
Solar-climatic statistical study
The Solar-Climatic Statistical Study was performed to provide statistical information on the expected future availability of solar and wind power at various nationwide sites. Historic data (SOLMET), at 26 National Weather Service stations reporting hourly solar insolation and collateral meteorological information, were interrogated to provide an estimate of future trends. Solar data are global radiation incident on a horizontal surface, and wind data represent wind power normal to the air flow. Selected insolation and wind power conditions were investigated for their occurrence and persistence, for defined periods of time, on a monthly basis. Information of this nature are intended as an aid to preliminary planning activities for the design and operation of solar and wind energy utilization and conversion systems. Presented in this volume are probability estimates of solar insolation and wind power, alone and in combination, occurring and persisting at or above specified thresholds, for up to one week, for each of the 26 SOLMET stations. Diurnal variations of wind power were also considered. Selected probability data for each station are presented graphically, and comprehensive plots for all stations are provided on a set of microfiche included in a folder in the back of this volume.
Bray, R.E.
Lightweight diaphragm mirror module system for solar collectors
A mirror module system is provided for accurately focusing solar radiation on a point or a line as defined by an array of solar collectors. Each mirror module includes a flexible membrane stretched over a frame in a manner similar to that of a drum or a trampoline and further includes a silvered glass or plastic mirror for forming an optical reflecting surface. The configuration of the optical reflecting surface is variably adjustable to provide for the accurate focusing of the solar energy on a given collector array, e.g., a point or a linear array arrangement. The flexible mirror-membrane combination is lightweight to facilitate installation and reduce system cost yet structurally strong enough to provide for the precise focusing of the incident solar radiation in a semi-rigid reflector system in which unwanted reflector displacement is minimized.
Butler, B.L.
Butler, Barry L. (Golden, CO)
ORIGINAL PAPER A new view of radiation-induced cancer: integrating
incidence among the Chernobyl emergency workers residing in Russia: estimation of radiation risks. Radiat
Measuring solar heat reduction for draperies and fabric shades
We are all familiar with the utility of draperies, curtains and shades to exclude unwanted solar gain, control glare, insulate windows and provide privacy. The manageability of these devices gives us a degree of control over our indoor environment. While fabric window coverings are widely used as interior shading devices, the analytical methods used to determine their effectiveness in reducing solar gains are relatively unsophisticated. Furthermore, with the recent emphasis on daylighting and visual and thermal comfort, the response to these shading devices to the varying direction of incident solar radiation has taken on a new importance. In this article, the authors review the historical development of analytical and experimental methods used to determine solar heat gain for draperies. The current state of these methods will be evaluated and issues related to their applicability to draperies and fabric shades are identified. Finally, recommendations to improve the accuracy and applicability of current solar heat gain methods are presented.
Grasso, M.M.; Hunn, B.D. (Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (US))
Method of and apparatus for collecting solar radiation utilizing variable curvature cylindrical reflectors
A heliostat apparatus includes a frame which is rotatable about an axis which is parallel to the aperture plane of an elongate receiver. A plurality of flat flexible mirror elements are mounted to the frame between several parallel, uniformly spaced resilient beams which are pivotally connected at their ends to the frame. Channels are mounted to the sides of the beams for supporting the edges of the mirror elements. Each of the beams has a longitudinally varying configuration designed to bow into predetermined, generally circular curvatures of varying radii when the center of the beam is deflected relative to the pivotally connected ends of the beams. All of the parallel resilient beams are simultaneously deflected by a cam shaft assembly extending through openings in the centers of the beams, whereby the mirror elements together form an upwardly concave, cylindrical reflecting surface. The heliostat is rotated about its axis to track the apparent diurnal movement of the sun, while the reflecting surface is substantially simultaneously bowed into a cylindrical trough having a radius adapted to focus incident light at the plane of the receiver aperture.
Treytl, William J. (San Jose, CA); Slemmons, Arthur J. (Los Gatos, CA); Andeen, Gerry B. (Menlo Park, CA)
Estimates of Radiation Exposures for Human Crews in Deep Space from the January 15, 2005, Solar Energetic Particle Event Using the Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Environment Module
Technical Paper / Special Issue on the 16th Biennial Topical Meeting of the Radiation Protection and Shielding Division / Radiation Transport and Protection
Mahmoud PourArsalan; Lawrence W. Townsend; Nathan A. Schwadron; Kamen Kozarev; Maher A. Dayeh; Mihir I. Desai
EE580 Solar Cells Todd J. Kaiser
with Photovoltaic Cells Contains initial work for the current PV kit experiments o Solar Cells o Solar Electric Arrays o Photovoltaics in Arrays: Solar Cells Generating Electricity http://www.californiasolarcenter.org/history_pv and the Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory
Kaiser, Todd J.
Immersion Cooling of Photovoltaic Cells in Highly Concentrated Solar Beams.
??Concentrated solar radiation can be utilized to generate electrical power from photovoltaic cells, but concentrated solar radiation increases the photovoltaic cell�s temperature. This increase in� (more)
Darwish, Ahmed
Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Solar Thermal Conversion
Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Solar Thermal Conversion Major Functions: · Solar #12;Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Solar Thermal Conversion Solar energy a surface is heated by a certain flux of incident solar energy is determined by the balance of incident
Solar energy collector
An evacuated solar collector receives impinging solar radiation of varying intensity and converts the same into useful thermal energy in a selected working range of the ambience. The collector has absorber and window surfaces selectively coated for rendering the conversion of solar radiation to useful thermal energy more efficient by increasing absorption, reducing reradiation, and in certain cases may include at least one electrically conductive coating on the solar window which is capable of carrying an electric current, for suppressing snow accumulation thereon.
Kenny, N.S.
Multi-horizon solar radiation forecasting for Mediterranean locations using time series models
Considering the grid manager's point of view, needs in terms of prediction of intermittent energy like the photovoltaic resource can be distinguished according to the considered horizon: following days (d+1, d+2 and d+3), next day by hourly step (h+24), next hour (h+1) and next few minutes (m+5 e.g.). Through this work, we have identified methodologies using time series models for the prediction horizon of global radiation and photovoltaic power. What we present here is a comparison of different predictors developed and tested to propose a hierarchy. For horizons d+1 and h+1, without advanced ad hoc time series pre-processing (stationarity) we find it is not easy to differentiate between autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). However we observed that using exogenous variables improves significantly the results for MLP . We have shown that the MLP were more adapted for horizons h+24 and m+5. In summary, our results are complementary and improve the existing prediction techniques ...
Voyant, Cyril; Muselli, Marc; Nivet, Marie Laure
to the incident solar spectrum but must also have a highH I I \\j 6000 0 K solar spectrum I ! >.o .AA l--- visible
Selkowitz, S.
Petrovay: Solar physics The solar cycle ACTIVE REGIONS
Petrovay: Solar physics The solar cycle ACTIVE REGIONS Large scale (up to 100 Mm) anomalies in the structure and radiation of the solar atmosphere. Photosphere : AR = cluster of strong magnetic flux tubes of facular points. Filamentary structure due to supergranulation. #12;Petrovay: Solar physics The solar cycle
Petrovay, Kristóf
Solar heating system
An improved solar heating system in which the incident radiation of the sun is absorbed on collector panels, transferred to a storage unit and then distributed as heat for a building and the like. The improvement is obtained by utilizing a storage unit comprising separate compartments containing an array of materials having different melting points ranging from 75.degree. to 180.degree. F. The materials in the storage system are melted in accordance with the amount of heat absorbed from the sun and then transferred to the storage system. An efficient low volume storage system is provided by utilizing the latent heat of fusion of the materials as they change states in storing and releasing heat for distribution.
Schreyer, James M. (Oak Ridge, TN); Dorsey, George F. (Concord, TN)
Improved solar heating systems
An improved solar heating system is described in which the incident radiation of the sun is absorbed on collector panels, transferred to a storage unit and then distributed as heat for a building and the like. The improvement is obtained by utilizing a storage unit comprising separate compartments containing an array of materials having different melting points ranging from 75 to 180/sup 0/F. The materials in the storage system are melted in accordance with the amount of heat absorbed from the sun and then transferred to the storage system. An efficient low volume storage system is provided by utilizing the latent heat of fusion of the materials as they change states in storing ad releasing heat for distribution.
Schreyer, J.M.; Dorsey, G.F.
A heat-exchange radiator is connected to a fluid flow circuit by a connector which provides one member of an interengageable spigot and socket pair for push-fit, fluid-tight, engagement between the connector and the radiator, with latching formations at least one of which is resilient. Preferably the connector carries the spigot which tapers and engages with a socket of corresponding shape, the spigot carrying an O-ring seal and either latching fingers or a resilient latching circlip.
Webster, D. M.
Solar radiation data forecast and interpolation analysis. Folder I: Part I. Executive summary; Part II. Technical analysis (Tasks I and II); Part III. Appendices (Tasks I and II). Final report
Data were evaluated from the rehabilitated 52-station SOLMET solar radiation network. For economic reasons, it is important that solar radiation data measured at a station represent as broad an area within the contiguous United States as possible, and that techniques be established to transform radiation measurements taken on a horizontal surface to what would be seen by an inclined surface. Methods applicable to these problems have been developed. A Climatological Cell Statistics (CCS) Method was developed to obtain the statistics of up to 24 variables occurring in combination with each other using surface meteorological data and to relate these statistics to the solar radiation measurements. A method to evaluate the differences between two insolation data sets, called the Wedge Method, was developed to determine the representative area of a radiation measurement site. These methods were used to evaluate the capabilities of the NOAA Solar Radiation Model to interpolate between measurement sites. Twenty-four methods of calculating solar radiation on inclined surfaces were investigated. All algorithms were rewritten in a common convention and nomenclature and the measurements required for each method were categorized.
Woo, J. Jr.
Petrovay: Solar physics Solar wind and heliosphere THE SOLAR WIND AND THE HELIOSPHERE
Petrovay: Solar physics Solar wind and heliosphere THE SOLAR WIND AND THE HELIOSPHERE 1951: First proposal of solar corpuscular radiation by Biermann, to explain slight deviation of comets' ion tails from radial (aberration effect). 1958: Parker's supersonic wind model 1962: Mariner-2 detects solar wind. v
Aerosols and solar energy
A brief description is presented of the involvement of the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) in atmospheric research, including aerosol characterization and modeling. The use of both rigorous and simple models for radiation transport is described. Modeled broadband solar irradiance data are shown to illustrate the important influence that aerosols have on the energy available to solar systems and the economics of solar systems design. Standard aerosol measurement methods for solar applications are discussed along with the need for improved instrumentation and methods.
Bird, R. E.; Hulstrom, R. L.
Comparison of Model Estimated and Measured Direct-Normal Solar Irradiance
Direct-normal solar irradiance (DNSI), the total energy in the solar spectrum incident in unit time on a unit area at the earth's surface perpendicular to the direction to the Sun, depends only on atmospheric extinction of solar energy without regard to the details of the extinction - whether absorption or scattering. Here we report a set of closure experiments performed in north-central Oklahoma in April 1996, under cloud-free conditions, wherein measured atmospheric composition and aerosol optical thickness are input to a radiative transfer model, MODTRAN-3, to estimate DNSI, which is then compared with measured values obtained with normal incidence pyrheliometers and absolute cavity radiometers. Uncertainty in aerosol optical thickness (AOT) dominates the uncertainty in DNSI calculation. AOT measured by an independently calibrated sunphotometer and a rotating Direct-Normal Solar Irradiance - A Closure Experiment, Halthore et al. 2 shadow-band radiometer agree to within the uncerta...
Rangasayi Halthore; Schwartz; S. E.; Michalsky; J. J.; Anderson; G. P.; Gail P. Anderson; Ferrare R. A.; ten Brink H. M; Holben B. N.; Harry M. Ten Brink
The potential of different artificial neural network (ANN) techniques in daily global solar radiation modeling based on meteorological data
The main objective of present study is to predict daily global solar radiation (GSR) on a horizontal surface, based on meteorological variables, using different artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. Daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, evaporation, and wind speed values between 2002 and 2006 for Dezful city in Iran (32 16'N, 48 25'E), are used in this study. In order to consider the effect of each meteorological variable on daily GSR prediction, six following combinations of input variables are considered: (I)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature and relative humidity as inputs and daily GSR as output. (II)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature and sunshine hours as inputs and daily GSR as output. (III)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours as inputs and daily GSR as output. (IV)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and evaporation as inputs and daily GSR as output. (V)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and wind speed as inputs and daily GSR as output. (VI)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, evaporation and wind speed as inputs and daily GSR as output. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are applied for daily GSR modeling based on six proposed combinations. The measured data between 2002 and 2005 are used to train the neural networks while the data for 214 days from 2006 are used as testing data. The comparison of obtained results from ANNs and different conventional GSR prediction (CGSRP) models shows very good improvements (i.e. the predicted values of best ANN model (MLP-V) has a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) about 5.21% versus 10.02% for best CGSRP model (CGSRP 5)). (author)
Behrang, M.A.; Assareh, E. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Dezful Branch (Iran); Ghanbarzadeh, A.; Noghrehabadi, A.R. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz (Iran)
Solar energy conversion systems engineering and economic analysis radiative energy input/thermal electric output computation. Volume III
The direct energy flux analytical model, an analysis of the results, and a brief description of a non-steady state model of a thermal solar energy conversion system implemented on a code, SIRR2, as well as the coupling of CIRR2 which computes global solar flux on a collector and SIRR2 are presented. It is shown how the CIRR2 and, mainly, the SIRR2 codes may be used for a proper design of a solar collector system. (LEW)
Russo, G.
Incident Handling Activities
[an error occurred while processing this directive] Incident Handling Activities. Since 1989 the National Institute of Standards ...
With growing numbers of solar energy systems being ... radiation from solar power plants include the ... for the U.S. Department of Energy�s National Nuclear ...
Passive solar workbook
After a case is presented for the use of solar energy, principles of solar kinetics, solar radiation and weather, and heat flow are reviewed and active, passive and hybrid systems are briefly discussed. Site planning, orientation, and landscaping and solar access are covered, as are the design and components of passive solar systems. Calculation methods are presented for determining building heating load profile, auxiliary load profile, and thermal storage capacity. Construction details are given for foundation, wall, and storage insulation, Trombe walls, movable insulation, and shading devices. Passive solar cooling is also covered. Interior applications for passive solar design are discussed and financial considerations are presented. (LEW)
Radiative Impacts on the Growth of Drops within Simulated Marine Stratocumulus. Part II: Solar Zenith Angle Variations
The effects of solar heating at a variety of solar zenith angles (?o) on the vapor depositional growth of cloud drops, and hence the potential for collection enhancement, is investigated. A large eddy simulation (LES) model is used to predict the ...
Solar: annual and seasonal average global horizontal (GHI) GIS data
global horizontal (GHI) GIS data global horizontal (GHI) GIS data (contours) for Brazil from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Annual and seasonal mean of Global Horizontal Solar Radiation in kWh/m2/day based on data from 1995 to 2002 (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The cross-calibration process worked with data from 3 ground stations: Caicó (located in the Northeast of Brazil), Florianópolis (located in the South) and Balbina (located in Amazonia). These data have been used for validation and comparison of radiation transfer models operated in SWERA to estimate the incidence of solar radiation on the surface of the country from satellite images
paNTICA: A Fast 3D Radiative Transfer Scheme to Calculate Surface Solar Irradiance for NWP and LES Models
The resolution of numerical weather prediction models is constantly increasing, making it necessary to consider three-dimensional radiative transfer effects such as cloud shadows cast into neighboring grid cells and thus affecting radiative ...
Ulrike Wissmeier; Robert Buras; Bernhard Mayer
Importance of Accurate Liquid Water Path for Estimation of Solar Radiation in Warm Boundary Layer Clouds: An Observational Study
A 1-yr observational study of overcast boundary layer stratus at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains site illustrates that surface radiation has a higher sensitivity to cloud liquid water ...
Manajit Sengupta; Eugene E. Clothiaux; Thomas P. Ackerman; Seiji Kato; Qilong Min
from the sun, while for pyrheliometry and solar collectionlens and a sun- shade to prevent direct solar radiation fromby the solar disc and a circle 30 from the sun's center.
Hunt, A.J.
Insolation data manual: long-term monthly averages of solar radiation, temperature, degree-days and global anti K/sub T/ for 248 national weather service stations
Monthly averaged data is presented which describes the availability of solar radiation at 248 National Weather Service stations. Monthly and annual average daily insolation and temperature values have been computed from a base of 24 to 25 years of data. Average daily maximum, minimum, and monthly temperatures are provided for most locations in both Celsius and Fahrenheit. Heating and cooling degree-days were computed relative to a base of 18.3/sup 0/C (65/sup 0/F). For each station, global anti K/sub T/ (cloudiness index) were calculated on a monthly and annual basis. (MHR)
Knapp, C L; Stoffel, T L; Whitaker, S D
Solar Atlas for the Mediterranean Carsten Hoyer-Klick
The solar resource is the "fuel" of solar energy applications and its availability is a key economic on the further development. Keywords: solar radiation, direct normal radiation, atlas, solar energy potentials. 1. Introduction Solar energy has a large potential for renewable energy generation. Solar energy is highly
Relative Accuracy of 1-Minute and Daily Total Solar Radiation Data for 12 Global and 4 Direct Beam Solar Radiometers: Preprint
This report evaluates the relative performance of 12 global and four direct beam solar radiometers deployed at a single site over a 12-month period. Test radiometer irradiances were compared with a reference irradiance consisting of either an absolute cavity radiometer (during calibrations) or a low uncertainty thermopile pyrheliometer (during the evaluation period) for pyrheliometers; and for pyranometers a reference global irradiance computed from the reference pyrheliometer and diffuse irradiance from a shaded pyranometer.
Myers, D. R.; Wilcox, S. M.
Solar selective absorption coatings
A new class of solar selective absorption coatings are disclosed. These coatings comprise a structured metallic overlayer such that the overlayer has a sub-micron structure designed to efficiently absorb solar radiation, while retaining low thermal emissivity for infrared thermal radiation. A sol-gel layer protects the structured metallic overlayer from mechanical, thermal, and environmental degradation. Processes for producing such solar selective absorption coatings are also disclosed.
Mahoney, Alan R. (Albuquerque, NM); Reed, Scott T. (Albuquerque, NM); Ashley, Carol S. (Albuquerque, NM); Martinez, F. Edward (Horseheads, NY)
Atomic Radiation (Illinois)
This article states permissible levels of radiation in unrestricted areas, environmental standards for uranium fuel cycle and information about notification of incidents.
to measure the solar and circumsolar (around the sun) radia-solar and circum- solar radiation plotted versus angular distance from the center of the sun.solar radiation (that originating from the disk of the sun)
Temporal Structure of the Solar Radiation Field in Cloudy Conditions: Are Retrievals of Hourly Averages from Space Possible?
The authors examine the temporal variability of measured 415- and 611.7-nm spectral solar irradiance in cloudy stratocumulus conditions. This is accomplished by normalizing measured data by the equivalent irradiance for cloudless conditions and ...
Manuel Nunez; Kurt Fienberg; Christopher Kuchinke
Satellite-Derived Surface Radiation Budget over the African Continent. Part I: Estimation of Downward Solar Irradiance and Albedo
Downward surface solar irradiance and albedo of the African continent are estimated from Meteosat B2 data at 30-km spatial resolution. The algorithm, based on Dedieu et al.�s approach, is verified against other satellite estimates and ground-...
Mamoudou B. Ba; Robert Frouin; Sharon E. Nicholson; G�rard Dedieu
Total Solar Irradiance Measurements During Solar Cycles 22 and 23
Total Solar Irradiance Measurements During Solar Cycles 22 and 23 Sabri Mekaoui Abstract The Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the radiative output from the Sun. Its value and its long solar cycles. Cycle 22 lasted from late 1986 until 1996 while cycle 23 is currently ending
Glineur, François
D. E. F. G. H. I. Solar Radiation Sky Properties AtmosphericDEVELOPMENT TASKS A. Solar Radiation B. Sky Properties c.a collector where solar radiation is admitted into the
Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar (Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy) |
Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar (Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy) Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar (Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy) Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): The Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy is divided into five distinct sections. The first section describes the methodology used to obtain the solar radiation data and to produce the solar maps. The second section contains information on the confidence levels of the methodology employed, obtained by comparing solar estimates provided by BRASIL- SR model with estimates provided by other models and ground data. The third section presents the maps of various solar radiation components (global, direct, diffuse, tilted plane, and PAR). The fourth section analyzes the temporal and spatial variations and trends of solar energy resources and, (Purpose): The Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy is designed to supply for a portion of the demand for information
A Study of the Solar Radiation Effect on the 4.3-?m Channels of the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder
Measurements of infrared radiation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration series of satellites are used to retrieve atmospheric temperature, moisture, and ozone. It is well known that the measurements from the 4.3-?m channels of ...
Larry M. McMillin; David S. Crosby
Solar tracking system
This report describes an automated solar tracking system which is adaptable to most solar collectors which require alignment with the sun's radiation. The system uses partially shaded photovoltaic solar cells to produce error signals for both elevation and azimuth tracking with a high degree of accuracy. An electrical circuit processes the error signals and controls gearmotors to direct the solar collector toward the sun.
Hammons, B.E.
California solar data manual
Factors that determined the data contents of the manual are presented. Estimates of errors in the data are provided, and the impact of these errors on solar design is discussed. The state is divided into 15 solar zones of roughly similar solar radiation conditions, which are illustrated along with page references to the most relevant solar and climate data. A guide to the data tables and graphs is provided, which are displayed under solar, climate, and sky charts. A guide is given to simplified design methods to predict performance and cost of solar heating and cooling systems. (MHR)
Berdahl, P.; Grether, D.; Martin, M.; Wahlig, M.
Site-specific solar resource measurements for industrial solar applications
The solar industry can borrow solar radiation measuring equipment from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) as part of NREL`s Solar Industrial Program. This program provides assistance to qualified parties in quantifying the solar radiation resource at prospective sites to reduce the risks of deploying industrial solar energy systems. Up-to-date solar radiation measurements permit comparisons of fresh data with existing data to verify established data bases and also provide data based on actual measurements instead of on less accurate models. This report outlines the responsibilities and obligations of NREL and the solar industry participant. It also describes the equipment for measuring solar radiation, the data quality assessment procedures, and the format of the data provided.
Marion, W.
ORISE: The Medical Aspects of Radiation Incidents
and dose estimation (US and SI units) treatment of whole body and acute local irradiation issues assessment and treatment of internal contamination with radioactive...
Commercial Building Indoor Environmental Quality Evaluation: Methods and Tools
humidity, incident solar radiation, air speed over intervalsrelative humidity, incident solar radiation, air speed) withincident Intermediate solar radiation, air speed over
Heinzerling, David
coolers. active solar heating and underground thermalbeam solar radiation is preferred to counteract the heatingdays vs. 5000 heating degree days). Passive solar potentials
Andersson, Brandt
Core-Shell Nanopillar Array Solar Cells using Cadmium Sulfide Coating on Indium Phosphide Nanopillars
each wavelength of the solar spectrum, or external quantumgray curve shows the solar spectrum (blackbody radiation)covers most of the solar spectrum where irradiance is
Tu, Bor-An Clayton
NSRDB: Temporary access to 1991-2010 The National Solar... Open Energy Info (EERE) National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) is the most comprehensive collection of solar data freely available. The newly available 1991 - 2010 NSRDB contains hourly solar...
National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) is the most comprehensive collection of solar data freely available. The newly available 1991 - 2010 NSRDB contains hourly solar...
Solar Rights | Department of Energy
Solar Rights Solar Rights Solar Rights < Back Eligibility Multi-Family Residential Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Solar Heating Buying & Making Electricity Swimming Pool Heaters Water Heating Program Info State North Carolina Program Type Solar/Wind Access Policy Provider North Carolina Department of Commerce Cities and counties in North Carolina generally may not adopt ordinances prohibiting the installation of "a solar collector that gathers solar radiation as a substitute for traditional energy for water heating, active space heating and cooling, passive heating, or generating electricity for residential property."* However, city and county ordinances may prohibit the installation of solar-energy collectors that are visible from the
STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LIGHTSOURCE The Stanford Synchrotron...
Solar Cells A new process that simultaneously combines the light and heat of solar radiation to generate electricity could offer more than double the efficiency of existing...
Apparatus for solar coal gasification
Apparatus for using focused solar radiation to gasify coal and other carbonaceous materials is described. Incident solar radiation is focused from an array of heliostats through a window onto the surface of a moving bed of coal, contained within a gasification reactor. The reactor is designed to minimize contact between the window and solids in the reactor. Steam introduced into the gasification reactor reacts with the heated coal to produce gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, commonly called synthesis gas, which can be converted to methane, methanol, gasoline, and other useful products. One of the novel features of the invention is the generation of process steam in one embodiment at the rear surface of a secondary mirror used to redirect the focused sunlight. Another novel feature of the invention is the location and arrangement of the array of mirrors on an inclined surface (e.g., a hillside) to provide for direct optical communication of said mirrors and the carbonaceous feed without a secondary redirecting mirror.
Gregg, D.W.
Robustness of Dynamical Feedbacks from Radiative Forcing: 2% Solar versus 2 � CO2 Experiments in an Idealized GCM
Despite the differences in the spatial patterns of the external forcing associated with a doubling CO2 and with a 2% solar variability, the final responses in the troposphere and at the surface in a three-dimensional general circulation model ...
Ming Cai; Ka-Kit Tung
For the Meyer Fund for Sustainable Development and the University of Oregon Department of Physics and Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory
) A method of generating electrical current from light Photovoltaic Cell A cell that generates an electrical current when illuminated by light also called a solar cell Photovoltaic Module A group of photovoltaic cells connected together Resistance An electrical component that resists current flow turning
Solar retorting of oil shale
An apparatus and method for retorting oil shale using solar radiation. Oil shale is introduced into a first retorting chamber having a solar focus zone. There the oil shale is exposed to solar radiation and rapidly brought to a predetermined retorting temperature. Once the shale has reached this temperature, it is removed from the solar focus zone and transferred to a second retorting chamber where it is heated. In a second chamber, the oil shale is maintained at the retorting temperature, without direct exposure to solar radiation, until the retorting is complete.
Gregg, David W. (Morago, CA)
An apparatus and method are described for retorting oil shale using solar radiation. Oil shale is introduced into a first retorting chamber having a solar focus zone. There the oil shale is exposed to solar radiation and rapidly brought to a predetermined retorting temperature. Once the shale has reached this temperature, it is removed from the solar focus zone and transferred to a second retorting chamber. In the second chamber, the oil shale is maintained at the retorting temperature, without direct exposure to solar radiation, until the retorting is complete.
Passive solar design handbook
The Passive Solar Design Handbook, Volume Three updates Volume Two by presenting extensive new data on the optimum mix of conservation and solar direct gain, sunspaces, thermal storage walls, and solar radiation. The direct gain, thermal storage wall, and solar radiation data are greatly expanded relative to the Volume 2 coverage. The needed flexibility to analyze a variety of system designs is accommodated by the large number of reference designs to be encompassed - 94 in contrast to 6 in Volume two - and the large amount of sensitivity data for direct gain and sunspace systems - approximately 1100 separate curves.
Jones, R.W.
July 2013 Cyber Incident
The Department of Energy (DOE) has confirmed a recent cyber�incident that occurred at the end of July and resulted in the unauthorized disclosure of federal employee Personally Identifiable...
January 2013 Cyber Incident
The Department of Energy (DOE) has confirmed a recent cyber�incident that occurred in mid-January 2013 which targeted the Headquarters'�network and resulted in the unauthorized disclosure of...
The Department of Energy (DOE) has confirmed a cyber incident that occurred at the end of July and resulted in the unauthorized disclosure of federal employee Personally Identifiable Information ...
Incoming Solar and Infrared Radiation Derived from METEOSAT: Impact on the Modeled Land Water and Energy Budget over France
The Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF) project radiation fluxes, derived from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite, were used in the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) ...
D. Carrer; S. Lafont; J.-L. Roujean; J.-C. Calvet; C. Meurey; P. Le Moigne; I. F. Trigo
Incidents of Security Concern
NOT MEASUREMENT NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE DOE-STD-1210-2012 September 2012 DOE STANDARD Incidents of Security Concern U.S. Department of Energy AREA SANS Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DOE-STD-1210-2012 INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-STD-1210-2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................ IV INCIDENTS OF SECURITY CONCERN......................................................................................1 1. SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................1 2. PURPOSE...............................................................................................................................1
Origin of the Solar System
University of Chicago April 5, 2006 Extraterrestrial Materials: The Role of Synchrotron Radiation Analyses in the Study of Our Solar System Stephen R. Sutton University of...
Solar Thermal Group Australian National University
of Concentrated Solar Power Parabolic Troughs (Concentration Ratio ~ 80) #12;Solar Thermal Group AustralianC 500o C Solar Concentrator (Dish or Trough) Rebecca Dunn & Dr Keith Lovegrove rebecca Concentrating Solar Power The Basics 1. Parabolic mirror. 2. Receiver at focus. 3. Solar Radiation heats fluid
Radiation and Ozone
Radiation is the driving force for the general circulation of the atmosphere and controls the Earth's climate. Ozone is responsible for the warm stratosphere and protects life on Earth from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. In July 1959, the ...
G. Ohring; R. D. Bojkov; H-J. Bolle; R. D. Hudson; H. Volkert
Introduction to meteorological measurements and data handling for solar energy applications. Task IV. Development of an isolation handbook and instrument package
The following are covered: the Sun and its radiation, solar radiation and atmospheric interaction, solar radiation measurement methods, spectral irradiance measurements of natural sources, the measurement of infrared radiation, the measurement of circumsolar radiation, some empirical properties of solar radiation and related parameters, duration of sunshine, and meteorological variables related to solar energy. Included in appendices are manufacturers and distributors of solar radiation measuring instruments and an approximate method for quality control of solar radiation instruments. (MHR)
Post-fire changes in net shortwave radiation along a latitudinal gradient in boreal North America
contrast, winter incoming solar radiation and summer albedoDa) and incoming solar radiation (S in ), both of which varymean all-sky incoming solar radiation at the surface (S in )
Y, Jin; Randerson, J T; Goulden, M L; Goetz, S J
Investigation of Aerosol Sources, Lifetime and Radiative Forcing through Multi-Instrument Data Assimilation
as clouds reflect solar radiation and trap outgoing CHAPTEReffectively scatter solar radiation, such as sulfate, reduceF o = 1361W/m 2 (Solar Radiation and Climate Experiement (
Rubin, Juli Irene
Solar heater
The invention is a solar heater which may function as a humidifier and which has a reflector that is constructed to provide a window, and external thermal insulation. The window has a cover that is positioned to transmit solar radiation to the reflector. The top portion of the reflector has an opening, and a container is removably positioned in the opening. The reflector has a geometry that reflects a high percentage of solar energy to the container, which has a surface with high absorptance. The container has a removable lid for confining heat within the container for certain functions, such as boiling water or drying clothes. When used as a humidifier, the container is filled with water and the lid is removed.
Hill, C.W.
Solar Neutrinos
DOE R&D Accomplishments (OSTI)
The prospect of studying the solar energy generation process directly by observing the solar neutrino radiation has been discussed for many years. The main difficulty with this approach is that the sun emits predominantly low energy neutrinos, and detectors for observing low fluxes of low energy neutrinos have not been developed. However, experimental techniques have been developed for observing neutrinos, and one can foresee that in the near future these techniques will be improved sufficiently in sensitivity to observe solar neutrinos. At the present several experiments are being designed and hopefully will be operating in the next year or so. We will discuss an experiment based upon a neutrino capture reaction that is the inverse of the electron-capture radioactive decay of argon-37. The method depends upon exposing a large volume of a chlorine compound, removing the radioactive argon-37 and observing the characteristic decay in a small low-level counter.
Davis, R. Jr.; Harmer, D. S.
Preliminary Analysis of Surface Radiation Measurement Data Quality...
primary radiation flux measurements at the SGP extended facilities are obtained from the Solar Infrared Radiation Station (SIRS). In this study, we examine the radiation...
Window and seal design for a small particle solar receiver.
??Central receivers for solar power towers have recently been under intense investigation. They can convert solar radiation into electricity by supplying heat to a thermodynamic� (more)
Mande, Onkar Kiran
Unglazed transpired solar collector having a low thermal ...
An unglazed transpired solar collector using solar radiation to heat incoming air for distribution, comprising an unglazed absorber formed of low thermal-conductance ...
The Use of Two-Stream Approximations for the Parameterization of Solar Radiative Energy Fluxes through Vegetation
Two-stream approximations have been used widely and for a long time in the field of radiative transfer through vegetation in various contexts and in the last 10 years also to model the hemispheric reflectance of vegetated surfaces in numerical ...
Joachim H. Josepoh; Jean Laquinta; Bernard Pinty
Determination of the Spectral Absorption of Solar Radiation by Marine Stratocumulus Clouds from Airborne Measurements within Clouds
A multiwavelength scanning radiometer has been used to measure the angular distribution of scattered radiation deep within a cloud layer at discrete wavelengths between 0.5 and 2.3 ?m. The relative angular distribution of the intensity field at ...
Michael D. King; Lawrence F. Radke; Peter V. Hobbs
total direct solar (from the disk of the sun) radiation.by the direct solar (coming from the disk of the sun) plussolar radiation (that originating from the disk of the sun)
The predictions of an improved standard solar model are compared with the observations of the four solar neutrino experiments. The improved model includes premain sequence evolution, element diffusion, partial ionization effects, and all the possible nuclear reactions between the main elements. It uses updated values for the initial solar element abundances, the solar age, the solar luminosity, the nuclear reaction rates and the radiative opacities. Neither nuclear equilibrium, nor complete ionization are assumed. The calculated 8 B solar neutrino flux is consistent, within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties, with the solar neutrino flux measured by Kamiokande. The results from the 37 Cl and 71 Ga radiochemical experiments seem to suggest that the terrestrial 7 Be solar neutrino flux is much smaller than that predicted. However, the present terrestrial �defecit � of 7 Be solar neutrinos may be due to the use of inaccurate theoretical neutrino absorption cross sections near threshold for extracting solar neutrino fluxes from production rates. Conclusive evidence for a real deficit of 7 Be solar neutrinos will require experiments such as BOREXINO or HELLAZ. A real defecit of 7 Be solar neutrinos can be due to either astrophysical reasons or neutrino properties beyond the standard electroweak model. Only future neutrino experiments, such as SNO, Superkamiokande, BOREXINO and HELLAZ, will be able to provide conclusive evidence that the solar neutrino problem is a consequence of neutrino properties beyond the standard electroweak model. Earlier indications may be provided by long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. 1
Arnon Dar
Solar: annual and seasonal average latitude tilt GIS data (contours) for
latitude tilt GIS data (contours) for latitude tilt GIS data (contours) for Brazil from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Annual and seasonal mean of Latitude Tilt Solar Radiation in kWh/m2/day based on data from 1995 to 2002 (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The cross-calibration process worked with data from 3 ground stations: Caicó (located in the Northeast of Brazil), Florianópolis (located in the South) and Balbina (located in Amazonia). These data have been used for validation and comparison of radiation transfer models operated in SWERA to estimate the incidence of solar radiation on the surface of the country from satellite images
Solar: annual and seasonal average direct normal (DNI) GIS data (contours)
direct normal (DNI) GIS data (contours) direct normal (DNI) GIS data (contours) for Brazil from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Annual and seasonal mean of Direct Normal Solar Radiation in kWh/m2/day based on data from 1995 to 2002 (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The cross-calibration process worked with data from 3 ground stations: Caicó (located in the Northeast of Brazil), Florianópolis (located in the South) and Balbina (located in Amazonia). These data have been used for validation and comparison of radiation transfer models operated in SWERA to estimate the incidence of solar radiation on the surface of the country from satellite images obtained from 1995 to 2002
Incident Investigation and Reporting
This report presents a model procedure for incident investigations based on an examination of programs at fourteen utilities believed to have good and effective procedures. The model was compiled by an expert who also drew on materials from other industries. An outline presents the basic procedure while the main text discusses in more detail alternate methods that may be preferable for a specific utility.
Ch.2 Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons
Ch.2 Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons #12;Learning Objective One: The Solar System Sun Earth,083,000 km #12;Learning Objective Two: The Solar Energy Solar Radiation #12;What is Solar Energy? Energy is the capacity of a physical system to do work. The unit is Joule (J). Solar energy is radiant energy (i
Pan, Feifei
Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part IV: Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality
This report compares cancer incidence and mortality among atomic bomb survivors in the Radiation Effects Research Foundation Life Span Study (LSS) cohort. Because the incidence data are derived from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki tumor registries, case ascertainment is limited to the time (1958-1987) and geographic restrictions (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) of the registries, whereas mortality data are available from 1950-1987 anywhere in Japan. With these conditions, there were 9,014 first primary incident cancer cases identified among LSS cohort members compared with 7,308 deaths for which cancer was listed as the underlying cause of death on death certificates. When deaths were limited to those occurring between 1958-1987 in Hiroshima or Nagasaki, there were 3,155 more incident cancer cases overall, and 1,262 more cancers of the digestive system. For cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, skin, breast, female and male genital organs, urinary system and thyroid, the incidence series was at least twice as large as the comparable mortality series. Although the incidence and mortality data are dissimilar in many ways, the overall conclusions regarding which solid cancers provide evidence of a significant dose response generally confirm the mortality findings. When either incidence or mortality data are evaluated, significant excess risks are observed for all solid cancers, stomach, colon, liver (when it is defined as primary liver cancer or liver cancer not otherwise specified on the death certificate), lung, breast, ovary and urinary bladder. No significant radiation effect is seen for cancers of the pharynx, rectum, gallbladder, pancreas, nose, larynx, uterus, prostate or kidney in either series. There is evidence of a significant excess of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the incidence data, but not in the mortality series. 19 refs., 2 figs., 10 tabs.
Ron, E. (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima (Japan) National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (United States)); Preston, D.L.; Mabuchi, Kiyohiko (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima (Japan)); Thompson, D.E. (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima (Japan) George Washington Univ., Rockville, MD (United States) Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki (Japan)); Soda, Midori (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki (Japan))
Solar Sail: Materials and Space Environmental Effects
Theoretical aspects of a solar sail material degradation are presented when the solar electromagnetic and corpuscular forms of radiation were considered as sources of degradation. The analysis of the interaction of two components of solar radiation, the electromagnetic radiation and radiation of low- and high-energy electrons, protons, and helium ions emitted by the Sun with the solar-sail materials is discussed. The physical processes of the interactions of photons, electrons, protons and alpha-particles with sail material atoms and nuclei, leading to the degradation and ionization of solar sail materials are analyzed. The dependence of reflectivity and absorption for solar sail materials on temperature and on wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum of solar radiation is investigated. It is shown that the temperature of a solar sail increases approximately as T r^(-2/5), with the decrease of the heliocentric distance r, when are taking into account the temperature dependence of optical parameters of the s...
Kezerashvili, Roman Ya
Portable solar cooking apparatus
A portable solar cooking apparatus is described which consists of: at least first and second reflector panels, the first reflector panel having a shaped surface configuration for reflecting solar radiation generally toward a focal point, the second reflector panel also having a shaped surface configuration for reflecting solar radiation toward the focal point, the surface configuration of the first panel interfitting with the surface configuration of the second panel when the panels are placed face-to-face so that the first and second panels mutually support each other and occupy less thickness than without interfitting; and means for supporting material to be heated adjacent the focal point.
Ciambella, B.C.; Ciambella, D.P.; Ciambella, P.A.
Solar influences on Climate PROFESSOR JOANNA HAIGH
Solar influences on Climate PROFESSOR JOANNA HAIGH Executive summary THE SUN PROVIDES THE ENERGY THAT DRIVES THE EARTH'S CLIMATE system. Variations in the composition and intensity of incident solar and additional to those from man-made climate change. In the current epoch, solar variation impacts on regional
ORISE: REAC/TS Radiological Incident Medical Consultation
Radiological Incident Medical Consultation Radiological Incident Medical Consultation Radiological Incident Medical Consultation The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) provides the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) with a comprehensive capability to respond effectively to medical emergencies involving radiological or nuclear materials. Through the management of the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), ORISE provides advice and consultation to emergency personnel responsible for the medical management of radiation accidents. REAC/TS strengthens hospital preparedness for radiation emergencies by preparing and educating first responders, medical personnel and occupational health professionals who will provide care to patients with a radiation injury or illness. REAC/TS staff provide medical advice,
Rigollier C., Wald L., 1999. The HelioClim Project: from satellite images to solar radiation maps. In Proceedings of the ISES Solar World Congress 1999, Jerusalem, Israel, July 4-9, 1999, volume I, pp 427-431.
from satellite images. Solar Energy, 56, 3, 207212, 1996. Cano D., Monget J.M., Albuisson M meteorological satellites data. Solar Energy, 37, 3139, 1986. Diabaté L., Demarcq H., MichaudRegas N by geostationary satellites : the Heliosat Project. International Journal of Solar Energy, 5, 261278
Solar Glare and Flux Mapping
SGFMT Home SGFMT Home Register Glare Analysis Solar Glare Hazard Analysis SGHAT 1.0 (old) Empirical Glare Analysis Analytical Glare Analysis PHLUX Mapping Reflectivity Calculator References Contact Us Solar Glare and Flux Mapping Tools Measurement of reflected solar irradiance is receiving significant attention by industry, military, and government agencies to assess potential impacts of glint and glare from growing numbers of solar power installations around the world. In addition, characterization of the incident solar flux distribution on central receivers for concentrating solar power applications is important to monitor and maintain system performance. This website contains tools to evaluate solar glare and receiver irradiance. Register to access the tools Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool
Inferring Surface Solar Absorption from Broadband Satellite Measurements
An atmospheric solar radiation model, in conjunction with a variety of surface albedo models, has been employed to address several issues related to inferring the surface solar radiation budget from satellite measurements. With reference to ...
Robert D. Cess; Inna L. Vulis
Parabolic trough solar collectors : design for increasing efficiency.
??Parabolic trough collectors are a low cost implementation of concentrated solar power technology that focuses incident sunlight onto a tube filled with a heat transfer� (more)
Figueredo, Stacy L. (Stacy Lee), 1981-
Solar Energy Resource Basics | Department of Energy
Solar Energy Resource Basics Solar Energy Resource Basics Solar Energy Resource Basics August 21, 2013 - 11:40am Addthis Solar radiation, often called the solar resource, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies. However, the technical feasibility and economical operation of these technologies at a specific location depends on the available solar resource. Basic Principles Every location on Earth receives sunlight at least part of the year. The amount of solar radiation that reaches any one spot on the Earth's surface varies according to: Geographic location Time of day Season Local landscape Local weather. Because the Earth is round, the sun strikes the surface at different
Solar Energy Climatology of North Carolina
A solar energy climatology for North Carolina was developed using radiation data from the six SOLMET stations in the state. The climatology provides information needed to design solar powered space and water heating systems, and evaluate their ...
Peter J. Robinson; William E. Easterling
Active Solar Heating | Department of Energy
air in an "air collector." Both of these systems collect and absorb solar radiation, then transfer the solar heat directly to the interior space or to a storage system, from which...
Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center Solar Thermal Conversion Major Functions: · Solar Center Collection The temperature to which a surface is heated by a certain flux of incident solar energy - 1914 Between 1880 and 1910, there were 48 articles on solar energy as a world energy source
Analysis of the California solar resource. Volume 3. Appendices
The following appendices are included: summaries of conferences with solar data users; solar data user questionnaire and sample formats; evaluation of the solar data user questionnaire; remarks stimulated by the solar data user questionnaire; effects of solar data accuracy on the performance and economics of solar energy systems; summary of solar data measurements; reports of site visits to solar data measurement stations; data correction factors; the regionalization of California for solar monitoring; participants at the Solar Data Management Conference, 19 November 1976; and rehabilitation techniques for daily solar radiation data. (MHR)
Design for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells
A method and apparatus for a photo-active region for generation of free carriers when a first surface is exposed to optical radiation. The photo-active region includes a conducting transparent matrix and clusters of semiconductor materials embedded within the conducting transparent matrix. The clusters are arranged in the matrix material so as to define at least a first distribution of cluster sizes ranging from those with the highest bandgap energy near a light incident surface of the photo-active region to those with the smallest bandgap energy near an opposite second surface of the photo-active region. Also disclosed is a method and apparatus for a solar cell. The solar cell includes a photo-active region containing a plurality of semiconductor clusters of varying sizes as described.
Simmons, Joseph H. (Gainesville, FL)
On the Lyman-alpha and Lyman-beta lines in solar coronal streamers
We investigate the formation of the H I Lyman-alpha and Lyman-beta lines in an equatorial coronal streamer. Particular attention is paid to frequency redistribution for the scattering of the incident radiation. The properties of the spectral lines are studied. The coronal model is given by a global 2.5-D three fluid solar wind model with alpha particles. The emergent intensities and line profiles are calculated from the solution of the statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer equations for an hydrogen atom with 11 energy levels under non local thermodynamic equilibrium. The formation of the lines results from radiative excitation, collisional excitation, and takes into account the coupling with all other transitions between the hydrogen energy levels. We present new estimates of the radiative and collisional contributions of the Lyman line intensities within the streamer. It is also shown that within the streamer, the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the Lyman-beta line is a better indicator of the plasma temperature than that of Lyman-alpha. These results show that care should be taken when inferring the proton temperature from the Lyman-alpha line profile as observed in coronal streamers, e.g. by the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer or the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation experiments on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.
Nicolas Labrosse; Xing Li; Bo Li
Reports from Five Radiation Safety and Health Experts on the ...
Reports from Five Radiation Safety and Health Experts on the June 9 Plutonium Incident. For Immediate Release: July 11, 2008. ...
The Radiative Heating in Underexplored Bands Campaigns
Accurately accounting for radiative energy balance between the incoming solar and the outgoing infrared radiative fluxes is very important in modeling the Earth's climate. Water vapor absorption plays a critical role in the radiative heating rate ...
D. D. Turner; E. J. Mlawer
Data are summarized on incidents that have been sustained by the AEC in the transport of radioactive materials from 1957 through 1981. In the period covered by this report there were 47 incidents reported. Twenty-nine did not result in the release of radioactive materials. Of the remaining 18 cases there was none that involved any serious radiological consequences or involved costly cleanup. Six of the incidents involved onsite movements of materials. The incidents are classified in accordance with the type of radiation release that occurred, mode of transport, and type of incident. Photographs are included for a number of the incidents. (C.H.)
Patterson, D.E.; DeFatta, V.P.
Helios model for the optical behavior of reflecting solar concentrators
The Helios model simulates the optical behavior of reflecting concentrators. The model follows the incident solar radiation through the system (including the atmosphere) and includes all the factors that influence the optical performance of a collector. An important output is the flux-density pattern (W/cm/sup 2/) at a grid of points on a surface such as the absorbing surface of a receiver and its integral (power in watts) over the surface. The angular distribution of sunrays for the radiation incident on a concentrator is modified by convolution, using the fast Fourier transform, to incorporate the effects of other nondeterministic factors such as sun-tracking errors, surface slope errors, and reflectance properties. The analytical methods used for the statistics, the off-axis reflecting optics, the atmospheric effects, and the various coordinate systems are described and illustrated. This model forms a basis for the simulation code HELIOS as well as for other codes under development. Some of the HELIOS routines are described, a few of its capabilities are discussed and illustrated, and comparisons of data with calculations are presented. These capabilities have been used for performance predictions, safety studies, design trade-offs, data analysis problems, the specification and analysis of concentrator quality, and for the general understanding of solar-concentrator technology.
Biggs, F.; Vittitoe, C.N.
Solar-climatic statistical study. Summary report. Volume 1 of 2
Design and operation of large scale solar and wind energy conversion systems should be based, in part, on knowledge of expected solar and wind power trends. For this purpose, historic data at 26 (SOLMET) National Weather Service stations were processed to provide preliminary planning data, in the form of statistical information, for selected daily average solar and wind conditions occurring and persisting for time periods of interest. Solar data are global radiation incident on a horizontal surface, and wind data represent wind power normal to the air flow. Empirical probabilities were constructed from the historic solar and wind data to provide a reasonable inference of the chance of similar climatological conditions occurring at any given time in the future. (Diurnal wind power variations were also considered.) Data used to obtain the daily average solar and wind power probabilities were combined into monthly averages and are presented in this volume as summary results. Average monthly, seasonal and annual solar and wind power trends were prepared to provide an overview for identifying areas for further investigation.
Low Emittance and Solar Control Glazing
Emittance and Solar-Control Glazing Low-emittance coatings have a high reflectance in the thermal infrared suppressing infrared radiation transfer thereby imparting additional...
SOLERAS - Saudi University Solar Cooling Laboratories Project: University of Riyadh. Solar air conditioning. Final report
Research on solar air conditioning at the University of Riyadh in Riyhadh, Saudi Arabia is presented. Topics relevant to the university's proposed solar cooling laboratory are discussed: absorption systems and various contingencies, photovoltaic solar collectors and thermoelectric elements, measuring instruments, solar radiation measurement and analysis, laboratory specifications, and decision theories. Dual cycle computations and equipment specifications are included among the appendices.
Cloud Geometry Effects on Atmospheric Solar Absorption
A 3D broadband solar radiative transfer scheme is formulated by integrating a Monte Carlo photon transport algorithm with the Fu�Liou radiation model. It is applied to fields of tropical mesoscale convective clouds and subtropical marine boundary ...
Qiang Fu; M. C. Cribb; H. W. Barker; S. K. Krueger; A. Grossman
Practical method for including material scattering effects in determining the amount of intercepted sunlight in solar concentrators
In imaging solar concentrators, the amount of solar radiation incident on a receiver surface depends upon both the overall concentrator shape and the angular distribution of light rays (sunshape) that reach the receiver. Sunshape broadening effects, which include the specular reflectance or transmittance properties of mirrors or glazings, image degradation caused by surface slope errors, and tracking errors are combined into an effective error cone. Broadened sunshapes for a variety of effective error-cone distributions are calculated and presented in graphical form. It is found that when the root-mean-square (RMS) width of the effective error cone is approximately 2 to 3 times the RMS width of the incident sunshape, the broadened sunshape can be adequately described by a circular normal distribution.
Pettit, R.B.; Vittitoe, C.N.; Biggs, F.
Annual Report 1
... Insert: Top-view simulation showing whispering gallery cavity modes. ... the average incident solar radiation, reflected solar radiation, and ... contractors. ...
solar and circumsolar radiation vs angular distance from the center of the sun)solar radiation (that originating from the disk of the sun)solar constant of 1367 W/m and then corrected for the actual earth-sun
NREL: Concentrating Solar Power Research - Concentrating Solar Power
Concentrating Solar Power Resource Maps Concentrating Solar Power Resource Maps These direct-normal solar radiation maps-filtered by solar resource and land availability-identify the most economically suitable lands available for deploying of large-scale concentrating solar power plants in the southwestern United States. Each of the following seven states, as well as the southwestern U.S. region, has two maps: the left and right maps represent analyses excluding land with slopes >1% and >3%, respectively. Lower-resolution jpg versions are available below; much higher-resolution pdf files, suitable for plotting large-scale posters, can be requested. You can also access an unfiltered direct-normal solar radiation map of the southwestern United States. Download Adobe Reader. Southwestern U.S.
A Two-Dimensional Radiation-Turbulence Climate Model. I: Sensitivity to Cirrus Radiative Properties
Based on the thermodynamic energy balance between radiation and vertical plus horizontal dynamic transports, a two-dimensional radiation-turbulence climate model is developed. This model consists of a broadband solar and IR radiation transfer ...
Szu-Cheng S. Ou; Kuo-Nan Liou
Solar Thermal Conversion
The thermal conversion process of solar energy is based on well-known phenomena of heat transfer (Kreith 1976). In all thermal conversion processes, solar radiation is absorbed at the surface of a receiver, which contains or is in contact with flow passages through which a working fluid passes. As the receiver heats up, heat is transferred to the working fluid which may be air, water, oil, or a molten salt. The upper temperature that can be achieved in solar thermal conversion depends on the insolation, the degree to which the sunlight is concentrated, and the measures taken to reduce heat losses from the working fluid.
Kreith, F.; Meyer, R. T.
Computing Solar Absolute Fluxes
Computed color indices and spectral shapes for individual stars are routinely compared with observations for essentially all spectral types, but absolute fluxes are rarely tested. We can confront observed irradiances with the predictions from model atmospheres for a few stars with accurate angular diameter measurements, notably the Sun. Previous calculations have been hampered by inconsistencies and the use of outdated atomic data and abundances. I provide here a progress report on our current efforts to compute absolute fluxes for solar model photospheres. Uncertainties in the solar composition constitute a significant source of error in computing solar radiative fluxes.
Prieto, Carlos Allende
Carlos Allende Prieto
Energy Basics: Solar Energy Resources
emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies. However, the technical...
RFI - Comments on Computer Security Incident Coordination
... 21:49 To: email@example.com Subject: Computer Security Incident Coordination (CSIC): Providing Timely Cyber Incident Response ...
Advanced Design and Commissioning Tools for Energy-Efficient Building Technologies
the warm ceiling, and solar radiation hitting the floor inexcept for incoming solar radiation in perimeter zones.perimeter zones, direct solar radiation incident on the top
Bauman, Fred; Webster, Tom; Zhang, Hui; Arens, Ed
Temperature-Dependent Electron Transport in Quantum Dot Photovoltaics
photocell for converting solar radiation into electricalthe atmosphere the solar radiation passes through to reach? sun is the incident solar radiation flux. For the SQL, the
Padilla, Derek
Advanced Integrated Systems Technology Development
record environmental solar radiation for the entire testingschedule for incident solar radiation was added to the inputthe direct and diffuse solar radiation from WINDOW6 to each
2 Technology Description: Solar Thermal Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal
� Parabolic troughs track sun, concentrate incident light onto a centralized, tubular receiver that runs length of each trough � Thermal fluid circulates through all receivers in solar field � Thermal fluid brought to one or more centralized power production facilities � Heat transferred to a steam cycle, drives a steam turbine to generate power � Cooled thermal fluid is then recirculated th through h solar fi field ld � Wet cooling is common, dry cooling possible
Timothy J. Skone; Risks Of Implementation
NREL: TroughNet - Parabolic Trough Technology Solar Resource Data and Tools
Solar Resource Data and Tools Solar Resource Data and Tools Here you'll find resources on solar radiation data and tools for siting parabolic trough power plants. This includes solar radiation data for power plants in the United States and worldwide. You'll also find resources for direct solar radiation instrumentation. For an overview on solar resource terms and direct beam radiation used for concentrating solar power technologies, see NREL's Shining On Web site. U.S. Solar Radiation Resource Data The following resources include maps, and hourly metrological and solar resource data for parabolic trough power plants sites in the United States. NREL Concentrating Solar Power Resource Maps Features direct normal solar radiation maps of the southwestern United States, including state maps for Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico,
Influence of Extraterrestrial Radiation on Radiation Portal Monitors
Cosmic radiation and solar flares can be a major source of background radiation at the Earth�s surface. This paper examines the relationship between extraterrestrial radiation and the detectable background in radiation portal monitors used for homeland security applications. Background radiation data from 13 radiation portal monitor facilities are examined and compared against external sources of data related to extraterrestrial radiation, including measurements at neutron monitors located at 53 cosmic-ray observatories around the Earth, four polar orbiting satellites, three geostationary satellites, ground-based geomagnetic field data from observatories around the Earth, a solar magnetic index, solar radio flux data, and sunspot activity data. Four-years (January 2003 through December 2006) of data are used in this study, which include the latter part of Solar Cycle 23 as solar activity was on the decline. The analysis shows a significant relationship between some extraterrestrial radiation and the background detected in the radiation portal monitors. A demonstrable decline is shown in the average gamma ray and neutron background at the radiation portal monitors as solar activity declined over the period of the study.
Keller, Paul E.; Kouzes, Richard T.
Atomic Radiation (Illinois) | Open Energy Information
permissible levels of radiation in unrestricted areas, environmental standards for uranium fuel cycle and information about notification of incidents. Policy Contact Contact...
NREL: Solar Radiation Research - Webmaster
Webmaster Use this form to send us your comments and questions, report problems with the site, or ask for help finding information on the site. Please enter your name and email...
The New England solar energy atlas
This book offers a convenient source of historical solar radiation data excerpted from the Solar Radiation Energy Resource Atlas of the United States. The collection of regional maps and the graphic summaries of the resource data pertinent to the New England area accomplish the author's goal of providing design data in a more compact format than that of the national atlas.
Cook, D.L.
Solar Flares STFC Advanced Summer School
Solar Flares STFC Advanced Summer School in Solar Physics H. S. Hudson Space Sciences Laboratory University of California, Berkeley and University of Glasgow Glasgow Summerschool 2011 Part 1: Introduction · A solar flare is, strictly speaking, the electromagnetic radiation from a coronal magnetic energy release
California at Berkeley, University of
Method for processing silicon solar cells
The instant invention teaches a novel method for fabricating silicon solar cells utilizing concentrated solar radiation. The solar radiation is concentrated by use of a solar furnace which is used to form a front surface junction and back-surface field in one processing step. The present invention also provides a method of making multicrystalline silicon from amorphous silicon. The invention also teaches a method of texturing the surface of a wafer by forming a porous silicon layer on the surface of a silicon substrate and a method of gettering impurities. Also contemplated by the invention are methods of surface passivation, forming novel solar cell structures, and hydrogen passivation. 2 figs.
Tsuo, Y.S.; Landry, M.D.; Pitts, J.R.
The instant invention teaches a novel method for fabricating silicon solar cells utilizing concentrated solar radiation. The solar radiation is concentrated by use of a solar furnace which is used to form a front surface junction and back-surface field in one processing step. The present invention also provides a method of making multicrystallline silicon from amorphous silicon. The invention also teaches a method of texturing the surface of a wafer by forming a porous silicon layer on the surface of a silicon substrate and a method of gettering impurities. Also contemplated by the invention are methods of surface passivation, forming novel solar cell structures, and hydrogen passivation.
Tsuo, Y. Simon (Golden, CO); Landry, Marc D. (Lafayette, CO); Pitts, John R. (Lakewood, CO)
Solar heat regulator
A solar heat regulating device is described for selectively heating with sunlight the air inside a building having a window and shielding and insulating the air inside the building from the heat of sunlight outside the building including: a frame for mounting the solar heat regulating device inside the building and adjacent to the window; a plurality of hollow vanes, each of the vanes having at least one passageway for passing air therethrough; the vanes having a heat absorptive surface on a first side thereof which allows solar radiation impinging on the heat absorptive surface to heat the air contained in the one passageway of the vanes; the vanes having a heat reflective surface on a second side of the vanes which reflects the solar radiation impinging on the second side of the vanes and shields the inside of the building from solar radiation impinging on the vanes; and the vanes having side portions extending between the first and second sides of the vanes, the side portions, and the first and second sides forming the one passageway through each of the vanes, the side portions and the first and second sides of the vanes terminating in top end and bottom end portions.
Boynton, S.L.
Solar Decathlon
U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon Sara Farrar-Nagy National Renewable Energy Laboratory email@example.com, 303-384-7514 April 3, 2013 Solar Decathlon 2009 Solar...
Solar Easements
Virginia's solar easement law is similar to those in effect in other states. The Virginia Solar Easements Act of 1978 allows property owners to create binding solar easements for the purpose of...