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The Making of Hezbollah Parts One and Two
Released on 2013-02-13 00:00 GMT
Email-ID | 327605 |
Date | 2008-05-24 19:15:53 |
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The Making of Hezbollah
By Manal Lutfi
Tehran, Asharq Al-Awsat- Two fathers created the Lebanese Hezbollah Party.
They were Ali Muhtashimi, the "godfather," former Iranian ambassador to
Syria who came up with the idea and nurtured it in 1980s; and, Mohammad
Hassan Akhtari, the 'operational father," the Iranian ambassador to Syria
for the past 14 years, until last January.
Akhtari took the new idea of a "Hezbollah party" and transformed it over the
years of his service as ambassador into a reality that has considerably
changed the balance of power in the region.
Akhtari, twice ambassador to Syria, (1986 - 1997) and (2005 - January 2008),
was the most influential diplomat in Syria. He was not an ordinary
ambassador. In addition to being the "operational father" of Hezbollah, he
was engineer of "the special relations" between Syria and Iran, coordinator
of Iran's relations with Palestinian organizations in Damascus, and founder
of the Palestinian-Iranian Friendship Society, which includes
representatives from all Palestinian organizations in Damascus.
The purpose of this was "bringing the Palestinian and Iranian people closer
together." He is also president of "Ahil al-Bayt World Assembly" for
preaching and spreading the Shia doctrine and bringing Islamic sects closer
together. Ever since he returned to Tehran (January 2008), he has been
working as adviser to the Supreme Spiritual Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, a
position he used to occupy before being posted again as ambassador to
Damascus. During his time as ambassador, the Iranian Embassy in Damascus
became the most important Iranian embassy in the world. It represented
something akin to a "regional centre" for Iran's diplomatic activities that
extended from Damascus to Beirut and the Palestinian territories and became
privy to files on several matters, chief of which was Iran's relations with
Syria, Hezbollah, the Palestinian organizations and Shia scholarly religious
circles in the world known in Arabic as "Al-Hawzat al-Ilmiyah." Akhtari's
most important achievement was the building of Hezbollah from a mere idea to
an establishment with political, economic, military, and social independence
in the region.
He supervised the building of Hezbollah, especially its military structure
that was built by Iranian Revolutionary Guards specifically sent to Lebanon
for this purpose by orders from the late Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini.
Another no less important achievement was the building of a network of
"special relationships" between Syria and Iran, without which Iran would not
have been able to move as smoothly in Lebanon or with the Palestinian
organizations. He succeeded in weaving all these threads together - Iran,
Syria, Hezbollah, and the Palestinian organizations and formed what some
have called an "Iranian carpet of complex and intertwined relations."
Akhtari talks about the years of his work in Damascus and the missions he
carried out in two capacities, as an ambassador and as a man of religion.
Akhtari did not regard his work in Damascus and the missions with which he
was entrusted from the very first day, as merely political activities, but
as part of his role as a man of religion. He left his work as the imam at
Samnan Mosque in northern Iran to become a diplomat with a religious
mission, as he described himself in this extensive interview with
Asharq-Al-Awsat in Tehran, the first of its kind with an Arab or foreign
His diplomatic language is a mixture of religious fiqh [jurisprudence] and
political language. He did not study diplomatic and political sciences; he
studied fiqh at a religious school in Qom and worked as a man of religion
and a mosque imam. President of the Iranian Republic Ali Khamenei chose him
to be Iran's ambassador in Damascus, at a time which Akhtari was described
as "sensitive and difficult." Iran was at the time involved in the "war
imposed by Iraq" as he put it. Syria was one of three Arab states that stood
by Iran; two of which - Libya and Algeria, withdrew their support later on,
while Syria alone remained with Iran. It was then Akhtari's job to ensure
that this coalition, unlike the rapprochement with Libya and Algeria would
not end. Because Iran did not have an ambassador in Beirut at the time and
only had a charg=E9 d'affairs, Akhtari was put in charge of the Lebanese fi=
And, because the Palestinian organizations in Damascus, Hamas and Islamic
Jihad, were making Damascus a base, Akhtari became responsible for Iran's
relations with the Palestinian organizations.
Asharq Al-Awsat is publishing a series of articles about those decisive and
fateful years of the 1980s that shaped relations in the region from that
time to the present day. Hezbollah was established in those years, the
special relationship between Iran and Syria was forged, as well as the
relations between Tehran and the Palestinian organizations. The series
includes testimonials from present and former public officials who were in
the decision making circles at the time in Syria, Lebanon and Iran. Some of
these testimonials will be published for the first time. It also includes
eye witness accounts, from present and former Syrian and US public officials
and Palestinian leaders in Damascus. The first part of the series is with
Mohammed Hassan Akhtari, the "godfather" of Hezbollah, and former Iranian
ambassador in Damascus. He talked about the three main files that dominated
his 14 years in Damascus as ambassador. They were: building Hezbollah and
the role of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards; the war between the Amal
Movement and the Palestinian organizations; and then between Amal and
Hezbollah. He also talked about the building of relations with Palestinian
organizations; the relations between Syria and Iran, and the Ahil al-Bayt
World Assembly, of which he has been secretary general for the past four
years which he said, performs religious activities. The underlying
philosophy that guided him through all these issues, he said, was based on
the teachings of Ayatollah Khomeini. He revealed that between 1968 and 1972
he was instructed to perform religious activities in the Syrian cities of
Homs and Aleppo, as well as Lebanon, implying that he was in contact with
these countries for the past 40 years.
The following is the text of the interview:
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You returned to Iran early this year after 14 years as
ambassador in Syria, could you tell us about your experiment in building
Syrian-Iranian relations all those years?
[Akhtari] First of all, I thank you for coming and for this meeting. I hope
that through your paper, we will always continue to consolidate fraternal
relations between Muslims, and between Arab and Islamic states. I feel very
strongly about these relationships. I believe in, and am convinced of the
need to unify the power and resources and realize the unity of the Islamic
nation, and establish the defenses against the evil conspiracies plotted
against the Arab and Islamic nations. It is probably due to this feeling of
responsibility and belief that I succeeded in my work as ambassador to Syria
to further consolidate the strong relations between Syria and Iran. I was
twice ambassador to Syria. One period lasted about 12 years; the other was
seven years later and lasted over two years. It is unusual for an ambassador
to remain in one country for such a length of time, not in Syria or Iran
anyway. Very few ambassadors in the world spend more than ten years in one
country. We have heard of some, but they very seldom stay for 14 years.
Continuity and length of time are evidence that I was doing well. I was
posted to Syria at politically complex and difficult times on the regional
and international level. My first appointment as ambassador was in 1986
during Saddam's imposed war on Iran and after Israel's invasion of Lebanon
in 1982. There were also some important Lebanese issues. I can say the
circumstances in Lebanon were particularly hot. It was under such
circumstances that I was entrusted with the Lebanese file. I never worked as
a government employee before my appointment as ambassador, I was new and so
were most of the people in government in general.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Where were you before your appointment as ambassador to
[Akhtari] I was a Friday prayer imam, and from there I came to a seat of
political responsibility and diplomatic relations. My background was a good
pointer for achievement. In addition, I arrived in Damascus on 5 Ramadan
1986, and started work next day. That was a blessing for me at the start of
my work. But that month also, perhaps the 19th or 20th of Ramadan of that
year, confrontations between the Palestinians and Amal Movement took place
in Lebanon. The Islamic revolution did not have an ambassador in Lebanon.
There was only a charg=E9 d'affairs, so, I was entrusted with the Lebanese
file as well. In my early days as ambassador, I was entrusted with all these
issues, partly because of the importance of the file, partly because Syria
had a military and security presence in Lebanon, and partly because all
Palestinian organizations and their central commands were in Damascus. I was
wholeheartedly involved in these matters. We started working toward a
ceasefire in order to create the environment to reconcile the two Muslim
factions, the Palestinians and the Amal Movement. There was at the time an
attempt to provoke sectarian sedition like the war imposed on Iran by
Saddam, in order to portray the issue as a sectarian matter between Shia and
Sunni. The conspiracy that we see today has been continuing ever since.
There were poisonous and hateful attempts to provoke sectarian conflict. I
turned all my attention to this problem because I am a believer in Islamic
unity and rapprochement among Muslims in general. I strived earnestly, to
prevent this issue from having adverse effects on Lebanon or anywhere else,
and from being portrayed as a Sunni/Shia issue. There were Palestinians
forcibly driven from their homeland and they came to Lebanon, and there were
Lebanese groups who had complaints. And so the problem started. Although
infighting was sparked off, our first concern was to prevent it spreading
and secondly, prevent the issue from being presented as a sectarian issue
between Sunni and Shia. We succeeded in this matter. There were some
brothers who assembled Muslim scholars (ulema) in Lebanon at the time. They
played an important role in this matter. We used to meet frequently and they
used to issue statements calling for calm and explaining that the
differences were factional and had no religious or sectarian roots. Thank
God, we succeeded in this matter. I can state that Lebanon has refused to
regard this as a sectarian matter and, from the beginning we were active in
the field to extinguish the fire of sedition and confront it. At the same
time, we started building the substance of relations between Iran and Syria,
and between Iran and Palestine, amicably, brotherly, surely and with
[Asharq Al-Awsat] We need to stop here for some detail. What exactly were
the differences between the Amal Movement and the Palestinian organizations,
and what were your proposals to solve the problem?
[Akhtari] First, as I pointed out, the differences were a conspiracy. The
Palestinians were made homeless and they came to Lebanon as guests,
especially as far as the Amal Movement was concerned. Second, the founder of
the Amal Movement, Imam Musa al-Sadr, was the first to receive the
Palestinians. They were not rejecting the Palestinian presence in Lebanon
and they knew about the Palestinian question. Moreover, they regarded the
Palestine question as their own. So, they played hosts to the Palestinians,
and generosity to the guest is one of our religious principles. Imam Musa
al-Sadr was among those who welcomed the Palestinians, he always insisted on
confronting Israel and supporting the Palestinians. He has a long history in
this matter. Third, the two sides have relations with Syria, who was taking
care of both the Amal Movement and Palestinian organizations. This provides
evidence that it was not an issue of Lebanese Shia and Palestinian Sunnis.
It was not like that. Fourth, the two sides had strong new relations with
Iran. After the victory of the revolution and declaring the Islamic
Republic, Ayatollah Khomeini received the late martyr Yasser Arafat and the
Islamic Republic transformed the embassy of Israel to the Embassy of
Palestine. Amal too had relations with the Islamic Republic. They all had
relations with the Islamic Republic. Consequently, I can state that the
problem was in one backyard, not two, and that Israel was behind it. We have
evidence of that. We used to meet in Damascus to follow up the issues.
Sheikh Sheikh al-Islam, an assistant to the minister of foreign affairs and
later on ambassador to Syria after me, came to Damascus and stayed there.
Abdul Salam Jallud, the second man in the Libyan regime who resigned from
official work after Lockerbie and kept away from all official activities in
May 1993, also came at that time from Libya to Syria. In addition to the
three of us, there were Syrian officials. We used to convene tri-partite
meetings in the presence of leaders from Amal and the Palestinian
organizations. We would meet at night, reach agreement, and in the morning
issue a statement. Yet, even before circulating the statement or the
decision to be announced, we used to hear about violations somewhere in the
South, North, or Beirut. We used to try to discover the reason, and it
always appeared that some people were enlisted to sabotage any agreement.
The beneficiary in all this was Israel and its supporters. We know that
after reconciliation the Palestinians remained where they were. That was a
serious problem, caused by mercenaries from outside. Israel was behind it as
well as its beneficiary. (Note by Asharq Al-Awsat: Musa al-Sadr, who founded
the Lebanese movement Amal, was born in Iran, in the city of Qom on 15
April, 1928. He specialized in Islamic religious studies after obtaining two
university degrees from the University of Tehran; one in Islamic studies,
and one in political sciences. He went from Qom to Al-Najaf for higher
studies under the supervision of Ayatollah Muhsin al-Hakim al-Tabtabai and
Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. In 1960, he went to stay in the city of
Tyre in southern Lebanon, where Iranians used to go to escape political
problems in Iran. In 1974, he founded the Lebanese resistance brigades that
became known as the Amal Movement, and before that in 1969, he established
the Supreme Shia Islamic Council. This was the first time a formal sectarian
separation was made between Sunni and Shia in Lebanon. His presidency of the
Council coincided with the beginnings of Israel's intervention in southern
Lebanon. He was naturalized as a Lebanese citizen later on, but not many
people know that he was born in Iran, not in Lebanon. Musa al-Sadr vanished
during a visit to Libya on 25 August, 1978. Libya continues to be very
secretive about the circumstances of his disappearance and his fate is still
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You also intervened to contain the conflict between
Hezbollah and Amal, could you tell us about your experience with this case.
[Akhtari] I should say first that the issue between Amal and the
Palestinians lasted for an entire year before we reached a solution
reconciling the parties. After that a new problem arose between Amal and
Hezbollah, which began as one party. It can be said that they all were the
sons of Musa al-Sadr. After the victory of the Islamic revolution, they had
a covenant with the Islamic Republic. They visited Ayatollah Khomeini at the
time and began relations like all other Muslims. The problem between
Hezbollah and Amal occurred after they split into two groups; some stayed
with Amal, others formed Hezbollah. But they started as a united front
against Israel to drive it out of Lebanon, or shall we say, from Beirut to
the security belt, as it was called at the time. Within a few months, the
Lebanese resistance in general, and members of Hezbollah and Amal from
southern Lebanon in particular, were able to wage war against Israel. The
confrontation between Amal and Hezbollah was very bad and had many negative
results. It annoyed us very much. That's why we did all we could to end the
[Asharq Al-Awsat] What exactly was the reason, and was it ideological or
[Akhtari] I do not believe the reason was ideological. They all have one
ideology and belong to the same sect. Nor was the reason political. The two
parties had strong relations with Syria and Iran. Moreover, they did not
have any particular ambition in Lebanon. So, one cannot really say the
differences were political. They did not even have different or conflicting
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Is it true then that Amal was more secular, while
Hezbollah was more religious and that sparked off the differences?
[Akhtari] Religiosity, as we all know, is what you do. It is one's practical
commitment and conduct. One may say that the brothers in Hezbollah were more
active and more committed, while Amal had different strata; with some
performing their religious duties in the same way as Hezbollah while others
did not. But that is normal among youths. The main reason was not religion,
sectarianism, beliefs, politics or ideology. They all believed in the need
to confront Israel, and believed in the resistance. As I said, they all come
from the same house. Sometimes an internal problem arises for a reason, and
sometimes for no reason at all. Sometimes, after the event, one may not know
what caused it. Two brothers from the same family and the same sect fight
each other. This problem took us a long time. I was entrusted with the
mission of reconciling the parties by the president of the Iranian Republic,
Ayatollah Khamenei. I was Iran's representative, and Ghazi Kanaan, [Syrian
intelligence chief in Lebanon from 1982 to 2001 and later, minister of the
interior from October 2003 to his suicide in 2005] was representative of the
late president Hafiz al-Assad. In addition we had representatives from Amal
and Hezbollah. We held long meetings and it took us months to achieve
[Asharq Al-Awsat] What were the conditions for reconciliation between Amal
and Hezbollah?
[Akhtari] The conditions were the return of things to where they were
before, release of detainees by both sides, and abiding by the ceasefire.
These were the main points and both parties abided by them. Political and
religious figures in Lebanon also helped in solving this problem.
Reconciliation between Amal and Hezbollah proceeded until the situation
reverted to where it was before. The two parties performed their religious
rites together, and they appeared at celebrations together. I can state that
the two parties became closer to each other day after day, until they were
like one stratum, as we see them today in Lebanon. The reconciliation was
the basis for the unity, harmony, and collegiality that we see today between
the two parties. Hassan Nasrallah is leading the spiritual and religious
leadership, and Nabih Berri is leading the political movement in Lebanon.
Both are doing well and we believe the reconciliation has gone well and
formed the basis for trust between Iran and Syria more than ever before.
Syria stood by Iran from the very first day. The late President Hafiz
al-Assad trusted Ayatollah Khomeini and respected him. He was one of those
who believed that any opposition to the Islamic Republic in any shape or
form and under whatever pretext amounted to treason to the Arab, Islamic,
and Palestinian causes. All President al-Assad's speeches at forums of Arab
and Islamic states pointed in this direction. President Al-Assad's stand
against Saddam was not personal. To him, the Islamic Republic and Ayatollah
Khomeini took Iran out of the Western coalition and the coalition with
America and Israel and put it in the coalition of Arab and Muslim states.
Moreover, Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic regarded the
Palestinian cause as theirs and called for commemorating Jerusalem's
universal day in the month of Ramadan each year, in support of the
Palestinian cause. Hamas and Islamic Jihad were formed after the Islamic
revolution and were inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini and the resistance he
formed. The Palestinian Islamic resistance became a fact, first in Lebanon
and then in Palestine. Therefore, the Lebanese and Palestinian resistance
are legitimate sons of the Islamic Republic, morally and spiritually.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Abdul Halim Khaddam, former Syrian vice-president, claimed
that Iran strengthened Hezbollah after the confrontation at Amal's expense.
Was this true?
[Akhtari] No, it is not true. Iran had the same relations at the same time
with both parties, yet even then some people or some circles tried to give
the impression that Iran favors or supports Hezbollah at Amal's expense. In
reality, Iran's relations were with both of them. Amal's president and
members had very good relations with Iran as did Hezbollah and they used to
visit Iran. Also, Iranian officials used to meet with the president of Amal
and his aides. When the conflict broke out between them, Iran tried to solve
the problem; but some people were intent on sabotaging all these attempts
and solutions. It took us a long time to reach a solution. What you have
attributed to Khaddam might have been his personal impression, but as a
matter of fact it was not true. Iran assisted them in developing close and
strong relations with Syria and Iran. There was complete trust and
interdependence between the two countries. Some groups and political
analysts thought that Syrian-Iranian relations would be confined to the war
years with Iraq, but we have seen that the relations became wider and deeper
and thank God, this is still the case.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You played a big role in building Hezbollah in Lebanon.
What were the difficulties that you faced in building Hezbollah, how long
did it take, how was it planned, and how did you help?
[Akhtari] In my capacity as representative of the Islamic Republic, I played
a role in supporting, widening and deepening the resistance. But it is
important to stress that the resistance was launched in Lebanon with
Lebanese spirit, Lebanese faith, and Lebanese men. They felt the need to
establish the resistance, and found and organize its base. Imam Musa al-Sadr
first founded the movement of the oppressed, which later became Amal. When
Israel invaded Lebanon, the Lebanese felt the need to resist. At the same
time, although we were at war with Iraq, Ayatollah Khomeini agreed to send
delegations from the Revolutionary Guards to support the resistance. We
stood by them, supporting, assisting and encouraging, but the foundation was
theirs. The land, capabilities and the faith were all Lebanese. They wanted
to establish a wide deep-rooted resistance, and they did. We stood by them,
helped them and supported them in this matter. They followed it up and we
supported them morally and materially, and thus they got to where they are
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Can we go back to the early days of founding Hezbollah?
You have been repeatedly described as the 'operational father of Hezbollah,
while Ali Muhtashimi was described as the 'godfather'. How was your
relationship with Muhtashimi, and how did the idea of supporting Hezbollah
occur to Iran?
[Akhtari] Ali Muhtashimi was in charge in the beginning, but later on when I
became ambassador, I performed this supporting role to the resistance. My
relationship with Ali Muhtashimi was good. We have been friends for more
than forty years. Our friendship predates the Islamic revolution, and still
stands. The reason Hezbollah was established and Iran entered the field of
Lebanon was Israel's occupation of Lebanon [sic]. When Israel occupied
Lebanon, the Islamic Republic deemed it necessary to support Lebanon in
facing up to the Israeli occupation. Iran came to Lebanon and stood by the
resistance in 1982. There was the Amal Movement and other Lebanese movements
in the resistance, including Christians. The Islamic Republic stood by all
political shades of the Lebanese resistance. Even the secular groups,
Christian and Muslim, had relations with the Islamic Republic. The group of
socialist and communist parties, as well as other groups had relations with
the Islamic republic and they still do. The Islamic Republic has stood by
the resistance. This group and those men wanted to resist, so they founded
their organization and the Islamic Republic assisted them in organizing it.
[ Asharq Al-Awsat note on founding Hezbollah: Ali Muhtashimi, Iran's
ambassador to Syria from 1982 - 1985, who is considered the 'godfather' of
Hezbollah, said in an interview with the Iranian newspaper Sharq, on 3
August, 2008, that Hezbollah fought side by side with the Iranian
Revolutionary Guard in the Iran-Iraq war. Muhtashimi said: "Hezbollah's
experience was partly gained in fighting and partly in training. Hezbollah
gained high combat experience during the Iran-Iraq war. Hezbollah party
members fought directly alongside our forces." He added: "After the Israeli
invasion of Lebanon in 1982, Ayatollah Khomeini changed his mind about
sending large forces to Syria and Lebanon. In other words, after the fifth
Iranian plane carrying units from the guards, the Baseege and Dhul-Faqir
Brigades (used to be called Khalidoon or the immortals in the shah's days),
Ayatollah Khomeini objected to the idea of sending more forces. I was then
Iran's ambassador to Syria, and I was really worried about Syria and
Lebanon. I went to Teheran and met with Ayatollah Khomeini. As I was worried
about Lebanon and enthusiastic about the idea of sending forces to Syria and
Lebanon, I started talking about our responsibilities and what was going on
in Lebanon. The imam cooled me down and said that the forces we send to
Syria and Lebanon would need huge logistical support. Reinforcement and
support would need to go through Turkey and Iraq. We are in a fierce war
with Iraq. As for Turkey, it is a NATO member and an ally of the United
States. The only remaining way is to train the Shia men there, and so
Hezbollah was born." According to Muhtashimi, more than 100,000 men have
received combat training, in batches of 300 men, since the party was founded
in Lebanon.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Regarding Khomeini's decision to send the Iranian
Revolutionary Guards to support Hezbollah, what exactly was the mission of
those forces and how long did they stay in Lebanon?
[Akhtari] I do not remember exactly how long the Iranian Revolutionary
Guards stayed in Lebanon, but as I said, the circumstances were those of
occupation in Lebanon and the Revolutionary Guards went there to support the
Lebanese at that particular time. When it ended, after a year or two, and
the resistance produced the desired results, they went back and the presence
of the Iranian guards in Lebanon was brought to an end.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] What was the Guards' mission? Did they take a direct part
in military operations or were they confined to training Hezbollah's forces?
[Akhtari] They supported Hezbollah in the matter of training and special
instructions. I have no knowledge of any of them taking part in direct
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You have talked about supporting Hezbollah and
coordination with it. How was the coordination done? Did Hezbollah fighters
and activists come to Damascus, or did you go to Beirut, and with whom did
the coordination take place?
[Akhtari] We used to meet and they would show us what they had. They would
tell us what decisions they had made, what commitments they had and what
they were doing. They would tell us and submit some reports that in turn we
sent to the brothers in the Islamic Republic. But the decision was always
theirs. The relations with Palestinian organizations were conducted in the
same way, and the officials in the Islamic Republic would give them advice
if they had any. But here again, the decision was absolutely theirs. They
had a shura council that was responsible for decision-making, and later on,
had the power to elect the secretary general, who was also a shura council
member. Executive decisions or major decisions were in the hands of the
shura council and the secretary general; and this continues to be the case.
We have stated repeatedly that the Lebanese question can only be solved by
consensus. No solution can be imposed from outside by dictates or orders. We
in Iran have never dealt with any of the parties who have ties with the
Islamic Republic by issuing orders. This is how we have been dealing with
our brothers in Afghanistan, in Iraq, with their different strata, Sunni,
Shia, Kurds or others. The same is the case with the Lebanese and
Palestinians. We meet with them, we talk, they send us reports, brief us on
matters of concern and consult with us on some issues and we offer advice if
we have any. The choice and decision-making is and remains in their hands.
It is up to them to agree or disagree and to decide and act as they choose.
In our view, the only way to deal with the Lebanese situation is by
consensus among the spiritual and political leaders in Lebanon. It is one of
the characteristics of Lebanon that the political leadership cannot impose
its opinion on all the Lebanese. It is essential that the political and
religious leaders reach agreement on this matter. Anyone who knows Lebanon
and the events of Lebanon knows that Lebanese-Syrian relations at that time
were excellent. All Lebanese groups were in contact with us in Syria.
Whenever I went to Lebanon, I met with various parties ranging from the
Hezbollah and Amal Movement to other Islamic and secular groups. The
relations and contacts varied according to the requirements of the
prevailing circumstances. At times of sedition and troubles, communications
used to be continuous with a view to reaching a solution. When stability
returned to Lebanon, naturally, the balance changed.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] How did the balance change?
[Akhtari] What happened is that stability returned to Lebanon. Like all
ambassadors sent to Syria, when we used to go to Lebanon, we went in an
official capacity and our meetings were official meetings, as is customary
in the diplomatic field.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Did Iranian and Hezbollah leaders differ on any matter
during your work and experience in Damascus?
[Akhtari] Do you mean the Lebanese and the Islamic Republic?
[Asharq Al-Awsat] No, I mean Iran and Hezbollah. The choices open to the
resistance those days were difficult choices. There were strategic decisions
to be made. Was there any disagreement between you and Hezbollah?
[Akhtari] This issue is difficult to explain. The issue of having different
points of view is perennial among the various strata and officials in the
Islamic Republic. This was and continues to be the case. I differ with my
assistant, and the president of the republic differs with his ministers.
There is always this and that view. In government and organizations, the
decision is made by consultation [shura] and the decision made by the
majority becomes binding. A 100 % agreement in points of view cannot be a
fact. However, differences of opinion do not mean differences and do not
mean opposition. As we stated earlier, Lebanese affairs are for the
Lebanese. One may criticize the way a matter is dealt with, or may suggest a
different way. But as far as we and Hezbollah are concerned, we are all of
one religion and one faith. We and Hezbollah regard the United States as an
enemy of Islam and Muslims. We regard Israel as a cancer in the body of the
region and that the policy of confrontation and resistance is fundamental.
As for the modes of implementation, Hezbollah may have its ways and means
and different forms of expression. This may happen. As far as fundamentals,
roots, and objectives are concerned, there are no differences between us.
The Making of Hezbollah Part Two
By Manal Lutfi
Tehran, Asharq Al-Awsat- Former Iranian envoy to Syria and Hezbollah
architect, Mohammad Hassan Akhtari highlights to Asharq Al-Awsat Tehran's
historical and present ties to the controversial Lebanese militia and the
Palestinian Hamas movement, as well as Iran's future plans to connect Iran,
Iraq, and Syria with oil and gas pipelines in addition to major railroads.
The Following is the full text of the interview:
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Regarding Iran's help for Hezbollah, did you give advice
and intervene to help. For example, it was said that Iran intervened to help
Hezbollah to establish Al-Manar Television. How did you help to build
Hezbollah's institutions? Did you make proposals or also extend financial
[Akhtari] As I said before, we provided financial assistance. We also gave
them moral encouragement. We did this not only in Lebanon but also in other
countries. During our meetings with representatives of other countries,
whenever they spoke about Lebanon, we gave them advice because the way many
of these countries dealt with Hezbollah was not right. Sometimes countries
asked us to mediate to arrange meetings between their officials and
Hezbollah officials. We helped them to do that. We also gave advice to some
countries, for example France and many other European countries with which
we had good relations. We constantly told them that the way they looked on
Hezbollah was not right and that Hezbollah represented a large segment of
the people in Lebanon. Ten years ago many of them did not understand this
point. Because they used to hear fictitious and illusory things from the
Americans, they imagined that Hezbollah represented only a small group of
the Lebanese people.=20
Later on they came to understand that Hezbollah represented a large
percentage of the Lebanese population. Indeed we can say that Hezbollah is
all of Lebanon because the Christians, the Sunnis, and the Shiites all
support Hezbollah. Regarding Al-Manar Television, there were difficulties to
open this channel because of Lebanese laws. We intervened at that time along
with Syria. Actually Syria played the larger role. Then the late Rafik
al-Hariri supported the idea and helped to open the channel. We all assisted
them and the television channel was opened, thank God.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] How exactly did you help Hezbollah to establish this
television channel?
[Akhtari] We helped them financially and encouraged them. We helped them
politically, regionally, and internationally in various ways.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Former Syrian Vice President Abdul-Halim Khaddam said that
a dispute erupted between Syria on one side and Iran and Hezbollah on the
other when the TWA airliner was hijacked. He said that the Syrian regime did
not favor hijacking a plane or taking hostages. Is this true?
[Akhtari] It is certainly not true because Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah had
nothing to do with this incident. This incident happened before Hezbollah
was founded and developed into a specific organization. There was no
specific and strong group called Hezbollah at that time. Even I was not
thereat that point. The brothers in the IRGC were not there either.
Additionally the Islamic Republic was consistently and publicly objecting to
terrorist ideas such as hijacking planes and taking hostages. Hezbollah had
nothing to do with the issue. The same applies to the Islamic Republic and
Syria. They had nothing to do with the issue. The incident was carried out
by certain persons or unknown groups at the time that had a motive. The
newspapers and magazines published a lot of reports about this subject and
it transpired that there very small unknown groups in Lebanon. Some groups
were supported by anti-peace and anti-Hezbollah circles, which were trying
to distort the reputation of Hezbollah and the Islamic Republic. They
carried out some terrorist acts in order to accuse Iran, Syria, and
Hezbollah. As a matter of principle and conviction, it never occurred to the
Islamic Republic to carry out terrorist acts or support them. There were
circles at that time that liked to make accusations against Syria and Iran.
This man [Khaddam] now supports these accusations. If the accusations are
true, this man was a senior official at that time and therefore responsible
for the terrorist acts.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You say that Hezbollah was not involved in the hijacking.
However, the picture of Imad Mughniyeh, who was in charge of military
operations in Hezbollah, was taken showing him standing next to one of the
hostages taken in the TWA hijacking in 1985. Is this not proof that
Hezbollah was involved in hijacking the plane?
[Akhtari] This charge lacks supporting evidence. The martyr Mughniyeh had no
connection at all with this issue. "The hijacking of TWA flight
847 was claimed by a group that called itself the "Oppressed in the World
[Note: The CIA says that this group was connected to Hezbollah. The
operation took place on Friday 14 June 1985 and the hijacked plane was
scheduled to fly from Athens to Rome with 153 passengers onboard. The
operation lasted for two weeks, during which an American passenger was
killed. The plane took off at 10:10 and shortly after the flight began two
persons ordered the captain to change course to the Middle East.=20
They were armed with pistols that they succeeded in smuggling through
airport security. The plane stopped for several hours at Beirut Airport,
where 19 passengers were released in exchange for refueling the plane.=20
The second stop was at Algiers Airport where 20 more passengers were
released. The plane then returned to Beirut. This time the hijackers killed
an American passenger who was formerly a US Navy diver and threw his body on
the tarmac.
At Beirut Airport more gunmen joined the hijackers. On 15June the plane then
flew another time to Algiers, where 65 passengers were released and then the
plane returned to Beirut again. The hijackers demanded the release of
Lebanese prisoners held in Israel and that an international denunciation of
Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon after the 1982 invasion of Lebanon
should be issued. They also demanded an international denunciation of the US
role in Lebanon. Imad Mughniyeh, Hassan Izzaldin, Ali Atwah, and Muhammad
Ali Hammadi were accused of the hijacking. According to US intelligence,
these persons were members of Hezbollah. Greek intelligence personnel
succeeded in capturing Ali Atwah before he could get on the plane. He was
released in exchange for eight Greek passengers who were on the plane. On17
June 1985, Nabih Birri, leader of the Lebanese Resistance Brigades (Amal
Movement), made a successful mediation effort and secured the release of 40
Thirty-nine passengers continued to be held until 30 June 1985 when they
were released and flown to Germany.]
[Asharq Al-Awsat] After Imad Mughniyeh was assassinated in Damascus, Iran
announced the formation of a joint investigating committee, but Syria denied
that. Please clarify this confusion.
[Akhtari] To begin with, there was no Syrian-Iranian investigating
[Asharq Al-Awsat] However, one of the assistants of Iranian Foreign Minister
Manouchehr Mottaki announced through the Iranian news agency, IRNA, the
formation of a joint investigating.
[Akhtari] I did not hear this announcement. Anyway, practically I do not see
that we need to form a joint committee. Perhaps the Islamic Republic
announced that we were prepared to help if we were asked to do so. We trust
Syria, and the brothers in Syria began investigating the issue. It is their
concern more than ours because Mughniyeh was their guest in Damascus and, of
course, because of the close relations between Hezbollah and Syria, Syria
has a special interest in this issue. It is in the collective interest of
Amal, Hezbollah, and Syria to follow up this issue with the utmost
seriousness. I am certain that Syrian President Dr Bashar al-Assad gave
instructions to this effect. We have no doubts about this matter.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Many things have been said about Mughniyeh.=20
Personally, how would you describe him? Does his assassination in Damascus
in this way mean that Syrian security was penetrated?
[Akhtari] I cannot talk about this subject. This is a security matter in
which various parties may have been involved, and I do not have any evidence
or anything clear to make a comment on this issue. However, I knew the man
from the start. He was a loyal and religiously committed man. He was active
in Hezbollah and was a strong and courageous man. He played an effective
role in the resistance and in confronting the occupation.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Is there a specific date when Syria will announce the
results of the investigation into Mughniyeh assassination?
[Akhtari] Ever since I returned from Damascus to Tehran, I have not
discussed this issue and I have no information about it.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You have stated that the Islamic Resistance Movement,
Hamas, and Islamic Jihad are legitimate offspring of the revolution and the
Islamic Republic. In what way were they backed ideologically, financially,
and strategically? Is this support continuing today?
[Akhtari] After the Islamic revolution's victory and the spread of Islamic
reawakening and the spirit of confrontation against injustice, aggression,
and imperialist conspiracies, these ideas became widespread.=20
The idea of resistance grew increasingly stronger among the Palestinian
Muslims. After the victory of the Islamic resistance in Lebanon, the
Palestinians became convinced that resistance was the best way. The
Palestinians nurtured themselves on this idea and it became an international
idea. As a country that supports the idea of resisting the occupation, the
Islamic Republic supported the idea of resistance by the Hamas movement in
Palestine. Additionally the ties between the Islamic Republic and Hamas are
well known. The Islamic Republic's backing to Hamas's legitimate government
in Palestine is well known and public. As is well known, apart from
ideological and financial support, communication with the Palestinians is
now severed. Everyone knows this.=20
No group or party can give aid to Hamas without it being publicly known
because the Hamas movement is inside Palestine. The backing for Hamas's
government is clear and well known. There is nothing else that is hidden.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Apart from the financial support, is there any political
support? Is there coordination and consultation about the situation in the
wake of the events in the West Bank and Gaza, especially as Khalid Mishal,
chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau, frequently meets with Iranian
officials in Tehran?
[Akhtari] There is constant communication, there is an exchange of visits,
and there is political backing. I mean we offer political support for their
positions. We also exchange views with them. However, if you are asking
about coordination in the strict sense, there is no coordination. They make
their own choices and decisions. There is no coordination in planning. They
do what they themselves want and decide.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] A few weeks before you left Damascus, the idea of holding
a conference of the Palestinian factions was raised. It was meant to be a
response to the Annapolis conference. This conference, however, was delayed
and finally was not held. It was said that the Palestinian factions refused
to hold a conference because of the complexities of the regional situation.
Was the reason a disagreement between Tehran and the Palestinian factions?
[Akhtari] Actually there never was a decision to hold a conference in
Tehran. What happened was that Foreign Minister Mottaki, while visiting
Syria, publicly announced to the Palestinian factions that if they wanted to
come and meet in Tehran, they were welcome. He said: If you want to hold a
conference in Tehran, we are prepared. There had been a standing invitation
for several months to the Palestinian factions to go to Tehran, prior to
Ramadan, last year. One month before Ramadan we informed them of the
invitation but circumstances were not favorable for such a visit. It was
postponed until after Ramadan. At that time we again said that we were
willing to receive them in Tehran. The media portrayed this visit as a
conference. Actually there were no plans for a conference. We consider Iran
our Palestinian brothers' second homeland.=20
They can visit Iran any time they want. Of course, it depends on their
[Asharq Al-Awsat] When you were appointed as Iranian ambassador in Damascus,
relations between the two countries had not yet reached the level at which
they now stand. No strategic relations had yet been established. How did you
build these relations? Was this the first task you carried out, especially
as you had said earlier that your aim was to build relations at this
strategic level? Or did things gradually develop during your posting to
[Akhtari] Of course things occur in a gradual way. When a person wants to
reach the summit, he has to climb the steps gradually. It is not possible to
reach the top in one leap. A strategic aim of every government or state is
to establish relations with various countries in various political,
economic, and cultural spheres--in short in all spheres. Like other
countries we have also sought to achieve similar goals. At the start there
were difficulties because the Islamic Republic was still a young state.
After that Iraq imposed a war on us and we had internal problems. All
countries, Arab, Islamic, and European took Saddam's side at that time,
namely, east and west, as we used to say.=20
Three Arab countries took our side and several Islamic countries adopted a
good or neutral stand. Most of the European countries, however, the United
States, Israel, and the Soviet Union, all backed Saddam militarily,
technically, and financially in the full sense of the word, as everyone now
knows. Syria, Libya, and Algeria took Iran's side. Along the way, after a
period of several years, Libya somewhat withdrew.=20
Algeria also withdrew. But Syria remained. Relations gradually grew deeper
between Iran and Syria and expanded in the cultural and economic spheres. We
built strong foundations for economic cooperation.
We began from square one and are continuing to develop these relations
today. May God be praised, our economic relations focus on mutual
investments. The volume of economic cooperation ranges from $2.5-3 billion.
Currently there is a plan to build a joint refinery for Iran, Syria,
Venezuela, and Malaysia. It will be a costly enterprise and of course there
are other projects. With our Syrian and Iraqi brothers we have a plan to
build a pipeline to carry oil and gas from Iran to Syria, passing through
Iraq. We have discussed the project with the Iraqi Government and Syria and
are waiting for things to calm down in Iraq. We also plan to expand the rail
links with Iraq and Syria. The railroads mostly exist but we need to extend
them and link them. This new railroad will be like the old Silk Road, will
link east and west, and bring the three countries much closer to each other.
At this time trucks, buses, and cars carry people and goods for example from
Istanbul to Tehran, to Syria. If the situation becomes calmer, the new
railroad will pass through Iraq as the median country and will allow much
quicker trips. It will boost transportation between east and west. We have
good intentions to serve the Arab, Islamic nation.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Tell us about how Iran and Syria became culturally closer
during your posting in Damascus. What about the role of Ahl al-Bayt
association which you supervise? Is it true that you chaired this
association when you were ambassador to Syria?
[Akhtari] I was chairman of this association's world forum during my last
two years as ambassador in Damascus.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] What are its most important functions?
[Akhtari] Ahl al-Bayt is a nongovernmental association. It is an
independent, private association that was founded 17 years ago. After a
public meeting of a group of intellectuals and Ulema in Tehran, they agreed
to form this association. They submitted the idea to His Eminence the leader
Khamenei and asked his permission to place the association under his general
supervision. He agreed. The association was established with three main
sections: the General Assembly, the Supreme Committee or Council, and the
secretary general. It began its work to promote several objectives, namely,
acquainting the people with Islam, the character of the revered prophet, may
God's prayers and peace be upon him, and the members and imams of the
Prophet's Household. This was done because many people do not know Islam or
are not aware of its true nature and are not acquainted with the personality
of the revered prophet, the imams descended from the Prophet's Household,
and other Islamic figures among the prophet's companions and Al-Ansar. This
is done by various ways including writing, classifying, and translating
books and issuing leaflets, magazines, and similar printed material.
Other objectives include promoting Islamic unity and uniting Muslim ranks by
bringing the different schools of Islam closer together. As I noted before,
many problems among Muslims sects and schools arise from lack of knowledge
about each other. For example some of the adherents of our schools of Islam
know nothing about the others. When we acquire more knowledge, we will
discover that there are not many problems among us on numerous issues and
that we can agree on more issues than the ones on which we disagree. Or even
when it comes to certain issues we will discover that the disagreement is
much smaller than we thought and that the whole problem is a very simple
one. For example one jurist has an opinion on a certain issue and another
jurist has a different opinion.=20
This happens among all sects and indeed sometimes within the same sect.=20
Sometimes there are differences of opinion over what is permitted by Shariaa
[halal], what is taboo [haram], and what is simply frowned upon [makruh]. In
all schools of Islam there are actions that we may declare un-Islamic but in
various ways and out of various motives, they have been attributed to Islam
by people who then made accusations against Islam and uttered calumnies
against it and against its various schools.=20
Our mission in this association is to sift through all these issues and
clarify what is real, what is false, what is sound, and what is morbid.=20
Another task is to communicate with other Ahl al-Bayt branches in the world
and other public Islamic establishments.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] How many Ahl al-Bayt branches are there in the world?
[Akhtari] We do not have a statistic on this matter. As long as descendants
and followers of the Prophet's Household are spread out in the world, there
will be branches according to their numbers. Indeed in some countries there
is more than one branch. Some branches like to maintain contact with us. We
communicate with them and supply them with Islamic books and some of our
publications including Islamic books from other schools of Islam. The Ahl
al-Bayt association is not a political organization. It is a cultural,
religious, social, and ethical foundation that seeks to unify Muslim ranks
and entrench brotherly feelings among the Muslims. We have a leaflet on how
to deal with various Muslim schools, which explains our obligations towards
them and their obligations towards us. The Ahl al-Bayt General Assembly
meets every four years. Last year we held our fourth general assembly in
Tehran and representatives from more than 100 countries attended. There were
more than 500delegates present at the meeting from around the world. God
willing, we plan to make efforts to promote economic and commercial
relations between Iran and the other Islamic countries. Ahl al-Bayt's
secretary general is elected by the Supreme Council and then his name is
submitted to his eminence the leader, who officially assigns him to the
post. I was assigned this task for four years. It has been my task since I
returned to Tehran.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You are planning to start a television station for Ahl
al-Bayt. How is the work going?
[Akhtari] One of our goals is to establish a satellite television channel
that will promote the association's objectives. We have started the early
work. Perhaps in the next few months, it will become operational.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Will the Ahl al-Bayt satellite television station carry
political news or merely be a religious station? Where will it have its
[Akhtari] The issue of the type of broadcasts has not been settled in a
final way, nor has a headquarters been definitively chosen. It will be a
moral, religious, educational, and social television station, not a
political or a news station.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Some circles warn that these activities might be tools to
spreads Shiism and export the Islamic Republic's ideology.
[Akhtari] When the Ahl al-Bayt television channel begins operating, God
willing, it will become clear that all these fears are illusions. They are
not true.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Some people in Syria are apprehensive at the increase of
Shiite seminaries in the country. What is your response to the accusations
that Shiism is spreading in Syria?
[Akhtari] Actually I see no reason whatever to be apprehensive of the
presence of seminaries or religious institutes. There are many religious
seminaries and institutes in Syria. One seminary has been operating for
25 years. It causes no fear. There are strong and close relations between
the persons in charge of this seminary and the people in charge of the Sunni
seminaries and religious institutes. They even have ties with Syria's Grand
Mufti Dr Ahmad Hassun. They had good relations with the former mufti, the
late Sheikh Kaftaru. These relations have always been good. There are
contacts between the Ulema from both sects. They organize joint celebrations
and hold conferences for Islamic unity.=20
Sunnis and Shiites hold joint Koranic functions every Ramadan. Inside Iran
there are continuing relations between the Ulema and seminary instructors
with Syrian residents and others, with Egyptian and Saudi Ulema for example.
I believe that the fears you talk about are imaginary rather than based on
something real. There is no reason for fear because we have relations with
both Shiites and Sunnis in Iran and abroad. In the Iranian regions inhabited
by Sunnis there are large religious establishments. We also have an
institute to bring the Islamic schools in Iran closer to each other. Its
members include many Shiite and Sunni Ulema from outside Iran. There are
members from Syria, Egypt, Algeria, and Sudan. There are members from all
the Arab and Islamic countries.=20
This institute is similar to the Ahl al-Bayt Global Institute, where we
exchange views and cooperate to hold many conferences and religious seminars
outside Iran.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] What is the rate of the increase of Iranian seminaries in
Damascus? Have they increased to the point of arousing some people's worry?
[Akhtari] The numbers have not increased. There are two or three large
seminaries that have been present from 15 or 20 years ago. Of course there
might be classes here and there that are associated with a seminary. This
depends on the number of students.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] You are nicknamed the "sheikh", and sometimes you are
called "minister plenipotentiary." Which name is closer to your heart?=20
Could you give us a brief account of your growing up and education?
[Akhtari] Regarding the nicknames "sheikh" and "minister plenipotentiary,"
this depends on the speaker's choice and whatever comes to his mind [Akhtari
laughs]. The important thing is the person who is addressed, not the words.
Regarding my upbringing, I was born in
1945 and until I was 13 I lived in a village called Sarkah near the city of
Samnan. But I was not born there. I was born somewhere else because my
father and mother, may they rest in peace, lived in a village called
Jarmasar. I was born there and we lived one and a half years there after I
was born. After that we moved to Sarkah near Samnan. Later I left Samnan for
Qom to study.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] Under which cleric did you study in Qom?
[Akhtari] In the early stages I studied under our master the martyr
Ayatollah Bahishti, the late Ayatollah Rabbani-Shirazi, the late Ayatollah
Mishkini, and many others. After that I went to the holy Al-Najaf where I
studied for five years. I attended the lessons of Ayatollah Tabrizi,
Ayatollah Rusti, and Ayatollah Shahbadi. For a period of six months I
studied under the late martyr Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. I attended
lessons under Grand Ayatollah Al-Sistani for more than a year and some other
Ulema. Of course my main, strong, and profound relationship was with Imam
Khomeini. I was considered one of his disciples.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] How did you get to meet Imam Khomeini?
[Akhtari] We met in Qom at the beginning of our revolutionary work after the
imam started his Islamic movement. I was 15 years old. I joined the movement
because of the circumstances at that time and our interest in Islamic
affairs. After the imam was released from jail, we used to visit him at his
home, followed his movement according to our ability, and performed the
tasks that were assigned to us. We were carrying out opposition activities
at that time. In 1964 I was jailed for the first time in Samnan because I
was participating in the Islamic opposition movement. When I was released, I
went to Al-Najaf. I arrived in Al-Najaf on the same day that Imam Khomeini
entered Iraq. I reached Al-Najaf shortly before 10:00 and Imam Khomeini
arrived in Baghdad at 1600. From Baghdad he left for Al-Kazimiyah, where he
stayed for several days. We joined the imam in Al-Kazimiyah. We accompanied
and served him until he got to Samarra. He then went to Karbala and after
that to Al-Najaf. In Al-Najaf we were frequently present at the imam's house
and served him.
In 1968 after the 1967 war, I traveled to Syria in Ramadan. I stayed in a
village near Homs for the purpose of conveying the call to the faith and to
carry out religious guidance. I did the same in 1969. I traveled from
Al-Najaf to the same Syrian village to carry out religious guidance. In the
same year I left for Lebanon where I stayed for two and a half years until
1972, carrying out religious activities in Lebanon and spreading the faith.
My ties with Syria and Lebanon go back more than 40 years. When I returned
to Iran, I studied for give more years in Qom until the Islamic revolution
triumphed. I had spent those years carrying out opposition activities,
making speeches, and issuing statements. I was imprisoned in Iran for the
second time in 1972. I was imprisoned for the third time in the last week
before the revolution won and Imam Khomeini returned to Tehran. I was
released the night he arrived.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] What activities did you carry out to convey the Islamic
message in Syria and Lebanon?
[Akhtari] I used to carry out this activity by myself. I also did some
teaching work. There was no other apparatus that carried out the task of
calling to the faith and guidance. I personally acted as spiritual guide to
these villages that I visited. In Lebanon I played the role of prayer
leader. I used to lead the worshipers in prayer at the mosque. I gave
lectures and made speeches to the people in the form of lessons and debates
with religious scholars including university professors and students. This
is what I used to do, nothing more.
[Asharq Al-Awsat] During the years you were posted as ambassador to
Damascus, you were described as absolutely the most important ambassador in
Syria. Your activity spread from Damascus to Lebanon and to the Palestinian
factions. It was said that you were an envoy dealing with three or four very
sensitive issues and the most influential and prominent ambassador in
Damascus. You were called many good things. Now that you have left this
post, do you have any connection with the issues you used to handle? Are you
still following the situation in Damascus through the current Iranian
ambassador Ahmad Musavi? Do you intervene sometimes to give advice?
[Akhtari] No, I do not interfere in anything now. The ambassador is the
person assigned to this task. He will certainly be successful because
circumstances are excellent now and relations between Iran and Syria do not
suffer from any special problem. Hence, depending on how energetic the
ambassador and embassy are, matters will develop and continue. My relations
with many officials, ministers, and elite groups, with Ulema and religious
figures, and even with ordinary Syrians are conducted in a personal
capacity, no longer as an ambassador. This is how I always conducted my
relations. Many Syrians come and see me in my office when they visit the
Islamic Republic. They visit me in this office (his office is located in the
building housing the Global Council of Ahl al-Bayt Association in central
Tehran). If any brothers ask for any special assistance, I am always
prepared to help if this does not clash with my official duties. I have
faith in this relationship that I always sought to build and to develop. I
made great efforts to nurture it. I am interested in the Syrian-Iranian
relationship and its requirements.
Analysts mailing list


text:
Winter THEC Commission Meeting
Thursday, January 29, 2015
THEC Boardroom, 18th Floor Parkway Towers
Work Session - 10:00 a.m. CST
Commission Meeting - 1:00 p.m. CST
Joint Meeting with State Board of Education - 3:30 p.m. CST
Video Streaming Link
2014 LEAP Grant Competition - Funded Proposals
Budget Presentation from November 20, 2014 THEC Meeting
Outcomes Based Funding Resources
The Tennessee Higher Education Commission is the state's coordinating agency for higher education. Guided by the Public Agenda for Tennessee Higher Education, THEC oversees an array of finance, academic, research and consumer protection initiatives that promote student success and support the State's completion agenda for postsecondary education. THEC actively seeks to develop policy recommendations, programmatic initiatives, and partnerships that increase educational attainment in the state while improving higher education access and success for all Tennesseans.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Lennon dismisses Sutton link
Neil Lennon claims a report linking him to Motherwell striker John Sutton was "speculation".The Celtic boss is reportedly considering a summer move for the brother of Chris Sutton who played alongside Lennon at Parkhead.Sutton, 27, whose contract at Fir Park is up next month, is top scorer for Stuart McCall's side who have a Scottish Cup final date with Celtic at Hampden on May 21, the week after the two clubs meet in the final Clydesdale Bank Premier League game of the season.However, ahead of Sunday's SPL clash with Dundee United at Parkhead, Lennon said: "John is a good player. I've known him for a while."He has had a very good season but it is speculation more than anything else. I am not going to talk about targets at the minute."I'm just going to talk about what I have to do in the next two weeks."
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text:
Our Research
Wednesday, 27 November 2013
A functioning private banking sector is crucial to the economic growth of states in transition. In this paper, Dempsey draws on his experience working in the central banks of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon, to highlight the financial, banking, and central banking reforms necessary to spur Libya's economic growth. With nearly 85 percent of the working population employed in the public sector, Libya is desperately in need of a more vibrant private sector.
The paper was launched at the Legatum Institute - details here.
A functioning private banking sector is crucial to the economic growth of states in transition. States in the midst of radical change, even states which are engulfed in violent conflict, such as Iraq and Afghanistan, are capable of developing working banks and financial institutions. Such institutions can add an element of stability to an otherwise volatile situation. This paper examines the current situation of banking and finance in Libya, a country undergoing a constitutional crisis, and argues that even in the current climate reforms can take place.
The political background is far from simple; the Libyan legal system is in a state of flux. The General National Congress (GNC), Libya's interim legislature, was elected in July 2012 and given an 18-month mandate to ensure that a constitution was drafted and to guide the country towards general elections. However, the GNC's term expires in February 2014 and protracted political tensions and militia violence have delayed efforts to organize elections for a constitutional assembly, meaning that a new constitution will not be ready in time. At the time of writing, GNC spokesperson Omar Omeidan predicted an extension to the February deadline. This would leave Libya in a legal vacuum.
In the meantime, the GNC continues to delay decisions on infrastructure and investment, which has the effect of further weakening public trust in the GNC. The political isolation law—legislation designed to vet members of the old regime—has proved controversial in its implementation. Though intended as an improvement, in practice it deprives fragile transitional institutions of bureaucratic talent, and is used to play political games. Initial, piecemeal efforts to liberalize the Libyan economy have also faltered, creating greater risk and dissuading financiers from investing.
Recently, the Central Bank of Libya added to the uncertainty for financial institutions by declaring that all such institutions must become 'sharia compliant' by 2015. This decision will discourage investment and economic growth: few Libyan banks or agencies have the capacity to operate solely as Islamic institutions and will find it difficult to make the conversion by 2015.
Major lenders, such as the Sahara Bank, are now uncertain as to what will happen to their existing loans. This uncertainty further impedes confidence in the management of Libya's financial sector.
Currently, state-owned banks dominate the financial landscape of Libya, although a series of partial privatisations occurred in 2007.1 These banks, though heavily capitalized, have ceased lending. Bank lending failure can be attributed to three factors:
However, there are means by which the situation can be improved. Libya can learn from the experiences of other resource rich states emerging from centralised regimes. The experience of Iraq, for example, shows that political interference in banking regulation can thwart economic progress.3 Based on research in Libya as well as on the author's own experience working in the Central Banks of Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon, this paper will recommend financial, banking, and central bank reforms
The Transitions Forum is a series of projects dedicated to the challenges and possibilities of radical political and economic change.
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Results 1 to 5 of 5
Thread: Semantics
Hi all!
I have a quick question, which is semantically more correct:
Placing an image like this

Or by using CSS as background-image?
I really want to form good habits over here...
thanks!If your willing to teach, Im willing to learn...
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it depends entirely on what the image is for.
Is it an essential part of the design or it it something that could be replaced by alt text?
Its the header of the page.
There is no vital info in any of my images, but the reason why I asked, is the following:
If you use CSS you are unable to use the alt and title tags, whereas if you place it in your HTML you can. So does that make it more semantic by placing it in your HTML?
If your willing to teach, Im willing to learn...
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If it is something which you need to display an image as a background,then you cannot avoid using css as: "background-image:url(images/sample.gif)"
and here "alt" and "title" tag has no choice.
But if images you are placing is not related to background then its advisable you use  and give a chance to google image bot to read your image. Especially much better for company logo if it is there in the header.
Last edited by frankle; 05-27-2009 at 11:55 AM.
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The question is: Is it crucial for the understanding of the subject/content of the site then the image must be an HTML image. If it has a purely presentational purpose (i. e. is there to make the site look good) but adds no direct informaton (hard facts) then it should be a CSS background.
In this case the header image is only "soft information". That means it's not crucial to understand what the site is about but rather adding some "feel" to the page through nice graphics so it should be a background image. You could, for example, have a first level heading (
) as title of your page and apply the image as background to this heading, hiding the default text in that heading (with negative text indent). Users with mobile devices or printing the page would see the plain heading while regular computer screen users will see the background image. This way everybody gets the necessary information.


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OC3D Reviews ›› Cases & Cooling
Noctua NF-R8 and NF-S12 Cooling Fans
Cases & Cooling | 18th January 2007
Do you value a silent cooling solution for your PC? Let's see if the Noctua's NF Series 120mm and 80mm cooling fans can produce the goods.
Silverstone TJ09 ATX Full Tower Chassis
Cases & Cooling | 15th January 2007
Silverstone have established themselves as manufacturers of high-quality cases. The TJ09 is a full-tower ATX chassis with some awesome features. Let's take a look...
Fluid XP+ HP Watercooling Fluid
Cases & Cooling | 15th January 2007
Fluid XP+ may have been around for some time but today we've been given an oportunity to test its thermal properties and conductivity. Is it worth its hefty price tag? We find out.
OC3D Articles ›› Cases & Cooling
BitFenix announce the Outlaw Case
Mark Lewis | 30th August 2011
With an already impressive lineup of cases, BitFenix release another.. the Outlaw!
BitFenix Introduces the Merc
Tom Logan | 12th August 2011
2011) – Today, premier gaming hardware designer BitFenix is proud to introduce the latest entry in their critically-acclaimed lineup of gaming enclosures
Cougar announce new Vortex Fan Series
Mark Lewis | 5th August 2011
The brand new Vortex series of fans from Cougar are available to purchase from all approved retailers worldwide...
Alphacool USB-Display
Cases & Cooling | 21st November 2006
Alphacool have long been supplying the computer enthusiast with high quality cooling products. Today we will take a look at one of their answers to case modification, in the form of a double drive bay LCD display.
Arctic Cooling Freezer 7 & 64 Pro Coolers
Cases & Cooling | 2nd November 2006
Looking for an effective aftermarket cooling solution for your AMD or Intel rig? If so, follow me and we'll see just how well they perform on both your PC and hip pocket.
OCZ Tempest CPU Cooler
Cases & Cooling | 30th September 2006
OCZ have always been known for their high performance memory and PSU's, but have recently be trying their hand in the cooling market. We take a look at their latest invention..the Tempest.
Arctic Cooling Accelero X1 VGA Cooler
Cases & Cooling | 25th September 2006
In this day and age of high performance PC's, there is a need for effective and quiet cooling solutions. Arctic Cooling have sent me the Accelero X1 VGA cooler, for review. Read on to see whether it deserves a place in your rig.
Arctic Cooling 8L and 12L Cooling Fans
Cases & Cooling | 20th September 2006
Looking for some whisper quiet cooling fans to include in that SFF PC that your building? Or are you seeking refuge from the barrage of ear splitting cooling fans currently on the market? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then this review is for you.
Cooler Master Hyper 612S HSF Announced
Mark Lewis | 2nd August 2011
The low noise Hyper 612S HSF has been announced by Cooler Master..
Silverstone Temjin TJ08-E Mini Tower Case Details Released
Mark Lewis | 15th July 2011
SilverStone have detailed their new Temjin M-ATX Mini Tower Case the TJ08-E...
Corsair H80 and H100 CPU Coolers Released
Mark Lewis | 7th July 2011
Corsair have just announced that from today the brand new H80 and H100 self-contained liquid CPU coolers are available from Corsair authorized retailers worldwide!
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Philip Gwynne | 27th June 2011
The Xigmatek Elysium is now available in the UK at SpecialTech!
BitFenix Join the OC3D Forum Family
Tom Logan | 27th April 2011
Its our pleasure to announce that BitFenix have joined the OC3D Forum Family.
Koolance Generates High Powered 120mm Case Fan
Gaurang Shah | 3rd February 2011
Cooling specialist Koolance has just taken the wraps off its newest fan, and this one is a very powerful piece of cooling equipment.


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PantechUSA announced via Twitter this morning that its Burst budget phone will finally be receiving an Ice Cream Sandwich upgrade, in a little less than a week. Curiously, it won't be available over the air. Details haven't been released yet, but the update will be made available on the company's website here.
Major announcement: Pantech Burst ICS update will be available for download on Sept 27 on PantechUSA.com. Stay tuned for more details!
— Pantech USA (@PantechUSA) September 21, 2012
We should hear more about how the download will be doled out as the date gets closer and, hopefully, some more information on what the update will bring.
Read More


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Organ regeneration : methods and protocols
- Language
- English.
- Imprint
- New York : Humana Press : Springer, c2013.
- Physical description
- xiii, 377 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 26 cm.
- Series
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) ; v. 1001.
Springer protocols (Series)
Available online
More options
- Contributor
- Basu, Joydeep.
- Ludlow, John W.
- Bibliography
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Contents
- Isolation and characterization of human adipose-derived stem cells for use in tissue engineering / Benjamin M. Buehrer and Bentley Cheatham
- Isolation of smooth muscle cells from bladder for generation of engineered urologic organs / Darell W. McCoy
- Isolation of urothelial cells from bladder tissue / Namrata Sangha
- Isolation of pulsatile cell bodies from esophageal tissue / John W. Ludlow
- Cell isolation through whole-liver perfusion and preparation of hepatocytes for cytochrome P450 analysis / Sonya O. Meheux
- Ex vivo culture and separation of functional renal cells / Andrew T. Bruce, Kelly I. Guthrie, and Rusty Kelley
- Isolation and myogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for urologic tissue engineering / Rongpei Wu ... [et al.]
- Xeno-free adaptation and culture of human pluripotent stem cells / Tori Sampsell-Barron
- Reverse engineering life : physical and chemical mimetics for controlled stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes / Gary R. Skuse and Kathleen A. Lamkin-Kennard
- Phenotypic analysis of bioactive cells for application in regenerative medicine / Teresa Bora Burnette and Andrew T. Bruce
- Preparation and evaluation of natural scaffold materials for kidney regenerative applications / Monica A. Serban, Toyin A. Knight, and Richard G. Payne
- Rapid production of autologous fibrin hydrogels for cellular encapsulation in organ regeneration / Adelola O. Oseni, Peter E. Butler, and Alexander M. Seifalian
- Electrospinning tubular scaffolds with tissue-like mechanical properties and biomimetic surface features / Scott Rapoport
- Design, fabrication, and preparation of synthetic scaffolds for urologic tissue engineering / Richard G. Payne and Toyin A. Knight
- Characterization of a PGA-based scaffold for use in a tissue- engineered neo-urinary conduit / Toyin A. Knight and Richard G. Payne
- Migration assay to evaluate cellular interactions with biomaterials for tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications / Kelly I. Guthrie ... [et al.]
- Care of rodent models used for preclinical evaluation of tissue-engineered/regenerative medicine product candidates / Kim L. Mihalko
- Bioreactor design considerations for hollow organs / Jeff Fish ... [et al.]
- Construction of a multicoaxial hollow fiber bioreactor / Randall McClelland, Katherine Tech, and Jeffrey M. Macdonald
- Isolation of human cadaveric pancreatic islets for clinical transplantation / Craig Halberstadt, Deana Williams, and Paul Gores
- Microencapsulation of pancreatic islets for use in a bioartificial pancreas / Emmanuel C. Opara, John P. McQuilling, and Alan C. Farney
- Bioengineered skin substitutes / Pedro Lei, Hui You, and Stelios T. Andreadis
- Formulation of selected renal cells for implantation into a kidney / Craig Halberstadt ... [et al.]
- Human liver bioengineering using a whole liver decellularized bioscaffold / Pedro M. Baptista ... [et al.]
- Bioreactor for the production of tissue-engineered small intestine / Daniel E. Levin ... [et al.]
- Tissue engineering of esophagus and small intestine in rodent injury models / Joydeep Basu
- Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of endothelialized tissue-engineered constructs / Sandra L. Johnson
- Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of in vivo tissue regeneration in an animal model / Christopher W. Genheimer
- Histological evaluation of tissue regeneration using biodegradable scaffold seeded by autologous cells for tubular/hollow organ applications / Elias A. Rivera and Manuel J. Jayo.
Bibliographic information
- Publication date
- 2013
- Responsibility
- edited by Joydeep Basu, John W. Ludlow.
- Series
- Methods in molecular biology, 1064-3745 ; v. 1001
- Springer protocols, 1949-2448
- 1627033629
- 9781627033626