text:
Welcome Battle Klones.
Hi all!
I'm Peter from Milan, nice to meet you
I'm an Illustrator and Graphic Designer and a very passionated MOTU collector.
Sometimes i spent my time customizing & mixing vintage parts, enjoying myself a lot.
My wife says this will drive me crazy, but i feel good in this way.
See you around on the forum!
Last edited by BATTLE KLONES; March 12, 2013 at 09:20am.
Fighting the Bootleg campaign - Enjoy the Battle Klones Forces
Add BATTLE KLONES on facebook
Welcome Battle Klones.
"These are the days of high adventure"
i liked your artwork!
FILMATIONPRESENTS.:*~*:Thank You, Lou Scheimer...and Good Journey:*~*:....For Every Destination is but a Doorway to Another...The Time Has Come for Crackers The Clown and Chef Allen in MOTUC!
On behalf of He-Man.org's admin, staff, and moderators, allow me to extend an official Hello and welcome to He-Man.org, BATTLE KLONES!! We're very glad to have you join our site hope you have a fun time discussing Masters of the Universe and Princess of Power here.
Please be sure to read over the rules for posting here when you have an opportunity. Most of them are pretty easy to follow.
We hope you really enjoy your time here! Welcome!
Trust me, trust me, be a'right,
Drink a little poison 'for you die,
Sign' blood or fool night,
Drink a little poison 'for you die.
Welcome to He-Man.org. Hope you enjoy your time here
Here's to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The troublemakers. The round pegs in the square holes. The ones who see things differently. Because they change things. They push the human race forward. And while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius. Because the people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world, are the ones who do. ― Apple Inc.
Thanks my friends for your welcome.
I'm really happy to be part of this big mad family, and hope to post soon some advices and my custom works.
Fighting the Bootleg campaign - Enjoy the Battle Klones Forces
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text:
All The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Screenshots for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
3 screenshots for The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Space Jam Inspired Art Exhibition Hits NYC Space Jam Inspired Art Exhibition Hits NYC SMU notified of allegations by NCAA SMU notified of allegations by NCAA Chargers WR Keenan Allen potentially out for rest of th... Chargers WR Keenan Allen potentially out for rest of th... Jon Lester featured on this week's Sports Illustrated c... Jon Lester featured on this week's Sports Illustrated c... Marcus Mariota shines on Letterman Marcus Mariota shines on Letterman Bobby Petrino's unique bonus Bobby Petrino's unique bonus Close Tweet0 Share0 Comment0 Share0 Share0 Stumble It0 Print0 More SI Wire Russian president Vladimir Putin offers to buy Patriots owner Robert Kraft a new ring by Scooby Axson Email Posted: Fri Jun. 21, 2013 Russian president Vladmir Putin (right) says he is willing to buy a new ring for Patriots owner Robert Kraft (left). (AP)In the continuing saga of a missing Super Bowl ring, Russian president Vladimir Putin said he is willing to have another ring made for New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft.Kraft said last week that Putin took the 2005 championship ring from him, but later said he was joking.Meanwhile, Putin says he doesn't "remember either Mr. Kraft or the ring." The photo above will jog Mr. Putin's memory."If it is such a big treasure for Mr. Kraft and the team . . . I have a suggestion," Putin said at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum, via Comcast SportsNet New England. "I will ask a jewelry firm to make a really good and big thing, so everyone will see it is a luxury piece, made of quality metal and with a stone, so this piece will be passed from generation to generation in the team whose interests are represented by Mr. Kraft. This would be the smartest solution partners can ever achieve while tackling such a complicated international problem." Promoted Stories Comments


text:
Gear Review
love it
has a good sag to it in the back. It has fleece along the brim of it, which is nice when it is cold, but makes it a little warm for wearing inside all the time. overall...satisfied with this...mmm beanies are awesome.
View More Details on Volcom Trance Beanie


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Hey everyone. I just bought a Ruger 10/22 Carbine and want some 25 or 30 round mags for it. Which ones are the most reliable/best quality?? Thanks in advance!! Keith
This is a discussion on Best quality 10/22 high capacity mags?? within the General Firearm Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; Hey everyone. I just bought a Ruger 10/22 Carbine and want some 25 or 30 round mags for it. Which ones are the most reliable/best ...
Hey everyone. I just bought a Ruger 10/22 Carbine and want some 25 or 30 round mags for it. Which ones are the most reliable/best quality?? Thanks in advance!! Keith
I'd definitely go for those with steel feed lips to avoid possible issues. As far as aftermarket accessories for the 10/22, I think Butler Creek knows what they are doing. Eagle and Shooter's Ridge are other manufacturers for large capacity 10/22 mags. Personally, I don't have much use for anything other than the OEM 10 rounders
I have some ramline,Like ramrod said the Butler Creek steel lip mags will probably standup to the test of time better but they are also pricier I've had mine for about 5 years and they function 100%.CDNN has butler creek 25 rd 23.99,Eagle 30rd 9.99,Ramline 25 rd 14.99,Ramline 50 rd 18.99,Eagle orange 25 rd 7.99
"Outside of the killings, Washington has one of the lowest crime rates in the country,"
--Mayor Marion Barry, Washington , DC .
Butler Creek 25 rounders with the steel lips, hands down the best.
Have 2 of them that snap together.
Have countless rounds through them without a hitch.
Have owned some plastic lipped ones in the past, all of them have been transported to the junk yard.
Bullseye 2568-83x
Distinguished Revolver #99
E.I.C. 30pts.(need a hard leg)
10z n Xs
With 10/22s it is a high gamble on what works best. Neither of mine will feed BC Hotlips or Steel lips, One loves a 30 round eagle mag while the other hates it.
If there is one mag out there that i would put my bet on it would be a TI25 in Alum or Composit. They are a bit more expensive than the rest but are the best mags i have ever had. The composite ones i beleive are the best because on a hot day picking up black aluninum sucks! You can also dissasemble and clean them out
The first one i had took a bit of playing with and about 400 rounds to break in but now it works without a hitch and has run probly 2000+ rounds since break in.
Anywhays here you go
TI25 ADVANCED COMPOSITE STEEL LIP MAGAZINE FOR RUGER 10/22 by:
I have the BC steel lips 25 rounders and love the looks I get when I rapid fire them at the indoor range.
I have noticed they (the magazines) cannot be opened up for cleaning...
How do you guys clean these suckers? ??
"Life is like a box of chocolate... You never know who you are going to shoot."
my flickr photo page
I have four Eagle International 30 round mags, they are a stackable mag and I have not had any problems from them and have put around 2000 rounds or more through them. two of the mags have an external slide on the back of the mag that will engage an extended mag release if installed to help in your mag changes.


text:
Monthly Archive for April, 2012
River Street Riot is April 21st
I love Troy. Cool shops, tasty eats, cool peeps and an all-around funky vibe make up the River Street area, where I've made some of my most favorite memories as a Capital Region newbie. Troy's simply awesome, and in three weeks, it's going to get even awesomer more awesome. On Saturday, April 21st, you can […]
[Read More]
Show More


text:
Dr. Roger P. Thorne, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic Torrey Pines
- 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd
La Jolla, CA 92037 - 2 Office Locations
- (858) 455-9100
Dr. Roger P. Thorne graduated from the Hahnemann University School of Medicine in 1973. He works in La Jolla, CA and 1 other location and specializes in Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery Of Spine. Dr. Thorne is affiliated with Scripps Green Hospital and Scripps Memorial Hospital. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 42 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: Hahnemann University School of Medicine
Graduation Date: 1973
Hospital Affiliations: Scripps Green Hospital, Scripps Memorial Hospital
Specialties: Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery Of Spine
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Appointments for details.


text:
New programming language Ya
let me be the first to ask (1 comments)
why did you create this language, what are the benefits opposed to c++ and why should we use it?
Announcing: Slashdot Deals - Explore geek apps, games, gadgets and more. (what is this?)
We are sorry to see you leave - Beta is different and we value the time you took to try it out. Before you decide to go, please take a look at some value-adds for Beta and learn more about it. Thank you for reading Slashdot, and for making the site better!
let me be the first to ask (1 comments)
why did you create this language, what are the benefits opposed to c++ and why should we use it?
If Twitter loses (335 comments)
They should pay the fine in batches of 140 single cents.
In 200 years time (351 comments)
Digital archaeologists are only able to browse the ancient web on their emulators until the day in history W3C introduced DRM.
That is one of MY biggest cons against DRM in HTML.
Memento style minitel browser (58 comments)
Having all this Minitel page data is nice, but would only be useful if they would use a memento style interface where you can browse through time.
I remember Minitel was used several times to organise rallies against the government, as a type of social media if you like.
bitbay.com (97 comments)
For the best deals on used bitstreams. Special offer, today only: 50% discount on all PDFs. Get them now before they are gone!
Cool stuff (41 comments)
Would really like to see Unicorn become open source.
Where I work we use datamarts spread across several data warehouses, which is quite similar to the FB way.
Since we use a bottom-up design model, creating so called solutions using this indexer would be very straightforward.
Not just a simple prank (142 comments)
because they applied some BGP trickery to have the IP resolve in NK
I confess (418 comments)
Most of the times I end up at SO through the google and in over 50% of all "cases" that helps more than ploughing through documentation pdfs, wikis and kbs.
Even though I am a documentation evangalist as part of my job, I believe documentation will never get better and will always be incomplete.
Good, or at least, good enough documentation saved my ass numerous times. For example documentation about a custom compiled database function that got lost because somebody, dropped the database instead of the table as intended. A binary restore from a backup got the data back, but the function was lost. The application using the function failed instantly. Although I wrote the function myself, it would have taken days to rewrite it from scratch. Luckily I documented the function code and how to load it, and a smart coworker managed to restore it without consulting me.
Documentation is an ambiguous beast, too little is bad, but too much is sometimes worse...
Re:Only one program I miss (165 comments)
There are WAY MORE java web apps you might think
Where I work we have at least 3 applications that only can be used through an applet.
Plus all our KVMs are java applets, thanks to HP...
MS is going to sue (215 comments)
They already own the rights of having stuff melt after a few uses.
Mod up Estonia (77 comments)
In addition, learn kids not to use and learn only a single OS or particular programming language. Use them all, get to know them, learn their pros and cons.
Yes (295 comments)
But you'll need loads of cash, connections in South America and a replacement face.
On a serious note, no. I have always been careful (since CompuServe) but there are some traces, if you dig usenet. Most sites from back then are gone. Lucky I have a generic name, first hit is a guy somewhere far away, so I am happy...
Re:If drones can't find him (498 comments)
No problem, they just need to attach a couple of wings, and re-classify him, problem solved...
Slash and Dot (144 comments)
But then they would probably get slammed by asteroids Troll and Shill
If drones can't find him (498 comments)
They probably ask Alex Murphy to give it a try
Kernel panic (144 comments)
Would occur instantly if I would use that pen.
That is why I got a job with a keyboard.
When do "they" ever learn? (538 comments)
Forcing people to change their password to comply to "their" rules only makes passwords weaker.
Users should be teached to create passwords with a formula or pattern for each separate site or service and to NEVER EVER use the same password twice.
For example, name of the site, year of signup, a non character and a non guessable unique postfix: slashDot2012@noncoward
And no, this is not my formula nor my password, heh...
Also, strictly reinforcing policy forcing people to change it every X weeks, will eventually lead to people writing it down on a post it and stick it underneath their keyboard or even on a visible place. Just walk through an office and look around.
Google gets it, I have the same password since signup, years ago. They warn sometimes, but you can click that away without forcing you to change it or else you cannot login. When a site or service forces me to change my password, they essentialy tells me they are insecure about their security...
/. is infected with FB spyware too (245 comments)
Unfortunately I might add. There are OG tags all over the place and even see a FB icon next to a username sometimes. What's up with that?
But seriously (292 comments)
Just as the article mentions, what if this causes sites to be excluded from Google if they just mention the copyrighted names? On a forum, a blogpost, etc. Plus you can count on it people are going to try and game this system to get competitors excluded.
Re:Anti Virus Software (92 comments)
Many wishful thank yous my goodest friend. Kaspersky will soon wire money you earn so well by shill being.


text:
Order Now 08448 222 321
New In
Child & Baby
Sports & Leisure
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Gaming & DVD
Gifts & Jewellery
The diagram below shows the key points to measure when calculating size, then simply select the correct size from the chart above. It's best to actually take body measurements rather than measuring over clothes. You shouldn't need to 'size up' or 'down' unless you have a particular fit preference of course.
Back to top
Keep your bra on and measure in inches around your ribcage directly under your bust.
This gives you the band or back size. When measuring, you should always round down! Your underband should be snug, e.g. If you achieve 29.5 ins then round down.
For example: your underband measurement is 29in then add 5 ins - you are a 34.
Now measure around the fullest part of your bust, the full bust measurement less underband = cup size. When measuring, you should always round up!
The over bust measurement should always be generous, e.g. If you achieve 34.5 ins then round up to 35 ins.
width - toes should have room to spread with no bulges at the shoes widest part.length - there should be half an inch (1.25cm) between the end of the shoe and the longest toe.
High leg boots that do not have any stretch material in them will not fit everyone. To find out whether boots will fit, use the calf measurement chart below.
In order to get the most precise measurement it's best to get someone to measure for you.
Are you sure you want to remove this item?
There is a maximum order limit of 99 on this item. What would you like to do?
Check delivery availability in your area
Introduce of-the-moment print to your off-duty wardrobe in this tribal print vest by South.
Perfect for your casual closet this vest features an all-over tribal print adding intricate detail to your look. Fusing together a myriad of hues, it's ideal for adding interest to understated separates.
Wear this vest top now with South denim shorts and Shoe Box sandals. Come autumn slip on your skinnies and rock a leather jacket over the top.
Useful info:
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text:
Change your Words. Change your Life!
Bob Nicoll is a Wordsmith, Speaker and Author. His Remember the Ice program effectively teaches us how to Re-Frame our messages when they are cluttered with "(K)notty Words".
He proclaims, "Give me 93 seconds… and YOU WILL CHANGE the way you think about WORD CHOICE for the Rest of your Life!!
Have a look at this short video for the Story behind Remember the Ice.
Communication is at the core of every personal moment, experience, transaction and interaction.
Remember the Ice is a comprehensive program that helps you Increase Sales with BETTER word choice! Find out how a simple change in word choice resulted in a 500% increase in sales in less than 30 days!!
Remember the Ice is a proud Sponsor of the Rounds FORE Warriors – An Epic Golf Adventure. Bob is the President of the Board of Directors for Life is For Giving Foundation. Thank you for clicking this link to read more about this amazing fund-raising effort!!
Words mean things.
"Communication is of the utmost importance in business, networking, and life in general and Bob Nicoll's Remember the Ice program demonstrates how powerful results can be achieved in all areas, simply by focusing on word choice. I highly recommend it to everyone."
Dr. Ivan Misner, NY Times Bestselling author and Founder of BNI
Digital Downloads of Bob's books are available for only $5.99 each!
Look in the Products section, and get your copy now!
There is Power in the Clarity of your Articulation. ™
Get your complimentary copy of this RTI Report by signing up for our newsletter.
Just fill out the Join Our Mailing List box on the right hand side bar.
For access to the cutting edge products
of Remember the Ice, click here.
Enjoy reading the first chapter by clicking the link: Exceptional Care Chapter 1
Complete book now available in the products as a digital download – only $5.99
"Exceptional Care for Your Valued Client raises the bar when it comes to current thinking and ideals regarding customer service. With just one read-through it will shift your paradigms in a way that will proactively position you and your business for success." Dr. Ivan Misner, NY Times Bestselling author and Founder of BNI and Referral Institute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Enjoy the first Chapter of Remember the Ice and Other Paradigm Shifts. Chapter 1
Complete book now available in the products as a digital download – only $5.99
Remember the Ice and Other Paradigm Shifts is a wonderful journey into a world of Re-Framing your message. When you understand the power of BETTER Word Choice, you will be amazed at the increase of confidence, more effective communication and life enhancement.
Please contact Nancy Nicoll at 801-547-7838 for information on booking Bob Nicoll and his Remember the Ice Program for your organization. Meeting planners click here for your investment schedule.
The video clip is from a presentation in Anchorage, Alaska
Remember the Ice is honored to be a Strategic Alliance Partner with BNI www.bni.com – the world's largest word of mouth network referral organization. It truly is changing the way the world does business. Remember the Ice is changing the way the world communicates by eradicating the "(K)notty Words".


text:
INDIANAPOLIS - Emergency medical responders typically know very little about the patients they treat at mass disasters, accident scenes, or other sites where an ambulance is dispatched for rapid response. That's true everyplace in the United States except Indianapolis, the capital of the most health-wired state in the nation.
Regenstrief Institute investigators are the first in the nation to link emergency medical services providers (emergency medical technicians or paramedics) in the field to patients' preexisting health information, a link enabling the emergency workers to make more informed treatment decisions and to transport patients to the most appropriate facility.
Typically, EMTs and paramedics lack even basic access to pre-existing patient information when delivering patient care in the field or at the scene of a single or multi-casualty incident. Improving access to this information can significantly enhance the quality, safety and efficiency of the care they deliver.
"Electronic medical record technology has been widely recognized for its role in improving quality of care, increasing efficiency of health-care delivery, preventing medical errors and enhancing patient safety," said John T. Finnell, M.D., the Regenstrief Institute investigator and associate professor of emergency medicine at the Indiana University School of Medicine who developed the link between electronic medical records and emergency treatment in the field. "Using Regenstrief research and technology, metropolitan Indianapolis is the only place in the country that is able to securely push health-care data to medics in real time, which can impact the pre-hospital care provided," he said.
Regenstrief investigators developed the continually expanding Indiana Network for Patient Care. INPC allows emergency department clinicians to securely obtain patients' medical histories, providing the ED provider with critical information about his or her patien
Contact: Cindy Fox Aisen email@example.com 317-274-7722 Indiana University School of Medicine Source:Eurekalert |


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A fun party item and take-home favor for guests. Includes 8 assorted blowouts and 8 themed medallions. Ages 3+. Some ADULT assembly required. Read More
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Home Depot 50% off display grills
Was in Watertown MA home depot and saw that all display grills are 50% off. There was a weber performer for $140 and a number of lesser brands too. They were tucked away in the back of there garden section outdoors in a rather inconvenient spot.
See more Home Depot Deals and Coupons


text:
Staying one step ahead of the intruders
Blue Pill Detection
The latest trend is virtualized rootkits. A virtualized rootkit works like a virtual machine: The first step is for the rootkit to modify the boot process so that a virtual machine is loaded before the operating system. The operating system you think is running on the hardware actually boots in a virtual machine. This gives the rootkit total control over the computer without the operating system or the user noticing a thing. This approach was demonstrated by Blue Pill [1], which explains why the process of identifying virtual rootkits is known as Blue Pill Detection.
Rootkits are very difficult to detect once they are installed on your system. Before they install, however, you can identify them with anti-virus programs and rootkit scanners (or rootkit detectors), which use signatures or heuristics to identify the culprits.
The best way to stop a rootkit is not to let it in. The articles in this issue discuss some techniques for shutting out intruders before they get comfortable.
In spite of all your efforts, however, you will never be safe enough to ignore the possibility of a rootkit slipping past your defenses. The following sections discuss some strategies for rooting out rootkits.
To Build, or Not to Build
Administrators are asked to build most rootkit scanners before they can use them. As you can imagine, this is a problem if the rootkit already has a stranglehold on your system. In this case, the compiler may already have been compromised by the rootkit, and would build a manipulated version of the scanner. For this reason, you should try to build the scanner as soon as possible after installing the system, or use a system that you know is clean.
Visual Check
Because the results on a running system are not entirely conclusive, you should down the suspect and then boot from a medium that you know is clean. This could be a rescue disk, for example. The real test is to cross check any suspicious files with files from a clean system. This is usually accomplished by comparing the current system with a snapshot of the system taken directly after installation. To prevent the rootkit from affecting the results of the comparison, store the original snapshot on a read-only medium.
Of course, a backup of a complete system takes significant disk space. As an alternative, you could just create checksums for an integrity check. To do this, the rootkit scanner calculates a fingerprint for each file; if the rootkit later attempts to manipulate the file, the checksum is automatically changed and will thus not match the original checksum stored at the time of the last upgrade.
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text:
Leighton Meester Follows Sexy 'Lovestruck' Commercial with Edgy Look at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards
Earlier this week, Leighton Meester turned heads with her super-sexy Vera Wang commercial, and she didn't disappoint at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards at Universal Studios' Gibson Amphitheater in Los Angeles on Sunday, June 5.
The Gossip Girl drew all eyes on her in an edgy ensemble with mirrors and geometric designs, complete with a thigh-high hem and lots of leg.
While there's no doubt she's a beauty, Leighton is much more than just another pretty face. Recently the actress showed that she has a heart of gold! Along with Rihanna and 50 Cent, she helped a campaign to find a donor for an infant in need of a bone-marrow transplant. They each had their cheeks swabbed to see if they'd match the little girl, who suffers from a rare life-threatening disease, and encouraged others to do so. The family is awaiting a match thanks to their efforts.
See? Some celebrities do use their powers for the greater good!
Check out more photos and don't forget to follow Celebuzz on Twitter, Facebook and Tumblr for more MTV Movie Awards coverage!


text: Emotion and social judgments Gordon H. Bower A. R. Lang Professor of Psychology Stanford University This monograph is based on a speech delivered at the Capitol Hill Science Seminar sponsored by the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological and Cognitive Sciences on 9 September 1994. Parts are adapted from an earlier article (Bower, 1983). The author's research is supported by a research grant, MH-47575, from the National Institute of Mental Health. Published September 1995 in Washington, DC. This material is not copyrighted. Its duplication is encouraged. To see a brief description of Dr. Bower's career in psychology, please click here. The experimental setting I will be discussing experiments in which normal volunteers, people like you or me, are induced to feel a mild emotion like happiness, sadness or anger for a brief time. We then look at how those feelings affect their memory or thinking. We make people happy, sad or angry by doing things like showing them happy or sad movies, playing happy or sad music, getting them to read or imagine happy or sad scenes, or arranging for them to succeed or fail at some task. The mood inductions are often subtle or mild, and their purpose is usually disguised. The memory or judgment tasks are then introduced as though they were a completely separate and unrelated study. We do it this way to prevent subjects from consciously biasing their responses according to their ideas about how emotion might relate to judgment. When I refer to happy or sad people in the following experiments, I will usually be referring to normal individuals (typically college students) who have been randomly assigned to experimental conditions in which they have experienced a happy or sad mood induction. Emotion and memory In 1976, while studying the impact of various emotional states on memory (Bower et al., 1978; Bower, 1981), I also became interested in mood effects on social judgment. Since the effects of mood on memory probably play a central role in biasing judgments, I will briefly tell you what we were learning from that research. We were finding two effects — one we called "mood-dependent retrieval," and the other we called "mood-congruent processing." Because they have some bearing on our discussion of emotion and social judgment, I will describe these two phenomena before taking up mood effects upon judgments. Mood-dependent retrieval Mood-dependent retrieval refers to the idea that a person's emotional state can become associated with ongoing events, so that the events and the emotion are stored in memory together. Later those memories can be best retrieved if the person returns to an emotional state similar to that experienced during the original event. Thus, when made happy, people should do better recalling events experienced earlier when they were happy. When sad, they should more easily recall events they experienced when they were sad. Our early demonstrations of mood-dependent retrieval stimulated considerable research exploring the conditions contributing to the phenomenon. A relatively recent demonstration, for example, was reported by Eric Eich and Janet Metcalfe (1989). They induced their college-age subjects to feel happy or sad by having them think happy or sad thoughts while listening to happy or sad music for awhile. The subjects were then prompted to generate 16 words which they were to memorize. For example, to the prompt, "Name a flower that begins with R," the subject might say "Rose." Upon returning the next day, half the subjects listened to music that put them in the same mood as that experienced the day before. The other half listened to music that put them in the opposite mood to that experienced the day before. All subjects then tried to recall the words they had learned the day before, with the results shown in Figure 1. The subjects who learned and recalled in the same mood (happy or sad both days) recalled more than those whose mood was shifted between learning and later testing. Mood during learning or mood during testing had little overall impact. What mattered for recall was the matching or mismatching of moods during learning and recall testing. Matching moods aids recall. Figure 1. Percentages of items generated by subjects when they were temporarily happy or sad that were recalled the next day when they were feeling happy or sad. (Data from Table 3, Experiment 1, of Eich & Metcalfe, 1989; reproduced with permission.) It appears that mood-dependent retrieval is at work in a variety of learning and recall situations beyond working with word lists in a laboratory. For example, it applies to people's recall of autobiographic events. When asked to recall an unselected sample of autobiographic events from their recent past, people will retrieve a biased set of events that agrees with their emotional state during recall. An experiment by Mark Snyder and Phyllis White (1982) illustrated this mood dependency in autobiographic reports. They first induced their college-student subjects to feel happy or sad by having them imagine themselves experiencing a series of either very happy feelings and thoughts or very sad feelings and thoughts. A few minutes later, as part of an apparently unrelated experiment, the subjects were asked to recall any autobiographic events from the past two weeks. Figure 2 shows that when they were happy, people retrieved relatively more happy episodes; when they were sad, they retrieved relatively more unpleasant or sad episodes from their lives. Figure 2. Number of happy and sad memories of recent events reported by subjects made temporarily happy or sad. (Based on Snyder & White, 1982; adapted with permission.) Clinical psychologists have noted a similar bias when depressed patients recall events from their childhood. When depressed, they are more likely to recall an unhappy, deprived childhood; after their depression passes, they recall a far rosier childhood. These observations can be explained by the simple idea that the emotion a person is feeling becomes associated in memory with events that caused that emotion, so that later reinstatement of the emotion will aid retrieval of those memories. Mood-congruent processing I said that our early research turned up two mood-related effects on memory. The second phenomenon (Bower, 1981; 1983) we called mood-congruent processing, which means that a person's mood can sensitize the person to take in mainly information that agrees with that mood. Material that is congruent with the mood becomes salient so that the person attends to it more deeply than to other material. The person thinks about that material more deeply and associates it more richly with other information (an activity we call associative elaboration). The result is that the person learns this material better than non-mood-congruent material. Thus, when happy, people will attend and respond more to pleasant than unpleasant pars of their environment and learn more about them; when sad, they'll attend and respond more to its unpleasant than to its pleasant parts and learn more about them. Such mood-congruent learning can be illustrated by an experiment done in my lab with a former student, Steve Gilligan (1982). Subjects were hypnotized and put into a happy, angry or sad mood. They were then read 36 three-line descriptions of hypothetical events in which they were to imagine themselves. A third of these were happy events, such as unexpectedly finding a $20 bill on the sidewalk; a third were sad events, such as experiencing the death of a pet; and a third were anger-provoking events, such as having someone cut in line in front of you, causing you to miss your bus. Each event was described and imagined for 10 seconds. After having imagined the 36 events, the subjects' hypnotically induced moods were removed. Five minutes later they were unexpectedly asked to free-recall as many of the 36 events as they could. The results in Figure 3 show recall of the three types of events by the subjects who had been feeling happy, angry or sad during learning. There's a mood-congruent advantage: people who were happy during the initial experience learn the happy events better; angry people learn anger-provoking events better; and sad people learn sad events better. I remind you that these people are recalling when in a neutral mood. So, the differences in recall reflect differences in original learning. Of course, these differences would also be present, even exaggerated, if the same mood had been present during both initial registration and later retrieval. Although these results illustrate mood-congruent learning under laboratory-induced moods, available evidence suggests that such selective learning also happens with naturally occurring variations in everyday moods (Mayer et al., in press). Figure 3. Free recall percentages of happy, angry or sad episodes by neutral- mood subjects who studied them earlier while feeling happy, angry or sad. (Data from Gilligan, 1982; reproduced with permission.) Emotional influences on associative and attentional biases An implication of mood-congruent processing is that when an emotion is aroused, it brings to mind the words, concepts, themes and inferences that have been associated with that emotion; these are primed into readiness and made highly available for use. The easy availability of these emotionally-congruent associations, perceptual categories and themes leads people to perceive and interpret the social world in ways that confirm their feelings. Those interpretations, in turn, will perpetuate the person's emotional state — something we might call "mood perseverance." Let me describe several ways in which this emotional priming manifests itself. Bias in free word associations As a first example, we found that people give word associations that are pleasant or unpleasant according to whether they are feeling happy or sad (Bower, 1981). Thus, to a word like LIFE, happy subjects will give associates such as freedom and love, whereas sad subjects will associate to LIFE with words such as death and struggle. As a second example, when asked to name the first kind of weather that comes to mind beginning with the letter S, happy subjects are likely to say sunny or springtime, whereas sad subjects are likely to say stormy or snowy (Mayer et al., 1992). A further illustration of this associative bias is that when people in a particular emotional state daydream or make up stories about fictional characters on the Thematic Apperception Test, they make up stories congruent with their current feelings (Bower, 1981). Happy people often concoct stories about success and romance; sad people make up stories about failure and loss; and angry people make up stories about conflicts and fights. So people's feelings prompt associated themes that are then revealed in the stories they make up. Mood-congruent preferences The mood-priming theory suggests that people will tend to dwell on, or even prefer, situations, people and things that confirm their current feelings. These preferences show up in several different behaviors: What's interesting? An early illustration of mood-congruent interest arose in an experiment by my student Colleen Kelley (1982). She induced happy or sad feelings in college students by having them write about some happy or sad experiences from their lives. Thereafter, as part of a second experiment, they were asked to examine a series of slides of scenes, going at their own pace, dwelling on each scene according to its intrinsic interest for them. The slides were a random mixture; half were happy scenes (people laughing, playing celebrating victories) and half were sad scenes (failures, rejections, funerals, and the aftermath of disasters). Unknown to the subjects, Kelley recorded how much time they spent looking at different types of pictures. She found a mood-congruity effect in the average time subjects spent viewing the pictures. If viewers were happy, they spent more time looking at happy rather than sad scenes; conversely, if they were sad, they spent more time looking at sad rather than happy scenes. Curiously, subjects were not aware that they were attending more to the pictures that matched their mood. This difference in exposure time also led to a difference in later recall of the pictures. Happy viewers recalled more happy scenes; sad viewers recalled more sad scenes. Some unpublished experiments by Mark Snyder (personal communication, 1990) also found mood-congruent preferences. His subjects indicated their preferred selections from briefly-described movie film clips which they thought they would be reviewing as part of a consumer survey. Subjects made temporarily depressed chose to look at more somber, serious films than did subjects made temporarily happy. In another similar experiment, Snyder found that sad subjects also chose to listen to more sad, nostalgic music than did happy subjects. Activity preferences In line with such results, temporarily sad people cannot think of very many activities that they consider to be "pleasant"; they generally rate most activities as far less enjoyable than do happy people. Snyder also asked his subjects how much time they intended to spend in various activities in the coming weeks. Happy subjects said they planned to spend more time in light-hearted enjoyable activities than in weighty activities; on the other hand, sad subjects said they planned to spend more time in somber, serious and solitary activities than in joyful activities. Socializing Loss of interest in social activities is a familiar symptom of the depressed person. Similarly, several studies have found that when non-depressed people are made temporarily sad, they lose interest in socializing, finding other people far less rewarding or "attractive" than do people who are not sad. We may explain this result by supposing that people's happy or sad mood alters their expectations gaining rewards versus punishments from interactions, and the balance of those expectations makes socializing with others more or less attractive. Social preferences Further evidence of mood perseverance is that people prefer to affiliate with and learn more about others who share their current mood. Most of us most of the time prefer the company of happy people and avoid the company of depressed people, but that may be because we're usually in a moderately good mood. On the other hand, sad people have somewhat different preferences. As one illustration, Fred Gibbons (1986) observed that temporarily sad people seek out more information about sad, unfortunate people than about happy people. Moreover, when forced to socialize, depressed people prefer to meet and become better acquainted with unfortunate, unhappy people rather than with happy people (Wenzlaff & Prohaska, 1989). Surprising as it seems, people who are feeling depresses get more satisfaction from socializing with others who are similarly depressed than with people who are not depressed. This result was shown in an experiment by Ken Locke and Len Horowitz (1990). They assigned college-student strangers to same-sex pairs, and asked them to take turns telling one another their opinions regarding a series of personal topics, and to privately rate their liking for the other person as the conversation proceeded. The two students of a pair had been pre-selected to be wither both dysphoric (mildly depressed), both nondysphoric, or only one member was dysphoric. As their conversational turns proceeded, the students whose moods matched one another reported progressively more liking for their partner and satisfaction with the interaction. But students in mixed-mood pairs reported progressively less satisfaction and less warmth for their partner. Moreover, as time went on, the mismatched pairs chose to talk about progressively more negative topics. The conclusion is that depressed people prefer to spend time with others who have similar concerns and are in a similar mood. This illustrates the old adage, "Misery loves company." A dramatic demonstration of this selective exposure to mood-congruent people was provided in experiments by Bill Swann and his associates (Swann, 1992; Swann et al., 1992a, 1992b). They studied college students who had been classified as depressed or non-depressed according to an earlier personality test. After being brought to the laboratory, these students read three different, brief evaluations supposedly written by clinical-psychology trainees who had examined different parts of the subject's answers to a personality test taken several days earlier. In fact, the experimenters composed bogus evaluations so that one was relatively positive, one neutral, and one relatively negative about the subject's personality. After reading these sample evaluations, subjects were asked to rate which of these three evaluators they would most like to meet and get acquainted with. The results are shown in Figure 4. Non-depressed subjects most wanted to meet and get acquainted with the positive evaluator who had the flattering opinion of them, and they wanted nothing to do with their negative evaluator. In contrast, depressed subjects said they most wanted to meet and get acquainted with their negative evaluator, the one person who had found the most faults in them and who they could be certain would have an unfavorable opinion about them. This behavior or depressives, of seeking out criticism of themselves, is guaranteed to maintain their depression. Figure 4. The expressed desire of depressed and non-depressed students to meet and get to know someone whose preliminary evaluations of them was positive, neutral or negative. (Data adapted from Swann et al., 1992a; reproduced with permission.) Social comparisons Similar tactics of mood-perpetuation are also seen in the social comparisons that people choose to make — that is, folks with whom they choose to compare themselves. A common belief is that people will often compare themselves to others who are in worse circumstances, so they'll come off favorably, thus enhancing self- esteem. But people's comparisons turn out to be partly controlled by their mood state. In a study by Ladd Wheeler and Kunitate Miyake (1992), college students recorded details of all their social comparisons over a two-week period. Whenever they noticed themselves comparing themselves to someone else, subjects were to record the details, including how they felt just before the thought of this comparison, who they were comparing themselves to, and how they felt after making the comparison. One interesting finding was that the more depressed the students were, according to their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, the more frequently they compared themselves to people who they judged to be better than themselves. These cases are called "upward" comparisons and they increase significantly in depression. Moreover, regardless of their personality score, the sadder subjects were feeling at the moment a comparison was made, the more likely they were to make an upward comparison, to someone better off; the happier they were feeling, the more likely they were to make a downward comparison, to someone worse off than themselves. Thus the direction of a social comparison — whether to someone considered superior or inferior — was partly determined by momentary fluctuations in a person's mood. Wheeler and Miyake also reported that the direction of a comparison caused the person's momentary mood to change in the opposite direction: that is, upward comparisons to someone perceived as better caused a worsening of one's mood, whereas downward comparisons to others worse off caused people to feel better. Such results suggest that people tend to think about those social comparisons that are likely to perpetuate or exacerbate their mood. In particular, momentarily sad people tend to ruminate on those very thoughts and comparisons thar are guaranteed to make them even more depressed. Moreover, people who score high on the Beck Depression scale may sometimes make a habit out of such depressing comparisons; in doing so, they have fashioned a cognitive lifestyle that is likely to keep them down in the dumps. To summarize, the experiments I have been reviewing demonstrate that, depending on their mood, people tend to become interested in or attracted to activities, people, stories, movies and music that are "in tune" with their mood. This bias seems to occur with temporarily induced moods as well as with longer-term, dispositional disorders such as depression. Furthermore, people behave in accordance with their desire for more or less exposure to such situations. The congruity between the mood and the situations individuals choose to enter then causes their present mood to be sustained. Persuasive impact of messages These results on selective exposure are bolstered by further results showing that even when people are forced to be exposed to particular social information, its impact on them depends on whether it agrees with their mood. In 1987, Joe Forgas and I reported this congruence effect for subjects who had been induced to feel happy or sad before they read descriptions of a stranger and formed an impression on him. The subjects sat before a computer terminal and presented themselves with a series of statements, each statement describing some favorable or unfavorable behavior of the stranger. Figure 5 shows how long subjects took to read and think about the positive versus the negative aspects of the stranger. Two conclusions are warranted. First, subjects in a sad mood took longer than those in a happy mood to read the information and then form impressions; this is a common finding. Second, subjects in a happy mood dwelt longer on positive aspects of the stranger; subjects in a sad mood dwelt longer on his negative aspects. As you might expect, subjects in a good mood ended up with a more favorable impression of the stranger. Moreover, subjects' late memory for the stranger's behaviors showed mood congruence: subjects in a good mood remembered more of his positive attributes; subjects in a sad mood remembered more of his negative attributes. Figure 5. Average times happy or sad subjects devoted to reading descriptions of the positive or negative behaviors of a stranger they were judging. (From Forgas & Bower, 1987; reproduced with permission.) Job interviews In the experiment just described, subjects formed an impression based solely on verbal descriptions of a stranger who they never actually met. Robert Baron (1987) had his subjects develop an impression during a face-to-face interview with a person who was supposedly applying for a middle-management job, asking him a list of pre- arranged questions in a structured interview. In fact, the applicant was a confederate who gave the same canned answers to each interviewer — answers that were deliberately mixed and ambivalent. After the interview, the interviewer-subject rated the job applicant on several traits. As expected, compared to neutral interviewers, happy interviewers rated the candidate as more motivated, talented, likable, attractive, and having greater potential for the job. They also said they would hire him. In contract, the momentarily depressed interviewers rated the applicant considerably worse on all dimensions and were fairly sure they would not hire him. Baron also tested his interviewers for their later recall of the confederate's canned answers. Recall showed mood congruity. Happy interviewers recalled more of the positive things the applicant had said about himself; depressed interviewers recalled more of the negative things he had said about himself. Such studies show that in a realistic setting, mood biases could significantly affect hiring decisions and the careers of the people and institutions involved. The experiments just reviewed make the point that mood increases people's absorption of information that agrees with their mood. One implication of these studies is that the impact of a persuasive message in changing a person's opinion depends on how this information matches up with his or her mood. There are several demonstrations of that fact in the literature on attitude change, but I will not review them here. Mood congruence in evaluations Another implication of the mood-congruity idea is that people's mood will influence their momentary evaluation of their possessions and their opinions about all manner of things. Basically, a prevailing mood should prime and make more available those features of a topic (person, group, object) that agree with the mood. Personal possessions As an early demonstration of this bias, Alice Isen and her associates (Isen et al., 1978) found that pedestrians in a shopping mall who received a small gift that pleased them, such as a fingernail clipper, reported on an unrelated survey a few minutes later that their cars and television sets were working better than did people who had not received that small gift. Life satisfaction A similar effect was reported by Joe Forgas and Stephanie Moylan (1987), who interviewed nearly a thousand patrons in cinema lobbies before or after their seeing films judged to arouse predominantly happy or sad feelings. In the guise of a public- opinion survey completed just before or just after the movie, patrons took about a minute to rate their mood and their satisfaction with several controversial political figures, the likelihood pf several future prospects, satisfaction with their personal and work situations, and their opinion about the severity of penalties handed out for various anti-social crimes such as drunk driving and heroin trafficking. The results showed that happy films increased people's satisfaction with political figures, as well as with their own life, career, and their future prospects, whereas sad films lowered their satisfaction on all these issues. For example, people who had seen a comedy like "Back to the Future" were more satisfied with their own life, more optimistic about their future, and more favorable to their politicians than were filmgoers who had just seen a profoundly saddening film such as "The Killing Fields" or "Terms of Endearment." Also, people who had just seen a Rambo-type violent films were more likely to recommend very severe punishments for heroin traffickers and other such criminals. Health evaluations People's moods also affect their reports about their physical health and their medical history. A study by Peter Salovey and Deborah Birnbaum (1989) found that people made to feel temporarily sad as they filled out a medical history reported far more past illnesses, more frequent chronic symptoms and complaints, and poorer health than did subjects in a neutral mood. That bias may be reflecting how much a sad mood increases recall of times when one felt sick. Beyond that, however, mood also influences people's perception or appraisal of their current health status, as indicated by the number of physical complaints from people who are slightly ill. Salovey and Birnbaum found such appraisal biases in a study of Yale students. Students who currently had a bad cold or the flu were first made to feel happy, sad or neutral by having them recall a happy, sad or neutral episode from their lives. They then rated the severity of aches, pains and discomfort from their current cold. As expected, compared to neutral controls, temporarily sad subjects rated their cold symptoms as considerably more painful and discomforting, whereas happy subjects rated their symptoms as less painful and discomforting. This bias could be significant in medical practice, since physicians' diagnoses depend to some extent upon patients' appraisal of the severity of the symptoms they report. Salovey and Birnbaum also had subjects rate their vulnerability to future illnesses and whether they thought alleged health-promoting behaviors would be effective in preventing those illnesses. Here, too, subjects showed mood-congruent changes. For example, temporarily sad subjects felt they were destined to have many health problems in the future, and there was little they could do to prevent these illnesses or alleviate their severity once they happened. Such pessimism is significant for personal health practices since it spawns defeatist, fatalistic attitudes, such as that one gains no health benefits from quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, losing weight, or reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Such fatalistic attitudes also reduce sick patients' adherence to long-term medication or treatment plans. Such noncompliance just exacerbates the medical problem and increases patients' depression. Forecasting the future So we see that people's moods affect not only their evaluation of their past and present circumstances but also their judgments about the likelihood of future events. In a direct assessment of these effects, Bill Wright and I (1992) induced a happy or sad mood in subjects and then had them estimate the likelihood of a variety of future events: half were blessings such as world peace or finding a cure for cancer; half were disasters such as being injured in a car accident or there being a major melt-down at a nearby nuclear power plant. The results in Figure 6 show strong mood biases. Figure 6. Average probability estimates of positive events ("blessings") and of negative events ("disasters") for subjects who are temporarily feeling happy neutral or sad. (Data from Wright & Bower, 1992; reproduced with permission.) Relative to neutral-mood controls, people when happy raised their subjective probability estimates of future blessings and lowered their estimates of future disasters. On the other hand, sad subjects did just the reverse: they raised their probability estimates for disasters, and lowered their estimates of the likelihood of blessings. Here, then, is the optimism of the happy person and the pessimism of the depressed person. We can explain such biases by noting that people estimate subjective probabilities by gauging the ease with which evidence supportive of an event comes to mind (the "availability heuristic" of Tversky and Kahnemann, 1974). According to the mood-congruity theory, then, people who are sad will think of more facts and ideas associated with a pessimistic outcome. So the ease with which positive versus negative evidence comes to mind would bias the judgments in an optimistic or pessimistic direction. Evaluating oneself and others Judging others Just as people's mood affects their evaluations of their possessions, their lives, and their future prospects, so does their mood influence their judgments about other people's behavior toward them. Our social perceptions of what someone is doing, of what is happening around us, are heavily tinged with subjectivism and evaluation. The meaning of people's actions is not given to us objectively. Rather, we project meaning onto those actions. In other words, as we attempt to determine the intentions hidden behind someone's actions and words, our own feelings strongly influence our interpretation. Thus, we have to decide whether a Senator who argues for a position is expressing his actual views or is just posturing for his constituents; whether he is showing admirable persistence or pigheaded stubbornness; whether a soldier in combat who takes a risk is being courageous or irresponsibly reckless; whether a policeman's use of force is appropriate or excessive. Clearly, the judgments we make depend on how the actions impact on us and how we feel about the person. But those two things are very much mixed together with how we are currently feeling. And we may have acquired out current mood or feeling for reasons totally irrelevant to the judgment at hand. In general, our research shows that people who are temporarily happy tend to be charitable, loving and forgiving in their interpretations of others. Depressed people are quick to notice any signs of flagging friendship. They exaggerate the slightest criticism, and over-interpret remarks as critical of themselves. Explaining one's successes and failures People's moods also influence the way they explain their successes and failures. These influences were demonstrated in an experiment by Joe Forgas, Stephanie Moylan and me (1990). The subjects were students in an introductory psychology class who had recently received their exam score and ranking on an important examination they had taken earlier in the class. For the experiment, the students first watched one of two short films designed to evoke feelings of either happiness or sadness. They then rated their exam preference. Furthermore, they judged the extent to which their exam performance was attributable to their ability and effort versus the difficulty of the test or good or bad luck. We divided subjects into those who had scored well on the exam and felt satisfied with their success, versus those who had scored poorly and felt they had failed. We found that when feeling happy, subjects who had done well attributed their success to their ability and effort in studying, whereas the happy ones who had failed explained their failures ad sue to bad luck or an unfair test. On the other hand, when students had been put in a sad mood, those who had done well attributed their success to an easy test or to simple dumb luck, whereas those who had failed the exam blamed their failure on their lack of ability and weak efforts. This, happy people take credit for their successes and slough off blame for their failures; in contrast, sad people do just the opposite, blaming themselves for their failures and denigrating their successes. Such attributions are guaranteed to maintain their current mood. Marital blaming Similar results were obtained by Forgas (1994) when people made temporarily happy or sad by a film at a cinema were asked in a survey to explain the cause of various serious conflicts in their marriage, such as fights over finances or extreme jealousy. Contrary to what you might think, after a happy movie people were not more likely to accept blame for their marriage problems. Quite the contrary: happy people judged themselves as relatively blameless, whereas people, who had just come out of a sad movie tended more to blame themselves, believing that they were more responsible for causing problems in their marriage. So again, sad people are blaming themselves in a manner that will unwittingly maintain their sad mood. Projecting hostility The idea that people's moods alter their perceptions and attributions of others is further confirmed by studies of anger and hostility. In laboratory studies, we find that when subjects are provoked to anger, they tend to be uncharitable, fault-finding, have a chip on their shoulder, and are ready to take offense (see also Bandura, 1973, and Zillmann, 1979). They may take out their anger on innocent bystanders in a manner reminiscent of scapegoating. The idea that hostile people are primed to perceive hostility in their social environment has also been strongly supported in field research by Kenneth Dodge (1985). He studied the aggressive behavior of young bullies — boys between the ages of 7 and 11 — who were observed in peer groups of elementary school children, Dodge found that bullies have trained themselves to interpret their social interactions with very hostile biases, as providing evidence that their peers dislike them and are trying to do them in. So they believe that they are justified in beating up on those kids. But their aggressive actions are thus provoking from their social environment exactly the hostile reactions they expected. Self-perception The material I've just reviewed shows that people's moods influence their perception and evaluation of the behavior of others. We also have evidence that mood similarly influences people's observations and evaluations of their own behavior. In an experiment by Joe Forgas, Susan Krantz and me (1984), subjects who had been put into a good or bad mood rated their own behavior every 5 seconds for pro-social, neutral or anti-social aspects. They did this by viewing themselves on videotape in a social interaction recorded the previous day. The percentages of each type of observation of themselves are depicted in Figure 7. Figure 7. Percentage of self-observations of positive or negative interaction behaviors perceived by subjects in good or bad mood during the judgment. (Data from Forgas, Bower & Krantz, 1984.) People in a good mood judged themselves in the video to be emitting large numbers of positive, pro-social behaviors, appearing suave, friendly and competent. People in a bad mood saw themselves as emitting many negative, antisocial behaviors, appearing as withdrawn, socially unskilled and incompetent. These effects were all "in the eye of the beholder" since objective judges rated the videotaped subjects as displaying about the same levels of positive and negative behaviors. We can explain such results by supposing that the perceiver's mood primes into readiness mood-congruent concepts they then use to classify as positive or negative the ambiguous gestures, speeches and body language they view in the video tape — even when they're viewing themselves. Self-confidence In related research, David Kavanaugh and I (1985) studied how temporary moods influence people's sense of efficacy or competence in accomplishing a variety of tasks. Subjects induced to feel temporarily happy or sad rated the likelihood that they could successfully carry out diverse actions — such as attracting someone of the opposite sex, forming friendships, dealing assertively with others, or doing well in intellectual or athletic tasks. They were asked to ignore their current feelings and to make these judgments according to what they normally would be able to do. We found that relative to control subjects in a neutral mood, happy subjects had an elevated sense of self-efficacy, confidence and competence, whereas sad people had a lowered sense of self-efficacy. These effects prevailed across all content domains. These mood influences are important since we know that self-efficacy judgments determine which activities people will attempt and how long they will persist in the face of difficulties. We may explain these effects in terms of mood-congruent availability of the subjects' memories for positive (versus negative) experiences in the questioned activity. Although people's average levels of achievement will differ greatly depending on their history, each of us has his or her private collection of "better" versus "worse" performances evaluated relative to our standards in a given domain. However, a temporary happy or sad mood can then shift the availability of these two sets of memories, thus temporarily biasing our estimate of our capabilities. Habitual optimism or pessimism The material reviewed illustrates that what people see and how they interpret a situation varies with how they're feeling. Of course, people can also acquire a certain habitual style of interpreting the world. They take either a jaundiced view of the world or they see it through rose-colored glasses. We all know people who habitually see the bad side of things, who can find some gray clouds to worry about in every sky. Some of these people have been trained to worry in distinctive ways. Indeed, some professions train their member to adopt a characteristically optimistic or pessimistic perspective on the world and human nature. For example, stockbrokers and trained to exude optimism about their market investments; on the other hand, insurance salesmen are trained to imagine hundreds of disasters that we should worry about and insure themselves against. These habitual styles of viewing the world can be explained by the person's training history and selective exposure to only certain aspects of reality. For example, police in urban ghettoes see mainly the criminal effects of poverty, and, as a consequence, they generally have a very low opinion of human nature. Concluding comment I will draw to a close with a few conclusions. I have selectively reviewed research that has a very simple message, namely positive and negative emotions bias our personal and social judgments in a positive or negative direction, respectively. The overwhelming results question the age-old belief that people are supremely rational creatures, that we are well-functioning calculators who can set aside our passions, look at the facts objectively, and arrive at our evaluations and judgments rationally and without bias. All of our subjects believed this myth; they believed that they were being totally objective, that their emotions were not influencing their judgments and perceptions of themselves and their world. But we find that people cannot override their emotions; their emotions appear to leak out in nearly everything they do. Their thinking is suffused with emotion. I think that by appreciating these facts about how our emotions dramatically color our memory and our judgment, we should be able to gain a better understanding and tolerance for differences in each other's judgments and perspectives. References Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Baron, R. A. (1987). 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