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Rough sets
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Rough set theory, introduced by Zdzislaw Pawlak in the early 1980s [11, 12], is a new mathematical tool to deal with vagueness and uncertainty. This approach seems to be of fundamental importance to artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive sciences, ...
Zdzislaw Pawlak; Jerzy Grzymala-Busse; Roman Slowinski; Wojciech Ziarko
Salvaged castings and methods of salvaging castings with defective cast cooling bumps
SciTech Connect
Castings for gas turbine parts exposed on one side to a high-temperature fluid medium have cast-in bumps on an opposite cooling surface side to enhance heat transfer. Areas on the cooling surface having defectively cast bumps, i.e., missing or partially formed bumps during casting, are coated with a braze alloy and cooling enhancement material to salvage the part.
Johnson, Robert Alan (Simpsonville, SC); Schaeffer, Jon Conrad (Greenville, SC); Lee, Ching-Pang (Cincinnati, OH); Abuaf, Nesim (Lincoln City, OR); Hasz, Wayne Charles (Pownal, VT)
Fuzzy rough signatures
We extend the idea of Fuzzy Signature to Fuzzy Rough Signature (FRS). The proposed Fuzzy Rough Signature is capable of handling most kind of uncertainty: epistemic and random uncertainty, vagueness due to indiscernibility, and linguistic vagueness that ... Keywords: aggregation operators, fuzzy probability, fuzzy signatures, generalized weighted relevance aggregation operator (WRAO), mathematical theory of evidence, polymorphic fuzzy signatures (PFS), possibility, probability, probability of fuzzy events, rough fuzzy signatures, rough sets
B. S. U. Mendis; L. T. K�czy
ORIGINAL PAPER Rough convex cones and rough convex fuzzy cones
E-Print Network (OSTI)
Abstract Based on the equivalence relation on a linear space, in this paper we introduce the definition of rough convex cones and rough convex fuzzy cones and discuss some of the fundamental properties of such rough convex cones.
Zuhua Liao; Juan Zhou
Rough Ride Test Procedure
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
NTP005 NTP005 Revision 2 Effective December 1, 2004 Electric Vehicle Rough Road Course Test Prepared by Electric Transportation Applications Prepared by: _______________________________ Date:__________ Ryan Harkins Approved by: _________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Donald B. Karner ©2004 Electric Transportation Applications All Rights Reserved Procedure ETA-NTP005 Revision 2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Objectives 3 2.0 Purpose 3 3.0 Documentation 3 4.0 Initial Conditions and Prerequisites 4 5.0 Testing Activity Requirements 6 6.0 Glossary 12 7.0 References 14 Appendices Appendix A - Electric Vehicle Rough Road Test Data Sheet 15
Granular Rough Theory: A representation semantics oriented theory of roughness
The present work is an archival paper for a series of contributions proposed in last few years on building a theory of roughness over pure mereological relations among information granules. There are five major efforts taken in the present paper: (1) ... Keywords: Granular Representation Calculus, Granular Rough Theory, Granular-Rough Computational Web Intelligence
Bo Chen; Ming Sun; Mingtian Zhou
EA-1177: Salvage/Demolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
7: Salvage/Demolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 7: Salvage/Demolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area Steam Plants, Richland, Washington EA-1177: Salvage/Demolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area Steam Plants, Richland, Washington SUMMARY This EA evaluates the environmental impacts for the proposal to salvage and demolish the 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area steam plants and their associated steam distribution piping equipment, and ancillary facilities at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site in Richland, Washington. PUBLIC COMMENT OPPORTUNITIES None available at this time. DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD October 21, 1996 EA-1177: Finding of No Significant Impact Salvage/Demolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area Steam Plants October 21, 1996 EA-1177: Final Environmental Assessment
Red herrings and rotten fish
A longstanding problem in biology has been the origin of pervasive quarter-power allometric scaling laws that relate many characteristics of organisms to body mass (M) across the entire spectrum of life from molecules and microbes to ecosystems and mammals. In particular, whole-organism metabolic rate, B=aM^b, where a is a taxon-dependent normalisation constant and b is approximately equal to 3/4 for both animals and plants. Recently Darveau et al. (hereafter referred to as DSAH) proposed a "multiple-causes model" for B as "the sum of multiple contributors to metabolism", B_i, which were assumed to scale as M^(b_i). They obtained for average values of b: 0.78 for the basal rate and 0.86 for the maximally active rate. In this note we show that DSAH contains serious technical, theoretical and conceptual errors, including misrepresentations of published data and of our previous work. We also show that, within experimental error, there is no empirical evidence for an increase in b during aerobic activity as sugge...
West, Geoffrey B; Gillooly, J; Enquist, B J; Woodruff, W H; Brown, J H; West, Geoffrey B.; Savage, Van M.; Gillooly, James; Enquist, Brian J.; Woodruff, William H.; Brown, James H.
Plant Nucleotide Sugar Formation, Interconversion, and Salvage by Sugar Recycling*
Plant Plant Nucleotide Sugar Formation, Interconversion, and Salvage by Sugar Recycling ∗ Maor Bar-Peled 1,2 and Malcolm A. O'Neill 2 1 Department of Plant Biology and 2 Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; email: firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011. 62:127-55 First published online as a Review in Advance on March 1, 2011 The Annual Review of Plant Biology is online at plant.annualreviews.org This article's doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103918 Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 1543-5008/11/0602-0127$20.00 ∗ Dedicated to Peter Albersheim for his inspiration and his pioneering studies in determining the structure and biological functions of complex carbohydrates. Keywords nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, nucleotide sugar interconversion, nucleotide sugar
Factorization methods for photonics and rough surfaces.
??This thesis investigates non-destructive testing problems for rough and periodic surfaces, where the task is to determine such structures from scattered waves. Such problems are� (more)
Lechleiter, Armin
Numerical Schemes for Rough Parabolic Equations
This paper is devoted to the study of numerical approximation schemes for a class of parabolic equations on (0,1) perturbed by a non-linear rough signal. It is the continuation of Deya (Electron. J. Probab. 16:1489-1518, 2011) and Deya et al. (Probab. Theory Relat. Fields, to appear), where the existence and uniqueness of a solution has been established. The approach combines rough paths methods with standard considerations on discretizing stochastic PDEs. The results apply to a geometric 2-rough path, which covers the case of the multidimensional fractional Brownian motion with Hurst index H>1/3.
Deya, Aurelien, E-mail: email@example.com [Universite de Nancy 1, Institut Elie Cartan Nancy (France)
The Timing of Salvage Radiotherapy After Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review
Purpose: Salvage radiotherapy (SRT) after radical prostatectomy can potentially eradicate residual microscopic disease. Defining the optimal patient and treatment factors is essential and is particularly relevant within the context of adjuvant vs early vs delayed postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Methods and Materials: A systematic review of all published SRT studies was performed to identify the pathologic, clinical, and treatment factors associated with relapse-free survival (RFS) after SRT. A total of 41 studies encompassing 5597 patients satisfied the study entry criteria. Radiobiologic interpretation of biochemical tumor control was used to provide the framework for the observed relationships. Results: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before SRT (P<.0001) and RT dose (P=.0052) had a significant and independent association with RFS. There was an average 2.6% loss of RFS for each incremental 0.1 ng/mL PSA at the time of SRT (95% CI, {approx}2.2-3.1). With a PSA level of 0.2 ng/mL or less before SRT, the RFS approached 64%. The dose for salvage RT in the range of 60-70 Gy seemed to be on the steep part of the sigmoidal dose-response curve, with a dose of 70 Gy achieving 54% RFS compared with only 34% for 60 Gy. There was a 2% improvement in RFS for each additional Gy (95% CI, {approx}0.9-3.2). The observed dose-response was less robust on sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: This study provides Level 2a evidence for initiating SRT at the lowest possible PSA. Dose escalation is also suggested by the data. Progressively better tumor control rates with SRT after radical prostatectomy are achieved with a lower PSA at initiation and with a higher RT dose. Early salvage RT may be an equivalent strategy to adjuvant RT.
King, Christopher R., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (United States)
Physician Beliefs and Practices for Adjuvant and Salvage Radiation Therapy After Prostatectomy
Purpose: Despite results of randomized trials that support adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer with adverse pathologic features (APF), many clinicians favor selective use of salvage RT. This survey was conducted to evaluate the beliefs and practices of radiation oncologists (RO) and urologists (U) regarding RT after RP. Methods and Materials: We designed a Web-based survey of post-RP RT beliefs and policies. Survey invitations were e-mailed to a list of 926 RO and 591 U. APF were defined as extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, or positive surgical margin. Differences between U and RO in adjuvant RT recommendations were evaluated by comparative statistics. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate factors predictive of adjuvant RT recommendation. Results: Analyzable surveys were completed by 218 RO and 92 U (overallresponse rate, 20%). Adjuvant RT was recommended based on APF by 68% of respondents (78% RO, 44% U, p <0.001). U were less likely than RO to agree that adjuvant RT improves survival and/or biochemical control (p < 0.0001). PSA thresholds for salvage RT were higher among U than RO (p < 0.001). Predicted rates of erectile dysfunction due to RT were higher among U than RO (p <0.001). On multivariate analysis, respondent specialty was the only predictor of adjuvant RT recommendations. Conclusions: U are less likely than RO to recommend adjuvant RT. Future research efforts should focus on defining the toxicities of post-RP RT and on identifying the subgroups of patients who will benefit from adjuvant vs. selective salvage RT.
Showalter, Timothy N., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Ohri, Nitin; Teti, Kristopher G. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Foley, Kathleen A. [Strategic Consulting, Thomson Reuters Healthcare, Cambridge, MA (United States); Keith, Scott W. [Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Trabulsi, Edouard J.; Lallas, Costas D. [Department of Urology, Jefferson Medical College and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Dicker, Adam P. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Hoffman-Censits, Jean [Department of Medical Oncology, Jefferson Medical College and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Pizzi, Laura T. [School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Gomella, Leonard G. [Department of Urology, Jefferson Medical College and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Surface roughness values for the areas surrounding the H, D and N-Area meteorological towers were computed from archived 2010 meteorological data. These 15-minute-averaged data were measured with cup anemometers and bidirectional wind vanes (bivanes) 61 m above the surface. The results of the roughness calculation using the standard deviation of elevation angle {sigma}{sub E}, and applying the simple formula based on tree canopy height, gave consistent estimates for roughness around the H-Area tower in the range of 1.76 to 1.86 m (95% confidence interval) with a mean value of 1.81 m. Application of the {sigma}{sub E} method for the 61-m level at D and N-Areas gave mean values of 1.71 and 1.81 with confidence ranges of 1.62-1.81 and 1.73-1.88 meters, respectively. Roughness results are azimuth dependent, and thus are presented as averages over compass sectors spanning 22.5 degrees. Calculated values were compared to other methods of determining roughness, including the standard deviation of the azimuth direction, {sigma}{sub A}, and standard deviation of the wind speed, {sigma}{sub U}. Additional data was obtained from a sonic anemometer at 61-m on the H-Area tower during a period of a few weeks in 2010. Results from the sonic anemometer support our use of {sigma}{sub E} to calculate roughness. Based on the H-Area tower results, a surface roughness of 1.8 m using is recommended for use in dispersion modeling applications that consider the impacts of a contaminant release to individuals along the Site boundary. The canopy surrounding the H-Area tower is relatively uniform (i.e., little variance in roughness by upwind direction), and data supplied by the U.S. Forest Service at Savannah River show that the canopy height and composition surrounding the H-Area tower is reasonably representative of forested areas throughout the SRS reservation. For dispersion modeling analyses requiring assessments of a co-located worker within the respective operations area, recommended area-specific values range from 0.3 m for E Area to 0.7 m for A Area at the Savannah River National Laboratory. These area-specific values, summarized in Table 4-1, were determined using the Environmental Protection Agency's AERSURFACE computer algorithm.
Hunter, C.
RFCM: A Hybrid Clustering Algorithm Using Rough and Fuzzy Sets
A hybrid unsupervised learning algorithm, termed as rough-fuzzy c-means, is proposed in this paper. It comprises a judicious integration of the principles of rough sets and fuzzy sets. While the concept of lower and upper approximations of rough sets ... Keywords: Pattern recognition, clustering, data mining, fuzzy c-means, rough sets
Pradipta Maji; Sankar K. Pal
Combinatorial Block Copolymer Ordering on Tunable Rough
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Morphology control of block copolymer (BCP) thin films through substrate interaction via controlled roughness parameters is of significant interest for numerous high-tech applications ranging from solar cells to high-density storage media. While effects of substrate surface energy (SE) and roughness (R) on BCP morphology have been individually investigated, their synergistic effects have not been explored in any systematic manner. Interestingly, orientation response of BCP to changes in SE can be similar to what can be accomplished with variations in R. Here we present a novel approach for orienting lamellar BCP films of poly(styrene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-PMMA) on spin-coated xerogel (a dried gel of silica nanoparticle network) substrate with simultaneously tunable surface energy, {gamma}{sub s} {approx} 29-53 mJ/m{sup 2}, by UVO exposure and roughness, R{sub rms} {approx} 0.5-30 nm, by sol-gel processing steps of regulating the catalyst concentration and sol aging time. As in previous BCP orientation studies on 20 nm diameter monodisperse silica nanoparticle coated surface, we find a similar but broadened oscillatory BCP orientation behavior with film thickness due to the random rather than periodic rough surfaces. We also find that higher random roughness amplitude is not the necessary criteria for obtaining a vertical orientation of BCP lamellae. Rather, a high surface fractal dimension (D{sub f} > 2.4) of the rough substrate in conjunction with an optimal substrate surface energy {gamma}{sub s} 29 mJ/m{sup 2} results in 100% vertically oriented lamellar microdomains. The AFM measured film surface microstructure correlates well with the internal 3D BCP film structure probed by grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and rotational small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). In contrast to tunable self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated substrates, the xerogel films are very durable and retain their chemical properties over period of several months. These results also highlight importantly that BCP orientation control for nanotechnology is possible not only on specially prepared patterned substrates but also on industrially viable sol-gel substrates.
Kulkarni M. M.; Yager K.; Sharma, A.; Karim, A.
A timeshared foreline and roughing vacuum system
A system to perform turbomolecular drag foreline pumping and scattering chamber roughing was installed in the Surface Modification and Characterization Research Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The system consists of an oil-free mechanical scroll pump that can be connected to either a roughing manifold serving four scattering chambers or to a foreline ballast tank and manifold serving five turbomolecular drag pumps. A controller mediates the demands of the two manifolds, giving priority to the foreline. Due to the low leakage from the accelerator beamlines, the duty cycle in the foreline pumping mode consists of a few minutes of operating time every few days, greatly reducing wear on the scroll pump. Significant savings are realized due to reduced consumption of liquid nitrogen for sorption pumping, elimination of oil changes and repairs to individual mechanical foreline pumps, and lower electrical power consumption.
Hensley, D.K.; Thomas, D.K.; Poker, D.B. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States). Solid State Div.
Marginal Recurrence Requiring Salvage Radiotherapy After Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastases
Introduction: We sought to quantify and identify risk factors associated with margin recurrence (MR) requiring salvage radiotherapy after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for spinal metastases. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with spinal metastases who were treated with single-fraction SBRT between 2006 and 2009. Gross tumor was contoured, along with either the entire associated vertebral body(ies) or the posterior elements, and included in the planning target volume. No additional margins were used. MR was defined as recurrent tumor within one vertebral level above or below the treated lesion that required salvage radiotherapy. Only patients who presented for 3-month post-SBRT follow-up were included in the analysis. Fine and Gray competing risk regression models were generated to identify variables associated with higher risks of MR. MR was plotted using cumulative incidence analysis. Results: SBRT was delivered to 208 lesions in 149 patients. Median follow-up was 8.6 months, and median survival was 12.8 months. The median prescribed dose was 14 Gy (10-16 Gy). MR occurred in 26 (12.5%) treated lesions, at a median time of 7.7 months after SBRT. Patients with paraspinal disease at the time of SBRT (20.8% vs. 7.6% of patients; p = 0.02), and those treated with <16 Gy (16.3% vs. 6.3% of patients, p = 0.14) had higher rates of MR. Both variables were associated with significantly higher risk of MR on multivariate analysis. Conclusion: SBRT for spinal metastases results in a low overall rate of MR. The presence of paraspinal disease at the time of SBRT and a dose of <16 Gy were associated with higher risks of MR.
Koyfman, Shlomo A.; Djemil, Toufik [Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (United States); Burdick, Michael J. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (United States); Woody, Neil; Balagamwala, Ehsan H.; Reddy, Chandana A. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (United States); Angelov, Lilyana [Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (United States); Suh, John H. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (United States); Chao, Samuel T., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (United States)
On the Parameterization of Surface Roughness at Regional Scales
A parameterization for surface roughness and blending height at regional scales, under neutral atmospheric stability, is studied and tested. The analysis is based on a suite of large-eddy simulations (LES) over surfaces with varying roughness ...
Elie Bou-Zeid; Marc B. Parlange; Charles Meneveau
Internal Wave Reflection and Scatter from Sloping Rough Topography
Internal gravity waves propagating in a uniformly stratified ocean are scattered on reflection from a rough inclined boundary. The boundary is inclined at angle ? to the horizontal and the roughness is represented by superimposed sinusoidal ...
S. A. Thorpe
A Note on the Ocean Surface Roughness Spectrum
In a recent study, the dimensionless surface roughness spectrum has been empirically parameterized as a power-law function of the dimensionless wind speed expressed as the ratio of wind friction velocity and phase speed of the surface roughness ...
Paul A. Hwang
On the Climate Impact of Surface Roughness Anomalies
Large-scale deployment of wind power may alter climate through alteration of surface roughness. Previous research using GCMs has shown large-scale impacts of surface roughness perturbations but failed to elucidate the dynamic mechanisms that ...
Daniel B. Kirk-Davidoff; David W. Keith
Reasoning with rough description logics: An approximate concepts approach
The current research progress and the existing problems of uncertain or imprecise knowledge representation and reasoning in description logics are analyzed in this paper. Approximate concepts are introduced to description logics based on rough set theory, ... Keywords: Approximate concepts, Concepts, Description logics, Rough description logics, Rough set theory
Yuncheng Jiang; Ju Wang; Suqin Tang; Bao Xiao
Rough surface mitigates electron and gas emission
Heavy-ion beams impinging on surfaces near grazing incidence (to simulate the loss of halo ions) generate copious amounts of electrons and gas that can degrade the beam. We measured emission coefficients of {eta}{sub e} {le} 130 and {eta}{sub 0} {approx} 10{sup 4} respectively, with 1 MeV K{sup +} incident on stainless steel. Electron emission scales as {eta}{sub e} {proportional_to} 1/cos({theta}), where {theta} is the ion angle of incidence relative to normal. If we were to roughen a surface by blasting it with glass beads, then ions that were near grazing incidence (90{sup o}) on smooth surface would strike the rims of the micro-craters at angles closer to normal incidence. This should reduce the electron emission: the factor of 10 reduction, Fig. 1(a), implies an average angle of incidence of 62{sup o}. Gas desorption varies more slowly with {theta} (Fig. 1(b)) decreasing a factor of {approx}2, and along with the electron emission is independent of the angle of incidence on a rough surface. In a quadrupole magnet, electrons emitted by lost primary ions are trapped near the wall by the magnetic field, but grazing incidence ions can backscatter and strike the wall a second time at an azimuth where magnetic field lines intercept the beam. Then, electrons can exist throughout the beam (see the simulations of Cohen, HIF News 1-2/04). The SRIM (TRIM) Monte Carlo code predicts that 60-70% of 1 MeV K{sup +} ions backscatter when incident at 88-89{sup o} from normal on a smooth surface. The scattered ions are mostly within {approx}10{sup o} of the initial direction but a few scatter by up to 90{sup o}. Ion scattering decreases rapidly away from grazing incidence, Fig. 1(c ). At 62 deg. the predicted ion backscattering (from a rough surface) is 3%, down a factor of 20 from the peak, which should significantly reduce electrons in the beam from lost halo ions. These results are published in Phys. Rev. ST - Accelerators and Beams.
Molvik, A
Reprinted from "Scattering and Surface Roughness," Z.-H. Gu ...
Page 1. Reprinted from "Scattering and Surface Roughness," Z.-H. Gu and AA Maradudin, Editors, Proc. SPIE 3141, 220-231 (1997) Page 2. Page 3 ...
Contact mechanics for randomly rough surfaces
When two solids are squeezed together they will in general not make atomic contact everywhere within the nominal (or apparent) contact area. This fact has huge practical implications and must be considered in many technological applications. In this paper I briefly review basic theories of contact mechanics. I consider in detail a recently developed contact mechanics theory. I derive boundary conditions for the stress probability distribution function for elastic, elastoplastic and adhesive contact between solids and present numerical results illustrating some aspects of the theory. I analyze contact problems for very smooth polymer (PMMA) and Pyrex glass surfaces prepared by cooling liquids of glassy materials from above the glass transition temperature. I show that the surface roughness which results from the frozen capillary waves can have a large influence on the contact between the solids. The analysis suggest a new explanation for puzzling experimental results [L. Bureau, T. Baumberger and C. Caroli, arXiv:cond-mat/0510232] about the dependence of the frictional shear stress on the load for contact between a glassy polymer lens and flat substrates. I discuss the possibility of testing the theory using numerical methods, e.g., finite element calculations.
Bo N. J. Persson
AIM-94-0800 Effect of Initial Ice Roughness
ice accretion phase. Using5close-up photography and videography Hansman has studied the initial phase of ice accretion. At warm temperatures, a runback zone aft of the rough zone is observed. WaterAIM-94-0800 Effect of Initial Ice Roughness on Airfoil Aerodynamics M. Bragg, M. Kerho and M
Bragg, Michael B.
Prediction of surface roughness using artificial neural network in lathe
In this study, the effect of tool geometry on surface roughness has been investigated in universal lathe. Machining process has been carried out on AISI 1040 steel in dry cutting condition using various insert geometry at depth of cut off 0.5 mm. At ... Keywords: artificial neural network, surface roughness, tool geometry
?akir Ta?demir; S�leyman Ne?eli; Ismail Sarita?; S�leyman Yaldiz
Counterintuitive MCNPX Results for Scintillator Surface Roughness Effect
We have reported on our recent MCNPX simulation results of energy deposition for a group of 8 scintillation detectors, coupled with various rough surface patterns. The MCNPX results generally favored the detectors with various rough surface patterns. The observed MCNPX results are not fully explained by this work.
Dark spot formation relative to ITO surface roughness for polyfluorene
Dark spot formation relative to ITO surface roughness for polyfluorene Dark spot formation relative to ITO surface roughness for polyfluorene devices Title Dark spot formation relative to ITO surface roughness for polyfluorene devices Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2004 Authors Liu, Gao, John B. Kerr, and Stephen G. Johnson Journal Synthetic Metals Volume 144 Pagination 1-6 Keywords dark spot, failure mechanism, interface, ito surface, oled Abstract The failure behaviors of ITO/PEDOT;PSS/polyfluorene/Al devices are different depending on the surface roughness of the sputtered ITO anode film. The spikes on ITO surface are responsible for the initial local shorts of the device, which develop into dark spots very quickly. Indium adsorption is observed on the polymer and Al cathode interface. A chemical etching procedure is used to smoothen the ITO surface without changing the ITO thickness and the sheet resistance. Devices made out of smooth ITO show minimum changes at polymer-cathode interface during operation.
Surface Roughness Parameter Estimated with a Drag Technique
The surface roughness parameter, z0, can be estimated with different techniques. These techniques are analyzing the mean wind profile, estimating the surface drag coefficient and using the universal functions according to the Monin-Obukhov ...
Adrie F. G. Jacobs; Emile Schols
Effective Roughness Length for Turbulent Flow over a Wavy Surface
A two-equation turbulence model is used to calculate the effective roughness length for two-dimensional turbulent flow over small amplitude, wavy surface topography. The governing equations are solved using the method of matched asymptotic ...
S. J. Jacobs
Influence of surface roughness and waviness upon thermal contact resistance
This work deals with the phenomenon of thermal resistance between contacting solids. Attention is directed towards contiguous solids possessing both surface roughness and waviness. When two such surfaces are brought together ...
Yovanovich, M. Michael
The effect of roughness on aerosol deposition in tubes
Experimental measurements of simulated roughness within tubes and the subsequent aerosol penetration performance through these tubes were conducted for a aerosol particle size range of 5 nm to 20 nm and a flow rate range of 28 L/min to 169.9 L/min. The relative roughness for each of the tubes tested are as follows: clean aluminum pipe and clean copper tube, F,/D = 10-4; fine sandpaper pipe, F,/D = 0.017-12 helical ridges per linear centimeter copper tube, F,/D = 0.046; coarse sandpaper pipe, F,/D = 0.065. Non-dimensional quantities were used to produce an empirical model relating roughness to aerosol penetration. The dependent variable, aerosol penetration, was encompassed in the non-dimensional deposition velocity (v,) and modeled as a function of the dependent variables, non-dimensional particle relaxation time (,c,) and relative roughness (&/D). In addition, a method was developed for estimating when to remove the sampling transport lines for cleaning due to the roughness within the transport line. The empirical correlation fits the data over the range of 0. I 6 to 112 L/min. For these conditions, the model deviated from the experimental data by less than 10% with one outlier which deviated by 20% for the coarse sandpaper pipe at a flow rate of 1 12 L/min. The correlation was used to show that the transport lines should be removed for cleaning or replacement once the pressure drop has exceeded 7.5 mm Hg. The experimental data has shown that the aerosol penetration decreases below 85% for an internal roughness comparable to this pressure drop limit. The correlation for aerosol penetration in transport lines with internal roughness presented should be a beneficial engineering tool for predicting the aerosol losses in sampling systems where roughness is a concern. The correlation should be a useful sub-model for aerosol penetration prediction computational tools as well.
Chavez, Mario Cesar
Thermal Hydraulic Effect of Fuel Plate Surface Roughness
This study presents surface roughness measurements characteristic of the pre-film layer applied to a typical Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) fuel plate. This data is used to estimate the friction factor for thermal hydraulic flow calculations of a Gas Test Loop (GTL) system proposed for incorporation into ATR to provide a fast neutron flux environment for the testing of nuclear fuels and materials. To attain the required neutron flux, the design includes booster fuel plates clad with the same aluminum alloy as the ATR driver fuel and cooled with water supplied by the ATR primary coolant pumps. The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine the surface roughness of the protective boehmite layer applied to the ATR driver fuel prior to reactor operations in order to specify the machining tolerances for the surface finish on simulated booster fuel plates in a GTL hydraulic flow test model, and (2) assess the consequent thermal hydraulic impact due to surface roughness on the coolability of the booster fuel with a similar pre-film layer applied. While the maximum roughness of this coating is specified to be 1.6 �m (63 microinches), no precise data on the actual roughness were available. A representative sample coupon autoclaved with the ATR driver fuel to produce the pre-film coating was analyzed using optical profilometry. Measurements yielded a mean surface roughness of 0.53 �m (21 microinches). Results from a sensitivity study show that a �15% deviation from the mean measured surface finish would have a minimal effect on coolant temperature, coolant flow rate, and fuel temperature. However, frictional losses from roughnesses greater than 1.5 �m (~60 microinches) produce a marked decrease in flow rate, causing fuel and coolant temperatures to rise sharply.
Donna Post Guillen; Timothy S. Yoder
Salvage Treatment for Recurrent Intracranial Germinoma After Reduced-Volume Radiotherapy: A Single-Institution Experience and Review of the Literature
Purpose: Intracranial germinomas (IGs) are highly curable with radiotherapy (RT). However, recurrence still occurs, especially when limited-field RT is applied, and the optimal salvage therapy remains controversial. Methods and Materials: Between January 1989 and December 2010, 14 patients with clinically or pathologically diagnosed recurrent IGs after RT were reviewed at our institution. Of these, 11 received focal-field RT, and the other 3 received whole-brain irradiation, whole-ventricle irradiation, and Gamma Knife radiosurgery as the respective first course of RT. In addition, we identified from the literature 88 patients with recurrent IGs after reduced-volume RT, in whom the details of salvage therapy were recorded. Results: The median time to recurrence was 30.3 months (range, 3.8-134.9 months). One patient did not receive further treatment and was lost during follow-up. Of the patients, 7 underwent salvage with craniospinal irradiation (CSI) plus chemotherapy (CT), 4 with CSI alone, 1 with whole-brain irradiation plus CT, and 1 with Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The median follow-up time was 105.1 months (range, 24.2-180.9 months). Three patients died without evidence of disease progression: two from second malignancies and one from unknown cause. The others remained disease free. The 3-year survival rate after recurrence was 83.3%. A total of 102 patients from our study and the literature review were analyzed to determine the factors affecting prognosis and outcomes. After recurrence, the 5-year survival rates were 71% and 92.9% for all patients and for those receiving salvage CSI, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that initial RT volume, initial RT dose, initial CT, and salvage RT type were significant prognostic predictors of survival. On multivariable analysis, salvage CSI was the most significant factor (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Protracted follow-up is recommended because late recurrence is not uncommon. CSI with or without CT is an effective salvage treatment for recurrence after reduced-volume RT.
Hu, Yu-Wen [Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Huang, Pin-I [Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Wong, Tai-Tong [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Ho, Donald Ming-Tak [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Chang, Kai-Ping [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Guo, Wan-Yuo; Chang, Feng-Chi [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Shiau, Cheng-Yin [Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Liang, Muh-Lii; Lee, Yi-Yen [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China) [Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (China); Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (China); and others
Outcome After Conformal Salvage Radiotherapy in Patients With Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels After Radical Prostatectomy
Purpose: This study attempts to improve our understanding of the role of salvage radiotherapy (SRT) in patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse after radical prostatectomy with regard to biochemical control, rate of distant metastasis, and survival. Methods and Materials: We performed a retrospective analysis of 96 men treated with conformal prostate bed SRT (median, 64.8 Gy) at a single institution (median follow-up, 70 months). The majority had intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer. Fifty-four percent underwent a resection with positive margins (R1 resection). The median time interval between surgery and SRT was 22 months. Results: After SRT, 66% of patients reached a PSA nadir of less than 0.2 ng/mL. However, the 5-year biochemical no evidence of disease rate was 35%. Seminal vesicle involvement was predictive for a significantly lower biochemical no evidence of disease rate. All patients with a preoperative PSA level greater than 50 ng/mL relapsed biochemically within 2 years. The 5-year distant metastasis rate was 18%, the 5-year prostate cancer-specific survival rate was 90%, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 88%. Significantly more distant metastases developed in patients with a PSA nadir greater than 0.05 ng/mL after SRT, and they had significantly inferior prostate cancer-specific and overall survival rates. Resection status (R1 vs. R0) was not predictive for any of the endpoints. Conclusions: Men with postoperative PSA relapse can undergo salvage treatment by prostate bed radiotherapy, but durable PSA control is maintained only in about one-third of the patients. Despite a high biochemical failure rate after SRT, prostate cancer-specific survival does not decrease rapidly.
Geinitz, Hans, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich (Germany); Riegel, Martina G.; Thamm, Reinhard; Astner, Sabrina T.; Lewerenz, Carolin [Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich (Germany); Zimmermann, Frank [Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsspital Basel, Basel (Switzerland); Molls, Michael [Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich (Germany); Nieder, Carsten [Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso (Norway); Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodo (Norway)
Topographic structure on Superconductivity Radio Frequency (SRF) surfaces can contribute additional cavity RF losses describable in terms of surface RF reflectivity and absorption indices of wave scattering theory. At isotropic homogeneous extent, Power Spectrum Density (PSD) of roughness is introduced and quantifies the random surface topographic structure. PSD obtained from different surface treatments of niobium, such Buffered Chemical Polishing (BCP), Electropolishing (EP), Nano-Mechanical Polishing (NMP) and Barrel Centrifugal Polishing (CBP) are compared. A perturbation model is utilized to calculate the additional rough surface RF losses based on PSD statistical analysis. This model will not consider that superconductor becomes normal conducting at fields higher than transition field. One can calculate the RF power dissipation ratio between rough surface and ideal smooth surface within this field range from linear loss mechanisms.
Reece, Charles E. [JLAB; Kelley, Michael J. [JLAB, W& M College; Xu, Chen [JLAB, W& M College
Rough and Ready Biomass Facility | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
and Ready Biomass Facility and Ready Biomass Facility Jump to: navigation, search Name Rough and Ready Biomass Facility Facility Rough and Ready Sector Biomass Owner Rough and Ready Lumber Co. Location Cave Junction, Oregon Coordinates 42.1628912°, -123.6481235° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":42.1628912,"lon":-123.6481235,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Hybrid rough sets intelligent system architecture for survival analysis
Survival analysis challenges researchers because of two issues. First, in practice, the studies do not span wide enough to collect all survival times of each individual patient. All of these patients require censor variables and cannot be analyzed without ... Keywords: Kaplan-Meier method, hybrid intelligent systems, reducts, rough sets, soft computing, survival analysis
Puntip Pattaraintakorn; Nick Cercone; Kanlaya Naruedomkul
Optimization and learning for rough terrain legged locomotion
We present a novel approach to legged locomotion over rough terrain that is thoroughly rooted in optimization. This approach relies on a hierarchy of fast, anytime algorithms to plan a set of footholds, along with the dynamic body motions required ... Keywords: Legged robots, adaptive control, mobile robotics, motion control, nonholonomic motion planning
Matt Zucker; Nathan Ratliff; Martin Stolle; Joel Chestnutt; J Andrew Bagnell; Christopher G Atkeson; James Kuffner
Approaches to Conflict Dynamics Based on Rough Sets
Conflict analysis and conflict resolution play an important role in negotiation during contract-management situations in many organizations. The issue here is how to model a combination of complex situations among agents where there are disagreements ... Keywords: Approximation space, conflict, conflict graph, conflict resolution, negotiation, requirements engineering, rough sets
Sheela Ramanna; James F. Peters; Andrzej Skowron
RoSy: a rough knowledge base system
This paper presents a user-oriented view of ${\\mathcal R}o{\\mathcal S}y$, a ${\\mathcal R}{\\rm ough}$ Knowledge Base ${\\mathcal S}$ystem. The system tackles two problems not fully answered by previous research: the ability to define rough sets in terms ...
Robin Andersson; Aida Vit�ria; Jan Ma?uszy?ski; Jan Komorowski
The Roughness Length for Heat of Sparse Vegetation
A dual-source model that solves the energy balance over vegetation and soil separately can be inverted to obtain the roughness length for heat z0h of a single-source model. Model parameters for the dual-source model were taken from previous ...
E. M. Blyth; A. J. Dolman
Heat transfer between elastic solids with randomly rough surfaces
We study the heat transfer between elastic solids with randomly rough surfaces. We include both the heat transfer from the area of real contact, and the heat transfer between the surfaces in the noncontact regions. We apply a recently developed contact mechanics theory, which accounts for the hierarchical nature of the contact between solids with roughness on many different length scales. For elastic contact, at the highest (atomic) resolution the area of real contact typically consists of atomic (nanometer) sized regions, and we discuss the implications of this for the heat transfer. For solids with very smooth surfaces, as is typical in many modern engineering applications, the interfacial separation in the non-contact regions will be very small, and for this case we show the importance of the radiative heat transfer associated with the evanescent electromagnetic waves which exist outside of all bodies.
B. N. J. Persson; B. Lorenz; A. I. Volokitin
Impact of Ice Crystal Roughness on Satellite Retrieved Cloud Properties
Ice Crystal Roughness on Satellite Retrieved Cloud Properties Ice Crystal Roughness on Satellite Retrieved Cloud Properties P. Minnis 1 , P. W. Heck 2 , R. F. Arduini 3 , R. Palikonda 3 , J. K. Ayers 3 , M. M. Khaiyer 3 , P. Yang 4 , Y. Xie 4 3 Science Systems & Applications, Inc. Hampton, VA 1 NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA Current Cirrus Models Inadequate Cirrus cloud optical depths τ (heights z e ) are often over (under) estimated when derived from solar reflectances. In situ data suggest smaller asymmetry factors, g, than used in most retrieval models. Multi-angle measurements point to smoother phase functions than for solid, smooth xtals. Calculations show that solid crystals with roughened facets or embedded bubbles --both observed in real cirrus particles-- yield smoother phase functions & smaller g
Specification of Surface Roughness for Hydraulic Flow Test Plates
A study was performed to determine the surface roughness of the corrosion layer on aluminum clad booster fuel plates for the proposed Gas Test Loop (GTL) system to be incorporated into the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Laboratory. A layer of boehmite (a crystalline, non-porous gamma-alumina hydrate) is typically pre-formed on the surface of the fuel cladding prior to exposure to reactor operation to prevent the uncontrolled buildup of corrosion product on the surface. A representative sample coupon autoclaved with the ATR driver fuel to produce the boehmite layer was analyzed using optical profilometry to determine the mean surface roughness, a parameter that can have significant impact on the coolant flow past the fuel plates. This information was used to specify the surface finish of mockup fuel plates for a hydraulic flow test model. The purpose of the flow test is to obtain loss coefficients describing the resistance of the coolant flow paths, which are necessary for accurate thermal hydraulic analyses of the water-cooled booster fuel assembly. It is recommended that the surface roughness of the boehmite layer on the fuel cladding be replicated for the flow test. While it is very important to know the order of magnitude of the surface roughness, this value does not need to be matched exactly. Maintaining a reasonable dimensional tolerance for the surface finish on each side of the 12 mockup fuel plates would ensure relative uniformity in the flow among the four coolant channels. Results obtained from thermal hydraulic analyses indicate that �15% deviation from a surface finish (i.e., Ra) of 0.53 �m would have a minimal effect on coolant temperature, coolant flow rate, and fuel temperature.
Effect of Grit Blasting on Substrate Roughness and Coating Adhesion
Statistically designed experiments were performed to compare the surface roughnesses produced by grit blasting A36/1020 steel with different abrasives. Grit blast media, blast pressure, and working distance were varied using a Box-type statistical design of experiment (SDE) approach. The surface textures produced by four metal grits (HG16, HG18, HG25, and HG40) and three conventional grits (copper slag, coal slag, and chilled iron) were compared. Substrate roughness was measured using surface profilometry and correlated with operating parameters. The HG16 grit produced the highest surface roughness of all the grits tested. Aluminum and zinc-aluminum coatings were deposited on the grit-blasted substrates using a Twin-Wire Electric Arc (TWEA) process. Bond strength of the coatings was measured with a portable adhesion tester in accordance with ASTM standard D4541. The coatings on substrates roughened with steel grit exhibit superior bond strength to those on substrates prepared with conventional grit. For aluminum coatings sprayed onto surfaces prepared with the HG16 grit, the bond strength was most influenced by current, spray distance, and spray gun pressure (in that order). The highest bond strength for the zinc-aluminum coatings was attained on surfaces prepared using the metal grits.
Dominic Varacalle; Donna Guillen; Doug Deason; William Rhodaberger; Elliott Sampson
Foam flow through a transparent rough-walled rock fracture
This paper presents an experimental study of nitrogen, water, and aqueous foam flow through a transparent replica of a natural rough-walled rock fracture with a hydraulic aperture of roughly 30 {mu}m. It is established that single-phase flow of both nitrogen and water is well described by analogy to flow between parallel plates. Inertial effects caused by fracture roughness become important in single-phase flow as the Reynolds number approaches 1. Foam exhibits effective control of gas mobility. Foam flow resistances are approximately 10 to 20 times greater than those of nitrogen over foam qualities spanning from 0.60 to 0.99 indicating effective gas-mobility control. Because previous studies of foam flow have focused mainly upon unfractured porous media, little information is available about foam flow mechanisms in fractured media. The transparency of the fracture allowed flow visualization and demonstrated that foam rheology in fractured media depends upon bubble shape and size. Changes in flow behavior are directly tied to transitions in bubble morphology.
Kovscek, A.; Tretheway, D.; Radke, C. [and others
The apparent surface roughness of moving sand transported by wind
We present a comprehensive analytical model of aeolian sand transport in saltation. It quantifies the momentum transfer from the wind to the transported sand by providing expressions for the thickness of the saltation layer and the apparent surface roughness. These expressions are for the first time entirely derived from basic physical principles. The model further predicts the sand transport rate (mass flux) and the impact threshold shear velocity. We show that the model predictions are in very good agreement with experiments and numerical state of the art simulations of aeolian saltation.
Thomas P�htz; Jasper F. Kok; Hans J. Herrmann
Research on operating parameters and energy consumption of cold store based on rough set theory
Rough set theory is applied to analyze the energy consumption of an industrial cold storage facility for the first time. The features of rough set theory in data extraction are analyzed. The operating parameters collected in a sample refrigerating plant ... Keywords: cold store, energy consumption, operating parameters, rough set
Jianyi Zhang; Ying Xu; Fei Chen
The modified Beckmann-Kirchhoff scattering theory for rough surface analysis
This paper focusses on how reflectance models based on scattering theory and reported in the physics literature can be used for making estimates of surface roughness parameters using reflectance measurements obtained with a digital camera. We commence ... Keywords: BRDF measurements, Beckmann model, Physics-based reflectance models, Rough surface scattering, Roughness estimation
Hossein Ragheb; Edwin R. Hancock
Enhancing evolutionary instance selection algorithms by means of fuzzy rough set based feature selection
In recent years, fuzzy rough set theory has emerged as a suitable tool for performing feature selection. Fuzzy rough feature selection enables us to analyze the discernibility of the attributes, highlighting the most attractive features in the construction ... Keywords: Evolutionary algorithms, Feature selection, Instance selection, Nearest neighbor, Rough sets
Joaqu�n Derrac; Chris Cornelis; Salvador Garc�a; Francisco Herrera
File:Wind rough example.pdf | Open Energy Information
source source History View New Pages Recent Changes All Special Pages Semantic Search/Querying Get Involved Help Apps Datasets Community Login | Sign Up Search File Edit History Facebook icon Twitter icon » File:Wind rough example.pdf Jump to: navigation, search File File history File usage Metadata File:Wind rough example.pdf Size of this preview: 776 × 600 pixels. Go to page 1 2 Go! next page → next page → Full resolution (1,650 × 1,275 pixels, file size: 196 KB, MIME type: application/pdf, 2 pages) File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment current 18:03, 2 January 2014 Thumbnail for version as of 18:03, 2 January 2014 1,650 × 1,275, 2 pages (196 KB) Foteri (Talk | contribs) Category:Wind for Schools Portal CurriculaCategory:Wind for Schools Elementary School Curricula
Crack Surface Roughness in Three-Dimensional Random Fuse Networks
Using large system sizes with extensive statistical sampling, we analyze the scaling properties of crack roughness and damage profiles in the three-dimensional random fuse model. The analysis of damage profiles indicates that damage accumulates in a diffusive manner up to the peak load, and localization sets in abruptly at the peak load starting from a uniform damage landscape. The global crack width scales as $W \\sim L^{0.5}$ and is consistent with the scaling of localization length $\\xi \\sim L^{0.5}$ used in the data collapse of damage profiles in the post-peak regime. This consistency between the global crack roughness exponent and the post-peak damage profile localization length supports the idea that the post-peak damage profile is predominantly due to the localization produced by the catastrophic failure, which at the same time results in the formation of the final crack. Finally, the crack width distributions can be collapsed for different system sizes and follow a log-normal distribution.
Nukala, Phani K [ORNL; Zapperi, Stefano [University of La Sapienza, Rome; Simunovic, Srdjan [ORNL
Influence of roughness on near-field heat transfer between two plates
The surface roughness correction to the near-field heat transfer between two rough bulk materials is discussed by using second-order perturbation theory. The results allow for estimating the impact of surface roughness to the heat transfer in recent experiments between two plates and between a microsphere and a plate (using the Derjaguin approximation). Furthermore, we show that the proximity approximation for describing rough surfaces is valid for distances much smaller than the correlation length of the surface roughness even if the heat transfer is dominated by the coupling of surface modes.
Svend-Age Biehs; Jean-Jacques Greffet
Water infiltration and intermittent flow in rough-walled fractures
Flow visualization experiments were conducted in transparent replicas of natural rough-walled fractures. The fracture was inclined to observe the interplay between capillary and gravity forces. Water was introduced into the fracture by a capillary siphon. Preferential flow paths were observed, where intermittent flow frequently occurred. The water infiltration experiments suggest that intermittent flow in fractures appears to be the rule rather than the exception. In order to investigate the mechanism causing intermittent flow in fractures, parallel plates with different apertures were assembled using lucite and glass. A medium-coarse-fine pore structure is believed to cause the intermittency in flow. Intermittent flow was successfully produced in the parallel plate experiments using the lucite plates. After several trials, intermittent flow was also produced in the glass plates.
Su, G.
On relative permeability of rough-walled fractures
This paper presents a conceptual and numerical model of multiphase flow in fractures. The void space of real rough-walled rock fractures is conceptualized as a two-dimensional heterogeneous porous medium, characterized by aperture as a function of position in the fracture plane. Portions of a fracture are occupied by wetting and non-wetting phase, respectively, according to local capillary pressure and accessibility criteria. Phase occupancy and permeability are derived by assuming a parallel-plate approximation for suitably small subregions in the fracture plane. Wetting and non-wetting phase relative permeabilities are calculated by numerically simulating single phase flows separately in the wetted and non-wetted pore spaces. Illustrative examples indicate that relative permeabilities depend sensitively on the nature and range of spatial correlation between apertures. 30 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
Pruess, K.; Tsang, Y.W.
The purpose if this addendum is to provide clarifying information related to two issues delaying disposal of Tank 2, located west of the Old Salvage Yard at the Y-12 National Security Complex. The two issues are as follows: 1. The discovery and documentation of apparent elevated results on the external rusty surface of Tank 2; 2. The proper interpretation and use of scan data. Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) health physics technicians (HPTs), operating under the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education contract, performed 100% scans over accessible interior and exterior surfaces of the five tanks located near the Old Salvage Yard, per the stakeholder-approved project-specific plan. Three types of measurements were collected, including gamma radiation measurements using a Ludlum model 44-10 gamma scintillation detector connected to a Ludlum model 2221 ratemeter/scaler; alpha radiation measurements using a Ludlum model 43-68 gas proportional detector connected to a 2221 ratemeter/scaler; and alpha-plus-beta radiation measurements also using a Ludlum model 43-68 connected to a 2221 ratermeter/scaler. The alpha-plus-beta characterization data is the primary subject of this addendum.
Kathy Rollow
Effects of the roughness characteristics on the wire tool surface for the electrical discharge machining properties
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) has been investigated to obtain the better discharge machining properties of the removal rate and the surface roughness in a few decades. Recently, it revealed that the rough tool electrodes can improve the WEDM properties for some sort of materials. In this study, the rough wire electrodes using a wet blasting method was developed and evaluated the machining performance for the insulated Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} in the WEDM processes. As the results, it could not recognize the advantage of roughness wire electrode under the high-energy condition, but it found that the electro-conductive layer thickness became thinner in comparison with those of normal wires. On the contrary, it could be obtained the better surface roughness in the low energy condition. It was supposed that the roughed wire surface generates the homogeneous dispersion discharges on the workpiece.
Fukuzawa, Yasushi; Yamashita, Masahide; Mamuro, Hiroaki; Yamashita, Ken [Nagaoka University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1603-1 Kamitomioka-machi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188 (Japan); Ogata, Masayoshi [Macoho Co., Ltd. 525 Kanawa, Isurugi-machi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2032 JAPAN (Japan)
ROUGH-TOOTHED DOLPHIN (Steno bredanensis): Northern Gulf of Mexico Stock
The rough-toothed dolphin is distributed worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters (Leatherwood and Reeves 1983; Miyazaki and Perrin 1994). Rough-toothed dolphins occur in both oceanic and continental shelf waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Fulling et al. 2003; Mullin and Fulling, in review). Rough-toothed dolphins were seen in all seasons during GulfCet aerial surveys of the northern Gulf of Mexico between
Stock Definition; Geographic Range
Abstract--Face Milling is today the most effective and productive manufacturing method for roughing and finishing large
Surface Roughness in Cnc Face Milling of Cobalt-Based Alloy (Stellite 6)", The International Journal
Aristomenis, Antoniadis
Power Transformer Fault Diagnosis Based on Integrated of Rough Set Theory and Evidence Theory
When using chromatography data analysis in diagnosis of power transformer fault, fault information cannot be make full use, which can't effectively discover knowledge hidden in data. In this paper a method integreted of rough set theory and evidence ... Keywords: Rough Set, Evidence Theory, Power Transformer, Fault Diagnosis
Zhou Ai-Hua, Yao Yi, Song Hong, Zeng Xiao-Hui
Classical and dominance-based rough sets in the search for genes under balancing selection
Since the time of Kimura�s theory of neutral evolution at molecular level the search for genes under natural selection is one of the crucial problems in population genetics. There exists quite a number of statistical tests designed for it, however, ... Keywords: ATM, BLM, RECQL, WRN, balancing selection, classical rough sets approach, dominance-based rough sets approach, natural selection, neutrality tests
Krzysztof A. Cyran
A Simple Formula for Estimation of the Roughness Length for Heat Transfer over Partly Vegetated Surfaces
A simple formula for computation of the effective roughness length z0Heff for heat transfer or rather for the parameter kB?1eff [=ln(z0Meff/z0Heff) with z0Meff = roughness length for momentum], which are needed in single-source models for evaluating ...
K. Bl�mel
This summary report presents analytical results, radiological survey data, and other data/information for disposition planning of the five tanks located west of the Old Salvage Yard (OSY) at the Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Field personnel from Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) and URS?CH2M Oak Ridge LLC completed data collection in May 2012 per the project-specific plan (PSP) (ORAU 2012). Deviations from the PSP are addressed in the body of this report. Characterization activities included three data collection modes: visual inspection, radiological survey, and volumetric sampling/analysis. This report includes the final validated dataset and updates associated with the Tank 2 residues originally thought to be a biological bloom (e.g., slime mold) but ultimately identified as iron sulfate crystals.
Rollow, Kathy
Near-field heat transfer between a nanoparticle and a rough surface
In this work we focus on the surface roughness correction to the near-field radiative heat transfer between a nanoparticle and a material with a rough surface utilizing a direct perturbation theory up to second order in the surface profile. We discuss the different distance regimes for the local density of states above the rough material and the heat flux analytically and numerically. We show that the heat transfer rate is larger than that corresponding to a flat surface at short distances. At larger distances it can become smaller due to surface polariton scattering by the rough surface. For distances much smaller than the correlation length of the surface profile, we show that the results converge to a proximity approximation, whereas in the opposite limit the rough surface can be replaced by an equivalent surface layer.
Early Salvage Hormonal Therapy for Biochemical Failure Improved Survival in Prostate Cancer Patients After Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy Plus Radiation Therapy-A Secondary Analysis of Irish Clinical Oncology Research Group 97-01
Purpose: To assess the survival benefit of early vs late salvage hormonal therapy (HT), we performed a secondary analysis on patients who developed recurrence from Irish Clinical Oncology Research Group 97-01, a randomized trial comparing 4 vs 8 months neoadjuvant HT plus radiation therapy (RT) in intermediate- and high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma. Methods and Materials: A total of 102 patients from the trial who recurred were analyzed at a median follow-up of 8.5 years. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the timing of salvage HT: 57 patients had prostate-specific antigen (PSA) {<=}10 ng/mL and absent distant metastases (group 1, early), 21 patients had PSA >10 ng/mL and absent distant metastases (group 2, late), and 24 patients had distant metastases (group 3, late). The endpoint analyzed was overall survival (OS) calculated from 2 different time points: date of enrolment in the trial (OS1) and date of initiation of salvage HT (OS2). Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox regression model. Results: The OS1 differed significantly between groups (P<.0005): OS1 at 10 years was 78% in group 1, 42% in group 2, and 29% in group 3. The OS2 also differed significantly between groups (P<.0005): OS2 at 6 years was 70% in group 1, 47% in group 2, and 22% in group 3. Group 1 had the longest median time from end of RT to biochemical failure compared with groups 2 and 3 (3.3, 0.9, and 1.7 years, respectively; P<.0005). Group 1 also had the longest median PSA doubling time compared with groups 2 and 3 (9.9, 3.6, and 2.4 months, respectively; P<.0005). On multivariate analysis, timing of salvage HT, time from end of RT to biochemical failure, and PSA nadir on salvage HT were significant predictors of survival. Conclusion: Early salvage HT based on PSA {<=}10 ng/mL and absent distant metastases improved survival in patients with prostate cancer after failure of initial treatment with neoadjuvant HT plus RT.
Mydin, Aminudin R., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia); Dunne, Mary T.; Finn, Marie A. [Clinical Trials Resource Unit, St. Luke's Hospital, Dublin (Ireland)] [Clinical Trials Resource Unit, St. Luke's Hospital, Dublin (Ireland); Armstrong, John G. [Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Luke's Hospital, Dublin (Ireland)] [Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Luke's Hospital, Dublin (Ireland)
Influence of Land Surface Roughness on Atmospheric Circulation and Precipitation: A Sensitivity Study with a General Circulation Model
The influence of land surface roughness on the large scale atmospheric circulation and rainfall was examined by comparing three sets of simulations made with a general circulation model in which the land surface roughness length, z0, was reduced ...
Y. C. Sud; J. Shukla; Y. Mintz
A Mechanism for Local Dissipation of Internal Tides Generated at Rough Topography
Fine- and micro-structure observations indicate that turbulent mixing is enhanced within O(1) km above rough topography. Enhanced mixing is associated with internal wave breaking and, in many regions of the ocean, has been linked to the breaking ...
Maxim Nikurashin; Sonya Legg
Roughness Lengths for Momentum and Heat Derived from Outdoor Urban Scale Models
Urban climate experimental results from the Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model (COSMO) were used to estimate roughness lengths for momentum and heat. Two different physical scale models were used to investigate the scale dependence of the ...
M. Kanda; M. Kanega; T. Kawai; R. Moriwaki; H. Sugawara
Hazard avoidance for high-speed rough-terrain unmanned ground vehicles
High-speed unmanned ground vehicles have important applications in rough-terrain. In these applications unexpected and dangerous situations can occur that require rapid hazard avoidance maneuvers. At high speeds, there is ...
Spenko, Matthew J. (Matthew Julius), 1976-
Large Eddy Simulation of Internal Boundary Layers Created by a Change in Surface Roughness
Turbulence in a ?-mesoscale internal boundary layer (IBL) formed by a discontinuous change in surface roughness has been investigated using a large eddy simulation (LES) model to explicitly treat turbulent transport. Two cases are examined: a ...
John W. Glendening; Ching-Long Lin
Assessment of Roughness Length Schemes Implemented within the Noah Land Surface Model for High Altitude Regions
Current land surface models still have difficulties with producing reliable surface heat fluxes and skin temperature (Tsfc) estimates for high altitude regions, which may be addressed via adequate parameterization of the roughness lengths for ...
Donghai Zheng; Rogier Van Der Velde; Zhongbo Su; Martijn J. Booij; Arjen Y. Hoekstra
Ocean Surface Roughness Spectrum in High Wind Condition for Microwave Backscatter and Emission Computations
Ocean surface roughness plays an important role in air-sea interaction and ocean remote sensing. Its primary contribution is from surface waves much shorter than the energetic wave components near the peak of the wave energy spectrum. Field ...
Paul A. Hwang; Derek M. Burrage; David W. Wang; Joel C. Wesson
Method for Estimation of Surface Roughness and Similarity Function of Wind Speed Vertical Profile
This study is aimed at identifying and refining a method suitable to estimate the surface roughness length (z0) and the universal similarity function of the wind speed profile (?M) based on ultrasonic anemometer measurements carried out at only ...
Roberto Sozzi; Maurizio Favaron; Teodoro Georgiadis
Ocean surface roughness plays an important role in air�sea interaction and ocean remote sensing. Its primary contribution is from surface waves much shorter than the energetic wave components near the peak of the wave energy spectrum. Field ...
Eddy-Induced Modulation of Turbulent Dissipation over Rough Topography in the Southern Ocean
Mesoscale eddies are universal features of the ocean circulation, yet the processes by which their energy is dissipated remain poorly understood. One hypothesis argues that the interaction of strong geostrophic flows with rough bottom topography ...
J. Alexander Brearley; Katy L. Sheen; Alberto C. Naveira Garabato; David A. Smeed; Stephanie Waterman
Derivation of Effective Aerodynamic Surface Roughness in Urban Areas from Airborne Lidar Terrain Data
An automated technique was developed that uses only airborne lidar terrain data to derive the necessary parameters for calculation of effective aerodynamic surface roughness in urban areas. The technique provides parameters for geometric models ...
Donald E. Holland; Judith A. Berglund; Joseph P. Spruce; Rodney D. McKellip
On Detection of a Wave Age Dependency for the Sea Surface Roughness
The wave age dependency of the nondimensional sea surface roughness (also called the Charnock parameter) is investigated with data from the new field measurement program at R�dsand in the Danish Baltic Sea. An increasing Charnock parameter with ...
B. Lange; H. K. Johnson; S. Larsen; J. H�jstrup; H. Kofoed-Hansen; M. J. Yelland
Scintillometer-Based Estimates of Sensible Heat Flux Using Lidar-Derived Surface Roughness
The estimation of sensible heat flux, H, using large aperture scintillometer (LAS) under varying surface heterogeneity conditions was investigated. Surface roughness features characterized by variable topography and vegetation height were ...
Hatim M. E. Geli; Christopher M. U. Neale; Doyle Watts; John Osterberg; Henk A. R. De Bruin; Wim Kohsiek; Robert T. Pack; Lawrence E. Hipps
Enhancement of vortex induced forces and motion through surface roughness control
Roughness is added to the surface of a bluff body in a relative motion with respect to a fluid. The amount, size, and distribution of roughness on the body surface is controlled passively or actively to modify the flow around the body and subsequently the Vortex Induced Forces and Motion (VIFM). The added roughness, when designed and implemented appropriately, affects in a predetermined way the boundary layer, the separation of the boundary layer, the level of turbulence, the wake, the drag and lift forces, and consequently the Vortex Induced Motion (VIM), and the fluid-structure interaction. The goal of surface roughness control is to increase Vortex Induced Forces and Motion. Enhancement is needed in such applications as harnessing of clean and renewable energy from ocean/river currents using the ocean energy converter VIVACE (Vortex Induced Vibration for Aquatic Clean Energy).
Bernitsas, Michael M. (Saline, MI); Raghavan, Kamaldev (Houston, TX)
Effects of surface roughness and vortex generators on the LS(1)-0417MOD airfoil
An 18-inch constant-chord model of the LS(l)-0417MOD airfoil section was tested under two dimensional steady state conditions ate University 7{times}10 Subsonic Wind Tunnel. The objective was to document section lift and moment characteristics model and air flow conditions. Surface pressure data was acquired at {minus}60{degrees} through + 230{degrees} geometric angles of attack, at a nominal 1 million Reynolds number. Cases with and without leading edge grit roughness were investigated. The leading edge mulated blade conditions in the field. Additionally, surface pressure data were acquired for Reynolds numbers of 1.5 and 2.0 million, with and without leading edge grit roughness; the angle of attack was limited to a {minus}20{degrees} to 40{degrees} range. In general, results showed lift curve slope sensitivities to Reynolds number and roughness. The maximum lift coefficient was reduced as much as 29% by leading edge roughness. Moment coefficient showed little sensitivity to roughness beyond 50{degrees} angle of attack, but the expected decambering effect of a thicker boundary layer with roughness did show at lower angles. Tests were also conducted with vortex generators located at the 30% chord location on the upper surface only, at 1 and 1.5 million Reynolds numbers, with and without leading edge grit roughness. In general, with leading edge grit roughness applied, the vortex generators restored 85 percent of the baseline level of maximum lift coefficient but with a more sudden stall break and at a higher angle of attack than the baseline.
Reuss, R.L.; Hoffman, M.J.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Boundary-Layer Receptivity to Three-Dimensional Roughness Arrays on a Swept-Wing
On-going efforts to reduce aircraft drag through transition delay focus on understanding the process of boundary-layer transition from a physics-based perspective. For swept-wings subject to transition dominated by a stationary crossflow instability, one of the remaining challenges is understanding how freestream disturbances and surface features such as surface roughness create the initial amplitudes for unstable waves. These waves grow, modify the mean flow and create conditions for secondary instabilities to occur, which in turn ultimately lead to transition. Computational methods that model the primary and secondary instability growth can accurately model disturbance evolution as long as appropriate initial conditions are supplied. Additionally, transition delay using discrete roughness arrays that exploit known sensitivities to surface roughness has been demonstrated in flight and wind tunnel testing; however, inconsistencies in performance from the two test platforms indicate further testing is required. This study uses detailed hotwire boundary-layer velocity scans to quantify the relationship between roughness height and initial disturbance amplitude. Naphthalene flow visualization provides insight into how transition changes as a result of roughness height and spacing. Micron-sized, circular roughness elements were applied near the leading edge of the ASU(67)-0315 model installed at an angle of attack of -2.9 degrees in the Klebanoff-Saric Wind Tunnel. Extensive flow quality measurements show turbulence intensities less than 0.02% over the speed range of interest. A survey of multiple roughness heights for the most unstable and control wavelengths and Reynolds numbers of 2.4 x 10? 2.8 x 10? and 3.2 x 10? was completed for chord locations of 10%, 15% and 20%. When care was taken to measure in the region of linear stability, it was found that the disturbance amplitude varies almost linearly with roughness height. Naphthalene flow visualization indicates that moderate changes in already-low freestream turbulence levels can have a significant impact on transition behavior.
Hunt, Lauren Elizabeth
Simulation of surface roughness during the formation of thermal spray coatings
The formation of a thermal spray coating was analyzed to identify methods to reduce the surface roughness of the coating. A new methodology was developed which uses a string of equally spaced node points to define the shape of the coating surface and to track the shape change as the thermal spray mass is deposited. This allows the calculation of arbitrary shapes for the coating surface which may be very complex. The model simulates the stochastic deposition of a large number of thermal spray droplets, where experimental data is used for the mass flux distribution on the target surface. This data shows that when the thermal spray mass impinges on the target surface, a large fraction of it (over-spray) splashes off the target and is re-deposited with a small spray angle, resulting in a large coating roughness. This analysis was used in a parameter study to identify methods for reducing the coating roughness. Effect of the shape of the profile for the pre-roughened substrate was found to be small. Decreasing the droplet size by a factor of 2 decreased the roughness by 13%. Increasing the spray angle for the over-spray by a factor of 2 decreased the roughness by 50%, and decreasing the amount of over- spray by a factor of 2 decreased the roughness by 51%.
Kanouff, M.P.
Stochastic modeling of random roughness in shock scattering problems: theory and simulations
Random rougness is omnipresent in engineering applications and may often affect performance in unexpected way. Here, we employ synergistically stochastic simulations and second-order stochastic perturbation analysis to study supersonic flow past a wedge with random rough surface. The roughness (of length $d$) starting at the wedge apex is modeled as stochastic process (with zero mean and correlation length $A$) obtained from a new stochastic differential equation. A multi-element probabilistic collocation method (ME-PCM) based on {\\em sparse grids} is employed to solve the stochastic Euler equations while a WENO scheme is used to discretize the equations in two spatial dimensions. The perturbation analysis is used to verify the stochastic simulations and to provide insight for small values of $A$, where stochastic simulations become prohibitively expensive. % We show that the random roughness enhances the lift and drag forces on the wedge beyond the rough region, and this enhancement is proportional to $(d/A)^2$. The effects become more pronounced as the Mach number increases. These results can be used in designing smart rough skins for airfoils for maxiumum lift enhancement at a minimum drag penalty.
Lin, Guang; Su, Chau-Hsing; Karniadakis, George E.
Tailoring interfacial exchange coupling with low-energy ion beam bombardment: Tuning the interface roughness
By ascertaining NiO surface roughness in a Ni{sub 80}Fe{sub 20}/NiO film system, we were able to correlate the effects of altered interface roughness from low-energy ion-beam bombardment of the NiO layer and the different thermal instabilities in the NiO nanocrystallites. From experiment and by modelling the temperature dependence of the exchange bias field and coercivity, we have found that reducing the interface roughness and changing the interface texture from an irregular to striped conformation enhanced the exchange coupling strength. Our results were in good agreement with recent simulations using the domain state model that incorporated interface mixing.
Lin, K.-W.; Shueh, C.; Huang, H.-R.; Hsu, H.-F. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Tiachung 402, Taiwan (China); Mirza, M.; Lierop, J. van [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 (Canada)
Adhesive contact of rough surfaces: comparison between numerical calculations and analytical theories
We have employed a numerical procedure to analyze the adhesive contact between a soft elastic layer and a rough rigid substrate. The solution of the problem is obtained by calculating the Green's function which links the pressure distribution to the normal displacements at the interface. The problem is then formulated in the form of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind with a logarithmic kernel, and the boundaries of the contact area are calculated by requiring that the energy of the system is stationary. The methodology has been employed to study the adhesive contact between an elastic semi-infinite solid and a randomly rough rigid profile with a self-affine fractal geometry. We show that, even in presence of adhesion, the true contact area still linearly depends on the applied load. The numerical results are then critically compared with the prediction of an extended version of the Persson's contact mechanics theory, able to handle anisotropic surfaces, as 1D interfaces. It is shown that, for any given load, Persson's theory underestimates the contact area of about 50% in comparison with our numerical calculations. We find that this discrepancy is larger than what is found for 2D rough surfaces in case of adhesionless contact. We argue that this increased difference might be explained, at least partially, by considering that Persson's theory is a mean field theory in spirit, so it should work better for 2D rough surfaces rather than for 1D rough surfaces. We also observe, that the predicted value of separation is in very good agreement with our numerical results as well as the exponent of the power spectral density of the contact pressure distribution and of the elastic displacement of the solid. Therefore, we conclude that Persson's theory captures almost exactly the main qualitative behavior of the rough contact phenomena.
Giuseppe Carbone; Michele Scaraggi; Ugo Tartaglino
Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition in 4He Films Adsorbed to Rough Calcium Fluoride
Previous measurements in our lab have shown that the onset of superfluidity at the KT transition, typically seen as a sharp change in the frequency of a smooth-surface quartz crystal microbalance, becomes less identifiable in the presence of increasing surface roughness or disorder, while the peak in the dissipation is unchanged. Using a series of microbalances coated with increasingly rough CaF2, we have extended our measurements to lower 4He film coverages and thus lower temperatures. We find at lower 4He coverages that the presence of disorder on the substrate has a diminished effect on the frequency shift.
Luhman, D. R.; Hallock, R. B. [Laboratory of Low Temperature Physics, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003 (United States)
Global Distribution of Ice Cloud Particle Shape and Roughness from PARASOL Satellite Measurements
The energy balance of the Earth is regulated in part by ice clouds, which both reflect shortwave solar radiation and absorb infrared radiation from the Earth. These clouds appear frequently worldwide, with up to 70% coverage in tropical regions. The microphysics of ice clouds determines their radiative properties, and is important for accurately predicting the role of ice clouds in Earth�s energy balance. However, describing the microphysics of ice clouds remains a challenging problem, especially with regard to the shape of ice particles and the degree of ice particle surface roughening. In-situ studies have found evidence for ice surface roughness and have found many complex ice geometries; however, these studies are limited spatially and temporally. An approach which allows large-scale analysis is to retrieve these properties via theoretical modeling using satellite observations of polarized reflectance from ice clouds, since polarized reflectance is sensitive to the shape and roughness of ice particles. The theoretical model requires the scattering properties of simulated ice particles. These properties are obtained for 10 different ice shapes and 17 different levels of surface roughness. Simulations are performed for 3 different effective ice particle diameters: 30, 60 and 90 ?m. Overall, the retrieved shape is dominated by the compact aggregate of columns. Although the exact composition of shapes varies from month to month, the compact aggregate of columns remains the most commonly retrieved shape. The retrieved roughness varies from moderately rough at ? = 0.1 to severely rough at ? = 0.5. Retrieved roughness varies more than shape, and smooth surfaced ice is most prominent in January. Tropical regions tend to have ice particles that are more roughened, while the midlatitudes and polar regions tend to have more smooth ice. In almost all cases, roughened ice represents > 60% of the total retrievals. The asymmetry parameter inferred from the retrieval of ice particle shape and roughness has a mean value near 0.77, with only small differences based on assumed ice effective diameter. The median value of the asymmetry parameter has a nearly constant value of approximately 0.75.
Cole, Benjamin
A Fetch Dependent Model Of Sea Surface Roughness For Offshore Wind Power Utilisation
The sea surface roughness z 0 is usually determined from friction velocity u * with the Charnock relation as z 0 =z ch u * /g, where g is the gravitational acceleration and z ch an empirical parameter, which was meant to be a constant, but turned out to be site specific for sites with coastal influence. Several attempts to improve this relation aim on finding a power law between a non-dimensional sea surface roughness and a non-dimensional group describing the influence of the wave field. The Rdsand field measurement was used to test several proposed relations. A significant
Bernhard Lange; J�rgen H�jstrup; S�ren Larsen; Rebecca Barthelmie
A Controller Design for the Khepera Robot: A Rough Set Approach
The Khepera robot belongs to the family of miniature mobile robots of the K-Team firm. It is used in a number of places for scientific and educational purposes. Considering its advantages (such as small size, precision of movement, ease of control), ... Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Khepera robot, control design, expert system, fuzzy systems, machine learning, rough sets
Zbigniew Suraj; James F. Peters; Piotr Grochowalski
Discovering patterns of missing data in survey databases: An application of rough sets
Databases for data mining often have missing values. Missing data are often mistreated in data mining and valuable knowledge related to missing data is often overlooked. This study discusses patterns of missing data in survey databases. It proposes a ... Keywords: Association rules, Data mining, Knowledge discovery, Missing values, Rough sets, Rule induction, Survey
Hai Wang; Shouhong Wang
Rough Sets in the Interpretation of Statistical Tests Outcomes for Genes Under Hypothetical Balancing Selection
Detection of natural selection at the molecular level is one of the crucial problems in contemporary population genetics. There exists a number of statistical tests designed for it, however, the interpretation of the outcomes is often obscure, because ... Keywords: ATM, BLM, RECQL, WRN, natural selection, neutrality tests, rough sets
Krzysztof Cyran
The Rough Guide to the iPad, 2nd edition
It's an eBook reader. It's a touch-screen computer. It's a games machine. It's a movie player. It's for browsing the web and sending emails. Whatever you think the Apple iPad is, "The Rough Guide to the iPad" will show you that it's so much more, and ...
Peter Buckley
Contribution of Boussinesq pressure and bottom roughness terms for open channel flows with shocks
For high-velocity flows accompanied with hydraulic jump, this paper attempts to evaluate the contribution of non-hydrostatic (i.e., Boussinesq) pressure term and the bottom roughness coefficient. To perform this analysis, we have solved the one-dimensional ... Keywords: high resolution, hydraulic jump, hydrostatic, modeling, shocks
Prasada Rao
Rough Terrain Autonomous Mobility�Part 2: An Active Vision, Predictive Control Approach
Off-road autonomous navigation is one of the most difficult automation challenges from the point of view of constraints on mobility, speed of motion, lack of environmental structure, density of hazards, and typical lack of prior information. ... Keywords: autonomous vehicles, goal-seeking, mobile robots, obstacle avoidance, requirements analysis, rough terrain mobility, terrain mapping, trajectory generation
Alonzo Kelly; Anthony Stentz
Stock Trading Using RSPOP: A Novel Rough Set-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Approach
This paper investigates the method of forecasting stock price difference on artificially generated price series data using neuro-fuzzy systems and neural networks. As trading profits is more important to an investor than statistical performance, this ... Keywords: Forecasting theory, fuzzy neural networks, rough set theory, stock market, time series
K. K. Ang; C. Quek
A New Drag Relation for Aerodynamically Rough Flow over the Ocean
From almost 7000 near-surface eddy-covariance flux measurements over the sea, the authors deduce a new air�sea drag relation for aerodynamically rough flow:Here u* is the measured friction velocity, and UN10 is the neutral-stability wind speed at ...
Edgar L Andreas; Larry Mahrt; Dean Vickers
Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Velocity Variance in the Urban Surface Roughness Layer
Data from six urban areas in a nationwide network of sites within the surface roughness layer are examined. It is found that the average velocity variances in time, derived by averaging the conventional variances from a network of n stations, are ...
Bruce B. Hicks; Elena Novakovskaia; Ronald J. Dobosy; William R. Pendergrass III; William J. Callahan
Rough set-based approach for modeling relationship measures in product planning
Quality function deployment (QFD) provides a planning and problem-solving methodology that is widely renowned for translating customer requirements (CRs) into engineering characteristics (ECs) for new product development. As the first phase of QFD, product ... Keywords: Customer requirement, Engineering characteristic, Quality function deployment, Relationship measure, Rough set
Yan-Lai Li; Jia-Fu Tang; Kwai-Sang Chin; Xing-Gang Luo; Yi Han
Effective thermal conductivity of rough spherical packed beds Majid Bahrami *, M. Michael Yovanovich, J. Richard Culham
relationships. The present model accounts for the thermophysical properties of spheres and the gas, load-dimensional numerical analysis which makes the FEM modeling extremely expen- sive from the calculative point of view [3]. In addition, ther- mal contact resistance (TCR) of rough spheres must be fed into the software as boundary
Bahrami, Majid
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization technique for achieving desired milled surface roughness in minimum machining time
Face milling is a widely used machining operation to produce various components. The finished component depends not only on the dimensional accuracy but also on the surface finish. The present method of selection of machining parameters by trial and ... Keywords: Face milling, Machining parameters, Machining time, Particle Swarm Optimization, Surface roughness
S. Bharathi Raja; N. Baskar
Combining rough set and case based reasoning for process conditions selection in camshaft grinding
Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is a novel paradigm that uses previous cases to solve new, unseen and different problems. However, redundant features may not only dramatically increase the case memory, but also make the case retrieval more time-consuming. ... Keywords: Camshaft grinding, Case based reasoning, Case evaluation, Case reclassify, Feature reduction, Genetic algorithm, Rough set
X. H. Zhang; Z. H. Deng; W. Liu; H. Cao
Exploring the boundary region of tolerance rough sets for feature selection
Of all of the challenges which face the effective application of computational intelligence technologies for pattern recognition, dataset dimensionality is undoubtedly one of the primary impediments. In order for pattern classifiers to be efficient, ... Keywords: Attribute reduction, Classification, Feature selection, Rough sets
Neil Mac Parthal�in; Qiang Shen
The generic genetic algorithm incorporates with rough set theory - An application of the web services composition
Evolutionary computing (EC) techniques have been used traditionally used for solving challenging optimization problems. But the increase in data and information has reduced the performance capacity of the GA, but highlighted the cost of finding a solution ... Keywords: Generic, Genetic algorithm, Rough set, Web services, Web services composition
Wen-Yau Liang; Chun-Che Huang
Uncertainty handling in navigation services using rough and fuzzy set theory
Navigation services, such as used in cars, are widely used nowadays. Many applications, positioning technologies and techniques have been developed to make navigation systems easier to use. However current navigation systems suffer from different aspects ... Keywords: fuzzy set theory, location based services, navigation services, rough set theory, spatio-temporal objects, uncertainty
Anahid Basiri; Pouria Amirian; Adam Winstanley; Colin Kuntzsch; Monika Sester
Effect of Roughness as Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Wetting Properties of PTFE Thin
Effect of Roughness as Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy on the Wetting Properties of PTFE Thin Engineering College of Mines and Earth Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and G. YAMAUCHI films has been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle goniometry. Surface
Drelich, Jaroslaw W.
Transformer fault diagnosis based on reasoning integration of rough set and fuzzy set and Bayesian optimal classifier
In accordance with intelligent complementary strategies, a new transformer fault diagnosis method is proposed based on rough set (RS) and fuzzy set (FS) and Bayesian optimal classifier in this paper. Through RS reduction, the diagnostic decision table ... Keywords: Bayesian optimal classifier, fault diagnosis, fuzzy set, information entropy, intelligent complementary, rough set, transformer
Hongsheng Su; Haiying Dong
Electrochemical machining process for forming surface roughness elements on a gas turbine shroud
The back side recessed cooling surface of a shroud defining in part the hot gas path of a turbine is electrochemically machined to provide surface roughness elements and spaces therebetween to increase the heat transfer coefficient. To accomplish this, an electrode with insulating dielectric portions and non-insulating portions is disposed in opposition to the cooling surface. By passing an electrolyte between the cooling surface and electrode and applying an electrical current between the electrode and a shroud, roughness elements and spaces therebetween are formed in the cooling surface in opposition to the insulating and non-insulating portions of the electrode, hence increasing the surface area and heat transfer coefficient of the shroud.
Lee, Ching-Pang (Cincinnati, OH); Johnson, Robert Alan (Simpsonville, SC); Wei, Bin (Mechanicville, NY); Wang, Hsin-Pang (Rexford, NY)
Energy production rates in fluid mixtures of inelastic rough hard spheres
The aim of this work is to explore the combined effect of polydispersity and roughness on the partial energy production rates and on the total cooling rate of a granular fluid mixture. We consider a mixture of inelastic rough hard spheres of different number densities, masses, diameters, moments of inertia, and mutual coefficients of normal and tangential restitution. Starting from the first equation of the BBGKY hierarchy, the collisional energy production rates associated with the translational and rotational temperatures ($T_i^\\text{tr}$ and $T_i^\\text{rot}$) are expressed in terms of two-body average values. Next, those average values are estimated by assuming a velocity distribution function based on maximum-entropy arguments, allowing us to express the energy production rates and the total cooling rate in terms of the partial temperatures and the parameters of the mixture. Finally, the results are applied to the homogeneous cooling state of a binary mixture and the influence of inelasticity and roughness on the temperature ratios $T_1^\\text{tr}/T_1^\\text{rot}$, $T_2^\\text{tr}/T_1^\\text{tr}$, and $T_2^\\text{rot}/T_1^\\text{rot}$ is analyzed.
Andr�s Santos; Gilberto M. Kremer; Vicente Garz�
The Resonator Impedance Model of Surface Roughness Applied to the LCLS Parameters
The resonator impedance model of surface roughness in a cylindrical beam tube, derived in Ref. 1, is compared to the inductive impedance model of Ref. 2. It is shown that for long, smooth bunches the two models both give an inductive response, that the e#ective inductance per length is proportional to the corrugation depth over the beam pipe radius, and that the absolute results also are comparable. For a non-smooth bunch shape, such as is found in the undulator region of the LCLS, however, the inductive impedance model is no longer valid; and the resonator model gives a non-inductive response, with the induced energy spread decreasing much more slowly with increasing bunch length than for a smooth distribution. When applied to the actual bunch shape and parameters in the LCLS, the resonator model predicts that, to remain within tolerances for induced energy spread, the beam tube roughness must be kept to 10 nm. Further calculations suggest, however, that if the period-to-depth aspect ratio of the surface features is large, #as has been found in recent measurements of polished beam tube surfaces#, then the wake#eld e#ect may be greatly suppressed, and the roughness tolerance greatly increased.
Karl L.F. Bane; Alexander Novokhatskii
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S814 airfoil
Horizontal-axis wind turbine rotors experience unsteady aerodynamics when the rotor is yawed, when rotor blades pass through the support tower wake, and when the wind is gusting. An understanding of this unsteady behavior is necessary to assist in the design of new rotor airfoils. The rotors also experience performance degradation due to surface roughness. These surface irregularities are due to the accumulation of insect debris, ice, and/or the aging process. Wind tunnel studies that examine both the steady and unsteady behavior of airfoils can help define pertinent flow phenomena, and the resultant data can also be used to validate analytical computer codes. An S814 airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) 3 X 5 subsonic wind tunnel (3 X 5) under steady flow with both stationary model conditions and pitch oscillations. To study the extent of performance loss due to surface roughness, a leading edge grit roughness pattern (LEGR) was used to simulate leading edge contamination. After baseline cases were completed, the LEGR was applied for both steady state and model pitch oscillation cases. The Reynolds numbers for steady state conditions were 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 million, while the angle of attack ranged from -20{degrees} to +40{degrees}. While the model underwent pitch oscillations, data were acquired at Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million, at frequencies of 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 Hz. Two sine wave forcing functions {+-}5.5{degrees} and {+-}10{degrees}, were used; at mean angles of attack of 8{degrees}, 14{degrees}, and 20{degrees}. For purposes herein, any reference to unsteady conditions means the model was in pitch oscillation.
Janiszewska, J.M.; Ramsay, R.R.; Hoffmann, M.J.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Improving the Noah Land Surface Model in Arid Regions with an Appropriate Parameterization of the Thermal Roughness Length
Daytime land surface temperatures in arid and semiarid regions are typically not well simulated in current land surface models (LSMs). This study first evaluates the importance of parameterizing the thermal roughness length (z0h) to model the ...
Yingying Chen; Kun Yang; Degang Zhou; Jun Qin; Xiaofeng Guo
A New Scheme for Effective Roughness Length and Effective Zero-Plane Displacement in Land Surface Models
Based on the similarity theory of the atmospheric surface layer and the flux conservation and mass conservation laws, a new scheme for determining the effective roughness length (ERL) and the effective zero-plane displacement (EZPD) for a ...
Zhong Zhong; Wei Lu; Shuai Song; Yaocun Zhang
Influences of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients and Surface Roughness Changes on the Motion of Surface Oil: A Simple Idealized Study
The authors' modeling shows that changes in sea surface temperature (SST) gradients and surface roughness between oil-free water and oil slicks influence the motion of the slick. Physically significant changes occur in surface wind speed, surface ...
Yangxing Zheng; Mark A. Bourassa; Paul Hughes
A Self-Contained Sector-Scanning Sonar for Bottom Roughness Observations as Part of Sediment Transport Studies
Studies and models of sediment transport in the bottom boundary layer require knowledge of the bottom roughness as a parameter affecting the suspension and transport of sediment. Knowledge of this has often been quite imprecise since measurements ...
J. D. Irish; J. F. Lynch; P. A. Traykovski; A. E. Newhall; K. Prada; A. E. Hay
An Improvement of Roughness Height Parameterization of the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) over the Tibetan Plateau
Roughness height for heat transfer is a crucial parameter in the estimation of sensible heat flux. In this study, the performance of the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) has been tested and evaluated for typical land surfaces on the Tibetan ...
Xuelong Chen; Zhongbo Su; Yaoming Ma; Kun Yang; Jun Wen; Yu Zhang
Artificial Neural Network and Rough Set for HV Bushings Condition Monitoring
Most transformer failures are attributed to bushings failures. Hence it is necessary to monitor the condition of bushings. In this paper three methods are developed to monitor the condition of oil filled bushing. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP), Radial basis function (RBF) and Rough Set (RS) models are developed and combined through majority voting to form a committee. The MLP performs better that the RBF and the RS is terms of classification accuracy. The RBF is the fasted to train. The committee performs better than the individual models. The diversity of models is measured to evaluate their similarity when used in the committee.
Mpanza, LJ
Ant Colony Optimization of Rough Set for HV Bushings Fault Detection
Mpanza, J L
Experimental investigation of electric field distributions in a chaotic 3D microwave rough billiard
We present the first experimental study of the electric field distributions E_N of a three-dimensional (3D) microwave chaotic rough billiard with the translational symmetry. The translational symmetry means that the cross-section of the billiard is invariant under translation along z direction. The 3D electric field distributions were measured up to the level number N = 489. In this way the experimental spatial correlation functions C_{N,p}(x,s) ~ were found and compared with the theoretical ones. The experimental results for higher two-dimensional level number N_{|} appeared to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Oleg Tymoshchuk; Nazar Savytskyy; Oleh Hul; Szymon Bauch; Leszek Sirko
Bypass flow in a prismatic high temperature gas reactor (HTGR) occurs between graphite blocks as they sit side by side in the core. Bypass flow is not intentionally designed to occur in the reactor, but is present because of tolerances in manufacture, imperfect installation and expansion and shrinkage of the blocks from heating and irradiation. It is desired to increase the knowledge of the effects of such flow, which has been estimated to be as much as 20% of the total helium coolant flow. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations can provide estimates of the scale and impacts of bypass flow. Previous CFD calculations have examined the effects of bypass gap width, level and distribution of heat generation and effects of shrinkage. The present contribution examines the effects of graphite surface roughness on the bypass flow for different relative roughness factors on three gap widths. Such calculations should be validated using specific bypass flow measurements. While such experiments are currently underway for the specific reference prismatic HTGR design for the next generation nuclear plant (NGNP) program of the U. S. Dept. of Energy, the data are not yet available. To enhance confidence in the present calculations, wall shear stress and heat transfer results for several turbulence models and their associated wall treatments are first compared for flow in a single tube that is representative of a coolant channel in the prismatic HTGR core. The results are compared to published correlations for wall shear stress and Nusselt number in turbulent pipe flow. Turbulence models that perform well are then used to make bypass flow calculations in a symmetric onetwelfth sector of a prismatic block that includes bypass flow. The comparison of shear stress and Nusselt number results with published correlations constitutes a partial validation of the CFD model. Calculations are also compared to ones made previously using a different CFD code. Results indicate that increasing surface roughness increases the maximum fuel and helium temperatures as do increases in gap width. However, maximum coolant temperature variation due to increased gap width is not changed by surface roughness.
Rich Johnson; Yu-Hsin Tung; Hiroyuki Sato
Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Prevalence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating
then �clean� the answer keys, erasing stray pencil marks,deliver the completed answer keys and exams to the CPSin the middle of the answer key, making it more difficult to
Jacob, Brian A.; Levitt, Steve
We have employed a numerical procedure to analyze the adhesive contact between a soft elastic layer and a rough rigid substrate. The solution of the problem is obtained by calculating the Green's function which links the pressure distribution to the normal displacements at the interface. The problem is then formulated in the form of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind with a logarithmic kernel, and the boundaries of the contact area are calculated by requiring that the energy of the system is stationary. The methodology has been employed to study the adhesive contact between an elastic semi-infinite solid and a randomly rough rigid profile with a self-affine fractal geometry. We show that, even in presence of adhesion, the true contact area still linearly depends on the applied load. The numerical results are then critically compared with the prediction of an extended version of the Persson's contact mechanics theory, able to handle anisotropic surfaces, as 1D interfaces. It is shown that, for any ...
Carbone, Giuseppe; Tartaglino, Ugo; 10.1140/epje/i2009-10508-5
Codeposition on hot CVD surfaces: Particle dynamics and deposit roughness interactions
To capture in a tractable manner essential coupling effects in CVD systems when particles generated in thermal boundary layers also deposit, a film theory was developed that predicts simultaneous vapor and particle deposition rates at a hot deposition surface. The codeposition rate prediction method also calculates for the first time the corresponding solid deposit roughness using recently published results of particle-level simulations. For the numerical illustrations, the growth of TiO{sub 2}(s) films by the codeposition of titanium tetra-isopropoxide vapor and film-nucleated/grown TiO{sub 2} particles (generated in the thermal boundary layer) was considered. Experimental rate data for this system are available. The continuum and particle-level simulation methods provide: the interplay of vapor precursor kinetics, particle nucleation, growth, coagulation and diffusion in determining the complex ``structure`` of such multiphase chemically reacting boundary layers; wall deposition rates of both surviving vapors and film-nucleated particles; and the ``self-consistent`` microstructure (surface roughness) of the resulting solid deposit. Timely and tractable generalizations are discussed in the light of recent results for the transport properties and stability of ``fractal-like`` aggregated particles.
Tandon, P.; Rosner, D.E. [Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
Numerical study of roughness distributions in nonlinear models of interface growth
We analyze the shapes of roughness distributions of discrete models in the Kardar, Parisi and Zhang (KPZ) and in the Villain, Lai and Das Sarma (VLDS) classes of interface growth, in one and two dimensions. Three KPZ models in d=2 confirm the expected scaling of the distribution and show a stretched exponential tail approximately as exp[-x^(0.8)], with a significant asymmetry near the maximum. Conserved restricted solid-on-solid models belonging to the VLDS class were simulated in d=1 and d=2. The tail in d=1 has the form exp(-x^2) and, in d=2, has a simple exponential decay, but is quantitatively different from the distribution of the linear fourth-order (Mullins-Herring) theory. It is not possible to fit any of the above distributions to those of 1/f^\\alpha noise interfaces, in contrast with recently studied models with depinning transitions.
Fabio D. A. Aar�o Reis
Experimental and theoretical studies of friction and heat transfer in rough passages
This document discusses activities during this reporting period. A paper based on the results presented in the first final report (DOE/CE/90029-2) and entitled The Role of Transition in Determining Friction and Heat Transfer in Smooth and Rough Passages'' was published in the October issue (Volume 33) of the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. Beginning with the minimum objectives established at the outset of the period covered by this report, the general picture can be summed up as follows: detailed heat transfer and pressure drop (with and without heating) measurements with the smooth tube, fabrication of the eleven (enhanced tube) heat transfer test sections, tests with two of the three Hitachi tubes, and the construction of the liquid test facility were completed. In short, the minimum objectives were, for the most part, accomplished satisfactorily. 6 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Obot, N.T.; Esen, E.B.
Water-waves modes trapped in a canal by a body with the rough surface
The problem about a body in a three dimensional infinite channel is considered in the framework of the theory of linear water-waves. The body has a rough surface characterized by a small parameter $\\epsilon>0$ while the distance of the body to the water surface is also of order $\\epsilon$. Under a certain symmetry assumption, the accumulation effect for trapped mode frequencies is established, namely, it is proved that, for any given $d>0$ and integer $N>0$, there exists $\\epsilon(d,N)>0$ such that the problem has at least $N$ eigenvalues in the interval $(0,d)$ of the continuous spectrum in the case $\\epsilon\\in(0,\\epsilon(d,N)) $. The corresponding eigenfunctions decay exponentially at infinity, have finite energy, and imply trapped modes.
G. Cardone; T. Durante; S. A. Nazarov
A study of pitch oscillation and roughness on airfoils used for horizontal axis wind turbines
Under subcontract XF-1-11009-3 the Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed an extensive database of empirical aerodynamic data. These data will assist in the development of analytical models and in the design of new airfoils for wind turbines. To accomplish the main objective, airfoil models were designed, built and wind tunnel tested with and without model leading edge grit roughness (LEGR). LEGR simulates surface irregularities due to the accumulation of insect debris, ice, and/or the aging process. This report is a summary of project project activity for Phase III, which encompasses the time period from September 17, 1 993 to September 6, 1 994.
Gregorek, G.M.; Hoffmann, M.J.; Ramsay, R.R.; Janiszewska, J.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Surface roughness effects on the solar reflectance of cool asphalt shingles
We analyze the solar reflectance of asphalt roofing shingles that are covered with pigmented mineral roofing granules. The reflecting surface is rough, with a total area approximately twice the nominal area. We introduce a simple analytical model that relates the 'micro-reflectance' of a small surface region to the 'macro-reflectance' of the shingle. This model uses a mean field approximation to account for multiple scattering effects. The model is then used to compute the reflectance of shingles with a mixture of different colored granules, when the reflectances of the corresponding mono-color shingles are known. Simple linear averaging works well, with small corrections to linear averaging derived for highly reflective materials. Reflective base granules and reflective surface coatings aid achievement of high solar reflectance. Other factors that influence the solar reflectance are the size distribution of the granules, coverage of the asphalt substrate, and orientation of the granules as affected by rollers during fabrication.
Akbari, Hashem; Berdahl, Paul; Akbari, Hashem; Jacobs, Jeffry; Klink, Frank
Fluid flow analysis in a rough fracture (type II) using complex networks and lattice Boltzmann method
Complexity of fluid flow in a rough fracture is induced by the complex configurations of opening areas between the fracture planes. In this study, we model fluid flow in an evolvable real rock joint structure, which under certain normal load is sheared. In an experimental study, information regarding about apertures of the rock joint during consecutive 20 mm displacements and fluid flow (permeability) in different pressure heads have been recorded by a scanner laser. Our aim in this study is to simulate the fluid flow in the mentioned complex geometries using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), while the characteristics of the aperture field will be compared with the modeled fluid flow permeability To characterize the aperture, we use a new concept in the graph theory, namely: complex networks and motif analysis of the corresponding networks. In this approach, the similar aperture profile along the fluid flow direction is mapped in to a network space. The modeled permeability using the LBM shows good correlat...
Ghaffari, H; Sharifzadeh, M; Young, R P
Organic photosensitive cells grown on rough electrode with nano-scale morphology control
DOE Patents (OSTI)
An optoelectronic device and a method for fabricating the optoelectronic device includes a first electrode disposed on a substrate, an exposed surface of the first electrode having a root mean square roughness of at least 30 nm and a height variation of at least 200 nm, the first electrode being transparent. A conformal layer of a first organic semiconductor material is deposited onto the first electrode by organic vapor phase deposition, the first organic semiconductor material being a small molecule material. A layer of a second organic semiconductor material is deposited over the conformal layer. At least some of the layer of the second organic semiconductor material directly contacts the conformal layer. A second electrode is deposited over the layer of the second organic semiconductor material. The first organic semiconductor material is of a donor-type or an acceptor-type relative to the second organic semiconductor material, which is of the other material type.
Yang, Fan (Piscataway, NJ); Forrest, Stephen R. (Ann Arbor, MI)
Chamber Surface Roughness and Electron Cloud for the Advanced Photon Source Superconducting Undulator
The electron cloud is a possible heat source in the superconducting undulator (SCU) designed for the Advanced Photon Source (APS), a 7-GeV electron synchrotron radiation source at Argonne National Laboratory. In electron cloud generation extensive research has been done, and is continuing, to understand the secondary electron component. However, little work has been done to understand the parameters of photoemission in the accelerator environment. To better understand the primary electron generation in the APS; a beamline at the Australian Light Source synchrotron was used to characterize two samples of the Al APS vacuum chamber. The total photoelectron yield and the photoemission spectra were measured. Four parameters were varied: surface roughness, sample temperature, incident photon energy, and incident photon angle, with their results presented here.
Boon, Laura
Light emitting diode with high aspect ratio submicron roughness for light extraction and methods of forming
The surface morphology of an LED light emitting surface is changed by applying a reactive ion etch (RIE) process to the light emitting surface. High aspect ratio, submicron roughness is formed on the light emitting surface by transferring a thin film metal hard-mask having submicron patterns to the surface prior to applying a reactive ion etch process. The submicron patterns in the metal hard-mask can be formed using a low cost, commercially available nano-patterned template which is transferred to the surface with the mask. After subsequently binding the mask to the surface, the template is removed and the RIE process is applied for time duration sufficient to change the morphology of the surface. The modified surface contains non-symmetric, submicron structures having high aspect ratio which increase the efficiency of the device.
Li, Ting (Ventura, CA)
Li, Ting
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the LS(1)-0417MOD airfoil
Horizontal axis wind turbine rotors experience unsteady aerodynamics due to wind shear when the rotor is yawed, when rotor blades pass through the support tower wake, and when the wind is gusting. An understanding of this unsteady behavior is necessary to assist in the calculations of rotor performance and loads. The rotors also experience performance degradation caused by surface roughness. These surface irregularities are due to the accumulation of insect debris, ice, and/or the aging process. Wind tunnel studies that examine both the steady and unsteady behavior of airfoils can help define pertinent flow phenomena, and the resultant data can be used to validate analytical computer codes. An LS(l)-0417MOD airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) 3{times}5 subsonic wind tunnel (3{times}5) under steady flow and stationary model conditions, as well as with the model undergoing pitch oscillations. To study the possible extent of performance loss due to surface roughness, a standard grit pattern (LEGR) was used to simulate leading edge contamination. After baseline cases were completed, the LEGR was applied for both steady state and model pitch oscillation cases. The Reynolds numbers for steady state conditions were 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million, while the angle of attack ranged from {minus}20{degrees} to +40{degrees}. With the model undergoing pitch oscillations, data were acquired at Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million, at frequencies of 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 Hz. Two sine wave forcing functions were used, {plus_minus} 5.5%{degrees} and {plus_minus} 10{degrees}, at mean angles of attack of 8{degrees}, 14{degrees}, and 20{degrees}. For purposes herein, any reference to unsteady conditions foil model was in pitch oscillation about the quarter chord.
Janiszewska, J.M.; Ramsay, R.R.; Hoffman, M.J.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the LS(1)-0421MOD airfoil
An LS(1)-0421 MOD airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) 3{times}5 subsonic wind tunnel (3{times}5) under steady flow and stationary model conditions, and also with the model undergoing pitch oscillations. In order to study the possible extent of performance loss due to surface roughness, a leading edge grit roughness (LEGR) pattern was developed to simulate leading edge contamination. After baseline cases were completed, the LEGR was applied for both steady state and model pitch oscillation cases. The Reynolds numbers for steady state conditions were 0.75, 1, and 1.25 million, while the angle of attack ranged from {minus}10{degrees} to +40{degrees}. With the model undergoing pitch oscillations, data was acquired at Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million, at frequencies of 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 Hz. Two sine wave forcing functions were used; {plus_minus} 5.5{degrees} and {plus_minus} 10{degrees}, at mean angles of attack of 8{degrees}, 14{degrees}, and 20{degrees}. For this report, unsteady conditions refer to the model in pitch oscillation. In general, the maximum unsteady lift coefficient was from 10% to 50% higher than the steady state maximum lift coefficient. Variation in the quarter chord pitching moment coefficient was nearly two times greater than steady state values at high angles of attack. These findings indicate the importance of considering the unsteady flow behavior occurring in wind turbine operation for accurate load estimates.
Reuss, R.L.; HOffman, M.J.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S815 airfoil
Horizontal axis wind turbine rotors experience unsteady aerodynamics due to wind shear when the rotor is yawed, when rotor blades pass through the support tower wake, and when the wind is gusting. An understanding of this unsteady behavior is necessary to assist in the calculation of rotor performance and loads. The rotors also experience performance degradation due to surface roughness. These surface irregularities are cause by the accumulation of insect debris, ice, and the aging process. Wind tunnel studies that examine both the steady and unsteady behavior of airfoils can help define pertinent flow phenomena, and the resultant data can be used to validate analytical computer codes. A S815 airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) 3 x 5 subsonic wind tunnel (3 x 5) under steady flow and stationary model conditions, as well as with the model undergoing pitch oscillations. To study the possible extent of performance loss due to surface roughness, a standard grit pattern (LEGR) was used to simulate leading edge contamination. After baseline cases were completed, the LEGR was applied for both steady state and model pitch oscillation cases. The Reynolds numbers used for steady state conditions were 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.4 million, while the angle of attack ranged from {minus}20{degree} to +40{degree}. With the model undergoing pitch oscillations, data were acquired at Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.4 million, at frequencies of 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 Hz. Two sine wave forcing functions were used; {+-}5.5{degree} and {+-}10{degree}, at mean angles of attack of 8{degree}, 14{degree}, and 20{degree}. For purposes herein, any reference to unsteady conditions means that the model was in pitch oscillation about the quarter chord.
Reuss Ramsay, R.; Hoffman, M.J.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Surface Roughness of Stainless Steel Bender Mirrors for FocusingSoft X-rays
We have used polished stainless steel as a mirror substrate to provide focusing of soft x-rays in grazing incidence reflection. The substrate is bent to an elliptical shape with large curvature and high stresses in the substrate require a strong elastic material. Conventional material choices of silicon or of glass will not withstand the stress required. The use of steel allows the substrates to be polished and installed flat, using screws in tapped holes. The ultra-high-vacuum bender mechanism is motorized and computer controlled. These mirrors are used to deliver focused beams of soft x-rays onto the surface of a sample for experiments at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). They provide an illumination field that can be as small as the mirror demagnification allows, for localized study, and can be enlarged, under computer control,for survey measurements over areas of the surface up to several millimeters. The critical issue of the quality of the steel surface, polished and coated with gold, which limits the minimum achievable focused spot size is discussed in detail. Comparison is made to a polished, gold coated, electroless nickel surface, which provides a smoother finish. Surface measurements are presented as power spectral densities, as a function of spatial frequency. The surface height distributions measured with an interferometric microscope, and complemented by atomic force microscope measurements, are used to compute power spectral densities and then to evaluate the surface roughness. The effects of roughness in reducing the specular reflectivity are verified by soft x-ray measurements.
Yashchuk, Valeriy V.; Gullikson, Eric M.; Howells, Malcolm R.; Irick, Steve C.; MacDowell, Alastair A.; McKinney, Wayne R.; Salmassi,Farhad; Warwick, Tony; Metz, James P.; Tonnessen, Thomas W.
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S801 airfoil
Horizontal axis wind turbine rotors experience unsteady aerodynamics due to wind shear when the rotor is yawed, when rotor blades pass through the support tower wake, and when the wind is gusting. An understanding of this unsteady behavior is necessary to assist in the calculation of rotor performance and loads. The rotors also experience performance degradation due to surface roughness. These surface irregularities are due to the accumulation of insect debris, ice, and the aging process. Wind tunnel studies that examine both the steady and unsteady behavior of airfoils can help define pertinent flow phenomena, and the resultant data can be used to validate analytical computer codes. A S801 airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) 3x5 subsonic wind tunnel (3x5) under steady flow and stationary model conditions, as well as with the model undergoing pitch oscillations. To study the possible extent of performance loss due to surface roughness, a standard grit pattern (LEGR) was used to simulate leading edge contamination. After baseline cases were completed, the LEGR was applied for both steady state and model pitch oscillation cases. The Reynolds numbers used for steady state conditions were 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million, while the angle of attack ranged from -20{degrees} to +40{degrees}. With the model undergoing pitch oscillations, data were acquired at Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.4 million, at frequencies of 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 Hz. Two sine wave forcing functions were used, {plus_minus} 5.5 {degrees}and {plus_minus} 10{degrees}, at mean angles of attack of 8{degrees} 14{degrees} and 20{degrees} For purposes herein, any reference to unsteady conditions means that the airfoil model was in pitch oscillation about the quarter chord.
Ramsay, R.R.; Hoffman, M.J.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Enhanced electron transport in dye-sensitized solar cells using short ZnO nanotips on a rough metal anode.
Many efforts have been directed toward the enhancement of electron transport in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using one-dimensional nanoarchitectured semiconductors. However, the improvement resulting from these ordered 1-D nanostructured electrodes is often offset or diminished by the deterioration in other device parameters intrinsically associated with the use of these 1-D nanostructures, such as the two-sided effect of the length of the nanowires impacting the series resistance and roughness factor. In this work, we mitigate this problem by allocating part of the roughness factor to the collecting anode instead of imparting all the roughness factors onto the semiconductor layer attached to the anode. A microscopically rough Zn microtip array is used as an electron-collecting anode on which ZnO nanotips are grown to serve as the semiconductor component of the DSSC. For the same surface roughness factor, our Zn-microtip|ZnO-nanotip DSSC exhibits an enhanced fill factor compared with DSSCs that have ZnO nanowires supported by a planar anode. In addition, the open-circuit voltage of the Zn-microtip|ZnO-nanotip DSSC is also improved due to a favorable band shift at the Zn-ZnO interface, which raises the Fermi level of the semiconductor and consequently enlarges the energy gap between the quasi-Fermi level of ZnO and the redox species. With these improvements, the overall efficiency becomes 1.4% with an open-circuit voltage of 770 mV, while the surface roughness factor of ZnO is approximately 60. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study reveals that the electron collection time is much shorter than the electron lifetime, suggesting that fast electron collection occurs in our device due to the significantly reduced electron collection distance along the short ZnO nanotips. The overall improvement demonstrates a new approach to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells.
Yang, Z.; Xu, T.; Ito, Y.; Welp, U.; Kwok, W. K.; Materials Science Division; Northern Illinois Univ.
Incorporation of Stratification Effects on the Oceanic Roughness Length in the Derivation of the Neutral Drag Coefficient
Based on the assumption that, over the sea, the roughness length of the wind profile scales with the wind stress, a new formulation that describes the drag coefficient as a function of the given neutral drag coefficient and stability is derived. ...
Gerald Geernaert; Kristina B. Katsaros
Effluent Quality Prediction of Wastewater Treatment Plant Based on Fuzzy-Rough Sets and Artificial Neural Networks
Effluent ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removals are the most common environmental and process performance indicator for all types of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this paper, a soft computing ... Keywords: neural network, fuzzy rough sets, input variable selection, wastewater treatment, prediction, soft computing
Fei Luo; Ren-hui Yu; Yu-ge Xu; Yan Li
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 28, NO. 5, PAGES 811-814, MARCH 1, 2001 Parameterizing Tidal Dissipation over Rough
ocean, the energy flux carried by internal waves generated over rough topog- raphy dominates the energy that the inclusion of this dissipation mechanism improves hydro- dynamical models of the ocean tide. It also issues. The first is whether including a parameterization for internal wave energy-flux in a model
Jayne, Steven
Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Building Energy Efficiency Based on Rough Sets Theory
In order to improve the objectivity of building energy efficiency evaluation, this paper uses a new method to evaluate building energy efficiency on the basis of rough sets theory. The contribution of different subentry evaluation indicators to comprehensive evaluation is calculated with the conception of attribute-significance, and then their weights are decided by using weighted normalization. According to characteristics of subentry evaluation indicators, their scores are conformed, in the end their comprehensive evaluation is calculated depending on sums of weight normalization. The model is validated by the swatches that are given on base of the software "DeST". It is concluded that the comprehensive evaluation on base of the model coincides with the result of the software " DeST ". The contribution of shape coefficient is most important among the different factors, and building orientation is next. The method by which weight can be decided with the conception "attribute- significance from RS cuts down man-made factors� interfere., and objective results can be obtained.
Ding, L.; Ruan, X.; Huang, J.; Li, Y.
Effects of surface roughness and vortex generators on the NACA 4415 airfoil
Wind turbines in the field can be subjected to many and varying wind conditions, including high winds with rotor locked or with yaw excursions. In some cases the rotor blades may be subjected to unusually large angles of attack that possibly result in unexpected loads and deflections. To better understand loadings at unusual angles of attack, a wind tunnel test was performed. An 18-inch constant chord model of the NACA 4415 airfoil section was tested under two dimensional steady state conditions in the Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) 7 x 10 Subsonic Wind Tunnel (7 x 10). The objective of these tests was to document section lift and moment characteristics under various model and air flow conditions. These included a normal angle of attack range of {minus}20{degree} to +40{degree}, an extended angle of attack range of {minus}60{degree} to +230{degree}, applications of leading edge grit roughness (LEGR), and use of vortex generators (VGs), all at chord Reynolds numbers as high as possible for the particular model configuration. To realistically satisfy these conditions the 7 x 10 offered a tunnel-height-to-model-chord ratio of 6.7, suggesting low interference effects even at the relatively high lift and drag conditions expected during the test. Significantly, it also provided chord Reynolds numbers up to 2.0 million. 167 figs., 13 tabs.
Image Formation by Incoherent and Coherent Transition Radiation from Flat and Rough Surfaces
In this paper we derive equations for the image formation of transverse profile of a relativistic beam obtained by means of optical transition radiation (OTR) from flat and rough metal surfaces. The motivation behind this study lies in the desire to suppress coherent transition radiation (COTR) observed in experiments at modern free electron lasers. The physical mechanism behind the problem of COTR is that the OTR is predominantly radiated at small angles of order of 1/{gamma} where {gamma} is the relativistic factor of the beam. This means that the transverse formation size of the image is of order of {bar {lambda}}{gamma} where {bar {lambda}} = {lambda}/2{pi} with {lambda} the radiation wavelength. For relativistic beams this can be comparable or even exceed the transverse size of the beam, which would mean that the image of the beam has very little to do with its transverse profile. It is fortuitous, however, that the incoherent image is formed by adding radiation energy of electrons and results in the transverse formation size being of order of {bar {lambda}}/{theta}{sub a}, with {theta}{sub a} is the aperture angle of the optical system. The COTR image, in contrast, is formed by adding electromagnetic field of electrons, and leads to the formation size {bar {lambda}}{gamma}. In situations when the COTR intensity exceeds that of OTR the COTR imaging makes the diagnostic incapable of measuring the beam profile.
Stupakov, Gennady; /SLAC
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the NACA 4415 airfoil
A NACA 4415 airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory 3 x 5 subsonic wind tunnel under steady state and unsteady conditions. The test defined baseline conditions for steady state angles of attack from {minus}10{degree} to +40{degree} and examined unsteady behavior by oscillating the model about its pitch axis for three mean angles, three frequencies, and two amplitudes. For all cases, Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million were used. In addition, these were repeated after the application of leading edge grit roughness (LEGR) to determine contamination effects on the airfoil performance. Steady state results of the NACA 4415 testing at Reynolds number of 1.25 million showed a baseline maximum lift coefficient of 1.30 at 12.3{degree} angle of attack. The application of LEGR reduced the maximum lift coefficient by 20% and increased the 0.0090 minimum drag coefficient value by 62%. The zero lift pitching moment of {minus}0.0967 showed a 13% reduction in magnitude to {minus}0.0842 with LEGR applied. Data were also obtained for two pitch oscillation amplitudes: {+-}5.5{degree} and {+-}10{degree}. The larger amplitude consistently gave a higher maximum lift coefficient than the smaller amplitude, and both unsteady maximum lift coefficients were greater than the steady state values. Stall is delayed on the airfoil while the angle of attack is increasing, thereby causing an increase in maximum lift coefficient. A hysteresis behavior was exhibited for all the unsteady test cases. The hysteresis loops were larger for the higher reduced frequencies and for the larger amplitude oscillations. As in the steady case, the effect of LEGR in the unsteady case was to reduce the lift coefficient at high angles of attack. In addition, with LEGR, the hysteresis behavior persisted into lower angles of attack than for the clean case.
Hoffmann, M.J.; Reuss Ramsay, R.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S809 airfoil
An S809 airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory (OSU/AARL) 3{times}5 subsonic wind tunnel (3{times}5) under steady flow and stationary model conditions, and also with the model undergoing pitch oscillations. To study the possible extent of performance loss due to surface roughness, a standard grit pattern (LEGR) was developed to simulate leading edge contamination. After baseline cases were completed, the LEGR was applied for both steady state and model pitch oscillation cases. The Reynolds numbers for steady state conditions were 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million, while the angle of attack ranged from {minus}20, to +40 {degrees}. With the model undergoing pitch oscillations, data were acquired at Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.4 million, at frequencies of 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 Hz. Two sine wave forcing functions were used; {plus_minus} 5.5{degrees} and {plus_minus} 10{degrees}, at mean angles of attack of 8{degrees}, 14{degrees}, and 20{degrees}. For purposes herein, any reference to unsteady conditions means the model was in pitch oscillation about the quarter chord. In general, the unsteady maximum lift coefficient was from 4% to 86% higher than the steady state maximum lift coefficient, and variation in the quarter chord pitching moment coefficient magnitude was from {minus}83% to 195% relative to steady state values at high angles of attack. These findings indicate the importance of considering the unsteady flow behavior occurring in wind turbine operation to obtain accurate load estimates.
Ramsay, R.F.; Hoffman, M.J.; Gregorek, G.M. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Effects of grit roughness and pitch oscillations on the S810 airfoil
An S810 airfoil model was tested in The Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory 3 x 5 subsonic wind tunnel under steady state and unsteady conditions. The test defined baseline conditions for steady state angles of attack from -20{degrees} to +40{degrees} and examined unsteady behavior by oscillating the model about its pitch axis for three mean angles, three frequencies, and two amplitudes. For all cases, Reynolds numbers of 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 million were used. In addition, the above conditions were repeated after the application of leading edge grit roughness (LEGR) to determine contamination effects on the airfoil performance. Baseline steady state results of the S810 testing showed a maximum lift coefficient of 1.15 at 15.2{degrees}angle of attack. The application of LEGR reduced the maximum lift coefficient by 12% and increased the 0.0085 minimum drag coefficient value by 88%. The zero lift pitching moment of -0.0286 showed a 16% reduction in magnitude to -0.0241 with LEGR applied. Data were also obtained for two pitch oscillation amplitudes: {plus_minus}5.5{degrees} and {plus_minus}10{degrees}. The larger amplitude consistently gave a higher maximum lift coefficient than the smaller amplitude and both sets of unsteady maximum lift coefficients were greater than the steady state values. Stall was delayed on the airfoil while the angle of attack was increasing, thereby causing an increase in maximum lift coefficient. A hysteresis behavior was exhibited for all the unsteady test cases. The hysteresis loops were larger for the higher reduced frequencies and for the larger amplitude oscillations. In addition to the hysteresis behavior, an unusual feature of these data were a sudden increase in the lift coefficient where the onset of stall was expected. As in the steady case, the effect of LEGR in the unsteady case was to reduce the lift coefficient at high angles of attack.
Surface Termination and Roughness of Ge(100) Cleaned by HF and HCl Solutions
Oxide removal from Ge(100) surfaces treated by HCl and HF solutions with different concentrations are systematically studied by synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-PES). SR-PES results show that clean surfaces without any oxide can be obtained after wet chemical cleaning followed by vacuum annealing with a residual carbon contamination of less than 0.02 monolayer. HF etching leads to a hydrogen terminated Ge surface whose hydrogen coverage is a function of the HF concentration. In contrast, HCl etching yields a chlorine terminated surface. Possible etching mechanisms are discussed. Surface roughness after HF and HCl treatments is also investigated by AFM, which shows that HF treatment leaves a rougher surface than HCl. Germanium (Ge) is increasingly being studied for MOSFET applications to take advantage of its high intrinsic electron and hole mobility. To fabricate high performance devices on Ge, it is essential to understand Ge surface chemistry and find an effective way to clean and passivate its surface. Although Si surface cleaning and passivation have been extensively studied, only recently has some research been done on Ge surfaces. Conventional XPS results show that HF etching removes Ge oxide and carbon contamination significantly, and HCl etching leads to a chlorine terminated Ge(111) surface, which only forms Ge monochloride. However, it is difficult to probe the details of the chemical nature of treated surfaces and quantify the surface termination and cleanness with conventional XPS, because of its limited surface sensitivity and resolution. In addition, little attention has been paid to the HF concentration, which turns out to be an important factor in the surface hydrogen passivation. In this work, we study the Ge(100) surfaces treated by aqueous HCl and HF solutions with three different concentrations by synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-PES) at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). Using SR-PES, we can tune the photon energy to achieve very high surface sensitivity and good resolution, so the chemical states of treated surfaces can be resolved unambiguously, and the surface termination and cleanness can be quantified. We find that HF treatment results in a hydrogen terminated surface, and the hydrogen coverage depends on the HF concentration. In contrast, a Cl terminated Ge(100) surface is achieved after HCl treatment. Both monochloride and dichloride are formed on the surface. The termination difference between HF etching and HCl etching can be explained by the etching mechanism. In both cases, the residual carbon and oxygen after chemical etching can be removed by vacuum annealing.
Sun, Shiyu; /SLAC, SSRL
Measurements of Aerodynamic Roughness, Bowen Ratio, and Atmospheric Surface Layer Height by Eddy Covariance and Tethersonde Systems Simultaneously over a Heterogeneous Rice Paddy
The aerodynamic roughness, Bowen ratio, and friction velocity were measured over a rice paddy using tethersonde and eddy covariance (EC) systems. In addition, the height ranges of the atmospheric inertial sublayer (ISL) were derived using the ...
Jeng-Lin Tsai; Ben-Jei Tsuang; Po-Sheng Lu; Ken-Hui Chang; Ming-Hwi Yao; Yuan Shen
Significant Decrease of Uncertainties in Sensible Heat Flux Simulation Using Temporally Variable Aerodynamic Roughness in Two Typical Forest Ecosystems of China
Aerodynamic roughness length zom is an important parameter for reliably simulating surface fluxes. It varies with wind speed, atmospheric stratification, terrain, and other factors. However, it is usually considered a constant. It is known that ...
Yanlian Zhou; Weimin Ju; Xiaomin Sun; Xuefa Wen; Dexin Guan
Separate effects of surface roughness, wettability and porosity on boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux and optimization of boiling surfaces
The separate effects of surface wettability, porosity, and roughness on critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were examined using carefully-engineered surfaces. All test surfaces were prepared on ...
O'Hanley, Harrison Fagan
The Effect of Inaccuracies in Weather-Ship Data on Bulk-Derived Estimates of Flux, Stability and Sea-Surface Roughness
An analytical error analysis (or sensitivity study) is performed for the momentum, heat, and humidity flux estimates made from weather-ship observations by using the bulk flux method. Bulk-derived stability and roughness errors are also examined. ...
Theodore V. Blanc
An Evaluation of Two Models for Estimation of the Roughness Height for Heat Transfer between the Land Surface and the Atmosphere
Roughness height for heat transfer is a crucial parameter in estimation of heat transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere. Although many empirical formulations have been proposed over the past few decades, the uncertainties associated ...
Z. Su; T. Schmugge; W. P. Kustas; W. J. Massman
A Global Climatology of Albedo, Roughness Length and Stomatal Resistance for Atmospheric General Circulation Models as Represented by the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB)
Components of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) of Sellers et al. were used to generate global monthly fields of surface albedo (0.4�4.0 ?m), roughness length and minimum surface (stomatal) resistance.
J. L. Dorman; P. J. Sellers
Reduction of Crosshatch Roughness and Threading Dislocation Density in Metamorphic GaInP Buffers and GaInAs Solar Cells
Surface crosshatch roughness typically develops during the growth of lattice-mismatched compositionally graded buffers and can limit misfit dislocation glide. In this study, the crosshatch roughness during growth of a compressive GaInP/GaAs graded buffer is reduced by increasing the phosphine partial pressure throughout the metamorphic growth. Changes in the average misfit dislocation length are qualitatively determined by characterizing the threading defect density and residual strain. The decrease of crosshatch roughness leads to an increase in the average misfit dislocation glide length, indicating that the surface roughness is limiting dislocation glide. Growth rate is also analyzed as a method to reduce surface crosshatch roughness and increase glide length, but has a more complicated relationship with glide kinetics. Using knowledge gained from these experiments, high quality inverted GaInAs 1 eV solar cells are grown on a GaInP compositionally graded buffer with reduced roughness and threading dislocation density. The open circuit voltage is only 0.38 V lower than the bandgap potential at a short circuit current density of 15 mA/cm{sup 2}, suggesting that there is very little loss due to the lattice mismatch.
France, R. M.; Geisz, J. F.; Steiner, M. A.; To, B.; Romero, M. J.; Olavarria, W. J.; King, R. R.
www.mdpi.org/ijms The Effects of Heat Treatment on the Physical Properties and Surface Roughness of Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.) Wood
Abstract: Heat treatment is often used to improve the dimensional stability of wood. In this study, the effects of heat treatment on the physical properties and surface roughness of Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.) wood were examined. Samples obtained from Kastamonu Forest Enterprises, Turkey, were subjected to heat treatment at varying temperatures and for different durations. The physical properties of heat-treated and control samples were tested, and oven-dry density, air-dry density, and swelling properties were determined. A stylus method was employed to evaluate the surface characteristics of the samples. Roughness measurements, using the stylus method, were made in the direction perpendicular to the fiber. Four main roughness parameters, mean arithmetic deviation of profile (Ra), mean peak-to-valley height (Rz), root mean square roughness (Rq), and maximum roughness (Ry) obtained from the surface of wood were used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the surface characteristics of the specimens. Significant difference was determined (p = 0.05) between physical properties and surface roughness parameters (Ra,Rz, Ry, Rq) for three temperatures and threeInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2008, 9 1773 durations of heat treatment. The results showed that the values of density, swelling and
Derya Sevim Korkut; S�leyman Korkut; Ilter Bekar; Mehmet Budak�?; Tuncer Dilik; Nevzat �ak?c?er
In Brief . .. Stingray Records, Clam Salvage,
- minee), yellow perch , and under- utilized species like freshwater mullet (sucker) .. . The Texas Parks, Calif., at the Bonav e nture Hotel. Simon Ramo , general chairman of the confer- ence, said
Association of coal metamorphism and hydrothermal mineralization in Rough Creek fault zone and Fluorspar District, Western Kentucky
The ambient coal rank (metamorphism) of the Carboniferous coals in the Western Kentucky coalfield ranges from high volatile A bituminous (vitrinite maximum reflectance up to 0.75% R/sub max/) in the Webster syncline (Webster and southern Union Counties) to high volatile C bituminous (0.45 to 0.60% R/sub max/) over most of the remainder of the area. Anomalous patterns of metamorphism, however, have been noted in coals recovered from cores and mines in fault blocks of the Rough Creek fault zone and Fluorspar District. Coals in Gil-30 borehole (Rough Creek faults, Bordley Quadrangle, Union County) vary with no regard for vertical position, from high volatile C(0.55% R/sub max/) to high volatile A (0.89%R/sub max) bituminous. Examination of the upper Sturgis Formation (Missourian/Virgilian) coals revealed that the higher rank (generally above 0.75% R/sub max/) coals had vein mineral assemblages of sphalerite, twinned calcite, and ferroan dolomite. Lower rank coals had only untwinned calcite. Several sites in Webster County contain various coals (Well (No. 8) to Coiltwon (No. 14)) with vitrinite reflectances up to 0.83% R/sub max/ and associated sphalerite mineralization. Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian (Caseyville Formation Gentry coal) coals in the mineralized Fluorspar District have ranks to nearly medium volatile bituminous (1.03% R/sub max/). The regional rank trend exhibited by the fualt zones is generally higher rank than the surrounding areas. Sphalerite mineralization in itself is not unique within Illinois basin coals, but if it was partly responsible for the metamorphism of these coals, then the fluid temperature must have been higher within the above mentioned fault complexes.
Hower, J.C.; Fiene, F.L.; Trinkle, E.J.
Roughness and surface material effects on nucleate boiling heat transfer from cylindrical surfaces to refrigerants R-134a and R-123
This paper presents results of an experimental investigation carried out to determine the effects of the surface roughness of different materials on nucleate boiling heat transfer of refrigerants R-134a and R-123. Experiments have been performed over cylindrical surfaces of copper, brass and stainless steel. Surfaces have been treated by different methods in order to obtain an average roughness, Ra, varying from 0.03 {mu}m to 10.5 {mu}m. Boiling curves at different reduced pressures have been raised as part of the investigation. The obtained results have shown significant effects of the surface material, with brass being the best performing and stainless steel the worst. Polished surfaces seem to present slightly better performance than the sand paper roughened. Boiling on very rough surfaces presents a peculiar behavior characterized by good thermal performance at low heat fluxes, the performance deteriorating at high heat fluxes with respect to smoother surfaces. (author)
Jabardo, Jose M. Saiz [Escuela Politecnica Superior, Universidad de la Coruna, Mendizabal s/n Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, Coruna (Spain); Ribatski, Gherhardt; Stelute, Elvio [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Escola de Engenharia de Sao Carlos (EESC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense 400 Centro, 13566-590 Sao Carlos, SP (Brazil)
Two-phase flow visualization and relative permeability measurement in transparent replicas of rough-walled rock fractures
Understanding and quantifying multi-phase flow in fractures is important for mathematical and numerical simulation of geothermal reservoirs, nuclear waste repositories, and petroleum reservoirs. While the cubic law for single-phase flow has been well established for parallel-plate fractures theoretically and experimentally, no reliable measurements of multi-phase flow in fractures have been reported. This work reports the design and fabrication of an apparatus for visualization of two-phase flow and for measurement of gas-liquid relative permeability in realistic rough-walled rock fractures. A transparent replica of a natural rock fracture from a core specimen is fabricated by molding and casting in clear epoxy. Simultaneous flow of gas and liquid with control of capillary pressure at inlet and outlet is achieved with the Hassler sandwich'' design: liquid is injected to the fracture through a porous block, while gas is injected directly to the edge of the fracture through channels in the porous block. A similar arrangement maintains capillary separation of the two phases at the outlet. Pressure drops in each phase across the fracture, and capillary pressures at the inlet and outlet, are controlled by means of pumps and needle valves, and are measured by differential and absolute pressure transducers. The clear epoxy cast of the natural fracture preserves the geometry of the fracture and permits visual observation of phase distributions. The fracture aperture distribution can be estimated by filling the fracture with a dyed liquid, and making pointwise measurements of the intensity of transmitted light.
Persoff, P.; Pruess, K.; Myer, L.
Interface roughness induced asymmetric magnetic property in sputter-deposited Co/CoO/Co exchange coupled trilayers
The effect of interface roughness on magnetic properties of exchange coupled polycrystalline Co/CoO(t{sub AF})/Co trilayers has been investigated by varying antiferromagnetic layer (CoO) thickness. It has been found that the upper CoO/Co interface becomes rougher with increasing CoO layer thickness, resulting in stronger exchange bias of the upper interface than the lower one. The interfacial exchange coupling is strengthened by the increase of defect-generated uncompensated antiferromagnetic spins; such spins form coupling with spins in the Co layer at the interface. As a result, the CoO layer thickness dependence of exchange bias is much enhanced for the upper Co layer. The transition from anisotropic magnetoresistance to isotropic magnetoresistance for the top Co layer has also been found. This could be attributed to the defects, probably partial thin oxide layers, between Co grains in the top Co layer that leads a switch from spin-orbit scattering related magnetoresistance to spin-dependent electron scattering dominated magnetoresistance.
Wang, J.; Sannomiya, T.; Shi, J.; Nakamura, Y. [Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552 (Japan)
Review of the margins for ASME code fatigue design curve - effects of surface roughness and material variability.
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides rules for the construction of nuclear power plant components. The Code specifies fatigue design curves for structural materials. However, the effects of light water reactor (LWR) coolant environments are not explicitly addressed by the Code design curves. Existing fatigue strain-vs.-life ({var_epsilon}-N) data illustrate potentially significant effects of LWR coolant environments on the fatigue resistance of pressure vessel and piping steels. This report provides an overview of the existing fatigue {var_epsilon}-N data for carbon and low-alloy steels and wrought and cast austenitic SSs to define the effects of key material, loading, and environmental parameters on the fatigue lives of the steels. Experimental data are presented on the effects of surface roughness on the fatigue life of these steels in air and LWR environments. Statistical models are presented for estimating the fatigue {var_epsilon}-N curves as a function of the material, loading, and environmental parameters. Two methods for incorporating environmental effects into the ASME Code fatigue evaluations are discussed. Data available in the literature have been reviewed to evaluate the conservatism in the existing ASME Code fatigue evaluations. A critical review of the margins for ASME Code fatigue design curves is presented.
Chopra, O. K.; Shack, W. J.; Energy Technology
Effects of image charges, interfacial charge discreteness, and surface roughness on the zeta potential of spherical electric double layers
We investigate the effects of image charges, interfacial charge discreteness, and surface roughness on spherical electric double layers in electrolyte solutions with divalent counter-ions in the setting of the primitive model. By using Monte Carlo simulations and the image charge method, the zeta potential profile and the integrated charge distribution function are computed for varying surface charge strengths and salt concentrations. Systematic comparisons were carried out between three distinct models for interfacial charges: 1) SURF1 with uniform surface charges, 2) SURF2 with discrete point charges on the interface, and 3) SURF3 with discrete interfacial charges and finite excluded volume. By comparing the integrated charge distribution function (ICDF) and potential profile, we argue that the potential at the distance of one ion diameter from the macroion surface is a suitable location to define the zeta potential. In SURF2 model, we find that image charge effects strongly enhance charge inversion for monovalent interfacial charges, and strongly suppress charge inversion for multivalent interfacial charges. For SURF3, the image charge effect becomes much smaller. Finally, with image charges in action, we find that excluded volumes (in SURF3) suppress charge inversion for monovalent interfacial charges and enhance charge inversion for multivalent interfacial charges. Overall, our results demonstrate that all these aspects, i.e., image charges, interfacial charge discreteness, their excluding volumes have significant impacts on the zeta potential, and thus the structure of electric double layers.
Zecheng Gan; Xiangjun Xing; Zhenli Xu
Combining a New 3-D Seismic S-Wave Propagation Analysis Combining a New 3-D Seismic S-Wave Propagation Analysis for Remote Fracture Detection with a Robust Subsurface Microfracture-Based Verification Technique FINAL REPORT June 6, 2000-December 31, 2003 Principal Authors: Bob Hardage, M. M. Backus, M. V. DeAngelo, R. J. Graebner, S. E. Laubach, and Paul Murray Report Issue Date: February 2004 DOE Contract No. DE-AC26-00NT40690 Submitting Organization: Bureau of Economic Geology The University of Texas at Austin University Station, Box X Austin, TX 78713-8924 Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
Effect of substrate roughness on the apparent surface free energy of sputter deposited superhydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene coatings: A comparison of experimental data with different theoretical models
We have studied the effect of substrate roughness on the wettability and the apparent surface free energy (SFE) of sputter deposited polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coatings deposited on untreated glass (average roughness, R{sub a}=2.0 nm), plasma etched glass (R{sub a}=7.4 nm), and sandblasted glass (R{sub a}=4500 nm) substrates. The wettability of the PTFE coatings deposited on substrates with varying roughnesses was evaluated by measuring the apparent contact angle (CA) using a series of probe liquids from nonpolar aprotic to polar protic. The wettability measurements indicate that an apparent water CA of 152 deg. with a sliding angle of 8 deg. was achieved for PTFE coatings deposited on a substrate with R{sub a}=4500 nm. The superhydrophobicity observed in these coatings is attributed to the presence of dual scale roughness, densely packed microstructure and the presence of CF{sub 3} groups. Unlike the bulk PTFE which is mainly dispersive, the sputter deposited PTFE coatings are expected to have some degree of polar component due to the plasma treatment. In order to calculate the dispersive SFE of PTFE coatings, we have used the Girifalco-Good-Fowkes (GGF) method and validated it with the Zisman model. Furthermore, the Owens-Wendt model has been used to calculate the dispersive and the polar components of the apparent SFE of the PTFE coatings. These results are further corroborated using the Fowkes method. Finally, an ''equation of state'' theory proposed by Neumann has been used to calculate the apparent SFE values of the PTFE coatings. The results indicate that the apparent SFE values of the PTFE coatings obtained from the Owens-Wendt and the Fowkes methods are comparable to those obtained from the Neumann's method. The analyses further demonstrate that the GGF and the Zisman methods underestimate the apparent SFE values of the sputter deposited PTFE coatings.
Selvakumar, N.; Barshilia, Harish C.; Rajam, K. S. [Surface Engineering Division, National Aerospace Laboratories, CSIR, Bangalore 560 017 (India)
Linear surface smoothening of (Ti{sub 0.48}Al{sub 0.52})N thin films grown on rough substrates
The evolution of surface roughness during the growth of sputter-deposited solid solution (Ti{sub 0.48}Al{sub 0.52})N films on rough high-speed-steel (HSS) substrates has been studied by atomic force microscopy. It has been revealed that the growing (Ti{sub 0.48}Al{sub 0.52})N/HSS film experiences a continuous surface smoothening. Scaling analyses along with surface power spectra calculation of the (Ti{sub 0.48}Al{sub 0.52})N films grown on smooth Si(100) substrates under the same deposition conditions indicate that this surface smoothening is linear and can be explained by a simple linear equation with surface diffusion as the smoothening mechanism and shot noise as the roughening effect. The observed linear surface smoothening in (Ti{sub 0.48}Al{sub 0.52})N/HSS films has also been confirmed by our numerical simulations of the film growth using real HSS and Si(100) substrates as their initial growth conditions and can be understood in terms of the competition between the surface-diffusion-induced decrease in substrate roughness contribution and the noise-driven roughening effect.
Liu, Z.-J.; Shum, P.W.; Shen, Y.G. [Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Engineering Management (MEEM), City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong (China)
Pressure-dependent transition from atoms to nanoparticles in magnetron sputtering: Effect on WSi{sub 2} film roughness and stress
We report on the transition between two regimes from several-atom clusters to much larger nanoparticles in Ar magnetron sputter deposition of WSi{sub 2}, and the effect of nanoparticles on the properties of amorphous thin films and multilayers. Sputter deposition of thin films is monitored by in situ x-ray scattering, including x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering. The results show an abrupt transition at an Ar background pressure P{sub c}; the transition is associated with the threshold for energetic particle thermalization, which is known to scale as the product of the Ar pressure and the working distance between the magnetron source and the substrate surface. Below P{sub c} smooth films are produced while above P{sub c} roughness increases abruptly, consistent with a model in which particles aggregate in the deposition flux before reaching the growth surface. The results from WSi{sub 2} films are correlated with in situ measurement of stress in WSi{sub 2}/Si multilayers, which exhibits a corresponding transition from compressive to tensile stress at P{sub c}. The tensile stress is attributed to coalescence of nanoparticles and the elimination of nanovoids.
Zhou Lan; Wang Yiping; Zhou Hua; Li Minghao; Headrick, Randall L.; MacArthur, Kimberly; Shi Bing; Conley, Ray; Macrander, Albert T. [Department of Physics and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 (United States); Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 (United States)
Draft testimony (very rough start �)
... of natural gas, livestock production, and coal mining ... groups have produced reports and recommendations ... Change Science Program report on the ...
Aleksander hrn Discernibility and Rough
for specific events within the shield material. Furthermore the count rate is low and the resulting poor
... �Obama Includes Broadband, Smart Grids in Stimulus ... and its Grid Wise Architecture Council (GWAC ... areas of the Smart Grid, including transmission ...
Lithium values can be recovered from an aqueous basic solution by reacting the values with a phosphate salt soluble in the solution, forming an aqueous slurry of the resultant aqueous insoluble lithium phosphate, contacting the slurry with an organic cation exchange resin in the acid form until the slurry has been clarified, and thereafter recovering lithium values from the resin. (AEC)
Hansford, D.L.; Raabe, E.W.
Performance characteristics of open-flow liquid desiccant solar collector/regenerator for solar cooling applications. Part I: two dimensional analysis of heat and mass transfer for open flow over rough inclined surfaces
This work presents an analytical approach to simulate the combined heat and mass transfer on the interface between wetted collector surface and ambient air. Emphasis was placed on the development of a mathematical model of turbulent natural convection on an inclined rough plate. The effect of surface velocity is also considered. The systems of partial differential equations governing fluid motion, heat and mass transfer along an inclined flat plate were formulated in terms of vorticity transport and stream function equations. One-equation model of turbulence was used to compute the turbulent viscosity. The length scale used in this model was expressed algebraically in terms of the mixing length. A length scale modified function was derived to take into account the bouyancy effects on turbulence. The effect of surface roughness was taken into a account by introducing a characteristic roughness length. A computational technique was developed to solve the resulting elliptic partial differential equations. This technique involved an 'inflow-outflow' scheme to determine the free boundary conditions at the leading and trailing edges of the inclined plate. The validity of this computational technique was tested and confirmed by some testing problems. Among these are (1) laminar natural convection on an inclined isothermal plate (2) turbulent natural convection on a vertical isothermal plate and (3) turbulent natural convection on an inclined constant heat flux flat plate.
Not Available
Evaluating The Relationships Between Surface Roughness ...
... to eliminate any rotational, or side loading that could ... force load cells, the stationary load cell, and ... Each profile contained a minimum of 2400 data ...
Outlier detection based on rough sets theory
An outlier in a dataset is a point or a class of points that is considerably dissimilar to or inconsistent with the remainder of the data. Detection of outliers is important for many applications and has always attracted attention among data mining research ... Keywords: Outlier detection, anomaly, deviate, mining rarity, non-reduct, rare cases
Faizah Shaari; Azuraliza Abu Bakar; Abdul Razak Hamdan
Advanced Engineering Preliminary Program Planning, Rough Draft
The purpose of this document is to assembly certain job elements which may become part of the Advanced Engineerng Subsection programs, so that those individuals who may be requested to participate in such programs may be aware of the nature and form of Advanced Engineering planning.
Towle, H.C.
A Rough Road Leads To The Stars
and forged to produce the ALSRC body blank (Figure 4). To allow stock for the handle attachments and other bosses to be machined from the blank, it was necessary to forge the...
Surface Orbital 'Roughness' in Colossal Magnetoresistive Oxide...
Y. Wakabayashi, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com See: Y. Wakabayashi, M.H. Upton, S. Grenier, J.P. Hill, C.S. Nelson, J.-W. Kim, P.J. Ryan, A.I. Goldman, H. Zheng, and J.F....
Salvage treatment for childhood ependymoma after surgery only: Pitfalls of omitting 'at once' adjuvant treatment
Purpose: To discuss the results obtained by giving adjuvant treatment for childhood ependymoma (EPD) at relapse after complete surgery only. Methods and Materials: Between 1993 and 2002, 63 children older than 3 years old entered the first Italian Association for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology protocol for EPD (group A), and another 14 patients were referred after relapsing after more tumor excisions only (group B). Prognostic factors were homogeneously matched in the two groups. We report on the outcome of group B. Results: Mean time to first local progression in group B had been 14 months. Tumors originated in the posterior fossa (PF) in 10 children and were supratentorial (ST) in 4; 11 had first been completely excised (NED) and 3 had residual disease (ED). Diagnoses were classic EPD in 9 patients, anaplastic in 5. Eight children were referred NED and 6 ED after two or more operations, 5 had cranial nerve palsy, 1 had recurrent meningitis, and 2 had persistent hydrocephalus. All received radiotherapy (RT) to tumor bed and 5 also had pre-RT chemotherapy. Six of 14 patients (6/10 with PF tumors) had a further relapse a mean 6 months after the last surgery; 4 of 6 died: progression-free survival and overall survival at 4 years after referral were 54.4% and 77%, respectively. Considering only PF tumors and setting time 0 as at the last surgery for group B, progression-free survival and overall survival were 32% and 50% for group B and 52% (p < 0.20)/70% (p < 0.29) for the 46 patients in group A with PF tumors. Local control was 32% in group B and 70.5% in group A (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Relapsers after surgery only, especially if with PF-EPD, do worse than those treated after first diagnosis; subsequent surgery for tumor relapse has severe neurologic sequelae.
Massimino, Maura [Department of Pediatric Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan (Italy)]. E-mail: email@example.com; Giangaspero, Felice [Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome (Italy); INM Neuromed, Pozzilli (Italy); Garre, Maria Luisa [Neurosurgery Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova (Italy); Genitori, Lorenzo [Neurosurgery Unit, Ospedale Meyer, Florence (Italy); Perilongo, Giorgio [Pediatric Department, University of Padova, Padova (Italy); Collini, Paola [Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano (Italy); Riva, Daria [Development Pediatric Neurology Unit, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan (Italy); Valentini, Laura [Neurosurgery II Unit, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan (Italy); Scarzello, Giovanni [Radiotherapy Department, University of Padova, Padova (Italy); Poggi, Geraldina [Research Unit, Istituto Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (Italy); Spreafico, Filippo [Department of Pediatric Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan (Italy); Peretta, Paola [Neurosurgery Unit, Ospedale Infantile Santa Regina Margherita, Torino (Italy); Mascarin, Maurizio [Radiotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (Italy); Modena, Piergiorgio; Sozzi, Gabriella [Department of Cytogentics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan (Italy); Bedini, Nice [Department of Radiotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan (Italy); Biassoni, Veronica [Department of Pediatric Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan (Italy); Urgesi, Alessandro [Radiotherapy Unit, Ospedale Infantile Santa Regina Margherita, Torino (Italy); Balestrini, Maria Rosa [Neurooncology Unit, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan (Italy); Finocchiaro, Gaetano; Sandri, Alessandro [Pediatrics Unit, Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, Turin (Italy); Gandola, Lorenza [Department of Radiotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan (Italy)
EA-1177: Salvage/Demolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area,...
demolish the 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area steam plants and their associated steam distribution piping equipment, and ancillary facilities at the U.S. Department of...
Phase-Field Simulation of Line Edge Roughness in Block ...
... we'd expect. � We used an external �pinning field� at y = 0 and y = Ly to help orient the microdomains. (a) (b) (c) FIG 8: f ...
Rough neural fault classification for hvdc power systems
This Ph.D. thesis proposes an approach to classify faults that commonly occur in a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) power system. These faults are distributed throughout the entire HVDC system. The most recently published techniques for power system ...
Liting Han
Modeling rough energy landscapes in defected condensed matter
This dissertation is a computational and theoretical investigation of the behavior of defected condensed matter and its evolution over long time scales. The thesis provides original contributions to the methodology used ...
Monasterio Vel�squez, Paul Rene
What rough beast? Synthetic Biology and the Future of Biosecurity
Synthetic biology seeks to create modular biological parts that can be assembled into useful devices, allowing the modification of biological systems with greater reliability, at lower cost, with greater speed, and by a ...
Mohr, Scott C.
Heating fuel choice shows electricity and natural gas roughly ...
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Consumption & Efficiency. ... electric power plant emissions. ... computers, electronics and other devices is powered only by electricity.
Effects of Surface Roughness and Surface Energy on Ice Adhesion ...
Ice adheres to steel surfaces when the environment temperature is low. In many cases, ice formation on surfaces is unwanted; therefore, anti-icing techniques�...
Roughness-induced wetting Roland R. Netz* and David Andelman
can be in equilibrium with its solid phase ice at temperatures below the melting point. In this case and the solid phase indicates interfacial premelting. Note that the third phase the ice is entirely different at a glass-ice interface as well as the calculation of the dispersion interaction for the corresponding glass-water-ice
Andelman, David
Characterization on the Roughness of the Iron Ore Particles
Mercury Oxidation and Capture over SCR Catalysts in Simulated Coal Combustion Flue Gas � Microstructural Characterization of Fe-Mn-C Ternary Alloy under�...
Residual Circulations Due to Bottom Roughness Variability under Tidal Flows
Tidal flows over irregular bathymetry are known to produce residual circulation flows due to nonlinear interaction with gradients of depth. Using the depth-averaged vorticity equations, the generation of residual vorticity and residual flows due ...
Thomas F. Gross; Francisco E. Werner
Procedure for estimating fracture energy from fracture surface roughness
The fracture energy of a material is determined by first measuring the length of a profile of a section through a fractured surface of the material taken on a plane perpendicular to the mean plane of that surface, then determining the fractal dimensionality of the surface. From this, the yield strength of the material, and the Young's Modulus of that material, the fracture energy is calculated.
Williford, Ralph E. (Kennewick, WA)
On the Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on Wind Waves
The influence of wind waves on the momentum transfer (wind stress) between the atmosphere and sea surface was studied using new measured data from the RASEX experiment and other datasets compiled by Donelan et al.
H. K. Johnson; J. H�jstrup; H. J. Vested; S. E. Larsen
Petroleum & Other Liquids. Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. Natural Gas
FinFET Sidewall Roughness Measurement And Correlation ...
... RMS. Figure 6. Mobility calculations. (a) Relative electron mobility reduction with increasing ? ... field. (b) Relative electron mobility change with ...
Temporal Characteristics of Abyssal Finescale Motions above Rough Bathymetry
Current-meter data from a two-year mooring within a fracture zone on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the South Atlantic Ocean are reported. The mooring, deployed in conjunction with the Brazil Basin Tracer Release Experiment, was ...
John M. Toole
On the rough folding landscape of green fluorescent protein
aminomethane-hydrogen chloride WHAM Weighted histogramhistogram analysis method (WHAM) algorithm 110 was used towere analyzed using WHAM to determine statistics of
Andrews, Benjamin Thomas
Minimalistic Control of a Compass Gait Robot in Rough Terrain
Although there has been an increasing interest in dynamic bipedal locomotion for significant improvement of energy efficiency and dexterity of mobile robots in the real world, their locomotion capabilities are still mostly ...
Iida, Fumiya
Rough Rock, Arizona: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
Rock, Arizona: Energy Resources Rock, Arizona: Energy Resources Jump to: navigation, search Equivalent URI DBpedia Coordinates 36.4072229°, -109.8728929° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":36.4072229,"lon":-109.8728929,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Urbanism of disassembly : strategies for Alang's shipbreaking industry
Waste is an integral part of our contemporary civilization based on consumption and material culture. From an empty soda can to the spent nuclear fuel rod, we define waste as the matter without immediate use: rotten, broken, ...
Barve, Aditya S. (Aditya Shankar)
Sept 2001 Rough Draft OFFM Policy Letter 02-1.doc
S. Department of Energy S. Department of Energy Office of Science THIS IS A RECOVERY ACT ANNOUNCEMENT RECOVERY ACT (ARRA) - EARLY CAREER RESEARCH PROGRAM Funding Opportunity Number: DE-PS02-09ER09-26 Announcement Type: Initial CFDA Number: 81.049 ISSUE DATE: 07/02/2009 Letter of Intent: 08/03/2009, 4:30 PM Eastern Time A Letter of Intent is encouraged Application Due Date: 09/01/2009, 8:00 PM Eastern Time EFFECTIVE MARCH 12, 2009 DO NOT USE GRANTS.GOV TO SUBMIT APPLICATIONS. USE DOE'S e-Center (IIPS) (https://e-center.doe.gov/). Instructions on the Use of IIPS are located at http://www.sc.doe.gov/grants/IIPS-Instructions.html . Applicants are required to use the compatible version of Adobe Reader software to complete a
The Roughness Length for Heat and Other Vegetation Parameters for a Surface of Short Grass
Observations are presented that were made in the lower 2 m of the atmosphere and in the soil near the Cabauw mast in the Netherlands. The surroundings of the mast are horizontally homogeneous and the soil is covered with short grass. In the air, ...
Peter G. Duynkerke
program contributes to the Department's Energy Security goal through participation in ITER, an experiment to study and demonstrate the sustained burning of fusion fuel. ITER will...
Effect of Surface Roughness of 45S Bioactive Glass on the ...
Their adhesion and proliferation are determined by fluorescent microscopy. ... Improving the Resistance of Ceramic Surfaces to Biofilm Formation ... Sol-Gel Synthesis of Bio-Active Nanoporous Sodium Zirconate Coated on 316L Stainless
Microstructure of Ocean Surface Roughness: A Study of Spatial Measurement and Laboratory Investigation of Modulation Analysis*
This paper describes a technique to measure the spatial structure of short capillary�gravity waves on the water surface. The method is based on optical refraction of a single laser beam crossing the air�water interface to derive the surface slope ...
Global Trends of Sea Ice: Small-Scale Roughness and Refractive Index
Sea ice is one of the most important parameters in the global climate system, specifically the exchange of energy and momentum between the ocean and the atmosphere. In previous studies, a steady decline in Arctic sea ice has been observed over ...
Sungwook Hong; Inchul Shin
Wind Direction Dependence of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence Parameters in the Urban Roughness Sublayer
A variety of atmospheric boundary layer parameters are examined as a function of wind direction in both urban and suburban settings in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, derived from measurements during the Joint Urban 2003 field campaign. Heterogeneous ...
Cheryl Klipp
Development of Large Oil-Free Roughing Pump for Tritium Service
Material and Tritium / Proceedings of the Ninth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (Oak Brook, Illinois, October 7-11, 1990)
T. Hayashi; S. Konishi; M. Yamada; Y. Matsuda; M. Inoue; T. Nakamura; T; Takanaga; Y. Naruse; K. Okuyama
Diamonds in the rough: identification of individual napthenic acids in oil sands process water
Expansion of the oil sands industry of Canada has seen a concomitant increase in the amount of process water produced and stored in large lagoons known as tailings ponds. Concerns have been raised, particularly about the toxic complex mixtures of water-soluble naphthenic acids (NA) in the process water. To date, no individual NA have been identified, despite numerous attempts, and while the toxicity of broad classes of acids is of interest, toxicity is often structure-specific, so identification of individual acids may also be very important. The chromatographic resolution and mass spectral identification of some individual NA from oil sands process water is described. The authors concluded that the presence of tricyclic diamondoid acids, never before even considered as NA, suggests an unprecedented degree of biodegradation of some of the oil in the oil sands. The identifications reported should now be followed by quantitative studies, and these used to direct toxicity assays of relevant NA and the method used to identify further NA to establish which, or whether all NA, are toxic. The two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method described may also be important for helping to better focus reclamation/remediation strategies for NA as well as in facilitating the identification of the sources of NA in contaminated surface waters (auth)
Rowland, Steven J.; Scarlett, Alan G.; Jones, David; West, Charles E. (Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth (United Kingdom)); Frank, Richard A. (Aquatic Ecosystems Protection Research Division-Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario (Canada)
The high-field performance of SRF cavities will eventually be limited by the realization of fundamental material limits, whether it is Hc1 or Hsh, or some derivative thereof, at which the superconductivity is lost. Before reaching this fundamental field limit at the macro level, it must be encountered at localized, perhaps microscopic, sites of field enhancement due to local topography. If such sites are small enough, they may produce thermally stabilized normal-conducting regions which contribute non-linear losses when viewed from the macro resonant field perspective, and thus produce degradation in Q0. We have undertaken a calculation of local surface magnetic field enhancement from specific fine topographic structure by conformal mapping method and numerically. A solution of the resulting normal conducting volume has been derived and the corresponding RF Ohmic loss simulated.
Chen Xu,Charles Reece,Michael Kelley
Contact Mechanics Modeling of Homogeneous and Layered Elastic-Plastic Media: Surface Roughness and Adhesion Effects
H. , 2003. Fracture mechanics analysis of thin coatingsK.L. , 1985. Contact Mechanics, Cambridge University Press,J. , Chaboche, J. L. , 1994. Mechanics of Solid Materials.
Song, Zhichao
Evolution of Turbine Blade Deposits in an Accelerated Deposition Facility: Roughness and Thermal Analysis.
??During the operation of a gas turbine, ingested contaminants present in the air form deposits on the surfaces of the turbine blades. These deposits grow� (more)
Wammack, James Edward 1979-
Improved global bathymetry, global sea floor roughness, and deep ocean mixing
General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Hom. http://Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO). http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/in the South Atlantic ocean, Tectonophysics, 210, 235-253.
Becker, Joseph Jeffrey
Improved Global Bathymetry, Global Sea Floor Roughness, and Deep Ocean Mixing
Becker, Joseph J
Pilot study of horizontal roughing filtration in northern Ghana as pretreatment for highly turbid dugout water
In Northern Region Ghana (NRG), highly turbid rainwater runoff and intermittent streams are collected in earthen dams called dugouts. These dams serve as many communities' main source of drinking and domestic water despite ...
Losleben, Tamar
A Coupled Air�Sea Mesoscale Model: Experiments in Atmospheric Sensitivity to Marine Roughness
A coupled air�sea numerical model comprising a mesoscale atmospheric model, a marine circulation model, and a surface wave model is presented. The coupled model is tested through simulations of an event of frontal passage through the Lake Erie ...
Jordan G. Powers; Mark T. Stoelinga
Unifying weighting and case reduction methods based on rough sets to improve retrieval
Case-Based Reasoning systems usually retrieve cases using a similarity function based on K-NN or some derivatives. These functions are sensitive to irrelevant or noisy features. Weighting methods are used to extract the most important information ...
Maria Salam�; Elisabet Golobardes
Scale e ects related to ow in rough fractures Y. M eheust and J. Schmittbuhl
the numerical point of view, it im- poses a superior limit to the size N of the grid used for sampling local
Schmittbuhl, Jean
OF PROPOSALS FOR COST SHARED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy NANOMANUFACTURING FOR ENERGY...
On Two-Phase Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure of Rough-Walled Rock Fractures
range of conditions multiphase flows in porous media can befor describing multiphase flow in porous media. Given themultiphase flow is in petroleum reservoirs, many of which are situated in fractured-porous
Pruess ed, K.; Tsang, Y.W.
using a standard solar spectrum as a weighting function. Inmeasured with a Solar Spectrum Reflectometer as discussed ina Devices & Services Solar Spectrum Reflectometer (SSR) set
Berdahl, Paul
The National Hurricane Research Project: 50 Years of Research, Rough Rides, and Name Changes
After the disastrous Atlantic hurricane season of 1954, the Weather Bureau created the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) to advance tropical cyclone science and improve forecasts. In the late 1950s, NHRP pioneered quantitative ...
Neal M. Dorst
number. The reported studies have focused on flow over smooth surfaces. In industrial applications )sin( 2 2 =++ + dx Ud U D f g dx dP Equation 2 Most friction factor correlations used in industry with an internal diameter of 150 mm were made of honed steel tubing to ensure high quality tolerance of the inner
Gudmundsson, Jon Steinar
1:30PM, EE1+ Interface Roughness Broadening of Intersubband ...
Growth of InGaAsP on InP DFB Laser Gratings by Solid Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy: W.-Y. HWANG, J.N. Baillargeon, A.Y. Cho, S.N.G. Chu, P.F. Jr. Sciortino
Importance of Thermal Effects and Sea Surface Roughness for Offshore Wind Resource Assessment
The economic feasibility of offshore wind power utilisation depends on the favourable wind conditions offshore as compared to sites on land. The higher wind speeds have to compensate the additional cost of offshore developments. However, not only the mean wind speed is different, but the whole flow regime, as can e.g. be seen in the vertical wind speed profile. The commonly used models to describe this profile have been developed mainly for land sites. Their applicability for wind power prediction at offshore sites is investigated using data from the measurement program Rdsand, located in the Danish Baltic Sea.
Bernhard Lange; S�ren Larsen; J�rgen H�jstrup Rebecca Barthelmie; J�rgen H�jstrup; Rebecca Barthelmie; Bernhard Lange
Modeling the Effects of Land�Sea Roughness Contrast on Tropical Cyclone Winds
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University�National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU�NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate tropical cyclone (TC) wind distribution near landfall. On an f plane at 15�N, the effects of the ...
Martin L. M. Wong; Johnny C. L. Chan
A Study of Surface Roughness in the Micro-End-Milling Process
adaptive control of end milling operations,� Proc. NAMRC-iv,generation in dynamic milling,� ASME J. Eng. Ind. , 113,produced with the micro- end-milling process. Alauddin, M. ,
Lee, Kiha; Dornfeld, David A
A possible experiment at LEUTL to characterize surface roughness Wakefield effects
of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) Linear Accelerator,�Line (LEUTL) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne
Discontinuous Forcing Generating Rough Initial Conditions in 4DVAR Data Assimilation
The impact of discontinuous model forcing on the initial conditions obtained from 4DVAR data assimilation is studied with mathematic analyses, idealized numerical examples, and more realistic meteorological cases. The results show that a ...
Chungu Lu; Gerald L. Browning
An analysis of terrain roughness: Generating a GIS application for prescribed burning.
??Prescribed burning is a technique used to rejuvenate pastures by enhancing wildlife habitat, brush control, and removing old growth. The technique has become a science� (more)
Crawford, Matthew Allan
Importance of Low-Frequency Contributions to Eddy Fluxes Observed over Rough Surfaces
Eddy covariance flux observations at a deciduous temperate forest site (83 days) and at a boreal forest site (21 days) are analyzed for midday periods (1100�1400 LT). Approximate stationarity of the time series is demonstrated, and the ensemble-...
Ricardo K. Sakai; David R. Fitzjarrald; Kathleen E. Moore
ROUGH DRAFT Temperature Dependent Lifetime Measurements of Fluorescence from a Phosphor
to a computer for analysis. #12;Communication between the Tektronix Model 320 DSO and an external computer) to learn computer-based data acquisition and analysis procedures for measuring temperature dependent with LaS04:Eu phosphor compound; heater block with temperature control; thermocouple and thermocouple
Dai, Pengcheng
The effect of straightening and grinding of welds on track roughness.
??Rail is a very expensive component of the railway track. Therefore, research methods extending rail life have great economic importance. During the past thirty years� (more)
Bona, Melissa Ellen
A Comprehensive Aerological Reference Data Set (CARDS): Rough and Systematic Errors
The possibility of anthropogenic climate change and the possible problems associated with it are of great interest. However, one cannot study climate change without climate data. The Comprehensive Aerological Reference Data Set (CARDS) project ...
Robert E. Eskridge; Oleg A. Alduchov; Irina V. Chernykh; Zhai Panmao; Arthur C. Polansky; Stephen R. Doty
in part supported by the California Energy Commission (CEC)by the University of California for the U. S. Dept. of
Combined Use of Vegetation Density, Friction Velocity, and Solar Elevation to Parameterize the Scalar Roughness for Sensible Heat
Monin-Obukhov similarity was used to calculate sensible heat fluxes (Hc) at an array of up to 20 surface flux measurement sites on five days in 1987 and 1989 during the First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field ...
Russell Qualls; Thomas Hopson
A strategy to reduce flooding in grid Fisheye State routing GFSR protocol with weighted rough set model using MANET
A mobile ad hoc networks consist of wireless hosts that may move often. Movement of host results to changes in path. The well-known Fisheye State Routing FSR protocol determines a route when no route exists or route breaks. To establish new path from ...
S. Nithya Rekha; C. Chandrasekar
An axisymmetric numerical elastic contact model for application to the transmission of ultrasound across a rough interface
Ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements are a useful indicator of certain kinds of problems in concrete. A number of tests are often performed on a grid so as to construct a contour map of the velocity of sound which aids the recognition of problem areas. The application of a viscous couplant at each grid point
R. Long; M. Lowe; P. Cawley
Environmental assessment for transuranic waste work-off plan, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Rough draft: Final report
The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) generates transuranic (TRU) waste in a variety of programs related to national defense. TRU waste is a specific class of radioactive waste requiring permanent isolation. Most defense-related TRU waste will be permanently disposed of in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). WIPP is a deep geologic repository located in southeastern New Mexico and is now in the testing phase of development. All waste received by Wipp must conform with established Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC). The purpose of the proposed action is to retrieve stored TRU waste and prepare the waste for shipment to and disposal WIPP. Stored TRU waste LANL is represented by four waste forms. The facilities necessary for work-off activities are tailored to the treatment and preparation of these four waste forms. Preparation activities for newly generated TRU waste are also covered by this action.
Rough Draft! Please don't quote. Hot and Heavy Matters in the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics
Mechanics Craig Callender Department of Philosophy, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA 1. INTRODUCTION Is thermodynamics true of self-gravitating systems? Or better put, does equilibrium statistical mechanics foundational projects in statistical mechanics. By considering it, we increase our understanding
Wüthrich, Christian
Rebates thRough salaRy sacRifice (uNsW and other approved organisations)
assessment n health & cardiac risk factors n postural & functional analysis n stress management The results is designed to help you take an active role in improving your quality of life. At the Lifestyle Clinic, we use've experienced before. Our scientifically-based programs and friendly university-trained staff listen to what you
New South Wales, University of
Experimental investigation of effects of surface roughness, wettability and boiling-time on steady state and transient CHF for nanofluids
Critical Heat Flux (CHF) is one of the primary design constraints in a nuclear reactor. Increasing the CHF of water can enhance the safety margins of the current fleet of Light Water Reactors (LWRs) and/or increase their ...
Sharma, Vivek Inder
Influence of Bottom Friction on Sea Surface Roughness and Its Impact on Shallow Water Wind Wave Modeling
Using a selected subset of the measured data obtained in shallow waters near Vindeby, Denmark, during RASEX (Ris� Air�Sea Experiment), the role of bottom friction dissipation in predicting wind waves (not swell) is assessed with a third-...
Hakeem K. Johnson; Henrik Kofoed-Hansen
Effects of Land Use and Meteorological Conditions on Local and Regional Momentum Transport and Roughness for Midwestern Cropping Systems
Eddy covariance measurements of wind speed u and shear velocity u* from tower- and aircraft-based systems collected over rapidly developing corn- (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields were used in determining the local and ...
William P. Kustas; John H. Prueger; J. Ian MacPherson; Mengistu Wolde; Fuqin Li
Thermal annealing in hydrogen for 3-D profile transformation on silicon-on-insulator and sidewall roughness reduction
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UniversityProfessor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences atof Electrical Engineering and Com- puter Sciences,
Lee, MCM; Wu, Ming C
Variation of Bulk-Derived Surface Flux, Stability, and Roughness Results Due to the Use of Different Transfer Coefficient Schemes
Ten published bulk transfer coefficient schemes are used with more than 2600 sets of shipboard observations made in the North Atlantic at Ocean Station C over a one-year period. Using the same input data, the differences in the various ...
Alkaline Biofiltration of H2S Odors A R M A N D O G O N Z A L E Z -S A N C H E Z , ,
, and biogas production. Its distinct rotten eggs smell can be detected in air at levels lower than 1 ppbv. H2S biotreatment approach has been developed for the removal of H2S from biogas (10, 11). It consists of two steps
Data Mining in Business Intelligence Professor Hui Xiong
Milk Financial Fraud Detection · Inside Trading, Market Manipulation, Fraud #12;1/23/2010 2 Spoiled by One Very Rotten Apple Rogue Trader's $7.14 Billion Loss · Biggest Bank Fraud in History 2008: Bank of fictitious transactions · China Aviation Oil (CAO), Chen Jiulin, led to a loss of $550 million Business
Slide 1
Battery Expected Life Span Battery Salvage Value Conditional Firm Incentives Tariff - Energy Charge Tariff - Capacity Charge - Up to 5 different rate classes - Up to 2 seasons...
BWXTymes, October 2004: Y-12 newsletter
istration building were salvaged for historic preservation purposes. Some handrails and brass doorknobs from 9704-2 will be incorpo- rated in the design of the new administration...
... groute. grower. growth. gun. habitat. halt. harden. hardware. ... safe. safer. said. sale. salvage. santa. santiago. ... see. seek. seen. sell. senior. separate. separatist ...
Rough cost estimates of solar thermal/coal or biomass-derived fuels. [Hybrid approach: solar thermal plus either coal or biomass
The production of a synthetic fuel from a solar thermal resource could provide a means of replacing critical liquid and gaseous fossil fuels. The solar thermal resource is large and economics favors a southwestern site. A synthetic fuel would provide a desirable product and a means of transporting solar thermal energy to large load centers outside the southwest. This paper presents cost data for one method of producing synthetic methane. A hybrid approach was chosen, a combination of solar thermal and either coal or biomass. The magnitude of the solar thermal resource is estimated as well as projected cost. Cost projections for coal and biomass are accumulated. The cost of synthetic gas from a hybrid and a conventional fuel source are compared.
Copeland, R. J.
956 Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 36, no. 3B, September, 2006 Surface Roughness of Thin Gold Films and its Effects on the Proton Energy Loss Straggling
(QCB). The sputtering system is evacuated using a small turbo molecular pump with an oil free rotary pump, reaching a pres- sure below 10 mTorr. Samples were prepared with three dif- ferent deposition
Vargas, Patricio
Rough order of magnitude cost estimate for immobilization of 18.2 MT of plutonium sharing existing facilities at Hanford with pit disassembly {ampersand} conversion facility: alternative 2
The purpose of this Cost Estimate Report is to identify preliminary capital and operating costs for a facility to immobilize 18.2 metric tons (nominal) of plutonium as a ceramic in an existing facility at Hanford, the Fuels and Materials Examination Facility (FMEF). The Pit Disassembly and Conversion Facility (PDCF), which is being costed in a separate report will also be located in the FMEF in this co- location option. The technical engineering data used as the basis for this study is presented in the EIS Data Call Input Report, `Plutonium Immobilization Plant Using Ceramic in Existing Facilities at Hanford.` The FMEF will require minimal facility modifications to accommodate the Plutonium Immobilization Plant (PIP). Adequate space is available within the FMEF for installation of the immobilization process equipment. Facility HVAC, utility, and support systems exist to support the immobilization operations. Building modifications are primarily the removal of the SAF line (gloveboxes and support equipment) on the 70` level and building interior changes. The plutonium immobilization equipment will primarily occupy the 42` and 70` levels of the FMEF, with the same equipment layout as in the sole occupancy case. The Pit Disassembly and Conversion Facility would occupy the 21` and O` (Entry) levels. Elements of the FMEF and adjacent Fuel Assembly Area (FAA) that will be shared by PIP and PDCF include shipping and receiving, laboratory, waste handling, security, offices, maintenance shops, SNM storage vault, and utilities. It was assumed that the existing utilities and support systems are adequate or only need minor upgrades to support both the PIP and PDCF. The PIP cost estimate was reconciled with the PDCF cost estimate to confirm the use and costs of shared systems and personnel. The facility design for a 50 metric ton plutonium throughput plant will be used for the 18.2 metric ton facility. Plutonium conversion operations will operate at the same design rate as the 50 metric ton facility over the 10 year operating period. Some of the process equipment will operate for a shorter period of time and fewer operators will be required. The assumptions, missions, design bases, facility and process descriptions, and accident analyses are the same. Therefore it is assumed that the capital cost for the 18.2 metric ton facility is identical to that of the 50 metric ton facility. However, the following operating costs will be less: consumable materials, equipment replacement and maintenance labor, employment requirements, and waste generation.
DiSabatino, A., LLNL
Rough order of magnitude cost estimate for immobilization of 50 MT of plutonium sharing existing facilities at Hanford with pit disassembly {ampersand} conversion facility: alternative 11
The purpose of this Cost Estimate Report is to identify preliminary capital and operating costs for a facility to immobilize 50 metric tons (nominal) of plutonium as a ceramic in an existing facility at Hanford, the Fuels and Materials Examination Facility (FMEF). The Pit Disassembly and Conversion Facility (PDCF), which is being costed in a separate report by LANL, will also be located in the FMEF in this co-location option.
Substrate recovery of Mo-Si multilayer coated optics
Imaging optics in a soft x-ray projection lithography (SXPL) system must meet stringent requirements to achieve high throughput and diffraction limited performance. Errors in the surface figure must be kept to less than {approximately}1 nm and the rms surface roughness must be less than 0.1 nm. The ML coatings must provide high reflectivity (> 60%) at wavelengths in the vicinity of 13 nm. The reflectivity bandpasses of the optics must be aligned within 0.05 nm. Each coating must be uniform across the surface of the optic to within 0.5%. These specifications challenge the limits of the current capabilities in optics fabrication and ML deposition. Consequently a set of qualified SXPL imaging optics is expected to be expensive, costing in the range of 100--250 k$. If the lifetime of the imaging optics is short, the replacement cost could significantly impact the economic competitiveness of the technology. The most likely failure modes for the imaging optics are mechanisms that degrade the ML coatings, but which leave the substrates intact. A potentially low cost solution for salvaging the imaging optics could be to strip the damaged ML coating to recover the substrate and then deposit a new coating. In this paper the authors report on the use of reactive ion etching (RIE) to remove Mo-Si ML coatings from precision optical substrates. The goal of this work was to characterize the etching process both in the ML film and at the substrate, and to determine the effects of the etching on the surface figure and finish of the substrate.
Stearns, D.G.; Baker, S.L.
EA-1177: Finding of No Significant Impact | Department of Energy
No Significant Impact SalvageDemolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area Steam Plants Based on the analysis in the EA, and in the absence of any public comments, I...
National Environmental Policy Act
National Laboratory (ORNL) CX-ORR-13-007 SC 9172013 Timber Salvage from Pine Ridge Storm Damage CX-ORR-13-008 SC 9252013 Office of Secure Transportation Multiple Actions...
LINE -l (b) SLOPE INTERNAL Rmin 1.25 Rmin REQUIRED REFLUX'" 8.00 x OVERHEADline~-10 years (zero salvage) 3% of FIXED CAPITAL 0.70% of FIXED CAPITAL TOTAL FIXED COST PLANT OVERHEAD
Wilke, Charles R.
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
lrtiure that It is lmpcsslble for nraterisls of this type to los* ths;:- ident?ty or to enter commercial channels through sales or ttsnsfsr cf r;r- plus property, salvage, and...
The Certification Information System: Managing Chain-of-Custody
Additional Benefits Beyond COC! Bar Code Based Data Collection/ Inventory Management #12;content content 2 and Product Attributes Manufacturers Wholesalers Shippers Wholesalers Dealers Secondary Manufacturers scanned as are broken down Rough units removed from rough inventory Lumber Manufacturing Processes Rough
Urban marine ecology in southern California: the ability of riprap structures to serve as rocky intertidal habitat
jetties, breakwaters, and armored shorelines. Roughly 30% ofjetties, breakwa- ters, and armored shorelines. Roughly 30%Walther SM (2002) ArtiWcial armored shore- lines: sites for
Pister, Benjamin
Cyclotomic Polynomials -- Andrew Arnold and Michael Monagan
Our implementation of the SPS algorithm is roughly an order of magnitude faster ... This improves on the SPS algorithm by roughly another order of magnitude.
Have you ever bitten into what appears to be a perfectly ripe peach only to discover that it
bitten into what appears to be a perfectly ripe peach only to discover that it bitten into what appears to be a perfectly ripe peach only to discover that it was rotten and tasted terrible? Project reports to management can be very similar to this experience. DOE executes a diverse portfolio of capital asset projects that are of such size and complexity they must be programmed, planned, budgeted, and executed over multiple fiscal years. Because of this, a number of tools assist the Federal Project Director (FPD) in making sound decisions to successfully complete a project within its Performance Baseline (PB), and provide independent assessments to the Acquisition Executive. Project reviews are one such tool. Project reviews are a valuable tool and can vary significantly in intensity, frequency, duration
Renewable Natural Gas
Natural Gas Natural Gas JOHN DAVIS: The use of clean, domestic natural gas as highway fuel in place of imported oil is growing in popularity with fleets and trucking companies. While natural gas from underground deposits is arguably a limited resource, there is a renewable, eco-friendly resource that we have right here in the U.S.A. And we're here now to give you the straight poop! Every family, farm animal and food processing plant in America produces organic waste that creates a mix of methane, CO2 and other elements called bio gas when it decomposes. Rotten vegetables, moldy bread, last night's leftovers --- they all break down when our garbage gets to the land fill. Incredibly, for
Bibliography and Literature Database, Ecology of the Southern California Bight
waddensea; ecosystem Influence of oil shale on intertidalorganisms: Effect of oil shale surface roughness on
Allen, L
Diffraction shaders
Keywords: Fourier transform, Kirchoff theory, diffraction, random processes, rough surface scattering, shading models
Jos Stam
Remedial Investigation Work Plan for Upper East Fork Poplar Creek Operable Unit 3 at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Environmental Restoration Program
Upper East Fork Popular Creek Operable Unit 3 (UEFPC OU 3) is a source term OU composed of seven sites, and is located in the western portion of the Y-12 Plant. For the most part, the UEFPC OU 3 sites served unrelated purposes and are geographically removed from one another. The seven sites include the following: Building 81-10, the S-2 Site, Salvage Yard oil storage tanks, the Salvage Yard oil/solvent drum storage area, Tank Site 2063-U, the Salvage Yard drum deheader, and the Salvage Yard scrap metal storage area. All of these sites are contaminated with at least one or more hazardous and/or radioactive chemicals. All sites have had some previous investigation under the Y-12 Plant RCRA Program. The work plan contains summaries of geographical, historical, operational, geological, and hydrological information specific to each OU 3 site. The potential for release of contaminants to receptors through various media is addressed, and a sampling and analysis plan is presented to obtain objectives for the remedial investigation. Proposed sampling activities are contingent upon the screening level risk assessment, which includes shallow soil sampling, soil borings, monitoring well installation, groundwater sampling, and surface water sampling. Data from the site characterization activities will be used to meet the above objectives. A Field Sampling Investigation Plan, Health and Safety Plan, and Waste Management Plan are also included in this work plan.
Demo: SmartLake: lightweight sensing and optimizing cleanup of algae blooms on Taihu Lake
Facing the still unclear growth regularity of blooms, we propose rapid lightweight estimating method for the discovery of algae blooms. An application-specific approximate algorithm for timely dispatching salvaging boats is designed to minimize the total ... Keywords: algae blooms sensing, schedule algorithm
Dong Li; Zijiang Wang; Chenda Hou; Le Zhang; Ze Zhao; Li Cui
Transitional relief housing for tsunami victims of Tamil Nadu, India
In the wake of the recent tsunami that swept across Asia, there is a dire need to salvage and rebuild the lives and livelihoods that were swept away. The aim of this thesis project is to design and model a transitional ...
Jin, Shauna
II I I II I I I I I The Real Message
venture capital! For those who don't already know, Biosphere 2 is a futuristic glass and steel "greenhouse ocean complete with coral reef. Biosphere 2 re- ceives energy as sunlight and as electricity (from Gods fashioned of stainless steel salvaged from the Los Alamos atomic bomb project
Avise, John
Energy Reductions Using Next-Generation Remanufacturing Techniques
The goal of this project was to develop a radically new surface coating approach that greatly enhances the performance of thermal spray coatings. Rather than relying on a roughened grit blasted substrate surface for developing a mechanical bond between the coating and substrate, which is the normal practice with conventional thermal spraying, a hybrid approach of combining a focused laser beam to thermally treat the substrate surface in the vicinity of the rapidly approaching thermally-sprayed powder particles was developed. This new surface coating process is targeted primarily at enabling remanufacturing of components used in engines, drive trains and undercarriage systems; thereby providing a substantial global opportunity for increasing the magnitude and breadth of parts that are remanufactured through their life cycle, as opposed to simply being replaced by new components. The projected benefits of a new remanufacturing process that increases the quantity of components that are salvaged and reused compared to being fabricated from raw materials will clearly vary based on the specific industry and range of candidate components that are considered. At the outset of this project two different metal processing routes were considered, castings and forgings, and the prototypical components for each process were liners and crankshafts, respectively. The quantities of parts used in the analysis are based on our internal production of approximately 158,000 diesel engines in 2007. This leads to roughly 1,000,000 liners (assuming a mixture of 6- and 8-cylinder engines) and 158,000 crankshafts. Using energy intensity factors for casting and forgings, respectively, of 4450 and 5970 Btu-hr/lb along with the energy-induced CO2 generation factor of 0.00038 lbs CO2/Btu, energy savings of over 17 trillion BTUs and CO2 reductions of over 6.5 million lbs could potentially be realized by remanufacturing the above mentioned quantities of crankshafts and liners. This project supported the Industrial Technologies Program's initiative titled 'Industrial Energy Efficiency Grand Challenge.' To contribute to this Grand Challenge, we. pursued an innovative processing approach for the next generation of thermal spray coatings to capture substantial energy savings and green house gas emission reductions through the remanufacturing of steel and aluminum-based components. The primary goal was to develop a new thermal spray coating process that yields significantly enhanced bond strength. To reach the goal of higher coating bond strength, a laser was coupled with a traditional twin-wire arc (TWA) spray gun to treat the component surface (i.e., heat or partially melt) during deposition. Both ferrous and aluminum-based substrates and coating alloys were examined to determine what materials are more suitable for the laser-assisted twin-wire arc coating technique. Coating adhesion was measured by static tensile and dynamic fatigue techniques, and the results helped to guide the identification of appropriate remanufacturing opportunities that will now be viable due to the increased bond strength of the laser-assisted twin-wire arc coatings. The feasibility of the laser-assisted TWA (LATWA) process was successfully demonstrated in this current effort. Critical processing parameters were identified, and when these were properly controlled, a strong, diffusion bond was developed between the substrate and the deposited coating. Consequently, bond strengths were nearly doubled over those typically obtained using conventional grit-blast TWA coatings. Note, however, that successful LATWA processing was limited to ferrous substrates coated with steel coatings (e.g., 1020 and 1080 steel). With Al-based substrates, it was not possible to avoid melting a thin layer of the substrate during spraying, and this layer re-solidified to form a band of intermetallic phases at the substrate/coating interface, which significantly diminished the coating adhesion. The capability to significantly increase the bond strength with ferrous substrates and coatings may open new reman
Sordelet, Daniel; Racek, Ondrej
RCRA Summary Document for the David Witherspoon 1630 Site, Knoxville, Tennessee
The 48-acre David Witherspoon, Inc. (DWI) 1630 Site operated as an unregulated industrial landfill and scrap yard. The Tennessee Division of Superfund (TDSF) closed the landfill in 1974. During the period of operation, the site received solid and liquid wastes from salvage and industrial operations. The site consists of five separate tracts of land including a small portion located across the Norfolk Southern Railroad track. The landfill occupies approximately 5 acres of the site, and roughly 20 acres of the 48 acres contains surface and buried debris associated with the DWI dismantling business operation. Beginning in 1968, the state of Tennessee licensed DWI to receive scrap metal at the DWI 1630 Site, contaminated with natural uranium and enriched uranium (235U) not exceeding 0.1 percent by weight (TDSF 1990). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has agreed to undertake remedial actions at the DWI 1630 Site as specified under a Consent Order with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) (Consent Order No. 90-3443, April 4, 1991), and as further delineated by a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between DOE and the State of Tennessee (MOU Regarding Implementation of Consent Orders, October 6, 1994). The soil and debris removal at the DWI 1630 Site is being performed by Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC (BJC) on behalf of the DOE. Remediation consists of removing contaminated soil and debris from the DWI 1630 site except for the landfill area and repairing the landfill cap. The DWI 1630 remediation waste that is being disposed at the Environmental Management Waste Management Facility (EMWMF) as defined as waste lot (WL) 146.1 and consists primarily of soils and soil like material, incidental debris and secondary waste generated from the excavation of debris and soil from the DWI 1630 site. The WL 146.1 includes soil, soil like material (e.g., shredded or chipped vegetation, ash), discrete debris items (e.g., equipment, drums, large scrap metal, cylinders, and cable) and populations of debris type items (e.g., piles of bricks, small scrap metal, roofing material, scaffolding, and shelving) that are located throughout the DWI 1630 site. The project also generates an additional small volume of secondary waste [e.g., personal protective equipment (PPE), and miscellaneous construction waste] that is bagged and included in bulk soil shipments to the EMWMF. The Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) for the EMWMF does not allow for material that does not meet the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs). The waste being excavated in certain areas of the DWI 1630 site contained soil that did not meet RCRA LDR criteria; therefore this waste had to be segregated for treatment or alternate disposal offsite. This document identifies the approach taken by the DWI 1630 project to further characterize the areas identified during the Phase II Remedial Investigation (RI) as potentially containing RCRA-characteristic waste. This document also describes the methodology used to determine excavation limits for areas determined to be RCRA waste, post excavation sampling, and the treatment and disposal of this material.
Pfeffer, J.
An Analysis of Exit-Flow Drainage Jets over the Chesapeake Bay
Synthetic aperture radar has shown great promise in detecting surface roughness patterns generated by atmospheric and oceanic features. Those roughness patterns that are the result of sea surface wind stress may be analyzed and related to ...
Nathaniel S. Winstead; George S. Young
LES Analysis of the Aerodynamic Surface Properties for Turbulent Flows over Building Arrays with Various Geometries
This paper describes aerodynamic roughness properties for turbulent flows over various building arrays that represent realistic urban surface geometries. First, building morphological characteristics such as roughness density ?f and building ...
Hiromasa Nakayama; Tetsuya Takemi; Haruyasu Nagai
Jefferson Lab's Workbench Projects - Go Far Car Ramps - Component...
(roughly 3 feet needed) 1 6 pine board (roughly 1 foot needed) 14" thick oak or poplar plywood (a section 4 feet long and 7 58" wide needed) 6 3 38" screw hook (2...
Analysis of Sensitivities and Error Propagation in Heat and Mass Transfer of Spheroidal Hailstones Using Spreadsheets
In conformity with experimental results the heat transfer of gyrating spherical hailstones is divided into two parts. One takes place over a normally wet but supercooled equatorial region of limited roughness, whiles the other occurs over a rough,...
Roland List
Sensible Heat Transfer Parameterization for Surfaces with Anisothermal Dense Vegetation
The scalar roughness for sensible beat can be directly formulated in terms of the surface temperature. Therefore, in the case of an anisothermal vegetation canopy, the concept of a scalar roughness is ill defined and it may vary greatly depending ...
Wilfried Brutsaert; Michiaki Sugita
Evaluation of Two Gustiness Models for Exposure Correction Calculations
Gustiness models from Wieringa and Beljaars are evaluated. The models are used to relate the gustiness from wind speed records to the local roughness length. The roughness length is used to apply exposure corrections to sheltered wind stations. ...
J. W. Verkaik
DOEEA-1177 Environmental Assessment
7 7 Environmental Assessment SalvageDemolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area and 300 Area Steam Plants, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington U.S. Department of Energy Richland, Washington October 1996 DOE/EA-1177 ENVIR0NMEN"AL ASSESSMENT' FOR THE SALVAGE/DEMOLITION OF 200 WEST AREA, '200 EAST AREA, AND 300 AREA STEAM PLANTS U . S . DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RICHLAND, WASHINGTON OCTOBER 1996 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available origid document. DOE/EA- 1177 U.S. Department o f Energy Preface Appendices. Additional information necessary t o support an understanding of the proposed action, a1 ternati ves , and potenti a1 impacts i s provided. Comments resul ti.ng from review o
Colorado | Department of Energy
Morgan County REA - Efficiency Credit/Rebate Programs Morgan County REA - Efficiency Credit/Rebate Programs Heat Pumps: $85 - $300/unit, varies by efficiency and configuration Geothermal Heat Pumps: $100 - $150 Room AC (Split Systems): $100 - $150 (Tri-State only) Electric Thermal Storage: $24/kW Thermal Slab Units: $18/kW Electric Motors: $16/HP Wiring Assistance: $3/HP LEDs: $10 (Tri-State only) Refrigerator: $115 Refrigerator Salvage: $90 Freezer: $90 Freezer Salvage: $90 Clothes Washer: $90 Dishwasher: $80 Clothes Washer/Dryer: $100 (MCREA only) Heat Pump Water Heaters: $120 - $370 October 16, 2013 Mandatory Photovoltaic System Cost Estimate At the request of a customer or a potential customer, Colorado electric utilities are required to conduct a cost comparison of a photovoltaic (PV) system to any proposed distribution line extension if the customer or
Laboratory Equipment Donation Program - Application Process
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Equipment listings on the LEDP web site are obtained from the U.S. General Equipment listings on the LEDP web site are obtained from the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) Energy Asset Disposal System (EADS). Once equipment is listed, EADS allows 30 days for grantees from eligible institutions to apply for it on the LEDP site. Equipment Condition Codes are found near the top of the "LEDP Equipment Information" page for each item. The condition of equipment is graded as follows: 1: Unused Good Condition 4: Used Good Condition 7: Repairable Requires Repairs X: Salvage Salvage S: Scrap Scrap Specific questions concerning equipment should be directed to the point of contact responsible for the item(s) under consideration. This information is listed on the "Equipment Information" page, as well as on the grant
Page not found | Department of Energy
11 - 11920 of 29,416 results. 11 - 11920 of 29,416 results. Page EA-1135: Offsite Thermal Treatment of Low-level Mixed Waste, Richland, Washington This EA evaluates the environmental impacts of the proposal to treat contact-handled low-level mixed waste, containing polychlorinated biphenyls and other organics, to meet existing regulatory... http://energy.gov/nepa/ea-1135-offsite-thermal-treatment-low-level-mixed-waste-richland-washington Page EA-1177: Salvage/Demolition of 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area Steam Plants, Richland, Washington This EA evaluates the environmental impacts for the proposal to salvage and demolish the 200 West Area, 200 East Area, and 300 Area steam plants and their associated steam distribution piping... http://energy.gov/nepa/ea-1177-salvagedemolition-200-west-area-200-east-area-and-300-area-steam-plants-richland
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of Availbility
02 02 Federal Register / Vol. 68, No. 70 / Friday, April 11, 2003 / Notices Exchange for Construction of New Seismically Stable Facilities, Cities of El Sequndo and Hawthorne, Los Angeles County, CA, Comment Period Ends: May 27, 2003, Contact: Jason Taylor, (310) 363-0142. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.pirniewest.com/ LAAFB. EIS No. 030159, Final EIS, AFS, CA, North Fork Fire Salvage Project, Harvest Salvage, Merchantable Timber Volume Sale and Sierra National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, Implementation, Bass Lake Ranger District, Madera County, CA, Wait Period Ends: May 12, 2003, Contact: Michael Price, (559) 877-2218. EIS No. 030160, Final Supplement, AFS, UT, Griffin Springs Resource Management Project, New Information concerning the Life
Growth of AlN lms using hydrazidoalane single-source precursors Younsoo Kima
. The stainless steel chamber was roughed with a mechanical pump and evacuated with an oil diffusion pump
Kim, Bongsoo
COMPLETED: Polymers for Next-Generation Lithography
... Metrology for Immersion Lithography: Next-generation lithography will use an ... edge roughness which causes excess chip power consumption and ...
A Study of the Fundamental Relationships between ...
Page 1. A Study of the Fundamental Relationships between Deformation- Induced Surface Roughness and Strain Localization in AA5754 ...
The Effect of Municipal Redevelopment Policy and State Recourse Laws on the Residential Housing Market
Rate �Increase � � �implications �of �our �rate � increase �findings. � �In �Point �Interest �Rate � Increase � To �give �a �rough �
Hooper, Ashley Vaughan
2010 Murphy Society Student Funded Projects: MBECC 2011 Northwestern University Biomedical Engineering Society Student Chapter
the rough lumber through the various machine ond lay-up operotions, to the finished product. Automatic
MacIver, Malcolm A.
seari.mit.edu 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1 Better Early Estimation of Human Systems
-Down "Rough Estimate" and SE/PM in WBS MIL-HDBK-881: "the overall planning, directing, and controlling
de Weck, Olivier L.
Estimating the Integrated Likelihood via Posterior Simulation Using the Harmonic Mean Identity
the situation where, roughly speaking, the level-w contour of the likelihood function has the form ^ +anwr S
Washington at Seattle, University of
Electric Transportation Applications All Rights Reserved ETA...
5 Revision 2 Effective March 1, 1997 "Electric Vehicle Rough Road Course Test" Prepared by Electric Transportation Applications Prepared by: ...
Wind Power Development in the United States: Current Progress, Future Trends
to lower the cost of offshore wind power, and incrementallyinstalled offshore. From 2018 to 2030, roughly 16 GW of wind
Wiser, Ryan H
Automated Protein Crystal Mounting and Alignment
Energy. Energy Efficiency ... This compares to roughly five minutes per ... and automatically provides the opportunity for significant increases in ...
THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 63 (1990), 249-263 Book Reviews
American distress at the horrors produced by the atomic bombs released on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 generated a laudable desire to salvage something positive from the damage. Immediately after the war, the American government sent survey teams to the bombed cities to evaluate the extent and nature of the damage. An account of those early days has appeared in The Yale Journal [ 1,2]. The report of these studies led to the establishment of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC),
unknown authors
Introduction to production cost models 1.0 Introduction
(t) is total maintenance costs in year t. · O(t) is the cost associated with outages. and the overbar in (1 · I(t) is total investment costs at year t · S(t) is total salvage value of retired plants at year t (and for all plants still in operation at year T). · F(t) is total fuel costs in year t. · M
McCalley, James D.
Magnetic Resonance Lymphography Findings in Patients With Biochemical Recurrence After Prostatectomy and the Relation With the Stephenson Nomogram
Purpose: To estimate the occurrence of positive lymph nodes on magnetic resonance lymphography (MRL) in patients with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after prostatectomy and to investigate the relation between score on the Stephenson nomogram and lymph node involvement on MRL. Methods and Materials: Sixty-five candidates for salvage radiation therapy were referred for an MRL to determine their lymph node status. Clinical and histopathologic features were recorded. For 49 patients, data were complete to calculate the Stephenson nomogram score. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine how well this nomogram related to the MRL result. Analysis was done for the whole group and separately for patients with a PSA <1.0 ng/mL to determine the situation in candidates for early salvage radiation therapy, and for patients without pathologic lymph nodes at initial lymph node dissection. Results: MRL detected positive lymph nodes in 47 patients. ROC analysis for the Stephenson nomogram yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.93). Of 29 patients with a PSA <1.0 ng/mL, 18 had a positive MRL. Of 37 patients without lymph node involvement at initial lymph node dissection, 25 had a positive MRL. ROC analysis for the Stephenson nomogram showed AUCs of 0.84 and 0.74, respectively, for these latter groups. Conclusion: MRL detected positive lymph nodes in 72% of candidates for salvage radiation therapy, in 62% of candidates for early salvage radiation therapy, and in 68% of initially node-negative patients. The Stephenson nomogram showed a good correlation with the MRL result and may thus be useful for identifying patients with a PSA recurrence who are at high risk for lymph node involvement.
Meijer, Hanneke J.M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Debats, Oscar A. [Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands)] [Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Roach, Mack [Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (United States)] [Department of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (United States); Span, Paul N. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands)] [Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Witjes, J. Alfred [Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands)] [Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Kaanders, Johannes H.A.M.; Lin, Emile N.J.Th. van [Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Barentsz, Jelle O. [Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands)] [Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen (Netherlands)
Seattle's solid waste: an untapped resource. Final report
This publication is an analysis of solid waste resource and energy production alternatives, including an overall total economic comparison of complete disposal system costs. Where solid waste processing allows material salvage, the revenues from material sales have been credited against disposal costs. The document presents 15 separate system alternatives investigated by the City of Seattle, leading to the designation of a pyrolysis/oxidation system for methanol production. (GRA)
Wiatrak, P.A.; Vickery, G.
Dynamic Long-Term Modelling of Generation Capacity Investment and Capacity Margins
). Total interest accumulated during construction is given by TIACx = ICx ? cxpx. Finally, DCx is the present worth of the decommissioning cost. Only nuclear projects have considerable decommissioning costs (estimated at 12% of px4); in the case of other... plant types the decommissioning liabilities are assumed to be offset by the salvage value of the assets [22]. Nuclear decommissioning is assumed to take 150 years and the equivalent incidence of capital outlay matrix contains 0.05 for the first 10...
Eager, Dan; Hobbs, Benjamin; Bialek, Janusz
Waste Management Programmes in Response to Large Disasters
a �...the re-use of materials salvaged from damaged buildings should be promoted where feasible, either as primary construction materials (bricks or stone masonry, roof timber, roof tiles, etc.) or as secondary material (rubble for foundations or levelling roads, etc.).� SPHERE Handbook, Shelter and Settlement, Standard 5: Construction, Guidance note 1, 2004 �...the production and supply of construction material and the building process minimises the long-term depletion of natural resources.�
Joseph Ashmore; Maoya Bassiouni; Martin Bjerregard; Tom Corsellis; Igor Fedotov; Heiner Gloor
Pilot-Scale Studies of Solvent Extraction Treatment of PCB- and PAH-Contaminated Soil and Sediment
Previous salvage and transformer recycling activities by the F. O'Connor Company at what is now an EPA Superfund site led to uncontrolled releases of oil-containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The primary goal of this project was to determine the level of reductions in PCBs and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) that could be achieved using a proprietary solvent extraction process. Results of treatability testing revealed that the present solvent extraction technology cannot over...
Ris-R-1257(EN) Isolated Systems with Wind Power
costs 23 Investment costs 23 Running costs 24 O&M costs 24 Retrofit & salvage costs 24 Extraordinary project costs 24 5.5.2 Cost of Energy, COE 25 5.5.3 Value of Energy, VOE 25 Primary power supply 25 Generating Set 31 6.2 Wind Turbines 31 6.3 Desalination 31 6.4 Battery Storage 31 6.5 Socio
Classification with dynamic reducts and belief functions
In this paper, we propose two approaches of classification namely, Dynamic Belief Rough Set Classifier (D-BRSC) and Dynamic Belief Rough Set Classifier based on Generalization Distribution Table (D-BRSC-GDT). Both the classifiers are induced from uncertain ... Keywords: belief function theory, classification, dynamic reduct, generalization distribution table, rough sets, uncertainty
Salsabil Trabelsi; Zied Elouedi; Pawan Lingras
A video strip chart program
A strip chart recorder has been utilized for trend analysis of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory EN tandem since 1987. At the EN, the author could not afford the nice eight channel thermal pen recorder that was used at the 25 URC. He had to suffice with two channel fiber tip or capillary pen type recorders retrieved from salvage and maintained with parts from other salvaged recorders. After cycling through several machines that eventually became completely unserviceable, a search for a new thermal recorder was begun. As much as he hates to write computer code, he decided to try his hand at getting an old data acquisition unit, that had been retrieved several years ago from salvage, to meet his needs. A BASIC language compiler was used because time was not available to learn a more advanced language. While attempting to increase acquisition and scroll speed on the 6 MHz 80286 that the code was first developed on, it became apparent that scrolling only the first small portion of the screen at high speed and then averaging that region and histogramming the average provided both the speed necessary for capturing fairly short duration events, and a trend record without use of back scrolling and disk storage routines. This turned out to be quite sufficient.
Jones, N.L. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States). Accelerator-Based Atomic Physics
Bacteria Odors
Bacteria Odors Bacteria Odors Name: Jason Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: I am doing a science project on food decomposition. I would like to know why food -- especially meat--smells bad when it goes bad. Also Why does bread grow mold and why is it green and blue? Thank you. Replies: Jason, When food is being eaten by bacteria, they produce byproducts just like we do. The compounds they produce cause the smell of rotten meat. There is a reason we don't like that smell: it warns us that that food is probably unsafe to eat. So biology has built in a safety rule: you would not normally eat something that you don't like the smell of. The molds on bread are a special kind that like bread. Their spores are everywhere but only when we leave our bread long enough can they grow to sufficient numbers so that we can see them. Again, you can smell the bread is off, you can see it, and if you hadn't noticed you will taste it. However you should not eat bread with molds on: they produce toxic substances. I don't think there is a reason for them to be green and blue, at least I don't know it.
Spinal Recurrence From Intracranial Germinoma: Risk Factors and Treatment Outcome for Spinal Recurrence
Purpose: To analyze retrospectively the risk factors of spinal recurrence in patients with intracranial germinoma and clinical outcomes of patients who developed spinal recurrence. Methods and Materials: Between 1980 and 2007, 165 patients with no evidence of spinal metastases at diagnosis were treated with cranial radiotherapy without spinal irradiation. The median follow-up in all 165 patients was 61.2 months (range, 1.2-260.1 months). Results: After the initial treatment, 15 patients (9.1%) developed spinal recurrences. Multivariate analysis revealed that large intracranial disease ({>=}4 cm) and multifocal intracranial disease were independent risk factors for spinal recurrence. Radiation field, total radiation dose, and the use of chemotherapy did not affect the occurrence of spinal recurrences. Of the 15 patients who experienced spinal recurrence, the 3-year actuarial overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) rates from the beginning of salvage treatments were 65% and 57%, respectively. In the analysis, presence of intracranial recurrence and salvage treatment modality (radiotherapy with chemotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone) had a statistically significant impact on DFS. The 3-year DFS rate in patients with no intracranial recurrence and treated with both spinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy was 100%, whereas only 17% in patients with intracranial recurrence or treated with radiotherapy alone (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Large intracranial disease and multifocal intracranial disease were risk factors for spinal recurrence in patients with intracranial germinoma with no evidence of spinal metastases at diagnosis. For patients who developed spinal recurrence alone, salvage treatment combined with spinal radiotherapy and chemotherapy was effective in controlling the recurrent disease.
Ogawa, Kazuhiko [Department of Radiology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa (Japan)], E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Yoshii, Yoshihiko [Department of Neurosurgery, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa (Japan); Shikama, Naoto [Department of Radiology, Shinshu University, Fukuoka (Japan); Nakamura, Katsumasa [Department of Radiology, Kyushu University, Nagano (Japan); Uno, Takashi [Department of Radiology, Chiba University, Chiba (Japan); Onishi, Hiroshi [Department of Radiology, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi (Japan); Itami, Jun [Department of Radiology, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo (Japan); Shioyama, Yoshiyuki [Department of Radiology, Shinshu University, Fukuoka (Japan); Iraha, Shiro [Department of Radiology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa (Japan); Hyodo, Akio [Department of Neurosurgery, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa (Japan); Toita, Takafumi; Kakinohana, Yasumasa; Tamaki, Wakana [Department of Radiology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa (Japan); Ito, Hisao [Department of Radiology, Chiba University, Chiba (Japan); Murayama, Sadayuki [Department of Radiology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa (Japan)
From the Ground Up: UCSC Professor Gary Griggs as Researcher, Teacher, and Institution Builder
roughly 11 percent of it�s armored. Eleven percent of 1100Ventura, 33 percent have been armored, so one of every three
Griggs, Gary; Rabkin, Sarah
Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. ... Heating fuel choice shows electricity and natural gas roughly equal in newer homes.
Forensic Topography and Surface Metrology
... Provide to US industry world-leading calibrations of surface roughness and ... This led to high participation by industry in the ... Lead Organizational Unit ...
Microsoft PowerPoint - CSM Gutierrez Feb 2011 Meeting Presentation...
where Normal stress acting on a joint, where Residual friction angle, where Joint roughness coefficient, and A r k n where...
Relation between Saffir�Simpson Hurricane Scale Wind ...
... verifying the results based on the power law as ... of the open-sea roughness in winds greater than ... continue to increase at mean wind speeds beyond ...
Rise-R-399 Summary and Interpretation
36 5. WINDS 42 Pressure 44 Solar heating and radiational cooling 45 Roughness and thermal pressure systems. As a result, the "usual" Danish weather is characterize
Abstract for William Raphael Hix
to match the most fundamental observable property, an explosion with roughly 1044 J of kinetic energy. Weaknesses in the current generation of models include inadequate tracking of...
X-ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Bursts.
??Data from the Swift mission have now shown that flares are a common component of Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows, appearing in roughly 50% of GRBs to� (more)
Morris, David
A Set-Partitioning-Based Model for the Stochastic Vehicle Routing ...
where cost savings of roughly 5% are possible. ... and home heating oil. ... routes that minimizes the sum of the costs of the planned routes and the expected cost�...
Red Herring Dec 2001. � Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to. 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena .
Optoelectrical Characterization of Nanostructured Photovoltaic ...
... and power-to-cost ratios roughly comparable to carbon-based fuels. ... Light capture can be enhanced by nanoscale couplers such as plasmonic ...
NIST Image Gallery: Image Details
... Description: The roughly octagonal pores in zeolite SSZ-13 are like stop signs for carbon dioxide, capturing molecules of the greenhouse gas while ...
Ramanujan's type series are recorded with in - CECM
Ramanujan Type Series. Ramanujan's remarkable series for include. This series adds roughly eight digits per term. Gosper in 1985 computed 17 million terms�...
Transmission problems for Dirac's and Maxwell's equations with Lipschitz interfaces.
??The aim of this thesis is to give a mathematical framework for scattering of electromagnetic waves by rough surfaces. We prove that the Maxwell transmission� (more)
Axelsson, Andreas
The Study on Microstructure and Thermal Fatigue Properties of HSS ...
Abstract Scope, High speed steel (HSS) hot rolls have excellent wear resistance, anti-rough and hot cracking resistance properties, its service life is increasing�...
CP2006.ps - CECM - Simon Fraser University
The cost. of the Hessenberg approach is O(n3) arithmetic operations in Zp for ..... Berkowitz algorithm (an extremely rough estimate based on the performance of�...
Dimensional Metrology for Nanofabrication
... to model and simulate the line edge roughness power spectrum in ... 25 nm structures which are the foundation of next generation electronics and ...
Chu: America Faces a Choice to "Compete in the Clean Energy Race...
learned from the U.S. how government can support critical emerging industries. Last year, China offered roughly 30 billion in government financing to its solar companies,...
Skipping Atomic-scale Stones to Study Some Chemistry ...
... a useful stand-in for liquids, which are ... In addition, Nesbitt says, observing how gas molecules of ... how that roughness affects interactions with gases. ...
On the Relationship Between Deformation-Induced Surface ...
... (ie, the peaks and valley values) is ... reducing the magnitudes of the valleys, and suppressing ... TR Thomas: Rough Surfaces, Imperial College Press ...
one utility executive, for 100 years customers have been trained not to worry about the price of electricity. For roughly the same amount of time, utility executives,...
Surface Properties of Biomaterials III
Calcium Phosphate Composite Coating for Surface Mediated Non-Viral Gene ... Dependency of Cell Attachment and Proliferation on the Surface Roughness of�...
DOE Fuel Cell Pre-Solicitation Workshop - Breakout Group 2: MEAs...
(most work so far is focused on catalyst) * Understanding of H 2 crossover effects on Pt dissolution * Effect of electrode roughness on PEM durability * Durable sealing for...
Community Wind: Once Again Pushing the Envelope of Project Finance
basis) of installed project costs returned through justrather than 100%) of project costs must be financed (long-remainder of expected project costs � roughly $6.7 million �
bolinger, Mark A.
Effects of Refractory Additions on the Structure and Mechanical ...
work on cast nickel-base ... structure signaled the effective end point in volume fraction of gamma prime at roughly ..... .breakdown after the 1080�C treatment;.
U.S. refineries and blenders produced record amounts of ...
Because of its chemical composition, crude oil run through a refinery typically yields roughly twice as much motor gasoline as distillate fuels.
Genes and Mechanisms for Improving Cellulosic Ethanol ...
Background Cellulosic biomass accounts for roughly 75% of all plant material, and can be used to produce biofuels. Sources of cellulosic biomass ...
Phase Equilibria and Transformations of the Pb-free Solders and ...
Mar 4, 2013... efficient water desalination, and enhanced energy conversion. Recent studies have focused on using a combination of nanoscale roughness�...
What School Buildings Can Teach Us: Post-Occupancy Evaluation Surveys in K-12 Learning Environments
classrooms �have �air �conditioning � (roughly)? � �Feel �We �only �have �air �conditioning � for �the �science �Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Abbaszadeh,
Baker, L.
belt intensity caused by geomagnetic substorms may result into the large amount of geomagnetic shielding available inL, denotes roughly a geomagnetic field line. The value gives
Lyman, J.T.
Genes and Mechanisms for Improving Cellulosic Vaccine for ...
Cellulosic biomass accounts for roughly 75% of all plant material, and can be used to produce biofuels. Sources of cellulosic biomass include ...
Exploration of Resource and Transmission Expansion Decisions in the Western Renewable Energy Zone Initiative
plus the cost of transmission and line losses to deliver thecapacity investment. Transmission and line losses make upbuilding a new 500 kV transmission line delivering roughly
Mills, Andrew D
Appendix A
... environmental. consequences. Ounce for ounce, spray-on product sold in aerosol cans is roughly twice the cost of bulk product. You ...
Nonstick and Laser-safe Gold Aids Laser Trapping of ...
... (A one-kilogram mass on the Earth's surface exerts a force of roughly 10 newtons. A piconewton is 0.000 000 000 001 newtons. ...
21 - Surface Modification of Inconel 718 Superalloy by Plasma ...
AFM technique shows an increase in the roughness after treatment. Proceedings ... Castability of 718Plus� Alloy for Structural Gas Turbine Engine Components.
Overview of the TREC 2012 Web Track
... intended to represent the text a user might enter into a Web search engine, if ... Subtopics were chosen to be roughly balanced in terms of popularity ...
Heat Treat Monitor
gives a very rough control of the process results. On the other hand, for laser welding--a much highly industrial accepted process, researchers have implemented various...
City of Dallas - Green Energy Purchasing (Texas) | Open Energy...
purchasing program through 2013. The purchase amounts to roughly 40% of total expected electricity consumption by municipal facilities for the year and will be supplied...
NIST Net Frequently Asked Questions
... conditions, such as packet loss, duplication, delay ... only really useful when APM (power management) is ... it's (roughly) emulating a network where at ...
NIST Report to the FBI: Plex-ID Electrospray Time-of-Flight ...
... of the CT minor SNP heteroplasmy reverse peak. ... has forward and reverse salt adduct peaks that are ... function, and vacuum rough pump oil level. ...
primary energy intensity per household of the residential sector is declining, and the electricity intensity per household is remaining roughly constant over the forecast...
OOF Workshop summary, August 24 & 25, 2006 The OOF ...
... On Friday (after a rough start due to network problems caused by a major power outage at NIST) participants used OOF2 in the CTCMS computer ...
Essays in Applied Microeconomics
average emis- sions of carbon dioxide per megawatt of U.S.oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousproduces roughly the carbon dioxide emissions per megawatt
Severnini, Edson Roberto
6.042J / 18.062J Mathematics for Computer Science (SMA 5512), Fall 2002
This is an introductory course in Discrete Mathematics oriented toward Computer Science and Engineering. The course divides roughly into thirds: Fundamental concepts of Mathematics: definitions, proofs, sets, functions, ...
Nagpal, Radhika
Energy Perspectives: Fossil fuels dominate U.S. energy consumption. August 24, 2012 Heating fuel choice shows electricity and natural gas roughly equal in newer homes.
NIST Optical scattering from surfaces
... Our aim is to support industry by developing standard measurement methods and ... Roughness of a single material (silicon, glass, steel, and titanium ...
HITP05 Revision 0 Effective November 1, 2004 "HICE Vehicle Rough Road Course Test" Prepared by Electric Transportation Applications Prepared by: ...
NIST Physicists Coax Six Atoms into Quantum 'Cat' State
... Schr�dinger's point was that cats are never observed in such states in the ... work, while a long way from full entanglement of a real cat's roughly 1026 ...
Session I - Programmaster.org
Oct 28, 2013 ... Thickness variations and coating roughness are issues that plague scientists .... Hybrid Aerogel/Nanorod Functional Materials for Energy and�...
Vacuum 67 (2002) 641645 Comparison of poly-Si films deposited by UHVCVD and
is rough and results in low field effect mobility compared to that obtained by LPCVD using disilane (Si2H6
An Evaluation of the Impact of Demand-Side Management Expenditures on State-Level Electricity Efficiency.
??Global climate change has become a topic of increasing importance to political leaders, policymakers, and the general public. Roughly one third of US greenhouse gas� (more)
Caldwell, stephen
China's industrial sector in an international context
improvement and increasing refinery complexity. Data forenergy consumption in refineries accounted for roughly 8% (and expand capacity. Refinery capacity and production of
Price, Lynn; Worrell, Ernst; Martin, Nathan; Lehman, Bryan; Sinton, Jonathan
Kazakhstan consortium achieves first oil production from Kashagan ...
Wind � Geothermal � ... This represents most of Kazakhstan's offshore proved oil reserves and is roughly equivalent to Brazil's entire proved oil reserves, ...
Optics, mask and resist implications on contact CDU
mask Summary � Mask and condenser roughness plays importantto Gregg Gallatin Outline Condenser flare Mask CDU Maskaberrations up to 1 nm Outline Condenser flare Mask CDU Mask
Naulleau, Patrick
Effect of Heat and Electricity Storage and Reliability on Microgrid Viability: A Study of Commercial Buildings in California and New York States
be acquired. Battery storage costs are roughly consistentlow storage & PV cost (run 3) Battery charging Batterylow storage & PV cost (run 3) Battery discharging kW Utility
Stadler, Michael
Microsoft Word - Chapter 06.doc
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
the pollutants away from their source, by turbulent air motion that results from solar heating of the Earth's surface, and by air movement over rough terrain and surfaces....
Water and Energy Interactions
technology is the parabolic trough. For the past 15 years,system is used for a parabolic trough, roughly 80 gallons of
McMahon, James E.
Removal of Barriers to the Use of Renewable Energy Sources for Rural Electrification in Chile
................................................................................................................................... Stephen R. Connors Coordinator, Multidisciplinary Research Director, Analysis Group for Regional output is roughly proportional to insolation, it is easy to calculate the expected power output
Catholic University of Chile (Universidad Católica de Chile)
Peak Underground Working Natural Gas Storage Capacity
Related Links: Storage Basics: ... natural gas consumption declined roughly 2 percent from the previous year a reflection of 2009's mild temperatures and weak ...
Global Equivalence Ratio Concept and the Formation ...
... levels roughly comparable to the alco- hols and ... strated that changes in the final product distribu ... calculations were those for which products of incom ...
Technology@TMS: Online Article
Stoecker et. al.7 studied the effects of pre-strain, heat treatment, and surface roughness in mechanically polished and electropolished polycrystalline Nimonic 75�...
Task 1: Hydrate Code release, Maintenance and Support
and was expected to be abundant, roughly half of the total. Further analysis of the PCR primers used to extract the microbial sequences indicated biases against archaea,...
U.S. expected to be largest producer of petroleum and natural ...
Maps by energy source and topic, includes ... Press Releases ... for 2011 and 2012 were roughly equivalent�within 1 quadrillion Btu of one another. In 2013, ...
Some characteristics of the Chinese in Indonesia.
??Dutch colonial power ruled in Indonesia for roughly two and one-half centuries. As early as the sixteenth century the Chinese immigrant had come to Indonesia,� (more)
Liem, Stewart K.L.
Environmental Energy Technologies Division News
costs of more than 90 billion, commercial buildings account for 33% of electricity consumption. New buildings consume roughly 25% less electricity than those constructed 20 years...
The number of natural gas-fired power stations is increasing in Japan, and roughly 26 percent of electricity was natural gas-fired in 2010.
MagSonic� Carbothermal Technology Compared with the ...
Carbothermal technology is advantageous on all measures except capital intensity (where it is roughly twice the capital cost of a similarly-sized Pidgeon plant).
Primary Production - Programmaster.org
Mar 12, 2012 ... Carbothermal technology is advantageous on all measures except capital intensity (where it is roughly twice the capital cost of a similarly-sized�...
California's Greenhouse Gas Policies: Local Solutions to a Global Problem?
of roughly 70 TWh of hydro energy in neighboring regions ofall of this additional hydro energy would be available forcarbon nuclear, hydro, and renewable energy sources. If we
Bushnell, Jim B; Peterman, Carla Joy; Wolfram, Catherine D
Materials Technology @ TMS
Feb 17, 2011 ... They are roughly one-tenth the diameter of typical HTS cables used in the power grid. (Standard electrical transmission lines normally operate�...
Analysis of deformation-induced surface morphologies in steel ...
... If this does not hold, then a roughness profile cannot reflect any ... New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1981. ... 45th MWSP conference proceedings, vol. XLI. ...
Berkeley Lab A to Z Index: S
Safety Advisory Committee Safety Advisory Committee Safety and Hazardous Waste (Facilities Division) Safety Concerns Safety Culture Improvement Safety Spot Award Program (EHS) Safety Training (EHS) Safety Walkaround Checklist For Directorate/Operations Dec 2013 Salary Ranges and Classification Description Index Salvage (Waste Minimization) Science Articles Archive About the Research at the Lab Science Beat (current issue) Science Beat (index of back issues) Science and Technology Seminars Scientific and Technical Reports (Catalog 1989 to present) Scientific Cluster Support Scientific Conferences and Workshops Scientific Programs Seaborg: Glenn Seaborg's Life & Contributions Search lab-wide web sites Security Access Managers (SAM) Security and You Awareness Program (downloadable slides)
Microsoft Word - NO-MM-827 New Orleans Emergency Generator Installation (900 building).docx
MM-827 MM-827 Title: New Orleans Emergency Generator Installation (900 Building) Description: Subcontractor shall provide all labor, tools, materials, equipment, and supervision required to relocate the New Orleans emergency generator at the 900 building, to install a new Automatic Transfer Switch, and to provide generator status alarms. Tasks includes construction of a new concrete slab foundation, relocation of the existing portable generator from the trailer to the foundation, electrical installation of the generator, installation of fencing around the generator, and miscellaneous architectural work. Some of the existing equipment and components being dismantled, removed or demolished have been designated for government salvage. Regulatory Requirements: NEPA Implementing Procedures (10 CFR 1021)
Microsoft Word - WH-MM-780 NEPA.docx
780 780 Title: Replace Obsolete WH Raw Water Injection Pump Vibration Transmitters Description: Subcontractor shall provide all labor, materials (except GFE), tools, equipment, and supervision required to replace the seven obsolete WH raw water injection pump vibration transmitters at pumps WHP-526 though WHP-532. Tasks include replacing the existing GE Bentley Nevada 1800 transmitters and power supplies with new METRIX MX2034 transmitters and power supplies. Subcontractor shall recover the existing equipment as Government Salvage. The new equipment will be supplied as Government Furnished Equipment (GFE). Regulatory Requirements: NEPA Implementing Procedures (10 CFR 1021) 10 CFR 1021.410 (Application of Categorical Exclusions)
Health physics applications of nuclear safeguards radiation monitors
Nuclear safeguards needs fostered the development of radiation monitors whose sensitivity and microprocessor-controlled logic permit detection of small, transient increases in environmental levels of gamma radiation. While this capability was originally developed to detect the diversion of the special nuclear materials /sup 235/U and plutonium, adaptation to health physics monitoring is straigthforward. Applications of the safeguards instruments range from small, handheld instruments used to monitor laundry of salvage-bound materials to more complex systems devoted to monitoring moving vehicles at entry/exit points. In addition to these health physics applications, other new applications for safeguards instruments are being considered.
Fehlau, P.E.; Dvorak, R.F.
Prince William Sound disabled tanker towing study. Part 1. Evaluation of existing equipment, personnel and procedures
The study has been undertaken by the Glosten Associates, Inc., to evaluate the existing capability for emergency towing at Prince William Sound and to examine alternatives that could enhance the escort and assist capabilities for disabled tankers within the waterway from the Alyeska Oil Terminal at the Port of Valdez to the Gulf of Alaska outside Hinchinbrook Entrance. Part 1, reported herein, is an objective evaluation by an experienced salvage towing master of the existing tugs, emergency towing equipment, towing practices, and discussion of alternative tug types.
Safety and Efficacy of Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Adjuvant Bevacizumab in Patients With Recurrent Malignant Gliomas
Purpose: Patients with recurrent malignant gliomas treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and multiagent systemic therapies were reviewed to determine the effects of patient- and treatment-related factors on survival and toxicity. Methods and Materials: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with recurrent malignant gliomas treated with salvage SRS from September 2002 to March 2010. All patients had experienced progression after treatment with temozolomide and radiotherapy. Salvage SRS was typically administered only after multiple postchemoradiation salvage systemic therapies had failed. Results: 63 patients were treated with SRS for recurrent high-grade glioma; 49 patients had World Health Organization (WHO) Grade 4 disease. Median follow-up was 31 months from primary diagnosis and 7 months from SRS. Median overall survival from primary diagnosis was 41 months for all patients. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival from SRS (OS-SRS) were 6 and 10 months for all patients, respectively. The 1-year OS-SRS for patients with Grade 4 glioma who received adjuvant (concurrent with or after SRS) bevacizumab was 50% vs. 22% for patients not receiving adjuvant bevacizumab (p = 0.005). Median PFS for patients with a WHO Grade 4 glioma who received adjuvant bevacizumab was 5.2 months vs. 2.1 months for patients who did not receive adjuvant bevacizumab (p = 0.014). Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and age were not significantly different between treatment groups. Treatment-related Grade 3/4 toxicity for patients receiving and not receiving adjuvant BVZ was 10% and 14%, respectively (p = 0.58).On multivariate analysis, the relative risk of death and progression with adjuvant bevacizumab was 0.37 (confidence interval [CI] 0.17-0.82) and 0.45 (CI 0.21-0.97). KPS >70 and age <50 years were significantly associated with improved survival. Conclusions: The combination of salvage radiosurgery and bevacizumab to treat recurrent malignant gliomas is well tolerated and seems to be associated with improved outcomes. Prospective multiinstitutional studies are required to determine efficacy and long-term toxicity with this approach.
Cuneo, Kyle C. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (United States); Vredenburgh, James J.; Sampson, John H.; Reardon, David A.; Desjardins, Annick; Peters, Katherine B.; Friedman, Henry S. [Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (United States); Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (United States); Willett, Christopher G. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (United States); Kirkpatrick, John P., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (United States); Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (United States)
Reduct based Q-learning: an introduction
This paper introduces an approach to Reinforcement Learning Algorithm by introducing reduct concept of rough set methodology using a variation of Q-Learning algorithm. Unlike the conventional Q-Learning, the proposed algorithm calculates the reduct from ... Keywords: Q-learning method, reduct and reduct based Q-learning, reinforcement learning, rough set
Punit Pandey; Deepshikha Pandey
COMPLETE CURRICULUM VITAE Office: Mineral and Energy Economics Phone/Fax: 1-303-273-3921/(. . .-3416)
since 2000 represents the early phase of a `super cycle' (SC) driven by the sustained rise in demand with industrialization and urbanization to affect energy prices in a way that is roughly similar to metals, as both associated with industrialization and urbanization to affect energy prices in a way that is roughly similar
PUBLICATIONS LIST Louisiana Forest Products Development Center
#5 Sorting Lumber by Grade Prior to Rough Mill Processing. Gazo, Steele #6 RAM (Rough Mill Analysis #17 Increasing Productivity in Cabinet Shops. Gazo #18 An Analysis of State Level Economic Development International Trade Center SOUTHPIC. Smith, Granskog, Michael, Muehlenfeld, Nicholas #30 Accident Analysis
A New Hybrid Approach for Analysis of Factors Affecting Crude Oil Price
In this paper, a new hybrid approach is presented to analyze factors affecting crude oil price using rough set and wavelet neural network. Related factors that affect crude oil price are found using text mining technique and Brent oil price is chosen ... Keywords: crude oil price, prediction, rough set, wavelet neural network
Wei Xu; Jue Wang; Xun Zhang; Wen Zhang; Shouyang Wang
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 50 (2002) 17031725
the material (glass, metals, ceramics, etc.) and of the fracture mode (fatigue, pure tension, stress corrosion crack front waves explain the roughness of cracks? E. Bouchauda, J.P. Bouchaudb; , D.S. Fisherc;d, S on the dynamics of brittle crack fronts and its rela- tionship to the roughness of fracture surfaces. We discuss
2.3 / S.-J. Lee 26 IDRC 03
of this method is its ability to model bulk absorption events, thin film coatings, and rough surfaces while silica aerogel layer [8]. Several models have also been proposed for modeling organic light advantage of this method is its ability to model bulk absorption events, thin film coatings, and rough
Kanicki, Jerzy
Complete Orders, Categories and Lattices of Approximations
The present article deals with the problem whether and how the bilattice orderings of knowledge ⩽$_k$ and truth ⩽$_t$ might enrich the theory of rough sets. Passing to the chief idea of the paper, we develop a bilattice-theoretic generalisation ... Keywords: *-autonomous category, Chu construction, Nelson lattice, approximation, bilattice, complete partial order, rough set
Marcin Wolski
Parabolic equation modeling of high frequency acoustic transmission with an evolving sea surface
Parabolic equation modeling of high frequency acoustic transmission with an evolving sea surface J is combined with a rough surface formulation of a parabolic equation model for predicting time an approximation of the time-varying acoustic field. The wide-angle parabolic equation model manages the rough sea
Archer, Cristina Lozej
Heuristic for attribute selection using belief discernibility matrix
This paper proposes a new heuristic attribute selection method based on rough sets to remove the superfluous attributes from partially uncertain data. We handle uncertainty only in decision attributes (classes) under the belief function framework. The ... Keywords: attribute selection, belief function theory, classification, rough sets, uncertainty
MRST2001: Partons and alpha(s) from precise deep inelastic scattering and Tevatron jet data.
data is (very roughly) ? ?S(E2T /4)g(x,ET/2), then g(x, �2) for �2 of order 103 GeV2 is roughly inversely proportional to ?S(M2Z). However, at high x the gluon distribution decreases more rapidly with increasing Q2, the larger the value of the coupling...
Martin, A D; Roberts, R G; Stirling, W James; Thorne, Robert S
Chemoradiotherapy of Anal Carcinoma: Survival and Recurrence in an Unselected National Cohort
Purpose: To evaluate treatment results, elucidate whether national guidelines were followed, and identify areas demanding further treatment optimization. Methods and Material: Between July 2000 and June 2007, 328 patients were treated with curatively intended chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal region, according to national treatment guidelines based on tumor stage. Results: Complete response after CRT was obtained in 87% of patients, rising to 93% after salvage surgery. Chemotherapy, elective irradiation of the groin and salvage surgery were performed to a lesser extent in elderly patients, mainly because of frailty and comorbidity. Recurrence occurred in 24% of the patients, resulting in a 3- and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) of 79% and 74%, respectively. Locoregional recurrences dominated, most commonly in the primary tumor site. Recurrence was treated with curative intent in 45% of the cases. The 3- and 5-year overall survival were 79% and 66%, and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were 84% and 75%, respectively. The risk of adverse outcome increased significantly with more locally advanced tumors and for male gender in multivariable analyses for RFS and CSS. Conclusions: The treatment results are in accordance with similar cohorts. The primary treatment control rate was high, but there was a significant risk of locoregional recurrence in advanced tumors. The loyalty to national guidelines was broad, although individual adjustments occurred. However, caution to avoid toxicity must not lead to inadequate treatment. Male gender seems to have inferior outcome.
Bentzen, Anne Gry, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromso (Norway); Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso (Norway); Guren, Marianne G.; Wanderas, Eva H. [Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (Norway); Frykholm, Gunilla [Department of Oncology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway and The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA), Osteras (Norway); Tveit, Kjell M. [Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo (Norway); Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo (Norway); Wilsgaard, Tom [Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso (Norway); Dahl, Olav [Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen and Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen (Norway); Balteskard, Lise [Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromso (Norway); Centre for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation, Northern Norway Regional Health Authority, Tromso (Norway)
The Effect of surface morphology on the friction of Electrogalvanized sheet steel in forming processes
The effect in the drawbead simulator test were evaluated for a set of commercially coated steels and a set of laboratory coated steels with underlying surfaces produced by laser textured, shot blast, and electro-discharge textured rolls. In general, surfaces with higher roughness (R{sub a} parameter) measured lower friction in the DBS tests. The requisite roughness amplitude necessary for low friction was moderated somewhat by having a more closely spaced roughness as described by the median wavelength, {lambda}m, of the power spectrum. This effect is due to interaction with the lubricant by the micro-roughness imparted by the galvanizing process. The lubricant tends to be retained better by the surfaces with the micro-roughness, thereby increasing the amount of elasto- and plasto-hydrodynamic support of the load. Other variables, such as large variations in thickness of the sheet can mask the effect of the surface by changing the actual distance of sliding contact during the DBS test. For tests where the amount of sliding is similar, the effect of roughness is significant. The friction measured for EG steels in the DBS test is dominated by deformation of the surface with plowing by the asperities of the tooling adding to that caused by the deformation. The size of the plow marks in the deformed surfaces corresponds to the roughness of the tooling and no significant evidence of wear particles was observed.
Skarpelos, P.N. [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)]|[California Univ., Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering
A multiscale Molecular Dynamics approach to Contact Mechanics
The friction and adhesion between elastic bodies are strongly influenced by the roughness of the surfaces in contact. Here we develop a multiscale molecular dynamics approach to contact mechanics, which can be used also when the surfaces have roughness on many different length-scales, e.g., for self affine fractal surfaces. As an illustration we consider the contact between randomly rough surfaces, and show that the contact area varies linearly with the load for small load. We also analyze the contact morphology and the pressure distribution at different magnification, both with and without adhesion. The calculations are compared with analytical contact mechanics models based on continuum mechanics.
C. Yang; U. Tartaglino; B. N. J. Persson
High Occurrence of Aberrant Lymph Node Spread on Magnetic Resonance Lymphography in Prostate Cancer Patients With a Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy
Purpose: To investigate the pattern of lymph node spread in prostate cancer patients with a biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy, eligible for salvage radiotherapy; and to determine whether the clinical target volume (CTV) for elective pelvic irradiation in the primary setting can be applied in the salvage setting for patients with (a high risk of) lymph node metastases. Methods and Materials: The charts of 47 prostate cancer patients with PSA recurrence after prostatectomy who had positive lymph nodes on magnetic resonance lymphography (MRL) were reviewed. Positive lymph nodes were assigned to a lymph node region according to the guidelines of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) for delineation of the CTV for pelvic irradiation (RTOG-CTV). We defined four lymph node regions for positive nodes outside this RTOG-CTV: the para-aortal, proximal common iliac, pararectal, and paravesical regions. They were referred to as aberrant lymph node regions. For each patient, clinical and pathologic features were recorded, and their association with aberrant lymph drainage was investigated. The distribution of positive lymph nodes was analyzed separately for patients with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <1.0 ng/mL. Results: MRL detected positive aberrant lymph nodes in 37 patients (79%). In 20 patients (43%) a positive lymph node was found in the pararectal region. Higher PSA at the time of MRL was associated with the presence of positive lymph nodes in the para-aortic region (2.49 vs. 0.82 ng/mL; p = 0.007) and in the proximal common iliac region (1.95 vs. 0.59 ng/mL; p = 0.009). There were 18 patients with a PSA <1.0 ng/mL. Ten of these patients (61%) had at least one aberrant positive lymph node. Conclusion: Seventy-nine percent of the PSA-recurrent patients had at least one aberrant positive lymph node. Application of the standard RTOG-CTV for pelvic irradiation in the salvage setting therefore seems to be inappropriate.
Meijer, Hanneke J.M., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Lin, Emile N. van [Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Debats, Oscar A. [Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Witjes, J. Alfred [Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Span, Paul N.; Kaanders, Johannes H.A.M. [Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen (Netherlands); Barentsz, Jelle O. [Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen (Netherlands)
The objective of this study was to determine what financial return, if any, DOE would realize if they invest solely in removal of the asbestos from these three Hanford steam plants and the associated large bore distribution piping at the site. Once the asbestos was removed the strategy was to bring in companies that specialize in salvage and material re-use and have them remove, at no cost to DOE, the plants and the associated large bore piping. The salvage companies we contacted had said that if they didn't have to remove asbestos, they may be able to realize enough value from these plants to offset their demolition and/or dismantling cost. The results were not what we expected but they do offer DOE some favorable financial alternatives to their present approach. The study concluded that there was very little salvage and/or re-use value remaining in the steam plant material that could be used to offset the demolition and/or dismantling cost. The notable exception to this is the removal of the 24 inch steam piping that runs from 200E to 200W areas (see IDM executive summary under Dismantling cost). It is estimated that the re-use value of the 24-inch piping would more than pay for the dismantling cost of this piping. On a more favorable note, it does appear as though the cost of conventional demolition can be reduced by a factor of 3 to 5 if the asbestos is removed first and the demolition is performed using competitive and commercial practices. Both estimates in this study are similar except that IDM did not include floor slab removal nor remove the same quantity of piping. This is why we are using a range of 3 to 5 as a reduction factor. The IDM estimate (using union labor) for demolition after removal of asbestos was approximately $1.5M versus $10.0M for accomplishing the work using Hanford practices and rates.
Urethral Pain Among Prostate Cancer Survivors 1 to 14 Years After Radiation Therapy
Purpose: To investigate how treatment-related and non-treatment-related factors impact urethral pain among long-term prostate cancer survivors. Methods and Materials: Men treated for prostate cancer with radiation therapy at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Goeteborg, Sweden from 1993 to 2006 were approached with a study-specific postal questionnaire addressing symptoms after treatment, including urethral burning pain during urination (n=985). The men had received primary or salvage external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) or EBRT in combination with brachytherapy (BT). Prescribed doses were commonly 70 Gy in 2.0-Gy fractions for primary and salvage EBRT and 50 Gy plus 2 Multiplication-Sign 10.0 Gy for EBRT + BT. Prostatic urethral doses were assessed from treatment records. We also recruited 350 non-pelvic-irradiated, population-based controls matched for age and residency to provide symptom background rates. Results: Of the treated men, 16% (137 of 863) reported urethral pain, compared with 11% (27 of 242) of the controls. The median time to follow-up was 5.2 years (range, 1.1-14.3 years). Prostatic urethral doses were similar to prescription doses for EBRT and 100% to 115% for BT. Fractionation-corrected dose and time to follow-up affected the occurrence of the symptom. For a follow-up {>=}3 years, 19% of men (52 of 268) within the 70-Gy EBRT + BT group reported pain, compared with 10% of men (23 of 222) treated with 70 Gy primary EBRT (prevalence ratio 1.9; 95% confidence interval 1.2-3.0). Of the men treated with salvage EBRT, 10% (20 of 197) reported urethral pain. Conclusions: Survivors treated with EBRT + BT had a higher risk for urethral pain compared with those treated with EBRT. The symptom prevalence decreased with longer time to follow-up. We found a relationship between fractionation-corrected urethral dose and pain. Among long-term prostate cancer survivors, the occurrence of pain was not increased above the background rate for prostatic urethral doses up to 70 Gy{sub 3}.
Pettersson, Niclas, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goeteborg (Sweden)] [Department of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goeteborg (Sweden); Olsson, Caroline [Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Goeteborg (Sweden)] [Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Goeteborg (Sweden); Tucker, Susan L. [Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (United States)] [Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (United States); Alsadius, David; Wilderaeng, Ulrica [Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Goeteborg (Sweden)] [Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Goeteborg (Sweden); Johansson, Karl-Axel [Department of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goeteborg (Sweden)] [Department of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goeteborg (Sweden); Steineck, Gunnar [Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Goeteborg (Sweden)] [Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Goeteborg (Sweden)
Gender and the homoerotic logic of torture at Abu Ghraib
The focus of this dissertation is a social and cultural theoretical analysis of the empirical data regarding the prison abuse that occurred at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq by American forces. I provide the following: an examination of the photographs of abuse that were leaked to the press in the fall of 2003; an analysis of both Lynndie England�s and Sabrina Harman�s courts-martial (two of the �rotten apples�); a discussion of the body associated with punishment and torture, and also as marked in ways of identification; and an assessment of additional representations regarding prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib. Throughout this analysis, I use gender as a lens to understand Abu Ghraib and the subsequent courts-martial. It is important to note that I gained access to and was intimately involved as a graduate researcher for Dr. Stjepan G. Mestrovic, an expert for the defense, and experienced the events of the trials themselves, first-hand and during closed counsel and open session. The empirical data provided is drawn primarily from first-hand qualitative research that involved participant-observation of two trials, interaction with soldiers and officers, and analysis of both documents pertaining to the trial as well as the photographs of abuse themselves, among other things. I incorporate cultural studies, feminist and sociological theory (modern and postmodern), and feminist philosophy so as to provide a theoretical analysis of the abuse at Abu Ghraib and the subsequent courts-martial focused on gender and sexuality. The result of this dissertation is a social and cultural theoretical analysis of the empirical data regarding the prison abuse that occurred at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq by American forces, where women, gender, and sexuality are shown to be important criteria for examination. Specifically, the results of this project highlight areas that current analyses of the abuse at Abu Ghraib have left out: how women fit into American military politics, how gender functions as power within the military, how gender is socially constructed in the military in terms of heterosexuality, and how both gender and sexuality are used as weapons by the American military. This kind of examination is useful in future policy considerations for the military and for detainee treatment, where analyses of women, gender, sexuality, and power have been so far neglected in any serious way, and even by sociologists Phillip Zimbardo and the application of his Stanford Prison Study to the events of Abu Ghraib.
Caldwell, Ryan Ashley
Hurdling barriers through market uncertainty: Case studies in innovative technology adoption
At 12� per kWh, that will produce an annual cost savings ofcosts has been emphasized with the current electricity tariffs applicable to the building, which are roughly 12� per kWh
Payne, Christopher T.; Radspieler Jr., Anthony; Payne, Jack
Semantic spaces : behavior, language and word learning in the Human Speechome corpus
The Human Speechome Project is an unprecedented attempt to record, analyze and understand the process of language acquisition. It is composed of over 90,000 hours of video and 150,000 hours of audio, capturing roughly 80% ...
Miller, Matthew Adam
Mesoscale Wind Signatures along the Carolina Coast
Coastal winds immediately offshore of North and South Carolina often exhibit a mesoscale diffluent�confluent pattern that appears to be governed by the coastal configuration and oceanic thermal field. The stationary pattern roughly parallels the ...
Allen J. Riordan; Yuh-Lang Lin
Surface Water Vapor and Momentum Fluxes under Unstable Conditions from a Rugged-Complex Area
Measurements were made of the profiles of mean wind velocity, of temperature, and of specific humidity in the unstable atmospheric boundary layer over macro-rough terrain; these data were obtained from radiosonde observations in a calibrated ...
Wilfried Brutsaert; William P. Kustas
Effect of Surface Sublayer on Surface Skin Temperature and Fluxes
The surface sublayer is the layer of air adjacent to the surface where the transfer of momentum and heat by molecular motion becomes important. Equations are derived to incorporate this surface sublayer (or the variable ratio of the roughness ...
Xubin Zeng; Robert E. Dickinson
Natural Gas Weekly Update, Printer-Friendly Version
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
Henry Hub settled at 2.236 per MMBtu, up roughly 3 cents over the previous Friday. A trend towards cooler temperatures across most of the country likely contributed to the...
Lidar Network Observations of Cirrus Morphological and Scattering Properties during the International Cirrus Experiment 1989: The 18 October 1989 Case Study and Statistical Analysis
Four lidars located roughly 75 km from each other in the inner German Bight of the North Sea, were used to measure geometrical and optical properties of cirrus clouds during the International Cirrus Experiment 1989 (ICE '89). A complete cirrus ...
Albert Ansmann; Jens B�senberg; G�rard Brogniez; Salem Elouragini; Pierre H. Flamant; Karlheinz Klapheck; Holger Linn; Louis Menenger; Walfried Michaelis; Maren Riebesell; Christoph Senff; Pierre-Yves Thro; Ulla Wandinger; Claus Weitkamp
Storing unsteady energy, like photovoltaically generated electric energy, as potential energy
A proposal to store unsteady energy in potential energy via lifting masses with a rough quantitative overview. Some applications and methods to harvest the potential energy are also given. A focus is put on photovoltaically generated energy.
Kutz, Nadja
Nadja Kutz
Edge-Preserving Image Reconstruction with Wavelet-Domain Edge Continuation
The standard approach to image reconstruction is to stabilize the problem by including an edge-preserving roughness penalty in addition to faithfulness to the data. However, this methodology produces noisy object boundaries and creates a staircase effect. ...
Marc C. Robini; Pierre-Jean Viverge; Yue-Min Zhu; Isabelle E. Magnin
Agencies sign record of decision for remediation and closure...
from DOE's Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado, which was deposited in the landfill from 1954 to 1970, is distributed unevenly in pits and trenches throughout roughly 14 percent of...
Sources of Mesoscale Variability of Gravity Waves. Part I: Topographic Excitation
Aircraft measurements of winds and temperatures collected during the GASP program are used to study the effects of topography as a source of mesoscale variability. Variances of fluctuations at the mesoscale over rough terrain are enhanced up to ...
Gregory D. Nastrom; David C. Fritts
Numerical Estimations of Horizontal Advection inside Canopies
Local advection of scalar quantities such as heat, moisture, or carbon dioxide occurs not only above inhomogeneous surfaces but also within roughness elements on these surfaces. A two-dimensional advection�diffusion equation is applied to examine ...
Young-San Park; Kyaw Tha Paw U
Model-Based Troubleshooting of Digital Systems
This thesis describes a methodology, a representation, and an implemented program for troubleshooting digital circuit boards at roughly the level of expertise one might expect in a human novice. Existing methods for ...
Hamscher, Walter Charles
Better Buildings | Department of Energy
Better Buildings Better Buildings Last year, commercial and industrial buildings used roughly 50% of the energy in the U.S. economy at a cost of over 400 billion. These buildings...
Habitat Restoration at the Salmon, Mississippi, Site | Department...
20 miles southwest of Hattiesburg, in southwestern Mississippi. It is roughly square in shape, and each side is approximately 1.52 miles long. The site was used by the U.S. Atomic...
A Study of South Asian Monsoon Energetics
Monsoon forecasting is one of the most difficult components of the global weather prediction problem. The operational forecasts over the Asian monsoon region are known to have useful skill only for roughly 2�3 days. The rapid deterioration of ...
T. N. Krishnamurti; M. C. Sinha; Bhaskar Jha; U. C. Mohanty
Physics of Greenhouse Effect and Convection in Warm Oceans
Sea surface temperature (SST) in roughly 50% of the tropical Pacific Ocean is warm enough (SST > 300 K) to permit deep convection. This paper examines the effects of deep convection on the climatological mean vertical distributions of water vapor ...
A. K. Inamdar; V. Ramanathan
Oceanic Internal Waves Are Not Weak Waves
It is shown that the oceanic internal wave field is too energetic by roughly two orders of magnitude to be treated theoretically as an assemblage of weakly interacting waves. This may be seen both from recent weak wave theoretical calculations ...
Greg Holloway
Corporate growth and industrial dynamics: evidence from French manufacturing
.1080/00036840802400454 #12;applied to UK manufacturing (Hart and Prais, 1956; Clarke, 1979) and also to US (Simon and Bonini' benchmark can be taken as a rough first approximation of firm growth. However, a closer inspection reveals
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Simulation of a Serial Upstream-Propagating Mesoscale Convective System Event over Southeastern South America Using Composite Initial Conditions
Serial upstream-propagating mesoscale convective system (MCS) events over southeastern South America are important contributors to the local hydrologic cycle as they can provide roughly half of the total monthly summer precipitation. However, the ...
Vagner Anabor; David J. Stensrud; Osvaldo L. L. de Moraes
week functionality rerun of of goals of SC3 * Demonstration and preparation for the 2006 Data Challenge CSA06 * July and August CMS will produce 25M events per month (roughly 1TB...
Development and evaluation of a thermal model for haptic interfaces
The thermal interaction between the skin and an object is influenced by the thermal properties and initial temperatures of the skin and object, and by the contact force and surface roughness of the contact surfaces. This ...
Ho, Hsin-Ni
Cluster Synthesis via Ligand-Arrested Solid Growth: Triethylphosphine-Capped Fragments of Binary Metal Chalcogenides
, an oil diffusion pump (Edwards Diffstak 63), and a turbomolecular pump (Edwards ETP63/80)sallows, all enclosed within a Pyrex chamber. Connection to a high vacuum linescomprising a roughing pump
Technology Innovation in Aluminum Products
Today's U.S. aluminum production includes roughly 5.6 million tonnes of .... to help make the cost of aluminum competitive with steel.12 Aluminum pull tabs were�...
Reduce Oil Dependence Costs
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Boiler Upgrades Save Money & Energy: Boeing Philadelphia
is roughly half that of No. 6 fuel oil. Also, in the region of the plant, suppliers of No. 6 fuel oil are limited which drove costs even higher than average No. 6 fuel oil pricing...
unit (Btu) value at a low cost: coal costs roughly 2.64 per million Btu, while fuel oil costs 7.61 per million Btu. 3 Further, the cost of coal is relatively stable, while...
Literature Review of Mobility Control Methods for CO2
an organic co-solvent such as toluene; although this thickened CO 2 was shown to improve oil recovery from cores, the co-solvent requirement (roughly 10% co-solvent, 90% CO 2 )...
Sensing animal group behavior and bio-clutter in the ocean over continental shelf scales
Fish populations often comprise the largest biomass in a productive marine ecosystem. They typically play an essential role in inter-trophic energy transport, and serve as a mainstay for human consumption comprising roughly ...
Srinivasan, Jagannathan
Wind Speed Effects on Sea Surface Emission and Reflection for the Along Track Scanning Radiometer
The emission and reflection properties of a rough sea surface are investigated, with particular emphasis on the wavelengths and viewing geometry relevant to the Along Track Scanning Radiometer. The authors start from Fresnel's equations for a ...
Philip D. Watts; Myles R. Allen; Timothy J. Nightingale
Empirical-Statistical Method to Estimate the Surface Wind Speed over Complex Terrain
An empirical-statistical method to estimate surface wind speed over complex terrain under strong wind condition is proposed. This method is based on the postulation that the surface wind speed depends on a surface roughness parameter and a ...
Hiromi Yamazawa; Junsei Kondo
Representing Drag on Unresolved Terrain as a Distributed Momentum Sink
In numerical weather prediction models, drag on unresolved terrain is usually represented by augmenting the boundary drag on the model atmosphere, in terms of an effective surface roughness length. But as is shown here, if a terrain-following ...
John D. Wilson
Preliminary assessment of potential CDM early start projects in Brazil
generation is from hydropower, but the majority of new power capacity is expected to use natural gas.generation that would be avoided by projects to be roughly 50% from natural gas combined cycle power
Meyers, S.; Sathaye, J.; Lehman, B.; Schumacher, K.; van Vliet, O.; Moreira, J.R.
Idealized Solutions for the Energy Balance of the Finescale Internal Wave Field
Recent fine- and microstructure observations indicate enhanced finescale shear and strain in conjunction with bottom-intensified turbulent dissipation above rough bathymetry in the Brazil Basin. Such observations implicate the bottom boundary as ...
Kurt Polzin
V, if subsequently funded, are projected to be over a three year time frame with rough cost estimate of 10 million dollars. ALCOA proposes to continue cost-sharing in...
Suppression Oceanic Rippies by Surfactant-Spectral Effects Deduced from Sun-Glitter, Wave-Staff and Microwave Measurements
Experimental results on suppression of fine sea-surface structures by surfactant in terms of the roughness length obtained from wind profiles and of the wave-energy density from sun-glitter photographs, wave-staff measurements, and microwave ...
Jin Wu
An Eddy-Resolving Numerical Model of the Ventilated Thermocline: Time Dependence
A primitive equation, eddy-resolving numerical model is used to study the inherent time scales of variability in the subtropical ocean, assuming temporally constant surface forcing. Three primary scales arise: mesoscale variability of roughly 50-...
Michael D. Cox
Investigation of heat transfer augmentation through use of internally finned and roughened tubes : final summary report
This report summarizes a three-year program concerned with obtaining basic design information for tubes having a random roughness on the inside wall (RID) and tubing having continuous internal fins (Forge Fin). Test apparatus ...
Bergles A. E.
Comparison of PARASOL Observations with Polarized Reflectances Simulated Using Different Ice Habit Mixtures
Insufficient knowledge of the habit distribution and the degree of surface roughness of ice crystals within ice clouds is a source of uncertainty in the forward light scattering and radiative transfer simulations of ice clouds used in downstream ...
Benjamin H. Cole; Ping Yang; Bryan A. Baum; Jerome Riedi; Laurent C.-Labonnote; Francois Thieuleux; Steven Platnick
electricity. thermal and hydro-power are used almost to thecoal. power, coal and hydro-power. On-site solar componentsthe levels used here. Hydro power is included at roughly
Authors, Various
Slide20 | OSTI, US Dept of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical...
agencies - making it a "best buy." The NIH, a benchmark agency in research and the production of scientific literature, spends roughly 30 times more than DOE on getting its R&D...
Oral Testimony of Energy Secretary Steven Chu at the House Energy...
29.5 billion supports the President's goals. Defense-related activities such as non-proliferation and cleaning up Cold War sites account for roughly half of our budget. The other...
Financial Innovation Among the Community Wind Sector in the United States
grant. The remainder of project costs have been financedremainder of expected project costs � roughly $6.7 million �was able to reduce project costs (by taking advantage of the
Bolinger, Mark
A Review of Wind Project Financing Structures in the USA
capital to finance wind project costs. Roughly $28 billion (to fund all of the project costs and sufficient tax appetitefunds 100% of the project costs as equity in the project
Bolinger, Mark A
On the Seasonality of the Hadley Cell
The annual march of the climatological mean meridional circulations (MMCs) in the NCEP�NCAR reanalyses is dominated by two components of roughly comparable mean-squared amplitude: 1) a seasonally invariant pair of �Hadley cells� with rising ...
Ioana M. Dima; John M. Wallace
A 2D human body model dressed in eigen clothing
Detection, tracking, segmentation and pose estimation of people in monocular images are widely studied. Two-dimensional models of the human body are extensively used, however, they are typically fairly crude, representing the body either as a rough outline ...
Peng Guan; Oren Freifeld; Michael J. Black
I truly hope this finds that everyone has had or plans to devote some time for family, friends and a bit of relaxation this summer. Before too
alive with beginning of a new academic year. Each year always seems to heighten our energy. The study, involved an online survey of 339 faculty members, roughly evenly split by gender, at nice
Peterson, Blake R.
Intraurban Differences of Surface Energy Fluxes in a Central European City
Surface properties, such as roughness and vegetation, which vary both within and between urban areas, play a dominant role in determining surface�atmosphere energy exchanges. The turbulent heat flux partitioning is examined within a single urban ...
B. Offerle; C. S. B. Grimmond; K. Fortuniak; W. Pawlak
The Response of the SSM/I to the Marine Environment. Part II: A Parameterization of the Effect of the Sea Surface Slope Distribution on Emission and Reflection
Based on a geometric optics model and the assumption of an isotropic Gaussian surface slope distribution, the component of ocean surface microwave emissivity variation due to large-scale surface roughness is parameterized for the frequencies and ...
Grant W. Petty; Kristina B. Katsaros
Reply to comment | OSTI, US Dept of Energy, Office of Scientific...
New Independent Analysis Confirms Climate Bill Costs About a...
The EIA analysis projects an increased cost of about 83 (adjusted for inflation) by 2030 -- or roughly 23 cents a day. Energy Secretary Steven Chu made the following statement:...
Fast Population Game Dynamics for Dominant Sets and Other ...
pure strategies available to the players and let A be the n � n payoff or utility ..... sampling rates, namely 0.005, 0.015, 0.03 and 0.05, which roughly correspond to .
PPT Slide
A growth rate increase of 1 ... EIA�s methodology indicates that a decrease of 1 percentage point in the growth rate has roughly the same effect on the estimated ...
Uncertainties in the Value of Bill Savings from Behind-the-Meter, Residential Photovoltaic Systems: The Roles of Electricity Market Conditions, Retail Rate Design, and Net Metering
compensation options. All rates increase slightly due to thesimilarly. The flat rate increases by $0.011/kWh (or 5.6%)peak and low period rates increase by 6%-12%. Since roughly
Darghouth, Naim Richard
Tactile sensing using elastomeric sensors
GelSight, namely, elastomeric sensor, is a novel tactile sensor to get the 3D information of contacting surfaces. Using GelSight, some tactile properties, such as softness and roughness, could be gained through image ...
Jia, Xiaodan (Xiaodan Stella)
Performance Evaluation of Gene Expression Programming for Hydraulic Data Mining
Abstract: Predication is one of the fundamental tasks of data mining. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence techniques are widely being used in data mining applications where conventional statistical methods were used such as Regression and classification. The aim of this work is to show the applicability of Gene Expression Programming (GEP), a recently developed AI technique, for hydraulic data prediction and to evaluate its performance by comparing it with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Both GEP and MLR were used to model the hydraulic jump over a roughened bed using very large series of experimental data that contain all the important flow and roughness parameters such as the initial Froude number, the height of roughness ratio, the length of roughness ratio, the initial length ratio (from the gate) and the roughness density. The results show that GEP is a promising AI approach for hydraulic data prediction.
Khalid Eldr; Abdel-azim Negm
Microsoft Word - summer.doc
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
in the third week of May but still averaged more than 10 Bcf per day. The price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil ended the week down 0.40 per barrel at 16.85&26;roughly...
as additions to stocks averaged less than 6 Bcf per day for the week earlier. West Texas Intermediate crude oil continued to be traded above 20.50 per barrel&26;roughly...
increased to over 11 Bcf per day during the second week of May. The price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil moved down to end the week at 17.25 per barrel-roughly...
--No Title--
1- 3 MMBTU range, NGDG applications of SOFC were considered to be the main potential market for SOFC. In the period from roughly 2002 - 2008 natural gas prices rose so much...
is about -160dBw (1x10 -16 Watts). This is roughly equivalent to viewing a 25-Watt light bulb in Japan from Los Angles, California. This weak signal can be effectively jammed by...
A Note on Alternatively Direct Measurement of the Transfer Resistance over Vegetation
The boundary layer transfer resistance is an important parameter in micrometeorology. The most common approach to determining it uses a wind function that is extremely sensitive to the specified roughness length and can suffer large uncertainties,...
Zhilin Zhu; Xiaomin Sun; Renhua Zhang; Hongbo Su; Xinzai Tang; Xuhui Lee
Observations of the Relationship between 700-mb Temperatures and Severe Weather Reports across the Contiguous United States
The relationship between 700-mb temperatures and convective severe storm reports is examined using data from 1993 to 2006 for the contiguous United States. Severe storm reports are used as a rough �proxy� for the occurrence of deep moist ...
Matthew J. Bunkers; John R. Wetenkamp Jr.; Jeffrey J. Schild; Anthony Fischer
Tests of the standard model and constraints on new ... - Springer
Feb 17, 2000 ... in [2], except that the mass of the Higgs boson is set to. 175 GeV, roughly midway between the experimental lower bound [30] and the 95%�...
2010 Wind Technologies Market Report
reduced near-term price expectations, wind energy?s primaryweighted-average price of wind energy in 1999 was roughly $electricity prices in 2009 pushed wind energy to the top of
Wiser, Ryan
Inverse Parameter Estimation of the Turbulent Surface Layer from Single-Level Data and Surface Temperature
A simple inverse parameter estimation method is used in a practical diagnostic approach to obtain the surface roughness lengths and surface resistance parameters from a chi-square cost function containing measurements of wind speed and air ...
P. Martano
Aerodynamic Properties of Urban Areas Derived from Analysis of Surface Form
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C. S. B. Grimmond; T. R. Oke
The RED Experiment: An Assessment of Boundary Layer Effects in a Trade Winds Regime on Microwave and Infrared Propagation over the Sea
In the surface layer over the ocean the Monin�Obukhov similarity theory is often applied to construct vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. In this context, the rough boundary layer is derived from empirical ...
Kenneth Anderson; Stephen Doss-Hammel; Dimitris Tsintikidis; Barbara Brooks; Michael Smith; Peter Caffrey; Antony Clarke; Leo Cohen; Arie De Jong; Gerrit De Leeuw; Marcel Moerman; Katie Crahan; Kenneth Davidson; Paul Frederickson; Denis Dion; Carl Friehe; Djamal Khelif; Tihomir Hristov; Jeffery S. Reid; Steven Reising; Eric Terrill
Lifecycle Analyses of Biofuels
States. 2000 and 2012 Ethanol from corn. USDA United States.year 2000. Ethanol from corn. Pimentel & Patzek (PP) UnitedRoughly 2000. Ethanol from corn, switchgrass, and wood;
Delucchi, Mark
Evaluating Satellite-Based Cloud Persistence and Displacement Nowcasting Techniques over Complex Terrain
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites allows roughly for the same region of Earth to be sampled twice in a nowcasting time frame. Using the MODIS cloud mask at 5-km resolution and ...
Eric M. Guillot; Thomas H. Vonder Haar; John M. Forsythe; Steven J. Fletcher
Wind and solar power electric generation to see strong growth...
by roughly 30 percent in each of the next two years. Even with such strong growth, the amount of solar energy will remain a very small part of the total U.S. electricity supply...
City of Houston - Green Power Purchasing (Texas) | Open Energy...
MW, equivalent to roughly 350 million kWh annually or 25% of the annual electricity consumption of the city's municipal facilities. Additional 10 MW increments of renewable energy...
Forestry Policies (Kansas)
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
Kansas is home to an established forestry industry managing roughly 2 million acres of land. The vast majority of these lands are privately owned. The Kansas Forest Service (KFS) provides the...
patterned after the Canadian bOO-CANDU-PHW t"t;:8ctor containment. This structure was Instrumented dimensions are roughly 1/14 those of the CANDU type of containment and the re- Inforcement palterns are also
Progress on Multipactor Studies in Dielectric-Loaded Accelerating...
of a number of variables, including the energy and angle of incidence of the incident electron, and the threshold energy and surface roughness of the material. In this paper we...
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
...The scanning electron microscope provides a valuable combination of high resolution imaging, elemental analysis, and recently, crystallographic analysis: Imaging of features as small as sim 10 nm or less, roughly 100 times smaller than can be seen with...
Thermoelectrics Combined with Solar Concentration for Electrical and Thermal Cogeneration
a heat engine, such as a steam turbine or sterling enginethese concentrations, a steam turbine achieves roughly 25%ratio can run a steam turbine at 35-50% efficiency, with
Jackson, Philip Robert
Appropriate technology water treatment processes for MaeLa Temporary Shelter, Thailand
This thesis recommends the use of horizontal-flow roughing filters to treat spring water of variable annual quality in MaeLa Temporary Shelter, Thailand. The public drinking water system for 45,000 refugees is overseen by ...
Vater, Katherine Ann
Guide objective assisted particle swarm optimization and its application to history matching
As is typical of metaheuristic optimization algorithms, particle swarm optimization is guided solely by the objective function. However, experience with separable and roughly separable problems suggests that, for subsets of the decision variables, the ...
Alan P. Reynolds; Asaad Abdollahzadeh; David W. Corne; Mike Christie; Brian Davies; Glyn Williams
Bulk Formulation of the Heat and Water Vapor Fluxes at the Air�Sea Interface, Including Nonmolecular Contributions
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James A. Mueller; Fabrice Veron
Estimates of Power Consumed by Mixing in the Ocean Interior
Much attention has focused on the power required for driving mixing processes in the ocean interior, the thermohaline circulation, and the related meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Recent estimates range from roughly 0.5 to 2 TW (1 TW = 1 ...
Louis St. Laurent; Harper Simmons
On a Simple Empirical Parameterization of Topography-Catalyzed Diapycnal Mixing in the Abyssal Ocean
The global spatial distribution of the turbulent diapycnal diffusivity in the abyssal ocean is reexamined in light of the growing body of microstructure data revealing bottom-intensified turbulent mixing in regions of rough topography. A direct ...
Thomas Decloedt; Douglas S. Luther
Fermilab Today
on its own, a lonesome particle without its mate. At roughly the same mass as a gold atom, the top quark is a heavyweight in the world of elementary particles. However,...
Effects of Subgrid Spatial Heterogeneity on GCM-Scale Land Surface Energy and Moisture Fluxes
The results of simulation experiments are reported in which two 1� lat � 1� long regions were discretized into pixels of size roughly 180 m � 120 m and modeled using a hydrologically based, spatially distributed water and energy balance model. ...
Antti Arola; Dennis P. Lettenmaier
107�0'0W 106�30'0W 106�0'0W 105�30'0W 49�0'0N Williston Basin ...
poplar e lustre vaux fork e flat lake goose lake rough rider d wyer sidney mondak w divide flat top butte indian hill glass bluff poe fairview camp bicentennial ...
Survey and evaluation of techniques to augment convective heat transfer
This report presents a survey and evaluation of the numerous techniques which have been shown to augment convective heat transfer. These techniques are: surface promoters, including roughness and treatment; displaced ...
Reforming the Nation: Law and Land in Post-Soviet Ukraine
and grades of flour: rough-cut wheat, finely-milled rye. Allof Australia's wheat output is exported, mainly to floursaid flour and food prices would rise if current wheat
Eppinger, Monica Elizabeth
The synthesis of highly aligned cupric oxide nanowires by heating copper foil
We have investigated the effects of grain size and orientation of copper substrates for the growth of cupric oxide nanowires by thermal oxidation method. Long, less-roughness, high-density, and aligned cupric oxide nanowires have been synthesized by ...
Jianbo Liang; Naoki Kishi; Tetsuo Soga; Takashi Jimbo
White House Council of Economic Advisers and Energy Department...
Weather-related outages are estimated to have cost the U.S. economy an inflation-adjusted annual average of 18 billion to 33 billion. Roughly 679 power outages, each affecting at...
Temperature and Currents on the Southern California Shelf: A Description of the Variability
Temperature and horizontal current observations at three water depths (15, 30 and 60 m) over the Southern California shelf are reported for four discrete periods during 1978�79, roughly corresponding to each of the principal seasons. The vertical ...
Clinton D. Winant; Alan W. Bratkovich
Windows and mirrors needed for a laser-driven photoneutralizer
Rough estimates of the neutral fraction obtainable from a photoneutralizer and of the power required to operate it are presented as functions of the window and mirror performance. More precise information will become available in the future.
Fink, J.H.
Financing Non-Residential Photovoltaic Projects: Options and Implications
roughly 100% of a solar project�s installed cost is eligibleCost Recovery System through which certain investments in solar power (and other types of) projectsand solar in general) a harder sell, absent reductions in installed project costs.
Form Drag and Mixing Due to Tidal Flow past a Sharp Point
Barotropic tidal currents flowing over rough topography may be slowed by two bottom boundary�related processes: tangential stress of the bottom boundary layer, which is generally well represented by a quadratic drag law, and normal stress from ...
Kathleen A. Edwards; Parker MacCready; James N. Moum; Geno Pawlak; Jody M. Klymak; Alexander Perlin
Microsoft Word - Highlights.doc
30 per barrel through December and gradually slide to roughly 26 per barrel after Iraqi oil exports return to near pre- war levels in 2004. U.S. Natural Gas Markets. Demand for...
Biogeochemical and Biophysical Responses of the Land Surface to a Sustained Thermohaline Circulation Weakening
Biotic responses to climate change may constitute significant feedbacks to the climate system by altering biogeochemistry (e.g., carbon storage) or biophysics (i.e., albedo, evapotranspiration, and roughness length) at the land surface. Accurate ...
Paul A. T. Higgins
DOE Announces Nearly $170 Million in Available Funding to Advance...
solar photovoltaic (PV) technology areas. The SunShot Initiative aims to reduce the total cost of solar energy systems by about 75 percent - to roughly 1 per watt - before the end...
BNL Council Commentary
an annual report to the scientific staff about the current staffing levels and rough salary data. These reports that had been annual for many years had not been issued for the...
Preliminary Analysis of U.S. Residential Air Leakage Database V.2011
roughly mapped to 19 climate zones [3] by state-line. The1 shows that most of the climate zones are represented inv2011) ResDB organized by climate zones. Many climate zones
Sherman, Wanyu R Chan, Max H