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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Global Solar Radiation Estimation from Relative Sunshine Hours in Italy
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
We examine the existing measurements of global solar radiation and sunshine duration for Italy, and evaluate the errors made in estimating global solar radiation from sunshine hours measurements. We find that the �ngstrom�Black linear relation in ...
A. Andretta; B. Bartoli; B. Coluzzi; V. Cuomo; M. Francesca; C. Serio
Interannual Variability of the Global Radiation Budget
Interannual variability of the global radiation budget, regions that contribute to its variability, and what limits albedo variability are investigated using Clouds and the Earth�s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data taken from March 2000 through ...
Seiji Kato
The Asymmetry of Global Solar Radiation Around Solar Noon
Using approximately 25 years of rehabilitated global solar radiation measurements, an analysis of the asymmetry of global solar radiation around solar noon was performed for three climatic regions of the United states represented by Miami, ...
R. T. Pinker; L. M. Militana
Global existence result for phase transformations with heat transfer in shape memory alloys
E-Print Network (OSTI)
We consider three-dimensional models for rate-independent processes describing materials undergoing phase transformations with heat transfer. The problem is formulated within the framework of generalized standard solids by the coupling of the momentum equilibrium equation and the flow rule with the heat transfer equation. Under appropriate regularity assumptions on the initial data, we prove the existence a global solution for this thermodynamically consistent system, by using a fixed-point argument combined with global energy estimates.
Paoli, Laetitia
The Global Character of the Flux of Downward Longwave Radiation
Four different types of estimates of the surface downwelling longwave radiative flux (DLR) are reviewed. One group of estimates synthesizes global cloud, aerosol, and other information in a radiation model that is used to calculate fluxes. Because ...
Graeme L. Stephens; Martin Wild; Paul W. Stackhouse Jr.; Tristan L�Ecuyer; Seiji Kato; David S. Henderson
Estimation of global solar radiation using ANN over Turkey
The main objective of the present study is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on multi-nonlinear regression (MNLR) method for estimating the monthly mean daily sum global solar radiation at any place of Turkey. For this purpose, ... Keywords: Artificial neural networks, Estimation, Global solar radiation, Stepwise multi-nonlinear regression, Turkey
Muammer Ozgoren; Mehmet Bilgili; Besir Sahin
Contemporaneous Relationships between Global Radiation and Heating Degree Days during Severe Winters in the United States
The global radiation climate associated with anomalously cold winter months and cold winters is analyzed for the contiguous United States. The radiation data consist of rehabilitated measured and modeled monthly values of global radiation on both ...
Thomas R. Karl; Frank T. Quinlan
Global existence for a hydrogen storage model with full energy balance
A thermo-mechanical model describing hydrogen storage by use of metal hydrides has been recently proposed in a paper by Bonetti, Fr\\'emond and Lexcellent. It describes the formation of hydrides using the phase transition approach. By virtue of the laws of continuum thermo-mechanics, the model leads to a phase transition problem in terms of three state variables: the temperature, the phase parameter representing the fraction of one solid phase, and the pressure, and is derived within a generalization of the principle of virtual powers proposed by Fr\\'emond accounting for micro-forces, responsible for the phase transition, in the whole energy balance of the system. Three coupled nonlinear partial differential equations combined with initial and boundary conditions have to be solved. The main difficulty in investigating the resulting system of partial differential equations relies on the presence of the squared time derivative of the order parameter in the energy balance equation. Here, the global existence of a...
Bonetti, Elena; Lauren�ot, Philippe
Quality control and estimation of global solar radiation in China
Measurements of surface radiation in China are too sparse to meet demand for scientific research and engineering applications. Moreover, the radiation data often include erroneous and questionable values though preliminary quality-check has been done before the data release. Therefore, quality control of radiation data is often a prerequisite for using these data. In this study, a set of quality-check procedures were implemented to control the quality of the solar radiation measurements at 97 stations in China. A hybrid model for estimating global solar radiation was then evaluated against the controlled data. The results show that the model can estimate the global radiation with accuracy of MBE less than 1.5 MJ m{sup -2} and RMSE less than 2.8 MJ m{sup -2} for daily radiation and RMSE less than 2.0 MJ m{sup -2} for monthly-mean daily radiation at individual stations over most of China except at a few stations where unsatisfactory estimates were possibly caused by severe air pollution or too dense clouds. The MBE averaged over all stations are about 0.7 MJ m{sup -2} and RMSE about 2.0 MJ m{sup -2} for daily radiation and RMSE about 1.3 MJ m{sup -2} for monthly-mean daily radiation. Finally, this model was used to fill data gaps and to expand solar radiation data set using routine meteorological station data in China. This data set would substantially contribute to some radiation-related scientific studies and engineering applications in China. (author)
Tang, Wenjun; He, Jie [Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 (China); Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Yang, Kun; Qin, Jun [Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 (China)
Decline in Global Solar Radiation with Increased Horizontal Visibility in Germany between 1964 and 1990
A statistically significant decrease in mean annual global solar radiation between 1964 and 1990 under completely overcast skies was found at five out of eight studied locations in Germany. A decrease of global solar radiation is also evident in ...
Beate G. Liepert; George J. Kukla
Two-Stream Approximations to Radiative Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres: A Unified Description of Existing Methods and a New Improvement
Existing two-stream approximations to radiative transfer theory for particulate media are shown to be represented by identical forms of coupled differential equations if the intensity is replaced by integrals of the intensity over hemispheres. ...
W. E. Meador; W. R. Weaver
Prediction of clock time hourly global radiation from daily values over
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Prediction of clock time hourly global radiation from daily values over Prediction of clock time hourly global radiation from daily values over Bangladesh Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): A need for predicting hourly global radiation exists for many locations particularly in Bangladesh for which measured values are not available and daily values have to be estimated from sunshine data. The CPRG model has been used to predict values of hourly Gh for Dhaka (23.770N, 90.380E), Chittagong (22.270N, 91.820E) and Bogra (24.850N, 89.370E) for = ±7.50, ±22.50, ±37.50, ±52.50, ±67.50, ±82.50 and ±97.50 i.e., for ±1/2, ±3/2, ±5/2, ±7/2, ±9/2, ±11/2, ±13/2 hours before and after solar noon and the computed values for different months are symmetrical about solar noon whereas for many months experimental data show a clear asymmetry. To obtain improved
A Model for the Estimation of Global Solar Radiation Using Fuzzy Random Variables
In this paper, the concept of fuzzy random variables is applied for the estimation of global solar radiation on a surface at ground level. The cloudiness index is defined as the fraction of extraterrestrial radiation that reaches the earth's ...
Nalin K. Gautam; N. D. Kaushika
The Estimation of Hourly Global Solar Radiation Using a Cloud Cover Model Developed at Blytheville, Arkansas
The lack of a comprehensive solar radiation monitoring network throughout the United States has led to extensive modeling. Some of the models use a measured component, usually the global solar radiation, to predict the other components, direct ...
W. D. Turner; Abdulaziz Mujahid
Conformal Null Infinity Does Not Exist for Radiating Solutions in Odd Spacetime Dimensions
We show that for general relativity in odd spacetime dimensions greater than 4, all components of the unphysical Weyl tensor for arbitrary smooth, compact spatial support perturbations of Minkowski spacetime fail to be smooth at null infinity at leading nonvanishing order. This implies that for nearly flat radiating spacetimes, the non-smoothness of the unphysical metric at null infinity manifests itself at the same order as it describes deviations from flatness of the physical metric. Therefore, in odd spacetime dimensions, it does not appear that conformal null infinity can be in any way useful for describing radiation.
Stefan Hollands; Robert M. Wald
Existence and Construction of Resonances for Atoms Coupled to the Quantized Radiation Field
For a nonrelativistic atom, which is minimally coupled to the quantized radiation field, resonances emerging from excited atomic eigenstates are constructed by an iteration scheme inspired by \\cite{Pizzo2003} and \\cite{BachFrohlichPizzo2006}. This scheme successively removes an infrared cut off in momentum space and yields a convergent algorithm enabling us to calculate the resonance eigenvalues and eigenstates, to arbitrary order in the feinstructure constant $\\alpha \\sim 1/137$, and is thus an alternative method of proof of a similar result obtained in \\cite{Sigal2010}.
Volker Bach; Miguel Ballesteros; Alessandro Pizzo
Global, Seasonal Cloud Variations from Satellite Radiance Measurements. Part II. Cloud Properties and Radiative Effects
Global, daily, visible and infrared radiance measurements from the NOAA-5 Scanning Radiometer (SR) are analyzed for the months of January, April, July and October 1977 to infer cloud and surface radiative properties and their effects on the Earth ...
William B. Rossow; Andrew A. Lacis
Global Relationships among the Earth's Radiation Budget, Cloudiness, Volcanic Aerosols, and Surface Temperature
The analyses of Cess are extended to consider global relationships among the earth's radiation budget (including solar insulation and changes in optically active gass), cloudiness, solar constant, volcanic aerosols, and surface temperature. ...
Philip E. Ardanuy; H. Lee Kyle; Douglas Hoyt
Global methylation responses to low dose radiation exposure
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
methylation responses to low dose radiation exposure methylation responses to low dose radiation exposure Pamela J Sykes, Michelle R Newman, Benjamin J Blyth and Rebecca J Ormsby Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042 Australia. (firstname.lastname@example.com). Our goal is to study the mechanisms involved in biological responses to low doses of radiation in vivo in the dose range that is relevant to population and occupational exposures. At high radiation doses, DNA double-strand breaks are considered the critical lesion underlying the initiation of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. However, at the very low radiation doses relevant for the general public, the induction of DNA double-strand breaks
Evidence from the Special Relativity and Blackbody Radiation Theories for the Existence of Photons Possessing Zero Kinetic Energy
The traditional interpretation of radiative emission and absorption asserts that photons are created and annihilated in such processes. A Gedanken experiment is considered in which kinetic energy from observed photons is systematically removed until a limit of zero is reached. With the help of the relativistic Doppler effect it is shown that even for infinitesimally small kinetic energies the photons continue to exist, since in other inertial systems they will be observed to have a much higher energy/frequency falling in an easily detectable range. It is possible to formulate an alternative explanation for absorption and emission processes on this basis in terms of real photons with exactly zero kinetic energy being present before or after radiative interactions. Bolstering this hypothesis is the fact that the statistical mechanical treatment of photons interacting with oscillators in blackbody radiation theory predicts an infinite density of photons of this energy, both in the original Planck formulation employing Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics and in the subsequent Bose-Einstein description. These considerations demonstrate that the E = 0 state is greatly preferred as the product of absorption because of the requirement to have the interaction occur in a relatively narrow region of space- time. There is thus strong evidence that photons are not created and annihilated in radiative processes but simply have their kinetic energy changed either to or from a zero value. Accordingly a very high density of zero-energy photons is expected to exist uniformly throughout the universe. Finally, this development suggests that one should subject the creation-annihilation hypothesis to careful scrutiny in other areas of physics as well.
Robert J. Buenker
Change in regime and transfer function models of global solar radiation in Kuwait
The development of the models for global solar radiation in Kuwait is based on removing the annual periodicity and seasonal variation. The first methodology used here is the change in regime technique that relies on dividing the observations into two ... Keywords: ARMA model, Harmonic analysis, Solar radiation, Transfer function
S. A. Al-Awadhi
Radiation Detector R&D | Global and Regional Solutions
Radiation Detector and Nonproliferation R&D Group Radiation Detector and Nonproliferation R&D Group A major element in nonproliferation, arms control verification, nuclear materials safeguards and homeland security is the ability to detect, identify and measure nuclear, radioactive and chemical materials. BNL has a significant and world-class capability in radiation detection including the design and fabrication of advanced detector systems for scientific R&D and nonproliferation applications that has evolved over more than six decades. To support nonproliferation, arms control, safeguards and homeland security, BNL has focused on advanced radiation detector systems that offer room temperature operation with high energy resolution for gamma-ray detectors, imaging and direction indicating capabilities for both gamma-ray
Modeling the Global Solar Radiation on the Earth�s Surface Using Atmospheric Deterministic and Intelligent Data-Driven Techniques
Three methods for analyzing and modeling the global shortwave radiation reaching the earth�s surface are presented in this study. Solar radiation is a very important input for many aspects of climatology, hydrology, atmospheric sciences, and ...
M. Santamouris; G. Mihalakakou; B. Psiloglou; G. Eftaxias; D. N. Asimakopoulos
Evaluation of Various Methods for Estimating Global Solar Radiation in the Southeastern United States
Global solar radiation Rg is an important input for crop models to simulate crop responses. Because the scarcity of long and continuous records of Rg is a serious limitation in many countries, Rg is estimated using models. For crop-model ...
Prem Woli; Joel O. Paz
A beta regression model for improved solar radiation predictions
Predicting global solar radiation is an integral part of much environmental modeling. There are several approaches for predicting global solar radiation at a site where no instrumentation exists. One popular approach uses the difference between ...
Randall Mullen; Lucy Marshall; Brian McGlynn
A Beta Regression Model for Improved Solar Radiation Predictions
Posters Radiation Impacts on Global Climate Models F. Baer, N. Arsky, and K. Rocque
5 5 Posters Radiation Impacts on Global Climate Models F. Baer, N. Arsky, and K. Rocque University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Climate Prediction and Radiative Heating Climate models are driven by forcing, and these forces are seen primarily by the thermal field in general circulation models (GCMs). The major forces that affect the thermal field are longwave radiative (LWR) heating, shortwave radiative (SWR) heating, and convection (cumulus, etc.). These forcing effects are cycled through the thermal field to the motion field by nonlinear transfer. The dependent variables-in particular, temperature (T), moisture (Q) and especially clouds-evolve in time in a model and determine the subsequent forcing. If the dependent variables are not accurately calculated in space and time, the forcing
Effect of Ice-Albedo Feedback on Global Sensitivity in a One-Dimensional Radiative-Convective Climate Model
The feedback between ice albedo and temperature is included in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model. The effect of this feedback on global sensitivity to changes in solar constant is studied for the current climate conditions. ...
Wei-Chyung Wang; Peter H. Stone
Global Calibration of the GEOS-5 L-Band Microwave Radiative Transfer Model over Nonfrozen Land Using SMOS Observations
A zero-order (tau-omega) microwave radiative transfer model (RTM) is coupled to the Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5) catchment land surface model in preparation for the future assimilation of global brightness temperatures (Tb) ...
Gabri�lle J. M. De Lannoy; Rolf H. Reichle; Valentijn R. N. Pauwels
Brazil Global Horizontal Solar Radiation Model (40km) from INPE | OpenEI
40km) from INPE 40km) from INPE Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Global horizontal solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 40km x 40km (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files. The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took art in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory.
Brazil Global Horizontal Solar Radiation Model (10km) from INPE | OpenEI
10km) from INPE 10km) from INPE Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Global horizontal solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for 1 year organized into cells with 10km x 10km (Purpose): The BRASIL-SR model and the SPRING software (both developed by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files (Supplemental Information): The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed through the evaluation of the deviations shown by the estimated values for solar radiation flux vis-à-vis the values measured at the surface (ground truth). This evaluation was done in two phases. The first phase consisted in an inter-comparison between the core radiation transfer models adopted by the SWERA Project to map the solar energy in the various countries participating in the project. The HELIOSAT model took part in this phase like benchmark due to its employment to map solar energy resources in countries from European Union. In the second phase, the solar flux estimates provided by the BRASIL-SR model were compared with measured values acquired at several solarimetric stations spread along the Brazilian territory
Mechanisms of Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols and Implications for Global Radiative Forcing
Organic material constitutes about 50% of global atmospheric aerosol mass, and the dominant source of organic aerosol is the oxidation of volatile hydrocarbons, to produce secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Understanding the formation of SOA is crucial to predicting present and future climate effects of atmospheric aerosols. The goal of this program is to significantly increase our understanding of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere. Ambient measurements indicate that the amount of SOA in the atmosphere exceeds that predicted in current models based on existing laboratory chamber data. This would suggest that either the SOA yields measured in laboratory chambers are understated or that all major organic precursors have not been identified. In this research program we are systematically exploring these possibilities.
John H. Seinfeld
The Sensitivity of the Tropical-Mean Radiation Budget
A key disagreement exists between global climate model (GCM) simulations and satellite observations of the decadal variability in the tropical-mean radiation budget. Measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) over the period ...
Amy C. Clement; Brian Soden
Recent infrared observations have revealed the presence of compact (radii {approx}rate M-dot{sub PR}{approx}10{sup 8} g s{sup -1}. Here we extend this local analysis by exploring the global evolution of the debris disk under the action of the PR drag for a variety of assumptions about the disk properties. We find that massive disks (mass {approx}> 10{sup 20} g), which are optically thick to incident stellar radiation, inevitably give rise to metal accretion at rates M-dot {approx}>0.2 M-dot{sub PR}. The magnitude of M-dot and its time evolution are determined predominantly by the initial pattern of the radial distribution of the debris (i.e., ring-like versus disk-like) but not by the total mass of the disk. The latter determines only the disk lifetime, which can be several Myr or longer. The evolution of an optically thick disk generically results in the development of a sharp outer edge of the disk. We also find that the low-mass ({approx}< 10{sup 20} g), optically thin disks exhibit M-dot << M-dot{sub PR} and evolve on a characteristic timescale {approx}10{sup 5}-10{sup 6} yr, independent of their total mass.
Bochkarev, Konstantin V. [Department of General and Applied Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 (Russian Federation); Rafikov, Roman R., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 (United States)
Global ice cloud observations: radiative properties and statistics from moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer measurements
Ice clouds occur quite frequently, yet so much about these clouds is unknown. In recent years, numerous investigations and field campaigns have been focused on the study of ice clouds, all with the ultimate goal of gaining a better understanding of microphysical and optical properties, as well as determining the radiative impact. Perhaps one of the most recognized instruments used for such research is the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), carried aboard the NASA EOS satellites Terra and Aqua. The present research aims to support ongoing efforts in the field of ice cloud research by use of observations obtained from Terra and Aqua MODIS. First, a technique is developed to infer ice cloud optical depth from the MODIS cirrus reflectance parameter. This technique is based on a previous method developed by Meyer et al. (2004). The applicability of the algorithm is demonstrated with retrievals from level-2 and -3 MODIS data. The technique is also evaluated with the operational MODIS cloud retrieval product and a method based on airborne ice cloud observations. From this technique, an archive of daily optical depth retrievals is constructed. Using simple statistics, the global spatial and temporal distributions of ice clouds are determined. Research has found that Aqua MODIS observes more frequent ice clouds and larger optical depths and ice water paths than does Terra MODIS. Finally, an analysis of the time series of daily optical depth values revealed that ice clouds at high latitudes, which are most likely associated with synoptic scale weather sytems, persist long enough to move with the upper level winds. Tropical ice clouds, however, dissipate more rapidly, and are in all likelihood associated with deep convective cells.
Meyer, Kerry Glynne
Influence of Ice Particle Surface Roughening on the Global Cloud Radiative Effect
Ice clouds influence the climate system by changing the radiation budget and large-scale circulation. Therefore, climate models need to have an accurate representation of ice clouds and their radiative effects. In this paper, new broadband ...
Bingqi Yi; Ping Yang; Bryan A. Baum; Tristan L'Ecuyer; Lazaros Oreopoulos; Eli J. Mlawer; Andrew J. Heymsfield; Kuo-Nan Liou
An Improved Method for Estimating Global Evapotranspiration Based on Satellite Determination of Surface Net Radiation, Vegetation Index, Temperature, and Soil Moisture
A simple and accurate method to estimate regional or global latent heat of evapotranspiration (ET) from remote sensing data is essential. The authors proposed a method in an earlier study that utilized satellite-determined surface net radiation (...
Kaicun Wang; Shunlin Liang
Estimation of Surface Solar Global Radiation from NOAA AVHRR Data in High Latitudes
A physical method for estimating the instantaneous global irradiance and daily cumulative insolation based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data was developed and tested at high latitudes in a boreal subarctic region. The satellite ...
Vesa Laine; Ari Ven�l�inen; Martti Heikinheimo; Otto Hyv�rinen
Global tropospheric chemistry models for radiatively important trace species: Design and research recommendations
SciTech Connect
Changes in the Earth`s climate could significantly affect regional and global concentrations of trace species that are criteria pollutants regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The policy community also needs to know how changes in global natural and anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particulate aerosols, and aerosol precursors will affect the distribution and concentration of these pollutants. This report maps out one path for obtaining this information.
Barchet, W.R.; Brothers, A.J.; Berkowitz, C.M.; Easter, R.C.; Ghan, S.J.; Saylor, R.D.
Lecture 3 week 2/3 2012: Solar radiation, the greenhouse, global heat engine
... that would be like 13.68 one- hundred watt light bulbs illuminating a one-meter square surface, except that light bulbs put about 80% of their 100 watts of power into heat/infrared radiation. Given the distance
A 3-D Canopy Radiative Transfer Model for Global Climate Modeling: Description, Validation and Application
The process of solar radiative transfer at the land surface is important to energy, water and carbon balance, especially for vegetated areas. Currently the most commonly used two-stream model considers the Plant Functional Types (PFTs) within a ...
Hua Yuan; Robert E. Dickinson; Yongjiu Dai; Muhammad J. Shaikh; Liming Zhou; Wei Shangguan; Duoying Ji
Seasonal Changes in Solar Radiation and Relative Humidity in Europe in Response to Global Warming
Future seasonal changes in surface incident solar radiation and relative humidity (RH) over Europe and adjacent ocean areas were assessed based on phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) model ensemble. Under the A1B scenario, ...
Kimmo Ruosteenoja; Petri R�is�nen
Role of aerosols in radiative forcing of climate change: Global mean and uncertainties
Anthropogenically induced climate change is of great current interest because of increases in atmospheric loading of infrared active (greenhouse) gases over the past 150 years and the inferred resultant increase in infrared radiation flux in the troposphere. However, the climate change ascribed to such increases, not to mention predictions of future climate change in response to prospective changes in the earth`s radiation budget, is based virtually entirely on climate model simulations of how the earth`s climate would respond to changes in radiation rather than on empirically established relationships between changes in the earth`s radiation budget and climate change. There is thus an urgent need to evaluate the performance of climate models to ascertain the accuracy with which they represent the changes in temperature and other indicia of climate that have been observed over the industrial period. Such an evaluation, however, requires an accurate assessment of the totality of changes in the earth`s radiation budget in both the longwave (thermal infrared) and shortwave (solar) spectral regions, not just of changes in the longwave due to increased concentrations of long-lived greenhouse gases.
Schwartz, S.E.
On the Variability of the Global Net Radiative Energy Balance of the Nonequilibrium Earth
Recent observations and model studies of the earth�s radiative energy balance have focused attention on the earth�s top of atmosphere (TOA) energy balance. This is the balance between the shortwave energy absorbed by the earth, which is ...
John E. Harries; Claudio Belotti
Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and hybrid ARMA/ANN model to predict global radiation
. 1999; Hoinka and Castro 2003), Saudi Arabia (Ackermann and Cox 1982; Blake et al. 1983; Smith 1986a peak. Because of the dryness of the land, a large fraction of the incoming solar radiation is available on local weather. A good example is the `west- coast trough' over Australia. The coastal areas of Western
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Comparison of Direct Normal Irradiance Derived from Silicon and Thermopile Global Hemispherical Radiation Detectors: Preprint
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
Concentrating solar applications utilize direct normal irradiance (DNI) radiation, a measurement rarely available. The solar concentrator industry has begun to deploy numerous measurement stations to prospect for suitable system deployment sites. Rotating shadowband radiometers (RSR) using silicon photodiodes as detectors are typically deployed. This paper compares direct beam estimates from RSR to a total hemispherical measuring radiometer (SPN1) multiple fast thermopiles. These detectors simultaneously measure total and diffuse radiation from which DNI can be computed. Both the SPN1 and RSR-derived DNI are compared to DNI measured with thermopile pyrheliometers. Our comparison shows that the SPN1 radiometer DNI estimated uncertainty is somewhat greater than, and on the same order as, the RSR DNI estimates for DNI magnitudes useful to concentrator technologies.
Myers, D. R.
Top-of-Atmosphere Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols over Global Oceans from Merged CERES and MODIS Observations
The direct radiative effect of aerosols (DREA) is defined as the difference between radiative fluxes in the absence and presence of aerosols. In this study, the direct radiative effect of aerosols is estimated for 46 months (March 2000�December ...
Norman G. Loeb; Natividad Manalo-Smith
Global Distribution and Climate Forcing of Marine Organic Aerosol - Part 2: Effects on Cloud Properties and Radiative Forcing
A series of simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with a 7-mode Modal Aerosol Model were conducted to assess the changes in cloud microphysical properties and radiative forcing resulting from marine organic aerosols. Model simulations show that the anthropogenic aerosol indirect forcing (AIF) predicted by CAM5 is decreased in absolute magnitude by up to 0.09 Wm{sup -2} (7 %) when marine organic aerosols are included. Changes in the AIF from marine organic aerosols are associated with small global increases in low-level incloud droplet number concentration and liquid water path of 1.3 cm{sup -3} (1.5 %) and 0.22 gm{sup -2} (0.5 %), respectively. Areas especially sensitive to changes in cloud properties due to marine organic aerosol include the Southern Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, and North Atlantic Ocean, all of which are characterized by high marine organic emission rates. As climate models are particularly sensitive to the background aerosol concentration, this small but non-negligible change in the AIF due to marine organic aerosols provides a notable link for ocean-ecosystem marine low-level cloud interactions and may be a candidate for consideration in future earth system models.
Gantt, Brett; Xu, Jun; Meskhidze, N.; Zhang, Yang; Nenes, Athanasios; Ghan, Steven J.; Liu, Xiaohong; Easter, Richard C.; Zaveri, Rahul A.
Estimation of methane and carbon dioxide surface fluxes using a 3-D global atmospheric chemical transport model
Methane (CH?) and carbon dioxide (CO?) are the two most radiatively important greenhouse gases attributable to human activity. Large uncertainties in their source and sink magnitudes currently exist. We estimate global ...
Chen, Yu-Han, 1973-
The potential of different artificial neural network (ANN) techniques in daily global solar radiation modeling based on meteorological data
The main objective of present study is to predict daily global solar radiation (GSR) on a horizontal surface, based on meteorological variables, using different artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. Daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, evaporation, and wind speed values between 2002 and 2006 for Dezful city in Iran (32 16'N, 48 25'E), are used in this study. In order to consider the effect of each meteorological variable on daily GSR prediction, six following combinations of input variables are considered: (I)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature and relative humidity as inputs and daily GSR as output. (II)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature and sunshine hours as inputs and daily GSR as output. (III)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours as inputs and daily GSR as output. (IV)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and evaporation as inputs and daily GSR as output. (V)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and wind speed as inputs and daily GSR as output. (VI)Day of the year, daily mean air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, evaporation and wind speed as inputs and daily GSR as output. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are applied for daily GSR modeling based on six proposed combinations. The measured data between 2002 and 2005 are used to train the neural networks while the data for 214 days from 2006 are used as testing data. The comparison of obtained results from ANNs and different conventional GSR prediction (CGSRP) models shows very good improvements (i.e. the predicted values of best ANN model (MLP-V) has a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) about 5.21% versus 10.02% for best CGSRP model (CGSRP 5)). (author)
Behrang, M.A.; Assareh, E. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Dezful Branch (Iran); Ghanbarzadeh, A.; Noghrehabadi, A.R. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz (Iran)
The Radiation Budget of the West African Sahel and Its Controls: A Perspective from Observations and Global Climate Models
Continuous measurements of the shortwave (SW), longwave (LW), and net cross-atmosphere radiation flux divergence over the West African Sahel were made during the year 2006 using the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF) and ...
Mark A. Miller; Virendra P. Ghate; Robert K. Zahn
Cosmic global strings
This paper discusses the following topics: Global Strings; The Gravitational field of a straight global string; How do global strings behave The axion cosmological energy density; Computer simulations of the motion and decay of global strings; and Electromagnetic radiation from the conversion of Nambu-Goldstone bosons in astrophysical magnetic fields.
Sikivie, P. (Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL (USA). Dept. of Physics)
A heat-exchange radiator is connected to a fluid flow circuit by a connector which provides one member of an interengageable spigot and socket pair for push-fit, fluid-tight, engagement between the connector and the radiator, with latching formations at least one of which is resilient. Preferably the connector carries the spigot which tapers and engages with a socket of corresponding shape, the spigot carrying an O-ring seal and either latching fingers or a resilient latching circlip.
Webster, D. M.
Single-Scattering Albedo and Radiative Forcing of Various Aerosol Species with a Global Three-Dimensional Model
Global distributions of the aerosol optical thickness, �ngstr�m exponent, and single-scattering albedo are simulated using an aerosol transport model coupled with an atmospheric general circulation model. All the main tropospheric aerosols are ...
Toshihiko Takemura; Teruyuki Nakajima; Oleg Dubovik; Brent N. Holben; Stefan Kinne
Insolation data manual: long-term monthly averages of solar radiation, temperature, degree-days and global anti K/sub T/ for 248 national weather service stations
Monthly averaged data is presented which describes the availability of solar radiation at 248 National Weather Service stations. Monthly and annual average daily insolation and temperature values have been computed from a base of 24 to 25 years of data. Average daily maximum, minimum, and monthly temperatures are provided for most locations in both Celsius and Fahrenheit. Heating and cooling degree-days were computed relative to a base of 18.3/sup 0/C (65/sup 0/F). For each station, global anti K/sub T/ (cloudiness index) were calculated on a monthly and annual basis. (MHR)
Knapp, C L; Stoffel, T L; Whitaker, S D
Downscaling Aerosols and the Impact of Neglected Subgrid Processes on Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing for a Representative Global Climate Model Grid Spacing
Recent improvements to many global climate models include detailed, prognostic aerosol calculations intended to better reproduce the observed climate. However, the trace gas and aerosol fields are treated at the grid-cell scale with no attempt to account for sub-grid impacts on the aerosol fields. This paper begins to quantify the error introduced by the neglected sub-grid variability for the shortwave aerosol radiative forcing for a representative climate model grid spacing of 75 km. An analysis of the value added in downscaling aerosol fields is also presented to give context to the WRF-Chem simulations used for the sub-grid analysis. We found that 1) the impact of neglected sub-grid variability on the aerosol radiative forcing is strongest in regions of complex topography and complicated flow patterns, and 2) scale-induced differences in emissions contribute strongly to the impact of neglected sub-grid processes on the aerosol radiative forcing. The two of these effects together, when simulated at 75 km vs. 3 km in WRF-Chem, result in an average daytime mean bias of over 30% error in top-of-atmosphere shortwave aerosol radiative forcing for a large percentage of central Mexico during the MILAGRO field campaign.
Gustafson, William I.; Qian, Yun; Fast, Jerome D.
A Radiative�Convective Equilibrium Perspective of Weakening of the Tropical Walker Circulation in Response to Global Warming
Both observational analysis and GCM simulations indicate that the tropical Walker circulation is becoming weaker and may continue to weaken as a consequence of climate change. Here, the authors use a conceptual radiative�convective equilibrium (...
Xianglei Huang; Hui-Wen Chuang; Andrew Dessler; Xiuhong Chen; Kenneth Minschwaner; Yi Ming; V. Ramaswamy
Relative Accuracy of 1-Minute and Daily Total Solar Radiation Data for 12 Global and 4 Direct Beam Solar Radiometers
We evaluated the relative performance of 12 global and four direct beam solar radiometers deployed at a single site over a 12-month period. Test radiometer irradiances were compared with a reference irradiance consisting of either an absolute cavity radiometer (during calibrations) or a low uncertainty thermopile pyrheliometer (during the evaluation period) for pyrheliometers; and for pyranometers a reference global irradiance computed from the reference pyrheliometer and diffuse irradiance from a shaded pyranometer. One minute averages of 3-second data for 12 months from the test instrument measurements were compared with the computed reference data set. Combined uncertainty in the computed reference irradiance is 1.8% {+-} 0.5%. Total uncertainty in the pyranometer comparisons is {+-}2.5%. We show mean percent difference between reference global irradiance and test pyranometer 1 minute data as a function of zenith angle, and percent differences between daily totals for the reference and test irradiances as a function of day number. We offer no explicit conclusion about the performance of instrument models, as a general array of applications with a wide range of instrumentation and accuracy requirements could be addressed with any of the radiometers.
Myers, D.; Wilcox, S. M.
Earth's Global Energy Budget
An update is provided on the Earth's global annual mean energy budget in the light of new observations and analyses. In 1997, Kiehl and Trenberth provided a review of past estimates and performed a number of radiative computations to better ...
Kevin E. Trenberth; John T. Fasullo; Jeffrey Kiehl
Global Cooling: Effect of Urban Albedo on Global Temperature
In many urban areas, pavements and roofs constitute over 60% of urban surfaces (roof 20-25%, pavements about 40%). The roof and the pavement albedo can be increased by about 0.25 and 0.10, respectively, resulting in a net albedo increase for urban areas of about 0.1. Many studies have demonstrated building cooling-energy savings in excess of 20% upon raising roof reflectivity from an existing 10-20% to about 60%. We estimate U.S. potential savings in excess of $1 billion (B) per year in net annual energy bills. Increasing albedo of urban surfaces can reduce the summertime urban temperature and improve the urban air quality. Increasing the urban albedo has the added benefit of reflecting more of the incoming global solar radiation and countering the effect of global warming. We estimate that increasing albedo of urban areas by 0.1 results in an increase of 3 x 10{sup -4} in Earth albedo. Using a simple global model, the change in air temperature in lowest 1.8 km of the atmosphere is estimated at 0.01K. Modelers predict a warming of about 3K in the next 60 years (0.05K/year). Change of 0.1 in urban albedo will result in 0.01K global cooling, a delay of {approx}0.2 years in global warming. This 0.2 years delay in global warming is equivalent to 10 Gt reduction in CO2 emissions.
Akbari, Hashem; Menon, Surabi; Rosenfeld, Arthur
Global Climate Change Links
Global Climate Change Links Global Climate Change Links This page provides links to web pages that we at CDIAC feel do a responsible job of presenting information and discussion pertinent to the science behind the global climate change ("global warming") debate. These sites include those on both sides of the debate; some asserting that global warming is a clear and present danger, and others that might be labeled global warming "skeptics." Some of these sites don't take a position per se; they exist to offer the public objective scientific information and results on our present understanding of the climate system. The list is not intended to be comprehensive, by any means. We hope it will be especially helpful for those who may be just beginning their research into global
Application of Improved Radiation Modeling to General Circulation Models
This research has accomplished its primary objectives of developing accurate and efficient radiation codes, validating them with measurements and higher resolution models, and providing these advancements to the global modeling community to enhance the treatment of cloud and radiative processes in weather and climate prediction models. A critical component of this research has been the development of the longwave and shortwave broadband radiative transfer code for general circulation model (GCM) applications, RRTMG, which is based on the single-column reference code, RRTM, also developed at AER. RRTMG is a rigorously tested radiation model that retains a considerable level of accuracy relative to higher resolution models and measurements despite the performance enhancements that have made it possible to apply this radiation code successfully to global dynamical models. This model includes the radiative effects of all significant atmospheric gases, and it treats the absorption and scattering from liquid and ice clouds and aerosols. RRTMG also includes a statistical technique for representing small-scale cloud variability, such as cloud fraction and the vertical overlap of clouds, which has been shown to improve cloud radiative forcing in global models. This development approach has provided a direct link from observations to the enhanced radiative transfer provided by RRTMG for application to GCMs. Recent comparison of existing climate model radiation codes with high resolution models has documented the improved radiative forcing capability provided by RRTMG, especially at the surface, relative to other GCM radiation models. Due to its high accuracy, its connection to observations, and its computational efficiency, RRTMG has been implemented operationally in many national and international dynamical models to provide validated radiative transfer for improving weather forecasts and enhancing the prediction of global climate change.
Michael J Iacono
Global Security
Global Security Global Security LANL's mission is to develop and apply science and technology to ensure the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear deterrent;...
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT This chapter describes various components of the existing environment that may be affected by the operation of the Mound glass melter. The proposed action pctentially impacts air quality. surface water quality. biological resources. and human health and safety. In order to evaluate impacts to these resources. information on existing conditions is required. Section 3.1 presents information on atmospheric resources (e.g., meteorology and existing air quality) . Section 3.2 presents data on water resources, and Section 3.3 provides a broad characterization of biological resources. 3.1 ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES Emissions from the glass melter potentially affect local and regional air quality. To evaluate impacts to these receptors, data on meteorologic conditions (particularly wind
Comparison of Short-Term and Long-Term Radiative Feedbacks and Variability in Twentieth-Century Global Climate Model Simulations
The climate sensitivity uncertainty of global climate models (GCMs) is partly due to the spread of individual feedbacks. One approach to constrain long-term climate sensitivity is to use the relatively short observational record, assuming there ...
Meghan M. Dalton; Karen M. Shell
Relative Accuracy of 1-Minute and Daily Total Solar Radiation Data for 12 Global and 4 Direct Beam Solar Radiometers: Preprint
This report evaluates the relative performance of 12 global and four direct beam solar radiometers deployed at a single site over a 12-month period. Test radiometer irradiances were compared with a reference irradiance consisting of either an absolute cavity radiometer (during calibrations) or a low uncertainty thermopile pyrheliometer (during the evaluation period) for pyrheliometers; and for pyranometers a reference global irradiance computed from the reference pyrheliometer and diffuse irradiance from a shaded pyranometer.
Myers, D. R.; Wilcox, S. M.
Foundation Insulation for Existing Homes
How Do We Retrofit Tough Buildings? Foundation Insulation for Existing Homes Building America Technical Update April 29 & 30, 2013 Patrick H. Huelman Cold Climate Housing Coordinator University of Minnesota Extension Foundation Insulation for Existing Homes * Context - Focused on basements and crawlspaces. - Aimed at cold climates (Climate Zones 6 & 7). - Generally aimed at liquid active walls. * Approach - Managing risks - Current solutions & best practices - Evaluating new approaches * Primary focus is to reduce energy use by 30 to 50% with emphasis on existing homes. * Promote building science solutions using a systems engineering and integrated design approach. * "Do no harm" => must ensure that safety, health, and durability are maintained or improved.
Evaluation of the Surface Radiation Budget in the Atmospheric Component of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1)
The partitioning of the earth radiation budget (ERB) between its atmosphere and surface components is of crucial interest in climate studies as it has a significant role in the oceanic and atmospheric general circulation. An analysis of the ...
A. Bodas-Salcedo; M. A. Ringer; A. Jones
Global and Regional Solutions Directorate
at Pacific NW National Lab (PNNL) Founding Director Joint Global Change Research Institute (PNNL/UMd) ALD (PNNL) Environmental and Health Sciences Directorate; Emerging Technologies Chief Scientist Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Director PNNL Global Studies Program Other (PNNL): Center
Homes, Christopher C.
NETL: Innovations for Existing Plants
Innovations for Existing Plants Innovations for Existing Plants Coal and Power Systems Innovations for Existing Plants (IEP) Previous Next Chemical Looping Summary Chemical Looping Summary (July 2013) This summary provides a technical description of this advanced technology, describes its advantages, examines the R&D areas of need, and summarizes DOE's R&D efforts. DOE/NETL Advanced CO2 Capture R&D Program: Technology Update DOE/NETL Advanced CO2 Capture R&D Program: Technology Update (June 2013) This comprehensive handbook provides an update on DOE/NETL R&D efforts on advanced CO2 capture technologies for coal-based power systems. CO2 Capture Technology Meeting Presentations NETL CO2 Capture Technology Meeting Presentations (July 2013) This meeting highlighted DOE/NETL RD&D efforts to develop advanced pre-, post-, and oxy-combustion CO2 capture technologies.
Regional and Global Data
Products > Regional/Global Products > Regional/Global Regional and Global Data Biogeochemical Dynamics Data Regional and global biogeochemical dynamics data can be used to improve our understanding of the structure and function of various ecosystems; to enable prediction across spatial and temporal scales; and to parameterize and validate terrestrial ecosystem models. The ORNL DAAC compiles, archives, and distributes more than 150 products from the following projects: Climate Collections Hydroclimatology Collections ISLSCP II Project Net Primary Productivity (NPP) River Discharge (RIVDIS) Russian Land Cover (RLC) Soil Collections Vegetation Collections Vegetation-Ecosystem Modeling (VEMAP) Climate Collections Climate collections include measured and modeled values for variables such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, wind velocity, and
Radiation dose reduction to the breast in thoracic CT: Comparison of bismuth shielding, organ-based tube current modulation, and use of a globally decreased tube current
Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate dose performance and image quality in thoracic CT using three techniques to reduce dose to the breast: bismuth shielding, organ-based tube current modulation (TCM) and global tube current reduction. Methods: Semi-anthropomorphic thorax phantoms of four different sizes (15, 30, 35, and 40 cm lateral width) were used for dose measurement and image quality assessment. Four scans were performed on each phantom using 100 or 120 kV with a clinical CT scanner: (1) reference scan; (2) scan with bismuth breast shield of an appropriate thickness; (3) scan with organ-based TCM; and (4) scan with a global reduction in tube current chosen to match the dose reduction from bismuth shielding. Dose to the breast was measured with an ion chamber on the surface of the phantom. Image quality was evaluated by measuring the mean and standard deviation of CT numbers within the lung and heart regions. Results: Compared to the reference scan, dose to the breast region was decreased by about 21% for the 15-cm phantom with a pediatric (2-ply) shield and by about 37% for the 30, 35, and 40-cm phantoms with adult (4-ply) shields. Organ-based TCM decreased the dose by 12% for the 15-cm phantom, and 34-39% for the 30, 35, and 40-cm phantoms. Global lowering of the tube current reduced breast dose by 23% for the 15-cm phantom and 39% for the 30, 35, and 40-cm phantoms. In phantoms of all four sizes, image noise was increased in both the lung and heart regions with bismuth shielding. No significant increase in noise was observed with organ-based TCM. Decreasing tube current globally led to similar noise increases as bismuth shielding. Streak and beam hardening artifacts, and a resulting artifactual increase in CT numbers, were observed for scans with bismuth shields, but not for organ-based TCM or global tube current reduction. Conclusions: Organ-based TCM produces dose reduction to the breast similar to that achieved with bismuth shielding for both pediatric and adult phantoms. However, organ-based TCM does not affect image noise or CT number accuracy, both of which are adversely affected by bismuth shielding. Alternatively, globally decreasing the tube current can produce the same dose reduction to the breast as bismuth shielding, with a similar noise increase, yet without the streak artifacts and CT number errors caused by the bismuth shields. Moreover, globally decreasing the tube current reduces the dose to all tissues scanned, not simply to the breast.
Wang Jia; Duan Xinhui; Christner, Jodie A.; Leng Shuai; Yu Lifeng; McCollough, Cynthia H. [Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 (United States)
HVAC Improvements for Existing Houses
HVAC Improvements for Existing Houses HVAC Improvements for Existing Houses Speaker(s): Chryséis Bovagnet Date: September 5, 2002 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Many older houses in the US are either not well designed from a thermal point of view or have HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems in need of repairs or improvements. The building envelopes tend to have poor insulation and lots of leakage, and the HVAC systems are inefficient. The cooling/heating equipment is often located outside of the conditioned space (e.g. in attics or crawlspaces) with ducts that leak and have poor insulation, which cause energy loss and bad occupant comfort on peak days or in extreme climates. We developed a series of retrofits that will allow us to reduce the energy consumption of residential HVAC
Magnitude correlations in global seismicity
By employing natural time analysis, we analyze the worldwide seismicity and study the existence of correlations between earthquake magnitudes. We find that global seismicity exhibits nontrivial magnitude correlations for earthquake magnitudes greater than M{sub w}6.5.
Sarlis, N. V. [Solid State Section and Solid Earth Physics Institute, Physics Department, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos GR-157 84, Athens (Greece)
Does Zeeman's Fine Topology Exist?
We work on the family of topologies for the Minkowski manifold M. We partially order this family by inclusion to form the lattice \\Sigma(M), and focus on the sublattice Z of topologies that induce the Euclidean metric space on every time axis and every space axis. We analyze the bounds of Z in the lattice \\Sigma(M), in search for its supremum. Our conclusion --that such a supremum does not belong in Z-- is compared with constructive proofs of existence of the fine topology, defined as the maximum of Z and conceived to play an essential role in contemporary physical theories. Essential mathematical and physical questions arise.
Norberto Sainz
Estimation and Model Validation of Surface Solar Radiation and Cloud Radiative Forcing Using TOGA COARE Measurements
The Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) radiation measurements in the western Pacific warm pool are used to estimate surface solar radiation budgets and to validate radiation model ...
Ming-Dah Chou; Wenzhong Zhao
Global Climate Data
Data Data The climate data at the ORNL DAAC are used primarily as driving variables in terrestrial biogeochemistry models. These models typically use data on temperature (min,max), precipitation, humidity (relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, dew point), radiation (PFD in PAR, shortwave, direct/diffuse, and UV radiation, daylength), and wind velocity. Climate / meteorology data are required at hourly to monthly time scales, either point or gridded, at spatial scales ranging from regional to continental to global. The ORNL DAAC currently distributes climate data from several related projects: VEMAP-1 Hydroclimatology, and Global Historical Climatology Network. We are also now distributing climate data developed at the East Anglia Climate Research Unit and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Research.
Global climate feedbacks
The important physical, chemical, and biological events that affect global climate change occur on a mesoscale -- requiring high spatial resolution for their analysis. The Department of Energy has formulated two major initiatives under the US Global Change Program: ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurements), and CHAMMP (Computer Hardware Advanced Mathematics and Model Physics). ARM is designed to use ground and air-craft based observations to document profiles of atmospheric composition, clouds, and radiative fluxes. With research and models of important physical processes, ARM will delineate the relationships between trace gases, aerosol and cloud structure, and radiative transfer in the atmosphere, and will improve the parameterization of global circulation models. The present GCMs do not model important feedbacks, including those from clouds, oceans, and land processes. The purpose of this workshop is to identify such potential feedbacks, to evaluate the uncertainties in the feedback processes (and, if possible, to parameterize the feedback processes so that they can be treated in a GCM), and to recommend research programs that will reduce the uncertainties in important feedback processes. Individual reports are processed separately for the data bases.
Manowitz, B.
Radiation Emergency Medicine Fact Sheet
Improving Global Response Improving Global Response to Radiation Emergencies Improving Radiation Emergency Response Through Education and Specialized Expertise In the event of a radiological or nuclear incident, first responders as well as hospital and emergency management personnel must call on their knowledge and training to provide immediate and effective care for victims. Through practical, hands-on education programs, Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) is improving global response to radiation emergencies. In addition, dedicated 24/7 deployable teams of physicians, nurses, and health physicists from the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), which is managed by ORAU for DOE/NNSA, provide expert medical management of radiological incidents
Existing reactor expansion study basis
The latest HAPO Five Year Program review, HW-59633, forecasts substantial increases in Pu production from the eight existing Hanford reactors over the next several years. These production increases would be attained by a combination of several methods which include increased reactor power levels resulting from higher process water flow rates and coolant bulk outlet temperatures, improved time operated efficiency, higher conversion ratios, and reduced transient reactivity losses. In order to provide a realistic basis for budgeting to meet these or other increased production goals, it is necessary that a study program be undertaken to determine in general terms the plant changes required to support these forecasted levels, to evaluate the economic and technical feasibility of achieving the process conditions, and to present an integrated program for achieving these objectives. This study program will necessarily consider the interrelated effects of a number of various facets of reactor and water plant process conditions, operational requirements, and proposed development programs. The purpose of this document is to present a plan for the execution of the proposed study. Included in this outline are a review of the basic study considerations, problem assignments and schedules, and manpower and cost estimates for the performance of the study.
Heacock, H.W.
An Analytical Model of Atmospheric Feedback and Global Temperature Change
An analytical model of the globally averaged surface temperature response to changes in radiative forcing induced by greenhouse gases is developed from a time-dependent version of the global energy budget. The model clarifies the role of feedback ...
John A. Dutton
Comparing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on global warming
Policies dealing with global warming require a measure of the effects of the emissions of greenhouse gases that create different magnitudes of instantaneous radiative forcing and have different lifetimes. The Global Warming ...
Eckaus, Richard S.
Global warming and global dioxide emission: An empirical study
In this paper, the dynamic relationship between global surface temperature (global warming) and global carbon dioxide emission (CO{sub 2}) is modelled and analyzed by causality and spectral analysis in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively. Historical data of global CO{sub 2} emission and global surface temperature anomalies over 129 years from 1860-1988 are used in this study. The causal relationship between the two phenomena is first examined using the Sim and Granger causality test in the time domain after the data series are filtered by ARIMA models. The Granger causal relationship is further scrutinized and confirmed by cross-spectral and multichannel spectral analysis in the frequency domain. The evidence found from both analyses proves that there is a positive causal relationship between the two variables. The time domain analysis suggests that Granger causality exists between global surface temperature and global CO{sub 2} emission. Further, CO{sub 2} emission causes the change in temperature. The conclusions are further confirmed by the frequency domain analysis, which indicates that the increase in CO{sub 2} emission causes climate warming because a high coherence exists between the two variables. Furthermore, it is proved that climate changes happen after an increase in CO{sub 2} emission, which confirms that the increase in CO{sub 2} emission does cause global warming. 27 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs.
Linyan Sun [Xian Jiaotong Univ., Shaanxi (China); Wang, M. [Saint Mary`s Univ., Halifax, Nova Scotia (Canada)
Global Warming: Physics and Facts
This report contains papers on: A tutorial on global atmospheric energetics and the greenhouse effect; global climate models: what and how; comparison of general circulation models; climate and the earth`s radiation budget; temperature and sea level change; short-term climate variability and predictions; the great ocean conveyor; trace gases in the atmosphere: temporal and spatial trends; the geochemical carbon cycle and the uptake of fossil fuel CO{sub 2}; forestry and global warming; the physical and policy linkages; policy implications of greenhouse warming; options for lowering US carbon dioxide emissions; options for reducing carbon dioxide emissions; and science and diplomacy: a new partnership to protect the environment.
Levi, B.G. [Physics Today, New York, NY (United States); Hafemeister, D. [Committee on Foreign Relations (U.S. Senate), Washington, DC (United States); Scribner, R. [Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC (United States)] [eds.
This report contains papers on: A tutorial on global atmospheric energetics and the greenhouse effect; global climate models: what and how; comparison of general circulation models; climate and the earth's radiation budget; temperature and sea level change; short-term climate variability and predictions; the great ocean conveyor; trace gases in the atmosphere: temporal and spatial trends; the geochemical carbon cycle and the uptake of fossil fuel CO{sub 2}; forestry and global warming; the physical and policy linkages; policy implications of greenhouse warming; options for lowering US carbon dioxide emissions; options for reducing carbon dioxide emissions; and science and diplomacy: a new partnership to protect the environment.
Levi, B.G. (Physics Today, New York, NY (United States)); Hafemeister, D. (Committee on Foreign Relations (U.S. Senate), Washington, DC (United States)); Scribner, R. (Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC (United States)) (eds.)
Global cooling: increasing world-wide urban albedos to offset...
In addition, increasing urban albedo can result in less absorption of incoming solar radiation by the surface-troposphere system, countering to some extent the global scale...
Global, Seasonal Surface Variations from Satellite Radiance Measurements
Global, daily, visible, and infrared radiance measurements from the NOAA-5 Scanning Radiometer (SR) are analyzed for the months of January, April, July, and October 1977 to infer surface radiative properties A radiative transfer model that ...
William B. Rossow; Christopher L. Brest; Leonid C. Garder
Radiation Hydrodynamics
The discipline of radiation hydrodynamics is the branch of hydrodynamics in which the moving fluid absorbs and emits electromagnetic radiation, and in so doing modifies its dynamical behavior. That is, the net gain or loss of energy by parcels of the fluid material through absorption or emission of radiation are sufficient to change the pressure of the material, and therefore change its motion; alternatively, the net momentum exchange between radiation and matter may alter the motion of the matter directly. Ignoring the radiation contributions to energy and momentum will give a wrong prediction of the hydrodynamic motion when the correct description is radiation hydrodynamics. Of course, there are circumstances when a large quantity of radiation is present, yet can be ignored without causing the model to be in error. This happens when radiation from an exterior source streams through the problem, but the latter is so transparent that the energy and momentum coupling is negligible. Everything we say about radiation hydrodynamics applies equally well to neutrinos and photons (apart from the Einstein relations, specific to bosons), but in almost every area of astrophysics neutrino hydrodynamics is ignored, simply because the systems are exceedingly transparent to neutrinos, even though the energy flux in neutrinos may be substantial. Another place where we can do ''radiation hydrodynamics'' without using any sophisticated theory is deep within stars or other bodies, where the material is so opaque to the radiation that the mean free path of photons is entirely negligible compared with the size of the system, the distance over which any fluid quantity varies, and so on. In this case we can suppose that the radiation is in equilibrium with the matter locally, and its energy, pressure and momentum can be lumped in with those of the rest of the fluid. That is, it is no more necessary to distinguish photons from atoms, nuclei and electrons, than it is to distinguish hydrogen atoms from helium atoms, for instance. There are all just components of a mixed fluid in this case. So why do we have a special subject called ''radiation hydrodynamics'', when photons are just one of the many kinds of particles that comprise our fluid? The reason is that photons couple rather weakly to the atoms, ions and electrons, much more weakly than those particles couple with each other. Nor is the matter-radiation coupling negligible in many problems, since the star or nebula may be millions of mean free paths in extent. Radiation hydrodynamics exists as a discipline to treat those problems for which the energy and momentum coupling terms between matter and radiation are important, and for which, since the photon mean free path is neither extremely large nor extremely small compared with the size of the system, the radiation field is not very easy to calculate. In the theoretical development of this subject, many of the relations are presented in a form that is described as approximate, and perhaps accurate only to order of {nu}/c. This makes the discussion cumbersome. Why are we required to do this? It is because we are using Newtonian mechanics to treat our fluid, yet its photon component is intrinsically relativistic; the particles travel at the speed of light. There is a perfectly consistent relativistic kinetic theory, and a corresponding relativistic theory of fluid mechanics, which is perfectly suited to describing the photon gas. But it is cumbersome to use this for the fluid in general, and we prefer to avoid it for cases in which the flow velocity satisfies {nu} << c. The price we pay is to spend extra effort making sure that the source-sink terms relating to our relativistic gas component are included in the equations of motion in a form that preserves overall conservation of energy and momentum, something that would be automatic if the relativistic equations were used throughout.
Castor, J I
Measuring Radiation
Measurement Activity SI Units and Prefixes Conversions Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of Radiation Exposure Managing Radiation Emergencies Procedure Demonstration...
Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
Chapter 6 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Sections include: Executive Summary 6.1 Radiative Forcing 6.2 Forcing-Response Relationship 6.3 Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gases 6.4 Stratospheric Ozone 6.5 Radiative Forcing By Tropospheric Ozone 6.6 Indirect Forcings due to Chemistry 6.7 The Direct Radiative Forcing of Tropospheric Aerosols 6.8 The Indirect Radiative Forcing of Tropospheric Aerosols 6.9 Stratospheric Aerosols 6.10 Land-use Change (Surface Albedo Effect) 6.11 Solar Forcing of Climate 6.12 Global Warming Potentials hydrocarbons 6.13 Global Mean Radiative Forcings 6.14 The Geographical Distribution of the Radiative Forcings 6.15 Time Evolution of Radiative Forcings Appendix 6.1 Elements of Radiative Forcing Concept References.
Ramaswamy, V.; Boucher, Olivier; Haigh, J.; Hauglustaine, D.; Haywood, J.; Myhre, G.; Nakajima, Takahito; Shi, Guangyu; Solomon, S.; Betts, Robert E.; Charlson, R.; Chuang, C. C.; Daniel, J. S.; Del Genio, Anthony D.; Feichter, J.; Fuglestvedt, J.; Forster, P. M.; Ghan, Steven J.; Jones, A.; Kiehl, J. T.; Koch, D.; Land, C.; Lean, J.; Lohmann, Ulrike; Minschwaner, K.; Penner, Joyce E.; Roberts, D. L.; Rodhe, H.; Roelofs, G.-J.; Rotstayn, Leon D.; Schneider, T. L.; Schumann, U.; Schwartz, Stephen E.; Schwartzkopf, M. D.; Shine, K. P.; Smith, Steven J.; Stevenson, D. S.; Stordal, F.; Tegen, I.; van Dorland, R.; Zhang, Y.; Srinivasan, J.; Joos, Fortunat
Short communication: A software component for estimating solar radiation
GSRad (global solar radiation) is a software component containing models to estimate extra-terrestrial and ground-level solar radiation (global and photosynthetically active; direct, diffuse, and reflected components) from alternative methods. Radiation ... Keywords: Atmospheric transmissivity, Component architecture, GSRad, Model extensibility, Solar radiation fractions
M. Donatelli; L. Carlini; G. Bellocchi
Topography and Radiation Exchange of a Mountainous Watershed
This report deals with the radiation exchange of a complex terrain. A relatively simple network for computing topographic parameters global radiation, and net radiation of a mountainous terrain was developed and applied to a forested Appalachian ...
Hailiang Fu; Stanislaw J. Tajchman; James N. Kochenderfer
Incident Solar Radiation over Europe Estimated from METEOSAT Data
Daily sums of the downward solar radiation, i.e., the global radiation, have been computed from imaging data of reflected solar and emitted infrared radiation which were measured from the geostationary satellites METEOSAT I and II during the ...
Werner M�ser; Ehrhard Raschke
Global emissions inventories
Atmospheric chemistry determines the concentrations of most of the important greenhouse gases except for carbon dioxide. The rate of removal of the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere is also controlled by atmospheric chemistry. The indirect effects of chemical forcing resulting from the chemical interactions of other species can also affect the concentrations of radiatively important gases such as ozone. In order to establish the contribution of any possible climatic change attributable to individual greenhouse gases, spatially and temporally resolved estimates of their emissions need to be established. Unfortunately, for most of the radiatively important species the global magnitudes of their individual fluxes are not known to better than a factor of two and their spatial distributions are even more poorly characterized. Efforts to estimate future projections of potential impacts and to monitor international agreements will require continued research to narrow the uncertainties of magnitude and geographical distribution of emissions.
Dignon, J.
Forecast cloudy; The limits of global warming models
This paper reports on climate models used to study global warming. It discusses factors which must be included in climate models, shortcomings of existing climate models, and scenarios for global warming.
Stone, P.H.
Retrofit Existing Buildings | Department of Energy
Retrofit Existing Buildings Retrofit Existing Buildings Retrofit Existing Buildings Renovation, retrofit and refurbishment of existing buildings represent an opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of commercial building assets for their ongoing life. Often retrofit involves modifications to existing commercial buildings that may improve energy efficiency or decrease energy demand. In addition, retrofits are often used as opportune time to install distributed generation to a building. Energy efficiency retrofits can reduce the operational costs, particularly in older buildings, as well as help to attract tenants and gain a market edge. The Building Technologies Office provides resources that allow planners, designers, and owners to focus on energy-use goals from the first planning
Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing Uncertainty Based on a Radiative Perturbation Analysis
To provide a lower bound for the uncertainty in measurement-based clear- and all-sky direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF), a radiative perturbation analysis is performed for the ideal case in which the perturbations in global mean aerosol ...
Norman G. Loeb; Wenying Su
hourly solar radiation | OpenEI
solar radiation solar radiation Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): A need for predicting hourly global radiation exists for many locations particularly in Bangladesh for which measured values are not available and daily values have to be estimated from sunshine data. The CPRG model has been used to predict values of hourly Gh for Dhaka (23.770N, 90.380E), Chittagong (22.270N, 91.820E) and Bogra (24.850N, 89.370E) for = ±7.50, ±22.50, ±37.50, ±52.50, ±67.50, ±82.50 and ±97.50 i.e., for ±1/2, ±3/2, ±5/2, ±7/2, ±9/2, ±11/2, ±13/2 hours before and after solar noon and the computed values for Source Renewable Energy Research Centre Date Released October 22nd, 2003 (11 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords Bangladesh documentation hourly solar radiation SWERA
Existing and Proposed Underground Storage Facilities
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Energy Information Administration 158 Natural Gas 1996: Issues and Trends Table F1. Summary of Existing Underground Natural Gas Storage, by Region and Type of ...
Isocurvature perturbations in extra radiation
Recent cosmological observations, including measurements of the CMB anisotropy and the primordial helium abundance, indicate the existence of an extra radiation component in the Universe beyond the standard three neutrino species. In this paper we explore the possibility that the extra radiation has isocurvatrue fluctuations. A general formalism to evaluate isocurvature perturbations in the extra radiation is provided in the mixed inflaton-curvaton system, where the extra radiation is produced by the decay of both scalar fields. We also derive constraints on the abundance of the extra radiation and the amount of its isocurvature perturbation. Current observational data favors the existence of an extra radiation component, but does not indicate its having isocurvature perturbation. These constraints are applied to some particle physics motivated models. If future observations detect isocurvature perturbations in the extra radiation, it will give us a hint to the origin of the extra radiation.
Kawasaki, Masahiro; Nakayama, Kazunori; Sekiguchi, Toyokazu
PNNL: Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change - Frontiers in Global Change
Frontiers in Global Change Frontiers in Global Change Dr. Thanos Nenes Dr. Thanos Nenes Aerosol-Cloud Interactions: The Elusive Component of Climate Change Dr. Thanos Nenes Professor & Georgia Power Faculty Scholar, School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Thursday, August 1, 2013 EMSL Auditorium 10:00AM The effect of human activities on climate is one of the most important issues facing society. Humans influence climate in many ways. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) tend to warm climate, by reducing the amount of infrared radiation that is emitted to space. Increased levels of suspended atmospheric particles ("aerosols") exert a net cooling effect by directly scattering and absorption of solar radiation (the "aerosol direct climatic
Global residential appliance standards
In most countries, residential electricity consumption typically ranges from 20% to 40% of total electricity consumption. This energy is used for heating, cooling, refrigeration and other end-uses. Significant energy savings are possible if new appliance purchases are for models with higher efficiency than that of existing models. There are several ways to ensure or encourage such an outcome, for example, appliance rebates, innovative procurement, and minimum efficiency standards. This paper focuses on the latter approach. At the present time, the US is the only country with comprehensive appliance energy efficiency standards. However, many other countries, such as Australia, Canada, the European Community (EC), Japan and Korea, are considering enacting standards. The greatest potential impact of minimum efficiency standards for appliances is in the developing countries (e.g., China and India), where saturations of household appliances are relatively low but growing rapidly. This paper discusses the potential savings that could be achieved from global appliance efficiency standards for refrigerators and freezers. It also could be achieved from global appliance efficiency standards for refrigerators and freezers. It also discusses the impediments to establishing common standards for certain appliance types, such as differing test procedures, characteristics, and fuel prices. A methodology for establishing global efficiency standards for refrigerators and freezers is described.
Turiel, I.; McMahon, J.E. [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (US); Lebot, B. [Agence Francaise pour la Maitrise de l`Energie, Valbonne (FR)
SIC-POVMs exist in all dimensions
It has been shown that a SIC-POVM is equivalent to spherical 2-design with n=d^2 elements. We use existence results for spherical 2-designs to show that SIC-POVMs exist for all dimensions d>1.
Hall, Joanne L
Retrofit Existing Buildings Retrofit Existing Buildings Retrofit Existing Buildings Photo of the Denver skyline with Wells Fargo Center building in the center of the image and the Rocky Mountains in the background. Renovation, retrofit and refurbishment of existing buildings represent an opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of commercial building assets for their ongoing life. Often retrofit involves modifications to existing commercial buildings that may improve energy efficiency or decrease energy demand. In addition, retrofits are often used as opportune time to install distributed generation to a building. Energy efficiency retrofits can reduce the operational costs, particularly in older buildings, as well as help to attract tenants and gain a market edge. The Building Technologies Office provides resources that allow planners,
Validation in an Arid Area of an Algorithm for the Estimation of Daily Solar Radiation
The Thornton�Running algorithm to estimate daily global radiation was tested at a site in a coastal desert of the eastern Mediterranean. In this algorithm three factors are multiplied in order to compute the daily global radiation: the total ...
P. R. Berliner; K. Droppelmann
Human Impact on Direct and Diffuse Solar Radiation during the Industrial Era
In this study the direct and diffuse solar radiation changes are estimated, and they contribute to the understanding of the observed global dimming and the more recent global brightening during the industrial era. Using a multistream radiative ...
Maria M. Kvalev�g; Gunnar Myhre
About Radiation
Radiation What is radiation? Radiation is a form of energy that is a part of our everyday lives. All of us receive a "dose" of radiation each day. Most of the dose comes from...
Problems in suppressing cooling flows in clusters of galaxies by global heat conduction
I use a simple analytical model to show that simple heat conduction models cannot significantly suppress cluster cooling flows. I build a static medium where heat conduction globally balances radiative cooling, and then perturb it. I show that a perturbation extending over a large fraction of the cooling flow region will grow to the non-linear regime within a Hubble time. Such perturbations are reasonable in clusters which frequently experience mergers and/or AGN activity. This result strengthens previous findings which show that a steady solution does not exist for a constant heat conduction coefficient.
Noam Soker
Existing Facilities Program | Department of Energy
Existing Facilities Program Existing Facilities Program Existing Facilities Program < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Fed. Government Industrial Installer/Contractor Institutional Local Government Nonprofit Schools State Government Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Heating Cooling Appliances & Electronics Other Construction Commercial Weatherization Manufacturing Heat Pumps Commercial Lighting Lighting Maximum Rebate Pre-Qualified Measures (General): $30,000 (electric and gas) Electric Efficiency and Energy Storage: 50% of cost or $2 million Natural Gas Efficiency: 50% of cost or $200,000 Demand Response: 75% of cost or $2 million (limit also applies to combined performance based efficiency and demand response measures) Industrial Process Efficiency: 50% of cost or $5 million
The oceanic cycle and global atmospheric budget of carbonyl sulfide
A significant portion of stratospheric air chemistry is influenced by the existence of carbonyl sulfide (COS). This ubiquitous sulfur gas represents a major source of sulfur to the stratosphere where it is converted to sulfuric acid aerosol particles. Stratospheric aerosols are climatically important because they scatter incoming solar radiation back to space and are able to increase the catalytic destruction of ozone through gas phase reactions on particle surfaces. COS is primarily formed at the surface of the earth, in both marine and terrestrial environments, and is strongly linked to natural biological processes. However, many gaps in the understanding of the global COS cycle still exist, which has led to a global atmospheric budget that is out of balance by a factor of two or more, and a lack of understanding of how human activity has affected the cycling of this gas. The goal of this study was to focus on COS in the marine environment by investigating production/destruction mechanisms and recalculating the ocean-atmosphere flux.
Weiss, P.S.
Development of the first nonhydrostatic nested-grid grid-point global atmospheric modeling system on parallel machines
This is the final report of a three-year, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Evaluating the importance of global and regional climate response to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases requires a comprehensive global atmospheric modeling system (GAMS) capable of simulations over a wide range of atmospheric circulations, from complex terrain to continental scales, on high-performance computers. Unfortunately, all of the existing global circulation models (GCMs) do not meet this requirements, because they suffer from one or more of the following three shortcomings: (1) use of the hydrostatic approximation, which makes the models potentially ill-posed; (2) lack of a nested-grid (or multi-grid) capability, which makes it difficult to consistently evaluate the regional climate response to the global warming, and (3) spherical spectral (opposed to grid-point finite-difference) representation of model variables, which hinders model performance for parallel machine applications. The end product of the research is a highly modularized, multi-gridded, self-calibratable (for further parameterization development) global modeling system with state-of-the-science physics and chemistry. This system will be suitable for a suite of atmospheric problems: from local circulations to climate, from thunderstorms to global cloud radiative forcing, from urban pollution to global greenhouse trace gases, and from the guiding of field experiments to coupling with ocean models. It will also provide a unique testbed for high-performance computing architecture.
Kao, C.Y.J.; Langley, D.L.; Reisner, J.M.; Smith, W.S.
NETL: Innovations for Existing Plants - Reference Shelf
Reference Shelf Reference Shelf Innovations for Existing Plants Reference Shelf Program Overview Overview Publications: IEP, Recent Accomplishments Report - [PDF-1.3MB] (Oct 2007) IEP Roadmap & Program Plan [PDF-1.2MB] (May 2006) DOE/NETL'S Innovations for Existing Plants R&D Program [PDF-42KB] (Feb 2005) Improving the Environmental Performance of Today's Coal-Fired Power Plants This paper provides an overview of the Innovations for Existing Plants (IEP) Program, managed by the DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory. IEP develops advanced low-cost environmental control technologies for the existing fleet of coal-fired power plants, specifically focusing on the development of advanced mercury, NOx, PM, and acid gas emission control technology. Research is also directed at the characterization and beneficial use of coal utilization byproducts as well as at emerging electric-utility and water issues.
The Existence of Quantum Entanglement Catalysts
Without additional resources, it is often impossible to transform one entangled quantum state into another with local quantum operations and classical communication. Jonathan and Plenio [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3566(1999)] presented an interesting example showing that the presence of another state, called a catalyst, enables such a transformation without changing the catalyst. They also pointed out that in general it is very hard to find an analytical condition under which a catalyst exists. In this paper we study the existence of catalysts for two incomparable quantum states. For the simplest case of $2\\times 2$ catalysts for transformations from one $4\\times 4$ state to another, a necessary and sufficient condition for existence is found. For the general case, we give an efficient polynomial time algorithm to decide whether a $k\\times k$ catalyst exists for two $n\\times n$ incomparable states, where $k$ is treated as a constant.
Xiaoming Sun; Runyao Duan; Mingsheng Ying
Greening existing buildings with LEED-EB!
The market of existing office buildings is going green. While early adopters of green buildings were owner-occupiers, there is a current wave of nonowner-occupied office buildings seeking Leadership in Energy and Environmental ...
Dirksen, Tyson H
Existing Coal-fired Power Plants
Water Vulnerabilities for Existing Coal-fired Power Plants August 2010 DOENETL-20101429 Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the...
(that is, there exists an orthogonal matrix U such that X = U Diag(?(X))U ...... [11] Gowda S.M., Song Y., On semidefinite linear complementarity problems, Math.
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 |
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 The files on this page contain commercial reference building models for existing buildings constructed before 1980, organized by building type and location. These U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reference buildings are complete descriptions for whole building energy analysis. You can also return to a summary of building types and climate zones and information about other building vintages. These files are updated regularly. There are two versions of these files on this page. Version 1.3_5.0 was updated September 27, 2010 and Version 1.4_7.2 was updated November 13, 2012. You can also view related resources: an archive of past reference buildings files
Groundwater protection EIS: Existing environment: Savannah River
Per Groundwater Protection EIS commitments, a baseline of surface water hydrology and chemistry of each onsite stream is needed to define the existing environment of each watershed so that environmental impacts associated with the various waste site closure options can be assessed. This report summarizes the existing water quality of the Savannah River; lists the various waste sites encompassing this watershed; and summarizes the availability of surface water and floodplain sediment monitoring data, both radiochemical and physiochemical, collected from this watershed.
Stejskal, G.F.
Alpha Radiation
Basics of Radiation Basics of Radiation Gamma Radiation and X-Rays Beta Radiation Alpha Radiation Irradiation Radioactive Contamination Definitions Detection Measurement Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of Radiation Exposure Managing Radiation Emergencies Basics of Radiation Characteristics of Alpha Radiation 1. Alpha radiation is not able to penetrate skin. 2. Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful to humans if the materials are inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through open wounds. 3. A variety of instruments have been designed to measure alpha radiation. Special training in use of these instruments is essential for making accurate measurements. 4. A civil defense instrument (CD V-700) cannot detect the presence of radioactive materials that produce alpha radiation unless the radioactive materials also produce beta and/or gamma radiation.
Radiation: Radiation Control (Indiana)
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE))
It is the policy of the state to encourage the constructive uses of radiation and to control its harmful effects. This section contains regulations pertaining to the manufacture, use,...
STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LIGHTSOURCE The Stanford Synchrotron...
Solar Cells A new process that simultaneously combines the light and heat of solar radiation to generate electricity could offer more than double the efficiency of existing...
Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems
2.01.00 - 2002 2.01.00 - 2002 Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems September 2002 United States Department of Energy Albuquerque Operations Office Abstract Existing software systems often represent significant investments and play important roles in the every day businesses of organizations. Many of these systems are experiencing support problems. To meet current and future operational needs, organizations need to plan how best to address these support issues. Some of the issues to consider are presented in this document with references to related standards for further detailed examination. Two tutorials, one based on software maintenance and another detailing a baseline recovery strategy are included. SQA Control of Existing Systems SQAS22.01.00-2002
Best Practices in Existing Building Commissioning
OCTOBER 20-21, 2010 OCTOBER 20-21, 2010 RAPID CITY, SD Best Practices in Existing Building Commissioning Carl E. Lundstrom, P. E., CCP Federal Solutions Manager E M C Engineers, Inc. - Subsidiary of Eaton Corporation * The Purpose & Benefits of Existing Building Commissioning (EBCx) * The Building Commissioning Association (BCA) & "Best Practices" * Contracting & Hiring Qualified Providers * Typical Measures & Ideal Facilities * Success Factors Presentation Agenda What is The Building Commissioning Association? Integrity Leadership Quality Expertise International non-profit organization (founded in 1998) Recognized commissioning authority and resource Commissioning providers, building owners, energy companies, facility managers, architects, engineers, and contractors
Existing Building Commissioning (EBCx) Project Considerations
Existing Building Existing Building Commissioning (EBCx) Project Considerations Phil Welker, Executive Director PECI 2 Mapping Out Your Commissioning Strategy Three big questions: 1. Which buildings are commissioning candidates? 2. What commissioning approach(es) should I employ? 3. What expertise do I need to get it done? 3 Which buildings? Many factors come in to play: * Building sizes * Project budgets * Current energy performance * Building control systems * Occupancy rates * Operator/ engineering resources * Long term investment strategy * Sustainability plans or mandates * Equipment Replacements Selecting the right buildings is critical to achieve the maximum benefit in a cost-efficient manner. See the EPA's "A Retrocommissioning Guide for Building Owners"
Miniaturized radiation chirper
The disclosure relates to a miniaturized radiation chirper for use with a small battery supplying on the order of 5 volts. A poor quality CdTe crystal which is not necessarily suitable for high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy is incorporated with appropriate electronics so that the chirper emits an audible noise at a rate that is proportional to radiation exposure level. The chirper is intended to serve as a personnel radiation warning device that utilizes new and novel electronics with a novel detector, a CdTe crystal. The resultant device is much smaller and has much longer battery life than existing chirpers.
Umbarger, C. John (Los Alamos, NM); Wolf, Michael A. (Los Alamos, NM)
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation in Extreme Radiation ...
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation in Extreme Radiation-resistant Microorganisms. ... Elucidated radiation protection by intracellular halides. ...
On the Surface Temperature Sensitivity of the Reflected Shortwave, Outgoing Longwave, and Net Incident Radiation
The global-mean top-of-atmosphere incident solar radiation (ISR) minus the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the reflected shortwave radiation (RSW) is the net incident radiation (NET). This study analyzes the global-mean NET sensitivity to a ...
Hartmut H. Aumann; Alexander Ruzmaikin; Ali Behrangi
Experiments with Cloud Properties: Impact on Surface Radiative Fluxes
Solar radiation reaching the earth�s surface provides the primary forcing of the climate system, and thus, information on this parameter is needed at a global scale. Several satellite-based estimates of surface radiative fluxes are available, but ...
H. Wang; R. T. Pinker; P. Minnis; M. M. Khaiyer
Beta Radiation
Beta Radiation 1. Beta radiation may travel meters in air and is moderately penetrating. 2. Beta radiation can penetrate human skin to the "germinal layer," where new skin cells...
of Monitoring for Radiation Protection of Workers" in ICRPNo. 9, in "Advances in Radiation Protection and Dosimetry inDosimetry f o r Stray Radiation Monitoring on the CERN S i t
Thomas, R.H.
Overview of Existing Wind Energy Ordinances
Due to increased energy demand in the United States, rural communities with limited or no experience with wind energy now have the opportunity to become involved in this industry. Communities with good wind resources may be approached by entities with plans to develop the resource. Although these opportunities can create new revenue in the form of construction jobs and land lease payments, they also create a new responsibility on the part of local governments to ensure that ordinances will be established to aid the development of safe facilities that will be embraced by the community. The purpose of this report is to educate and engage state and local governments, as well as policymakers, about existing large wind energy ordinances. These groups will have a collection of examples to utilize when they attempt to draft a new large wind energy ordinance in a town or county without existing ordinances.
Oteri, F.
Space does not exist, so time can
It is often said that in general relativity time does not exist. This is because the Einstein equations generate motion in time that is a symmetry of the theory, not true time evolution. In quantum gravity, the timelessness of general relativity clashes with time in quantum theory and leads to the ``problem of time'' which, in its various forms, is the main obstacle to a successful quantum theory of gravity. I argue that the problem of time is a paradox, stemming from an unstated faulty premise. Our faulty assumption is that space is real. I propose that what does not fundamentally exist is not time but space, geometry and gravity. The quantum theory of gravity will be spaceless, not timeless. If we are willing to throw out space, we can keep time and the trade is worth it.
Fotini Markopoulou
Radiation effects on humans
Radiation effects on humans Radiation effects on humans Name: Joe Kemna Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: I am trying to find information on radiation. I need the effects on humans, the damage it causes to the environment, and any extra information you might have on the subject. Thank you for your time. Replies: Your library should be a good place to start, but first you need to narrow your question a bit. "Radiation" means radio waves, heat, light (including the ultraviolet light that causes suntan and sunburn), and what's called "ionizing radiation." By far the major source of the first three is the Sun, while the last I believe comes principally from cosmic rays and various naturally radioactive elements like uranium and radon. The most significant manmade sources of exposure would --- I think --- be household wiring and appliances (radio), engines and heating devices (heat), lamps (light), and X-ray machines, flying at high altitude in airplanes, and living in well-insulated homes built over radon sources (ionizing radiation). Heat, light and ionizing radiation play vital roles in the ecology of the Earth. Radio, light (in particular "tanning" ultraviolet), and ionizing radiation have all been widely assumed at different times to be particularly good or particularly bad for human health. Some recent issues of public concern have been the effect of radio waves from electric transmission lines, the effect on skin cancer incidence from tanning and sunburns, the depletion of the ultraviolet-light-produced ozone in the upper atmosphere by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), "global warming" from the increased absorption of heat radiation from the surface by atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane, and the effect of a long exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation as for example the people of Eastern Europe are experiencing from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident.
A.: Sparse fusion frames: existence and construction
Abstract. Fusion frame theory is an emerging mathematical theory that provides a natural framework for performing hierarchical data processing. A fusion frame is a frame-like collection of subspaces in a Hilbert space, thereby generalizing the concept of a frame for signal representation. In this paper, we study the existence and construction of fusion frames. We first present a complete characterization of a special class of fusion frames, called Parseval fusion frames. The value of Parseval fusion frames is that the inverse fusion frame operator is equal to the identity and therefore signal reconstruction can be performed with minimal complexity. We then introduce two general methods � the spatial complement and the Naimark complement � for constructing a new fusion frame from a given fusion frame. We then establish existence conditions for fusion frames with desired properties. In particular, we address the following question: Given M, N, m ? N and {?j} M j=1, does there exist a fusion frame in RM with N subspaces of dimension m for which {?j} M j=1 are the eigenvalues of the associated fusion frame operator? We address this problem by providing an algorithm which computes such a fusion frame for almost any collection of parameters M, N, m ? N and {?j} M j=1. Moreover, we show how this procedure can be applied, if subspaces are to be added to a given fusion frame to force it to become Parseval. 1.
Robert Calderbank; Peter G. Casazza; Andreas Heinecke; Gitta Kutyniok; Ali Pezeshki
Measurement Methods Affect the Observed Global Dimming and Brightening
Surface incident solar radiation G determines our climate and environment, and has been widely observed with a single pyranometer since the late 1950s. Such observations have suggested a widespread decrease between the 1950s and 1980s (global ...
Kaicun Wang; Robert E. Dickinson; Qian Ma; John A. Augustine; Martin Wild
Assimilation of Global Cloud Imagery from Multiple Satellites
Synoptic images of the global cloud field have been created from measurements of infrared radiation taken aboard four geostationary and two polar-orbiting platforms simultaneously observing the earth's cloud field. A series of spatial and ...
Ken Tanaka; Karen Woodberry; Harry Hendon; Murry Salby
Four Years of Global Cirrus Cloud Statistics Using HIRS
Trends in global upper-tropospheric transmissive cirrus cloud cover are beginning to emerge from a four-year cloud climatology using NOAA polar-orbiting High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) multispectral data. Cloud occurrence, ...
Donald P. Wylie; W. Paul Menzel; Harold M. Woolf; Kathleen I. Strabala
Assessment of the Global Monthly Mean Surface Insolation Estimated from Satellite Measurements Using Global Energy Balance Archive Data
Global datasets of surface radiation budget (SRB) have been obtained from satellite programs. These satellite-based estimates need validation with ground-truth observations. This study validates the estimates of monthly mean surface insolation ...
Zhanqing Li; Charles H. Whitlock; Thomas P. Charlock
Energy and Environment: Progress and Existence Energy Provides Existence and Is Cause for Change (hopefully Progress)
Energy and Environment: Progress and Existence Energy Provides Existence and Is Cause for Change (hopefully Progress) Energy is possessed (thus equilibrium property) by material systems and redistributed-displacement interactions (process) towards the equilibrium (equi- partition of energy over mass and space); thus energy
Kostic, Milivoje M.
Optical Radiation
*. Bookmark and Share. Optical Radiation Measurements. Fees for services are located directly below the technical contacts ...
Ionizing Radiation
*. Bookmark and Share. Ionizing Radiation Measurements. Fees for services are located directly below the technical contacts ...
Capitalize on Existing Assets with Demand Response
Industrial facilities universally struggle with escalating energy costs. EnerNOC will demonstrate how commercial, industrial, and institutional end-users can capitalize on their existing assets�at no cost and no risk. Demand response, the voluntary reduction of electric demand in response to grid instability, provides financial incentives to participating facilities that agree to conserve energy. With demand response, facilities also receive advance notice of potential blackouts and can proactively protect their equipment and machinery from sudden losses of power. A detailed case study, focusing on a sample industrial customer�s participation in demand response, will support the presentation.
Collins, J.
Energy Savings Measure Packages: Existing Homes
This document presents the most cost effective Energy Savings Measure Packages (ESMP) for existing mixed-fuel and all electric homes to achieve 15% and 30% savings for each BetterBuildings grantee location across the US. These packages are optimized for minimum cost to homeowners for given source energy savings given the local climate and prevalent building characteristics (i.e. foundation types). Maximum cost savings are typically found between 30% and 50% energy savings over the reference home. The dollar value of the maximum annual savings varies significantly by location but typically amounts to $300 - $700/year.
Casey, S.; Booten, C.
Diffuse solar radiation and associated meteorological
Abstract. Solar diffuse radiation data including global radiation, shortwave and longwave balances, net radiation and sunshine hours have been extensively analyzed to study the variation of diffuse radiation with turbidity and cloud discharges appearing in the form of atmospherics over the tropics. Results of surface radiation measurements at Calcutta, Poona, Delhi and Madras are presented together with some meteorological parameters. The monthly values of diffuse radiation and the monthly ratios of diffuse to global solar radiation have been examined, with a special emphasis in relation to the noise level of atmospherics at Calcutta in the very low frequency band. The results exhibit some definite seasonal changes which appear to be in close agreement with one another. 1
unknown authors
Annual Cycle of Surface Longwave Radiation
The annual cycles of upward and downward longwave fluxes at the earth�s surface are investigated by use of the NASA Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Surface Radiation Budget Dataset. Principal component analysis is used to quantify ...
Pamela E. Mlynczak; G. Louis Smith; Anne C. Wilber; Paul W. Stackhouse
Patterns of CO2 Variability from Global Satellite Data
The authors present an analysis of the global midtropospheric CO2 retrieved for all-sky (clear and cloudy) conditions from measurements by the Atmospheric Infrared Radiation Sounder on board the Aqua satellite in 2003�09. The global data coverage ...
Alexander Ruzmaikin; Hartmut H. Aumann; Thomas S. Pagano
Radiation Radiation What is radiation? Radiation is a form of energy that is a part of our everyday lives. All of us receive a "dose" of radiation each day. Most of the dose comes from naturally occurring radioactive materials such as uranium, thorium, radon, and certain forms of potassium and carbon. The air we breathe contains radon, the food we eat contains uranium and thorium from the soil, and our bodies contain radioactive forms of potassium and carbon. Cosmic radiation from the sun also contributes to our natural radiation dose. We also receive radiation doses from man-made sources such as X-rays, nuclear medical procedures, power plants, smoke detectors and older television sets. Some people, such as nuclear plant operators, flight crews, and nuclear medicine staff may also receive an occupational radiation dose.
Radiation Physics Portal
NIST Home > Radiation Physics Portal. Radiation Physics Portal. ... more. >> see all Radiation Physics programs and projects ... ...
Does the wavefunction of the universe exist?
The overwhelming majority of scientists still takes it for granted that classical mechanics (ClM) is nothing but a limiting case of quantum mechanics (QM). Although some physicists restrict this belief to a generalized QM as represented, e. g., by the algebra of observables, it will be shown in this contribution that the view of ClM as a mere sub-set of QM is nevertheless unfounded. The usual attempts to derive the laws of ClM from QM are either insufficient or not universally applicable. The transition from traditional to algebraic QM does not add any further insight. It is demonstrated that typical constituents of the classical macroscopic world i) cannot be described reasonably in terms of QM and/or ii) do not show up the typical quantum behavior which manifests in the double-slit interference and in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations. Moreover, both attempts to recover ClM from QM and approaches based on vacuum fluctuations are critically inspected, and we arrive at the conclusion: QM does not comprehend ClM, i. e., a wavefunction of the universe does not exist.
Thomas Kr�ger
Review: Globalization of Water
Review: Globalization of Water: Sharing the Planet�sAshok K. Globalization of Water: Sharing the Planet�s140) liters of virtual water (p. 15). This is one of the
Tennant, Matthew Aaron
Radiation Cataract
radiation including patients undergoing diagnostic CT scans or radiotherapy, atomic bomb survivors, residents of radioactively contaminated buildings, victims of the...
Solar: annual and seasonal average global horizontal (GHI) GIS data
global horizontal (GHI) GIS data global horizontal (GHI) GIS data (contours) for Brazil from INPE and LABSOLAR Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Annual and seasonal mean of Global Horizontal Solar Radiation in kWh/m2/day based on data from 1995 to 2002 (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders (Supplemental Information): The cross-calibration process worked with data from 3 ground stations: Caicó (located in the Northeast of Brazil), Florianópolis (located in the South) and Balbina (located in Amazonia). These data have been used for validation and comparison of radiation transfer models operated in SWERA to estimate the incidence of solar radiation on the surface of the country from satellite images
Global Security 2009
Security *Intelligence *Hyper Innovation Global Security Weapons & Complex Integration NIF Office of Strategic Outcomes Operations & Business Lawrence Livermore National...
Global Energy Perspectives
Global Energy Perspectives: Supply Security, Economic Development and Sustainability The Annual Energy Policy Conference of the National Capital Area ...
Global Cooling: Increasing World-Wide Urban Albedos to Offset CO2
Modification of urban albedos reduces summertime urban temperatures, resulting in a better urban air quality and building air-conditioning savings. Furthermore, increasing urban albedos has the added benefit of reflecting some of the incoming global solar radiation and countering to some extent the effects of global warming. In many urban areas, pavements and roofs constitute over 60% of urban surfaces (roof 20-25%, pavements about 40%). Using reflective materials, both roof and the pavement albedos can be increased by about 0.25 and 0.10, respectively, resulting in a net albedo increase for urban areas of about 0.1. Many studies have demonstrated building cooling-energy savings in excess of 20% upon raising roof reflectivity from an existing 10-20% to about 60% (a U.S. potential savings in excess of $1 billion (B) per year in net annual energy bills). On a global basis, our preliminary estimate is that increasing the world-wide albedos of urban roofs and paved surfaces will induce a negative radiative forcing on the earth equivalent to removing {approx} 22-40 Gt of CO{sub 2} from the atmosphere. Since, 55% of the emitted CO{sub 2} remains in the atmosphere, removal of 22-40 Gt of CO{sub 2} from the atmosphere is equivalent to reducing global CO{sub 2} emissions by 40-73 Gt. At {approx} $25/tonne of CO{sub 2}, a 40-73 Gt CO{sub 2} emission reduction from changing the albedo of roofs and paved surfaces is worth about $1,000B to 1800B. These estimated savings are dependent on assumptions used in this study, but nevertheless demonstrate considerable benefits that may be obtained from cooler roofs and pavements.
Investments in Existing Hydropower Unlock More Clean Energy ...
Investments in Existing Hydropower Unlock More Clean Energy Investments in Existing Hydropower Unlock More Clean Energy August 14, 2013 - 2:21pm Addthis Tacoma Power's Cushman...
Magnetism and superconductivity observed to exist in harmony
Magnetism and superconductivity exist in harmony Magnetism and superconductivity observed to exist in harmony Physicists have observed, for the first time in a single exotic phase,...
Monitoring-based HVAC Commissioning of an Existing Office Building...
Monitoring-based HVAC Commissioning of an Existing Office Building for Energy Efficiency Title Monitoring-based HVAC Commissioning of an Existing Office Building for Energy...
Radiation Information
Radiation Information << Timeline >> Content on this page requires a newer version of Adobe Flash Player. Get Adobe Flash player July 31, 1942 The Army Corp of Engineers leases...
2013 Global Carbon Project
2013 Global Carbon Project 2013 Global Carbon Project DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2013_V1.1 image 2013 Budget v1.1 (November 2013) image 2013 Budget v1.3 (December 2013, contains typographical corrections to 2011 Australia emissions from v1.1 and corrections to the 2011 Australia transfer and consumption emissions from v1.2) image image image image Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Reach 36 Billion Tonnes in 2013 Global emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels will reach 36 billion tonnes for the year 2013. "This is a level unprecedented in human history," says CSIRO's Dr Pep Canadell, Executive-Director of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) and co-author of a new report. Global emissions due to fossil fuel alone are set to grow this year at a slightly lower pace of 2.1% than the average 3.1% since 2000, reaching 36
On Correction of Diffuse Radiation Measured by MFRSR
an angular correction is needed. Such a correction of MFRSR data is performed for direct solar radiation, whereas uncertainty exists concerning the diffuse irradiance, whose...
Radiation of sound from surfaces at grazing angles of incidence.
??It is difficult to predict the sound radiation from large factory roofs. The existing infinite panel theories of sound insulation are not sufficient when the� (more)
Pavasovic, V
Global Oil Geopolitics
Iran-Iraq War . Iranian revolution . Arab Oil Embargo . Asian financial crisis . capacity exhausted . Global financial collapse . 9-11 attacks . OPEC cuts targets 1.7 ...
Cleantech Professional Resource Global Limited CPR Global | Open Energy
Professional Resource Global Limited CPR Global Professional Resource Global Limited CPR Global Jump to: navigation, search Name Cleantech Professional Resource Global Limited (CPR Global) Place London, United Kingdom Zip EC4M 9DN Product Cleantech Professional Resource is a resource management consultancy focusing on the cleantech sector in the UK and Europe. References Cleantech Professional Resource Global Limited (CPR Global)[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Cleantech Professional Resource Global Limited (CPR Global) is a company located in London, United Kingdom . References ↑ "Cleantech Professional Resource Global Limited (CPR Global)" Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Cleantech_Professional_Resource_Global_Limited_CPR_Global&oldid=343687
Structural Basis of Pre-existing Immunity to the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic
Structural Basis of Pre-existing Immunity to the 2009 Structural Basis of Pre-existing Immunity to the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus The emergence of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, also known as the "swine flu", marks the first human flu pandemic in 40 years and has caused significant human infection and mortality globally (1). The emergence of the 2009 H1N1 flu marks the first time that an influenza pandemic was triggered by a virus carrying the same hemagglutinin (HA) subtype as circulating seasonal strains. In contrast, all prior pandemics were caused by the rise of a novel influenza strain with a different hemagglutinin subtype. And unlike seasonal flu that usually affects the elderly most severely, swine flu has been primarily targeting people under the age of 65, implying some age-related pre-existing immunity (2, 3).
Cloud-Induced Infrared Radiative Heating and Its Implications for Large-Scale Tropical Circulations
Three-dimensional global distributions of longwave radiative cooling for the summer of 1988 and the winter of 1989 are generated from radiative transfer calculations using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts temperature and ...
Byung-Ju Sohn
The Effect of Clouds on the Earth's Solar and Infrared Radiation Budgets
The effect of global cloudiness on the solar and infrared components of the earth's radiation balance is studied in general circulation model experiments. A wintertime simulation is conducted in which the cloud radiative transfer calculations use ...
Gerald F. Herman; Man-Li C. Wu; Winthrop T. Johnson
Lower-Stratospheric Radiative Damping and Polar-Night Jet Oscillation Events
The effect of stratospheric radiative damping time scales on stratospheric variability and on stratosphere�troposphere coupling is investigated in a simplified global circulation model by modifying the vertical profile of radiative damping in the ...
Peter Hitchcock; Theodore G. Shepherd; Masakazu Taguchi; Shigeo Yoden; Shunsuke Noguchi
Influence of Absorbing Aerosols on the Inference of Solar Surface Radiation Budget and Cloud Absorption
This study addresses the impact of absorbing aerosols on the retrieval of the solar surface radiation budget (SSRB) and on the inference of cloud absorption using multiple global datasets. The data pertain to the radiation budgets at the top of ...
Zhanqing Li
Annual Cycle and Spatial Spectra of Earth Emitted Radiation at Large Scales
Monthly averaged, resolution enhanced global distributions of the Earth's emitted radiation, as measured by the Nimbus-6 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) wide field of view radiometers, have been analyzed for 1 year of data from July 1975 to June ...
G. Louis Smith; T. Dale Bess
Variability of Earth-Emitted Radiation from One Year of Nimbus-6 ERB Data
Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) measurements from the Nimbus-6 ERR wide field-of-view (WFOV) instrument are used to study daytime and nighttime radiation variability on a 15� regional, zonal and global scale. An analysis of components of ...
T. Dale Bess
An effect of stimulated radiation processes on thermal radiation from an accretion disk is considered. The radial density waves triggering flare emission and producing quasiperiodic oscillations in radiation from an accretion disk are discussed. It is argued that the observational data suggest the existence of the weak laser sources in a twotemperature plasma of an accretion disk. It was shown earlier that thermal radio emission has a stimulated character and that this statement is probably valid for thermal blackbody radiation in others spectral ranges (Prigara 2003). According to this conception thermal radiation from non-uniform gas is produced by an ensemble of individual emitters.
PNNL Global Energy Technology Strategy Program | Open Energy Information
Technology Strategy Program Technology Strategy Program Jump to: navigation, search Logo: Global Energy Technology Strategy Program Name Global Energy Technology Strategy Program Agency/Company /Organization Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Sector Energy Website http://www.pnl.gov/gtsp/ References Global Energy Technology Strategy Program [1] "Since its inception in 1998, the Global Energy Technology Strategy Program (GTSP) has been assessing the important roles that technology can play in effectively managing the long-term risks of climate change. This involves an integrated approach to fully exploring all aspects of climate change - including scientific, economic, regulatory, and social impacts - and then aligning new or existing technologies to mitigate negative consequences.[1]
On the global solutions of the Higgs boson equation
In this article we study global in time (not necessarily small) solutions of the equation for the Higgs boson in the Minkowski and in the de Sitter spacetimes. We reveal some qualitative behavior of the global solutions. In particular, we formulate sufficient conditions for the existence of the zeros of global solutions in the interior of their supports, and, consequently, for the creation of the so-called bubbles, which have been studied in particle physics and inflationary cosmology. We also give some sufficient conditions for the global solution to be an oscillatory in time solution.
Karen Yagdjian
Definition of Radiation
Gamma Radiation and X-Rays Beta Radiation Alpha Radiation Irradiation Radioactive Contamination Definitions Detection Measurement Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of...
How to Detect Radiation
How to Detect Radiation How to Survey Measurement Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of Radiation Exposure Managing Radiation Emergencies Procedure Demonstration Detection How...
Environmental assessment for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program is aimed at supplying improved predictive capability of climate change, particularly the prediction of cloud-climate feedback. The objective will be achieved by measuring the atmospheric radiation and physical and meteorological quantities that control solar radiation in the earth`s atmosphere and using this information to test global climate and related models. The proposed action is to construct and operate a Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) research site in the southern Great Plains as part of the Department of Energy`s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program whose objective is to develop an improved predictive capability of global climate change. The purpose of this CART research site in southern Kansas and northern Oklahoma would be to collect meteorological and other scientific information to better characterize the processes controlling radiation transfer on a global scale. Impacts which could result from this facility are described.
Policastro, A.J.; Pfingston, J.M.; Maloney, D.M.; Wasmer, F.; Pentecost, E.D.
Utilization of Normal Mode Initial Conditions for Detecting Errors in the Dynamics Part of Primitive Equation Global Models
When a global atmospheric basic state has constant angular velocity and its temperature varies with attitude only, there exist normal mode solutions to the linearized global primitive equations. The use of these normal modes, which have known ...
Winston C. Chao; Marvin A. Geller
Robust and accurate global vision system for real time tracking of multiple mobile robots
This paper presents a new global vision system for tracking of multiple mobile robots. To the best knowledge of the authors it outperforms all existing global vision systems with respect to measurement precision and accuracy, high speed and real time ... Keywords: Global vision, Intelligent space, Multirobot systems, Real time object tracking, Robot soccer
Mi�el Brezak; Ivan Petrovi?; Edouard Ivanjko
Radiation dosimeter
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A radiation detector readout circuit is provided which produces a radiation dose-rate readout from a detector even though the detector output may be highly energy dependent. A linear charge amplifier including an output charge pump circuit amplifies the charge signal pulses from the detector and pumps the charge into a charge storage capacitor. The discharge rate of the capacitor through a resistor is controlled to provide a time-dependent voltage which when integrated provides an output proportional to the dose-rate of radiation detected by the detector. This output may be converted to digital form for readout on a digital display.
Fox, Richard J. (Oak Ridge, TN)
A radiation detector readout circuit is provided which produces a radiation dose-rate readout from a detector even through the detector output may be highly energy dependent. A linear charge amplifier including an output charge pump circuit amplifies the charge signal pulses from the detector and pumps the charge into a charge storage capacitor. The discharge rate of the capacitor through a resistor is controlled to provide a time-dependent voltage which when integrated provides an output proportional to the dose-rate of radiation detected by the detector. This output may be converted to digital form for readout on a digital display.
Fox, R.J.
Computer simulations of the motion and decay of global strings
Computer simulations have been carried out of the motion and decay of global strings, including spectrum analysis of the energy stored in the scalar field which describes the global string and the radiated Nambu-Goldstone bosons. We simulated relaxing pieces of bent string and collapsing loops. We find, for the string sizes investigated, that the spectrum of field energy hardens rather than softens while the string decays into Nambu-Goldstone radiation. We argue on theoretical grounds that is indeed the most plausible general behaviour. 19 refs., 12 figs.
Hagmann, C.; Sikivie, P.
Light production metrics of radiation sources
Light production by a radiation source is evaluated and reviewed as an important concept of physics from the Black-Body point of view. The mechanical equivalent of the lumen, the unit of perceived light, is explained and evaluated using radiation physics arguments. The existence of an upper limit of luminous efficacy is illustrated for various sources and implications are highlighted.
C. Tannous
Number of Existing Natural Gas Aquifers Storage Fields
-No Data Reported; --= Not Applicable; NA = Not Available; W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Notes: Existing fields ...
NPP and the Global Carbon Cycle
the Global Carbon Cycle the Global Carbon Cycle Introduction Photosynthetic carbon fixation comprises a major component of the global carbon cycle. Data on net primary productivity (NPP) may be sparse, but a consistent NPP data set may be used to calibrate, parameterize and evaluate models of terrestrial carbon cycling, as well as for validation of remote sensing data and other applications (identifying trends, investigating biogeochemical processes, etc.). It is also useful to place such data within the context of carbon cycling and carbon storage worldwide. For example: How much carbon exists in the biosphere, and where exactly is it stored? How much is in fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas), and how large are current fossil-fuel emissions? How much is in living biomass (plants/ animals/ humans)?
A radiation detector of the type is described wherein a condenser is directly connected to the electrodes for the purpose of performing the dual function of a guard ring and to provide capacitance coupling for resetting the detector system.
Wilson, H.N.; Glass, F.M.
Global Renewable Power International Global RPI | Open Energy...
RPI) Place Spain Sector Wind energy Product Spain-based developer of wind projects in Poland, Croatia and Chile. References Global Renewable Power International (Global RPI)1...
NIST Radiation thermometry
Radiation thermometry. Summary: ... Description: Radiation thermometers are calibrated using a range of variable-temperature blackbodies. ...
NIST Optical Radiation Group
Optical Radiation Group. Welcome. The Optical Radiation Group maintains, improves, and disseminates the national scales ...
Pax Global, Inc.,
Pax Global, Inc., Pax Global, Inc., (freezers) Issued: April 2, 2013 BEFORE THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Washington, D.C. 20585 ) ) ) ) ) Case Number: 2013-SE-L413 NOTICE OF NONCOMPLIANCE DETERMINATION Manufacturers and private labelers are prohibited from distributing covered products in the United States that do not comply with applicable federal energy conservation standards. 10 C.F.R. § 429.102; 42 U.S.C. § 6302. Pax Global, Inc. ("Pax Global") is a private labeler and uses the "Crosley" and "Daewoo" brands to distribute freezers in the United States. TESTING l. The U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") tested four privately labeled units o basic model numbe , manufactured , 1 that had been distributed in the United States by a third-pa1iy private labeler.
Tag: global security
property"rdfs:label skos:prefLabel">uranium, global security,
KRFTWRK � Global Human Electricity
Power Network 2.1.1 Virtual Power Plants The Global Powernetwork, based on "Virtual Power Plants", called "VPP". A "participant runs a virtual human power plant. Per every "
Prohaska, Rainer
Global Climate Change
When President Bush announced his Global Climate Change Initiative in February 2002, he committed the United States to a new strategy to cut greenhouse gas emissions over the next...
Global Warming, Soot, Ice
Global Warming, Soot, Ice Speaker(s): James Hansen Date: November 7, 2003 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Irreversible "dangerous anthropogenic interference" with the climate system...
The Global Grid
This paper puts forward the vision that a natural future stage of the electricity network could be a grid spanning the whole planet and connecting most of the large power plants in the world: this is the "Global Grid". The main driving force behind the Global Grid will be the harvesting of remote renewable sources, and its key infrastructure element will be the high capacity long transmission lines. Wind farms and solar power plants will supply load centers with green power over long distances. This paper focusses on the introduction of the concept, showing that a globally interconnected network can be technologically feasible and economically competitive. We further highlight the multiple opportunities emerging from a global electricity network such as smoothing the renewable energy supply and electricity demand, reducing the need for bulk storage, and reducing the volatility of the energy prices. We also discuss possible investment mechanisms and operating schemes. Among others, we envision in such a system...
Chatzivasileiadis, Spyros; Andersson, G�ran
Estimated Global Hydrographic Variability
An estimate is made of the three-dimensional global oceanic temperature and salinity variability, omitting the seasonal cycle, both as a major descriptive element of the ocean circulation and for use in the error estimates of state estimation. ...
Ga�l Forget; Carl Wunsch
China's Global Oil Strategy
21, 2008. Ying, Wang. � China, Venezuela firms to co-developoilfields. � China Daily (27 August 2005) http://David and Bi Jianhai. �China�s Global Hunt for Energy. �
Thomas, Bryan G
Global Ocean Meridional Overturning
A decade-mean global ocean circulation is estimated using inverse techniques, incorporating air�sea fluxes of heat and freshwater, recent hydrographic sections, and direct current measurements. This information is used to determine mass, heat, ...
Rick Lumpkin; Kevin Speer
nations began to seek out oil reserves around the world. 3on the limited global oil reserves and spiking prices. Manyto the largest proven oil reserves, making up 61 percent of
Wide Field Hard X-ray Survey Telescope: ProtoEXIST1
We report our progress on the development of pixellated imaging CZT detector arrays for our first-generation balloon-borne wide-field hard X-ray (20 - 600 keV) telescope, ProtoEXIST1. Our ProtoEXIST program is a pathfinder for the High Energy Telescope (HET) on the Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey telescope (EXIST), a proposed implementation of the Black Hole Finder Probe. ProtoEXIST1 consists of four independent coded-aperture telescopes with close-tiled (~0.4 mm gaps) CZT detectors that preserve their 2.5mm pixel pitch. Multiple shielding/field-of-view configurations are planned to identify optimal geometry for the HET in EXIST. The primary technical challenge in ProtoEXIST is the development of large area, close-tiled modules of imaging CZT detectors (1000 cm2 for ProtoEXIST1), with all readout and control systems for the ASIC readout vertically stacked. We describe the overall telescope configuration of ProtoEXIST1 and review the current development status of the CZT detectors, from individual detector crystal units (DCUs) to a full detector module (DM). We have built the first units of each component for the detector plane and have completed a few Rev2 DCUs (2x2 cm2), which are under a series of tests. Bare DCUs (pre-crystal bonding) show high, uniform ASIC yield (~70%) and ~30% reduction in electronics noise compared to the Rev1 equivalent. A Rev1 DCU already achieved ~1.2% FWHM at 662 keV, and preliminary analysis of the initial radiation tests on a Rev2 DCU shows ~ 4 keV FWHM at 60 keV (vs. 4.7 keV for Rev1). We therefore expect about <~1% FWHM at 662 keV with the Rev2 detectors.
J. Hong; J. E. Grindlay; N. Chammas; B. Allen; A. Copete; B. Said; M. Burke; J. Howell; T. Gauron; R. G. Baker; S. D. Barthelmy; S. Sheikh; N. Gehrels; W. R. Cook; J. A. Burnham; F. A. Harrison; J. Collins; S. Labov; A. Garson III; H. Krawczynski
Solar Radiation Mapping from NOAA AVHRR Data in Catalonia, Spain
A statistical model is presented for the determination of hourly global solar radiation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration advanced very high resolution radiometer (NOAA AVHRR) satellite data, which provide wide coverage ...
Henry Flores Tovar; Jose M. Baldasano
An Analytic Longwave Radiation Formula for Liquid Layer Clouds
Many Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud System Study (GCSS) intercomparisons of boundary layer clouds have used a convenient but idealized longwave radiation formula for clouds in their large-eddy simulations (LESs). Under ...
Vincent E. Larson; Kurt E. Kotenberg; Norman B. Wood
The Surface Radiation Budget over Oceans and Continents
An updated evaluation of the surface radiation budget in climate models (1994�96 versions; seven datasets available, with and without aerosols) and in two new satellite-based global datasets (with aerosols) is presented. All nine datasets capture ...
J. R. Garratt; A. J. Prata; L. D. Rotstayn; B. J. McAvaney; S. Cusack
Rainfall and Radiative Heating Rates from TOGA COARE Atmospheric Budgets
Atmospheric heat and moisture budgets are used to determine rainfall and radiative heating rates over the western Pacific warm pool during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Results are ...
Richard H. Johnson; Paul E. Ciesielski
Modeling Surface Solar Radiation: Model Formulation and Validation
A model for computing global solar radiation at the surface was formulated for use with satellite observations. A compromise in the approach was necessary, whereby the model accuracy and the inherent limitations of satellite observations were ...
R. T. Pinker; J. A. Ewing
IGBP-DIS Global Primary Production Data Initiative
IGBP-DIS Global Primary Production Data Initiative IGBP-DIS Global Primary Production Data Initiative The GPPDI Workshop was held in Cincinnati, U.S.A., December 1996 (Olson et al., 1997). Summary (September 1996) by Dick Olson and Steve Prince from Global Change Newsletter No. 27; International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: A Study of Global Change (IGBP) of the International Council of Scientific Unions Global modelling and monitoring of net primary production (NPP) is being given high priority in IGBP owing to increasing concern over issues such as the consequences of perturbations in the carbon cycle, the impacts of global land-use change, global climate change, and global food security. Significant advances have been made in process modelling and in the use of remote sensing to monitor global vegetation. The advances in modelling and remote sensing of NPP have highlighted the lack of readily available, reliable information from field studies with which to parameterise and validate the models. The Global Primary Production Data Initiative (GPPDI) is intended to remedy this problem by identifying existing field data sets of primary production and associated environmental data. The programme is using data sets for representative sites, and extrapolating or regionalising the better data sets to grid cells sizes of up to 0.5º x 0.5º. Emphasis is on variables needed to parameterise and validate primary production models, including above and below ground NPP, standing crop, LAI, climate data, site data and landscape variability.
Evaluation of the NCEP Global Forecast System at the ARM SGP Site
This study evaluates the performance of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) against observations made by the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program at the southern ...
Fanglin Yang; Hua-Lu Pan; Steven K. Krueger; Shrinivas Moorthi; Stephen J. Lord
Physically Based Global Downscaling: Climate Change Projections for a Full Century
A global atmosphere�land model with an embedded subgrid orography scheme is used to simulate the period 1977�2100 using ocean surface conditions and radiative constituent concentrations for a climate change scenario. Climate variables simulated ...
Steven J. Ghan; Timothy Shippert
The Enhanced NOAA Global Land Dataset from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
Global mapped data of reflected radiation in the visible (0.63 ?m) and near-infrared (0.85 ?m) wavebands of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites have been ...
Garik Gutman; Dan Tarpley; Aleksandr Ignatov; Steve Olson
Projected Changes in Mean and Extreme Precipitation in Africa under Global Warming. Part I: Southern Africa
This study investigates likely changes in mean and extreme precipitation over southern Africa in response to changes in radiative forcing using an ensemble of global climate models prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ...
M. E. Shongwe; G. J. van Oldenborgh; B. J. J. M. van den Hurk; B. de Boer; C. A. S. Coelho; M. K. van Aalst
Global, Seasonal Cloud Variations from Satellite Radiance Measurements. Part I: Sensitivity of Analysis
Global, daily, visible and infrared radiance measurements from the NOAA-5 Scanning Radiometer (SR) are analyzed for the months of January, April, July and October 1977 to infer cloud and surface radiative properties. In this first paper in a ...
William B. Rossow; Leonid C. Garder; Andrew A. Lacis
The CALIPSO Mission: A Global 3D View of Aerosols and Clouds
Aerosols and clouds have important effects on Earth's climate through their effects on the radiation budget and the cycling of water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface. Limitations in our understanding of the global distribution and ...
D. M. Winker; J. Pelon; J. A. Coakley Jr.; S. A. Ackerman; R. J. Charlson; P. R. Colarco; P. Flamant; Q. Fu; R. M. Hoff; C. Kittaka; T. L. Kubar; H. Le Treut; M. P. McCormick; G. M�gie; L. Poole; K. Powell; C. Trepte; M. A. Vaughan; B. A. Wielicki
Robust Identification of Global Greening Phase Patterns from Remote Sensing Vegetation Products
The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) is an essential diagnostic variable to investigate the temporal and spatial dynamics of the terrestrial biosphere. The present study provides a new method to assess global ...
Carola Dahlke; Alexander Loew; Christian Reick
Ocean Mixed Layer Radiant Heating and Solar Penetration: A Global Analysis
A hybrid parameterization for the determination of in-water solar fluxes is developed and applied to compute the flux of solar radiation that penetrates beyond the upper-ocean mixed layer into permanent pycnocline waters on global space and ...
J. Carter Ohlmann; David A. Siegel; Catherine Gautier
Global lightning and severe storm monitoring from GPS orbit
Over the last few decades, there has been a growing interest to develop and deploy an automated and continuously operating satellite-based global lightning mapper [e.g. Christian et al., 1989; Weber et al., 1998; Suszcynsky et al., 2000]. Lightning is a direct consequence of the electrification and breakdown processes that take place during the convective stages of thunderstorm development. Satellite-based lightning mappers are designed to exploit this relationship by using lightning detection as a proxy for remotely identifying, locating and characterizing strong convective activity on a global basis. Global lightning and convection mapping promises to provide users with (1) an enhanced global severe weather monitoring and early warning capability [e.g. Weber et al., 1998] (2) improved ability to optimize aviation flight paths around convective cells, particularly over oceanic and remote regions that are not sufficiently serviced by existing weather radar [e.g. Weber et al., 1998], and (3) access to regional and global proxy data sets that can be used for scientific studies and as input into meteorological forecast and global climatology models. The physical foundation for satellite-based remote sensing of convection by way of lightning detection is provided by the basic interplay between the electrical and convective states of a thundercloud. It is widely believed that convection is a driving mechanism behind the hydrometeor charging and transport that produces charge separation and lightning discharges within thunderclouds [e.g. see chapter 3 in MacGorman and Rust, 1998]. Although cloud electrification and discharge processes are a complex function of the convective dynamics and microphysics of the cloud, the fundamental relationship between convection and electrification is easy to observe. For example, studies have shown that the strength of the convective process within a thundercell can be loosely parameterized (with large variance) by the intensity of the electrical activity within that cell as measured by the lightning flash rate. Williams [2001] has provided a review of experimental work that shows correlations between the total lightning flash rate and the fifth power of the radar cloud-top height (i.e. convective strength) of individual thunder cells. More recently, Ushio et al., [2001] used a large statistical sampling of optical data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) in conjunction with data provided by the Precipitation Radar (PR) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission (TRMM) satellite to conclude that the total lightning flash rate increases exponentially with storm height. Lightning activity levels have also been correlated to cloud ice content, a basic product of the convective process. For example, Blyth et al. [2001] used the Thermal Microwave Imager (TMI) aboard the TRMM satellite to observe a decrease in the 37 and 85 GHz brightness temperatures of upwelling terrestrial radiation during increased lightning activity. This reduction in brightness temperature is believed to be the result of increased ice scattering in the mixed phase region of the cloud. Toracinta and Zipser [2001] have found similar relationships using the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) satellite instrument and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) aboard the DMSP satellites.
Suszcynsky, D. M. (David M.); Jacobson, A. R.; Linford, J (Justin); Pongratz, M. B. (Morris B.); Light, T. (Tracy E.); Shao, X. (Xuan-Min)
Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems | Department of
Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems Existing software systems often represent significant investments and play important roles in the every day businesses of organizations. To meet current and future operational needs, organizations need to plan how best to address these support issues. Some of the issues to consider are presented in this document with references to related standards for further detailed examination. Two tutorials, one based on software maintenance and another detailing a baseline recovery strategy are included Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems More Documents & Publications Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems Software Quality: A Guide to Responsibilities and Resources, SQAS
Assurance Control of Existing Systems Assurance Control of Existing Systems Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems Existing software systems often represent significant investments and play important roles in the every day businesses of organizations. To meet current and future operational needs, organizations need to plan how best to address these support issues. Some of the issues to consider are presented in this document with references to related standards for further detailed examination. Two tutorials, one based on software maintenance and another detailing a baseline recovery strategy are included Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems More Documents & Publications Software Quality Assurance Control of Existing Systems Software Quality: A Guide to Responsibilities and Resources, SQAS
Radiation receiver
The apparatus for collecting radiant energy and converting same to alternate energy form includes a housing having an interior space and a radiation transparent window allowing, for example, solar radiation to be received in the interior space of the housing. Means are provided for passing a stream of fluid past said window and for injecting radiation absorbent particles in said fluid stream. The particles absorb the radiation and because of their very large surface area, quickly release the heat to the surrounding fluid stream. The fluid stream particle mixture is heated until the particles vaporize. The fluid stream is then allowed to expand in, for example, a gas turbine to produce mechanical energy. In an aspect of the present invention properly sized particles need not be vaporized prior to the entrance of the fluid stream into the turbine, as the particles will not damage the turbine blades. In yet another aspect of the invention, conventional fuel injectors are provided to inject fuel into the fluid stream to maintain the proper temperature and pressure of the fluid stream should the source of radiant energy be interrupted. In yet another aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided which includes means for providing a hot fluid stream having hot particles disbursed therein which can radiate energy, means for providing a cooler fluid stream having cooler particles disbursed therein, which particles can absorb radiant energy and means for passing the hot fluid stream adjacent the cooler fluid stream to warm the cooler fluid and cooler particles by the radiation from the hot fluid and hot particles.
Hunt, Arlon J. (Oakland, CA)
The apparatus for collecting radiant energy and converting same to alternate energy form includes a housing having an interior space and a radiation transparent window allowing, for example, solar radiation to be received in the interior space of the housing. Means are provided for passing a stream of fluid past said window and for injecting radiation absorbent particles in said fluid stream. The particles absorb the radiation and because of their very large surface area, quickly release the heat to the surrounding fluid stream. The fluid stream particle mixture is heated until the particles vaporize. The fluid stream is then allowed to expand in, for example, a gas turbine to produce mechanical energy. In an aspect of the present invention properly sized particles need not be vaporized prior to the entrance of the fluid stream into the turbine, as the particles will not damage the turbine blades. In yet another aspect of the invention, conventional fuel injectors are provided to inject fuel into the fluid stream to maintain the proper temperature and pressure of the fluid stream should the source of radiant energy be interrupted. In yet another aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided which includes means for providing a hot fluid stream having hot particles disbursed therein which can radiate energy, means for providing a cooler fluid stream having cooler particles disbursed therein, which particles can absorb radiant energy and means for passing the hot fluid stream adjacent the cooler fluid stream to warm the cooler fluid and cooler particles by the radiation from the hot fluid and hot particles. 5 figs.
Hunt, A.J.
A novel long-lived source of gamma radiation especially suitable for calibration purposes is described. The source of gamma radiation is denoted mock iodine131, which comprises a naixture of barium-133 and cesium-137. The barium and cesium are present in a barium-cesium ratio of approximately 5.7/1 to 14/1, uniformly dispersed in an ion exchange resin and a filter surrounding the resin comprised of a material of atomic number below approximately 51, and substantially 0.7 to 0.9 millimeter thick.
Brucer, M.H.
Emergency Management Concepts, Existing Guidance, and Changes | Department
Emergency Management Concepts, Existing Guidance, and Changes Emergency Management Concepts, Existing Guidance, and Changes Emergency Management Concepts, Existing Guidance, and Changes Wednesday, September 19 Presenter: David Freshwater, Emergency Management Specialist, Office of Emergency Management, National Nuclear Security Administration Topics Covered: Emergency Management is last line of defense - have to consider when safety controls fail Longstanding consideration and analysis of "beyond design basis" Since 1991, Emergency Planning Hazards Assessments have analyzed a spectrum of events ◦ Low consequence/High probability ◦ High consequence/Low probability Have not had a "firm" upper bound Emergency Management Concepts, Existing Guidance, and Changes More Documents & Publications Summary of Emergency Management Results from Pilot Evaluations
New York City - Energy Conservation Requirements for Existing Buildings |
New York City - Energy Conservation Requirements for Existing New York City - Energy Conservation Requirements for Existing Buildings New York City - Energy Conservation Requirements for Existing Buildings < Back Eligibility Commercial Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Home Weatherization Construction Commercial Weatherization Commercial Heating & Cooling Design & Remodeling Appliances & Electronics Commercial Lighting Lighting Program Info State New York Program Type Building Energy Code Provider New York City Mayor's Office of Operations In December 2009 the New York City Council enacted a series of bills intended to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings in the city. Each of the four bills addresses a different aspect of improving energy efficiency in the city's buildings as follows: energy conservation
Method of converting an existing vehicle powertrain to a hybrid ...
A method of converting an existing vehicle powertrain including a manual transmission to a hybrid powertrain system with an automated powertrain transmission. The ...
Existence and stability results based on asymptotic analysis for ...
Jan 1, 2012 ... Existence and stability results based on asymptotic analysis for semidefinite linear complementarity problems ... Hector Ram rez C.(hramirez.
NEHRP Workshop on Meeting the Challenges of Existing ...
... capacities to effect existing buildings in the United States. ... The American Institute of ... The Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), the ...
Primary Lead Reduction�A Survey of Existing Smelters and ...
Aug 1, 2000 ... Primary Lead Reduction�A Survey of Existing Smelters and Refineries by A.H. Siegmund. Publisher: TMS. Product Format: PDF. Pages: 55-�...
Building America Efficient Solutions for Existing Homes Case...
Existing Homes Case Study: Habitat for Humanity South Sarasota County, Venice, Florida PNNL and Calcs Plus helped the South Sarasota County Florida Habitat for Humanity retrofit a...
to upgrade the nation's existing hydropower facilities -- helping to increase our supply of clean, renewable energy and provide more communities with affordable, reliable...
Building Energy Simulation Test for Existing Homes (BESTEST-EX...
427 August 2010 Building Energy Simulation Test for Existing Homes (BESTEST-EX) Phase 1 Test Procedure: Building Thermal Fabric Cases Ron Judkoff, Ben Polly, and Marcus Bianchi...
Retrofit of Existing Residential Building: a Case Study
There are about 42 billion square meters of existing buildings in China. The energy efficiency of existing buildings directly relates to the energy consumption of the building sector. The retrofit of existing residential building began in the 1990s in Heilongjiang. The Sino-Canada demonstration project and Sino-France demonstration project of retrofitting existing residential buildings were carried out in 1997 and 2004, respectively. The retrofit method and energy conservation potential of the envelope and heating system of northern existing buildings are analyzed in this paper, combining the experiences of retrofitting existing residential buildings in Heilongjiang. The software was compiled to aid the design of the envelope retrofit in Heilongjiang and to analyze the working situation in existing residential building heating systems. The imbalance of the indoor temperature and the quantity of heating loss from opening the window in different retrofit projects are presented. The emphasis on energy efficiency retrofit of the envelope of existing residential buildings should be placed on the wall in northern region. It is possible to reduce about 50 percent of energy consumption of buildings by insulating the wall. The external insulation is suitable for retrofitting existing buildings, and the moisture transfer should be considered at the same time. To insure actual reduction in energy consumption, the heating system should be retrofitted when the envelope is insulated.
Zhao, L.; Xu, W.; Li, L.; Gao, G.
NETL: Global Environmental Benefits
Global Environmental Benefits Global Environmental Benefits Gasification Systems Global Environmental Benefits Environmental performance for future energy production systems is a much greater factor as emission standards tighten in the United States and worldwide. The outstanding environmental performance of gasification systems makes it an excellent technology for the clean production of electricity and other products. In addition, the reduction of CO2 emissions is one of the major challenges facing industry in response to global climate change. Other countries with coal reserves might potentially import technologies developed in the United States to enable low-cost gasification with carbon capture and EOR or sequestration. Not only will this benefit the U.S. gasification technology industry, but it will also result in a global environmental benefit through more affordable control of greenhouse gases (GHGs). See the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) link below for a summary of the impact of fossil fuels without carbon capture on CO2 emissions, on the GHG contributions of different countries, and of the projected impact of developing countries to 2030:
global | OpenEI
global global Dataset Summary Description GIS data for offshore wind speed (meters/second). Specified to Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ).Wind resource based on NOAA blended sea winds and monthly wind speed at 30km resolution, using a 0.11 wind sheer to extrapolate 10m - 90m. Annual average >= 10 months of data, no nulls. Source National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Date Released Unknown Date Updated Unknown Keywords GIS global NOAA NREL offshore wind wind speed Data application/zip icon Download Shapefile (zip, 18.5 MiB) Quality Metrics Level of Review Some Review Comment Temporal and Spatial Coverage Frequency Time Period License License Other or unspecified, see optional comment below Comment Please cite NREL and NOAA Rate this dataset Usefulness of the metadata
Global ice sheet modeling
The University of Maine conducted this study for Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) as part of a global climate modeling task for site characterization of the potential nuclear waste respository site at Yucca Mountain, NV. The purpose of the study was to develop a global ice sheet dynamics model that will forecast the three-dimensional configuration of global ice sheets for specific climate change scenarios. The objective of the third (final) year of the work was to produce ice sheet data for glaciation scenarios covering the next 100,000 years. This was accomplished using both the map-plane and flowband solutions of our time-dependent, finite-element gridpoint model. The theory and equations used to develop the ice sheet models are presented. Three future scenarios were simulated by the model and results are discussed.
Hughes, T.J.; Fastook, J.L. [Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States). Institute for Quaternary Studies
Radiation Detection Computational Benchmark Scenarios
Modeling forms an important component of radiation detection development, allowing for testing of new detector designs, evaluation of existing equipment against a wide variety of potential threat sources, and assessing operation performance of radiation detection systems. This can, however, result in large and complex scenarios which are time consuming to model. A variety of approaches to radiation transport modeling exist with complementary strengths and weaknesses for different problems. This variety of approaches, and the development of promising new tools (such as ORNL�s ADVANTG) which combine benefits of multiple approaches, illustrates the need for a means of evaluating or comparing different techniques for radiation detection problems. This report presents a set of 9 benchmark problems for comparing different types of radiation transport calculations, identifying appropriate tools for classes of problems, and testing and guiding the development of new methods. The benchmarks were drawn primarily from existing or previous calculations with a preference for scenarios which include experimental data, or otherwise have results with a high level of confidence, are non-sensitive, and represent problem sets of interest to NA-22. From a technical perspective, the benchmarks were chosen to span a range of difficulty and to include gamma transport, neutron transport, or both and represent different important physical processes and a range of sensitivity to angular or energy fidelity. Following benchmark identification, existing information about geometry, measurements, and previous calculations were assembled. Monte Carlo results (MCNP decks) were reviewed or created and re-run in order to attain accurate computational times and to verify agreement with experimental data, when present. Benchmark information was then conveyed to ORNL in order to guide testing and development of hybrid calculations. The results of those ADVANTG calculations were then sent to PNNL for compilation. This is a report describing the details of the selected Benchmarks and results from various transport codes.
Shaver, Mark W.; Casella, Andrew M.; Wittman, Richard S.; McDonald, Ben S.
Principal Associate Director - Global Security
Principal Associate Director - Global Security Principal Associate Director - Global Security As Principal Associate Director for Global Security, Wallace leads Laboratory programs with special focus on developing and applying the scientific and engineering capabilities to address complex national and global security threats. Contact Operator Los Alamos National Laboratory (505 667-5061 Wallace's expertise is forensic seismology, a highly specialized discipline focusing on detection and quantification of nuclear tests. Terry C. Wallace, Jr. Principal Associate Director for Global Security Terry C. Wallace, Jr., Principal Associate Director for Global Security As Principal Associate Director for Global Security, Wallace leads Laboratory programs with a focus on applying scientific and engineering capabilities
An Improvement of the IGMK Model to Derive Total and Diffuse Solar Radiation at the Surface from Satellite Data
For a better understanding, of climate, as well as all kinds of solar power applications it is necessary to know about incoming solar radiation at the surface (global radiation) and its partition into disuse and direct components Over the last ...
Rolf Stuhlmann; Martin Rieland; Ehrhard Paschke
Radiation Protection Act (Pennsylvania)
This Act combines the radiation safety provisions of The Atomic Energy Development and Radiation Control Act and the Environmental Radiation Protection Act, and empowers the Department of...
Radiation Tolerant Metallic Multilayers
Strategies that can alleviate radiation damage may assist the design of radiation tolerant materials. We will summarize our recent studies on radiation damage in�...
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project Report No. 75/07.IBL 79M0733 Fig. 20. Radiation emission pattern by electronsWinick, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. Fig. 21.
Schimmerling, W.
Radiation-induced angiosarcoma
1a Figure 1b Figure 1. Radiation-induced angiosarcoma in afollowing completion of radiation therapy. Figure 2a Figurecell histiocytosis after radiation for breast carcinoma: can
Anzalone, C Lane; Cohen, Philip R; Diwan, Abdul H; Prieto, Victor G
Building America Performance Analysis Procedures for Existing Homes
Because there are more than 101 million residential households in the United States today, it is not surprising that existing residential buildings represent an extremely large source of potential energy savings. Because thousands of these homes are renovated each year, Building America is investigating the best ways to make existing homes more energy-efficient, based on lessons learned from research in new homes. The Building America program is aiming for a 20%-30% reduction in energy use in existing homes by 2020. The strategy for the existing homes project of Building America is to establish technology pathways that reduce energy consumption cost-effectively in American homes. The existing buildings project focuses on finding ways to adapt the results from the new homes research to retrofit applications in existing homes. Research activities include a combination of computer modeling, field demonstrations, and long-term monitoring to support the development of integrated approaches to reduce energy use in existing residential buildings. Analytical tools are being developed to guide designers and builders in selecting the best approaches for each application. Also, DOE partners with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to increase energy efficiency in existing homes through the Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program.
Hendron, R.
Extraction of object-oriented structures from existing relational databases
Due to the wide use of object-oriented technology in software development and the existence of many relational databases, reverse engineering of relational schemas to object-oriented schemas is gaining in interest. One of the major problems with existing ...
Shekar Ramanathan; Julia Hodges
Adding Insulation to an Existing Home | Department of Energy
Adding Insulation to an Existing Home Adding Insulation to an Existing Home Adding Insulation to an Existing Home May 23, 2013 - 1:44pm Addthis Adding insulation in an existing home saves money and improves comfort. | Photo courtesy of Dennis Schroeder, NREL. Adding insulation in an existing home saves money and improves comfort. | Photo courtesy of Dennis Schroeder, NREL. What does this mean for me? Adding insulation to your home saves money and improves comfort. Adding insulation to your home is a sound investment that is likely pay for itself quickly in reduced utility bills. Insulation inhibits heat flow through the building envelope of your home, saving money and improving comfort. Unless your home was specially constructed for energy efficiency, you can probably reduce your energy bills by adding more insulation. Many older
An Overview of Existing Wind Energy Ordinances | Open Energy Information
Existing Wind Energy Ordinances Existing Wind Energy Ordinances Jump to: navigation, search Name An Overview of Existing Wind Energy Ordinances Agency/Company /Organization National Renewable Energy Laboratory Focus Area People and Policy, Economic Development Phase Create a Vision, Develop Finance and Implement Projects Resource Type Templates Availability Publicly available--Free Publication Date 2008/12/01 Website http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09o Locality Communities in Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Utah References An Overview of Existing Wind Energy Ordinances[1] Contents 1 Overview 2 Highlights 3 Environmental Aspects 4 References Overview This document provides a summary of existing wind energy ordinances that provides a foundation for state and local governments and policymakers when
Alternative Carriers For Remote Renewable Energy Sources Using Existing Cng
Carriers For Remote Renewable Energy Sources Using Existing Cng Carriers For Remote Renewable Energy Sources Using Existing Cng Infrastructure Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Journal Article: Alternative Carriers For Remote Renewable Energy Sources Using Existing Cng Infrastructure Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) Abstract: Optimal locations of renewable energy sources are often remote relative to consumers and electricity grids. In contrast, some existing CNG pipelines pass through optimal renewable energy harvesting regions. The growing interest in the possibility of using geothermal energy in central Australia has created a need to assess the economic, technical, and environmental viability of converting remote renewable energy to fuel for transport using existing CNG pipelines, and to compare this alternative
Testing a Model of IR Radiative Losses: Preprint
Thermopile pyranometers exhibit IR radiative losses that affect global and diffuse shortwave measurements made with first class thermopile based instruments. Pyrgeometers can be used to measure the sky temperature and are used to calculate the pyranometer?s IR radiative losses.
Vignola, F.; Long, C. N.; Reda, I.
The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-Term Monthly Temperature,
The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-Term Monthly Temperature, The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-Term Monthly Temperature, Precipitation, Sea Level Pressure, and Station Pressure Data (1992) (NDP-041) DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp041 data Data PDF PDF File graphics NDP-041 Temperature Stations graphics NDP-041 Precipitation Stations Please note: the latest version of the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) is available directly from NOAA's National Climatic Data Center. Investigators R. S. Vose, R. L. Schmoyer, P. M. Steurer, T. C. Peterson, R. Heim, T. R. Karl, and J. K. Eischeid This NDP contains monthly temperature, precipitation, sea-level pressure, and station-pressure data for thousands of meteorological stations worldwide. The database was compiled from pre-existing national, regional, and global collections of data as part of the Global Historical Climatology
Technology Strategy Program Technology Strategy Program (Redirected from Global Energy Technology Strategy Program) Jump to: navigation, search Logo: Global Energy Technology Strategy Program Name Global Energy Technology Strategy Program Agency/Company /Organization Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Sector Energy Website http://www.pnl.gov/gtsp/ References Global Energy Technology Strategy Program [1] "Since its inception in 1998, the Global Energy Technology Strategy Program (GTSP) has been assessing the important roles that technology can play in effectively managing the long-term risks of climate change. This involves an integrated approach to fully exploring all aspects of climate change - including scientific, economic, regulatory, and social impacts - and then aligning new or existing technologies to mitigate negative consequences.[1]
Global Hunger Index
of halving the proportion of hungry people between 1990 and 2015, we are nowhere near meeting that target. The percentage of undernourished people fell from 20 percent in 1990�92 to 16 percent in 2004�06. In recent years, however, the number of hungry people has actually been increasing. In 2009, on the heels of a global food price
Heidi Fritschel; Yisehac Yohannes
Radiation properties of cavity Cerenkov radiation
Cerenkov radiation from cavities has been analyzed by quantum electrodynamic theory. Analytical expressions of basic radiation properties such as the Einstein's A and B coefficients are derived and shown to be directly modified by the cavities. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the coherent radiation from the Cerenkov radiation devices is due to super radiance of spontaneous emission instead of stimulated emission. Coherent and incoherent radiations are analyzed in the THz radiation range.
Gao Ju; Shen Fang [Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (United States)
National Solar Radiation Database | Open Energy Information
National Solar Radiation Database National Solar Radiation Database Jump to: navigation, search The National Solar Radiation Database, or NSRDB, describes the amount of solar energy which is available at any location in the United States. It is generated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, with the assistance of many collaborators.[1] Technical Overview Per its user's manual, "The NSRDB is a serially complete collection of hourly values of the three most common measurements of solar radiation (global horizontal, direct normal, and diffuse horizontal) over a period of time adequate to establish means and extremes, and at a sufficient number of locations to represent regional solar radiation climates."[2] There have been two releases of the NSRDB, each covering different time
Brazil Global Horizontal Solar Radiation Model (10km) from INPE
by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files
(Supplemental Information): ��The assessment of...
Brazil Global Horizontal Solar Radiation Model (40km) from INPE
by INPE - National Institute for Space Research) were used to produce the dataset and SHAPE files. The assessment of reliability levels of the BRASIL-SR model were performed...
comprises a very large proportion of the mouse and human genomes. Using bisulphite modification and quantitative real-time PCR, the method can be used to analyse a very large pool...
Global Distribution of Photosynthetically Active Radiation as Observed from Satellites
Concern about possible effects of a steady increase in CO2 on the earth's climate, and the fact that current estimates of sources and sinks of CO2 do not balance, generated interest to improve knowledge of rates at which carbon is cycled between ...
R. T. Pinker; I. Laszlo
APP M_EXISTING CONSERVATION.DOC 1 Appendix M: Summary of Existing Conservation Efforts in the Willamette Basin
APP M_EXISTING CONSERVATION.DOC 1 Appendix M: Summary of Existing Conservation Efforts actions. (National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. Conservation of Columbia Basin Fish--Final Basinwide; Forest Service). State Species Protection ODFW Native Fish Conservation Policy The policy's primary
??The Micro Loop Heat Pipe (�LHP) is a self-circulating cooling device with extremely high thermal conductivity where heat is removed by phase change and the� (more)
Global Dissipativity and Inertial Manifolds for Diffusive Burgers Equations with Low-Wavenumber Instability
Global well-posedness, existence of globally absorbing sets and existence of inertial manifolds is investigated for a class of diffusive Burgers equations. The class includes diffusive Burgers equation with nontrivial forcing, the Burgers-Sivashinsky equation and the Quasi-Stedy equation of cellular flames. The global dissipativity is proven in 2D for periodic boundary conditions. For the proof of the existence of inertial manifolds, the spectral-gap condition, which Burgers-type equations do not satisfy in its original form is circumvented by the Cole-Hopf transform. The procedure is valid in both one and two space dimensions.
Jesenko Vukadinovic
Core-Collapse Supernovae Induced by Anisotropic Neutrino Radiation
We demonstrate the important role of anisotropic neutrino radiation on the mechanism of core-collapse supernova explosions. Through a new parameter study with a fixed radiation field of neutrinos, we show that prolate explosions caused by globally anisotropic neutrino radiation is the most effective mechanism of increasing the explosion energy when the total neutrino luminosity is given. This is suggestive of the fact that the expanding materials of SN 1987A has a prolate geometry.
Yuko Motizuki; Hideki Madokoro; Tetsuya Shimizu
NIPSCO - Existing Facility Retrofit Rebate Program | Department of Energy
NIPSCO - Existing Facility Retrofit Rebate Program NIPSCO - Existing Facility Retrofit Rebate Program NIPSCO - Existing Facility Retrofit Rebate Program < Back Eligibility Commercial Fed. Government Industrial Institutional Local Government Nonprofit Schools State Government Tribal Government Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Cooling Home Weatherization Construction Commercial Weatherization Design & Remodeling Manufacturing Heat Pumps Appliances & Electronics Commercial Lighting Lighting Maximum Rebate Contact NIPSCO $500,000 per project per year $1,000,000 per applicant per year Program Info Expiration Date 12/31/2013 State Indiana Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount Other Projects: $0.09/kWh in electricity reductions Energize Indiana Rebates: Varies widely Provider
EWEB - Existing Facilities Energy Efficiency Rebate Program | Department
EWEB - Existing Facilities Energy Efficiency Rebate Program EWEB - Existing Facilities Energy Efficiency Rebate Program EWEB - Existing Facilities Energy Efficiency Rebate Program < Back Eligibility Commercial Industrial Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Cooling Other Appliances & Electronics Heat Pumps Heating Commercial Lighting Lighting Manufacturing Home Weatherization Windows, Doors, & Skylights Maximum Rebate See Program Catalog Program Info State Oregon Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount Lighting: Varies Widely Office Equipment: Varies Widely Air Conditioner (Non-Electric): $60 - $115/ton Air-Source Heat Pump: $60 - $220/ton Ductless Heat Pump: $100 - $220/ton Small Business Ductless Heat Pump: $750 - $1,000 Western Premium Economizer: $125/ton Programmable Thermostat: $25 - $100
Diverse Power - Energy Efficient Existing Homes Rebate Program (Georgia) |
Existing Homes Rebate Program Existing Homes Rebate Program (Georgia) Diverse Power - Energy Efficient Existing Homes Rebate Program (Georgia) < Back Eligibility Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Home Weatherization Construction Commercial Weatherization Commercial Heating & Cooling Design & Remodeling Heat Pumps Heating Appliances & Electronics Water Heating Program Info State Georgia Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount Electric Heat Pump: $100/system Gas to Electric Heat Pump Switch: $300 Dual Fuel Heat Pump: $250/system Geothermal Heat Pump: $250/ton Electric Water Heaters: $75 - $150/unit Gas to Electric Water Heater Switch: $300 - $500 Waste Heat Recovery Unit: $250/house Provider Diverse Power Diverse Power is a member-owned electric cooperative that provides electric
A Technique for Global Monitoring of Net Solar Irradiance at the Ocean Surface. Part I: Model
An algorithm based on radiative transfer theory is presented to generate the first accurate, long-term (84- month) climatology of net surface solar irradiance over the global oceans from Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget (ERB) wide-field-of-view ...
Robert Frouin; Beth Chertock
Types of Radiation Exposure
External Irradiation Contamination Incorporation Biological Effects of Acute, Total Body Irradiation Managing Radiation Emergencies Procedure Demonstration Types of radiation...
Radiation Effects In Ceramics
RADIATION MATERIALS SCIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS II: Radiation Effects in Ceramics. Sponsored by: Jt. SMD/MSD Nuclear Materials�...
Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry
Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry. ... OH. US Air Force Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory, Wright-Patterson - Base, OH [100548- 0] PA. ...
Radiation Physics Division
... The Radiation Physics Division, part of the Physical Measurement Laboratory ... the measurement standards for ionizing radiations and radioactivity ...
Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production at Existing Nuclear Power Plants |
Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production at Existing Nuclear Power Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production at Existing Nuclear Power Plants Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production at Existing Nuclear Power Plants A funding opportunity announcement of the cost shared feasibility studies of nuclear energy based production of hydrogen using available technology. The objective of this activity is to select and conduct project(s) that will utilize hydrogen production equipment and nuclear energy as necessary to produce data and analysis on the economics of hydrogen production with nuclear energy. Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production at Existing Nuclear Power Plants More Documents & Publications https://e-center.doe.gov/iips/faopor.nsf/UNID/E67E46185A67EBE68 Microsoft Word - FOA cover sheet.doc Microsoft Word - hDE-FOA-0000092.rtf
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After 1980 |
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After 1980 Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After 1980 The files on this page contain commercial reference building models for existing buildings constructed in or after 1980, organized by building type and location. These U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reference buildings are complete descriptions for whole building energy analysis. You can also return to a summary of building types and climate zones and information about other building vintages. These files are updated regularly. There are two versions of these files on this page. Version 1.3_5.0 was updated September 27, 2010 and Version 1.4_7.2 was updated November 13, 2012. You can also view related resources: an archive of past reference buildings files
DOE Preliminary Plan for Retrospective Analysis of Existing Rules |
Preliminary Plan for Retrospective Analysis of Existing Rules Preliminary Plan for Retrospective Analysis of Existing Rules DOE Preliminary Plan for Retrospective Analysis of Existing Rules On January 18, 2011, the President issued Executive Order 13563, "Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review," to ensure that Federal regulations seek more affordable, less intrusive means to achieve policy goals, and that agencies give careful consideration to the benefits and costs of those regulations. Executive Order 13563 recognizes the importance of maintaining a consistent culture of retrospective review and analysis throughout the executive branch. To that end, Executive Order 13563 requires agencies, by May 18, 2011, to develop a plan for review of their existing significant regulations. DOE_05_18_2011.pdf More Documents & Publications
Expert Meeting Report: Windows Options for New and Existing Homes |
Windows Options for New and Existing Homes Windows Options for New and Existing Homes Expert Meeting Report: Windows Options for New and Existing Homes The NorthernSTAR Building America Partnership held an Expert Meeting on Windows Options for New and Existing Homes on November 14, 2011 at the Nolte Building on the campus of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN. Featured speakers included John Carmody and Pat Huelman of the University of Minnesota, Charlie Curcija of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Jim Larson of Cardinal Glass Industries, Peter Yost of Building Green, Peter Baker of Building Science Corporation, and Theresa Weston of Du Pont Innovations. Audience participation was actively encouraged during each presentation to uncover need and promote dialog among researchers and
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After 1980 -
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After 1980 - Archive Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed In or After 1980 - Archive Here you will find past versions of the commercial reference building models for existing buildings constructed in or after 1980, organized by building type and location. A summary of building types and climate zones is available for reference. Current versions are also available. Archived Reference Buildings Building Type Version 1.2_4.0 updated 3/12/10 Large office (ZIP 2.3 MB) Medium office (ZIP 2.2 MB) Small office (ZIP 1.4 MB) Warehouse (ZIP 980 KB) Stand-alone retail (ZIP 2 MB) Strip mall (ZIP 2.3 MB) Primary school (ZIP 2.7 MB) Secondary school (ZIP 3.9 MB) Supermarket (ZIP 2.2 MB) Quick service restaurant (ZIP 1.1 MB)
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Existing Building Energy Efficiency
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Existing Building Energy Efficiency Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Existing Building Energy Efficiency Analysis: November 17, 2009 - June 30, 2010 Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Existing Building Energy Efficiency Analysis: November 17, 2009 - June 30, 2010 This report presents the results of the Booz Allen Hamilton study on the existing building stock of Hawaii, along with conclusions on the key drivers of potential energy efficiency savings and on the steps necessary to attain them. 48318.pdf More Documents & Publications Clean Energy Policy Analysis: Impact Analysis of Potential Clean Energy Policy Options for the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative HCEI Road Map: 2011 Edition (Brochure) Identifying Cost-Effective Residential Energy Efficiency Opportunities for the Kauai Island Utility Cooperative
Building America Efficient Solutions for Existing Homes: Case...
Solutions for Existing Homes: Case Study: Build San Antonio Green, San Antonio, Texas PNNL, FSEC, and CalcsPlus provided technical assistance to Build San Antonio Green on three...
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Existing Building Energy Efficiency...
7A2-48318 June 2010 Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative Existing Building Energy Efficiency Analysis November 17, 2009 - June 30, 2010 P. Finch and A. Potes Booz Allen Hamilton...
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 - Archive
Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 - Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 - Archive Existing Commercial Reference Buildings Constructed Before 1980 - Archive Here you will find past versions of the commercial reference building models for existing buildings constructed before 1980, organized by building type and location. A summary of building types and climate zones is available for reference. Current versions are also available. Archived Reference Buildings Building Type Version 1.2_4.0 updated 3/12/10 Large office (ZIP 2.3 MB) Medium office (ZIP 2.2 MB) Small office (ZIP 1.4 MB) Warehouse (ZIP 980 KB) Stand-alone retail (ZIP 2 MB) Strip mall (ZIP 2.3 MB) Primary school (ZIP 2.7 MB) Secondary school (ZIP 3.9 MB) Supermarket (ZIP 2.2 MB) Quick service restaurant (ZIP 1.1 MB) Full service restaurant
Joint Variability of Global Runoff and Global Sea Surface Temperatures
Global land surface runoff and sea surface temperatures (SST) are analyzed to identify the primary modes of variability of these hydroclimatic data for the period 1905�2002. A monthly water-balance model first is used with global monthly ...
Gregory J. McCabe; David M. Wolock
Global Insight Energy Group
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
Outlook Outlook Mary Novak Managing Director IHS Global Insight Copyright © 2010 IHS Global Insight, Inc. Overview: Energy Sector Transformation Underway * The recession has hit energy demand hard, and aggregate energy demand is not expected to return to 2007 levels until 2018. * Oil and natural gas prices will both rise over the long-term, but the price trends will diverge with natural gas prices rising slowly due to the development of shale gas. * This forecast does not include a GHG cap-and-trade program. However, it is assumed that there will be continued improvement in equipment, appliance and building efficiencies that will reduce carbon emissions relative to past projections. * The forecast also includes the more than 30 state- level programs to increase efficiency and reduce
Blackbody radiation in ?-Minkowski spacetime
We have computed the black body radiation spectra in $\\kappa-$Minkowski space-time, using the quantum mechanical picture of massless scalar particles as well as effective quantum field theory picture. The black body radiation depends on how the field theory (and thus how the $\\kappa-$Poincar\\'e algebra) handles the ordering effect of the noncommutative space-time. In addition, there exists a natural momentum cut-off of the order $\\kappa$, beyond which a new real mode takes its shape from a complex mode and the old real mode flows out to be a new complex mode. However, the new high momentum real mode should not be physical since its contributions to the black-body radiation spoils the commutative limit.
Hyeong-Chan Kim; Chaiho Rim; Jae Hyung Yee
Global Climate & Energy ProjectGlobal & Energy Project STANFORD UNIVERSITY
from plants and animals to energy, and to determine the best conditions for doing so (see below). #12, and processes may have an enormous impact on the world's future energy consumption and environment. In orderGlobal Climate & Energy ProjectGlobal & Energy Project STANFORD UNIVERSITY Global Energy Climate
Nur, Amos
Global hydrological cycle response to rapid and slow global warming
We analyze the response of global water vapor to global warming in a series of fully coupled climate model simulations. We find that a roughly 7% per Kelvin rate of increase of water vapor with global surface temperature is robust only for rapid ...
Larissa Back; Karen Russ; Zhengyu Liu; Kuniaki Inoue; Jiaxu Zhang; Bette Otto-Bliesner
Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility SURF III ...
... Synchrotron Radiation. What is Synchrotron Radiation? Synchrotron radiation ... known. Properties of Synchrotron Radiation. Schwinger ...
GoGlobal Fall 2006
Policy and Social Welfare at the UCLA School of Public Affairs, and Visiting Professor of Global & International
Proceedings of the sixth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team meeting
This document contains the summaries of papers presented at the 1996 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team meeting held at San Antonio, Texas. The history and status of the ARM program at the time of the meeting helps to put these papers in context. The basic themes have not changed. First, from its beginning, the Program has attempted to respond to the most critical scientific issues facing the US Global Change Research Program. Second, the Program has been strongly coupled to other agency and international programs. More specifically, the Program reflects an unprecedented collaboration among agencies of the federal research community, among the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) national laboratories, and between DOE`s research program and related international programs, such as Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program. Next, ARM has always attempted to make the most judicious use of its resources by collaborating and leveraging existing assets and has managed to maintain an aggressive schedule despite budgets that have been much smaller than planned. Finally, the Program has attracted some of the very best scientific talent in the climate research community and has, as a result, been productive scientifically.
A Collaborative Filtering Algorithm Based on Global and Domain Authorities
Collaborative filtering has been very successful in both applications and researches. In real situation, different users may have different influences on other users' decisions. Those authoritative users usually play more important roles. But few existing ... Keywords: Collaboration Filtering, Domain Authority, Global Authority
Li Zhou; Yong Zhang; Chun-Xiao Xing
Global-Scale Waves in the Venus Atmosphere
The nature of global-scale waves that can exist in the atmosphere of Venus is examined. A linear three-dimensional model atmosphere with spherical geometry is used to study large-scale forced and free waves. Solutions are obtained numerically ...
Michael D. Smith; Peter J. Gierasch; Paul J. Schinder
Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems
Pressure Regain Strategies for Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems Arlan Burdick IBACOS, Inc. Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems Problem Statement Thermal enclosure upgrades can reduce peak loads by 50%. If the furnace is right-sized for this new peak load and the ducts are not modified or replaced, the resulting airflows at the supply registers will be significantly reduced. -Will the outlets meet industry standards for performance? - Should they be replaced to achieve good room air mixing? - Should the end of the duct be modified to improve airflow characteristics? Pressure Regain Strategies for Existing Air Distribution Systems Expected Results We expect to find a cost-effective solution to gaining proper airflow to a room without completely replacing
Cascade Natural Gas - Conservation Incentives for Existing Homes |
Existing Homes Existing Homes Cascade Natural Gas - Conservation Incentives for Existing Homes < Back Eligibility Residential Savings Category Home Weatherization Commercial Weatherization Sealing Your Home Ventilation Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Heating Appliances & Electronics Water Heating Program Info State District of Columbia Program Type Utility Rebate Program Rebate Amount Floor Insulation: $0.45 per sq. ft. Wall Insulation: $0.40 per sq. ft. Ceiling or Attic Insulation: $0.25 per sq. ft. High Efficiency Natural Gas Furnace: $150 Duct Sealing: $150 High Efficiency Natural Gas Furnace and Duct Sealing: $400 High Efficiency Natural Gas Hearth: $70 Conventional Natural Gas Water Heater: $40 Combination Domestic Water/Hydronic Space Heating System (using Tankless
Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Planning for Existing Buildings |
Energy Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Planning for Existing Buildings Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Planning for Existing Buildings October 4, 2013 - 4:51pm Addthis For meeting Federal sustainability requirements, agencies can use evaluation methods-such as benchmarking and energy audits-and planning to make their existing buildings energy efficient. To comply with energy reduction requirements agencies should follow a few basic steps: Benchmark buildings Conduct energy audits Create an action plan Monitor progress. This is a cyclical process that will need to be continually updated. For meeting water use reduction requirements in buildings, see Water Efficiency. Benchmark Buildings The first step in managing a building stock's sustainability is to benchmark buildings. Benchmarking allows buildings to be compared for
Improving the Energy Efficiency of Existing Windows | Department of Energy
Improving the Energy Efficiency of Existing Windows Improving the Energy Efficiency of Existing Windows Improving the Energy Efficiency of Existing Windows October 15, 2008 - 10:56am Addthis Jen Carter What does this mean for me? There are several solutions to energy inefficient windows whether you're starting from scratch or simply making upgrades. But, soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. - William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet No one would dispute the undeniable beauty of soft, dappled light shining through a window in the early morning. Unless, of course, you happen to be one of the many Americans whose windows are letting in more than just light. Poorly fitted or sealed windows can be a major frustration during the winter months, letting in cold drafts that blur the lines between
Multifamily Energy Savings Program (Existing Buildings and New
Multifamily Energy Savings Program (Existing Buildings and New Multifamily Energy Savings Program (Existing Buildings and New Construction) Multifamily Energy Savings Program (Existing Buildings and New Construction) < Back Eligibility Multi-Family Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Heating Home Weatherization Commercial Weatherization Cooling Appliances & Electronics Sealing Your Home Ventilation Construction Manufacturing Heat Pumps Commercial Lighting Lighting Water Heating Maximum Rebate Prescriptive: Varies by equipment type, $200,000 per project Custom: Lesser of 50% of cost or $200,000 per project Total: $200,000 per project and $400,000 per customer tax ID per year for all Focus incentives. Program Info Funding Source Focus on Energy Expiration Date 12/31/2013 State Wisconsin
Home Energy Solutions for Existing Homes | Department of Energy
Home Energy Solutions for Existing Homes Home Energy Solutions for Existing Homes Home Energy Solutions for Existing Homes < Back Eligibility Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Heating Home Weatherization Commercial Weatherization Sealing Your Home Ventilation Manufacturing Heat Pumps Appliances & Electronics Water Heating Windows, Doors, & Skylights Program Info Funding Source Public Benefits Fund State Oregon Program Type State Rebate Program Rebate Amount Air Sealing: $150 Duct Insulation: 50% of cost up to $100 Gas Boiler: $200 Direct Vent Gas Fireplace: $200-$250 Direct Vent Gas Unit Heater: $100 Heat Pumps: $250 - $450, depending on efficiency and previous heating system Heat Pump Test: $150 Heat Pump Advanced Controls: $250 Ductless Heat Pump: $800
Business Energy Efficiency Rebate for Existing Buildings | Department of
Business Energy Efficiency Rebate for Existing Buildings Business Energy Efficiency Rebate for Existing Buildings Business Energy Efficiency Rebate for Existing Buildings < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Industrial Institutional Multi-Family Residential State Government Savings Category Heating & Cooling Commercial Heating & Cooling Heating Home Weatherization Commercial Weatherization Cooling Appliances & Electronics Other Manufacturing Heat Pumps Commercial Lighting Lighting Water Heating Maximum Rebate $500,000 per site, per year Program Info Funding Source Public Benefits Fund State Oregon Program Type State Rebate Program Rebate Amount Air Conditioners Units: $180 - $750, varies by size and efficiency Heat Pumps: $100 - $300, varies by type and size HVAC Unit Heater: $1.50/kBtu/hr in Warm-Air Furnace: $3/kBtu/hr in
Program Areas » Sustainable Buildings & Campuses » Energy Program Areas » Sustainable Buildings & Campuses » Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Planning for Existing Buildings Energy Efficiency Evaluation and Planning for Existing Buildings October 4, 2013 - 4:51pm Addthis For meeting Federal sustainability requirements, agencies can use evaluation methods-such as benchmarking and energy audits-and planning to make their existing buildings energy efficient. To comply with energy reduction requirements agencies should follow a few basic steps: Benchmark buildings Conduct energy audits Create an action plan Monitor progress. This is a cyclical process that will need to be continually updated. For meeting water use reduction requirements in buildings, see Water Efficiency. Benchmark Buildings The first step in managing a building stock's sustainability is to
A Simple Model for the Skewness of Global Sea Surface Winds
A strong linear relationship between the mean and skewness of global sea surface winds (both zonal and meridional) is shown to exist, such that where the wind component is on average positive, it is negatively skewed (and vice versa). This ...
Adam Hugh Monahan
An Analysis of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves in 20 WCRP CMIP3 Global Coupled Climate Models
Output from 20 coupled global climate models is analyzed to determine whether convectively coupled Kelvin waves exist in the models, and, if so, how their horizontal and vertical structures compare to observations. Model data are obtained from ...
Katherine H. Straub; Patrick T. Haertel; George N. Kiladis
Soil Moisture Memory in AGCM Simulations: Analysis of Global Land�Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) Data
Soil moisture memory is a key aspect of land�atmosphere interaction and has major implications for seasonal forecasting. Because of a severe lack of soil moisture observations on most continents, existing analyses of global-scale soil moisture ...
Sonia I. Seneviratne; Randal D. Koster; Zhichang Guo; Paul A. Dirmeyer; Eva Kowalczyk; David Lawrence; Ping Liu; David Mocko; Cheng-Hsuan Lu; Keith W. Oleson; Diana Verseghy
CoreNet Global/Jones Lang LaSalle Sustainability survey | ENERGY...
CoreNet GlobalJones Lang LaSalle Sustainability survey Secondary menu About us Press room Contact Us Portfolio Manager Login Facility owners and managers Existing buildings...
HIGHER EDUCATION�S NEW GLOBAL ORDER: How and Why Governments are Creating Structured Opportunity Markets
as accelerating existing higher education reforms and thecshe.berkeley.edu/ HIGHER EDUCATION�S NEW GLOBAL ORDER: Howworld�s first mass higher education system. Now most other
John Aubrey Douglass
BSA 07-22: Compact Room-Temperature Radiation Detector for Oil ...
These small, solid-state radiation detectors can be used at room temperature, making them more practical, mobile, and cost-effective than existing devices.
Radiation-induced solitary waves in hot plasmas of accretion disks
It is shown that the existence of radiation-induced solitary waves in hot plasmas of accretion disks depends on the radial temperature profile.
Fedor V. Prigara
Preliminary Plan for Retrospective Analysis of Existing Rules
Preliminary Plan for Retrospective Analysis of Existing Rules Preliminary Plan for Retrospective Analysis of Existing Rules April 29, 2011 Draft Executive Summary On January 18, 2011, the President issued Executive Order 13563, ‗‗Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review,'' to ensure that Federal regulations seek more affordable, less intrusive means to achieve policy goals, and that agencies give careful consideration to the benefits and costs of those regulations. Executive Order 13563 recognizes the importance of maintaining a consistent culture of retrospective review and analysis throughout the executive branch. To that end, Executive Order 13563 requires agencies, by May 18, 2011, to develop a plan for review of
Home Energy Rebate Option (HERO) - Existing Homes Program | Department of
You are here You are here Home » Home Energy Rebate Option (HERO) - Existing Homes Program Home Energy Rebate Option (HERO) - Existing Homes Program < Back Eligibility Residential Savings Category Heating & Cooling Home Weatherization Construction Commercial Weatherization Commercial Heating & Cooling Design & Remodeling Other Maximum Rebate $3,000 Program Info Funding Source American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Expiration Date 06/11/2013 State Louisiana Program Type State Rebate Program Rebate Amount 20% of improvement costs Provider Louisiana Department of Natural Resources '''''NOTE: All HERO program funding has been allocated as of December 6, 2012. Important dates related to the closure of the program have been announced. Please see summary below for more information. '''''
Shared Signals: Using Existing Facility Meters for Energy Savings Verification
This paper reviews and summarizes techniques for using or sharing signals from existing facility and utility meters for the purpose of verifying energy savings from industrial, institutional and large commercial energy conservation projects. Techniques for sharing or using signals from existing electric, natural gas, fuel oil, steam, steam condensate, boiler feedwater, hot water and chilled water meters will be described. The techniques and experiences reported in this paper are based on the results of the actual in-field installation of energy monitoring equipment in several hundred sites at various locations throughout the United States.
McBride, J. R.; Bohmer, C. J.; Price, S. D.; Carlson, K.; Lopez, J.
FMDP reactor alternative summary report. Volume 1 - existing LWR alternative
Significant quantities of weapons-usable fissile materials [primarily plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU)] are becoming surplus to national defense needs in both the United States and Russia. These stocks of fissile materials pose significant dangers to national and international security. The dangers exist not only in the potential proliferation of nuclear weapons but also in the potential for environmental, safety, and health (ES&H) consequences if surplus fissile materials are not properly managed. This document summarizes the results of analysis concerned with existing light water reactor plutonium disposition alternatives.
Greene, S.R.; Bevard, B.B. [and others
Global Fossil Fuel Carbon Emissions - Graphics
Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Global Graphics Global Fossil-Fuel Carbon Emissions - Graphics Carbon Emission Estimates image image Global Per Capita Carbon Emission Estimates...
Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I
Abstract. This study presents the results of a broad intercomparison of a total of 15 global aerosol models within the AeroCom project. Each model is compared to observations related to desert dust aerosols, their direct radiative effect, and their impact on the biogeochemical cycle, i.e., aerosol optical depth (AOD) and dust deposition. Additional comparisons to Angstr�om exponent (AE), coarse mode AOD and dust surface concentrations are included to extend the assessment of model performance and to identify common biases present in models. These data comprise a benchmark dataset that is proposed for model inspection and future dust model development. There are large differences among the global models that simulate the dust cycle and its impact on climate. In general, models simulate the climatology of vertically integrated parameters (AOD and AE) within a factor of two whereas the total deposition and surface concentration are reproduced within a factor of 10. In addition, smaller mean normalized bias and root mean square errors are obtained for the climatology of AOD and AE than for total deposition and surface concentration. Characteristics of the datasets used and their uncertainties may influence these differences. Large uncertainties still exist with respect to the deposition fluxes in the southern oceans. Further measurements and model studies are necessary to assess the general model performance to reproduce dust deposition in ocean regions sensible to iron contributions. Models overestimate the wet deposition in regions dominated by dry deposition. They generally simulate more realistic surface concentration at stations downwind of the main sources than at remote ones. Most models simulate the gradient in AOD and AE between the different dusty regions. However the seasonality and magnitude of both variables is better simulated at African stations than Middle East ones. The models simulate the offshore transport of West Africa throughout the year but they overestimate the AOD and they transport too fine particles. The models also reproduce the dust transport across the Atlantic in the summer in terms of both AOD and AE but not so well in winter-spring nor the southward displacement of the dust cloud that is responsible of the dust transport into South America. Based on the dependency of AOD on aerosol burden and size distribution we use model bias with respect to AOD and AE to infer the bias of the dust emissions in Africa and the Middle East. According to this analysis we suggest that a range of possible emissions for North Africa is 400 to 2200 Tg yr?1 and in the Middle East 26 to 526 Tg yr?1.
Huneeus, N.; Schulz, M.; Balkanski, Y.; Griesfeller, J.; Prospero, J.; Kinne, Stefan; Bauer, S.; Boucher, O.; Chin, M.; Dentener, F.; Diehl, T.; Easter, Richard C.; Fillmore, D.; Ghan, Steven J.; Ginnoux, P.; Grini, A.; Horowitz, L.; Koch, D.; Krol, M.; Landing, W.; Liu, Xiaohong; Mahowald, N.; Miller, R.; Morcrette, J. -J.; Myhre, G.; Penner, J.; Perlwitz, J.; Stier, P.; Takemura, T.; Zender, C. S.
Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants
[1] We present here a fully coupled global aerosol and chemistry model for the troposphere. The model is used to assess the interactions between aerosols and chemical oxidants in the troposphere, including (1) the conversion from gas-phase oxidants into the condensed phase during the formation of aerosols, (2) the heterogeneous reactions occurring on the surface of aerosols, and (3) the effect of aerosols on ultraviolet radiation and photolysis rates. The present study uses the global three-dimensional chemical/ transport model, Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2 (MOZART-2), in which aerosols are coupled with the model. The model accounts for the presence of
Xuexi Tie; Sasha Madronich; Stacy Walters; David P. Edwards; Paul Ginoux; Natalie Mahowald; Renyi Zhang; Chao Lou; Guy Brasseur
Arrhenius and global warming
Although concern about global atmospheric warming has intensified in recent decades, research into the greenhouse effect actually began in the 19th century. Fourier and other scientists appreciated that without heat-absorbing gases in the atmosphere, the temperature on the ground would be considerably lower, making life as we know it impossible. In 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius was the first to make a quantitative link between changes in carbon dioxide concentration and climate. Publication of his paper was celebrated at a recent Swedish workshop. 13 refs., 1 fig.
Uppenbrink, J.
The Global Energy Challenge
The expected doubling of global energy demand by 2050 challenges our traditional patterns of energy production, distribution and use. The continued use of fossil fuels raises concerns about supply, security, environment and climate. New routes are needed for the efficient conversion of energy from chemical fuel, sunlight, and heat to electricity or hydrogen as an energy carrier and finally to end uses like transportation, lighting, and heating. Opportunities for efficient new energy conversion routes based on nanoscale materials will be presented, with emphasis on the sustainable energy technologies they enable.
Crabtree, George (ANL)
Global Laser Enrichment
APPLICATION � PUBLIC RESPONSES GE-Hitachi Global Laser Enrichment LLC (GLE) hereby submits the additional information requested in the November 19, 2009 letter. Enclosure 1 of this letter contains the responses the questions. A separate letter has been submitted that contains a non-public version of these responses, which contains Export-Controlled and Security-Related Information. If there are any questions regarding this letter and its contents, please do not hesitate to contact myself, or Julie Olivier of my staff at 910-819-4799 or at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Uranium Enrichment Branch; Albert E. Kennedy; Albert E. Kennedy; Tammy Orr (gle
PUBLIC VERSION GE-Hitachi Global Laser Enrichment LLC (GLE) hereby submits revision 2 of the GLE License Application. Enclosure 1 contains revised Request for Additional Information responses. Enclosure 2 contains revised chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11 of the GLE License Application. Enclosure 3 contains the revised pubic version of the Decommissioning Funding Plan. Non-Public versions of the revised License Application and the Decommissioning Funding Plan have been prepared and will be submitted under separate enclosure. If there are any questions regarding this letter and its contents, please do not hesitate to contact me at 910-819-4799 or at
Julie Olivier; Brian Smith Chief; Uranium Enrichment Branch; Julie Olivier; Tim Johnson (nrc; Tammy Orr (gle; Lori Butler (geh; Jerry Head (geh; Patricia Campbell (geh; Bob Crate (gle; Ken Givens (gle; Tom Owens (gle
Study Climate and Global Change
What We Study How We Study Prepare The Nation For Change Assess the U.S. Climate Make Our Science Accessible Link Climate Change & Health Provide Data and Tools Coordinate Internationally Study Climate and Global Change Print E-mail Deforestation What is global change? "Global change" refers to changes in the global environment that may alter the capacity of the Earth to sustain life. This includes alterations in: Climate Land productivity Oceans or other water resources Atmospheric chemistry Ecological systems Demographic and socioeconomic trends What is global change research? According to the Global Change Research Act of 1990, "Global change research" refers to the study, monitoring, assessment, prediction, and information management activities used to describe and understand the:
Global Scratch Upgrade in Progress
Global Scratch Gets Global Scratch Gets an Upgrade Global Scratch Gets an Upgrade Improvements Will Include Higher Data Output Rates, Connection to PDSF October 29, 2013 The most used file system at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)-global scratch-just got an upgrade. As a result, some users may see their data output to global scratch reach up to 80 gigabytes per second. Although users will probably not see their 20-terabyte storage quotas increase, the upgrade ensures that global scratch remains flexible and paves the way for PDSF to eventually use the file system Because of the upgrade, users will also be able to better access their temporary data files or "scratch data" from any NERSC system, not just the one that generated it. Prior to the upgrade, Global scratch typically
Evaluation of CLM4 Solar Radiation Partitioning Scheme Using Remote Sensing and Site Level FPAR Datasets
Abstract: This paper examines a land surface solar radiation partitioning scheme, i.e., that of the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles. Taking advantage of a unique 30-year fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) dataset, derived from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data set, multiple other remote sensing datasets, and site level observations, we evaluated the CLM4 FPAR�s seasonal cycle, diurnal cycle, long-term trends, and spatial patterns. Our findings show that the model generally agrees with observations in the seasonal cycle, long-term trends, and spatial patterns, but does not reproduce the diurnal cycle. Discrepancies also exist in seasonality magnitudes, peak value months, and spatial heterogeneity. We identify the discrepancy in the diurnal cycle as, due to, the absence of dependence on sun angle in the model. Implementation of sun angle dependence in a one-dimensional (1-D) model is proposed. The need for better relating of vegetation to climate in the model, indicated by long-term trends, is also noted. Evaluation of the CLM4 land surface solar radiation partitioning scheme using remote sensing and site level FPAR datasets provides targets for
Kai Wang; Jiafu Mao; Robert E. Dickinson; Xiaoying Shi; Wilfred M. Post; Zaichun Zhu; Ranga B. Myneni
Solar Radiation and Tidal Exposure as Environmental Drivers of Enhalus acoroides Dominated Seagrass
There is strong evidence of a global long-term decline in seagrass meadows that is widely attributed to anthropogenic activity. Yet in many regions, attributing these changes to actual activities is difficult, as there exists limited understanding of the natural processes that can influence these valuable ecosystem service providers. Being able to separate natural from anthropogenic causes of seagrass change is important for developing strategies that effectively mitigate and manage anthropogenic impacts on seagrass, and promote coastal ecosystems resilient to future environmental change. The present study investigated the influence of environmental and climate related factors on seagrass biomass in a large solar radiation. This study documents how natural long-term tidal variability can influence long-term seagrass dynamics. Exposure to desiccation, high UV, and daytime temperature regimes are discussed as the likely mechanisms for the action of these factors in causing this decline. The results emphasise the importance of understanding and assessing natural environmentally-driven change when
Richard K. F. Unsworth; Michael A. Rasheed; Kathryn M. Chartr; Anthony J. Roelofs
Retrofitting Existing Buildings for Demand Response & Energy Efficiency
heating or cooling load, and enables existing Building Management Systems to control fan speed) · Lighting 20% (solution: Adura ALPS partnership) · Plug loads, data centers remainder (solution: WTR partnership) · Plug loads, data centers remainder (solution: WTR, WBM) Source: US Energy Information
California at Los Angeles, University of
Pre-Procurement Technical Due Diligence Guideline -- Existing HRSGs
The dynamic and competitive nature of the power generation market sometimes presents Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) members with the opportunity to procure an existing combined-cycle plant or heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The potential for the HRSG to deliver suitably reliable service at reasonable maintenance expense depends on design details of key pressure parts and the maintenance, ...
Monitoring-based HVAC Commissioning of an Existing Office
LBNL-5940E Monitoring-based HVAC Commissioning of an Existing Office Building for Energy Efficiency thereof or The Regents of the University of California. #12;1 Monitoring-based HVAC firstname.lastname@example.com, Tel: 1-510-486-4921 Abstract The performance of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC
On the existence of high Lewis number combustion fronts
We study a mathematical model for high Lewis number combustion processes with the reaction rate of the form of an Arrhenius law with or without an ignition cut-off. An efficient method for the proof of the existence and uniqueness of combustion fronts ... Keywords: Combustion fronts, Geometric singular perturbation theory, Ignition cut-off
Anna Ghazaryan; Christopher Jones
Evidence for the Existence of a North Hawaiian Ridge Current
Two different datasets are examined for information about the existence and characteristics of the North Hawaiian Ridge Current (NHRC). The pan-Pacific drifter dataset shows a mean NHRC to be confined to within about 100 km of the northern side ...
Frederick M. Bingham
Existence of Gibbsian point processes with geometry-dependent interactions
We establish the existence of stationary Gibbsian point processes for interactions that act on hyperedges between the points. For example, such interactions can depend on Delaunay edges or triangles, cliques of Voronoi cells or clusters of $k$-nearest neighbors. The classical case of pair interactions is also included. The basic tools are an entropy bound and stationarity.
David Dereudre; Remy Drouilhet; Hans-Otto Georgii
Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases | Open Energy
Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Agency/Company /Organization United States Department of Agriculture Sector Land Focus Area Agriculture Topics GHG inventory, Policies/deployment programs Resource Type Guide/manual, Lessons learned/best practices Website http://globalresearchalliance. References Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases [1] Background "The Alliance is a bottom-up network, founded on the voluntary, collaborative efforts of countries. It will coordinate research on agricultural greenhouse gas emission reductions by linking up existing and new research efforts across a range of sub-sectors and work areas. It will
Radiation Safety
Brotherhood of Locomotive Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Trainmen Scott Palmer BLET Radiation Safety Officer New Hire Training New Hire study topics * GCOR * ABTH * SSI * Employee Safety * HazMat * Railroad terminology * OJT * 15-week class * Final test Hazardous Materials * Initial new-hire training * Required by OSHA * No specified class length * Open book test * Triennial module Locomotive Engineer Training A little bit older...a little bit wiser... * Typically 2-4 years' seniority * Pass-or-get-fired promotion * Intensive program * Perpetually tested to a higher standard * 20 Weeks of training * 15 of that is OJT * General Code of Operating Rules * Air Brake & Train Handling * System Special Instructions * Safety Instructions * Federal Regulations * Locomotive Simulators * Test Ride * Pass test with 90% Engineer Recertification
This patent relates to a radiation counter, and more particularly, to a scintillation counter having high uniform sensitivity over a wide area and capable of measuring alpha, beta, and gamma contamination over wide energy ranges, for use in quickly checking the contami-nation of personnel. Several photomultiplier tubes are disposed in parallel relationship with a light tight housing behind a wall of scintillation material. Mounted within the housing with the photomultipliers are circuit means for producing an audible sound for each pulse detected, and a range selector developing a voltage proportional to the repetition rate of the detected pulses and automatically altering its time constant when the voltage reaches a predetermined value, so that manual range adjustment of associated metering means is not required.
Goldsworthy, W.W.
An improvement was made in the determination of amounts of ionizing radiation, particularly low-energy beta particles of less than 1000 rad total dose by means of fluid-phase dosimeter employing a stabilized-- sensitized ferrous-ferric colorimetric system in a sulphuric acid medium. The improvement in the dosimeter consists of adding to the ferrous-ferric system in concentrations of 10/sub -2/ to 10/sup -4/M an organic compound having one or more carboxylic or equivalent groups, such compounds being capable of chelating or complexing the iron ions in the solution. Suitable sensitizing and stabilizing agents are benzoic, phthalic, salicylic, malonic, lactic, maleic, oxalic, citric, succinic, phenolic tartaric, acetic, and adipic acid, as well as other compounds which are added to the solution alone or in certain combinations. As in conventional fluid-phase dosimeters, the absorbed dosage is correlated with a corresponding change in optical density at particular wavelengths of the solution.
Balkwell, W.R. Jr.; Adams, G.D. Jr.
PAR solar radiation | OpenEI
PAR solar radiation PAR solar radiation Dataset Summary Description (Abstract): Mean values of PAR Solar Radiation in kWh/m2/day for 40km cells for 1 year (month, season, year) based on data from 1995 to 2005 (Purpose): To provide a set of consistent, reliable, verifiable, and accessible global data sets for international and in-country investors and other stakeholders Source INPE (National Institute for Spatial Research) and LABSOLAR (Laboratory of Solar Energy/Federal University of Santa Catarina) - Brazil Date Released August 05th, 2009 (5 years ago) Date Updated August 05th, 2009 (5 years ago) Keywords INPE LABSOLAR PAR solar radiation renewable energy South America SWERA UNEP Data application/zip icon Download Shapefile (zip, 977.7 KiB) text/csv icon Download Data (csv, 1.8 MiB)
Concerns with low-level ionizing radiation
Populations have been studied in geographic areas of increased natural radiation, in radiation-exposed workers, in patients medically exposed, and in accidental exposures. No reproducible evidence exists of harmful effects from increases in background radiation three to ten times the usual levels. There is no increase in leukemia or other cancers among American military participants in nuclear testing, no increase in leukemia or thyroid cancer among medical patients receiving {sup 131}I for diagnosis or treatment of hypothyroidism, and no increase in lung cancer among nonsmokers exposed to increased radon in the home. The association of radiation with the atomic bomb and with excessive regulatory and health physics as-low-as-reasonably-achievable (ALARA) radiation levels practices has created a climate of fear about the dangers of radiation at any level. However, there is no evidence that radiation exposures at the levels equivalent to medical usage are harmful. The unjustified excessive concern with radiation at any level, however, precludes beneficial uses of radiation and radioactivity in medicine, science, and industry.
Yalow, R.S.
An Assessment of the Primary Sources of Spread of Global Warming Estimates from Coupled Atmosphere�Ocean Models
Climate feedback analysis constitutes a useful framework for comparing the global mean surface temperature responses to an external forcing predicted by general circulation models (GCMs). Nevertheless, the contributions of the different radiative ...
Jean-Louis Dufresne; Sandrine Bony
The Angular Distribution of UV-B Sky Radiance under Cloudy Conditions: A Comparison of Measurements and Radiative Transfer Calculations Using a Fractal Cloud Model
In recent years, global warming concerns have focused attention on cloud radiative forcing and its accurate encapsulation in radiative transfer measurement and modeling programs. At present, this process is constrained by the dynamic movement and ...
Christopher Kuchinke; Kurt Fienberg; Manuel Nunez
Gamma Radiation & X-Rays
Gamma Radiation and X-Rays 1. Gamma radiation and X-rays are electromagnetic radiation like visible light, radio waves, and ultraviolet light. These electromagnetic radiations...
Airflow Characteristics of Commonly Used Temperature Radiation Shields
The air temperature radiation shield is a key component in air temperature measurement in weather station networks; however, it is widely recognized that significant errors in the measured air temperature exist due to insufficient airflow past ...
X. Lin; Kenneth G. Hubbard; George E. Meyer
The Role of Relative Humidity in Radiative�Convective Equilibrium
The following conditions are derived for the existence of a radiation limit of tropospheric origin in a nongray atmosphere, extending the work on a gray atmosphere by Nakajima et al.: 1) the atmosphere must become sufficiently optically thick, ...
Masahiro Sugiyama; Peter H. Stone; Kerry A. Emanuel
BBSLA � Kazakhstan (032610) Kazakh (Global Version ...
BBSLA � Kazakhstan (032610) Kazakh (Global Version 031010) 1 BLACKBERRY SOLUTION ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ...
BBSLA - Kazakhstan (032610) Russian (Global Version ...
BBSLA - Kazakhstan (032610) Russian (Global Version 031010) 1 ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ...
2) W. J. Price, "Nuclear Radiation Detection" (2nd ed. , Newand R. J. Berry, "Manual on Radiation Dosimetry" (New York:4) G. F. Knoll, "Radiation Detection and Measurement" (New
Perez-Mendez, V.
Daily radiation model for use in the simulation of passive solar buildings
A model is presented to characterize solar radiation with just three input parameters for each day. This compressed daily radiation data may be used in place of hourly data in simulations of passive solar buildings. This method is tested with the SUNCAT passive simulation. Global horizontal and direct normal radiation data are input using the compressed daily form instead of by hour. Simulation results are found to be comparable to results based on hourly radiation data.
Sillman, S.; Wortman, D.
Fluctuation of solar radiation in Thailand
Fluctuations in the daily solar radiation are examined in an unbroken 5-yr sequence of measurements at Bangkok, and are also estimated from daily sunshine measurements at Bangkok and 3 other stations in Thailand. Seasonal effects are shown by separate studies for eight 1/sup 1///sub 2/ month periods of the year defined by standard solar declination values. During the dry season in winter and spring the frequency distribution of daily totals of global solar radiation at Bangkok has a peak near 20 MJ m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ and is skewed towards low values. During the wet season in summer and autumn the distribution is more dispersed. Elsewhere the distributions are similar to those at Bangkok. The time series of daily totals of global solar radiation at Bangkok is analysed as a second order random process. The observed annual frequencies of runs of consecutive days with low radiation at Bangkok are given. There are 32.0 isolated days, 9.4 pairs of days, and 3.4 runs of 3 days per year with radiation less than 12.57 MJ m/sup -2/d/sup -1/. These results are adequately described by the second order theory. The runs are most likely to occur in summer and autumn. Elsewhere in Thailand the annual frequencies of the runs and their seasonal distributions are almost the same as at Bangkok, except that in the south the runs are more likely to occur later in the year.
Exell, R.H.B.
NETL Publications: Conference Proceedings-Existing Plants Water Projects
NETL Existing Plants Water Projects Meeting NETL Existing Plants Water Projects Meeting October 27-28, 2008 Table of Contents Disclaimer Presentations Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government or any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring - Recent Advances and Existing Challenges
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring - Recent Advances and Existing Challenges Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring - Recent Advances and Existing Challenges Speaker(s): Hampden Kuhns Date: May 10, 2010 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) describes the process of disaggregating multiple energy loads on a single circuit using signal processing techniques. The granular output of this analysis (much like an itemized phone bill) can help rate payers identify inefficiencies in their buildings and promote cost-effective energy efficiency actions. The concepts behind NIALM were originally developed in the late 1980s by George Hart of MIT and commercialized by Enetics Inc, but hardware expense, accuracy, and detection limit issues have hampered its large scale adoption. This presentation discusses the several steps of the original
Chapter 3 - Existing Environment, Pages 1-7
3-1 3-1 CHAPTER 3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT This chapter describes the existing environment at the three sites under consideration in this EA: the CEMRC in Carlsbad (the location where research activities would occur under the Proposed Action), the WIPP site (the location where research activities would occur under the WIPP Alternative), and LANL (the location where research activities would continue under the No Action Alternative). Descriptions of the CEMRC site were obtained from the CEMRC EA (DOE 1995c). Descriptions of the WIPP site were obtained from SEIS-II (DOE 1997) and the Final Environmental Assessment for Conducting Astrophysics and Other Basic Science Experiments at the WIPP Site (DOE 2001a). Finally, descriptions of the LANL site were obtained from the Final Site-Wide Environmental Impact Statement for the Continued
Solarization/conservation technology development for existing housing. Progress report
The project objectives are: to develop a method for evaluationg existing residences for their energy solarization/conservation potential as well as carrying out the solarization/conservation work within context of the Community Development program; and to demonstrate appropriate methods of utilizing solar energy in existing Ann Arbor residences beyond that obtainable in a good conservation program. A general progress update is presented covering tasks related to community solarization/conservation characteristics and community system analysis and development. The process of selection and technical evaluation of houses for solarization/conservation project directed retrofit is described. A detailed report on the survey of utility data and a report on the solarization/conservation site audits are included. A detailed comparison of the audit data for both the audit and control group are appended. (LEW)
Oberdick, W.
Integration of small taps into (existing) HVDC links
Tapping of HVDC lines to serve intermediate loads or to pick up dispersed generation has always presented formidable technical and economic challenges to transmission planners and to system designers. These challenges have been particularly daunting when the power rating of the tap is small compared to that of the main terminals. This document provides transmission planners with various factors which need to be considered in evaluating the feasibility of tapping existing HVDC transmission lines or in developing alternatives for potential new transmission schemes.
Bahrman, M. [ABB Power Systems, Pittsburgh, PA (United States); Baker, M. [GEC Alsthom Engineering Systems Ltd., Whetstone (United Kingdom); Bowles, J. [and others
Assessment of Solar Energy Potential on Existing Buildings
The primary goal of this research project discussed in this report is to assess the solar energy potential incident on Oahu's existing building rooftops. This assessment will provide reliable building-integrated and building-applied solar energy opportunities data for the Hawaiian Electric Company INC (HECO), its district, and the University of Hawaii. The first phase of the project (Phase I), is to provide the opportunity to develop and test the research protocols and establish the procedural methods th...
Integrating the Havana agent platform into the existing web infrastructure
Mobile software agents represent an ideal mechanism for dealing with information overload and disconnected computing. Currently, however, they are not integrated into the existing web infrastructure and therefore no websites are agent-enabled. Two ... Keywords: MAS, agent gateway, agent integration, agent-based systems, business incentives, disconnected computing, information overload, internet, mobile agents, multi-agent systems, security, software agents, web agents, web infrastructure
Qusay H. Mahmoud; Leslie Yu
Primordial Black Holes: Do They Exist and Are They Useful?
Recent developments in the study of primordial black holes (PBHs) are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their formation and evaporation. It is still not clear whether PBHs formed but, if they did, they could provide a unique probe of the early Universe, gravitational collapse, high energy physics and quantum gravity. Indeed their study may place interesting constraints on the physics relevant to these areas even if they never existed.
B. J. Carr
Global Threat Reduction Initiative
Nonproliferation Nonproliferation U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 1 The Current Status of Gap and U.S.-Origin Nuclear Fuel Removals 2011 Jeff Galan, Deputy Project Manager U.S.-Origin Nuclear Remove Program National Nuclear Security Administration Global Threat Reduction Initiative Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 2 GTRI Mission and Goals GTRI is: A part of President Obama's comprehensive strategy to prevent nuclear terrorism; and The key organization responsible for implementing the U.S. HEU minimization policy. GTRI MISSION Reduce and protect vulnerable nuclear and radiological material located at civilian sites worldwide. DOE STRATEGIC GOAL 2.2 Prevent the acquisition of nuclear and radiological materials for use in weapons of mass destruction and other
Global Energy Management System
Exxon Mobil Corporation has undertaken voluntary actions to continuously improve energy efficiency in our operations for many years. From 1973 to 1999, we improved the energy efficiency of our refineries and chemical plants by over 35 percent - saving the cumulative equivalent of 1.8 billion barrels of oil and reducing carbon dioxide emissions by over 200 million tonnes. In 2000, we redoubled our efforts with deployment of our Global Energy Management System (GEMS), which utilizes international best practices and benchmarking to identify energy efficiencies at each of our refineries and chemical plants. Thus far, we have identified opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of these facilities by an additional 15 to 20 percent. At full implementation, savings are expected to total $500 million to $1 billion per year, with an associated reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of about 10 million tonnes per year - roughly equivalent to removing 1.5 million cars from the world's roads.
Eidt, B. D.
Courses on Synchrotron Radiation
Synchrotron Radiation The following is an incomplete list of courses on Synchrotron Radiation. For additional courses, check lightsources.org. XAFS School The APS XAFS School...
Radiation Physics Events
NIST Home > Radiation Physics Events. Radiation Physics Events. (showing 1 - 3 of 3). CIRMS 2012 Start Date: 10/22/2012 ...
Bayesian Radiation Source Localization
Technical Paper / Special Issue on the 16th Biennial Topical Meeting of the Radiation Protection and Shielding Division / Radiation Measurements and General Instrumentation
Kenneth D. Jarman; Erin A. Miller; Richard S. Wittman; Christopher J. Gesh
Radiation Control (Virginia)
The Department of Health is responsible for regulating radiation and radioactive materials in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Although the Department's Radiation Control Program primarily focuses on...
Solar radiation resource assessment
The bulletin discusses the following: introduction; Why is solar radiation resource assessment important Understanding the basics; the solar radiation resource assessment project; and future activities.
Not Available
Global Natural Gas Market Analysis
This report examines the characteristics of global gas markets. These markets have entered a period of supplier strength and high prices as global demand growth has outpaced supply growth. The report systematically evaluates developments in global liquefaction andfor the principal consuming nationsin domestic production, market growth, pipelines, and regasification. While containing a great deal of detail, the report probes myriad announcements of commercial activities to help interpret the evolving comp...
NIST Global Standards Information Staff
... Ileana Martinez. Global standards & trade, Europe, Americas, e-Accessibility, biofuels, accreditation. email@example.com 301-975-2766. ...
Machine Learning for Global Optimization
approach for global optimization in which machine learning is used to predict ..... In Figure 1 we show the level curves of the 2�dimensional Rastrigin function.
A Simple test for the existence of two accretion modes in active galactic nuclei
By analogy to the different accretion states observed in black-hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs), it appears plausible that accretion disks in active galactic nuclei (AGN) undergo a state transition between a radiatively efficient and inefficient accretion flow. If the radiative efficiency changes at some critical accretion rate, there will be a change in the distribution of black hole masses and bolometric luminosities at the corresponding transition luminosity. To test this prediction, the author considers the joint distribution of AGN black hole masses and bolometric luminosities for a sample taken from the literature. The small number of objects with low Eddington-scaled accretion rates m < 0.01 and black hole masses M{sub BH} < 10{sup 9} M{sub {circle_dot}} constitutes tentative evidence for the existence of such a transition in AGN. Selection effects, in particular those associated with flux-limited samples, systematically exclude objects in particular regions of the (M{sub BH}, L{sub bol}) plane. Therefore, they require particular attention in the analysis of distributions of black hole mass, bolometric luminosity, and derived quantities like the accretion rate. The author suggests further observational tests of the BHXB-AGN unification scheme which are based on the jet domination of the energy output of BHXBs in the hard state, and on the possible equivalence of BHXB in the very high (or steep power-law) state showing ejections and efficiently accreting quasars and radio galaxies with powerful radio jets.
Jester, Sebastian; /Fermilab
A Global Cloud Resolving Model Goals
Cloud Resolving Model Cloud Resolving Model Goals Uniform global horizontal grid spacing of 4 km or better ("cloud permitting") 100 or more layers up to at least the stratopause Parameterizations of microphysics, turbulence (including small clouds), and radiation Execution speed of at least several simulated days per wall-clock day on immediately available systems Annual cycle simulation by end of 2011. Motivations Parameterizations are still problematic. There are no spectral gaps. The equations themselves change at high resolution. GCRMs will be used for NWP within 10 years. GCRMs will be used for climate time-slices shortly thereafter. It's going to take some time to learn how to do GCRMs well. Scaling Science Length, Spatial extent, #Atoms, Weak scaling Time scale
Nonlinear Shear-free Radiative Collapse
We study realistic models of relativistic radiating stars undergoing gravitational collapse which have vanishing Weyl tensor components. Previous investigations are generalised by retaining the inherent nonlinearity at the boundary. We transform the boundary condition to an Abel equation of the first kind. A variety of nonlinear solutions are generated all of which can be written explicitly. Several classes of infinite solutions exist.
S. S. Misthry; S. D. Maharaj; P. G. L. Leach
The Nature of Thermal Blackbody Radiation
It was shown recently that thermal radio emission has a stimulated character, and it is quite possible that thermal black body radiation in other spectral ranges also has an induced origin. The induced origin of thermal black body emission leads to important astrophysical consequences, such as the existence of laser type sources and thermal harmonics in stellar spectra.
F. V. Prigara
Chinese demand drives global deforestation Chinese demand drives global deforestation
Chinese demand drives global deforestation Chinese demand drives global deforestation By Tansa Musa zones and do not respect size limits in their quest for maximum financial returns. "I lack words economy. China's demand for hardwood drives illegal logging says "Both illegal and authorized
Low Dose Radiation Program: Radiation Biology and the Radiation Research
Biology and the Radiation Research Program Biology and the Radiation Research Program The Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor organizations, Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA) and Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), always have been concerned about the health effects of ionizing radiation. Extensive research has been conducted under their sponsorship at all levels of biological organization from molecules to man. Over the past 60 years, studies using every type of radiation source have included exposure to both external radiation sources and to internally deposited radioactive materials. These exposures used different dose patterns and distributions delivered over a wide range of experimental times. This extensive research provided the basis for the new Low Dose Radiation Research Program, linking
Testing for the Possible Influence of Unknown Climate Forcings upon Global Temperature Increases from 1950 to 2000
Global-scale variations in the climate system over the last half of the twentieth century, including long-term increases in global-mean near-surface temperatures, are consistent with concurrent human-induced emissions of radiatively active gases ...
Bruce T. Anderson; Jeff R. Knight; Mark A. Ringer; Jin-Ho Yoon; Annalisa Cherchi
The Global Geometry of the Slow Manifold in the Lorenz�Krishnamurthy Model
The five-equation model introduced by Lorenz and Krishnamurthy is studied. It is shown that the question Of existence of a slow manifold for this model can be addressed by a combination of local and global analysis. Existence of a locally slow ...
Roberto Camassa; Siu-Kei Tin
Harmonizing Global Metrics for Data Center Energy Efficiency, February 2,
Harmonizing Global Metrics for Data Center Energy Efficiency, Harmonizing Global Metrics for Data Center Energy Efficiency, February 2, 2010 Secondary menu About us Press room Contact Us Portfolio Manager Login Facility owners and managers Existing buildings Commercial new construction Industrial energy management Small business Service providers Service and product providers Verify applications for ENERGY STAR certification Design commercial buildings Energy efficiency program administrators Commercial and industrial program sponsors Associations State and local governments Federal agencies Tools and resources Training In This Section Campaigns Commercial building design Communications resources Energy management guidance Financial resources Portfolio Manager Products and purchasing Recognition Research and reports Service and product provider (SPP) resources
Signal and noise in global warming detection. Final report
The specific objectives of this study were the following: (1) What is the expected sampling error and bias incurred in estimation of the global average temperature from a finite number of point gauges? (2) What is the best one can do by optimally arranging N point gauges, how can one make best use of existing data at N point gauges by optimally weighting them? (3) What is a good estimation of the signal of global warming based upon simple models of the climate system? (4) How does one develop an optimal signal detection technique from the knowledge of signal and noise?
North, G.R.
Static fluid cylinders and their fields: global solutions
The global properties of static perfect-fluid cylinders and their external Levi-Civita fields are studied both analytically and numerically. The existence and uniqueness of global solutions is demonstrated for a fairly general equation of state of the fluid. In the case of a fluid admitting a non-vanishing density for zero pressure, it is shown that the cylinder's radius has to be finite. For incompressible fluid, the field equations are solved analytically for nearly Newtonian cylinders and numerically in fully relativistic situations. Various physical quantities such as proper and circumferential radii, external conicity parameter and masses per unit proper/coordinate length are exhibited graphically.
J. Bicak; T. Ledvinka; B. G. Schmidt; M. Zofka
Viability of Existing INL Facilities for Dry Storage Cask Handling
This report evaluates existing capabilities at the INL to determine if a practical and cost effective method could be developed for opening and handling full-sized dry storage casks. The Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) CPP-603, Irradiated Spent Fuel Storage Facility, provides the infrastructure to support handling and examining casks and their contents. Based on a reasonable set of assumptions, it is possible to receive, open, inspect, remove samples, close, and reseal large bolted-lid dry storage casks at the INL. The capability can also be used to open and inspect casks that were last examined at the TAN Hot Shop over ten years ago. The Castor V/21 and REA-2023 casks can provide additional confirmatory information regarding the extended performance of low-burnup (<45 GWD/MTU) used nuclear fuel. Once a dry storage cask is opened inside CPP-603, used fuel retrieved from the cask can be packaged in a shipping cask, and sent to a laboratory for testing. Testing at the INL�s Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC) can occur starting with shipment of samples from CPP-603 over an on-site road, avoiding the need to use public highways. This reduces cost and reduces the risk to the public. The full suite of characterization methods needed to establish the condition of the fuel exists and MFC. Many other testing capabilities also exist at MFC, but when those capabilities are not adequate, samples can be prepared and shipped to other laboratories for testing. This report discusses how the casks would be handled, what work needs to be done to ready the facilities/capabilities, and what the work will cost.
Randy Bohachek; Charles Park; Bruce Wallace; Phil Winston; Steve Marschman
Review of existing residential energy efficiency certification and rating programs
This report was prepared for the Office of Buildings and Community Systems, US Department of Energy (DOE). The principal objective of the report is to present information on existing Home Energy Rating Systems (HERS) and their features. Much of the information in this report updates a 1982 report (PNL-4359), also prepared by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for DOE. Secondary objectives of the report are to qualitatively examine the benefits and costs of HERS programs, review survey results on the attitudes of various user groups toward the programs, and discuss selected design and implementation issues.
Hendrickson, P.L.
Expert Meeting Report: Windows Options for New and Existing Homes
The NorthernSTAR Building America Partnership held an Expert Meeting on Windows Options for New and Existing Homes on November 14, 2011 at the Nolte Building on the campus of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN. Featured speakers included John Carmody and Pat Huelman of the University of Minnesota, Charlie Curcija of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Jim Larson of Cardinal Glass Industries, Peter Yost of Building Green, Peter Baker of Building Science Corporation, and Theresa Weston of Du Pont Innovations. Audience participation was actively encouraged during each presentation to uncover need and promote dialog among researchers and industry professionals.
Ojczyk, C.; Carmody, J.; Haglund, K.
Whole-House Energy Analysis Procedures for Existing Homes: Preprint
This paper describes a proposed set of guidelines for analyzing the energy savings achieved by a package of retrofits or an extensive rehabilitation of an existing home. It also describes certain field test and audit methods that can help establish accurate building system performance characteristics that are needed for a meaningful simulation of whole-house energy use. Several sets of default efficiency values have been developed for older appliances that cannot be easily tested and for which published specifications are not readily available. These proposed analysis procedures are documented more comprehensively in NREL Technical Report TP-550-38238.
Radiation dose estimates for radiopharmaceuticals
Tables of radiation dose estimates based on the Cristy-Eckerman adult male phantom are provided for a number of radiopharmaceuticals commonly used in nuclear medicine. Radiation dose estimates are listed for all major source organs, and several other organs of interest. The dose estimates were calculated using the MIRD Technique as implemented in the MIRDOSE3 computer code, developed by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Radiation Internal Dose Information Center. In this code, residence times for source organs are used with decay data from the MIRD Radionuclide Data and Decay Schemes to produce estimates of radiation dose to organs of standardized phantoms representing individuals of different ages. The adult male phantom of the Cristy-Eckerman phantom series is different from the MIRD 5, or Reference Man phantom in several aspects, the most important of which is the difference in the masses and absorbed fractions for the active (red) marrow. The absorbed fractions for flow energy photons striking the marrow are also different. Other minor differences exist, but are not likely to significantly affect dose estimates calculated with the two phantoms. Assumptions which support each of the dose estimates appears at the bottom of the table of estimates for a given radiopharmaceutical. In most cases, the model kinetics or organ residence times are explicitly given. The results presented here can easily be extended to include other radiopharmaceuticals or phantoms.
Stabin, M.G.; Stubbs, J.B.; Toohey, R.E. [Oak Ridge Inst. of Science and Education, TN (United States). Radiation Internal Dose Information Center
Coherent Synchrotron Radiation: Theory and Simulations.
The physics of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) emitted by ultra-relativistic electron bunches, known since the last century, has become increasingly important with the development of high peak current free electron lasers and shorter bunch lengths in storage rings. Coherent radiation can be described as a low frequency part of the familiar synchrotron radiation in bending magnets. As this part is independent of the electron energy, the fields of different electrons of a short bunch can be in phase and the total power of the radiation will be quadratic with the number of electrons. Naturally the frequency spectrum of the longitudinal electron distribution in a bunch is of the same importance as the overall electron bunch length. The interest in the utilization of high power radiation from the terahertz and far infrared region in the field of chemical, physical and biological processes has led synchrotron radiation facilities to pay more attention to the production of coherent radiation. Several laboratories have proposed the construction of a facility wholly dedicated to terahertz production using the coherent radiation in bending magnets initiated by the longitudinal instabilities in the ring. Existing synchrotron radiation facilities also consider such a possibility among their future plans. There is a beautiful introduction to CSR in the 'ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter' N 35 (Editor C. Biscari). In this paper we recall the basic properties of CSR from the theory and what new effects, we can get from the precise simulations of the coherent radiation using numerical solutions of Maxwell's equations. In particular, transverse variation of the particle energy loss in a bunch, discovered in these simulations, explains the slice emittance growth in bending magnets of the bunch compressors and transverse de-coherence in undulators. CSR may play same the role as the effect of quantum fluctuations of synchrotron radiation in damping rings. It can limit the minimum achievable emittance in the synchrotron light sources for short bunches.
Novokhatski, Alexander; /SLAC
NIST MIRF - Accelerator Radiation Physics
Accelerator Radiation Physics. Medium-energy accelerators are under investigation for production of channeling radiation ...
NIST Synchrotron radiation in SSD
Synchrotron radiation in the Sensor Science Division. ... Synchrotron Radiation-Based Calibrations for Space Weather Prediction. ...
Radiation Detection Instruments
Directory of Accredited Laboratories. Radiation Detection Instruments. In 2005, the Department of Homeland Security requested ...
Statistical global metabolic control analysis
This work introduces the concept of global sensitivity based on simultaneous variation of a complete set of enzymes, metabolite concentrations, and cofactors in finite ranges of concentrations. Perturbations are defined by finite ranges of concentrations ... Keywords: MCA metabolic control analysis, flux control coefficients, global sensitivity, homeostasis
Zelimir Kurtanjek
GLOBAL IMPACT FROM THE HEART OF NORTHERN IRELAND #12;#12;CHANCELLOR'S WELCOME 4 VICE: INNOVATIVE AND WORLD-CLASS 18 CONTACT 26 CONTENTS 3GLOBAL IMPACT FROM THE HEART OF NORTHERN IRELAND #12;Queen THE HEART OF NORTHERN IRELANDGLOBAL IMPACT FROM THE HEART OF NORTHERN IRELAND CHANCELLOR'S WELCOME
Müller, Jens-Dominik
Educational Global Climate Change Links
Educational Global Climate Change Links Educational Global Climate Change Links Evidence of the importance of global climate change to the future generation is reflected in the increasing number of queries CDIAC receives from students and educators, from a range of educational levels. We have compiled a listing of some sites that we hope will be of interest and of use to those looking for information, fun, ideas, and ways that they can make a difference. These links were chosen because we have found them useful in responding to those with inquiring minds. These links will take the user outside of CDIAC, and are by no means comprehensive. We are not responsible for the content or intent of these outside links. Tools you can use! NOAA's Global Climate Dashboard - The Global Climate Dashboard is
Frequently Asked Global Change Questions
Asked Global Change Questions Asked Global Change Questions This page lists global change questions that have been received at CDIAC and the answers that were provided to a diverse audience. If you have a question relating to carbon dioxide and global change and cannot find the answer you need here, you can "Ask Us a Question", and we will be glad to try to help you. Questions Should we grow trees to remove carbon in the atmosphere? What are the present tropospheric concentrations, global warming potentials (100 year time horizon), and atmospheric lifetimes of CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4, methyl chloroform, HCFC-22, sulphur hexafluoride, trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride, perfluoroethane, and surface ozone? Where can I find information on the naming of halocarbons?
Office of Legacy Management (LM)
5 5 United States Department of Energy This fact sheet explains the potential health hazards associated with the radioactive decay of uranium and other radioactive elements found in ore and mill tailings. Potential Health Hazards of Radiation Man-made sources of radiation, most notably from medical uses and consumer products, contribute to the remaining radiation dose that individuals receive. A few household products, including smoke detectors, micro- wave ovens, and color televisions, emit small amounts of radiation. For most people, the benefits from using such products far outweigh the radiation risks. Radiation Dose Radiation is measured in various units. Individuals who have been exposed to radiation have received a radiation dose. Radiation dose to people is expressed in
Parameterization of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. Part I: Validity of Simple Models
This paper outlines a radiation parameterization method for deriving broadband fluxes that is currently being implemented in a number of global and regional atmospheric models. The rationale for the use of the 2-stream method as a way of solving ...
Graeme L. Stephens; Philip M. Gabriel; Philip T. Partain
The Effects of Moist Convection and Water Vapor Radiative Processes on Climate Sensitivity
The primary interest of the present study is to examine the sensitivity of climate to radiative perturbations such as increases in CO2 and solar insolation for surface temperatures warmer than present day global averaged values (Ts> 290 K). The ...
M. Lal; V. Ramanathan
A Systematic Study of GCM Sensitivity to Latitudinal Changes in Solar Radiation
Paleoclimatic data and climate model simulations have demonstrated that orbitally forced changes in solar radiation can have a pronounced effect on global climate. Key questions remain, however, about the spatial patterns in the climatic ...
Benjamin Felzer; Robert J. Oglesby; Hong Shao; Thompson Webb III; Dena E. Hyman; Warren L. Prell; John E. Kutzbach
Observed Perturbations of the Earth's Radiation Budget: A Response to the El Chich�n Stratospheric Aerosol Layer?
The Earth Radiation Budget experiment, launched aboard the Nimbus-7 polar-orbiting spacecraft in late 1978, has now taken over seven years of measurements. The dataset, which is global in coverage, consists of the individual components of the ...
Philip E. Ardanuy; H. Lee Kyle
Toward Optimal Closure of the Earth's Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation Budget
Despite recent improvements in satellite instrument calibration and the algorithms used to determine reflected solar (SW) and emitted thermal (LW) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes, a sizeable imbalance persists in the average global net ...
Norman G. Loeb; Bruce A. Wielicki; David R. Doelling; G. Louis Smith; Dennis F. Keyes; Seiji Kato; Natividad Manalo-Smith; Takmeng Wong
Effects of Ocean Biology on the Penetrative Radiation in a Coupled Climate Model
The influence of phytoplankton on the seasonal cycle and the mean global climate is investigated in a fully coupled climate model. The control experiment uses a fixed attenuation depth for shortwave radiation, while the attenuation depth in the ...
Patrick Wetzel; Ernst Maier-Reimer; Michael Botzet; Johann Jungclaus; Noel Keenlyside; Mojib Latif
Intraseasonal Circulation and Outgoing Longwave Radiation Modes During Northern Hemisphere Winter
An eigenvector analysis is used to characterize global-scale, intraseasonal variability in satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation fields and NMC analyzed circulation fields. Five-day average covering November-March of 1974�75 through 1979�...
Klaus M. Weickmann
A Comparison of Three Different Modeling Strategies for Evaluating Cloud and Radiation Parameterizations
Parallel simulations of clouds and radiation fields by a single-column model (SCM), a regional circulation model, and a global circulation model (GCM), each using the same treatment of all physical processes and approximately the same spatial ...
Steven J. Ghan; L. Ruby Leung; James McCaa
Cloud, Surface Temperature, and Outgoing Longwave Radiation for the Period from 1979 to 1990
Quasi-biennial global, midlatitude, and tropical oscillations were observed using top-of-the-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface air temperature (SAT), and cloud amount for the period from 1979 to 1989. The in-phase quasi-...
H. Lee Kyle; Mitchell Weiss; Philip Ardanuy
Radiative Properties of Boundary Layer Clouds: Droplet Effective Radius versus Number Concentration
The plane-parallel model for the parameterization of clouds in global climate models is examined in order to estimate the effects of the vertical profile of the microphysical parameters on radiative transfer calculations for extended boundary ...
Jean-Louis Brenguier; Hanna Pawlowska; Lothar Sch�ller; Rene Preusker; J�rgen Fischer; Yves Fouquart
Ocean Radiant Heating. Part II: Parameterizing Solar Radiation Transmission through the Upper Ocean
Accurate determination of sea surface temperature (SST) is critical to the success of coupled ocean�atmosphere models and the understanding of global climate. To accurately predict SST, both the quantity of solar radiation incident at the sea ...
J. Carter Ohlmann; David A. Siegel
The Earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology 3. Comparison of observations over the oceans with a GCM
This paper reports on a study that seeks to examine a very limited set of interactions between the hydrological cycle and the radiative processes that take place on Earth and attempt to test how well these interactions are simulated by a general circulation model. Two broad types of tests of the model are introduced in this paper. The first focuses on comparing various sensitivity relationships established by the model with those observed on Earth. The specific relationships examined in this paper include the sensitivities of column-integrated water vapor, the clear sky greenhouse effect, cloud albedo, and cloud radiative forcing to sea surface temperature. The second type of test focuses on comparison of simulated and observed seasonal cycles of the greenhouse effect and cloud radiative forcing. The main results of this study suggest that the model studied, which the authors take to be representative of the current generation of global climate models, is able to simulate some aspects of the observed sensitivities fairly well. Qualitative successes of the simulations include realistic variations of column vapor with sea surface temperature, the clear sky greenhouse parameter and its variation with both column vapor and sea surface temperature, and cloud longwave radiative forcing with sea surface temperature, as well as the seasonal changes of the greenhouse effect and the cloud radiative forcing. However, there exist many serious quantitative differences between the model and the observations. These include problems in the simulations of the column vapor in the tropics and an excessively strong clear-sky greenhouse effect in the mid-latitudes. Significant differences between the simulated and the observed radiative properties of clouds include the overprediction of the longwave cloud radiative forcing over warm tropical oceans and a significant underestimate of the cloud reflection in mid-latitudes during the summer season. 20 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.
Stephens, G.L.; Randall, D.A.; Wittmeyer, I.L.; Dazlich, D.A. (Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins (United States)); Tjemkes, S. (State University, Utrecht (Netherlands))
Radiation Field Control Manual
The EPRI Radiation Management Program is dedicated to reducing nuclear power plant worker personnel exposure by developing practices and technologies to increase the radiation protection of the worker, and to implement methods to reduce radiation fields. The nuclear power industry has recently implemented the RP2020 Initiative to promote positive radiation protection trends. Control of radiation fields is crucial to one of the initiative goals of reducing exposure. This manual provides the current state ...
Alcatel-Lucent, Global Product Compliance Lab
... H Ionizing Radiation, and Annex K Thermostat. ... Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at ... excludes test types: Air, Water, Radiation, Chemically ...
Measurement and analysis of near ultraviolet solar radiation
The photocatalytic detoxification of organic contaminants is currently being investigated by a number of laboratories, universities, and institutions throughout the world. The photocatalytic oxidation process requires that contaminants come in contact with a photocatalyst such as titanium dioxide, under illumination of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in order for the decomposition reaction to take place. Researches from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Sandia National Laboratories are currently investigating the use of solar energy as a means of driving this photocatalytic process. Measurements of direct-normal and global-horizontal ultraviolet (280--385 nm) and full-spectrum (280--4000 nm) solar radiation taken in Golden, Colorado over a one-year period are analyzed, and comparisons are made with data generated from a clear-sky solar radiation model (BRITE) currently in use for predicting the performance of solar detoxification processes. Analysis of the data indicates a ratio of global-horizontal ultraviolet to full-spectrum radiation of 4%--6% that is weakly dependent on air mass. Conversely, data for direct-normal ultraviolet radiation indicate a much large dependence on air mass, with a ratio of approximately 5% at low air mass to 1% at higher at masses. Results show excellent agreement between the measured data and clear-sky predictions for both the ultraviolet and the full-spectrum global-horizontal radiation. For the direct-normal components, however, the tendency is for the clear-sky model to underpredict the measured that. Averaged monthly ultraviolet radiation available for the detoxification process indicates that the global-horizontal component of the radiation exceeds the direct-normal component throughout the year. 9 refs., 7 figs.
Mehos, M.S.; Pacheco, K.A.; Link, H.F.
Low Dose Radiation Research Program: Research Program Workshop I Abstracts
Genetic Factors Affecting Susceptibility to Low-Dose Radiation Genetic Factors Affecting Susceptibility to Low-Dose Radiation William F. Morgan and John H.J. Petrini Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD Summary: The goal of our application is to improve the scientific basis for understanding potential risks to the population from low dose radiation exposure based on potential genetic differences that may modulate an individual's sensitivity to low doses of radiation. Abstract: The goal of this application is to improve the scientific basis for understanding potential risks to the population from low dose radiation exposure. We propose to address specific genetic factors that affect individual susceptibility to low dose radiation and ask the question do genetic differences exist that make some individuals more sensitive to
Standard Guide for Radiation Protection Program for Decommissioning Operations
1.1 This guide provides instruction to the individual charged with the responsibility for developing and implementing the radiation protection program for decommissioning operations. 1.2 This guide provides a basis for the user to develop radiation protection program documentation that will support both the radiological engineering and radiation safety aspects of the decommissioning project. 1.3 This guide presents a description of those elements that should be addressed in a specific radiation protection plan for each decommissioning project. The plan would, in turn, form the basis for development of the implementation procedures that execute the intent of the plan. 1.4 This guide applies to the development of radiation protection programs established to control exposures to radiation and radioactive materials associated with the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. The intent of this guide is to supplement existing radiation protection programs as they may pertain to decommissioning workers, members of...
American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia
Surface Radiation from GOES: A Physical Approach; Preprint
Models to compute Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) have been in development over the last 3 decades. These models can be classified as empirical or physical, based on the approach. Empirical models relate ground based observations with satellite measurements and use these relations to compute surface radiation. Physical models consider the radiation received from the earth at the satellite and create retrievals to estimate surface radiation. While empirical methods have been traditionally used for computing surface radiation for the solar energy industry the advent of faster computing has made operational physical models viable. The Global Solar Insolation Project (GSIP) is an operational physical model from NOAA that computes GHI using the visible and infrared channel measurements from the GOES satellites. GSIP uses a two-stage scheme that first retrieves cloud properties and uses those properties in a radiative transfer model to calculate surface radiation. NREL, University of Wisconsin and NOAA have recently collaborated to adapt GSIP to create a 4 km GHI and DNI product every 30 minutes. This paper presents an outline of the methodology and a comprehensive validation using high quality ground based solar data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Surface Radiation (SURFRAD) (http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/surfrad/sitepage.html) and Integrated Surface Insolation Study (ISIS) http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/isis/isissites.html), the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) at National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Sun Spot One (SS1) stations.
Habte, A.; Sengupta, M.; Wilcox, S.
Windows Options for New and Existing Homes C. Ojczyk, J. Carmody, and K. Haglund NorthernSTAR May 2013 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply
Strategy Guideline: Quality Management in Existing Homes; Cantilever Floor Example
This guideline is designed to highlight the QA process that can be applied to any residential building retrofit activity. The cantilevered floor retrofit detailed in this guideline is included only to provide an actual retrofit example to better illustrate the QA activities being presented. The goal of existing home high performing remodeling quality management systems (HPR-QMS) is to establish practices and processes that can be used throughout any remodeling project. The research presented in this document provides a comparison of a selected retrofit activity as typically done versus that same retrofit activity approached from an integrated high performance remodeling and quality management perspective. It highlights some key quality management tools and approaches that can be adopted incrementally by a high performance remodeler for this or any high performance retrofit. This example is intended as a template and establishes a methodology that can be used to develop a portfolio of high performance remodeling strategies.
Taggart, J.; Sikora, J.; Wiehagen, J.; Wood, A.
Contact-handled transuranic waste characterization based on existing records
This report contains the results of characterizing the retrievably stored, contact-handled transuranic (CH-TRU) waste based on existing records. This report is the first comprehensive analysis of these records. A history of the methods used in storing the transuranic waste and in determining how the data was accumulated for entry into the Richland-Solid Waste Information Management System (R-SWIMS) is also described. Data from the R-SWIMS have been the primary source of information in characterizing the waste contents. Supporting documents and interviews with knowledgeable people provide the basis for the documenting the history of storage practices. The storage conditions will be investigated further to ensure that a representative statistical sample is obtained for the second phase of this characterization program.
Anderson, B.C.; Anderson, J.D.; Demiter, J.A.; Duncan, D.R.; Fort, L.A.; McCann, D.C.; Stone, S.J.
This report contains the results of characterizing the retrievably stored, contact-handled transuranic (CH-TRU) waste based on existing records. This report is the first comprehensive analysis of these records. A history of the methods used in storing the transuranic waste and in determining how the data was accumulated for entry into the Richland-Solid Waste Information Management System (R-SWIMS) is also described. Data from the R-SWIMS have been the primary source of information in characterizing the waste contents. Supporting documents and interviews with knowledgeable people provide the basis for documenting the history of storage practices. The storage conditions will be investigated further to ensure that a representative statistical sample is obtained for the second phase of this characterization program 12 refs., 19 figs., 46 tabs.
Anderson, B.C.; Anderson, J.D.; Demiter, J.A.; Duncan, D.R.; McCann, D.C.
Hybrid Model of Existing Buildings for Transient Thermal Performance Estimation
Building level energy models are important to provide accurate prediction of energy consumption for building performance diagnosis and energy efficiency assessment of retrofitting alternatives for building performance upgrading. Simplified but physically meaningful models for existing buildings are preferable for practical applications. In this study, a hybrid building model is developed to describe building system for thermal performance prediction at building level. The model includes two parts. One part is the detailed physical models, which are the CTF models of building envelopes based on the easily available coincident detailed physical properties. The other part is the simplified 2R2C model for building internal mass, whose parameters are estimated and optimized using short-term monitored operation data. A genetic algorithm estimator is developed to optimize these parameters. The parameter optimization of the simplified model and the hybrid building model are validated in a high-rise commercial office building under various weather conditions.
Xu, X.; Wang, S.
Can the Existence of Dark Energy be Directly Detected?
The majority of astronomers and physicists accept the reality of dark energy and also believe that it can only be studied indirectly through observation of the motions of stars and galaxies. In this paper I open the experimental question of whether it is possible to directly detect dark energy through the presence of dark energy density. Two thirds of this paper outlines the major aspects of dark energy density as now comprehended by the astronomical and physics community. The final third summarizes various proposals for direct detection of dark energy density or its possible effects. At this time I do not have a fruitful answer to the question: Can the Existence of Dark Energy Be Directly Detected?
Perl, Martin L.; /SLAC /KIPAC, Menlo Park
Global production through 2005
Two companion studies released recently should provide great food for thought among geo-political strategists and various national governments. If predictions contained in these Petroconsultants studies of oil and gas production trends for the next 10 years are realized, there will be great repercussions for net exporters and importers, alike. After analyzing and predicting trends within each of the world`s significant producing nations for the 1996--2005 period, the crude oil and condensate report concludes tat global production will jump nearly 24%. By contrast, worldwide gas output will leap 40%. The cast of characters among producers and exporters that will benefit from these increases varies considerably for each fuel. On the oil side, Russia and the OPEC members, particularly the Persian Gulf nations, will be back in the driver`s seat in terms of affecting export and pricing patterns. On the gas side, the leading producers will be an interesting mix of mostly non-OPEC countries. The reemergence of Persian Gulf oil producers, coupled with an anticipated long-term decline among top non-OPEC producing nations should present a sobering picture to government planners within large net importers, such as the US. They are likely to find themselves in much the same supply trap as was experienced in the 1970s, only this time the dependence on foreign oil supplies will be much worse. Gas supplies will not be similarly constrained, and some substitution for oil is probable. Here, two articles, ``World oil industry is set for transition`` and ``Worldwide gas surges forward in next decade,`` present a summary of the findings detailed in Petroconsultants` recent studies.
Foreman, N.E. [Petroconsultants, Inc., Houston, TX (United States)
Does an accelerated electron radiate Unruh radiation?
An accelerated particle sees the Minkowski vacuum as thermally excited, and the particle moves stochastically due to an interaction with the thermal bath. This interaction fluctuates the particle's transverse momenta like the Brownian motion in a heat bath. Because of this fluctuating motion, it has been discussed that the accelerated charged particle emits extra radiation (the Unruh radiation) in addition to the classical Larmor radiation, and experiments are under planning to detect such radiation by using ultrahigh intensity lasers constructed in near future. There are, however, counterarguments that the radiation is canceled by an interference effect between the vacuum fluctuation and the fluctuating motion. In fact, in the case of an internal detector where the Heisenberg equation of motion can be solved exactly, there is no additional radiation after the thermalization is completed. In this paper, we revisit the issue in the case of an accelerated charged particle in the scalar QED. We first prove the e...
Iso, Satoshi; Zhang, Sen
Broadband Model Performance for an Updated National Solar Radiation Database in the United States of America: Preprint
Updated review of broadband model performance in a project being done to update the existing United States National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB).
Myers, D. R.; Wilcox, S.; Marion, W.; George, R.; Anderberg, M.
Existence and conditional energetic stability of three-dimensional fully localised solitary gravity-capillary water waves
In this paper we show that the hydrodynamic problem for three-dimensional water waves with strong surface-tension effects admits a fully localised solitary wave which decays to the undisturbed state of the water in every horizontal direction. The proof is based upon the classical variational principle that a solitary wave of this type is a critical point of the energy subject to the constraint that the momentum is fixed. We prove the existence of a minimiser of the energy subject to the constraint that the momentum is fixed and small. The existence of a small-amplitude solitary wave is thus assured, and since the energy and momentum are both conserved quantities a standard argument may be used to establish the stability of the set of minimisers as a whole. `Stability' is however understood in a qualified sense due to the lack of a global well-posedness theory for three-dimensional water waves.
Buffoni, Boris; Sun, Shu-Ming; Wahl�n, Erik
Boris Buffoni; Mark D. Groves; Shu-Ming Sun; Erik Wahl�n
Radiation-It's a Fact of Life Radiation-It's a Fact of Life It has been with us since the beginning of time. Everyone who has ever walked on this planet has been exposed to radiation. For the most part, nature is the largest source of exposure. It's in the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, and even the food we eat. The radiation we receive from all natural and some man-made sources is called "background radiation." The millirem (mrem) is a unit used for measuring radiation received by a person. The total average background for radiation received by people living in the United States is 360 millirem per year (mrem/yr), of which 300 mrem/yr is from natural sources, and 60 mrem/yr is man-made. Cosmic Radiation from the sun and stars Internal Radiation from naturally radioactive
Global change research: Summaries of research in FY 1992
Greenhouse gases result from both natural and man-made processes and include carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), nitrogen oxides (N{sub x}0{sub y}), methane, chlorofluorocarbons, halogenated compounds, water vapor, and others. Since the industrial revolution, the atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases have been increasing, primarily because of human activities. These increases have the potential to cause global climate change through increased radiative forcing. Global climate change is a significant issue for the Department of Energy (DOE) because energy production and use now contribute more than half of the total man-made emissions of greenhouse gases on a global basis. The missions of the Department`s Global Change Research Program are: To predict the future atmospheric concentrations of CO{sub 2} and other energy-related greenhouse gases; to predict the future and magnitude of potential climate change caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect; to understand both the direct impacts of greenhouse-gas emissions on biota and the indirect consequences produced by climate change; to assess the impacts of global climate change on energy systems and energy demand; and to develop and assess the potential of mitigation and adaptation technologies and practices to offset or limit the impact of any potential climate change or to facilitate natural and societal adjustment to the environmental, social, and economic consequences of global climate changes. The information produced by these activities is necessary in order to assess the economic and environmental costs and benefits of both potential climate change caused by the effects of greenhouse gases and implementing different technologies and energy-policy options aimed at preventing, mitigating, or adapting to such change. This document describes the activities and products of the Global Change Research Program in FY 1992.
Greenhouse gases result from both natural and man-made processes and include carbon dioxide (CO[sub 2]), nitrogen oxides (N[sub x]0[sub y]), methane, chlorofluorocarbons, halogenated compounds, water vapor, and others. Since the industrial revolution, the atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases have been increasing, primarily because of human activities. These increases have the potential to cause global climate change through increased radiative forcing. Global climate change is a significant issue for the Department of Energy (DOE) because energy production and use now contribute more than half of the total man-made emissions of greenhouse gases on a global basis. The missions of the Department's Global Change Research Program are: To predict the future atmospheric concentrations of CO[sub 2] and other energy-related greenhouse gases; to predict the future and magnitude of potential climate change caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect; to understand both the direct impacts of greenhouse-gas emissions on biota and the indirect consequences produced by climate change; to assess the impacts of global climate change on energy systems and energy demand; and to develop and assess the potential of mitigation and adaptation technologies and practices to offset or limit the impact of any potential climate change or to facilitate natural and societal adjustment to the environmental, social, and economic consequences of global climate changes. The information produced by these activities is necessary in order to assess the economic and environmental costs and benefits of both potential climate change caused by the effects of greenhouse gases and implementing different technologies and energy-policy options aimed at preventing, mitigating, or adapting to such change. This document describes the activities and products of the Global Change Research Program in FY 1992.
The role of geothermal energy in minimizing global environmental problems
Two current global environmental concerns discussed in this paper are the ''greenhouse effect'' and acid rain. Both of these areas have been emphasized by President Bush, and legislation is pending in both state and federal legislatures to address these problems. We need to understand the impact of geothermal energy production in these areas and, from a DOE viewpoint, identify R and D that is critical to meeting existing and pending regulations and laws. 8 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.
Traeger, R.K.
Policy options for stabilizing global climate
The structure of this paper is designed to answer the following questions in turn: What is the greenhouse effect What evidence i there that the greenhouse effect is increasing How will the Earth's climate respond to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations What activities are responsible for the greenhouse gas emissions How might emissions and climate change in the future What technologies are available for limiting greenhouse gas emissions And what domestic and international policy options, if implemented, would help to stabilize global climate This chapter provides a general introduction to the climate change issue and reviews selected previous studies. Chapter II discusses the greenhouse gases, their sources and sinks, chemical properties, current atmospheric concentrations and distributions, and related uncertainties. Chapter III relates the greenhouse gases to the process of climatic change. Once this link is made, Chapter IV examines those human activities that affect trace-gas emissions and ultimately influence climate change. Chapter V discusses the scenarios developed for this report to assist us in thinking about possible future emissions and climate change. Chapter VI then presents sensitivity analyses of the modeling results. Chapter VII gives a detailed description of existing and emerging technologies that should be considered in the formation of a comprehensive strategy for mitigating global warming. Chapter VIII outlines domestic policy options, and the concluding chapter (Chapter IX) discusses international mechanisms for responding to climate change.
Lashof, D.A.; Tirpak, D.A.
Global energy for the next millennium
Public demand for cleaner air; an ever-growing need for electricity; rising standards of living; convenience of use and reliability of supply--these are the global forces that are accelerating the demand for natural gas today, from Thailand to Brazil, and the gas industry worldwide is moving fast to meet this growing need. Changes--in the regulatory environment, physical infrastructure, and technology--are coming at an unprecedented rate. These changes in turn are exerting a strong influence on the structuring of new gas industries, and the restructuring of existing ones, around the world. The most dramatic increase in gas use, in recent years, was in the Asia-Pacific region and South America, but the expansion is virtually universal. The widespread availability of more efficient gas-fired, combined-cycle power plants are playing a major role in this expansion, but changing trends in demand, regulatory policy, infrastructure development, and technology all contribute to structural change in the industry. In the broadest sense, these are all global issues, transcending national and even regional boundaries. When one looks more closely at exactly how demand growth or regulatory change, for example, is acting as a catalyst for industry restructuring, one can still see significant regional and national differences. A brief overview of these trends is presented.
Jacobs, R.H. [Purvin and Gertz, Inc., Houston, TX (United States)
Development of an Integrated Global Energy Model
The primary objective of this research was to develop a forefront analysis tool for application to enhance understanding of long-term, global, nuclear-energy and nuclear-material futures. To this end, an existing economics-energy-environmental (E{sup 3}) model was adopted, modified, and elaborated to examine this problem in a multi-regional (13), long-term ({approximately}2,100) context. The E{sup 3} model so developed was applied to create a Los Alamos presence in this E{sup 3} area through ''niche analyses'' that provide input to the formulation of policies dealing with and shaping of nuclear-energy and nuclear-materials futures. Results from analyses using the E{sup 3} model have been presented at a variety of national and international conferences and workshops. Through use of the E{sup 3} model Los Alamos was afforded the opportunity to participate in a multi-national E{sup 3} study team that is examining a range of global, long-term nuclear issues under the auspices of the IAEA during the 1998-99 period . Finally, the E{sup 3} model developed under this LDRD project is being used as an important component in more recent Nuclear Material Management Systems (NMMS) project.
Krakowski, R.A.
Low Dose Radiation Program: Links - General Radiation Information
General Radiation Information Answers to Questions about Radiation Dose Ranges Charts - tables showing radiation dose ranges from radio diagnostics to cancer radiotherapy....
Low Dose Radiation Program: Links - Websites about Radiation
Websites About Radiation The ABC's of Nuclear Science A Teacher's Guide To The Nuclear Science Wall Chart Answers to Questions about Radiation and You Background Radiation:...
Radiative forcing for changes in tropospheric O{sub 3}
We have evaluated the radiative forcing for assumed changes in tropospheric O{sub 3} in the 500-1650 cm{sup {minus}1} wavenumber range. The radiative forcing calculations were performed as a function of latitude as well as for a globally and seasonally averaged model atmosphere, both in a clear sky approximation and in a model containing a representative cloud distribution. The scenarios involved radiative forcing calculations for O{sub 3} at normal atmospheric abundance and at a tropospheric abundance depleted by 25 ppbv, at each altitude, for all northern hemisphere latitudes. Normal abundances of H{sub 2}O, CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, and N{sub 2}O were included in the calculations. The IR radiative forcing was calculated using a correlated k-distribution radiative transfer model. The tropospheric radiative forcing values are compared to the IPCC formulae for ozone tropospheric forcing as well as other published values to determine the validity of the correlated k-distribution approach to the radiative forcing calculations. The results for the global average atmosphere show agreement with previous results to the order of 10 percent. We conclude that the O{sub 3} forcing is linear in the background abundance and that the radiative forcing for ozone for the globally averaged atmosphere and the latitude averaged radiative forcing in the clear sky approximation are in agreement to within 10 percent. For the case of an atmosphere in which the tropospheric ozone has been depleted by 25 ppbv at all altitudes in the northern hemisphere, the mid latitude zone contributes {approximately}50 percent of the forcing, tropic zone contributes {approximately}37 percent of the forcing and the polar zone contributes {approximately}13 percent of the total forcing.
Grossman, A.S.; Wuebbles, D.J.; Grant, K.E.
Impact of Geoengineering Schemes on the Global Hydrological Cycle
The rapidly rising CO{sub 2} level in the atmosphere has led to proposals of climate stabilization via 'Geoengineering' schemes that would mitigate climate change by intentionally reducing the solar radiation incident on earth's surface. In this paper, we address the impact of these climate stabilization schemes on the global hydrological cycle, using equilibrium simulations from an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a slab ocean model. We show that insolation reductions sufficient to offset global-scale temperature increases lead to a decrease in the intensity of the global hydrologic cycle. This occurs because solar forcing is more effective in driving changes in global mean evaporation than is CO{sub 2} forcing of a similar magnitude. In the model used here, the hydrologic sensitivity, defined as the percentage change in global mean precipitation per degree warming, is 2.4% for solar forcing, but only 1.5% for CO{sub 2} forcing. Although other models and the climate system itself may differ quantitatively from this result, the conclusion can be understood based on simple considerations of the surface energy budget and thus is likely to be robust. Compared to changing temperature by altering greenhouse gas concentrations, changing temperature by varying insolation results in larger changes in net radiative fluxes at the surface; these are compensated by larger changes in latent and sensible heat fluxes. Hence the hydrological cycle is more sensitive to temperature adjustment via changes in insolation than changes in greenhouse gases. This implies that an alteration in solar forcing might offset temperature changes or hydrological changes from greenhouse warming, but could not cancel both at once.
Bala, G; Duffy, P; Taylor, K
Plutonium radiation surrogate
A self-contained source of gamma-ray and neutron radiation suitable for use as a radiation surrogate for weapons-grade plutonium is described. The source generates a radiation spectrum similar to that of weapons-grade plutonium at 5% energy resolution between 59 and 2614 keV, but contains no special nuclear material and emits little .alpha.-particle radiation. The weapons-grade plutonium radiation surrogate also emits neutrons having fluxes commensurate with the gamma-radiation intensities employed.
Frank, Michael I. (Dublin, CA)
State options in lighting: efficiency standards for existing public buildings
This report discusses requirements and options for state lighting-efficiency standards for existing public buildings under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. EPCA, as implemented under present regulations, is found to allow great flexibility to the states in what they adopt, so long as they do adopt some standard. A wide variety of substantive standards is described, and it is recommended that states adopt a standard based on a maximum-lighting power budget with cost-effectiveness criteria. Several options for adoption and enforcement of standards are discussed. It is recommended that states adopt a requirement that owners of all public buildings submit reports of lighting energy audits and estimates of energy savings from modifications to comply with substantive standards. It is further recommended that while filing of reports should be mandatory, substantive compliance, at least initially, need not be; if it turns out that voluntary compliance is not great enought to achieve a state's desired energy savings, compliance could then be made mandatory. It is recommended that exemptions from the standards be limited to small buildings and that variances under a mandatory standard be available only when an applicant can show insufficient capital to make required modifications, even though they would soon pay for themselves in reduced operating costs. It is suggested that a lighting standard of the kind recommended could substantially reduce wasted energy in lighting, be simple enough to be easily understood and applied, be technically and economically reasonable, and allow for needed exemptions without loopholes.
Meeker, F.
Methodology and Process for Condition Assessment at Existing Hydropower Plants
Hydropower Advancement Project was initiated by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy to develop and implement a systematic process with a standard methodology to identify the opportunities of performance improvement at existing hydropower facilities and to predict and trend the overall condition and improvement opportunity within the U.S. hydropower fleet. The concept of performance for the HAP focuses on water use efficiency how well a plant or individual unit converts potential energy to electrical energy over a long-term averaging period of a year or more. The performance improvement involves not only optimization of plant dispatch and scheduling but also enhancement of efficiency and availability through advanced technology and asset upgrades, and thus requires inspection and condition assessment for equipment, control system, and other generating assets. This paper discusses the standard methodology and process for condition assessment of approximately 50 nationwide facilities, including sampling techniques to ensure valid expansion of the 50 assessment results to the entire hydropower fleet. The application and refining process and the results from three demonstration assessments are also presented in this paper.
Zhang, Qin Fen [ORNL; Smith, Brennan T [ORNL; Cones, Marvin [Mesa Associates, Inc.; March, Patrick [Hydro Performance Processes, Inc.; Dham, Rajesh [U.S. Department of Energy; Spray, Michael [New West Technologies, LLC.
If sterile neutrinos exist, how can one determine the total solar neutrino fluxes?
The 8B solar neutrino flux inferred from a global analysis of solar neutrino experiments is within 11% (1 sigma) of the predicted standard solar model value if only active neutrinos exist, but could be as large as 1.7 times the standard prediction if sterile neutrinos exist. We show that the total 8B neutrino flux (active plus sterile neutrinos) can be determined experimentally to about 10% (1 sigma) by combining charged current measurements made with the KamLAND reactor experiment and with the SNO CC solar neutrino experiment, provided the LMA neutrino oscillation solution is correct and the simulated performance of KamLAND is valid. Including also SNO NC data, the sterile component of the 8B neutrino flux can be measured by this method to an accuracy of about 12% (1 sigma) of the standard solar model flux. Combining Super-Kamiokande and KamLAND measurements and assuming the oscillations occur only among active neutrinos, the 8B neutrino flux can be measured to 6% (1 sigma); the total flux can be measured to an accuracy of about 9%. The total 7Be solar neutrino flux can be determined to an accuracy of about 28% (1 sigma) by combining measurements made with the KamLAND, SNO, and gallium neutrino experiments. One can determine the total 7Be neutrino flux to a one sigma accuracy of about 11% or better by comparing data from the KamLAND experiment and the BOREXINO solar neutrino experiment provided both detectors work as expected. The pp neutrino flux can be determined to about 15% using data from the gallium, KamLAND, BOREXINO, and SNO experiments.
John N. Bahcall; M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia; C. Pena-Garay
Endeavor Global | Open Energy Information
Endeavor Global Endeavor Global Jump to: navigation, search Logo: Endeavor Global Name Endeavor Global Address 900 Broadway Place New York, New York Zip 10003 Coordinates 40.7391824°, -73.9897252° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":40.7391824,"lon":-73.9897252,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Global Warming and Extreme Weather
Global Warming and Extreme Weather Global Warming and Extreme Weather Speaker(s): Michael Wehner Date: November 28, 2006 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Surabi Menon Extreme weather events can have serious impacts on human and ecological systems. Changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather associated with changes in the mean climate are likely the most serious consequence of human induced global warming. Understanding what the future portends is vital if society hopes to adapt to the very different world that awaits. In this talk, we will exploit simple extreme value theory to make predictions about the late 21st century climate. Current work on the relationship between global warming and the hurricane cycle will also be presented. The bottom line is that events that are considered rare today
BPL Global | Open Energy Information
BPL Global BPL Global Jump to: navigation, search Name BPL Global Place Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Zip 15222 Product BPL Global is a Pittburgh based company that uses broadband over powerline (BPL) to intergrate offerings of advanced metering infrastructure and broadband internet. Coordinates 40.438335°, -79.997459° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":40.438335,"lon":-79.997459,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
GLOBAL NUCLEAR ENERGY PARTNERSHIP: GLOBAL NUCLEAR ENERGY PARTNERSHIP: Greater Energy Security in a Cleaner, Safer World The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) is a comprehensive strategy to increase U.S. and global energy security, encourage clean development around the world, reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation, and improve the environment. A plentiful, reliable supply of energy is the cornerstone of sustained economic growth and prosperity. Nuclear power is the only proven technology that can provide abundant supplies of base load electricity reliably and without air pollution or emissions of greenhouse gasses. In order to help meet growing demand for energy at home and encourage the growth of prosperity around the globe, GNEP provides for the safe, extensive expansion of clean nuclear power.
Puzzles from the First Globalization
In the first globalization, 1870-1914, as in our own times, debates raged over the impact on domestic life of free movement across borders of goods, people, and capital. Then as today in the hard times that have followed ...
Berger, Suzanne
Global Circuit Model with Clouds
Cloud data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) database have been introduced into the global circuit model developed by Tinsley and Zhou. Using the cloud-top pressure data and cloud type information, the authors ...
Limin Zhou; Brian A. Tinsley
EPS Global International Cancer Conference
Sept.10-12th, 2010 Suzhou, China Welcome Message Dear Colleagues and Friends, It is my pleasure to announce that EPS Global International Cancer Conference will be held on...
The Psychology of Global Warming
The evidence in support of global warming and the lack of significant published evidence to the contrary provides an extraordinarily strong foundation for the scientific community's call for action on greenhouse gas emissions. However, public ...
Ben R. Newell; Andrew J. Pitman
Testing for the Possible Influence of Unknown Climate Forcings upon Global Temperature Increases from 1950-2000
Global-scale variations in the climate system over the last half of the twentieth century, including long-term increases in global-mean near-surface temperatures, are consistent with concurrent human-induced emissions of radiatively active gases and aerosols. However, such consistency does not preclude the possible influence of other forcing agents, including internal modes of climate variability or unaccounted for aerosol effects. To test whether other unknown forcing agents may have contributed to multidecadal increases in global-mean near-surface temperatures from 1950 to 2000, data pertaining to observed changes in global-scale sea surface temperatures and observed changes in radiatively active atmospheric constituents are incorporated into numerical global climate models. Results indicate that the radiative forcing needed to produce the observed long-term trends in sea surface temperatures�and global-mean near-surface temperatures�is provided predominantly by known changes in greenhouse gases and aerosols. Further, results indicate that less than 10% of the long-term historical increase in global-mean near-surface temperatures over the last half of the twentieth century could have been the result of internal climate variability. In addition, they indicate that less than 25%of the total radiative forcing needed to produce the observed long-term trend in global-mean near-surface temperatures could have been provided by changes in net radiative forcing from unknown sources (either positive or negative). These results, which are derived from simple energy balance requirements, emphasize the important role humans have played in modifying the global climate over the last half of the twentieth century.
Anderson, Bruce T.; Knight, Jeff R.; Ringer, Mark A.; Yoon, Jin-Ho; Cherchi, Annalisa
Tachyons and Gravitational Cherenkov Radiation
AND GRAVITATIONAL CHERENKOV RADIATION CHARLES SCHWARTZwould emit gravitational radiation. It is very small.gravitational waves; Cherenkov radiation. In a recent work,
Schwartz, Charles
Los Alamos Lab: Radiation Protection
Advisor Paul Hoover Special Assistant and Issues Management Coordinator Elinor Gwynn Radiation Protection Radiation Protection The Radiation Protection Division supports the...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. RADIATION EXPOSURE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.2. Internal ExposureRADIATION SAFETY OFFICE UNIVERSITYOF MARYLAND RADIATION SAFETY MANUAL UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
Rubloff, Gary W.
Building Technologies Office: Global Superior Energy Performance
Global Superior Energy Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership to someone by E-mail Share Building Technologies Office: Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership on Facebook Tweet about Building Technologies Office: Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership on Twitter Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership on Google Bookmark Building Technologies Office: Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership on Delicious Rank Building Technologies Office: Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership on Digg Find More places to share Building Technologies Office: Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership on AddThis.com... About Take Action to Save Energy Activities 179d Tax Calculator Advanced Energy Design Guides Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides
NERSC Calculations Provide Independent Confirmation of Global...
NERSC Calculations Provide Independent Confirmation of Global Land Warming Since 1901 NERSC Calculations Provide Independent Confirmation of Global Land Warming Since 1901...
The Private Regulation of Global Corporate Conduct
ameliorate the negative social impacts of global markets isenvironmental and social impacts and the royalty paymentscriticisms of the social impact of economic globalization
Vogel, David
Global Energias Renovables SL | Open Energy Information
Energias Renovables SL Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Energias Renovables SL Place Madrid, Spain Sector Wind energy Product Spanish wind power developer. References Global...
Global Celsius SL | Open Energy Information
Celsius SL Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Celsius SL Place Madrid, Spain Sector Wind energy Product Spanish wind project developer. References Global Celsius SL1...
Global Environment Facility (GEF) | Open Energy Information
Edit with form History Share this page on Facebook icon Twitter icon Global Environment Facility (GEF) Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Environment Facility Address...
Global Green Partners | Open Energy Information
Login | Sign Up Search Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon Global Green Partners Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Green Partners Place Los Altos,...
Sunrise Global Solar Energy | Open Energy Information
Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon Sunrise Global Solar Energy Jump to: navigation, search Name Sunrise Global Solar Energy Place Taoyuan County, Taiwan Zip...
Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Global Graphics Global Fossil-Fuel Carbon Emissions - Graphics Data graphic Data (ASCII, Fixed Format) Data graphic Data (ASCII, Comma-delimited)...
Global Alternative Fuels | Open Energy Information
Alternative Fuels Jump to: navigation, search Name Global Alternative Fuels Place El Paso, Texas Zip 79922 Product Global Alternative Fuels processes virgin oils (palm, soybean,...
Searching for Global Dimming Evidence at SGP and Update of ARM Submissions to BSRN
Searching for Global Dimming Evidence at SGP and Searching for Global Dimming Evidence at SGP and Update of ARM Submissions to BSRN G. Hodges Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Introduction Global dimming, usually defined as a reduction of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the surface of the earth, is a topic being discussed with increasing frequency. A recent news article on global dimming in the web-based newspaper the Guardian Unlimited seems to have brought this issue to the forefront with scientists and laypeople alike. In fact, there is a special session devoted to global dimming at the upcoming May 17-21 American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in Montreal, Canada. The article quotes Atsumu Ohmura and references his findings on this subject.
Water vulnerabilities for existing coal-fired power plants.
This report was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Existing Plants Research Program, which has an energy-water research effort that focuses on water use at power plants. This study complements the Existing Plants Research Program's overall research effort by evaluating water issues that could impact power plants. Water consumption by all users in the United States over the 2005-2030 time period is projected to increase by about 7% (from about 108 billion gallons per day [bgd] to about 115 bgd) (Elcock 2010). By contrast, water consumption by coal-fired power plants over this period is projected to increase by about 21% (from about 2.4 to about 2.9 bgd) (NETL 2009b). The high projected demand for water by power plants, which is expected to increase even further as carbon-capture equipment is installed, combined with decreasing freshwater supplies in many areas, suggests that certain coal-fired plants may be particularly vulnerable to potential water demand-supply conflicts. If not addressed, these conflicts could limit power generation and lead to power disruptions or increased consumer costs. The identification of existing coal-fired plants that are vulnerable to water demand and supply concerns, along with an analysis of information about their cooling systems and related characteristics, provides information to help focus future research and development (R&D) efforts to help ensure that coal-fired generation demands are met in a cost-effective manner that supports sustainable water use. This study identified coal-fired power plants that are considered vulnerable to water demand and supply issues by using a geographical information system (GIS) that facilitated the analysis of plant-specific data for more than 500 plants in the NETL's Coal Power Plant Database (CPPDB) (NETL 2007a) simultaneously with 18 indicators of water demand and supply. Two types of demand indicators were evaluated. The first type consisted of geographical areas where specific conditions can generate demand vulnerabilities. These conditions include high projected future water consumption by thermoelectric power plants, high projected future water consumption by all users, high rates of water withdrawal per square mile (mi{sup 2}), high projected population increases, and areas projected to be in a water crisis or conflict by 2025. The second type of demand indicator was plant specific. These indicators were developed for each plant and include annual water consumption and withdrawal rates and intensities, net annual power generation, and carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) emissions. The supply indictors, which are also area based, include areas with low precipitation, high temperatures, low streamflow, and drought. The indicator data, which were in various formats (e.g., maps, tables, raw numbers) were converted to a GIS format and stored, along with the individual plant data from the CPPDB, in a single GIS database. The GIS database allowed the indicator data and plant data to be analyzed and visualized in any combination. To determine the extent to which a plant would be considered 'vulnerable' to a given demand or supply concern (i.e., that the plant's operations could be affected by water shortages represented by a potential demand or supply indicator), criteria were developed to categorize vulnerability according to one of three types: major, moderate, or not vulnerable. Plants with at least two major demand indicator values and/or at least four moderate demand indicator values were considered vulnerable to demand concerns. By using this approach, 144 plants were identified as being subject to demand concerns only. Plants with at least one major supply indicator value and/or at least two moderate supply indicator values were considered vulnerable to supply concerns. By using this approach, 64 plants were identified as being subject to supply concerns only. In addition, 139 plants were identified as subject to both demand and supply concerns. Therefore, a total of 347 plants were considere
Elcock, D.; Kuiper, J.; Environmental Science Division
Maryland Radiation Act (Maryland)
The policy of the state is to provide for the constructive use of radiation and control radiation emissions. This legislation authorizes the Department of the Environment to develop comprehensive...
WI Radiation Protection
This statute seeks to regulate radioactive materials, to encourage the constructive uses of radiation, and to prohibit and prevent exposure to radiation in amounts which are or may be detrimental...
Nonionizing Radiation and HIV
Nonionizing Radiation and HIV Name: Flora R Pitchford Location: NA Country: NA Date: NA Question: What are the effects of nonionizing radiation on DNA , RNA or any other cell...
Radiation and Ozone
Radiation is the driving force for the general circulation of the atmosphere and controls the Earth's climate. Ozone is responsible for the warm stratosphere and protects life on Earth from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. In July 1959, the ...
G. Ohring; R. D. Bojkov; H-J. Bolle; R. D. Hudson; H. Volkert
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility (ACRF) Annual Report 2008
The Importance of Clouds and Radiation for Climate Change: The Earth�s surface temperature is determined by the balance between incoming solar radiation and thermal (or infrared) radiation emitted by the Earth back to space. Changes in atmospheric composition, including greenhouse gases, clouds, and aerosols, can alter this balance and produce significant climate change. Global climate models (GCMs) are the primary tool for quantifying future climate change; however, there remain significant uncertainties in the GCM treatment of clouds, aerosol, and their effects on the Earth�s energy balance. In 1989, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science created the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program to address scientific uncertainties related to global climate change, with a specific focus on the crucial role of clouds and their influence on the transfer of radiation in the atmosphere. To reduce these scientific uncertainties, the ARM Program uses a unique twopronged approach: � The ARM Climate Research Facility, a scientific user facility for obtaining long-term measurements of radiative fluxes, cloud and aerosol properties, and related atmospheric characteristics in diverse climate regimes; and � The ARM Science Program, focused on the analysis of ACRF and other data to address climate science issues associated with clouds, aerosols, and radiation, and to improve GCMs. This report provides an overview of each of these components and a sample of achievements for each in fiscal year (FY) 2008.
LR Roeder
Radiation protection at CERN
This paper gives a brief overview of the general principles of radiation protection legislation; explains radiological quantities and units, including some basic facts about radioactivity and the biological effects of radiation; and gives an overview of the classification of radiological areas at CERN, radiation fields at high-energy accelerators, and the radiation monitoring system used at CERN. A short section addresses the ALARA approach used at CERN.
Forkel-Wirth, Doris; Silari, Marco; Streit-Bianchi, Marilena; Theis, Christian; Vincke, Heinz; Vincke, Helmut
Radiation Dosimetry Data
Radiation Dosimetry Data. Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions. MJ Berger The databases ...
Radiation Shields Materials
About this Abstract. Meeting, Materials Science & Technology 2009. Symposium, Materials Solutions for the Nuclear Renaissance. Presentation Title, Radiation�...
Sensitivity of Tropical Storm Forecast to Radiative Destabilization
This paper examines the medium-range forecast of a typhoon using a global model. The focus of this study is on a comparison of two longwave radiative transfer calculations, one is based on an emissivity formulation while the other utilizes a band ...
T. N. Krishnamurti; K. S. Yap; D. K. Oosterhof
Validation of General Circulation Model Radiative Fluxes Using Surface Observations
The surface radiative fluxes of the ECHAM3 General Circulation Model (GCM) with T2 1, T42, and T 106 resolutions have been validated using observations from the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA, World Climate Program-Water Project A7). GEBA ...
Martin Wild; Atsumu Ohmura; Hans Gilgen; Erich Roeckner
Glass as a Building Element � A Sustainable Approach: A Study of an Existing Academic Building
In the aspects of global sustainability, buildings are known to be one of the largest energy consumers. Though sustainable building construction through technological advances is helping in achieving environment friendly buildings, a considerable amount of energy is also being consumed by existing buildings. While many factors at all different stages of building life are responsible for this, the building material is one of the most important considerations. Glass being the most sensitive building material can lead to high energy consumption in the building if used in an improper way. This study takes this factor into account, and tries to investigate the potential of energy savings in buildings through the simple and basic considerations in design. An energy analysis model of an existing academic building in College Station, Texas was developed using Design Builder computer simulation software. This model was then analyzed for the total amount of energy consumption in the base case. The existing building model was then modified by replacing the glass used for external fenestrations. Latest building codes and standards for the site location, glass properties, and parametric simulation results were taken into consideration. Again the model was simulated for annual energy consumption and the results are noted. This formed the first option for the retrofitting scenario. A hypothetical redesign scenario was also established in which the revision of building orientation was taken into consideration. The building was re-oriented to suit the weather conditions and recommendations by Advanced Energy Design Guidelines (30 percent energy savings over ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999). The building was then simulated for annual energy consumption. A comparative analysis was performed between the three cases and the study concluded by showing 23 percent savings in the annual fuel consumption, 23.35 percent reduction in CO2 emission of the building and 25 percent reduction in annual solar heat gain under Modified case 1. Modified case 2, however, did not show any further savings due to the form of the building (almost square). However, modified case 1 settings emitted 31.8 percent more CO2 over the Energy Star office building in Texas. This methodology sets up a set of guidelines which can be followed while investigating a building for minimum annual energy consumption.
Jori, Swapnil Shriram
The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) | Department of...
The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) An article that examines the global nuclear energy partnership. The Global Nuclear Energy...
National Solar Radiation Data Base | OpenEI
Solar Radiation Data Base Solar Radiation Data Base Dataset Summary Description The National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) is the most comprehensive collection of solar data freely available. The 1991 - 2005 NSRDB contains hourly solar radiation (including global, direct, and diffuse) and meteorological data for 1,454 stations. NCDC's Integrated Surface Data (ISD) were the key data source for this effort, with much of the solar data modeled/estimated based on the surface observations. This dataset builds on the 1961-1990 NSRDB, which contains data for 239 stations. These data are extremely useful in estimating solar energy potential across the U.S., and in estimating heating/cooling requirements for buildings based on heat-gain from solar radiation. More information available at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reds/
[Treatment of cloud radiative effects in general circulation models
This is a renewal proposal for an on-going project of the Department of Energy (DOE)/Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. The objective of the ARM Program is to improve the treatment of radiation-cloud in GCMs so that reliable predictions of the timing and magnitude of greenhouse gas-induced global warming and regional responses can be made. The ARM Program supports two research areas: (I) The modeling and analysis of data related to the parameterization of clouds and radiation in general circulation models (GCMs); and (II) the development of advanced instrumentation for both mapping the three-dimensional structure of the atmosphere and high accuracy/precision radiometric observations. The present project conducts research in area (I) and focuses on GCM treatment of cloud life cycle, optical properties, and vertical overlapping. The project has two tasks: (1) Development and Refinement of GCM Radiation-Cloud Treatment Using ARM Data; and (2) Validation of GCM Radiation-Cloud Treatment.
Wang, W.C.
Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production at Existing Nuclear Power Plants
Cooperative Agreement DE-FC07-06ID14788 was executed between the U.S. Department of Energy, Electric Transportation Applications, and Idaho National Laboratory to investigate the economics of producing hydrogen by electrolysis using electricity generated by nuclear power. The work under this agreement is divided into the following four tasks: Task 1 � Produce Data and Analyses Task 2 � Economic Analysis of Large-Scale Alkaline Electrolysis Task 3 � Commercial-Scale Hydrogen Production Task 4 � Disseminate Data and Analyses. Reports exist on the prospect that utility companies may benefit from having the option to produce electricity or produce hydrogen, depending on market conditions for both. This study advances that discussion in the affirmative by providing data and suggesting further areas of study. While some reports have identified issues related to licensing hydrogen plants with nuclear plants, this study provides more specifics and could be a resource guide for further study and clarifications. At the same time, this report identifies other area of risks and uncertainties associated with hydrogen production on this scale. Suggestions for further study in some of these topics, including water availability, are included in the report. The goals and objectives of the original project description have been met. Lack of industry design for proton exchange membrane electrolysis hydrogen production facilities of this magnitude was a roadblock for a significant period. However, recent design breakthroughs have made costing this facility much more accurate. In fact, the new design information on proton exchange membrane electrolyzers scaled to the 1 kg of hydrogen per second electrolyzer reduced the model costs from $500 to $100 million. Task 1 was delayed when the original electrolyzer failed at the end of its economic life. However, additional valuable information was obtained when the new electrolyzer was installed. Products developed during this study include a process model and a N2H2 economic assessment model (both developed by the Idaho National Laboratory). Both models are described in this report. The N2H2 model closely tracked and provided similar results as the H2A model and was instrumental in assessing the effects of plant availability on price when operated in the shoulder mode for electrical pricing. Differences between the H2A and N2H2 model are included in this report.
Stephen Schey
Enlightening Global Dimming and Brightening
A fundamental determinant of climate and life on our planet is the solar radiation (sunlight) incident at the Earth's surface. Any change in this precious energy source affects our habitats profoundly. Until recently, for simplicity and lack of better ...
Martin Wild
Evaluation of Arctic Broadband Surface Radiation Measurements
The Arctic is a challenging environment for making in-situ radiation measurements. A standard suite of radiation sensors is typically designed to measure the total, direct and diffuse components of incoming and outgoing broadband shortwave (SW) and broadband thermal infrared, or longwave (LW) radiation. Enhancements can include various sensors for measuring irradiance in various narrower bandwidths. Many solar radiation/thermal infrared flux sensors utilize protective glass domes and some are mounted on complex mechanical platforms (solar trackers) that rotate sensors and shading devices that track the sun. High quality measurements require striking a balance between locating sensors in a pristine undisturbed location free of artificial blockage (such as buildings and towers) and providing accessibility to allow operators to clean and maintain the instruments. Three significant sources of erroneous data include solar tracker malfunctions, rime/frost/snow deposition on the instruments and operational problems due to limited operator access in extreme weather conditions. In this study, a comparison is made between the global and component sum (direct [vertical component] + diffuse) shortwave measurements. The difference between these two quantities (that theoretically should be zero) is used to illustrate the magnitude and seasonality of radiation flux measurement problems. The problem of rime/frost/snow deposition is investigated in more detail for one case study utilizing both shortwave and longwave measurements. Solutions to these operational problems are proposed that utilize measurement redundancy, more sophisticated heating and ventilation strategies and a more systematic program of operational support and subsequent data quality protocols.
Matsui, N.; Long, Charles N.; Augustine, J. A.; Halliwell, D.; Uttal, Taneil; Longenecker, D.; Niebergale, J.; Wendell, J.; Albee, R.
Radiation effects concerns at a spallation source
Materials used at spallation neutron sources are exposed to energetic particle and photon radiation. Mechanical and physical properties of these materials are altered; radiation damage on the atomic scale leads to radiation effects on the macroscopic scale. Most notable among mechanical-property radiation effects in metals and metal alloys are changes in tensile strength and ductility, changes in rupture strength, dimensional stability and volumetric swelling, and dimensional changes due to stress-induced creep. Physical properties such as electrical resistivity also are altered. The fission-reactor community has accumulated a good deal of data on material radiation effects. However, when the incident particle energy exceeds 50 MeV or so, a new form of radiation damage ensues; spallation reactions lead to more energetic atom recoils and the subsequent temporal and spatial distribution of point defects is much different from that due to a fission-reactor environment. In addition, spallation reactions cause atomic transmutations with these new atoms representing an impurity in the metal. The higher-energy case is of interest at spallation sources; limited detailed data exist for material performance in this environment. 35 refs., 13 figs., 1 tab.
Sommer, W.F.
Radioactivity and Radiation
Radioactivity and Radiation Radioactivity and Radiation Uranium and Its Compounds line line What is Uranium? Chemical Forms of Uranium Properties of Uranium Compounds Radioactivity and Radiation Uranium Health Effects Radioactivity and Radiation Discussion of radioactivity and radiation, uranium and radioactivity, radiological health risks of uranium isotopes and decay products. Radioactivity Radioactivity is the term used to describe the natural process by which some atoms spontaneously disintegrate, emitting both particles and energy as they transform into different, more stable atoms. This process, also called radioactive decay, occurs because unstable isotopes tend to transform into a more stable state. Radioactivity is measured in terms of disintegrations, or decays, per unit time. Common units of radioactivity
A transistorized, fountain pen type radiation monitor to be worn on the person is described. Radiation produces both light flashes in a small bulb and an audible warning tone, the frequency of both the tone and light flashes being proportional to radiation intensity. The device is powered by a battery and a blocking oscillator step-up power supply The oscillator frequency- is regulated to be proportional to the radiation intensity, to provide adequate power in high radiation fields, yet minimize battery drain at low operating intensities. (AEC)
Dilworth, R.H.; Borkowski, C.J.
Radiation detection system
A radiation detection system which utilizes the generation of Cerenkov light in and the transmission of that light longitudinally through fiber optic wave guides in order to transmit intelligence relating to the radiation to a remote location. The wave guides are aligned with respect to charged particle radiation so that the Cerenkov light, which is generated at an angle to the radiation, is accepted by the fiber for transmission therethrough. The Cerenkov radiation is detected, recorded, and analyzed at the other end of the fiber.
Nelson, Melvin A. (Santa Barbara, CA); Davies, Terence J. (Santa Barbara, CA); Morton, III, John R. (Livermore, CA)
Sandia Laboratories radiation facilities
This brochure is designed as a basic source of information for prospective users of Sandia Laboratories Radiation Facilities. It contains a brief description of the various major radiation sources, a summary of their output characteristics, and additional information useful to experimenters. Radiation source development and source upgrading is an ongoing program, with new source configurations and modes of operation continually being devised to satisfy the ever-changing radiation requirements of the users. For most cases, the information here should allow a potential user to assess the applicability of a particular radiation facility to a proposed experiment and to permit some preirradiation calculations and planning.
Choate, L.M.; Schmidt, T.R.; Schuch, R.L.
Making Global Illumination User Friendly
Making Global Illumination User Friendly Making Global Illumination User Friendly Title Making Global Illumination User Friendly Publication Type Conference Paper LBNL Report Number LBL-37860 Year of Publication 1995 Authors Ward, Gregory J. Conference Name 6th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Date Published 06/1995 Conference Location Dublin, Ireland Call Number LBL-37860 Abstract Global illumination researchers tend to think in terms of mesh density and sampling frequency, and their software reflects this in its user interface. Advanced rendering systems are rife with long command lines and parameters for tuning the sample densities, thresholds and other algorithm-specific variables, and the novice user is quickly lost in a sea of possibilities. This paper details a successful effort of making one such global illumination system usable by people who understand their problems, even if they do not understand the methods needed to solve them, through an assisted oracle approach. A single program is introduced to map a small set of intuitive control variables to the rendering commands and parameter settings needed to produce the desired output in a reasonable time. This new executive program then serves as the basis for a graphical user interface that is both friendly in its appearance and reliable in its performance. Finally, we conclude with some future directions for improving this interface.
Study of plutonium disposition using existing GE advanced Boiling Water Reactors
The end of the cold war and the resulting dismantlement of nuclear weapons has resulted in the need for the US to dispose of 50 to 100 metric tons of excess of plutonium in a safe and proliferation resistant manner. A number of studies, including the recently released National Academy of Sciences (NAS) study, have recommended conversion of plutonium into spent nuclear fuel with its high radiation barrier as the best means of providing permanent conversion and long-term diversion resistance to this material. The NAS study ``Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium identified Light Water Reactor spent fuel as the most readily achievable and proven form for the disposition of excess weapons plutonium. The study also stressed the need for a US disposition program which would enhance the prospects for a timely reciprocal program agreement with Russia. This summary provides the key findings of a GE study where plutonium is converted into Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel and a typical 1155 MWe GE Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) is utilized to convert the plutonium to spent fuel. A companion study of the Advanced BWR has recently been submitted. The MOX core design work that was conducted for the ABWR enabled GE to apply comparable fuel design concepts and consequently achieve full MOX core loading which optimize plutonium throughput for existing BWRs.
TERSat: Trapped Energetic Radiation Satellite
Radiation damage caused by interactions with high-energy particles in the Van Allen Radiation Belts is a leading
Clements, Emily B.
NIST Optical Radiation Staff Directory
Optical Radiation Staff Directory. Staff. Name, Position, Office Phone. ... Contact. Optical Radiation Group Eric Shirley, Group Leader. ...
NVLAP Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry LAP
Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry LAP. ... This site has been established for applicants to the accreditation program for ionizing radiation dosimetry. ...
Radiation and Biomolecular Physics Division
... Welcome. The Radiation and Biomolecular Physics Division is a division ... disseminate the national standards for ionizing radiations and radioactivity ...
NIST Radiation Thermometry Short Course
NIST Radiation Thermometry Short Course. ... 2012 NIST Radiation Thermometry Short Course October 15-19, 2012 NIST Gaithersburg, Maryland. ...
NIST Ionizing Radiation Division - 2001
... The Ionizing Radiation Division of the Physics Laboratory supports the ... meaningful, and compatible measurements of ionizing radiations (x rays ...
The Effect of a Solar Perturbation on a Global Climate Model
A quasi-three-dimensional global climate model is used to study the effect of a transient change in solar radiation on the model's climate. The solar constant is decreased abruptly by 5 percent in the 10th year of a 50-year run. It is then ...
William D. Sellers
A Technique for Global Monitoring of Net Solar Irradiance at the Ocean Surface. Part II: Validation
The present study constitutes the generation and validation of the first satellite-based, long-term record of surface solar irradiance over the global oceans. The record is generated using Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget (ERB) wide-field-of-view (...
Beth Chertock; Robert Frouin; Catherine Gautier
BBSLA � Argentina (031710) Spanish (Global Version ...
BBSLA � Argentina (031710) Spanish (Global Version 031010) CONTRATO DE LICENCIA DE SOLUCI�N BLACKBERRY FAVOR LEER ESTE ...
BBSLA � Malaysia (032410) English (Global Version 031010) ...
BBSLA � Malaysia (032410) English (Global Version 031010) 1 BLACKBERRY SOLUTION LICENSE AGREEMENT PLEASE READ THIS ...
BBSLA - South Africa (031910) English (Global Version ...
BBSLA - South Africa (031910) English (Global Version 031010) 1 BLACKBERRY SOLUTION LICENSE AGREEMENT PLEASE READ THIS ...
BBSLA � Thailand (032410) English (Global Version 031010) ...
BBSLA � Thailand (032410) English (Global Version 031010) 1 BLACKBERRY SOLUTION LICENSE AGREEMENT PLEASE READ THIS ...
BBSLA � Pakistan (032310) English (Global Version 031010) ...
BBSLA � Pakistan (032310) English (Global Version 031010) 1 BLACKBERRY SOLUTION LICENSE AGREEMENT PLEASE READ THIS ...
(Chemistry of the global atmosphere)
The traveler attended the conference The Chemistry of the Global Atmosphere,'' and presented a paper on the anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) to the atmosphere. The conference included meetings of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) programme, a core project of the International Geosphere/Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the traveler participated in meetings on the IGAC project Development of Global Emissions Inventories'' and agreed to coordinate the working group on CO{sub 2}. Papers presented at the conference focused on the latest developments in analytical methods, modeling and understanding of atmospheric CO{sub 2}, CO, CH{sub 4}, N{sub 2}O, SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, NMHCs, CFCs, and aerosols.
Marland, G.
Global Scratch File System at NERSC
Scratch Scratch Global Scratch File System Overview The global scratch file system (or "global scratch") can be accessed by multiple NERSC systems. Its default quota is much larger than the Global Home quota, so it can be used to temporarily store large amounts of data. This file system is periodically purged. Platforms Using Global Scratch The global scratch file system is available on all NERSC systems except PDSF. Quotas Default global scratch quotas are 20 TB and 2,000,000 inodes. If you need more than that, fill out the Disk Quota Change Request Form. Purging Yes, files in global scratch file system are subject to purging. Backup No, Files in global scratch file system are not backed up. Environment Variable You can reference your personal scratch directory in global scratch as
Global warming: A Northwest perspective
The Northwest Power Planning Council convened a symposium in Olympia, Washington, on the subject of global climate change ( the greenhouse effect'') and its potential for affecting the Pacific Northwest. The symposium was organized in response to a need by the Power Council to understand global climate change and its potential impacts on resource planning and fish and wildlife planning for the region, as well as a need to understand national policy developing toward climate change and the Pacific Northwest's role in it. 40 figs., 15 tabs.
Scott, M.J.; Counts, C.A. (eds.)
Global change: Acronyms and abbreviations
This list of acronyms and abbreviations is compiled to provide the user with a ready reference to dicipher the linguistic initialisms and abridgements for the study of global change. The terms included in this first edition were selected from a wide variety of sources: technical reports, policy documents, global change program announcements, newsletters, and other periodicals. The disciplinary interests covered by this document include agriculture, atmospheric science, ecology, environmental science, oceanography, policy science, and other fields. In addition to its availability in hard copy, the list of acronyms and abbreviations is available in DOS-formatted diskettes and through CDIAC`s anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) area on the Internet.
Woodard, C.T. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Stoss, F.W. [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Energy, Environment and Resources Center
Hawaii-bound in search of global climate data | Argonne National Laboratory
Hawaii-bound in search of global climate data Hawaii-bound in search of global climate data By Brian Grabowski * September 13, 2013 Tweet EmailPrint While the idea of a cruise to Hawaii may sound like paradise, making that same journey 25 times back and forth in a year might start to lose its appeal. But for a climate data-gathering machine called AMF2, perched aboard the ship, every trip is a chance to gather more data that is critical to understanding the Pacific Ocean's role in the global climate. The machine is the Department of Energy's second Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) mobile facility, operated and managed by Argonne scientists. It carries a suite of instruments to measure properties of clouds, the ocean, precipitation, aerosols, and radiation. Over the summer of 2013, the AMF2 traveled back and forth between Hawaii and Los Angeles,
Solar radiation model validation
Several mathematical models have been developed within the past few years which estimate the solar radiation from other weather variables. Some of these models have been used to generate data bases which are extensively used in the design and analysis of solar system. Three of these solar radiation models have been used in developing the Augmented SOLMET Solar Data Tapes for the 26 SOLMET sites and the 222 ERSATZ Solar Data Tapes. One of the models, a theoretical one, predicts the solar noon radiation for clear sky conditions from the optical air mass, precipitable water vapor and turbidity variables. A second model, an empirical one, predicts the hourly total horizontal radiation from meteorological variables. And, a third model, also an empirical one, predicts the hourly direct normal radiation from the hourly total horizontal radiation. A study of the accuracy of these three solar radiation models is reported here. To assess the accuracy of these models, data were obtained from several US National Weather Service Stations and other sources, used the models to estimate the solar-radiation, and then compared the modeled radiation values with observed radiation values. The results of these comparisons and conclusions regarding the accuracy of the models are presented.
Hall, I.J.; Prairie, R.R.; Anderson, H.E.; Boes, E.C.
RADIATION SAFETY is the responsibility of all faculty, staff and students who are directly or indirectly involved in the use of radioisotopes or radiation-producing machines. In July 1963, the State of Texas granted The University of Texas at Austin a broad radioactive materials license for research, development and instruction. While this means a minimum of controls by the state, it requires that The University establish and pursue an effective Radiation Safety Program. The Radiation Safety Committee is responsible for The University's radiation control program outlined in this manual. The use of radiation in a university, where a large number of people may be unaware of their exposure to radiation hazards, makes strict adherence to procedures established by federal and state authorities of paramount importance for the protection of The University and the safety of its faculty, staff and students. It is the responsibility of all faculty, staff and students involved in radiation work to familiarize themselves thoroughly with The University's radiation control program and to comply with its requirements and all applicable federal and state regulations. I hope you will always keep in mind that radiation safety depends on a continuous awareness of potential hazards and on the acceptance
Mass and temperature limits for blackbody radiation
A spherically symmetric distribution of classical blackbody radiation is considered, at conditions in which gravitational self-interaction effects become not negligible. Static solutions to Einstein field equations are searched for, for each choice of the assumed central energy density. Spherical cavities at thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e. filled with blackbody radiation, are then studied, in particular for what concerns the relation among the mass M of the ball of radiation contained in them and their temperature at center and at the boundary. For these cavities it is shown, in particular, that: i) there is no absolute limit to M as well to their central and boundary temperatures; ii) when radius R is fixed, however, limits exist both for mass and for boundary energy density rho_B: M <= K M_S(R) and rho_B <= Q/R^2, with K = 0.493 and Q = 0.02718, dimensionless, and M_S(R) the Schwarzschild mass for that radius. Some implications of the existence and the magnitude of these limits are considered. Finally the radial profiles for entropy for these systems are studied, in their dependence on the mass (or central temperature) of the ball of radiation.
Alessandro Pesci
Kyoto: Think Global, Act Local (K:TGAL) | Open Energy Information
Kyoto: Think Global, Act Local (K:TGAL) Kyoto: Think Global, Act Local (K:TGAL) Jump to: navigation, search Name Kyoto: Think Global, Act Local (K:TGAL) Agency/Company /Organization Netherlands Development Cooperation Sector Land, Climate Topics GHG inventory Website http://www.communitycarbonfore Program Start 2003 Program End 2009 References K:TGAL[1] Kyoto: Think Global, Act Local (K:TGAL) Screenshot "Kyoto: Think Global, Act Local (K:TGAL) is a research and capacity building program, financed by the Netherlands Development Cooperation, it is investigating the possibilities and potential for Community Based Forest Management of existing natural forest to be included as an eligible carbon mitigation activity under international climate change agreements in the future, particularly under REDD policy. The program involves research teams
The Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (RSICC), which has been in existence since 1963, is the principal source and repository in the United States for computational tools for nuclear applications. RSICC collects, organizes, evaluates and distributes nuclear software and data involving the transport of neutral and charged particle radiation, and shielding and protection from radiation associated with: nuclear weapons and materials, fission and fusion reactors, outer space, accelerators, medical facilities, and nuclear waste. RSICC serves over 12,000 scientists and engineers from 94 countries. RSICC software provides in-depth coverage of radiation related topics: the physics of the interaction of radiation with matter, radiation production and sources, criticality safety, radiation protection and shielding, radiation detectors and measurements, shielding materials properties, radiation waste management, atmospheric dispersion and environmental dose, medical applications, macro- and micro-dosimetry calculations.
Kirk, Bernadette Lugue [ORNL